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@@ -19,52 +19,54 @@
 #
 # Please contact Oracle, 500 Oracle Parkway, Redwood Shores, CA 94065 USA
 # or visit www.oracle.com if you need additional information or have any
 # questions.
 #
-# <pre>
 # This file is in the public domain, so clarified as of
 # 2009-05-17 by Arthur David Olson.
 
 # This data is by no means authoritative; if you think you know better,
 # go ahead and edit the file (and please send any changes to
 # tz@iana.org for general use in the future).
 
-# From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):
+# From Paul Eggert (2014-05-31):
 # A good source for time zone historical data outside the U.S. is
 # Thomas G. Shanks and Rique Pottenger, The International Atlas (6th edition),
 # San Diego: ACS Publications, Inc. (2003).
 #
 # Gwillim Law writes that a good source
 # for recent time zone data is the International Air Transport
 # Association's Standard Schedules Information Manual (IATA SSIM),
 # published semiannually.  Law sent in several helpful summaries
 # of the IATA's data after 1990.
 #
+# A reliable and entertaining source about time zones is
+# Derek Howse, Greenwich time and longitude, Philip Wilson Publishers (1997).
+#
 # Except where otherwise noted, Shanks & Pottenger is the source for
 # entries through 1991, and IATA SSIM is the source for entries afterwards.
 #
 # Other sources occasionally used include:
 #
 #       Edward W. Whitman, World Time Differences,
 #       Whitman Publishing Co, 2 Niagara Av, Ealing, London (undated),
 #       which I found in the UCLA library.
 #
-#       <a href="http://www.pettswoodvillage.co.uk/Daylight_Savings_William_Willett.pdf">
 #       William Willett, The Waste of Daylight, 19th edition
-#       </a> (1914-03)
+#       <http://cs.ucla.edu/~eggert/The-Waste-of-Daylight-19th.pdf>
+#       [PDF] (1914-03)
 #
 #       Milne J. Civil time. Geogr J. 1899 Feb;13(2):173-94
 #       <http://www.jstor.org/stable/1774359>.  He writes:
 #       "It is requested that corrections and additions to these tables
 #       may be sent to Mr. John Milne, Royal Geographical Society,
 #       Savile Row, London."  Nowadays please email them to tz@iana.org.
 #
-#       Brazil's Departamento Servico da Hora (DSH),
-#       <a href="http://pcdsh01.on.br/HISTHV.htm">
+#       Brazil's Divisão Serviço da Hora (DSHO),
 #       History of Summer Time
-#       </a> (1998-09-21, in Portuguese)
+#       <http://pcdsh01.on.br/HISTHV.htm>
+#       (1998-09-21, in Portuguese)
 
 #
 # I invented the abbreviations marked '*' in the following table;
 # the rest are from earlier versions of this file, or from other sources.
 # Corrections are welcome!

@@ -79,14 +81,12 @@
 #        0:19:32.13 AMT NST       Amsterdam, Netherlands Summer (1835-1937)*
 #        0:20       NET NEST      Netherlands (1937-1940)*
 #        1:00       CET CEST CEMT Central Europe
 #        1:00:14    SET           Swedish (1879-1899)*
 #        2:00       EET EEST      Eastern Europe
-#        3:00       MSK MSD       Moscow
-#
-# A reliable and entertaining source about time zones, especially in Britain,
-# Derek Howse, Greenwich time and longitude, Philip Wilson Publishers (1997).
+#        3:00       FET           Further-eastern Europe*
+#        3:00       MSK MSD  MSM* Moscow
 
 # From Peter Ilieve (1994-12-04),
 # The original six [EU members]: Belgium, France, (West) Germany, Italy,
 # Luxembourg, the Netherlands.
 # Plus, from 1 Jan 73: Denmark, Ireland, United Kingdom.

@@ -126,11 +126,11 @@
 # made their calculations and set the time for the Horse Guards and Parliament,
 # but now the stone is obscured by scrubwood and can only be seen by walking
 # along the towpath within a few yards of it.'
 #
 # I have a one inch to one mile map of London and my estimate of the stone's
-# position is 51 deg. 28' 30" N, 0 deg. 18' 45" W. The longitude should
+# position is 51 degrees 28' 30" N, 0 degrees 18' 45" W. The longitude should
 # be within about +-2". The Ordnance Survey grid reference is TQ172761.
 #
 # [This yields GMTOFF = -0:01:15 for London LMT in the 18th century.]
 
 # From Paul Eggert (1993-11-18):

@@ -158,12 +158,26 @@
 #
 # In the tables below, we condense this complicated story into a single
 # transition date for London, namely 1847-12-01.  We don't know as much
 # about Dublin, so we use 1880-08-02, the legal transition time.
 
-# From Paul Eggert (2003-09-27):
-# Summer Time was first seriously proposed by William Willett (1857-1915),
+# From Paul Eggert (2014-07-19):
+# The ancients had no need for daylight saving, as they kept time
+# informally or via hours whose length depended on the time of year.
+# Daylight saving time in its modern sense was invented by the
+# New Zealand entomologist George Vernon Hudson (1867-1946),
+# whose day job as a postal clerk led him to value
+# after-hours daylight in which to pursue his research.
+# In 1895 he presented a paper to the Wellington Philosophical Society
+# that proposed a two-hour daylight-saving shift.  See:
+# Hudson GV. On seasonal time-adjustment in countries south of lat. 30 deg.
+# Transactions and Proceedings of the New Zealand Institute. 1895;28:734
+# http://rsnz.natlib.govt.nz/volume/rsnz_28/rsnz_28_00_006110.html
+# Although some interest was expressed in New Zealand, his proposal
+# did not find its way into law and eventually it was almost forgotten.
+#
+# In England, DST was independently reinvented by William Willett (1857-1915),
 # a London builder and member of the Royal Astronomical Society
 # who circulated a pamphlet "The Waste of Daylight" (1907)
 # that proposed advancing clocks 20 minutes on each of four Sundays in April,
 # and retarding them by the same amount on four Sundays in September.
 # A bill was drafted in 1909 and introduced in Parliament several times,

@@ -172,31 +186,29 @@
 # it was eventually adopted as a wartime measure in 1916.
 # See: Summer Time Arrives Early, The Times (2000-05-18).
 # A monument to Willett was unveiled on 1927-05-21, in an open space in
 # a 45-acre wood near Chislehurst, Kent that was purchased by popular
 # subscription and open to the public.  On the south face of the monolith,
-# designed by G. W. Miller, is the...William Willett Memorial Sundial,
+# designed by G. W. Miller, is the William Willett Memorial Sundial,
 # which is permanently set to Summer Time.
 
 # From Winston Churchill (1934-04-28):
 # It is one of the paradoxes of history that we should owe the boon of
 # summer time, which gives every year to the people of this country
 # between 160 and 170 hours more daylight leisure, to a war which
 # plunged Europe into darkness for four years, and shook the
 # foundations of civilization throughout the world.
-#       -- <a href="http://www.winstonchurchill.org/fh114willett.htm">
+#       <http://www.winstonchurchill.org/images/finesthour/Vol.01%20No.114.pdf>
 #       "A Silent Toast to William Willett", Pictorial Weekly
-#       </a>
 
 # From Paul Eggert (1996-09-03):
 # The OED Supplement says that the English originally said "Daylight Saving"
 # when they were debating the adoption of DST in 1908; but by 1916 this
 # term appears only in quotes taken from DST's opponents, whereas the
 # proponents (who eventually won the argument) are quoted as using "Summer".
 
 # From Arthur David Olson (1989-01-19):
-#
 # A source at the British Information Office in New York avers that it's
 # known as "British" Summer Time in all parts of the United Kingdom.
 
 # Date: 4 Jan 89 08:57:25 GMT (Wed)
 # From: Jonathan Leffler

@@ -238,26 +250,19 @@
 # Peter Ilieve (1998-04-19) described at length
 # the history of summer time legislation in the United Kingdom.
 # Since 1998 Joseph S. Myers has been updating
 # and extending this list, which can be found in
 # http://student.cusu.cam.ac.uk/~jsm28/british-time/
-# <a href="http://www.polyomino.org.uk/british-time/">
 # History of legal time in Britain
-# </a>
-# Rob Crowther (2012-01-04) reports that that URL no longer
-# exists, and the article can now be found at:
-# <a href="http://www.polyomino.org.uk/british-time/">
 # http://www.polyomino.org.uk/british-time/
-# </a>
 
 # From Joseph S. Myers (1998-01-06):
 #
 # The legal time in the UK outside of summer time is definitely GMT, not UTC;
 # see Lord Tanlaw's speech
-# <a href="http://www.parliament.the-stationery-office.co.uk/pa/ld199697/ldhansrd/pdvn/lds97/text/70611-20.htm#70611-20_head0">
-# (Lords Hansard 11 June 1997 columns 964 to 976)
-# </a>.
+# <http://www.parliament.the-stationery-office.co.uk/pa/ld199697/ldhansrd/pdvn/lds97/text/70611-20.htm#70611-20_head0>
+# (Lords Hansard 11 June 1997 columns 964 to 976).
 
 # From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):
 #
 # For lack of other data, follow Shanks & Pottenger for Eire in 1940-1948.
 #

@@ -293,12 +298,12 @@
 #
 #   "Timeball on the ballast office is down.  Dunsink time."
 #   -- James Joyce, Ulysses
 
 # From Joseph S. Myers (2005-01-26):
-# Irish laws are available online at www.irishstatutebook.ie.  These include
-# various relating to legal time, for example:
+# Irish laws are available online at <http://www.irishstatutebook.ie>.
+# These include various relating to legal time, for example:
 #
 # ZZA13Y1923.html ZZA12Y1924.html ZZA8Y1925.html ZZSIV20PG1267.html
 #
 # ZZSI71Y1947.html ZZSI128Y1948.html ZZSI23Y1949.html ZZSI41Y1950.html
 # ZZSI27Y1951.html ZZSI73Y1952.html

@@ -493,14 +498,13 @@
 Rule    EU      1978    only    -       Oct      1       1:00u  0       -
 Rule    EU      1979    1995    -       Sep     lastSun  1:00u  0       -
 Rule    EU      1981    max     -       Mar     lastSun  1:00u  1:00    S
 Rule    EU      1996    max     -       Oct     lastSun  1:00u  0       -
 # The most recent directive covers the years starting in 2002.  See:
-# <a="http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=CELEX:32000L0084:EN:NOT">
 # Directive 2000/84/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council
 # of 19 January 2001 on summer-time arrangements.
-# </a>
+# <http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=CELEX:32000L0084:EN:NOT>
 
 # W-Eur differs from EU only in that W-Eur uses standard time.
 Rule    W-Eur   1977    1980    -       Apr     Sun>=1   1:00s  1:00    S
 Rule    W-Eur   1977    only    -       Sep     lastSun  1:00s  0       -
 Rule    W-Eur   1978    only    -       Oct      1       1:00s  0       -

@@ -519,15 +523,15 @@
 Rule    C-Eur   1943    only    -       Mar     29       2:00s  1:00    S
 Rule    C-Eur   1943    only    -       Oct      4       2:00s  0       -
 Rule    C-Eur   1944    1945    -       Apr     Mon>=1   2:00s  1:00    S
 # Whitman gives 1944 Oct 7; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
 Rule    C-Eur   1944    only    -       Oct      2       2:00s  0       -
-# From Jesper Norgaard Welen (2008-07-13):
+# From Jesper Nørgaard Welen (2008-07-13):
 #
 # I found what is probably a typo of 2:00 which should perhaps be 2:00s
 # in the C-Eur rule from tz database version 2008d (this part was
-# corrected in version 2008d). The circumstancial evidence is simply the
+# corrected in version 2008d). The circumstantial evidence is simply the
 # tz database itself, as seen below:
 #
 # Zone Europe/Paris 0:09:21 - LMT 1891 Mar 15  0:01
 #    0:00 France WE%sT 1945 Sep 16  3:00
 #

@@ -579,15 +583,15 @@
 Rule    Russia  1917    only    -       Jul      1      23:00   1:00    MST     # Moscow Summer Time
 Rule    Russia  1917    only    -       Dec     28       0:00   0       MMT     # Moscow Mean Time
 Rule    Russia  1918    only    -       May     31      22:00   2:00    MDST    # Moscow Double Summer Time
 Rule    Russia  1918    only    -       Sep     16       1:00   1:00    MST
 Rule    Russia  1919    only    -       May     31      23:00   2:00    MDST
-Rule    Russia  1919    only    -       Jul      1       2:00   1:00    S
-Rule    Russia  1919    only    -       Aug     16       0:00   0       -
-Rule    Russia  1921    only    -       Feb     14      23:00   1:00    S
-Rule    Russia  1921    only    -       Mar     20      23:00   2:00    M # Midsummer
-Rule    Russia  1921    only    -       Sep      1       0:00   1:00    S
+Rule    Russia  1919    only    -       Jul      1       2:00   1:00    MSD
+Rule    Russia  1919    only    -       Aug     16       0:00   0       MSK
+Rule    Russia  1921    only    -       Feb     14      23:00   1:00    MSD
+Rule    Russia  1921    only    -       Mar     20      23:00   2:00    MSM # Midsummer
+Rule    Russia  1921    only    -       Sep      1       0:00   1:00    MSD
 Rule    Russia  1921    only    -       Oct      1       0:00   0       -
 # Act No.925 of the Council of Ministers of the USSR (1980-10-24):
 Rule    Russia  1981    1984    -       Apr      1       0:00   1:00    S
 Rule    Russia  1981    1983    -       Oct      1       0:00   0       -
 # Act No.967 of the Council of Ministers of the USSR (1984-09-13), repeated in

@@ -605,18 +609,14 @@
 # According to Kremlin press service, Russian President Dmitry Medvedev
 # signed a federal law "On calculation of time" on June 9, 2011.
 # According to the law Russia is abolishing daylight saving time.
 #
 # Medvedev signed a law "On the Calculation of Time" (in russian):
-# <a href="http://bmockbe.ru/events/?ID=7583">
 # http://bmockbe.ru/events/?ID=7583
-# </a>
 #
 # Medvedev signed a law on the calculation of the time (in russian):
-# <a href="http://www.regnum.ru/news/polit/1413906.html">
 # http://www.regnum.ru/news/polit/1413906.html
-# </a>
 
 # From Arthur David Olson (2011-06-15):
 # Take "abolishing daylight saving time" to mean that time is now considered
 # to be standard.
 

@@ -632,14 +632,14 @@
 # for Central European Summer Time, but this didn't agree with common usage.
 
 # From Markus Kuhn (1996-07-12):
 # The official German names ... are
 #
-#       Mitteleuropaeische Zeit (MEZ)         = UTC+01:00
-#       Mitteleuropaeische Sommerzeit (MESZ)  = UTC+02:00
+#       Mitteleuropäische Zeit (MEZ)         = UTC+01:00
+#       Mitteleuropäische Sommerzeit (MESZ)  = UTC+02:00
 #
-# as defined in the German Time Act (Gesetz ueber die Zeitbestimmung (ZeitG),
+# as defined in the German Time Act (Gesetz über die Zeitbestimmung (ZeitG),
 # 1978-07-25, Bundesgesetzblatt, Jahrgang 1978, Teil I, S. 1110-1111)....
 # I wrote ... to the German Federal Physical-Technical Institution
 #
 #       Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB)
 #       Laboratorium 4.41 "Zeiteinheit"

@@ -729,22 +729,13 @@
 # From Yauhen Kharuzhy (2011-09-16):
 # By latest Belarus government act Europe/Minsk timezone was changed to
 # GMT+3 without DST (was GMT+2 with DST).
 #
 # Sources (Russian language):
-# 1.
-# <a href="http://www.belta.by/ru/all_news/society/V-Belarusi-otmenjaetsja-perexod-na-sezonnoe-vremja_i_572952.html">
 # http://www.belta.by/ru/all_news/society/V-Belarusi-otmenjaetsja-perexod-na-sezonnoe-vremja_i_572952.html
-# </a>
-# 2.
-# <a href="http://naviny.by/rubrics/society/2011/09/16/ic_articles_116_175144/">
 # http://naviny.by/rubrics/society/2011/09/16/ic_articles_116_175144/
-# </a>
-# 3.
-# <a href="http://news.tut.by/society/250578.html">
 # http://news.tut.by/society/250578.html
-# </a>
 # Zone  NAME            GMTOFF  RULES   FORMAT  [UNTIL]
 Zone    Europe/Minsk    1:50:16 -       LMT     1880
                         1:50    -       MMT     1924 May 2 # Minsk Mean Time
                         2:00    -       EET     1930 Jun 21
                         3:00    -       MSK     1941 Jun 28

@@ -753,18 +744,18 @@
                         3:00    -       MSK     1991 Mar 31 2:00s
                         2:00    1:00    EEST    1991 Sep 29 2:00s
                         2:00    -       EET     1992 Mar 29 0:00s
                         2:00    1:00    EEST    1992 Sep 27 0:00s
                         2:00    Russia  EE%sT   2011 Mar 27 2:00s
-                        3:00    -       FET # Further-eastern European Time
+                        3:00    -       FET
 
 # Belgium
 #
 # From Paul Eggert (1997-07-02):
 # Entries from 1918 through 1991 are taken from:
 #       Annuaire de L'Observatoire Royal de Belgique,
-#       Avenue Circulaire, 3, B-1180 BRUXELLES, CLVIIe annee, 1991
+#       Avenue Circulaire, 3, B-1180 BRUXELLES, CLVIIe année, 1991
 #       (Imprimerie HAYEZ, s.p.r.l., Rue Fin, 4, 1080 BRUXELLES, MCMXC),
 #       pp 8-9.
 # LMT before 1892 was 0:17:30, according to the official journal of Belgium:
 #       Moniteur Belge, Samedi 30 Avril 1892, N.121.
 # Thanks to Pascal Delmoitie for these references.

@@ -826,12 +817,12 @@
 
 # Bulgaria
 #
 # From Plamen Simenov via Steffen Thorsen (1999-09-09):
 # A document of Government of Bulgaria (No.94/1997) says:
-# EET --> EETDST is in 03:00 Local time in last Sunday of March ...
-# EETDST --> EET is in 04:00 Local time in last Sunday of October
+# EET -> EETDST is in 03:00 Local time in last Sunday of March ...
+# EETDST -> EET is in 04:00 Local time in last Sunday of October
 #
 # Rule  NAME    FROM    TO      TYPE    IN      ON      AT      SAVE    LETTER/S
 Rule    Bulg    1979    only    -       Mar     31      23:00   1:00    S
 Rule    Bulg    1979    only    -       Oct      1       1:00   0       -
 Rule    Bulg    1980    1982    -       Apr     Sat>=1  23:00   1:00    S

@@ -872,21 +863,21 @@
                         1:00    EU      CE%sT
 # Use Europe/Prague also for Slovakia.
 
 # Denmark, Faroe Islands, and Greenland
 
-# From Jesper Norgaard Welen (2005-04-26):
+# From Jesper Nørgaard Welen (2005-04-26):
 # http://www.hum.aau.dk/~poe/tid/tine/DanskTid.htm says that the law
 # [introducing standard time] was in effect from 1894-01-01....
 # The page http://www.retsinfo.dk/_GETDOCI_/ACCN/A18930008330-REGL
 # confirms this, and states that the law was put forth 1893-03-29.
 #
 # The EU treaty with effect from 1973:
 # http://www.retsinfo.dk/_GETDOCI_/ACCN/A19722110030-REGL
 #
 # This provoked a new law from 1974 to make possible summer time changes
-# in subsequenet decrees with the law
+# in subsequent decrees with the law
 # http://www.retsinfo.dk/_GETDOCI_/ACCN/A19740022330-REGL
 #
 # It seems however that no decree was set forward until 1980.  I have
 # not found any decree, but in another related law, the effecting DST
 # changes are stated explicitly to be from 1980-04-06 at 02:00 to

@@ -897,11 +888,11 @@
 # The law is about the management of the extra hour, concerning
 # working hours reported and effect on obligatory-rest rules (which
 # was suspended on that night):
 # http://www.retsinfo.dk/_GETDOCI_/ACCN/C19801120554-REGL
 
-# From Jesper Norgaard Welen (2005-06-11):
+# From Jesper Nørgaard Welen (2005-06-11):
 # The Herning Folkeblad (1980-09-26) reported that the night between
 # Saturday and Sunday the clock is set back from three to two.
 
 # From Paul Eggert (2005-06-11):
 # Hence the "02:00" of the 1980 law refers to standard time, not

@@ -925,11 +916,11 @@
                          0:50:20 -      CMT     1894 Jan  1 # Copenhagen MT
                          1:00   Denmark CE%sT   1942 Nov  2 2:00s
                          1:00   C-Eur   CE%sT   1945 Apr  2 2:00
                          1:00   Denmark CE%sT   1980
                          1:00   EU      CE%sT
-Zone Atlantic/Faroe     -0:27:04 -      LMT     1908 Jan 11     # Torshavn
+Zone Atlantic/Faroe     -0:27:04 -      LMT     1908 Jan 11     # Tórshavn
                          0:00   -       WET     1981
                          0:00   EU      WE%sT
 #
 # From Paul Eggert (2004-10-31):
 # During World War II, Germany maintained secret manned weather stations in

@@ -937,15 +928,15 @@
 # My source for this is Wilhelm Dege's book mentioned under Svalbard.
 #
 # From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):
 # Greenland joined the EU as part of Denmark, obtained home rule on 1979-05-01,
 # and left the EU on 1985-02-01.  It therefore should have been using EU
-# rules at least through 1984.  Shanks & Pottenger say Scoresbysund and Godthab
+# rules at least through 1984.  Shanks & Pottenger say Scoresbysund and Godthåb
 # used C-Eur rules after 1980, but IATA SSIM (1991/1996) says they use EU
 # rules since at least 1991.  Assume EU rules since 1980.
 
-# From Gwillin Law (2001-06-06), citing
+# From Gwillim Law (2001-06-06), citing
 # <http://www.statkart.no/efs/efshefter/2001/efs5-2001.pdf> (2001-03-15),
 # and with translations corrected by Steffen Thorsen:
 #
 # Greenland has four local times, and the relation to UTC
 # is according to the following time line:

@@ -976,30 +967,30 @@
 # email.  The other stations are two sledge patrol stations in
 # Mestersvig and Daneborg, the air force base at Station Nord, and the
 # DPC research station at Zackenberg.
 #
 # Scoresbysund and two small villages nearby keep time UTC-1 and use
-# the same daylight savings time period as in West Greenland (Godthab).
+# the same daylight savings time period as in West Greenland (Godthåb).
 #
-# The rest of Greenland, including Godthab (this area, although it
+# The rest of Greenland, including Godthåb (this area, although it
 # includes central Greenland, is known as west Greenland), keeps time
 # UTC-3, with daylight savings methods according to European rules.
 #
 # It is common procedure to use UTC 0 in the wilderness of East and
 # North Greenland, because it is mainly Icelandic aircraft operators
 # maintaining traffic in these areas.  However, the official status of
-# this area is that it sticks with Godthab time.  This area might be
+# this area is that it sticks with Godthåb time.  This area might be
 # considered a dual time zone in some respects because of this.
 
 # From Rives McDow (2001-11-19):
 # I heard back from someone stationed at Thule; the time change took place
 # there at 2:00 AM.
 
 # From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):
 # From 1997 on the CIA map shows Danmarkshavn on GMT;
-# the 1995 map as like Godthab.
-# For lack of better info, assume they were like Godthab before 1996.
+# the 1995 map as like Godthåb.
+# For lack of better info, assume they were like Godthåb before 1996.
 # startkart.no says Thule does not observe DST, but this is clearly an error,
 # so go with Shanks & Pottenger for Thule transitions until this year.
 # For 2007 on assume Thule will stay in sync with US DST rules.
 #
 # Rule  NAME    FROM    TO      TYPE    IN      ON      AT      SAVE    LETTER/S

@@ -1040,21 +1031,20 @@
 # A discussion is running about the summer time efficiency and effect on
 # human physiology.  It seems that Estonia maybe will not change to
 # summer time next spring."
 
 # From Peter Ilieve (1998-11-04), heavily edited:
-# <a href="http://trip.rk.ee/cgi-bin/thw?${BASE}=akt&${OOHTML}=rtd&TA=1998&TO=1&AN=1390">
 # The 1998-09-22 Estonian time law
-# </a>
+# <http://trip.rk.ee/cgi-bin/thw?${BASE}=akt&${OOHTML}=rtd&TA=1998&TO=1&AN=1390>
 # refers to the Eighth Directive and cites the association agreement between
-# the EU and Estonia, ratified by the Estonian law (RT II 1995, 22--27, 120).
+# the EU and Estonia, ratified by the Estonian law (RT II 1995, 22-27, 120).
 #
 # I also asked [my relative] whether they use any standard abbreviation
 # for their standard and summer times. He says no, they use "suveaeg"
 # (summer time) and "talveaeg" (winter time).
 
-# From <a href="http://www.baltictimes.com/">The Baltic Times</a> (1999-09-09)
+# From The Baltic Times <http://www.baltictimes.com/> (1999-09-09)
 # via Steffen Thorsen:
 # This year will mark the last time Estonia shifts to summer time,
 # a council of the ruling coalition announced Sept. 6....
 # But what this could mean for Estonia's chances of joining the European
 # Union are still unclear.  In 1994, the EU declared summer time compulsory

@@ -1068,11 +1058,11 @@
 
 # From Toomas Soome (2002-02-21):
 # The Estonian government has changed once again timezone politics.
 # Now we are using again EU rules.
 #
-# From Urmet Jaanes (2002-03-28):
+# From Urmet Jänes (2002-03-28):
 # The legislative reference is Government decree No. 84 on 2002-02-21.
 
 # Zone  NAME            GMTOFF  RULES   FORMAT  [UNTIL]
 Zone    Europe/Tallinn  1:39:00 -       LMT     1880
                         1:39:00 -       TMT     1918 Feb # Tallinn Mean Time

@@ -1102,54 +1092,64 @@
 # according to the central European standards.
 #
 # This is documented in Heikki Oja: Aikakirja 2007, published by The Almanac
 # Office of University of Helsinki, ISBN 952-10-3221-9, available online (in
 # Finnish) at
-#
-# <a href="http://almanakka.helsinki.fi/aikakirja/Aikakirja2007kokonaan.pdf">
 # http://almanakka.helsinki.fi/aikakirja/Aikakirja2007kokonaan.pdf
-# </a>
 #
 # Page 105 (56 in PDF version) has a handy table of all past daylight savings
 # transitions. It is easy enough to interpret without Finnish skills.
 #
 # This is also confirmed by Finnish Broadcasting Company's archive at:
-#
-# <a href="http://www.yle.fi/elavaarkisto/?s=s&g=1&ag=5&t=&a=3401">
 # http://www.yle.fi/elavaarkisto/?s=s&g=1&ag=5&t=&a=3401
-# </a>
 #
 # The news clip from 1981 says that "the time between 2 and 3 o'clock does not
 # exist tonight."
 
+# From Konstantin Hyppönen (2014-06-13):
+# [Heikki Oja's book Aikakirja 2013]
+# http://almanakka.helsinki.fi/images/aikakirja/Aikakirja2013kokonaan.pdf
+# pages 104-105, including a scan from a newspaper published on Apr 2 1942
+# say that ... [o]n Apr 2 1942, 24 o'clock (which means Apr 3 1942,
+# 00:00), clocks were moved one hour forward. The newspaper
+# mentions "on the night from Thursday to Friday"....
+# On Oct 4 1942, clocks were moved at 1:00 one hour backwards.
+#
+# From Paul Eggert (2014-06-14):
+# Go with Oja over Shanks.
+
 # Rule  NAME    FROM    TO      TYPE    IN      ON      AT      SAVE    LETTER/S
-Rule    Finland 1942    only    -       Apr     3       0:00    1:00    S
-Rule    Finland 1942    only    -       Oct     3       0:00    0       -
+Rule    Finland 1942    only    -       Apr     2       24:00   1:00    S
+Rule    Finland 1942    only    -       Oct     4       1:00    0       -
 Rule    Finland 1981    1982    -       Mar     lastSun 2:00    1:00    S
 Rule    Finland 1981    1982    -       Sep     lastSun 3:00    0       -
+
+# Milne says Helsinki (Helsingfors) time was 1:39:49.2 (official document);
+# round to nearest.
+
 # Zone  NAME            GMTOFF  RULES   FORMAT  [UNTIL]
-Zone    Europe/Helsinki 1:39:52 -       LMT     1878 May 31
-                        1:39:52 -       HMT     1921 May    # Helsinki Mean Time
+Zone    Europe/Helsinki 1:39:49 -       LMT     1878 May 31
+                        1:39:49 -       HMT     1921 May    # Helsinki Mean Time
                         2:00    Finland EE%sT   1983
                         2:00    EU      EE%sT
 
-# Aaland Is
+# Åland Is
 Link    Europe/Helsinki Europe/Mariehamn
 
 
 # France
 
 # From Ciro Discepolo (2000-12-20):
 #
-# Henri Le Corre, Regimes Horaires pour le monde entier, Editions
+# Henri Le Corre, Régimes horaires pour le monde entier, Éditions
 # Traditionnelles - Paris 2 books, 1993
 #
-# Gabriel, Traite de l'heure dans le monde, Guy Tredaniel editeur,
+# Gabriel, Traité de l'heure dans le monde, Guy Trédaniel,
 # Paris, 1991
 #
-# Francoise Gauquelin, Problemes de l'heure resolus en astrologie,
-# Guy tredaniel, Paris 1987
+# Françoise Gauquelin, Problèmes de l'heure résolus en astrologie,
+# Guy Trédaniel, Paris 1987
 
 
 #
 # Shank & Pottenger seem to use '24:00' ambiguously; resolve it with Whitman.
 # Rule  NAME    FROM    TO      TYPE    IN      ON      AT      SAVE    LETTER/S

@@ -1186,20 +1186,20 @@
 Rule    France  1939    only    -       Apr     15      23:00s  1:00    S
 Rule    France  1939    only    -       Nov     18      23:00s  0       -
 Rule    France  1940    only    -       Feb     25       2:00   1:00    S
 # The French rules for 1941-1944 were not used in Paris, but Shanks & Pottenger
 # write that they were used in Monaco and in many French locations.
-# Le Corre writes that the upper limit of the free zone was Arneguy, Orthez,
-# Mont-de-Marsan, Bazas, Langon, Lamotte-Montravel, Marouil, La
-# Rochefoucault, Champagne-Mouton, La Roche-Posay, La Haye-Descartes,
+# Le Corre writes that the upper limit of the free zone was Arnéguy, Orthez,
+# Mont-de-Marsan, Bazas, Langon, Lamothe-Montravel, Marœuil, La
+# Rochefoucauld, Champagne-Mouton, La Roche-Posay, La Haye-Descartes,
 # Loches, Montrichard, Vierzon, Bourges, Moulins, Digoin,
-# Paray-le-Monial, Montceau-les-Mines, Chalons-sur-Saone, Arbois,
+# Paray-le-Monial, Montceau-les-Mines, Chalon-sur-Saône, Arbois,
 # Dole, Morez, St-Claude, and Collonges (Haute-Savoie).
 Rule    France  1941    only    -       May      5       0:00   2:00    M # Midsummer
 # Shanks & Pottenger say this transition occurred at Oct 6 1:00,
 # but go with Denis Excoffier (1997-12-12),
-# who quotes the Ephemerides Astronomiques for 1998 from Bureau des Longitudes
+# who quotes the Ephémérides astronomiques for 1998 from Bureau des Longitudes
 # as saying 5/10/41 22hUT.
 Rule    France  1941    only    -       Oct      6       0:00   1:00    S
 Rule    France  1942    only    -       Mar      9       0:00   2:00    M
 Rule    France  1942    only    -       Nov      2       3:00   1:00    S
 Rule    France  1943    only    -       Mar     29       2:00   2:00    M

@@ -1233,19 +1233,17 @@
 # From Markus Kuhn (1998-09-29):
 # The German time zone web site by the Physikalisch-Technische
 # Bundesanstalt contains DST information back to 1916.
 # [See tz-link.htm for the URL.]
 
-# From Joerg Schilling (2002-10-23):
+# From Jörg Schilling (2002-10-23):
 # In 1945, Berlin was switched to Moscow Summer time (GMT+4) by
-# <a href="http://www.dhm.de/lemo/html/biografien/BersarinNikolai/">
-# General [Nikolai] Bersarin</a>.
+# <http://www.dhm.de/lemo/html/biografien/BersarinNikolai/>
+# General [Nikolai] Bersarin.
 
 # From Paul Eggert (2003-03-08):
-# <a href="http://www.parlament-berlin.de/pds-fraktion.nsf/727459127c8b66ee8525662300459099/defc77cb784f180ac1256c2b0030274b/$FILE/bersarint.pdf">
 # http://www.parlament-berlin.de/pds-fraktion.nsf/727459127c8b66ee8525662300459099/defc77cb784f180ac1256c2b0030274b/$FILE/bersarint.pdf
-# </a>
 # says that Bersarin issued an order to use Moscow time on May 20.
 # However, Moscow did not observe daylight saving in 1945, so
 # this was equivalent to CEMT (GMT+3), not GMT+4.
 
 

@@ -1272,17 +1270,17 @@
                         1:00 SovietZone CE%sT   1946
                         1:00    Germany CE%sT   1980
                         1:00    EU      CE%sT
 
 # From Tobias Conradi (2011-09-12):
-# Busingen <http://www.buesingen.de>, surrounded by the Swiss canton
+# Büsingen <http://www.buesingen.de>, surrounded by the Swiss canton
 # Schaffhausen, did not start observing DST in 1980 as the rest of DE
 # (West Germany at that time) and DD (East Germany at that time) did.
 # DD merged into DE, the area is currently covered by code DE in ISO 3166-1,
 # which in turn is covered by the zone Europe/Berlin.
 #
-# Source for the time in Busingen 1980:
+# Source for the time in Büsingen 1980:
 # http://www.srf.ch/player/video?id=c012c029-03b7-4c2b-9164-aa5902cd58d3
 
 # From Arthur David Olson (2012-03-03):
 # Busingen and Zurich have shared clocks since 1970.
 

@@ -1334,19 +1332,24 @@
                         # Shanks & Pottenger say it switched to C-Eur in 1981;
                         # go with EU instead, since Greece joined it on Jan 1.
                         2:00    EU      EE%sT
 
 # Hungary
+# From Paul Eggert (2014-07-15):
+# Dates for 1916-1945 are taken from:
+# Oross A. Jelen a múlt jövője: a nyári időszámítás Magyarországon 1916-1945.
+# National Archives of Hungary (2012-10-29).
+# http://mnl.gov.hu/a_het_dokumentuma/a_nyari_idoszamitas_magyarorszagon_19161945.html
+# This source does not always give times, which are taken from Shanks
+# & Pottenger (which disagree about the dates).
 # Rule  NAME    FROM    TO      TYPE    IN      ON      AT      SAVE    LETTER/S
 Rule    Hungary 1918    only    -       Apr      1       3:00   1:00    S
-Rule    Hungary 1918    only    -       Sep     29       3:00   0       -
+Rule    Hungary 1918    only    -       Sep     16       3:00   0       -
 Rule    Hungary 1919    only    -       Apr     15       3:00   1:00    S
-Rule    Hungary 1919    only    -       Sep     15       3:00   0       -
-Rule    Hungary 1920    only    -       Apr      5       3:00   1:00    S
-Rule    Hungary 1920    only    -       Sep     30       3:00   0       -
+Rule    Hungary 1919    only    -       Nov     24       3:00   0       -
 Rule    Hungary 1945    only    -       May      1      23:00   1:00    S
-Rule    Hungary 1945    only    -       Nov      3       0:00   0       -
+Rule    Hungary 1945    only    -       Nov      1       0:00   0       -
 Rule    Hungary 1946    only    -       Mar     31       2:00s  1:00    S
 Rule    Hungary 1946    1949    -       Oct     Sun>=1   2:00s  0       -
 Rule    Hungary 1947    1949    -       Apr     Sun>=4   2:00s  1:00    S
 Rule    Hungary 1950    only    -       Apr     17       2:00s  1:00    S
 Rule    Hungary 1950    only    -       Oct     23       2:00s  0       -

@@ -1358,11 +1361,11 @@
 Rule    Hungary 1957    only    -       Sep     lastSun  3:00   0       -
 Rule    Hungary 1980    only    -       Apr      6       1:00   1:00    S
 # Zone  NAME            GMTOFF  RULES   FORMAT  [UNTIL]
 Zone    Europe/Budapest 1:16:20 -       LMT     1890 Oct
                         1:00    C-Eur   CE%sT   1918
-                        1:00    Hungary CE%sT   1941 Apr  6  2:00
+                        1:00    Hungary CE%sT   1941 Apr  8
                         1:00    C-Eur   CE%sT   1945
                         1:00    Hungary CE%sT   1980 Sep 28  2:00s
                         1:00    EU      CE%sT
 
 # Iceland

@@ -1436,13 +1439,12 @@
 # so record only the time in Rome.
 #
 # From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):
 # For Italian DST we have three sources: Shanks & Pottenger, Whitman, and
 # F. Pollastri
-# <a href="http://toi.iriti.cnr.it/uk/ienitlt.html">
 # Day-light Saving Time in Italy (2006-02-03)
-# </a>
+# <http://toi.iriti.cnr.it/uk/ienitlt.html>
 # ('FP' below), taken from an Italian National Electrotechnical Institute
 # publication. When the three sources disagree, guess who's right, as follows:
 #
 # year  FP      Shanks&P. (S)   Whitman (W)     Go with:
 # 1916  06-03   06-03 24:00     06-03 00:00     FP & W

@@ -1546,17 +1548,17 @@
 # 1997-01-21 on transition to Summer time ... established the same order of
 # daylight savings time settings as in the States of the European Union.
 
 # From Andrei Ivanov (2000-03-06):
 # This year Latvia will not switch to Daylight Savings Time (as specified in
-# <a href="http://www.lv-laiks.lv/wwwraksti/2000/071072/vd4.htm">
 # The Regulations of the Cabinet of Ministers of the Rep. of Latvia of
-# 29-Feb-2000 (#79)</a>, in Latvian for subscribers only).
+# 29-Feb-2000 (#79) <http://www.lv-laiks.lv/wwwraksti/2000/071072/vd4.htm>,
+# in Latvian for subscribers only).
 
-# <a href="http://www.rferl.org/newsline/2001/01/3-CEE/cee-030101.html">
-# From RFE/RL Newsline (2001-01-03), noted after a heads-up by Rives McDow:
-# </a>
+# From RFE/RL Newsline
+# <http://www.rferl.org/newsline/2001/01/3-CEE/cee-030101.html>
+# (2001-01-03), noted after a heads-up by Rives McDow:
 # The Latvian government on 2 January decided that the country will
 # institute daylight-saving time this spring, LETA reported.
 # Last February the three Baltic states decided not to turn back their
 # clocks one hour in the spring....
 # Minister of Economy Aigars Kalvitis noted that Latvia had too few

@@ -1567,17 +1569,20 @@
 # appears that they will not do so....
 
 # Rule  NAME    FROM    TO      TYPE    IN      ON      AT      SAVE    LETTER/S
 Rule    Latvia  1989    1996    -       Mar     lastSun  2:00s  1:00    S
 Rule    Latvia  1989    1996    -       Sep     lastSun  2:00s  0       -
+
+# Milne says Riga time was 1:36:28 (Polytechnique House time).
+
 # Zone  NAME            GMTOFF  RULES   FORMAT  [UNTIL]
-Zone    Europe/Riga     1:36:24 -       LMT     1880
-                        1:36:24 -       RMT     1918 Apr 15 2:00 #Riga Mean Time
-                        1:36:24 1:00    LST     1918 Sep 16 3:00 #Latvian Summer
-                        1:36:24 -       RMT     1919 Apr  1 2:00
-                        1:36:24 1:00    LST     1919 May 22 3:00
-                        1:36:24 -       RMT     1926 May 11
+Zone    Europe/Riga     1:36:28 -       LMT     1880
+                        1:36:28 -       RMT     1918 Apr 15 2:00 #Riga Mean Time
+                        1:36:28 1:00    LST     1918 Sep 16 3:00 #Latvian Summer
+                        1:36:28 -       RMT     1919 Apr  1 2:00
+                        1:36:28 1:00    LST     1919 May 22 3:00
+                        1:36:28 -       RMT     1926 May 11
                         2:00    -       EET     1940 Aug  5
                         3:00    -       MSK     1941 Jul
                         1:00    C-Eur   CE%sT   1944 Oct 13
                         3:00    Russia  MSK/MSD 1989 Mar lastSun 2:00s
                         2:00    1:00    EEST    1989 Sep lastSun 2:00s

@@ -1612,22 +1617,22 @@
 
 # From Marius Gedminas (1998-08-07):
 # I would like to inform that in this year Lithuanian time zone
 # (Europe/Vilnius) was changed.
 
-# From <a href="http://www.elta.lt/">ELTA</a> No. 972 (2582) (1999-09-29),
+# From ELTA No. 972 (2582) (1999-09-29) <http://www.elta.lt/>,
 # via Steffen Thorsen:
 # Lithuania has shifted back to the second time zone (GMT plus two hours)
 # to be valid here starting from October 31,
 # as decided by the national government on Wednesday....
 # The Lithuanian government also announced plans to consider a
 # motion to give up shifting to summer time in spring, as it was
 # already done by Estonia.
 
-# From the <a href="http://www.tourism.lt/informa/ff.htm">
-# Fact File, Lithuanian State Department of Tourism
-# </a> (2000-03-27): Local time is GMT+2 hours ..., no daylight saving.
+# From the Fact File, Lithuanian State Department of Tourism
+# <http://www.tourism.lt/informa/ff.htm> (2000-03-27):
+# Local time is GMT+2 hours ..., no daylight saving.
 
 # From a user via Klaus Marten (2003-02-07):
 # As a candidate for membership of the European Union, Lithuania will
 # observe Summer Time in 2003, changing its clocks at the times laid
 # down in EU Directive 2000/84 of 19.I.01 (i.e. at the same times as its

@@ -1717,26 +1722,21 @@
 # However, this is most likely an error, as Moldova declared independence
 # on 1991-08-27 (the 1992-01-19 date is that of a Russian decree).
 # In early 1992 there was large-scale interethnic violence in the area
 # and it's possible that some Russophones continued to observe Moscow time.
 # But [two people] separately reported via
-# Jesper Norgaard that as of 2001-01-24 Tiraspol was like Chisinau.
+# Jesper Nørgaard that as of 2001-01-24 Tiraspol was like Chisinau.
 # The Tiraspol entry has therefore been removed for now.
 #
 # From Alexander Krivenyshev (2011-10-17):
 # Pridnestrovian Moldavian Republic (PMR, also known as
 # "Pridnestrovie") has abolished seasonal clock change (no transition
 # to the Winter Time).
 #
 # News (in Russian):
-# <a href="http://www.kyivpost.ua/russia/news/pridnestrove-otkazalos-ot-perehoda-na-zimnee-vremya-30954.html">
 # http://www.kyivpost.ua/russia/news/pridnestrove-otkazalos-ot-perehoda-na-zimnee-vremya-30954.html
-# </a>
-#
-# <a href="http://www.allmoldova.com/moldova-news/1249064116.html">
 # http://www.allmoldova.com/moldova-news/1249064116.html
-# </a>
 #
 # The substance of this change (reinstatement of the Tiraspol entry)
 # is from a patch from Petr Machata (2011-10-17)
 #
 # From Tim Parenti (2011-10-19)

@@ -1750,13 +1750,11 @@
 # As of today, Transnistria (Pridnestrovie)- Tiraspol reversed its own
 # decision to abolish DST this winter.
 # Following Moldova and neighboring Ukraine- Transnistria (Pridnestrovie)-
 # Tiraspol will go back to winter time on October 30, 2011.
 # News from Moldova (in russian):
-# <a href="http://ru.publika.md/link_317061.html">
 # http://ru.publika.md/link_317061.html
-# </a>
 
 
 # Zone  NAME            GMTOFF  RULES   FORMAT  [UNTIL]
 Zone    Europe/Chisinau 1:55:20 -       LMT     1880
                         1:55    -       CMT     1918 Feb 15 # Chisinau MT

@@ -1883,18 +1881,18 @@
 # Although I could not find it explicitly, it seems that Jan Mayen and
 # Svalbard have been using the same time as Norway at least since the
 # time they were declared as parts of Norway.  Svalbard was declared
 # as a part of Norway by law of 1925-07-17 no 11, section 4 and Jan
 # Mayen by law of 1930-02-27 no 2, section 2. (From
-# http://www.lovdata.no/all/nl-19250717-011.html and
-# http://www.lovdata.no/all/nl-19300227-002.html).  The law/regulation
+# <http://www.lovdata.no/all/nl-19250717-011.html> and
+# <http://www.lovdata.no/all/nl-19300227-002.html>).  The law/regulation
 # for normal/standard time in Norway is from 1894-06-29 no 1 (came
 # into operation on 1895-01-01) and Svalbard/Jan Mayen seem to be a
 # part of this law since 1925/1930. (From
-# http://www.lovdata.no/all/nl-18940629-001.html ) I have not been
+# <http://www.lovdata.no/all/nl-18940629-001.html>) I have not been
 # able to find if Jan Mayen used a different time zone (e.g. -0100)
-# before 1930. Jan Mayen has only been "inhabitated" since 1921 by
+# before 1930. Jan Mayen has only been "inhabited" since 1921 by
 # Norwegian meteorologists and maybe used the same time as Norway ever
 # since 1921.  Svalbard (Arctic/Longyearbyen) has been inhabited since
 # before 1895, and therefore probably changed the local time somewhere
 # between 1895 and 1925 (inclusive).
 

@@ -1905,11 +1903,11 @@
 # keeping Berlin time.
 #
 # <http://home.no.net/janmayen/history.htm> says that the meteorologists
 # burned down their station in 1940 and left the island, but returned in
 # 1941 with a small Norwegian garrison and continued operations despite
-# frequent air ttacks from Germans.  In 1943 the Americans established a
+# frequent air attacks from Germans.  In 1943 the Americans established a
 # radiolocating station on the island, called "Atlantic City".  Possibly
 # the UT offset changed during the war, but I think it unlikely that
 # Jan Mayen used German daylight-saving rules.
 #
 # Svalbard is more complicated, as it was raided in August 1941 by an

@@ -1925,23 +1923,27 @@
 # All these events predate our cutoff date of 1970, so use Europe/Oslo
 # for these regions.
 Link    Europe/Oslo     Arctic/Longyearbyen
 
 # Poland
+
+# The 1919 dates and times can be found in Tygodnik Urzędowy nr 1 (1919-03-20),
+# <http://www.wbc.poznan.pl/publication/32156> pp 1-2.
+
 # Rule  NAME    FROM    TO      TYPE    IN      ON      AT      SAVE    LETTER/S
 Rule    Poland  1918    1919    -       Sep     16      2:00s   0       -
 Rule    Poland  1919    only    -       Apr     15      2:00s   1:00    S
 Rule    Poland  1944    only    -       Apr      3      2:00s   1:00    S
 # Whitman gives 1944 Nov 30; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
 Rule    Poland  1944    only    -       Oct      4      2:00    0       -
 # For 1944-1948 Whitman gives the previous day; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
 Rule    Poland  1945    only    -       Apr     29      0:00    1:00    S
 Rule    Poland  1945    only    -       Nov      1      0:00    0       -
 # For 1946 on the source is Kazimierz Borkowski,
-# Torun Center for Astronomy, Dept. of Radio Astronomy, Nicolaus Copernicus U.,
+# Toruń Center for Astronomy, Dept. of Radio Astronomy, Nicolaus Copernicus U.,
 # <http://www.astro.uni.torun.pl/~kb/Artykuly/U-PA/Czas2.htm#tth_tAb1>
-# Thanks to Przemyslaw Augustyniak (2005-05-28) for this reference.
+# Thanks to Przemysław Augustyniak (2005-05-28) for this reference.
 # He also gives these further references:
 # Mon Pol nr 13, poz 162 (1995) <http://www.abc.com.pl/serwis/mp/1995/0162.htm>
 # Druk nr 2180 (2003) <http://www.senat.gov.pl/k5/dok/sejm/053/2180.pdf>
 Rule    Poland  1946    only    -       Apr     14      0:00s   1:00    S
 Rule    Poland  1946    only    -       Oct      7      2:00s   0       -

@@ -2074,12 +2076,12 @@
                          0:00   EU      WE%sT
 
 # Romania
 #
 # From Paul Eggert (1999-10-07):
-# <a href="http://www.nineoclock.ro/POL/1778pol.html">
-# Nine O'clock</a> (1998-10-23) reports that the switch occurred at
+# Nine O'clock <http://www.nineoclock.ro/POL/1778pol.html>
+# (1998-10-23) reports that the switch occurred at
 # 04:00 local time in fall 1998.  For lack of better info,
 # assume that Romania and Moldova switched to EU rules in 1997,
 # the same year as Bulgaria.
 #
 # Rule  NAME    FROM    TO      TYPE    IN      ON      AT      SAVE    LETTER/S

@@ -2099,76 +2101,85 @@
                         2:00    C-Eur   EE%sT   1991
                         2:00    Romania EE%sT   1994
                         2:00    E-Eur   EE%sT   1997
                         2:00    EU      EE%sT
 
+
 # Russia
 
 # From Alexander Krivenyshev (2011-09-15):
 # Based on last Russian Government Decree # 725 on August 31, 2011
 # (Government document
-# <a href="http://www.government.ru/gov/results/16355/print/">
 # http://www.government.ru/gov/results/16355/print/
-# </a>
 # in Russian)
 # there are few corrections have to be made for some Russian time zones...
 # All updated Russian Time Zones were placed in table and translated to English
 # by WorldTimeZone.com at the link below:
-# <a href="http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_russia36.htm">
 # http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_russia36.htm
-# </a>
 
 # From Sanjeev Gupta (2011-09-27):
 # Scans of [Decree #23 of January 8, 1992] are available at:
-# <a href="http://government.consultant.ru/page.aspx?1223966">
 # http://government.consultant.ru/page.aspx?1223966
 # They are in Cyrillic letters (presumably Russian).
 
 # From Arthur David Olson (2012-05-09):
 # Regarding the instant when clocks in time-zone-shifting parts of Russia
 # changed in September 2011:
 #
 # One source is
-# < a href="http://government.ru/gov/results/16355/>
 # http://government.ru/gov/results/16355/
-# </a>
 # which, according to translate.google.com, begins "Decree of August 31,
 # 2011 No 725" and contains no other dates or "effective date" information.
 #
 # Another source is
-# <a href="http://www.rg.ru/2011/09/06/chas-zona-dok.html">
 # http://www.rg.ru/2011/09/06/chas-zona-dok.html
-# </a>
 # which, according to translate.google.com, begins "Resolution of the
 # Government of the Russian Federation on August 31, 2011 N 725" and also
 # contains "Date first official publication: September 6, 2011 Posted on:
 # in the 'RG' - Federal Issue number 5573 September 6, 2011" but which
 # does not contain any "effective date" information.
 #
 # Another source is
-# <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oymyakonsky_District#cite_note-RuTime-7">
 # http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oymyakonsky_District#cite_note-RuTime-7
-# </a>
 # which, in note 8, contains "Resolution #725 of August 31, 2011...
 # Effective as of after 7 days following the day of the official publication"
 # but which does not contain any reference to September 6, 2011.
 #
 # The Wikipedia article refers to
-# <a href="http://base.consultant.ru/cons/cgi/online.cgi?req=doc;base=LAW;n=118896">
 # http://base.consultant.ru/cons/cgi/online.cgi?req=doc;base=LAW;n=118896
-# </a>
 # which seems to copy the text of the government.ru page.
 #
 # Tobias Conradi combines Wikipedia's
 # "as of after 7 days following the day of the official publication"
-# with www.rg.ru's "Date of first official publication: September 6, 2011" to get
-# September 13, 2011 as the cutover date (unusually, a Tuesday, as Tobias Conradi notes).
+# with www.rg.ru's "Date of first official publication: September 6, 2011" to
+# get September 13, 2011 as the cutover date (unusually, a Tuesday, as Tobias
+# Conradi notes).
 #
 # None of the sources indicates a time of day for changing clocks.
 #
 # Go with 2011-09-13 0:00s.
 
+# From Alexander Krivenyshev (2014-07-01):
+# According to the Russian news (ITAR-TASS News Agency)
+# http://en.itar-tass.com/russia/738562
+# the State Duma has approved ... the draft bill on returning to
+# winter time standard and return Russia 11 time zones.  The new
+# regulations will come into effect on October 26, 2014 at 02:00 ...
+# http://asozd2.duma.gov.ru/main.nsf/%28Spravka%29?OpenAgent&RN=431985-6&02
+# Here is a link where we put together table (based on approved Bill N
+# 431985-6) with proposed 11 Russian time zones and corresponding
+# areas/cities/administrative centers in the Russian Federation (in English):
+# http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_russia65.html
+#
+# From Alexander Krivenyshev (2014-07-22):
+# Putin signed the Federal Law 431985-6 ... (in Russian)
+# http://itar-tass.com/obschestvo/1333711
+# http://www.pravo.gov.ru:8080/page.aspx?111660
+# http://www.kremlin.ru/acts/46279
+# From October 26, 2014 the new Russian time zone map will looks like this:
+# http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_russia-map-2014-07.html
+
 # From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):
 # Except for Moscow after 1919-07-01, I invented the time zone abbreviations.
 # Moscow time zone abbreviations after 1919-07-01, and Moscow rules after 1991,
 # are from Andrey A. Chernov.  The rest is from Shanks & Pottenger,
 # except we follow Chernov's report that 1992 DST transitions were Sat

@@ -2191,124 +2202,274 @@
 # Moscow to Irkutsk in 1995, public air and rail transport in Russia ...
 # still follows Moscow time, no matter where in Russia it is located.
 #
 # For Grozny, Chechnya, we have the following story from
 # John Daniszewski, "Scavengers in the Rubble", Los Angeles Times (2001-02-07):
-# News--often false--is spread by word of mouth.  A rumor that it was
+# News - often false - is spread by word of mouth.  A rumor that it was
 # time to move the clocks back put this whole city out of sync with
-# the rest of Russia for two weeks--even soldiers stationed here began
+# the rest of Russia for two weeks - even soldiers stationed here began
 # enforcing curfew at the wrong time.
 #
 # From Gwillim Law (2001-06-05):
 # There's considerable evidence that Sakhalin Island used to be in
 # UTC+11, and has changed to UTC+10, in this decade.  I start with the
 # SSIM, which listed Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk in zone RU10 along with Magadan
 # until February 1997, and then in RU9 with Khabarovsk and Vladivostok
 # since September 1997....  Although the Kuril Islands are
 # administratively part of Sakhalin oblast', they appear to have
 # remained on UTC+11 along with Magadan.
-#
+
+# From Tim Parenti (2014-07-06):
+# The comments detailing the coverage of each Russian zone are meant to assist
+# with maintenance only and represent our best guesses as to which regions
+# are covered by each zone.  They are not meant to be taken as an authoritative
+# listing.  The region codes listed come from
+# http://en.wikipedia.org/w/?title=Federal_subjects_of_Russia&oldid=611810498
+# and are used for convenience only; no guarantees are made regarding their
+# future stability.  ISO 3166-2:RU codes are also listed for first-level
+# divisions where available.
+
 # Zone  NAME            GMTOFF  RULES   FORMAT  [UNTIL]
-#
-# Kaliningradskaya oblast'.
+
+
+# From Tim Parenti (2014-07-03):
+# Europe/Kaliningrad covers...
+# 39    RU-KGD  Kaliningrad Oblast
+
 Zone Europe/Kaliningrad  1:22:00 -      LMT     1893 Apr
                          1:00   C-Eur   CE%sT   1945
                          2:00   Poland  CE%sT   1946
                          3:00   Russia  MSK/MSD 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
                          2:00   Russia  EE%sT   2011 Mar 27 2:00s
-                         3:00   -       FET # Further-eastern European Time
-#
-# From Oscar van Vlijmen (2001-08-25): [This region consists of]
-# Respublika Adygeya, Arkhangel'skaya oblast',
-# Belgorodskaya oblast', Bryanskaya oblast', Vladimirskaya oblast',
-# Vologodskaya oblast', Voronezhskaya oblast',
-# Respublika Dagestan, Ivanovskaya oblast', Respublika Ingushetiya,
-# Kabarbino-Balkarskaya Respublika, Respublika Kalmykiya,
-# Kalyzhskaya oblast', Respublika Karachaevo-Cherkessiya,
-# Respublika Kareliya, Respublika Komi,
-# Kostromskaya oblast', Krasnodarskij kraj, Kurskaya oblast',
-# Leningradskaya oblast', Lipetskaya oblast', Respublika Marij El,
-# Respublika Mordoviya, Moskva, Moskovskaya oblast',
-# Murmanskaya oblast', Nenetskij avtonomnyj okrug,
-# Nizhegorodskaya oblast', Novgorodskaya oblast', Orlovskaya oblast',
-# Penzenskaya oblast', Pskovskaya oblast', Rostovskaya oblast',
-# Ryazanskaya oblast', Sankt-Peterburg,
-# Respublika Severnaya Osetiya, Smolenskaya oblast',
-# Stavropol'skij kraj, Tambovskaya oblast', Respublika Tatarstan,
-# Tverskaya oblast', Tyl'skaya oblast', Ul'yanovskaya oblast',
-# Chechenskaya Respublika, Chuvashskaya oblast',
-# Yaroslavskaya oblast'
-Zone Europe/Moscow       2:30:20 -      LMT     1880
-                         2:30   -       MMT     1916 Jul  3 # Moscow Mean Time
-                         2:30:48 Russia %s      1919 Jul  1 2:00
+                         3:00   -       FET     2014 Oct 26 2:00s
+                         2:00   -       EET
+
+
+# From Tim Parenti (2014-07-03), per Oscar van Vlijmen (2001-08-25):
+# Europe/Moscow covers...
+# 01    RU-AD   Adygea, Republic of
+# 05    RU-DA   Dagestan, Republic of
+# 06    RU-IN   Ingushetia, Republic of
+# 07    RU-KB   Kabardino-Balkar Republic
+# 08    RU-KL   Kalmykia, Republic of
+# 09    RU-KC   Karachay-Cherkess Republic
+# 10    RU-KR   Karelia, Republic of
+# 11    RU-KO   Komi Republic
+# 12    RU-ME   Mari El Republic
+# 13    RU-MO   Mordovia, Republic of
+# 15    RU-SE   North Ossetia-Alania, Republic of
+# 16    RU-TA   Tatarstan, Republic of
+# 20    RU-CE   Chechen Republic
+# 21    RU-CU   Chuvash Republic
+# 23    RU-KDA  Krasnodar Krai
+# 26    RU-STA  Stavropol Krai
+# 29    RU-ARK  Arkhangelsk Oblast
+# 31    RU-BEL  Belgorod Oblast
+# 32    RU-BRY  Bryansk Oblast
+# 33    RU-VLA  Vladimir Oblast
+# 35    RU-VLG  Vologda Oblast
+# 36    RU-VOR  Voronezh Oblast
+# 37    RU-IVA  Ivanovo Oblast
+# 40    RU-KLU  Kaluga Oblast
+# 44    RU-KOS  Kostroma Oblast
+# 46    RU-KRS  Kursk Oblast
+# 47    RU-LEN  Leningrad Oblast
+# 48    RU-LIP  Lipetsk Oblast
+# 50    RU-MOS  Moscow Oblast
+# 51    RU-MUR  Murmansk Oblast
+# 52    RU-NIZ  Nizhny Novgorod Oblast
+# 53    RU-NGR  Novgorod Oblast
+# 57    RU-ORL  Oryol Oblast
+# 58    RU-PNZ  Penza Oblast
+# 60    RU-PSK  Pskov Oblast
+# 61    RU-ROS  Rostov Oblast
+# 62    RU-RYA  Ryazan Oblast
+# 67    RU-SMO  Smolensk Oblast
+# 68    RU-TAM  Tambov Oblast
+# 69    RU-TVE  Tver Oblast
+# 71    RU-TUL  Tula Oblast
+# 73    RU-ULY  Ulyanovsk Oblast
+# 76    RU-YAR  Yaroslavl Oblast
+# 77    RU-MOW  Moscow
+# 78    RU-SPE  Saint Petersburg
+# 83    RU-NEN  Nenets Autonomous Okrug
+
+# From Vladimir Karpinsky (2014-07-08):
+# LMT in Moscow (before Jul 3, 1916) is 2:30:17, that was defined by Moscow
+# Observatory (coordinates: 55 deg. 45'29.70", 37 deg. 34'05.30")....
+# LMT in Moscow since Jul 3, 1916 is 2:31:01 as a result of new standard.
+# (The info is from the book by Byalokoz E.L. New Counting of Time in Russia
+# since July 1, 1919, p. 18.)  The time in St. Petersburg as capital of Russia
+# was defined by Pulkov observatory, near St. Petersburg.  In 1916 LMT Moscow
+# was synchronized with LMT St. Petersburg (+30 minutes), (Pulkov observatory
+# coordinates: 59 deg. 46'18.70", 30 deg. 19'40.70") so 30 deg. 19'40.70" >
+# 2h01m18.7s = 2:01:19.  LMT Moscow = LMT St.Petersburg + 30m 2:01:19 + 0:30 =
+# 2:31:19 ...
+#
+# From Paul Eggert (2014-07-08):
+# Milne does not list Moscow, but suggests that its time might be listed in
+# Résumés mensuels et annuels des observations météorologiques (1895).
+# Presumably this is OCLC 85825704, a journal published with parallel text in
+# Russian and French.  This source has not been located; go with Karpinsky.
+
+Zone Europe/Moscow       2:30:17 -      LMT     1880
+                         2:30:17 -      MMT     1916 Jul  3 # Moscow Mean Time
+                         2:31:19 Russia %s      1919 Jul  1 2:00
+                         3:00   Russia  %s      1921 Oct
                          3:00   Russia  MSK/MSD 1922 Oct
                          2:00   -       EET     1930 Jun 21
                          3:00   Russia  MSK/MSD 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
                          2:00   Russia  EE%sT   1992 Jan 19 2:00s
                          3:00   Russia  MSK/MSD 2011 Mar 27 2:00s
-                         4:00   -       MSK
+                         4:00   -       MSK     2014 Oct 26 2:00s
+                         3:00   -       MSK
+
+
+# From Tim Parenti (2014-07-03):
+# Europe/Simferopol covers...
+# **    ****    Crimea, Republic of
+# **    ****    Sevastopol
+
+Zone Europe/Simferopol   2:16:24 -      LMT     1880
+                         2:16   -       SMT     1924 May  2 # Simferopol Mean T
+                         2:00   -       EET     1930 Jun 21
+                         3:00   -       MSK     1941 Nov
+                         1:00   C-Eur   CE%sT   1944 Apr 13
+                         3:00   Russia  MSK/MSD 1990
+                         3:00   -       MSK     1990 Jul  1 2:00
+                         2:00   -       EET     1992
+# Central Crimea used Moscow time 1994/1997.
 #
-# Astrakhanskaya oblast', Kirovskaya oblast', Saratovskaya oblast',
-# Volgogradskaya oblast'.  Shanks & Pottenger say Kirov is still at +0400
-# but Wikipedia (2006-05-09) says +0300.  Perhaps it switched after the
-# others?  But we have no data.
+# From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):
+# The _Economist_ (1994-05-28, p 45) reports that central Crimea switched
+# from Kiev to Moscow time sometime after the January 1994 elections.
+# Shanks (1999) says "date of change uncertain", but implies that it happened
+# sometime between the 1994 DST switches.  Shanks & Pottenger simply say
+# 1994-09-25 03:00, but that can't be right.  For now, guess it
+# changed in May.
+                         2:00   E-Eur   EE%sT   1994 May
+# From IATA SSIM (1994/1997), which also says that Kerch is still like Kiev.
+                         3:00   E-Eur   MSK/MSD 1996 Mar 31 3:00s
+                         3:00   1:00    MSD     1996 Oct 27 3:00s
+# IATA SSIM (1997-09) says Crimea switched to EET/EEST.
+# Assume it happened in March by not changing the clocks.
+                         3:00   Russia  MSK/MSD 1997
+                         3:00   -       MSK     1997 Mar lastSun 1:00u
+# From Alexander Krivenyshev (2014-03-17):
+# time change at 2:00 (2am) on March 30, 2014
+# http://vz.ru/news/2014/3/17/677464.html
+# From Paul Eggert (2014-03-30):
+# Simferopol and Sevastopol reportedly changed their central town clocks
+# late the previous day, but this appears to have been ceremonial
+# and the discrepancies are small enough to not worry about.
+                         2:00   EU      EE%sT   2014 Mar 30 2:00
+                         4:00   -       MSK     2014 Oct 26 2:00s
+                         3:00   -       MSK
+
+
+# From Tim Parenti (2014-07-03):
+# Europe/Volgograd covers...
+# 30    RU-AST  Astrakhan Oblast
+# 34    RU-VGG  Volgograd Oblast
+# 43    RU-KIR  Kirov Oblast
+# 64    RU-SAR  Saratov Oblast
+
+# From Paul Eggert (2006-05-09):
+# Shanks & Pottenger say Kirov is still at +0400 but Wikipedia says +0300.
+# Perhaps it switched after the others?  But we have no data.
+
 Zone Europe/Volgograd    2:57:40 -      LMT     1920 Jan  3
                          3:00   -       TSAT    1925 Apr  6 # Tsaritsyn Time
                          3:00   -       STAT    1930 Jun 21 # Stalingrad Time
                          4:00   -       STAT    1961 Nov 11
                          4:00   Russia  VOL%sT  1989 Mar 26 2:00s # Volgograd T
                          3:00   Russia  VOL%sT  1991 Mar 31 2:00s
                          4:00   -       VOLT    1992 Mar 29 2:00s
-                         3:00   Russia  VOL%sT  2011 Mar 27 2:00s
-                         4:00   -       VOLT
-#
-# From Oscar van Vlijmen (2001-08-25): [This region consists of]
-# Samarskaya oblast', Udmyrtskaya respublika
+                         3:00   Russia  MSK     2011 Mar 27 2:00s
+                         4:00   -       MSK     2014 Oct 26 2:00s
+                         3:00   -       MSK
+
+
+# From Tim Parenti (2014-07-03), per Oscar van Vlijmen (2001-08-25):
+# Europe/Samara covers...
+# 18    RU-UD   Udmurt Republic
+# 63    RU-SAM  Samara Oblast
+
 Zone Europe/Samara       3:20:36 -      LMT     1919 Jul  1 2:00
                          3:00   -       SAMT    1930 Jun 21
                          4:00   -       SAMT    1935 Jan 27
                          4:00   Russia  KUY%sT  1989 Mar 26 2:00s # Kuybyshev
-                         3:00   Russia  KUY%sT  1991 Mar 31 2:00s
-                         2:00   Russia  KUY%sT  1991 Sep 29 2:00s
+                         3:00   Russia  MSK/MSD 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
+                         2:00   Russia  EE%sT   1991 Sep 29 2:00s
                          3:00   -       KUYT    1991 Oct 20 3:00
                          4:00   Russia  SAM%sT  2010 Mar 28 2:00s # Samara Time
                          3:00   Russia  SAM%sT  2011 Mar 27 2:00s
                          4:00   -       SAMT
 
+
+# From Tim Parenti (2014-07-03), per Oscar van Vlijmen (2001-08-25):
+# Asia/Yekaterinburg covers...
+# 02    RU-BA   Bashkortostan, Republic of
+# 90    RU-PER  Perm Krai
+# 45    RU-KGN  Kurgan Oblast
+# 56    RU-ORE  Orenburg Oblast
+# 66    RU-SVE  Sverdlovsk Oblast
+# 72    RU-TYU  Tyumen Oblast
+# 74    RU-CHE  Chelyabinsk Oblast
+# 86    RU-KHM  Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug - Yugra
+# 89    RU-YAN  Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug
 #
-# From Oscar van Vlijmen (2001-08-25): [This region consists of]
-# Respublika Bashkortostan, Komi-Permyatskij avtonomnyj okrug,
-# Kurganskaya oblast', Orenburgskaya oblast', Permskaya oblast',
-# Sverdlovskaya oblast', Tyumenskaya oblast',
-# Khanty-Manskijskij avtonomnyj okrug, Chelyabinskaya oblast',
-# Yamalo-Nenetskij avtonomnyj okrug.
-Zone Asia/Yekaterinburg  4:02:24 -      LMT     1919 Jul 15 4:00
+# Note: Effective 2005-12-01, (59) Perm Oblast and (81) Komi-Permyak
+# Autonomous Okrug merged to form (90, RU-PER) Perm Krai.
+
+# Milne says Yekaterinburg time was 4:02:32.9; round to nearest.
+
+Zone Asia/Yekaterinburg  4:02:33 -      LMT     1919 Jul 15 4:00
                          4:00   -       SVET    1930 Jun 21 # Sverdlovsk Time
                          5:00   Russia  SVE%sT  1991 Mar 31 2:00s
                          4:00   Russia  SVE%sT  1992 Jan 19 2:00s
                          5:00   Russia  YEK%sT  2011 Mar 27 2:00s
-                         6:00   -       YEKT    # Yekaterinburg Time
-#
-# From Oscar van Vlijmen (2001-08-25): [This region consists of]
-# Respublika Altaj, Altajskij kraj, Omskaya oblast'.
+                         6:00   -       YEKT    2014 Oct 26 2:00s
+                         5:00   -       YEKT
+
+
+# From Tim Parenti (2014-07-03), per Oscar van Vlijmen (2001-08-25):
+# Asia/Omsk covers...
+# 04    RU-AL   Altai Republic
+# 22    RU-ALT  Altai Krai
+# 55    RU-OMS  Omsk Oblast
+
 Zone Asia/Omsk           4:53:36 -      LMT     1919 Nov 14
-                         5:00   -       OMST    1930 Jun 21 # Omsk TIme
+                         5:00   -       OMST    1930 Jun 21 # Omsk Time
                          6:00   Russia  OMS%sT  1991 Mar 31 2:00s
                          5:00   Russia  OMS%sT  1992 Jan 19 2:00s
                          6:00   Russia  OMS%sT  2011 Mar 27 2:00s
-                         7:00   -       OMST
-#
+                         7:00   -       OMST    2014 Oct 26 2:00s
+                         6:00   -       OMST
+
+
+# From Tim Parenti (2014-07-03):
+# Asia/Novosibirsk covers...
+# 54    RU-NVS  Novosibirsk Oblast
+# 70    RU-TOM  Tomsk Oblast
+
 # From Paul Eggert (2006-08-19): I'm guessing about Tomsk here; it's
 # not clear when it switched from +7 to +6.
-# Novosibirskaya oblast', Tomskaya oblast'.
+
 Zone Asia/Novosibirsk    5:31:40 -      LMT     1919 Dec 14 6:00
                          6:00   -       NOVT    1930 Jun 21 # Novosibirsk Time
                          7:00   Russia  NOV%sT  1991 Mar 31 2:00s
                          6:00   Russia  NOV%sT  1992 Jan 19 2:00s
                          7:00   Russia  NOV%sT  1993 May 23 # say Shanks & P.
                          6:00   Russia  NOV%sT  2011 Mar 27 2:00s
-                         7:00   -       NOVT
+                         7:00   -       NOVT    2014 Oct 26 2:00s
+                         6:00   -       NOVT
+
+
+# From Tim Parenti (2014-07-03):
+# Asia/Novokuznetsk covers...
+# 42    RU-KEM  Kemerovo Oblast
 
 # From Alexander Krivenyshev (2009-10-13):
 # Kemerovo oblast' (Kemerovo region) in Russia will change current time zone on
 # March 28, 2010:
 # from current Russia Zone 6 - Krasnoyarsk Time Zone (KRA) UTC +0700

@@ -2317,184 +2478,339 @@
 # This is according to Government of Russia decree # 740, on September
 # 14, 2009 "Application in the territory of the Kemerovo region the Fifth
 # time zone." ("Russia Zone 5" or old "USSR Zone 5" is GMT +0600)
 #
 # Russian Government web site (Russian language)
-# <a href="http://www.government.ru/content/governmentactivity/rfgovernmentdecisions/archiv">
 # http://www.government.ru/content/governmentactivity/rfgovernmentdecisions/archive/2009/09/14/991633.htm
-# </a>
 # or Russian-English translation by WorldTimeZone.com with reference
 # map to local region and new Russia Time Zone map after March 28, 2010
-# <a href="http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_russia03.html">
 # http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_russia03.html
-# </a>
 #
 # Thus, when Russia will switch to DST on the night of March 28, 2010
 # Kemerovo region (Kemerovo oblast') will not change the clock.
 #
 # As a result, Kemerovo oblast' will be in the same time zone as
 # Novosibirsk, Omsk, Tomsk, Barnaul and Altai Republic.
 
+# From Tim Parenti (2014-07-02), per Alexander Krivenyshev (2014-07-02):
+# The Kemerovo region will remain at UTC+7 through the 2014-10-26 change, thus
+# realigning itself with KRAT.
+
 Zone Asia/Novokuznetsk   5:48:48 -      NMT     1920 Jan  6
                          6:00   -       KRAT    1930 Jun 21 # Krasnoyarsk Time
                          7:00   Russia  KRA%sT  1991 Mar 31 2:00s
                          6:00   Russia  KRA%sT  1992 Jan 19 2:00s
                          7:00   Russia  KRA%sT  2010 Mar 28 2:00s
-                         6:00   Russia  NOV%sT  2011 Mar 27 2:00s
-                         7:00   -       NOVT # Novosibirsk/Novokuznetsk Time
+                         6:00   Russia  NOV%sT  2011 Mar 27 2:00s # Novosibirsk T
+                         7:00   -       NOVT    2014 Oct 26 2:00s
+                         7:00   -       KRAT    # Krasnoyarsk Time
+
 
+# From Tim Parenti (2014-07-03), per Oscar van Vlijmen (2001-08-25):
+# Asia/Krasnoyarsk covers...
+# 17    RU-TY   Tuva Republic
+# 19    RU-KK   Khakassia, Republic of
+# 24    RU-KYA  Krasnoyarsk Krai
 #
-# From Oscar van Vlijmen (2001-08-25): [This region consists of]
-# Krasnoyarskij kraj,
-# Tajmyrskij (Dolgano-Nenetskij) avtonomnyj okrug,
-# Respublika Tuva, Respublika Khakasiya, Evenkijskij avtonomnyj okrug.
+# Note: Effective 2007-01-01, (88) Evenk Autonomous Okrug and (84) Taymyr
+# Autonomous Okrug were merged into (24, RU-KYA) Krasnoyarsk Krai.
+
 Zone Asia/Krasnoyarsk    6:11:20 -      LMT     1920 Jan  6
                          6:00   -       KRAT    1930 Jun 21 # Krasnoyarsk Time
                          7:00   Russia  KRA%sT  1991 Mar 31 2:00s
                          6:00   Russia  KRA%sT  1992 Jan 19 2:00s
                          7:00   Russia  KRA%sT  2011 Mar 27 2:00s
-                         8:00   -       KRAT
+                         8:00   -       KRAT    2014 Oct 26 2:00s
+                         7:00   -       KRAT
+
+
+# From Tim Parenti (2014-07-03), per Oscar van Vlijmen (2001-08-25):
+# Asia/Irkutsk covers...
+# 03    RU-BU   Buryatia, Republic of
+# 38    RU-IRK  Irkutsk Oblast
 #
-# From Oscar van Vlijmen (2001-08-25): [This region consists of]
-# Respublika Buryatiya, Irkutskaya oblast',
-# Ust'-Ordynskij Buryatskij avtonomnyj okrug.
-Zone Asia/Irkutsk        6:57:20 -      LMT     1880
-                         6:57:20 -      IMT     1920 Jan 25 # Irkutsk Mean Time
+# Note: Effective 2008-01-01, (85) Ust-Orda Buryat Autonomous Okrug was
+# merged into (38, RU-IRK) Irkutsk Oblast.
+
+# Milne says Irkutsk time was 6:57:15.
+
+Zone Asia/Irkutsk        6:57:15 -      LMT     1880
+                         6:57:15 -      IMT     1920 Jan 25 # Irkutsk Mean Time
                          7:00   -       IRKT    1930 Jun 21 # Irkutsk Time
                          8:00   Russia  IRK%sT  1991 Mar 31 2:00s
                          7:00   Russia  IRK%sT  1992 Jan 19 2:00s
                          8:00   Russia  IRK%sT  2011 Mar 27 2:00s
-                         9:00   -       IRKT
+                         9:00   -       IRKT    2014 Oct 26 2:00s
+                         8:00   -       IRKT
+
+
+# From Tim Parenti (2014-07-06):
+# Asia/Chita covers...
+# 92    RU-ZAB  Zabaykalsky Krai
 #
-# From Oscar van Vlijmen (2003-10-18): [This region consists of]
-# Aginskij Buryatskij avtonomnyj okrug, Amurskaya oblast',
-# [parts of] Respublika Sakha (Yakutiya), Chitinskaya oblast'.
-
-# From Oscar van Vlijmen (2009-11-29):
-# ...some regions of [Russia] were merged with others since 2005...
-# Some names were changed, no big deal, except for one instance: a new name.
-# YAK/YAKST: UTC+9 Zabajkal'skij kraj.
-
-# From Oscar van Vlijmen (2009-11-29):
-# The Sakha districts are: Aldanskij, Amginskij, Anabarskij,
-# Verkhnevilyujskij, Vilyujskij, Gornyj,
-# Zhiganskij, Kobyajskij, Lenskij, Megino-Kangalasskij, Mirninskij,
-# Namskij, Nyurbinskij, Olenyokskij, Olyokminskij,
-# Suntarskij, Tattinskij, Ust'-Aldanskij, Khangalasskij,
-# Churapchinskij, Eveno-Bytantajskij Natsional'nij.
+# Note: Effective 2008-03-01, (75) Chita Oblast and (80) Agin-Buryat
+# Autonomous Okrug merged to form (92, RU-ZAB) Zabaykalsky Krai.
+
+Zone Asia/Chita  7:33:52 -      LMT     1919 Dec 15
+                         8:00   -       YAKT    1930 Jun 21 # Yakutsk Time
+                         9:00   Russia  YAK%sT  1991 Mar 31 2:00s
+                         8:00   Russia  YAK%sT  1992 Jan 19 2:00s
+                         9:00   Russia  YAK%sT  2011 Mar 27 2:00s
+                        10:00   -       YAKT    2014 Oct 26 2:00s
+                         8:00   -       IRKT
+
+
+# From Tim Parenti (2014-07-03), per Oscar van Vlijmen (2009-11-29):
+# Asia/Yakutsk covers...
+# 28    RU-AMU  Amur Oblast
+#
+# ...and parts of (14, RU-SA) Sakha (Yakutia) Republic:
+# 14-02 ****    Aldansky District
+# 14-04 ****    Amginsky District
+# 14-05 ****    Anabarsky District
+# 14-06 ****    Bulunsky District
+# 14-07 ****    Verkhnevilyuysky District
+# 14-10 ****    Vilyuysky District
+# 14-11 ****    Gorny District
+# 14-12 ****    Zhigansky District
+# 14-13 ****    Kobyaysky District
+# 14-14 ****    Lensky District
+# 14-15 ****    Megino-Kangalassky District
+# 14-16 ****    Mirninsky District
+# 14-18 ****    Namsky District
+# 14-19 ****    Neryungrinsky District
+# 14-21 ****    Nyurbinsky District
+# 14-23 ****    Olenyoksky District
+# 14-24 ****    Olyokminsky District
+# 14-26 ****    Suntarsky District
+# 14-27 ****    Tattinsky District
+# 14-29 ****    Ust-Aldansky District
+# 14-32 ****    Khangalassky District
+# 14-33 ****    Churapchinsky District
+# 14-34 ****    Eveno-Bytantaysky National District
+
+# From Tim Parenti (2014-07-03):
+# Our commentary seems to have lost mention of (14-19) Neryungrinsky District.
+# Since the surrounding districts of Sakha are all YAKT, assume this is, too.
+# Also assume its history has been the same as the rest of Asia/Yakutsk.
 
 Zone Asia/Yakutsk        8:38:40 -      LMT     1919 Dec 15
                          8:00   -       YAKT    1930 Jun 21 # Yakutsk Time
                          9:00   Russia  YAK%sT  1991 Mar 31 2:00s
                          8:00   Russia  YAK%sT  1992 Jan 19 2:00s
                          9:00   Russia  YAK%sT  2011 Mar 27 2:00s
-                         10:00  -       YAKT
+                        10:00   -       YAKT    2014 Oct 26 2:00s
+                         9:00   -       YAKT
+
+
+# From Tim Parenti (2014-07-03), per Oscar van Vlijmen (2009-11-29):
+# Asia/Vladivostok covers...
+# 25    RU-PRI  Primorsky Krai
+# 27    RU-KHA  Khabarovsk Krai
+# 79    RU-YEV  Jewish Autonomous Oblast
 #
-# From Oscar van Vlijmen (2003-10-18): [This region consists of]
-# Evrejskaya avtonomnaya oblast', Khabarovskij kraj, Primorskij kraj,
-# [parts of] Respublika Sakha (Yakutiya).
-
-# From Oscar van Vlijmen (2009-11-29):
-# The Sakha districts are: Bulunskij, Verkhoyanskij, ... Ust'-Yanskij.
-Zone Asia/Vladivostok    8:47:44 -      LMT     1922 Nov 15
+# ...and parts of (14, RU-SA) Sakha (Yakutia) Republic:
+# 14-09 ****    Verkhoyansky District
+# 14-31 ****    Ust-Yansky District
+
+# Milne says Vladivostok time was 8:47:33.5; round to nearest.
+
+Zone Asia/Vladivostok    8:47:34 -      LMT     1922 Nov 15
                          9:00   -       VLAT    1930 Jun 21 # Vladivostok Time
                         10:00   Russia  VLA%sT  1991 Mar 31 2:00s
-                         9:00   Russia  VLA%sST 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
+                         9:00   Russia  VLA%sT  1992 Jan 19 2:00s
                         10:00   Russia  VLA%sT  2011 Mar 27 2:00s
-                        11:00   -       VLAT
+                        11:00   -       VLAT    2014 Oct 26 2:00s
+                        10:00   -       VLAT
+
+
+# From Tim Parenti (2014-07-03):
+# Asia/Khandyga covers parts of (14, RU-SA) Sakha (Yakutia) Republic:
+# 14-28 ****    Tomponsky District
+# 14-30 ****    Ust-Maysky District
 
 # From Arthur David Olson (2012-05-09):
 # Tomponskij and Ust'-Majskij switched from Vladivostok time to Yakutsk time
 # in 2011.
-#
+
 # From Paul Eggert (2012-11-25):
 # Shanks and Pottenger (2003) has Khandyga on Yakutsk time.
 # Make a wild guess that it switched to Vladivostok time in 2004.
 # This transition is no doubt wrong, but we have no better info.
-#
+
 Zone Asia/Khandyga       9:02:13 -      LMT     1919 Dec 15
                          8:00   -       YAKT    1930 Jun 21 # Yakutsk Time
                          9:00   Russia  YAK%sT  1991 Mar 31 2:00s
                          8:00   Russia  YAK%sT  1992 Jan 19 2:00s
                          9:00   Russia  YAK%sT  2004
                         10:00   Russia  VLA%sT  2011 Mar 27 2:00s
                         11:00   -       VLAT    2011 Sep 13 0:00s # Decree 725?
-                        10:00   -       YAKT
+                        10:00   -       YAKT    2014 Oct 26 2:00s
+                         9:00   -       YAKT
 
-#
-# Sakhalinskaya oblast'.
-# The Zone name should be Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk, but that's too long.
+
+# From Tim Parenti (2014-07-03):
+# Asia/Sakhalin covers...
+# 65    RU-SAK  Sakhalin Oblast
+# ...with the exception of:
+# 65-11 ****    Severo-Kurilsky District (North Kuril Islands)
+
+# The Zone name should be Asia/Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk, but that's too long.
 Zone Asia/Sakhalin       9:30:48 -      LMT     1905 Aug 23
-                         9:00   -       CJT     1938
+                         9:00   -       JCST    1937 Oct  1
                          9:00   -       JST     1945 Aug 25
                         11:00   Russia  SAK%sT  1991 Mar 31 2:00s # Sakhalin T.
                         10:00   Russia  SAK%sT  1992 Jan 19 2:00s
                         11:00   Russia  SAK%sT  1997 Mar lastSun 2:00s
                         10:00   Russia  SAK%sT  2011 Mar 27 2:00s
-                        11:00   -       SAKT
-#
-# From Oscar van Vlijmen (2003-10-18): [This region consists of]
-# Magadanskaya oblast', Respublika Sakha (Yakutiya).
-# Probably also: Kuril Islands.
-
-# From Oscar van Vlijmen (2009-11-29):
-# The Sakha districts are: Abyjskij, Allaikhovskij, Verkhhhnekolymskij, Momskij,
-# Nizhnekolymskij, ... Srednekolymskij.
+                        11:00   -       SAKT    2014 Oct 26 2:00s
+                        10:00   -       SAKT
+
+
+# From Tim Parenti (2014-07-03), per Oscar van Vlijmen (2009-11-29):
+# Asia/Magadan covers...
+# 49    RU-MAG  Magadan Oblast
+
+# From Tim Parenti (2014-07-06), per Alexander Krivenyshev (2014-07-02):
+# Magadan Oblast is moving from UTC+12 to UTC+10 on 2014-10-26; however,
+# several districts of Sakha Republic as well as Severo-Kurilsky District of
+# the Sakhalin Oblast (also known as the North Kuril Islands), represented
+# until now by Asia/Magadan, will instead move to UTC+11.  These regions will
+# need their own zone.
+
 Zone Asia/Magadan       10:03:12 -      LMT     1924 May  2
                         10:00   -       MAGT    1930 Jun 21 # Magadan Time
                         11:00   Russia  MAG%sT  1991 Mar 31 2:00s
                         10:00   Russia  MAG%sT  1992 Jan 19 2:00s
                         11:00   Russia  MAG%sT  2011 Mar 27 2:00s
-                        12:00   -       MAGT
+                        12:00   -       MAGT    2014 Oct 26 2:00s
+                        10:00   -       MAGT
+
+
+# From Tim Parenti (2014-07-06):
+# Asia/Srednekolymsk covers parts of (14, RU-SA) Sakha (Yakutia) Republic:
+# 14-01 ****    Abyysky District
+# 14-03 ****    Allaikhovsky District
+# 14-08 ****    Verkhnekolymsky District
+# 14-17 ****    Momsky District
+# 14-20 ****    Nizhnekolymsky District
+# 14-25 ****    Srednekolymsky District
+#
+# ...and parts of (65, RU-SAK) Sakhalin Oblast:
+# 65-11 ****    Severo-Kurilsky District (North Kuril Islands)
+
+# From Tim Parenti (2014-07-02):
+# Oymyakonsky District of Sakha Republic (represented by Ust-Nera), along with
+# most of Sakhalin Oblast (represented by Sakhalin) will be moving to UTC+10 on
+# 2014-10-26 to stay aligned with VLAT/SAKT; however, Severo-Kurilsky District
+# of the Sakhalin Oblast (also known as the North Kuril Islands, represented by
+# Severo-Kurilsk) will remain on UTC+11.
+
+# From Tim Parenti (2014-07-06):
+# Assume North Kuril Islands have history like Magadan before 2011-03-27.
+# There is a decent chance this is wrong, in which case a new zone
+# Asia/Severo-Kurilsk would become necessary.
+#
+# Srednekolymsk and Zyryanka are the most populous places amongst these
+# districts, but have very similar populations.  In fact, Wikipedia currently
+# lists them both as having 3528 people, exactly 1668 males and 1860 females
+# each!  (Yikes!)
+# http://en.wikipedia.org/w/?title=Srednekolymsky_District&oldid=603435276
+# http://en.wikipedia.org/w/?title=Verkhnekolymsky_District&oldid=594378493
+# Assume this is a mistake, albeit an amusing one.
+#
+# Looking at censuses, the populations of the two municipalities seem to have
+# fluctuated recently.  Zyryanka was more populous than Srednekolymsk in the
+# 1989 and 2002 censuses, but Srednekolymsk was more populous in the most
+# recent (2010) census, 3525 to 3170.  (See pages 195 and 197 of
+# http://www.gks.ru/free_doc/new_site/perepis2010/croc/Documents/Vol1/pub-01-05.pdf
+# in Russian.)  In addition, Srednekolymsk appears to be a much older
+# settlement and the population of Zyryanka seems to be declining.
+# Go with Srednekolymsk.
+#
+# Since Magadan Oblast moves to UTC+10 on 2014-10-26, we cannot keep using MAGT
+# as the abbreviation.  Use SRET instead.
+
+Zone Asia/Srednekolymsk 10:14:52 -      LMT     1924 May  2
+                        10:00   -       MAGT    1930 Jun 21 # Magadan Time
+                        11:00   Russia  MAG%sT  1991 Mar 31 2:00s
+                        10:00   Russia  MAG%sT  1992 Jan 19 2:00s
+                        11:00   Russia  MAG%sT  2011 Mar 27 2:00s
+                        12:00   -       MAGT    2014 Oct 26 2:00s
+                        11:00   -       SRET # Srednekolymsk Time
+
+
+# From Tim Parenti (2014-07-03):
+# Asia/Ust-Nera covers parts of (14, RU-SA) Sakha (Yakutia) Republic:
+# 14-22 ****    Oymyakonsky District
 
 # From Arthur David Olson (2012-05-09):
-# Ojmyakonskij and the Kuril Islands switched from
+# Ojmyakonskij [and the Kuril Islands] switched from
 # Magadan time to Vladivostok time in 2011.
+#
+# From Tim Parenti (2014-07-06), per Alexander Krivenyshev (2014-07-02):
+# It's unlikely that any of the Kuril Islands were involved in such a switch,
+# as the South and Middle Kurils have been on UTC+11 (SAKT) with the rest of
+# Sakhalin Oblast since at least 2011-09, and the North Kurils have been on
+# UTC+12 since at least then, too.
+
 Zone Asia/Ust-Nera       9:32:54 -      LMT     1919 Dec 15
                          8:00   -       YAKT    1930 Jun 21 # Yakutsk Time
                          9:00   Russia  YAKT    1981 Apr  1
                         11:00   Russia  MAG%sT  1991 Mar 31 2:00s
                         10:00   Russia  MAG%sT  1992 Jan 19 2:00s
                         11:00   Russia  MAG%sT  2011 Mar 27 2:00s
                         12:00   -       MAGT    2011 Sep 13 0:00s # Decree 725?
-                        11:00   -       VLAT
+                        11:00   -       VLAT    2014 Oct 26 2:00s
+                        10:00   -       VLAT
 
-# From Oscar van Vlijmen (2001-08-25): [This region consists of]
-# Kamchatskaya oblast', Koryakskij avtonomnyj okrug.
+
+# From Tim Parenti (2014-07-03), per Oscar van Vlijmen (2001-08-25):
+# Asia/Kamchatka covers...
+# 91    RU-KAM  Kamchatka Krai
 #
-# The Zone name should be Asia/Petropavlovsk-Kamchatski, but that's too long.
+# Note: Effective 2007-07-01, (41) Kamchatka Oblast and (82) Koryak
+# Autonomous Okrug merged to form (91, RU-KAM) Kamchatka Krai.
+
+# The Zone name should be Asia/Petropavlovsk-Kamchatski or perhaps
+# Asia/Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky, but these are too long.
 Zone Asia/Kamchatka     10:34:36 -      LMT     1922 Nov 10
                         11:00   -       PETT    1930 Jun 21 # P-K Time
                         12:00   Russia  PET%sT  1991 Mar 31 2:00s
                         11:00   Russia  PET%sT  1992 Jan 19 2:00s
                         12:00   Russia  PET%sT  2010 Mar 28 2:00s
                         11:00   Russia  PET%sT  2011 Mar 27 2:00s
                         12:00   -       PETT
-#
-# Chukotskij avtonomnyj okrug
+
+
+# From Tim Parenti (2014-07-03):
+# Asia/Anadyr covers...
+# 87    RU-CHU  Chukotka Autonomous Okrug
+
 Zone Asia/Anadyr        11:49:56 -      LMT     1924 May  2
                         12:00   -       ANAT    1930 Jun 21 # Anadyr Time
                         13:00   Russia  ANA%sT  1982 Apr  1 0:00s
                         12:00   Russia  ANA%sT  1991 Mar 31 2:00s
                         11:00   Russia  ANA%sT  1992 Jan 19 2:00s
                         12:00   Russia  ANA%sT  2010 Mar 28 2:00s
                         11:00   Russia  ANA%sT  2011 Mar 27 2:00s
                         12:00   -       ANAT
 
+
 # San Marino
 # See Europe/Rome.
 
 # Serbia
 # Zone  NAME            GMTOFF  RULES   FORMAT  [UNTIL]
 Zone    Europe/Belgrade 1:22:00 -       LMT     1884
                         1:00    -       CET     1941 Apr 18 23:00
                         1:00    C-Eur   CE%sT   1945
                         1:00    -       CET     1945 May 8 2:00s
                         1:00    1:00    CEST    1945 Sep 16  2:00s
-# Metod Kozelj reports that the legal date of
+# Metod Koželj reports that the legal date of
 # transition to EU rules was 1982-11-27, for all of Yugoslavia at the time.
-# Shanks & Pottenger don't give as much detail, so go with Kozelj.
+# Shanks & Pottenger don't give as much detail, so go with Koželj.
                         1:00    -       CET     1982 Nov 27
                         1:00    EU      CE%sT
 Link Europe/Belgrade Europe/Ljubljana   # Slovenia
 Link Europe/Belgrade Europe/Podgorica   # Montenegro
 Link Europe/Belgrade Europe/Sarajevo    # Bosnia and Herzegovina

@@ -2581,40 +2897,40 @@
 
 # Sweden
 
 # From Ivan Nilsson (2001-04-13), superseding Shanks & Pottenger:
 #
-# The law "Svensk forfattningssamling 1878, no 14" about standard time in 1879:
+# The law "Svensk författningssamling 1878, no 14" about standard time in 1879:
 # From the beginning of 1879 (that is 01-01 00:00) the time for all
 # places in the country is "the mean solar time for the meridian at
 # three degrees, or twelve minutes of time, to the west of the
 # meridian of the Observatory of Stockholm".  The law is dated 1878-05-31.
 #
 # The observatory at that time had the meridian 18 degrees 03' 30"
 # eastern longitude = 01:12:14 in time.  Less 12 minutes gives the
 # national standard time as 01:00:14 ahead of GMT....
 #
 # About the beginning of CET in Sweden. The lawtext ("Svensk
-# forfattningssamling 1899, no 44") states, that "from the beginning
+# författningssamling 1899, no 44") states, that "from the beginning
 # of 1900... ... the same as the mean solar time for the meridian at
 # the distance of one hour of time from the meridian of the English
 # observatory at Greenwich, or at 12 minutes 14 seconds to the west
 # from the meridian of the Observatory of Stockholm". The law is dated
 # 1899-06-16.  In short: At 1900-01-01 00:00:00 the new standard time
 # in Sweden is 01:00:00 ahead of GMT.
 #
-# 1916: The lawtext ("Svensk forfattningssamling 1916, no 124") states
+# 1916: The lawtext ("Svensk författningssamling 1916, no 124") states
 # that "1916-05-15 is considered to begin one hour earlier". It is
 # pretty obvious that at 05-14 23:00 the clocks are set to 05-15 00:00....
 # Further the law says, that "1916-09-30 is considered to end one hour later".
 #
 # The laws regulating [DST] are available on the site of the Swedish
 # Parliament beginning with 1985 - the laws regulating 1980/1984 are
 # not available on the site (to my knowledge they are only available
 # in Swedish): <http://www.riksdagen.se/english/work/sfst.asp> (type
 # "sommartid" without the quotes in the field "Fritext" and then click
-# the Sok-button).
+# the Sök-button).
 #
 # (2001-05-13):
 #
 # I have now found a newspaper stating that at 1916-10-01 01:00
 # summertime the church-clocks etc were set back one hour to show

@@ -2635,11 +2951,11 @@
 
 # Switzerland
 # From Howse:
 # By the end of the 18th century clocks and watches became commonplace
 # and their performance improved enormously.  Communities began to keep
-# mean time in preference to apparent time -- Geneva from 1780 ....
+# mean time in preference to apparent time - Geneva from 1780 ....
 # Rule  NAME    FROM    TO      TYPE    IN      ON      AT      SAVE    LETTER/S
 # From Whitman (who writes "Midnight?"):
 # Rule  Swiss   1940    only    -       Nov      2      0:00    1:00    S
 # Rule  Swiss   1940    only    -       Dec     31      0:00    0       -
 # From Shanks & Pottenger:

@@ -2651,11 +2967,11 @@
 #
 # As I wrote in an earlier message, I suspected the current tzdata values
 # to be wrong. This is now verified.
 #
 # I have found copies of the original ruling by the Swiss Federal
-# government, in 'Eidgen[o]ssische Gesetzessammlung 1941 and 1942' (Swiss
+# government, in 'Eidgenössische Gesetzessammlung 1941 and 1942' (Swiss
 # federal law collection)...
 #
 # DST began on Monday 5 May 1941, 1:00 am by shifting the clocks to 2:00 am
 # DST ended on Monday 6 Oct 1941, 2:00 am by shifting the clocks to 1:00 am.
 #

@@ -2670,11 +2986,11 @@
 # Newspaper articles I have read in the archives on 6 May 1941 reported
 # about the introduction of DST (Sommerzeit in German) during the previous
 # night as an absolute novelty, because this was the first time that such
 # a thing had happened in Switzerland.
 #
-# I have also checked 1916, because one book source (Gabriel, Traite de
+# I have also checked 1916, because one book source (Gabriel, Traité de
 # l'heure dans le monde) claims that Switzerland had DST in 1916. This is
 # false, no official document could be found. Probably Gabriel got misled
 # by references to Germany, which introduced DST in 1916 for the first time.
 #
 # The tzdata rules for Switzerland must be changed to:

@@ -2684,22 +3000,22 @@
 # The 1940 rules must be deleted.
 #
 # One further detail for Switzerland, which is probably out of scope for
 # most users of tzdata: The [Europe/Zurich zone] ...
 # describes all of Switzerland correctly, with the exception of
-# the Cantone Geneve (Geneva, Genf). Between 1848 and 1894 Geneve did not
+# the Canton de Genève (Geneva, Genf). Between 1848 and 1894 Geneva did not
 # follow Bern Mean Time but kept its own local mean time.
 # To represent this, an extra zone would be needed.
 #
 # From Alois Treindl (2013-09-11):
 # The Federal regulations say
 # http://www.admin.ch/opc/de/classified-compilation/20071096/index.html
-# ... the meridian for Bern mean time ... is 7 degrees 26'22.50".
+# ... the meridian for Bern mean time ... is 7 degrees 26' 22.50".
 # Expressed in time, it is 0h29m45.5s.
 
 # From Pierre-Yves Berger (2013-09-11):
-# the "Circulaire du conseil federal" (December 11 1893)
+# the "Circulaire du conseil fédéral" (December 11 1893)
 # <http://www.amtsdruckschriften.bar.admin.ch/viewOrigDoc.do?id=10071353> ...
 # clearly states that the [1894-06-01] change should be done at midnight
 # but if no one is present after 11 at night, could be postponed until one
 # hour before the beginning of service.
 

@@ -2707,18 +3023,18 @@
 # Round BMT to the nearest even second, 0:29:46.
 #
 # We can find no reliable source for Shanks's assertion that all of Switzerland
 # except Geneva switched to Bern Mean Time at 00:00 on 1848-09-12.  This book:
 #
-#       Jakob Messerli. Gleichmassig, punktlich, schnell: Zeiteinteilung und
+#       Jakob Messerli. Gleichmässig, pünktlich, schnell. Zeiteinteilung und
 #       Zeitgebrauch in der Schweiz im 19. Jahrhundert. Chronos, Zurich 1995,
 #       ISBN 3-905311-68-2, OCLC 717570797.
 #
 # suggests that the transition was more gradual, and that the Swiss did not
 # agree about civil time during the transition.  The timekeeping it gives the
 # most detail for is postal and telegraph time: here, federal legislation (the
-# "Bundesgesetz uber die Erstellung von elektrischen Telegraphen") passed on
+# "Bundesgesetz über die Erstellung von elektrischen Telegraphen") passed on
 # 1851-11-23, and an official implementation notice was published 1853-07-16
 # (Bundesblatt 1853, Bd. II, S. 859).  On p 72 Messerli writes that in
 # practice since July 1853 Bernese time was used in "all postal and telegraph
 # offices in Switzerland from Geneva to St. Gallen and Basel to Chiasso"
 # (Google translation).  For now, model this transition as occurring on

@@ -2736,11 +3052,11 @@
 
 # Turkey
 
 # From Amar Devegowda (2007-01-03):
 # The time zone rules for Istanbul, Turkey have not been changed for years now.
-# ... The latest rules are available at -
+# ... The latest rules are available at:
 # http://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/timezone.html?n=107
 # From Steffen Thorsen (2007-01-03):
 # I have been able to find press records back to 1996 which all say that
 # DST started 01:00 local time and end at 02:00 local time.  I am not sure
 # what happened before that.  One example for each year from 1996 to 2001:

@@ -2761,12 +3077,11 @@
 # http://rega.basbakanlik.gov.tr/eskiler/2007/03/20070307-7.htm
 # I was able to locate the following seemingly official document
 # (on a non-government server though) describing dates between 2002 and 2006:
 # http://www.alomaliye.com/bkk_2002_3769.htm
 
-# From G&ouml;kdeniz Karadağ (2011-03-10):
-#
+# From Gökdeniz Karadağ (2011-03-10):
 # According to the articles linked below, Turkey will change into summer
 # time zone (GMT+3) on March 28, 2011 at 3:00 a.m. instead of March 27.
 # This change is due to a nationwide exam on 27th.
 # http://www.worldbulletin.net/?aType=haber&ArticleID=70872
 # Turkish:

@@ -2775,13 +3090,20 @@
 # From Faruk Pasin (2014-02-14):
 # The DST for Turkey has been changed for this year because of the
 # Turkish Local election....
 # http://www.sabah.com.tr/Ekonomi/2014/02/12/yaz-saatinde-onemli-degisiklik
 # ... so Turkey will move clocks forward one hour on March 31 at 3:00 a.m.
-# From Paul Eggert (2014-02-17):
-# Here is an English-language source:
-# http://www.worldbulletin.net/turkey/129016/turkey-switches-to-daylight-saving-time-march-31
+# From Randal L. Schwartz (2014-04-15):
+# Having landed on a flight from the states to Istanbul (via AMS) on March 31,
+# I can tell you that NOBODY (even the airlines) respected this timezone DST
+# change delay.  Maybe the word just didn't get out in time.
+# From Paul Eggert (2014-06-15):
+# The press reported massive confusion, as election officials obeyed the rule
+# change but cell phones (and airline baggage systems) did not.  See:
+# Kostidis M. Eventful elections in Turkey. Balkan News Agency
+# http://www.balkaneu.com/eventful-elections-turkey/ 2014-03-30.
+# I guess the best we can do is document the official time.
 
 # Rule  NAME    FROM    TO      TYPE    IN      ON      AT      SAVE    LETTER/S
 Rule    Turkey  1916    only    -       May      1      0:00    1:00    S
 Rule    Turkey  1916    only    -       Oct      1      0:00    0       -
 Rule    Turkey  1920    only    -       Mar     28      0:00    1:00    S

@@ -2868,11 +3190,11 @@
 # abolish the transfer clock to winter time.
 #
 # Bill number 8330 of MP from the Party of Regions Oleg Nadoshi got
 # approval from 266 deputies.
 #
-# Ukraine abolishes transter back to the winter time (in Russian)
+# Ukraine abolishes transfer back to the winter time (in Russian)
 # http://news.mail.ru/politics/6861560/
 #
 # The Ukrainians will no longer change the clock (in Russian)
 # http://www.segodnya.ua/news/14290482.html
 #

@@ -2934,11 +3256,11 @@
                         3:00    Russia  MSK/MSD 1990 Jul  1 2:00
                         2:00    1:00    EEST    1991 Sep 29 3:00
                         2:00    E-Eur   EE%sT   1995
                         2:00    EU      EE%sT
 # Ruthenia used CET 1990/1991.
-# "Uzhhorod" is the transliteration of the Ukrainian name, but
+# "Uzhhorod" is the transliteration of the Rusyn/Ukrainian pronunciation, but
 # "Uzhgorod" is more common in English.
 Zone Europe/Uzhgorod    1:29:12 -       LMT     1890 Oct
                         1:00    -       CET     1940
                         1:00    C-Eur   CE%sT   1944 Oct
                         1:00    1:00    CEST    1944 Oct 26

@@ -2960,43 +3282,10 @@
                         3:00    -       MSK     1941 Aug 25
                         1:00    C-Eur   CE%sT   1943 Oct 25
                         3:00    Russia  MSK/MSD 1991 Mar 31 2:00
                         2:00    E-Eur   EE%sT   1995
                         2:00    EU      EE%sT
-# Central Crimea used Moscow time 1994/1997.
-Zone Europe/Simferopol  2:16:24 -       LMT     1880
-                        2:16    -       SMT     1924 May  2 # Simferopol Mean T
-                        2:00    -       EET     1930 Jun 21
-                        3:00    -       MSK     1941 Nov
-                        1:00    C-Eur   CE%sT   1944 Apr 13
-                        3:00    Russia  MSK/MSD 1990
-                        3:00    -       MSK     1990 Jul  1 2:00
-                        2:00    -       EET     1992
-# From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):
-# The _Economist_ (1994-05-28, p 45) reports that central Crimea switched
-# from Kiev to Moscow time sometime after the January 1994 elections.
-# Shanks (1999) says "date of change uncertain", but implies that it happened
-# sometime between the 1994 DST switches.  Shanks & Pottenger simply say
-# 1994-09-25 03:00, but that can't be right.  For now, guess it
-# changed in May.
-                        2:00    E-Eur   EE%sT   1994 May
-# From IATA SSIM (1994/1997), which also says that Kerch is still like Kiev.
-                        3:00    E-Eur   MSK/MSD 1996 Mar 31 3:00s
-                        3:00    1:00    MSD     1996 Oct 27 3:00s
-# IATA SSIM (1997-09) says Crimea switched to EET/EEST.
-# Assume it happened in March by not changing the clocks.
-                        3:00    Russia  MSK/MSD 1997
-                        3:00    -       MSK     1997 Mar lastSun 1:00u
-# From Alexander Krivenyshev (2014-03-17):
-# time change at 2:00 (2am) on March 30, 2014
-# http://vz.ru/news/2014/3/17/677464.html
-# From Paul Eggert (2014-03-30):
-# Simferopol and Sevastopol reportedly changed their central town clocks
-# late the previous day, but this appears to have been ceremonial
-# and the discrepancies are small enough to not worry about.
-                        2:00    EU      EE%sT   2014 Mar 30 2:00
-                        4:00    -       MSK
 
 # Vatican City
 # See Europe/Rome.
 
 ###############################################################################

@@ -3024,11 +3313,11 @@
 # 'Apr firstSun', and not on 'Mar lastSun' as in the following
 # years...
 # But also since 1981 there are some more national exceptions
 # than listed in 'europe': Switzerland, for example, joined DST
 # one year later, Denmark ended DST on 'Oct 1' instead of 'Sep
-# lastSun' in 1981---I don't know how they handle now.
+# lastSun' in 1981 - I don't know how they handle now.
 #
 # Finally, DST ist always from 'Apr 1' to 'Oct 1' in the
 # Soviet Union (as far as I know).
 #
 # Tom Hofmann, Scientific Computer Center, CIBA-GEIGY AG,