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3 #
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5 # under the terms of the GNU General Public License version 2 only, as
6 # published by the Free Software Foundation. Oracle designates this
7 # particular file as subject to the "Classpath" exception as provided
8 # by Oracle in the LICENSE file that accompanied this code.
9 #
10 # This code is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT
11 # ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or
12 # FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU General Public License
13 # version 2 for more details (a copy is included in the LICENSE file that
14 # accompanied this code).
15 #
16 # You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License version
17 # 2 along with this work; if not, write to the Free Software Foundation,
18 # Inc., 51 Franklin St, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA 02110-1301 USA.
19 #
20 # Please contact Oracle, 500 Oracle Parkway, Redwood Shores, CA 94065 USA
21 # or visit www.oracle.com if you need additional information or have any
22 # questions.
23 #
24 # This file is in the public domain, so clarified as of
25 # 2009-05-17 by Arthur David Olson.
26
27 # This file is by no means authoritative; if you think you know better,
28 # go ahead and edit the file (and please send any changes to
29 # tz@iana.org for general use in the future). For more, please see
30 # the file CONTRIBUTING in the tz distribution.
31
32 # From Paul Eggert (2014-05-31):
33 # A good source for time zone historical data outside the U.S. is
34 # Thomas G. Shanks and Rique Pottenger, The International Atlas (6th edition),
35 # San Diego: ACS Publications, Inc. (2003).
36 #
37 # Gwillim Law writes that a good source
38 # for recent time zone data is the International Air Transport
39 # Association's Standard Schedules Information Manual (IATA SSIM),
40 # published semiannually. Law sent in several helpful summaries
41 # of the IATA's data after 1990.
42 #
43 # A reliable and entertaining source about time zones is
44 # Derek Howse, Greenwich time and longitude, Philip Wilson Publishers (1997).
45 #
46 # Except where otherwise noted, Shanks & Pottenger is the source for
47 # entries through 1991, and IATA SSIM is the source for entries afterwards.
48 #
49 # Other sources occasionally used include:
50 #
51 # Edward W. Whitman, World Time Differences,
52 # Whitman Publishing Co, 2 Niagara Av, Ealing, London (undated),
53 # which I found in the UCLA library.
54 #
55 # William Willett, The Waste of Daylight, 19th edition
56 # <http://cs.ucla.edu/~eggert/The-Waste-of-Daylight-19th.pdf>
57 # [PDF] (1914-03)
58 #
59 # Milne J. Civil time. Geogr J. 1899 Feb;13(2):173-94
60 # <http://www.jstor.org/stable/1774359>. He writes:
61 # "It is requested that corrections and additions to these tables
62 # may be sent to Mr. John Milne, Royal Geographical Society,
63 # Savile Row, London." Nowadays please email them to tz@iana.org.
64 #
65 # Byalokoz EL. New Counting of Time in Russia since July 1, 1919.
66 # This Russian-language source was consulted by Vladimir Karpinsky; see
67 # http://mm.icann.org/pipermail/tz/2014-August/021320.html
68 # The full Russian citation is:
69 # Бялокоз, Евгений Людвигович. Новый счет времени в течении суток
70 # введенный декретом Совета народных комиссаров для всей России с 1-го
71 # июля 1919 г. / Изд. 2-е Междуведомственной комиссии. - Петроград:
72 # Десятая гос. тип., 1919.
73 # http://resolver.gpntb.ru/purl?docushare/dsweb/Get/Resource-2011/Byalokoz__E.L.__Novyy__schet__vremeni__v__techenie__sutok__izd__2(1).pdf
74 #
75 # Brazil's Divisão Serviço da Hora (DSHO),
76 # History of Summer Time
77 # <http://pcdsh01.on.br/HISTHV.htm>
78 # (1998-09-21, in Portuguese)
79
80 #
81 # I invented the abbreviations marked '*' in the following table;
82 # the rest are from earlier versions of this file, or from other sources.
83 # Corrections are welcome!
84 # std dst 2dst
85 # LMT Local Mean Time
86 # -4:00 AST ADT Atlantic
87 # -3:00 WGT WGST Western Greenland*
88 # -1:00 EGT EGST Eastern Greenland*
89 # 0:00 GMT BST BDST Greenwich, British Summer
90 # 0:00 GMT IST Greenwich, Irish Summer
91 # 0:00 WET WEST WEMT Western Europe
92 # 0:19:32.13 AMT NST Amsterdam, Netherlands Summer (1835-1937)*
93 # 0:20 NET NEST Netherlands (1937-1940)*
94 # 1:00 BST British Standard (1968-1971)
95 # 1:00 CET CEST CEMT Central Europe
96 # 1:00:14 SET Swedish (1879-1899)*
97 # 2:00 EET EEST Eastern Europe
98 # 3:00 FET Further-eastern Europe (2011-2014)*
99 # 3:00 MSK MSD MSM* Moscow
100
101 # From Peter Ilieve (1994-12-04),
102 # The original six [EU members]: Belgium, France, (West) Germany, Italy,
103 # Luxembourg, the Netherlands.
104 # Plus, from 1 Jan 73: Denmark, Ireland, United Kingdom.
105 # Plus, from 1 Jan 81: Greece.
106 # Plus, from 1 Jan 86: Spain, Portugal.
107 # Plus, from 1 Jan 95: Austria, Finland, Sweden. (Norway negotiated terms for
108 # entry but in a referendum on 28 Nov 94 the people voted No by 52.2% to 47.8%
109 # on a turnout of 88.6%. This was almost the same result as Norway's previous
110 # referendum in 1972, they are the only country to have said No twice.
111 # Referendums in the other three countries voted Yes.)
112 # ...
113 # Estonia ... uses EU dates but not at 01:00 GMT, they use midnight GMT.
114 # I don't think they know yet what they will do from 1996 onwards.
115 # ...
116 # There shouldn't be any [current members who are not using EU rules].
117 # A Directive has the force of law, member states are obliged to enact
118 # national law to implement it. The only contentious issue was the
119 # different end date for the UK and Ireland, and this was always allowed
120 # in the Directive.
121
122
123 ###############################################################################
124
125 # Britain (United Kingdom) and Ireland (Eire)
126
127 # From Peter Ilieve (1994-07-06):
128 #
129 # On 17 Jan 1994 the Independent, a UK quality newspaper, had a piece about
130 # historical vistas along the Thames in west London. There was a photo
131 # and a sketch map showing some of the sightlines involved. One paragraph
132 # of the text said:
133 #
134 # 'An old stone obelisk marking a forgotten terrestrial meridian stands
135 # beside the river at Kew. In the 18th century, before time and longitude
136 # was standardised by the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, scholars observed
137 # this stone and the movement of stars from Kew Observatory nearby. They
138 # made their calculations and set the time for the Horse Guards and Parliament,
139 # but now the stone is obscured by scrubwood and can only be seen by walking
140 # along the towpath within a few yards of it.'
141 #
142 # I have a one inch to one mile map of London and my estimate of the stone's
143 # position is 51 degrees 28' 30" N, 0 degrees 18' 45" W. The longitude should
144 # be within about +-2". The Ordnance Survey grid reference is TQ172761.
145 #
146 # [This yields GMTOFF = -0:01:15 for London LMT in the 18th century.]
147
148 # From Paul Eggert (1993-11-18):
149 #
150 # Howse writes that Britain was the first country to use standard time.
151 # The railways cared most about the inconsistencies of local mean time,
152 # and it was they who forced a uniform time on the country.
153 # The original idea was credited to Dr. William Hyde Wollaston (1766-1828)
154 # and was popularized by Abraham Follett Osler (1808-1903).
155 # The first railway to adopt London time was the Great Western Railway
156 # in November 1840; other railways followed suit, and by 1847 most
157 # (though not all) railways used London time. On 1847-09-22 the
158 # Railway Clearing House, an industry standards body, recommended that GMT be
159 # adopted at all stations as soon as the General Post Office permitted it.
160 # The transition occurred on 12-01 for the L&NW, the Caledonian,
161 # and presumably other railways; the January 1848 Bradshaw's lists many
162 # railways as using GMT. By 1855 the vast majority of public
163 # clocks in Britain were set to GMT (though some, like the great clock
164 # on Tom Tower at Christ Church, Oxford, were fitted with two minute hands,
165 # one for local time and one for GMT). The last major holdout was the legal
166 # system, which stubbornly stuck to local time for many years, leading
167 # to oddities like polls opening at 08:13 and closing at 16:13.
168 # The legal system finally switched to GMT when the Statutes (Definition
169 # of Time) Act took effect; it received the Royal Assent on 1880-08-02.
170 #
171 # In the tables below, we condense this complicated story into a single
172 # transition date for London, namely 1847-12-01. We don't know as much
173 # about Dublin, so we use 1880-08-02, the legal transition time.
174
175 # From Paul Eggert (2014-07-19):
176 # The ancients had no need for daylight saving, as they kept time
177 # informally or via hours whose length depended on the time of year.
178 # Daylight saving time in its modern sense was invented by the
179 # New Zealand entomologist George Vernon Hudson (1867-1946),
180 # whose day job as a postal clerk led him to value
181 # after-hours daylight in which to pursue his research.
182 # In 1895 he presented a paper to the Wellington Philosophical Society
183 # that proposed a two-hour daylight-saving shift. See:
184 # Hudson GV. On seasonal time-adjustment in countries south of lat. 30 deg.
185 # Transactions and Proceedings of the New Zealand Institute. 1895;28:734
186 # http://rsnz.natlib.govt.nz/volume/rsnz_28/rsnz_28_00_006110.html
187 # Although some interest was expressed in New Zealand, his proposal
188 # did not find its way into law and eventually it was almost forgotten.
189 #
190 # In England, DST was independently reinvented by William Willett (1857-1915),
191 # a London builder and member of the Royal Astronomical Society
192 # who circulated a pamphlet "The Waste of Daylight" (1907)
193 # that proposed advancing clocks 20 minutes on each of four Sundays in April,
194 # and retarding them by the same amount on four Sundays in September.
195 # A bill was drafted in 1909 and introduced in Parliament several times,
196 # but it met with ridicule and opposition, especially from farming interests.
197 # Later editions of the pamphlet proposed one-hour summer time, and
198 # it was eventually adopted as a wartime measure in 1916.
199 # See: Summer Time Arrives Early, The Times (2000-05-18).
200 # A monument to Willett was unveiled on 1927-05-21, in an open space in
201 # a 45-acre wood near Chislehurst, Kent that was purchased by popular
202 # subscription and open to the public. On the south face of the monolith,
203 # designed by G. W. Miller, is the William Willett Memorial Sundial,
204 # which is permanently set to Summer Time.
205
206 # From Winston Churchill (1934-04-28):
207 # It is one of the paradoxes of history that we should owe the boon of
208 # summer time, which gives every year to the people of this country
209 # between 160 and 170 hours more daylight leisure, to a war which
210 # plunged Europe into darkness for four years, and shook the
211 # foundations of civilization throughout the world.
212 # -- "A Silent Toast to William Willett", Pictorial Weekly;
213 # republished in Finest Hour (Spring 2002) 1(114):26
214 # http://www.winstonchurchill.org/images/finesthour/Vol.01%20No.114.pdf
215
216 # From Paul Eggert (1996-09-03):
217 # The OED Supplement says that the English originally said "Daylight Saving"
218 # when they were debating the adoption of DST in 1908; but by 1916 this
219 # term appears only in quotes taken from DST's opponents, whereas the
220 # proponents (who eventually won the argument) are quoted as using "Summer".
221
222 # From Arthur David Olson (1989-01-19):
223 # A source at the British Information Office in New York avers that it's
224 # known as "British" Summer Time in all parts of the United Kingdom.
225
226 # Date: 4 Jan 89 08:57:25 GMT (Wed)
227 # From: Jonathan Leffler
228 # [British Summer Time] is fixed annually by Act of Parliament.
229 # If you can predict what Parliament will do, you should be in
230 # politics making a fortune, not computing.
231
232 # From Chris Carrier (1996-06-14):
233 # I remember reading in various wartime issues of the London Times the
234 # acronym BDST for British Double Summer Time. Look for the published
235 # time of sunrise and sunset in The Times, when BDST was in effect, and
236 # if you find a zone reference it will say, "All times B.D.S.T."
237
238 # From Joseph S. Myers (1999-09-02):
239 # ... some military cables (WO 219/4100 - this is a copy from the
240 # main SHAEF archives held in the US National Archives, SHAEF/5252/8/516)
241 # agree that the usage is BDST (this appears in a message dated 17 Feb 1945).
242
243 # From Joseph S. Myers (2000-10-03):
244 # On 18th April 1941, Sir Stephen Tallents of the BBC wrote to Sir
245 # Alexander Maxwell of the Home Office asking whether there was any
246 # official designation; the reply of the 21st was that there wasn't
247 # but he couldn't think of anything better than the "Double British
248 # Summer Time" that the BBC had been using informally.
249 # http://www.polyomino.org.uk/british-time/bbc-19410418.png
250 # http://www.polyomino.org.uk/british-time/ho-19410421.png
251
252 # From Sir Alexander Maxwell in the above-mentioned letter (1941-04-21):
253 # [N]o official designation has as far as I know been adopted for the time
254 # which is to be introduced in May....
255 # I cannot think of anything better than "Double British Summer Time"
256 # which could not be said to run counter to any official description.
257
258 # From Paul Eggert (2000-10-02):
259 # Howse writes (p 157) 'DBST' too, but 'BDST' seems to have been common
260 # and follows the more usual convention of putting the location name first,
261 # so we use 'BDST'.
262
263 # Peter Ilieve (1998-04-19) described at length
264 # the history of summer time legislation in the United Kingdom.
265 # Since 1998 Joseph S. Myers has been updating
266 # and extending this list, which can be found in
267 # http://www.polyomino.org.uk/british-time/
268
269 # From Joseph S. Myers (1998-01-06):
270 #
271 # The legal time in the UK outside of summer time is definitely GMT, not UTC;
272 # see Lord Tanlaw's speech
273 # http://www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/ld199798/ldhansrd/vo970611/text/70611-10.htm#70611-10_head0
274 # (Lords Hansard 11 June 1997 columns 964 to 976).
275
276 # From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):
277 #
278 # For lack of other data, follow Shanks & Pottenger for Eire in 1940-1948.
279 #
280 # Given Ilieve and Myers's data, the following claims by Shanks & Pottenger
281 # are incorrect:
282 # * Wales did not switch from GMT to daylight saving time until
283 # 1921 Apr 3, when they began to conform with the rest of Great Britain.
284 # Actually, Wales was identical after 1880.
285 # * Eire had two transitions on 1916 Oct 1.
286 # It actually just had one transition.
287 # * Northern Ireland used single daylight saving time throughout WW II.
288 # Actually, it conformed to Britain.
289 # * GB-Eire changed standard time to 1 hour ahead of GMT on 1968-02-18.
290 # Actually, that date saw the usual switch to summer time.
291 # Standard time was not changed until 1968-10-27 (the clocks didn't change).
292 #
293 # Here is another incorrect claim by Shanks & Pottenger:
294 # * Jersey, Guernsey, and the Isle of Man did not switch from GMT
295 # to daylight saving time until 1921 Apr 3, when they began to
296 # conform with Great Britain.
297 # S.R.&O. 1916, No. 382 and HO 45/10811/312364 (quoted above) say otherwise.
298 #
299 # The following claim by Shanks & Pottenger is possible though doubtful;
300 # we'll ignore it for now.
301 # * Dublin's 1971-10-31 switch was at 02:00, even though London's was 03:00.
302 #
303 #
304 # Whitman says Dublin Mean Time was -0:25:21, which is more precise than
305 # Shanks & Pottenger.
306 # Perhaps this was Dunsink Observatory Time, as Dunsink Observatory
307 # (8 km NW of Dublin's center) seemingly was to Dublin as Greenwich was
308 # to London. For example:
309 #
310 # "Timeball on the ballast office is down. Dunsink time."
311 # -- James Joyce, Ulysses
312
313 # From Joseph S. Myers (2005-01-26):
314 # Irish laws are available online at <http://www.irishstatutebook.ie>.
315 # These include various relating to legal time, for example:
316 #
317 # ZZA13Y1923.html ZZA12Y1924.html ZZA8Y1925.html ZZSIV20PG1267.html
318 #
319 # ZZSI71Y1947.html ZZSI128Y1948.html ZZSI23Y1949.html ZZSI41Y1950.html
320 # ZZSI27Y1951.html ZZSI73Y1952.html
321 #
322 # ZZSI11Y1961.html ZZSI232Y1961.html ZZSI182Y1962.html
323 # ZZSI167Y1963.html ZZSI257Y1964.html ZZSI198Y1967.html
324 # ZZA23Y1968.html ZZA17Y1971.html
325 #
326 # ZZSI67Y1981.html ZZSI212Y1982.html ZZSI45Y1986.html
327 # ZZSI264Y1988.html ZZSI52Y1990.html ZZSI371Y1992.html
328 # ZZSI395Y1994.html ZZSI484Y1997.html ZZSI506Y2001.html
329 #
330 # [These are all relative to the root, e.g., the first is
331 # <http://www.irishstatutebook.ie/ZZA13Y1923.html>.]
332 #
333 # (These are those I found, but there could be more. In any case these
334 # should allow various updates to the comments in the europe file to cover
335 # the laws applicable in Ireland.)
336 #
337 # (Note that the time in the Republic of Ireland since 1968 has been defined
338 # in terms of standard time being GMT+1 with a period of winter time when it
339 # is GMT, rather than standard time being GMT with a period of summer time
340 # being GMT+1.)
341
342 # From Paul Eggert (1999-03-28):
343 # Clive Feather (<news:859845706.26043.0@office.demon.net>, 1997-03-31)
344 # reports that Folkestone (Cheriton) Shuttle Terminal uses Concession Time
345 # (CT), equivalent to French civil time.
346 # Julian Hill (<news:36118128.5A14@virgin.net>, 1998-09-30) reports that
347 # trains between Dollands Moor (the freight facility next door)
348 # and Frethun run in CT.
349 # My admittedly uninformed guess is that the terminal has two authorities,
350 # the French concession operators and the British civil authorities,
351 # and that the time depends on who you're talking to.
352 # If, say, the British police were called to the station for some reason,
353 # I would expect the official police report to use GMT/BST and not CET/CEST.
354 # This is a borderline case, but for now let's stick to GMT/BST.
355
356 # From an anonymous contributor (1996-06-02):
357 # The law governing time in Ireland is under Statutory Instrument SI 395/94,
358 # which gives force to European Union 7th Council Directive # 94/21/EC.
359 # Under this directive, the Minister for Justice in Ireland makes appropriate
360 # regulations. I spoke this morning with the Secretary of the Department of
361 # Justice (tel +353 1 678 9711) who confirmed to me that the correct name is
362 # "Irish Summer Time", abbreviated to "IST".
363
364 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
365 # Summer Time Act, 1916
366 Rule GB-Eire 1916 only - May 21 2:00s 1:00 BST
367 Rule GB-Eire 1916 only - Oct 1 2:00s 0 GMT
368 # S.R.&O. 1917, No. 358
369 Rule GB-Eire 1917 only - Apr 8 2:00s 1:00 BST
370 Rule GB-Eire 1917 only - Sep 17 2:00s 0 GMT
371 # S.R.&O. 1918, No. 274
372 Rule GB-Eire 1918 only - Mar 24 2:00s 1:00 BST
373 Rule GB-Eire 1918 only - Sep 30 2:00s 0 GMT
374 # S.R.&O. 1919, No. 297
375 Rule GB-Eire 1919 only - Mar 30 2:00s 1:00 BST
376 Rule GB-Eire 1919 only - Sep 29 2:00s 0 GMT
377 # S.R.&O. 1920, No. 458
378 Rule GB-Eire 1920 only - Mar 28 2:00s 1:00 BST
379 # S.R.&O. 1920, No. 1844
380 Rule GB-Eire 1920 only - Oct 25 2:00s 0 GMT
381 # S.R.&O. 1921, No. 363
382 Rule GB-Eire 1921 only - Apr 3 2:00s 1:00 BST
383 Rule GB-Eire 1921 only - Oct 3 2:00s 0 GMT
384 # S.R.&O. 1922, No. 264
385 Rule GB-Eire 1922 only - Mar 26 2:00s 1:00 BST
386 Rule GB-Eire 1922 only - Oct 8 2:00s 0 GMT
387 # The Summer Time Act, 1922
388 Rule GB-Eire 1923 only - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST
389 Rule GB-Eire 1923 1924 - Sep Sun>=16 2:00s 0 GMT
390 Rule GB-Eire 1924 only - Apr Sun>=9 2:00s 1:00 BST
391 Rule GB-Eire 1925 1926 - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST
392 # The Summer Time Act, 1925
393 Rule GB-Eire 1925 1938 - Oct Sun>=2 2:00s 0 GMT
394 Rule GB-Eire 1927 only - Apr Sun>=9 2:00s 1:00 BST
395 Rule GB-Eire 1928 1929 - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST
396 Rule GB-Eire 1930 only - Apr Sun>=9 2:00s 1:00 BST
397 Rule GB-Eire 1931 1932 - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST
398 Rule GB-Eire 1933 only - Apr Sun>=9 2:00s 1:00 BST
399 Rule GB-Eire 1934 only - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST
400 Rule GB-Eire 1935 only - Apr Sun>=9 2:00s 1:00 BST
401 Rule GB-Eire 1936 1937 - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST
402 Rule GB-Eire 1938 only - Apr Sun>=9 2:00s 1:00 BST
403 Rule GB-Eire 1939 only - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST
404 # S.R.&O. 1939, No. 1379
405 Rule GB-Eire 1939 only - Nov Sun>=16 2:00s 0 GMT
406 # S.R.&O. 1940, No. 172 and No. 1883
407 Rule GB-Eire 1940 only - Feb Sun>=23 2:00s 1:00 BST
408 # S.R.&O. 1941, No. 476
409 Rule GB-Eire 1941 only - May Sun>=2 1:00s 2:00 BDST
410 Rule GB-Eire 1941 1943 - Aug Sun>=9 1:00s 1:00 BST
411 # S.R.&O. 1942, No. 506
412 Rule GB-Eire 1942 1944 - Apr Sun>=2 1:00s 2:00 BDST
413 # S.R.&O. 1944, No. 932
414 Rule GB-Eire 1944 only - Sep Sun>=16 1:00s 1:00 BST
415 # S.R.&O. 1945, No. 312
416 Rule GB-Eire 1945 only - Apr Mon>=2 1:00s 2:00 BDST
417 Rule GB-Eire 1945 only - Jul Sun>=9 1:00s 1:00 BST
418 # S.R.&O. 1945, No. 1208
419 Rule GB-Eire 1945 1946 - Oct Sun>=2 2:00s 0 GMT
420 Rule GB-Eire 1946 only - Apr Sun>=9 2:00s 1:00 BST
421 # The Summer Time Act, 1947
422 Rule GB-Eire 1947 only - Mar 16 2:00s 1:00 BST
423 Rule GB-Eire 1947 only - Apr 13 1:00s 2:00 BDST
424 Rule GB-Eire 1947 only - Aug 10 1:00s 1:00 BST
425 Rule GB-Eire 1947 only - Nov 2 2:00s 0 GMT
426 # Summer Time Order, 1948 (S.I. 1948/495)
427 Rule GB-Eire 1948 only - Mar 14 2:00s 1:00 BST
428 Rule GB-Eire 1948 only - Oct 31 2:00s 0 GMT
429 # Summer Time Order, 1949 (S.I. 1949/373)
430 Rule GB-Eire 1949 only - Apr 3 2:00s 1:00 BST
431 Rule GB-Eire 1949 only - Oct 30 2:00s 0 GMT
432 # Summer Time Order, 1950 (S.I. 1950/518)
433 # Summer Time Order, 1951 (S.I. 1951/430)
434 # Summer Time Order, 1952 (S.I. 1952/451)
435 Rule GB-Eire 1950 1952 - Apr Sun>=14 2:00s 1:00 BST
436 Rule GB-Eire 1950 1952 - Oct Sun>=21 2:00s 0 GMT
437 # revert to the rules of the Summer Time Act, 1925
438 Rule GB-Eire 1953 only - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST
439 Rule GB-Eire 1953 1960 - Oct Sun>=2 2:00s 0 GMT
440 Rule GB-Eire 1954 only - Apr Sun>=9 2:00s 1:00 BST
441 Rule GB-Eire 1955 1956 - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST
442 Rule GB-Eire 1957 only - Apr Sun>=9 2:00s 1:00 BST
443 Rule GB-Eire 1958 1959 - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST
444 Rule GB-Eire 1960 only - Apr Sun>=9 2:00s 1:00 BST
445 # Summer Time Order, 1961 (S.I. 1961/71)
446 # Summer Time (1962) Order, 1961 (S.I. 1961/2465)
447 # Summer Time Order, 1963 (S.I. 1963/81)
448 Rule GB-Eire 1961 1963 - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 BST
449 Rule GB-Eire 1961 1968 - Oct Sun>=23 2:00s 0 GMT
450 # Summer Time (1964) Order, 1963 (S.I. 1963/2101)
451 # Summer Time Order, 1964 (S.I. 1964/1201)
452 # Summer Time Order, 1967 (S.I. 1967/1148)
453 Rule GB-Eire 1964 1967 - Mar Sun>=19 2:00s 1:00 BST
454 # Summer Time Order, 1968 (S.I. 1968/117)
455 Rule GB-Eire 1968 only - Feb 18 2:00s 1:00 BST
456 # The British Standard Time Act, 1968
457 # (no summer time)
458 # The Summer Time Act, 1972
459 Rule GB-Eire 1972 1980 - Mar Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST
460 Rule GB-Eire 1972 1980 - Oct Sun>=23 2:00s 0 GMT
461 # Summer Time Order, 1980 (S.I. 1980/1089)
462 # Summer Time Order, 1982 (S.I. 1982/1673)
463 # Summer Time Order, 1986 (S.I. 1986/223)
464 # Summer Time Order, 1988 (S.I. 1988/931)
465 Rule GB-Eire 1981 1995 - Mar lastSun 1:00u 1:00 BST
466 Rule GB-Eire 1981 1989 - Oct Sun>=23 1:00u 0 GMT
467 # Summer Time Order, 1989 (S.I. 1989/985)
468 # Summer Time Order, 1992 (S.I. 1992/1729)
469 # Summer Time Order 1994 (S.I. 1994/2798)
470 Rule GB-Eire 1990 1995 - Oct Sun>=22 1:00u 0 GMT
471 # Summer Time Order 1997 (S.I. 1997/2982)
472 # See EU for rules starting in 1996.
473 #
474 # Use Europe/London for Jersey, Guernsey, and the Isle of Man.
475
476 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
477 Zone Europe/London -0:01:15 - LMT 1847 Dec 1 0:00s
478 0:00 GB-Eire %s 1968 Oct 27
479 1:00 - BST 1971 Oct 31 2:00u
480 0:00 GB-Eire %s 1996
481 0:00 EU GMT/BST
482 Link Europe/London Europe/Jersey
483 Link Europe/London Europe/Guernsey
484 Link Europe/London Europe/Isle_of_Man
485
486 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
487 Zone Europe/Dublin -0:25:00 - LMT 1880 Aug 2
488 -0:25:21 - DMT 1916 May 21 2:00
489 -0:25:21 1:00 IST 1916 Oct 1 2:00s
490 0:00 GB-Eire %s 1921 Dec 6 # independence
491 0:00 GB-Eire GMT/IST 1940 Feb 25 2:00
492 0:00 1:00 IST 1946 Oct 6 2:00
493 0:00 - GMT 1947 Mar 16 2:00
494 0:00 1:00 IST 1947 Nov 2 2:00
495 0:00 - GMT 1948 Apr 18 2:00
496 0:00 GB-Eire GMT/IST 1968 Oct 27
497 1:00 - IST 1971 Oct 31 2:00u
498 0:00 GB-Eire GMT/IST 1996
499 0:00 EU GMT/IST
500
501 ###############################################################################
502
503 # Europe
504
505 # EU rules are for the European Union, previously known as the EC, EEC,
506 # Common Market, etc.
507
508 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
509 Rule EU 1977 1980 - Apr Sun>=1 1:00u 1:00 S
510 Rule EU 1977 only - Sep lastSun 1:00u 0 -
511 Rule EU 1978 only - Oct 1 1:00u 0 -
512 Rule EU 1979 1995 - Sep lastSun 1:00u 0 -
513 Rule EU 1981 max - Mar lastSun 1:00u 1:00 S
514 Rule EU 1996 max - Oct lastSun 1:00u 0 -
515 # The most recent directive covers the years starting in 2002. See:
516 # Directive 2000/84/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council
517 # of 19 January 2001 on summer-time arrangements.
518 # http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=CELEX:32000L0084:EN:NOT
519
520 # W-Eur differs from EU only in that W-Eur uses standard time.
521 Rule W-Eur 1977 1980 - Apr Sun>=1 1:00s 1:00 S
522 Rule W-Eur 1977 only - Sep lastSun 1:00s 0 -
523 Rule W-Eur 1978 only - Oct 1 1:00s 0 -
524 Rule W-Eur 1979 1995 - Sep lastSun 1:00s 0 -
525 Rule W-Eur 1981 max - Mar lastSun 1:00s 1:00 S
526 Rule W-Eur 1996 max - Oct lastSun 1:00s 0 -
527
528 # Older C-Eur rules are for convenience in the tables.
529 # From 1977 on, C-Eur differs from EU only in that C-Eur uses standard time.
530 Rule C-Eur 1916 only - Apr 30 23:00 1:00 S
531 Rule C-Eur 1916 only - Oct 1 1:00 0 -
532 Rule C-Eur 1917 1918 - Apr Mon>=15 2:00s 1:00 S
533 Rule C-Eur 1917 1918 - Sep Mon>=15 2:00s 0 -
534 Rule C-Eur 1940 only - Apr 1 2:00s 1:00 S
535 Rule C-Eur 1942 only - Nov 2 2:00s 0 -
536 Rule C-Eur 1943 only - Mar 29 2:00s 1:00 S
537 Rule C-Eur 1943 only - Oct 4 2:00s 0 -
538 Rule C-Eur 1944 1945 - Apr Mon>=1 2:00s 1:00 S
539 # Whitman gives 1944 Oct 7; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
540 Rule C-Eur 1944 only - Oct 2 2:00s 0 -
541 # From Jesper Nørgaard Welen (2008-07-13):
542 #
543 # I found what is probably a typo of 2:00 which should perhaps be 2:00s
544 # in the C-Eur rule from tz database version 2008d (this part was
545 # corrected in version 2008d). The circumstantial evidence is simply the
546 # tz database itself, as seen below:
547 #
548 # Zone Europe/Paris 0:09:21 - LMT 1891 Mar 15 0:01
549 # 0:00 France WE%sT 1945 Sep 16 3:00
550 #
551 # Zone Europe/Monaco 0:29:32 - LMT 1891 Mar 15
552 # 0:00 France WE%sT 1945 Sep 16 3:00
553 #
554 # Zone Europe/Belgrade 1:22:00 - LMT 1884
555 # 1:00 1:00 CEST 1945 Sep 16 2:00s
556 #
557 # Rule France 1945 only - Sep 16 3:00 0 -
558 # Rule Belgium 1945 only - Sep 16 2:00s 0 -
559 # Rule Neth 1945 only - Sep 16 2:00s 0 -
560 #
561 # The rule line to be changed is:
562 #
563 # Rule C-Eur 1945 only - Sep 16 2:00 0 -
564 #
565 # It seems that Paris, Monaco, Rule France, Rule Belgium all agree on
566 # 2:00 standard time, e.g. 3:00 local time. However there are no
567 # countries that use C-Eur rules in September 1945, so the only items
568 # affected are apparently these fictitious zones that translate acronyms
569 # CET and MET:
570 #
571 # Zone CET 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT
572 # Zone MET 1:00 C-Eur ME%sT
573 #
574 # It this is right then the corrected version would look like:
575 #
576 # Rule C-Eur 1945 only - Sep 16 2:00s 0 -
577 #
578 # A small step for mankind though 8-)
579 Rule C-Eur 1945 only - Sep 16 2:00s 0 -
580 Rule C-Eur 1977 1980 - Apr Sun>=1 2:00s 1:00 S
581 Rule C-Eur 1977 only - Sep lastSun 2:00s 0 -
582 Rule C-Eur 1978 only - Oct 1 2:00s 0 -
583 Rule C-Eur 1979 1995 - Sep lastSun 2:00s 0 -
584 Rule C-Eur 1981 max - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 S
585 Rule C-Eur 1996 max - Oct lastSun 2:00s 0 -
586
587 # E-Eur differs from EU only in that E-Eur switches at midnight local time.
588 Rule E-Eur 1977 1980 - Apr Sun>=1 0:00 1:00 S
589 Rule E-Eur 1977 only - Sep lastSun 0:00 0 -
590 Rule E-Eur 1978 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
591 Rule E-Eur 1979 1995 - Sep lastSun 0:00 0 -
592 Rule E-Eur 1981 max - Mar lastSun 0:00 1:00 S
593 Rule E-Eur 1996 max - Oct lastSun 0:00 0 -
594
595 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
596 Rule Russia 1917 only - Jul 1 23:00 1:00 MST # Moscow Summer Time
597 Rule Russia 1917 only - Dec 28 0:00 0 MMT # Moscow Mean Time
598 Rule Russia 1918 only - May 31 22:00 2:00 MDST # Moscow Double Summer Time
599 Rule Russia 1918 only - Sep 16 1:00 1:00 MST
600 Rule Russia 1919 only - May 31 23:00 2:00 MDST
601 Rule Russia 1919 only - Jul 1 2:00 1:00 MSD
602 Rule Russia 1919 only - Aug 16 0:00 0 MSK
603 Rule Russia 1921 only - Feb 14 23:00 1:00 MSD
604 Rule Russia 1921 only - Mar 20 23:00 2:00 MSM # Midsummer
605 Rule Russia 1921 only - Sep 1 0:00 1:00 MSD
606 Rule Russia 1921 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
607 # Act No.925 of the Council of Ministers of the USSR (1980-10-24):
608 Rule Russia 1981 1984 - Apr 1 0:00 1:00 S
609 Rule Russia 1981 1983 - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
610 # Act No.967 of the Council of Ministers of the USSR (1984-09-13), repeated in
611 # Act No.227 of the Council of Ministers of the USSR (1989-03-14):
612 Rule Russia 1984 1991 - Sep lastSun 2:00s 0 -
613 Rule Russia 1985 1991 - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 S
614 #
615 Rule Russia 1992 only - Mar lastSat 23:00 1:00 S
616 Rule Russia 1992 only - Sep lastSat 23:00 0 -
617 Rule Russia 1993 2010 - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 S
618 Rule Russia 1993 1995 - Sep lastSun 2:00s 0 -
619 Rule Russia 1996 2010 - Oct lastSun 2:00s 0 -
620
621 # From Alexander Krivenyshev (2011-06-14):
622 # According to Kremlin press service, Russian President Dmitry Medvedev
623 # signed a federal law "On calculation of time" on June 9, 2011.
624 # According to the law Russia is abolishing daylight saving time.
625 #
626 # Medvedev signed a law "On the Calculation of Time" (in russian):
627 # http://bmockbe.ru/events/?ID=7583
628 #
629 # Medvedev signed a law on the calculation of the time (in russian):
630 # http://www.regnum.ru/news/polit/1413906.html
631
632 # From Arthur David Olson (2011-06-15):
633 # Take "abolishing daylight saving time" to mean that time is now considered
634 # to be standard.
635
636 # These are for backward compatibility with older versions.
637
638 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
639 Zone WET 0:00 EU WE%sT
640 Zone CET 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT
641 Zone MET 1:00 C-Eur ME%sT
642 Zone EET 2:00 EU EE%sT
643
644 # Previous editions of this database used abbreviations like MET DST
645 # for Central European Summer Time, but this didn't agree with common usage.
646
647 # From Markus Kuhn (1996-07-12):
648 # The official German names ... are
649 #
650 # Mitteleuropäische Zeit (MEZ) = UTC+01:00
651 # Mitteleuropäische Sommerzeit (MESZ) = UTC+02:00
652 #
653 # as defined in the German Time Act (Gesetz über die Zeitbestimmung (ZeitG),
654 # 1978-07-25, Bundesgesetzblatt, Jahrgang 1978, Teil I, S. 1110-1111)....
655 # I wrote ... to the German Federal Physical-Technical Institution
656 #
657 # Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB)
658 # Laboratorium 4.41 "Zeiteinheit"
659 # Postfach 3345
660 # D-38023 Braunschweig
661 # phone: +49 531 592-0
662 #
663 # ... I received today an answer letter from Dr. Peter Hetzel, head of the PTB
664 # department for time and frequency transmission. He explained that the
665 # PTB translates MEZ and MESZ into English as
666 #
667 # Central European Time (CET) = UTC+01:00
668 # Central European Summer Time (CEST) = UTC+02:00
669
670
671 # Albania
672 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
673 Rule Albania 1940 only - Jun 16 0:00 1:00 S
674 Rule Albania 1942 only - Nov 2 3:00 0 -
675 Rule Albania 1943 only - Mar 29 2:00 1:00 S
676 Rule Albania 1943 only - Apr 10 3:00 0 -
677 Rule Albania 1974 only - May 4 0:00 1:00 S
678 Rule Albania 1974 only - Oct 2 0:00 0 -
679 Rule Albania 1975 only - May 1 0:00 1:00 S
680 Rule Albania 1975 only - Oct 2 0:00 0 -
681 Rule Albania 1976 only - May 2 0:00 1:00 S
682 Rule Albania 1976 only - Oct 3 0:00 0 -
683 Rule Albania 1977 only - May 8 0:00 1:00 S
684 Rule Albania 1977 only - Oct 2 0:00 0 -
685 Rule Albania 1978 only - May 6 0:00 1:00 S
686 Rule Albania 1978 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
687 Rule Albania 1979 only - May 5 0:00 1:00 S
688 Rule Albania 1979 only - Sep 30 0:00 0 -
689 Rule Albania 1980 only - May 3 0:00 1:00 S
690 Rule Albania 1980 only - Oct 4 0:00 0 -
691 Rule Albania 1981 only - Apr 26 0:00 1:00 S
692 Rule Albania 1981 only - Sep 27 0:00 0 -
693 Rule Albania 1982 only - May 2 0:00 1:00 S
694 Rule Albania 1982 only - Oct 3 0:00 0 -
695 Rule Albania 1983 only - Apr 18 0:00 1:00 S
696 Rule Albania 1983 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
697 Rule Albania 1984 only - Apr 1 0:00 1:00 S
698 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
699 Zone Europe/Tirane 1:19:20 - LMT 1914
700 1:00 - CET 1940 Jun 16
701 1:00 Albania CE%sT 1984 Jul
702 1:00 EU CE%sT
703
704 # Andorra
705 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
706 Zone Europe/Andorra 0:06:04 - LMT 1901
707 0:00 - WET 1946 Sep 30
708 1:00 - CET 1985 Mar 31 2:00
709 1:00 EU CE%sT
710
711 # Austria
712
713 # Milne says Vienna time was 1:05:21.
714
715 # From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22): Shanks & Pottenger give 1918-06-16 and
716 # 1945-11-18, but the Austrian Federal Office of Metrology and
717 # Surveying (BEV) gives 1918-09-16 and for Vienna gives the "alleged"
718 # date of 1945-04-12 with no time. For the 1980-04-06 transition
719 # Shanks & Pottenger give 02:00, the BEV 00:00. Go with the BEV,
720 # and guess 02:00 for 1945-04-12.
721
722 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
723 Rule Austria 1920 only - Apr 5 2:00s 1:00 S
724 Rule Austria 1920 only - Sep 13 2:00s 0 -
725 Rule Austria 1946 only - Apr 14 2:00s 1:00 S
726 Rule Austria 1946 1948 - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
727 Rule Austria 1947 only - Apr 6 2:00s 1:00 S
728 Rule Austria 1948 only - Apr 18 2:00s 1:00 S
729 Rule Austria 1980 only - Apr 6 0:00 1:00 S
730 Rule Austria 1980 only - Sep 28 0:00 0 -
731 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
732 Zone Europe/Vienna 1:05:21 - LMT 1893 Apr
733 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1920
734 1:00 Austria CE%sT 1940 Apr 1 2:00s
735 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 Apr 2 2:00s
736 1:00 1:00 CEST 1945 Apr 12 2:00s
737 1:00 - CET 1946
738 1:00 Austria CE%sT 1981
739 1:00 EU CE%sT
740
741 # Belarus
742 # From Yauhen Kharuzhy (2011-09-16):
743 # By latest Belarus government act Europe/Minsk timezone was changed to
744 # GMT+3 without DST (was GMT+2 with DST).
745 #
746 # Sources (Russian language):
747 # http://www.belta.by/ru/all_news/society/V-Belarusi-otmenjaetsja-perexod-na-sezonnoe-vremja_i_572952.html
748 # http://naviny.by/rubrics/society/2011/09/16/ic_articles_116_175144/
749 # http://news.tut.by/society/250578.html
750 #
751 # From Alexander Bokovoy (2014-10-09):
752 # Belarussian government decided against changing to winter time....
753 # http://eng.belta.by/all_news/society/Belarus-decides-against-adjusting-time-in-Russias-wake_i_76335.html
754 # From Paul Eggert (2014-10-08):
755 # Hence Belarus can share time zone abbreviations with Moscow again.
756 #
757 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
758 Zone Europe/Minsk 1:50:16 - LMT 1880
759 1:50 - MMT 1924 May 2 # Minsk Mean Time
760 2:00 - EET 1930 Jun 21
761 3:00 - MSK 1941 Jun 28
762 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Jul 3
763 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1990
764 3:00 - MSK 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
765 2:00 1:00 EEST 1991 Sep 29 2:00s
766 2:00 - EET 1992 Mar 29 0:00s
767 2:00 1:00 EEST 1992 Sep 27 0:00s
768 2:00 Russia EE%sT 2011 Mar 27 2:00s
769 3:00 - FET 2014 Oct 26 1:00s
770 3:00 - MSK
771
772 # Belgium
773 #
774 # From Paul Eggert (1997-07-02):
775 # Entries from 1918 through 1991 are taken from:
776 # Annuaire de L'Observatoire Royal de Belgique,
777 # Avenue Circulaire, 3, B-1180 BRUXELLES, CLVIIe année, 1991
778 # (Imprimerie HAYEZ, s.p.r.l., Rue Fin, 4, 1080 BRUXELLES, MCMXC),
779 # pp 8-9.
780 # LMT before 1892 was 0:17:30, according to the official journal of Belgium:
781 # Moniteur Belge, Samedi 30 Avril 1892, N.121.
782 # Thanks to Pascal Delmoitie for these references.
783 # The 1918 rules are listed for completeness; they apply to unoccupied Belgium.
784 # Assume Brussels switched to WET in 1918 when the armistice took effect.
785 #
786 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
787 Rule Belgium 1918 only - Mar 9 0:00s 1:00 S
788 Rule Belgium 1918 1919 - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 -
789 Rule Belgium 1919 only - Mar 1 23:00s 1:00 S
790 Rule Belgium 1920 only - Feb 14 23:00s 1:00 S
791 Rule Belgium 1920 only - Oct 23 23:00s 0 -
792 Rule Belgium 1921 only - Mar 14 23:00s 1:00 S
793 Rule Belgium 1921 only - Oct 25 23:00s 0 -
794 Rule Belgium 1922 only - Mar 25 23:00s 1:00 S
795 Rule Belgium 1922 1927 - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 -
796 Rule Belgium 1923 only - Apr 21 23:00s 1:00 S
797 Rule Belgium 1924 only - Mar 29 23:00s 1:00 S
798 Rule Belgium 1925 only - Apr 4 23:00s 1:00 S
799 # DSH writes that a royal decree of 1926-02-22 specified the Sun following 3rd
800 # Sat in Apr (except if it's Easter, in which case it's one Sunday earlier),
801 # to Sun following 1st Sat in Oct, and that a royal decree of 1928-09-15
802 # changed the transition times to 02:00 GMT.
803 Rule Belgium 1926 only - Apr 17 23:00s 1:00 S
804 Rule Belgium 1927 only - Apr 9 23:00s 1:00 S
805 Rule Belgium 1928 only - Apr 14 23:00s 1:00 S
806 Rule Belgium 1928 1938 - Oct Sun>=2 2:00s 0 -
807 Rule Belgium 1929 only - Apr 21 2:00s 1:00 S
808 Rule Belgium 1930 only - Apr 13 2:00s 1:00 S
809 Rule Belgium 1931 only - Apr 19 2:00s 1:00 S
810 Rule Belgium 1932 only - Apr 3 2:00s 1:00 S
811 Rule Belgium 1933 only - Mar 26 2:00s 1:00 S
812 Rule Belgium 1934 only - Apr 8 2:00s 1:00 S
813 Rule Belgium 1935 only - Mar 31 2:00s 1:00 S
814 Rule Belgium 1936 only - Apr 19 2:00s 1:00 S
815 Rule Belgium 1937 only - Apr 4 2:00s 1:00 S
816 Rule Belgium 1938 only - Mar 27 2:00s 1:00 S
817 Rule Belgium 1939 only - Apr 16 2:00s 1:00 S
818 Rule Belgium 1939 only - Nov 19 2:00s 0 -
819 Rule Belgium 1940 only - Feb 25 2:00s 1:00 S
820 Rule Belgium 1944 only - Sep 17 2:00s 0 -
821 Rule Belgium 1945 only - Apr 2 2:00s 1:00 S
822 Rule Belgium 1945 only - Sep 16 2:00s 0 -
823 Rule Belgium 1946 only - May 19 2:00s 1:00 S
824 Rule Belgium 1946 only - Oct 7 2:00s 0 -
825 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
826 Zone Europe/Brussels 0:17:30 - LMT 1880
827 0:17:30 - BMT 1892 May 1 12:00 # Brussels MT
828 0:00 - WET 1914 Nov 8
829 1:00 - CET 1916 May 1 0:00
830 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1918 Nov 11 11:00u
831 0:00 Belgium WE%sT 1940 May 20 2:00s
832 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Sep 3
833 1:00 Belgium CE%sT 1977
834 1:00 EU CE%sT
835
836 # Bosnia and Herzegovina
837 # See Europe/Belgrade.
838
839 # Bulgaria
840 #
841 # From Plamen Simenov via Steffen Thorsen (1999-09-09):
842 # A document of Government of Bulgaria (No.94/1997) says:
843 # EET -> EETDST is in 03:00 Local time in last Sunday of March ...
844 # EETDST -> EET is in 04:00 Local time in last Sunday of October
845 #
846 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
847 Rule Bulg 1979 only - Mar 31 23:00 1:00 S
848 Rule Bulg 1979 only - Oct 1 1:00 0 -
849 Rule Bulg 1980 1982 - Apr Sat>=1 23:00 1:00 S
850 Rule Bulg 1980 only - Sep 29 1:00 0 -
851 Rule Bulg 1981 only - Sep 27 2:00 0 -
852 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
853 Zone Europe/Sofia 1:33:16 - LMT 1880
854 1:56:56 - IMT 1894 Nov 30 # Istanbul MT?
855 2:00 - EET 1942 Nov 2 3:00
856 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945
857 1:00 - CET 1945 Apr 2 3:00
858 2:00 - EET 1979 Mar 31 23:00
859 2:00 Bulg EE%sT 1982 Sep 26 2:00
860 2:00 C-Eur EE%sT 1991
861 2:00 E-Eur EE%sT 1997
862 2:00 EU EE%sT
863
864 # Croatia
865 # See Europe/Belgrade.
866
867 # Cyprus
868 # Please see the 'asia' file for Asia/Nicosia.
869
870 # Czech Republic
871 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
872 Rule Czech 1945 only - Apr 8 2:00s 1:00 S
873 Rule Czech 1945 only - Nov 18 2:00s 0 -
874 Rule Czech 1946 only - May 6 2:00s 1:00 S
875 Rule Czech 1946 1949 - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
876 Rule Czech 1947 only - Apr 20 2:00s 1:00 S
877 Rule Czech 1948 only - Apr 18 2:00s 1:00 S
878 Rule Czech 1949 only - Apr 9 2:00s 1:00 S
879 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
880 Zone Europe/Prague 0:57:44 - LMT 1850
881 0:57:44 - PMT 1891 Oct # Prague Mean Time
882 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Sep 17 2:00s
883 1:00 Czech CE%sT 1979
884 1:00 EU CE%sT
885 # Use Europe/Prague also for Slovakia.
886
887 # Denmark, Faroe Islands, and Greenland
888
889 # From Jesper Nørgaard Welen (2005-04-26):
890 # http://www.hum.aau.dk/~poe/tid/tine/DanskTid.htm says that the law
891 # [introducing standard time] was in effect from 1894-01-01....
892 # The page http://www.retsinfo.dk/_GETDOCI_/ACCN/A18930008330-REGL
893 # confirms this, and states that the law was put forth 1893-03-29.
894 #
895 # The EU treaty with effect from 1973:
896 # http://www.retsinfo.dk/_GETDOCI_/ACCN/A19722110030-REGL
897 #
898 # This provoked a new law from 1974 to make possible summer time changes
899 # in subsequent decrees with the law
900 # http://www.retsinfo.dk/_GETDOCI_/ACCN/A19740022330-REGL
901 #
902 # It seems however that no decree was set forward until 1980. I have
903 # not found any decree, but in another related law, the effecting DST
904 # changes are stated explicitly to be from 1980-04-06 at 02:00 to
905 # 1980-09-28 at 02:00. If this is true, this differs slightly from
906 # the EU rule in that DST runs to 02:00, not 03:00. We don't know
907 # when Denmark began using the EU rule correctly, but we have only
908 # confirmation of the 1980-time, so I presume it was correct in 1981:
909 # The law is about the management of the extra hour, concerning
910 # working hours reported and effect on obligatory-rest rules (which
911 # was suspended on that night):
912 # http://www.retsinfo.dk/_GETDOCI_/ACCN/C19801120554-REGL
913
914 # From Jesper Nørgaard Welen (2005-06-11):
915 # The Herning Folkeblad (1980-09-26) reported that the night between
916 # Saturday and Sunday the clock is set back from three to two.
917
918 # From Paul Eggert (2005-06-11):
919 # Hence the "02:00" of the 1980 law refers to standard time, not
920 # wall-clock time, and so the EU rules were in effect in 1980.
921
922 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
923 Rule Denmark 1916 only - May 14 23:00 1:00 S
924 Rule Denmark 1916 only - Sep 30 23:00 0 -
925 Rule Denmark 1940 only - May 15 0:00 1:00 S
926 Rule Denmark 1945 only - Apr 2 2:00s 1:00 S
927 Rule Denmark 1945 only - Aug 15 2:00s 0 -
928 Rule Denmark 1946 only - May 1 2:00s 1:00 S
929 Rule Denmark 1946 only - Sep 1 2:00s 0 -
930 Rule Denmark 1947 only - May 4 2:00s 1:00 S
931 Rule Denmark 1947 only - Aug 10 2:00s 0 -
932 Rule Denmark 1948 only - May 9 2:00s 1:00 S
933 Rule Denmark 1948 only - Aug 8 2:00s 0 -
934 #
935 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
936 Zone Europe/Copenhagen 0:50:20 - LMT 1890
937 0:50:20 - CMT 1894 Jan 1 # Copenhagen MT
938 1:00 Denmark CE%sT 1942 Nov 2 2:00s
939 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 Apr 2 2:00
940 1:00 Denmark CE%sT 1980
941 1:00 EU CE%sT
942 Zone Atlantic/Faroe -0:27:04 - LMT 1908 Jan 11 # Tórshavn
943 0:00 - WET 1981
944 0:00 EU WE%sT
945 #
946 # From Paul Eggert (2004-10-31):
947 # During World War II, Germany maintained secret manned weather stations in
948 # East Greenland and Franz Josef Land, but we don't know their time zones.
949 # My source for this is Wilhelm Dege's book mentioned under Svalbard.
950 #
951 # From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):
952 # Greenland joined the EU as part of Denmark, obtained home rule on 1979-05-01,
953 # and left the EU on 1985-02-01. It therefore should have been using EU
954 # rules at least through 1984. Shanks & Pottenger say Scoresbysund and Godthåb
955 # used C-Eur rules after 1980, but IATA SSIM (1991/1996) says they use EU
956 # rules since at least 1991. Assume EU rules since 1980.
957
958 # From Gwillim Law (2001-06-06), citing
959 # <http://www.statkart.no/efs/efshefter/2001/efs5-2001.pdf> (2001-03-15),
960 # and with translations corrected by Steffen Thorsen:
961 #
962 # Greenland has four local times, and the relation to UTC
963 # is according to the following time line:
964 #
965 # The military zone near Thule UTC-4
966 # Standard Greenland time UTC-3
967 # Scoresbysund UTC-1
968 # Danmarkshavn UTC
969 #
970 # In the military area near Thule and in Danmarkshavn DST will not be
971 # introduced.
972
973 # From Rives McDow (2001-11-01):
974 #
975 # I correspond regularly with the Dansk Polarcenter, and wrote them at
976 # the time to clarify the situation in Thule. Unfortunately, I have
977 # not heard back from them regarding my recent letter. [But I have
978 # info from earlier correspondence.]
979 #
980 # According to the center, a very small local time zone around Thule
981 # Air Base keeps the time according to UTC-4, implementing daylight
982 # savings using North America rules, changing the time at 02:00 local time....
983 #
984 # The east coast of Greenland north of the community of Scoresbysund
985 # uses UTC in the same way as in Iceland, year round, with no dst.
986 # There are just a few stations on this coast, including the
987 # Danmarkshavn ICAO weather station mentioned in your September 29th
988 # email. The other stations are two sledge patrol stations in
989 # Mestersvig and Daneborg, the air force base at Station Nord, and the
990 # DPC research station at Zackenberg.
991 #
992 # Scoresbysund and two small villages nearby keep time UTC-1 and use
993 # the same daylight savings time period as in West Greenland (Godthåb).
994 #
995 # The rest of Greenland, including Godthåb (this area, although it
996 # includes central Greenland, is known as west Greenland), keeps time
997 # UTC-3, with daylight savings methods according to European rules.
998 #
999 # It is common procedure to use UTC 0 in the wilderness of East and
1000 # North Greenland, because it is mainly Icelandic aircraft operators
1001 # maintaining traffic in these areas. However, the official status of
1002 # this area is that it sticks with Godthåb time. This area might be
1003 # considered a dual time zone in some respects because of this.
1004
1005 # From Rives McDow (2001-11-19):
1006 # I heard back from someone stationed at Thule; the time change took place
1007 # there at 2:00 AM.
1008
1009 # From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):
1010 # From 1997 on the CIA map shows Danmarkshavn on GMT;
1011 # the 1995 map as like Godthåb.
1012 # For lack of better info, assume they were like Godthåb before 1996.
1013 # startkart.no says Thule does not observe DST, but this is clearly an error,
1014 # so go with Shanks & Pottenger for Thule transitions until this year.
1015 # For 2007 on assume Thule will stay in sync with US DST rules.
1016 #
1017 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1018 Rule Thule 1991 1992 - Mar lastSun 2:00 1:00 D
1019 Rule Thule 1991 1992 - Sep lastSun 2:00 0 S
1020 Rule Thule 1993 2006 - Apr Sun>=1 2:00 1:00 D
1021 Rule Thule 1993 2006 - Oct lastSun 2:00 0 S
1022 Rule Thule 2007 max - Mar Sun>=8 2:00 1:00 D
1023 Rule Thule 2007 max - Nov Sun>=1 2:00 0 S
1024 #
1025 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1026 Zone America/Danmarkshavn -1:14:40 - LMT 1916 Jul 28
1027 -3:00 - WGT 1980 Apr 6 2:00
1028 -3:00 EU WG%sT 1996
1029 0:00 - GMT
1030 Zone America/Scoresbysund -1:27:52 - LMT 1916 Jul 28 # Ittoqqortoormiit
1031 -2:00 - CGT 1980 Apr 6 2:00
1032 -2:00 C-Eur CG%sT 1981 Mar 29
1033 -1:00 EU EG%sT
1034 Zone America/Godthab -3:26:56 - LMT 1916 Jul 28 # Nuuk
1035 -3:00 - WGT 1980 Apr 6 2:00
1036 -3:00 EU WG%sT
1037 Zone America/Thule -4:35:08 - LMT 1916 Jul 28 # Pituffik air base
1038 -4:00 Thule A%sT
1039
1040 # Estonia
1041 # From Peter Ilieve (1994-10-15):
1042 # A relative in Tallinn confirms the accuracy of the data for 1989 onwards
1043 # [through 1994] and gives the legal authority for it,
1044 # a regulation of the Government of Estonia, No. 111 of 1989....
1045 #
1046 # From Peter Ilieve (1996-10-28):
1047 # [IATA SSIM (1992/1996) claims that the Baltic republics switch at 01:00s,
1048 # but a relative confirms that Estonia still switches at 02:00s, writing:]
1049 # "I do not [know] exactly but there are some little different
1050 # (confusing) rules for International Air and Railway Transport Schedules
1051 # conversion in Sunday connected with end of summer time in Estonia....
1052 # A discussion is running about the summer time efficiency and effect on
1053 # human physiology. It seems that Estonia maybe will not change to
1054 # summer time next spring."
1055
1056 # From Peter Ilieve (1998-11-04), heavily edited:
1057 # The 1998-09-22 Estonian time law
1058 # http://trip.rk.ee/cgi-bin/thw?${BASE}=akt&${OOHTML}=rtd&TA=1998&TO=1&AN=1390
1059 # refers to the Eighth Directive and cites the association agreement between
1060 # the EU and Estonia, ratified by the Estonian law (RT II 1995, 22-27, 120).
1061 #
1062 # I also asked [my relative] whether they use any standard abbreviation
1063 # for their standard and summer times. He says no, they use "suveaeg"
1064 # (summer time) and "talveaeg" (winter time).
1065
1066 # From The Baltic Times <http://www.baltictimes.com/> (1999-09-09)
1067 # via Steffen Thorsen:
1068 # This year will mark the last time Estonia shifts to summer time,
1069 # a council of the ruling coalition announced Sept. 6....
1070 # But what this could mean for Estonia's chances of joining the European
1071 # Union are still unclear. In 1994, the EU declared summer time compulsory
1072 # for all member states until 2001. Brussels has yet to decide what to do
1073 # after that.
1074
1075 # From Mart Oruaas (2000-01-29):
1076 # Regulation no. 301 (1999-10-12) obsoletes previous regulation
1077 # no. 206 (1998-09-22) and thus sticks Estonia to +02:00 GMT for all
1078 # the year round. The regulation is effective 1999-11-01.
1079
1080 # From Toomas Soome (2002-02-21):
1081 # The Estonian government has changed once again timezone politics.
1082 # Now we are using again EU rules.
1083 #
1084 # From Urmet Jänes (2002-03-28):
1085 # The legislative reference is Government decree No. 84 on 2002-02-21.
1086
1087 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1088 Zone Europe/Tallinn 1:39:00 - LMT 1880
1089 1:39:00 - TMT 1918 Feb # Tallinn Mean Time
1090 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1919 Jul
1091 1:39:00 - TMT 1921 May
1092 2:00 - EET 1940 Aug 6
1093 3:00 - MSK 1941 Sep 15
1094 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Sep 22
1095 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1989 Mar 26 2:00s
1096 2:00 1:00 EEST 1989 Sep 24 2:00s
1097 2:00 C-Eur EE%sT 1998 Sep 22
1098 2:00 EU EE%sT 1999 Nov 1
1099 2:00 - EET 2002 Feb 21
1100 2:00 EU EE%sT
1101
1102 # Finland
1103
1104 # From Hannu Strang (1994-09-25 06:03:37 UTC):
1105 # Well, here in Helsinki we're just changing from summer time to regular one,
1106 # and it's supposed to change at 4am...
1107
1108 # From Janne Snabb (2010-07-15):
1109 #
1110 # I noticed that the Finland data is not accurate for years 1981 and 1982.
1111 # During these two first trial years the DST adjustment was made one hour
1112 # earlier than in forthcoming years. Starting 1983 the adjustment was made
1113 # according to the central European standards.
1114 #
1115 # This is documented in Heikki Oja: Aikakirja 2007, published by The Almanac
1116 # Office of University of Helsinki, ISBN 952-10-3221-9, available online (in
1117 # Finnish) at
1118 # http://almanakka.helsinki.fi/aikakirja/Aikakirja2007kokonaan.pdf
1119 #
1120 # Page 105 (56 in PDF version) has a handy table of all past daylight savings
1121 # transitions. It is easy enough to interpret without Finnish skills.
1122 #
1123 # This is also confirmed by Finnish Broadcasting Company's archive at:
1124 # http://www.yle.fi/elavaarkisto/?s=s&g=1&ag=5&t=&a=3401
1125 #
1126 # The news clip from 1981 says that "the time between 2 and 3 o'clock does not
1127 # exist tonight."
1128
1129 # From Konstantin Hyppönen (2014-06-13):
1130 # [Heikki Oja's book Aikakirja 2013]
1131 # http://almanakka.helsinki.fi/images/aikakirja/Aikakirja2013kokonaan.pdf
1132 # pages 104-105, including a scan from a newspaper published on Apr 2 1942
1133 # say that ... [o]n Apr 2 1942, 24 o'clock (which means Apr 3 1942,
1134 # 00:00), clocks were moved one hour forward. The newspaper
1135 # mentions "on the night from Thursday to Friday"....
1136 # On Oct 4 1942, clocks were moved at 1:00 one hour backwards.
1137 #
1138 # From Paul Eggert (2014-06-14):
1139 # Go with Oja over Shanks.
1140
1141 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1142 Rule Finland 1942 only - Apr 2 24:00 1:00 S
1143 Rule Finland 1942 only - Oct 4 1:00 0 -
1144 Rule Finland 1981 1982 - Mar lastSun 2:00 1:00 S
1145 Rule Finland 1981 1982 - Sep lastSun 3:00 0 -
1146
1147 # Milne says Helsinki (Helsingfors) time was 1:39:49.2 (official document);
1148 # round to nearest.
1149
1150 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1151 Zone Europe/Helsinki 1:39:49 - LMT 1878 May 31
1152 1:39:49 - HMT 1921 May # Helsinki Mean Time
1153 2:00 Finland EE%sT 1983
1154 2:00 EU EE%sT
1155
1156 # Åland Is
1157 Link Europe/Helsinki Europe/Mariehamn
1158
1159
1160 # France
1161
1162 # From Ciro Discepolo (2000-12-20):
1163 #
1164 # Henri Le Corre, Régimes horaires pour le monde entier, Éditions
1165 # Traditionnelles - Paris 2 books, 1993
1166 #
1167 # Gabriel, Traité de l'heure dans le monde, Guy Trédaniel,
1168 # Paris, 1991
1169 #
1170 # Françoise Gauquelin, Problèmes de l'heure résolus en astrologie,
1171 # Guy Trédaniel, Paris 1987
1172
1173
1174 #
1175 # Shank & Pottenger seem to use '24:00' ambiguously; resolve it with Whitman.
1176 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1177 Rule France 1916 only - Jun 14 23:00s 1:00 S
1178 Rule France 1916 1919 - Oct Sun>=1 23:00s 0 -
1179 Rule France 1917 only - Mar 24 23:00s 1:00 S
1180 Rule France 1918 only - Mar 9 23:00s 1:00 S
1181 Rule France 1919 only - Mar 1 23:00s 1:00 S
1182 Rule France 1920 only - Feb 14 23:00s 1:00 S
1183 Rule France 1920 only - Oct 23 23:00s 0 -
1184 Rule France 1921 only - Mar 14 23:00s 1:00 S
1185 Rule France 1921 only - Oct 25 23:00s 0 -
1186 Rule France 1922 only - Mar 25 23:00s 1:00 S
1187 # DSH writes that a law of 1923-05-24 specified 3rd Sat in Apr at 23:00 to 1st
1188 # Sat in Oct at 24:00; and that in 1930, because of Easter, the transitions
1189 # were Apr 12 and Oct 5. Go with Shanks & Pottenger.
1190 Rule France 1922 1938 - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 -
1191 Rule France 1923 only - May 26 23:00s 1:00 S
1192 Rule France 1924 only - Mar 29 23:00s 1:00 S
1193 Rule France 1925 only - Apr 4 23:00s 1:00 S
1194 Rule France 1926 only - Apr 17 23:00s 1:00 S
1195 Rule France 1927 only - Apr 9 23:00s 1:00 S
1196 Rule France 1928 only - Apr 14 23:00s 1:00 S
1197 Rule France 1929 only - Apr 20 23:00s 1:00 S
1198 Rule France 1930 only - Apr 12 23:00s 1:00 S
1199 Rule France 1931 only - Apr 18 23:00s 1:00 S
1200 Rule France 1932 only - Apr 2 23:00s 1:00 S
1201 Rule France 1933 only - Mar 25 23:00s 1:00 S
1202 Rule France 1934 only - Apr 7 23:00s 1:00 S
1203 Rule France 1935 only - Mar 30 23:00s 1:00 S
1204 Rule France 1936 only - Apr 18 23:00s 1:00 S
1205 Rule France 1937 only - Apr 3 23:00s 1:00 S
1206 Rule France 1938 only - Mar 26 23:00s 1:00 S
1207 Rule France 1939 only - Apr 15 23:00s 1:00 S
1208 Rule France 1939 only - Nov 18 23:00s 0 -
1209 Rule France 1940 only - Feb 25 2:00 1:00 S
1210 # The French rules for 1941-1944 were not used in Paris, but Shanks & Pottenger
1211 # write that they were used in Monaco and in many French locations.
1212 # Le Corre writes that the upper limit of the free zone was Arnéguy, Orthez,
1213 # Mont-de-Marsan, Bazas, Langon, Lamothe-Montravel, Marœuil, La
1214 # Rochefoucauld, Champagne-Mouton, La Roche-Posay, La Haye-Descartes,
1215 # Loches, Montrichard, Vierzon, Bourges, Moulins, Digoin,
1216 # Paray-le-Monial, Montceau-les-Mines, Chalon-sur-Saône, Arbois,
1217 # Dole, Morez, St-Claude, and Collonges (Haute-Savoie).
1218 Rule France 1941 only - May 5 0:00 2:00 M # Midsummer
1219 # Shanks & Pottenger say this transition occurred at Oct 6 1:00,
1220 # but go with Denis Excoffier (1997-12-12),
1221 # who quotes the Ephémérides astronomiques for 1998 from Bureau des Longitudes
1222 # as saying 5/10/41 22hUT.
1223 Rule France 1941 only - Oct 6 0:00 1:00 S
1224 Rule France 1942 only - Mar 9 0:00 2:00 M
1225 Rule France 1942 only - Nov 2 3:00 1:00 S
1226 Rule France 1943 only - Mar 29 2:00 2:00 M
1227 Rule France 1943 only - Oct 4 3:00 1:00 S
1228 Rule France 1944 only - Apr 3 2:00 2:00 M
1229 Rule France 1944 only - Oct 8 1:00 1:00 S
1230 Rule France 1945 only - Apr 2 2:00 2:00 M
1231 Rule France 1945 only - Sep 16 3:00 0 -
1232 # Shanks & Pottenger give Mar 28 2:00 and Sep 26 3:00;
1233 # go with Excoffier's 28/3/76 0hUT and 25/9/76 23hUT.
1234 Rule France 1976 only - Mar 28 1:00 1:00 S
1235 Rule France 1976 only - Sep 26 1:00 0 -
1236 # Shanks & Pottenger give 0:09:20 for Paris Mean Time, and Whitman 0:09:05,
1237 # but Howse quotes the actual French legislation as saying 0:09:21.
1238 # Go with Howse. Howse writes that the time in France was officially based
1239 # on PMT-0:09:21 until 1978-08-09, when the time base finally switched to UTC.
1240 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1241 Zone Europe/Paris 0:09:21 - LMT 1891 Mar 15 0:01
1242 0:09:21 - PMT 1911 Mar 11 0:01 # Paris MT
1243 # Shanks & Pottenger give 1940 Jun 14 0:00; go with Excoffier and Le Corre.
1244 0:00 France WE%sT 1940 Jun 14 23:00
1245 # Le Corre says Paris stuck with occupied-France time after the liberation;
1246 # go with Shanks & Pottenger.
1247 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Aug 25
1248 0:00 France WE%sT 1945 Sep 16 3:00
1249 1:00 France CE%sT 1977
1250 1:00 EU CE%sT
1251
1252 # Germany
1253
1254 # From Markus Kuhn (1998-09-29):
1255 # The German time zone web site by the Physikalisch-Technische
1256 # Bundesanstalt contains DST information back to 1916.
1257 # [See tz-link.htm for the URL.]
1258
1259 # From Jörg Schilling (2002-10-23):
1260 # In 1945, Berlin was switched to Moscow Summer time (GMT+4) by
1261 # http://www.dhm.de/lemo/html/biografien/BersarinNikolai/
1262 # General [Nikolai] Bersarin.
1263
1264 # From Paul Eggert (2003-03-08):
1265 # http://www.parlament-berlin.de/pds-fraktion.nsf/727459127c8b66ee8525662300459099/defc77cb784f180ac1256c2b0030274b/$FILE/bersarint.pdf
1266 # says that Bersarin issued an order to use Moscow time on May 20.
1267 # However, Moscow did not observe daylight saving in 1945, so
1268 # this was equivalent to CEMT (GMT+3), not GMT+4.
1269
1270
1271 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1272 Rule Germany 1946 only - Apr 14 2:00s 1:00 S
1273 Rule Germany 1946 only - Oct 7 2:00s 0 -
1274 Rule Germany 1947 1949 - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
1275 # http://www.ptb.de/de/org/4/44/441/salt.htm says the following transition
1276 # occurred at 3:00 MEZ, not the 2:00 MEZ given in Shanks & Pottenger.
1277 # Go with the PTB.
1278 Rule Germany 1947 only - Apr 6 3:00s 1:00 S
1279 Rule Germany 1947 only - May 11 2:00s 2:00 M
1280 Rule Germany 1947 only - Jun 29 3:00 1:00 S
1281 Rule Germany 1948 only - Apr 18 2:00s 1:00 S
1282 Rule Germany 1949 only - Apr 10 2:00s 1:00 S
1283
1284 Rule SovietZone 1945 only - May 24 2:00 2:00 M # Midsummer
1285 Rule SovietZone 1945 only - Sep 24 3:00 1:00 S
1286 Rule SovietZone 1945 only - Nov 18 2:00s 0 -
1287
1288 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1289 Zone Europe/Berlin 0:53:28 - LMT 1893 Apr
1290 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 May 24 2:00
1291 1:00 SovietZone CE%sT 1946
1292 1:00 Germany CE%sT 1980
1293 1:00 EU CE%sT
1294
1295 # From Tobias Conradi (2011-09-12):
1296 # Büsingen <http://www.buesingen.de>, surrounded by the Swiss canton
1297 # Schaffhausen, did not start observing DST in 1980 as the rest of DE
1298 # (West Germany at that time) and DD (East Germany at that time) did.
1299 # DD merged into DE, the area is currently covered by code DE in ISO 3166-1,
1300 # which in turn is covered by the zone Europe/Berlin.
1301 #
1302 # Source for the time in Büsingen 1980:
1303 # http://www.srf.ch/player/video?id=c012c029-03b7-4c2b-9164-aa5902cd58d3
1304
1305 # From Arthur David Olson (2012-03-03):
1306 # Büsingen and Zurich have shared clocks since 1970.
1307
1308 Link Europe/Zurich Europe/Busingen
1309
1310 # Georgia
1311 # Please see the "asia" file for Asia/Tbilisi.
1312 # Herodotus (Histories, IV.45) says Georgia north of the Phasis (now Rioni)
1313 # is in Europe. Our reference location Tbilisi is in the Asian part.
1314
1315 # Gibraltar
1316 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1317 Zone Europe/Gibraltar -0:21:24 - LMT 1880 Aug 2 0:00s
1318 0:00 GB-Eire %s 1957 Apr 14 2:00
1319 1:00 - CET 1982
1320 1:00 EU CE%sT
1321
1322 # Greece
1323 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1324 # Whitman gives 1932 Jul 5 - Nov 1; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
1325 Rule Greece 1932 only - Jul 7 0:00 1:00 S
1326 Rule Greece 1932 only - Sep 1 0:00 0 -
1327 # Whitman gives 1941 Apr 25 - ?; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
1328 Rule Greece 1941 only - Apr 7 0:00 1:00 S
1329 # Whitman gives 1942 Feb 2 - ?; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
1330 Rule Greece 1942 only - Nov 2 3:00 0 -
1331 Rule Greece 1943 only - Mar 30 0:00 1:00 S
1332 Rule Greece 1943 only - Oct 4 0:00 0 -
1333 # Whitman gives 1944 Oct 3 - Oct 31; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
1334 Rule Greece 1952 only - Jul 1 0:00 1:00 S
1335 Rule Greece 1952 only - Nov 2 0:00 0 -
1336 Rule Greece 1975 only - Apr 12 0:00s 1:00 S
1337 Rule Greece 1975 only - Nov 26 0:00s 0 -
1338 Rule Greece 1976 only - Apr 11 2:00s 1:00 S
1339 Rule Greece 1976 only - Oct 10 2:00s 0 -
1340 Rule Greece 1977 1978 - Apr Sun>=1 2:00s 1:00 S
1341 Rule Greece 1977 only - Sep 26 2:00s 0 -
1342 Rule Greece 1978 only - Sep 24 4:00 0 -
1343 Rule Greece 1979 only - Apr 1 9:00 1:00 S
1344 Rule Greece 1979 only - Sep 29 2:00 0 -
1345 Rule Greece 1980 only - Apr 1 0:00 1:00 S
1346 Rule Greece 1980 only - Sep 28 0:00 0 -
1347 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1348 Zone Europe/Athens 1:34:52 - LMT 1895 Sep 14
1349 1:34:52 - AMT 1916 Jul 28 0:01 # Athens MT
1350 2:00 Greece EE%sT 1941 Apr 30
1351 1:00 Greece CE%sT 1944 Apr 4
1352 2:00 Greece EE%sT 1981
1353 # Shanks & Pottenger say it switched to C-Eur in 1981;
1354 # go with EU instead, since Greece joined it on Jan 1.
1355 2:00 EU EE%sT
1356
1357 # Hungary
1358 # From Paul Eggert (2014-07-15):
1359 # Dates for 1916-1945 are taken from:
1360 # Oross A. Jelen a múlt jövője: a nyári időszámítás Magyarországon 1916-1945.
1361 # National Archives of Hungary (2012-10-29).
1362 # http://mnl.gov.hu/a_het_dokumentuma/a_nyari_idoszamitas_magyarorszagon_19161945.html
1363 # This source does not always give times, which are taken from Shanks
1364 # & Pottenger (which disagree about the dates).
1365 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1366 Rule Hungary 1918 only - Apr 1 3:00 1:00 S
1367 Rule Hungary 1918 only - Sep 16 3:00 0 -
1368 Rule Hungary 1919 only - Apr 15 3:00 1:00 S
1369 Rule Hungary 1919 only - Nov 24 3:00 0 -
1370 Rule Hungary 1945 only - May 1 23:00 1:00 S
1371 Rule Hungary 1945 only - Nov 1 0:00 0 -
1372 Rule Hungary 1946 only - Mar 31 2:00s 1:00 S
1373 Rule Hungary 1946 1949 - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
1374 Rule Hungary 1947 1949 - Apr Sun>=4 2:00s 1:00 S
1375 Rule Hungary 1950 only - Apr 17 2:00s 1:00 S
1376 Rule Hungary 1950 only - Oct 23 2:00s 0 -
1377 Rule Hungary 1954 1955 - May 23 0:00 1:00 S
1378 Rule Hungary 1954 1955 - Oct 3 0:00 0 -
1379 Rule Hungary 1956 only - Jun Sun>=1 0:00 1:00 S
1380 Rule Hungary 1956 only - Sep lastSun 0:00 0 -
1381 Rule Hungary 1957 only - Jun Sun>=1 1:00 1:00 S
1382 Rule Hungary 1957 only - Sep lastSun 3:00 0 -
1383 Rule Hungary 1980 only - Apr 6 1:00 1:00 S
1384 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1385 Zone Europe/Budapest 1:16:20 - LMT 1890 Oct
1386 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1918
1387 1:00 Hungary CE%sT 1941 Apr 8
1388 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945
1389 1:00 Hungary CE%sT 1980 Sep 28 2:00s
1390 1:00 EU CE%sT
1391
1392 # Iceland
1393 #
1394 # From Adam David (1993-11-06):
1395 # The name of the timezone in Iceland for system / mail / news purposes is GMT.
1396 #
1397 # (1993-12-05):
1398 # This material is paraphrased from the 1988 edition of the University of
1399 # Iceland Almanak.
1400 #
1401 # From January 1st, 1908 the whole of Iceland was standardised at 1 hour
1402 # behind GMT. Previously, local mean solar time was used in different parts
1403 # of Iceland, the almanak had been based on Reykjavik mean solar time which
1404 # was 1 hour and 28 minutes behind GMT.
1405 #
1406 # "first day of winter" referred to [below] means the first day of the 26 weeks
1407 # of winter, according to the old icelandic calendar that dates back to the
1408 # time the norsemen first settled Iceland. The first day of winter is always
1409 # Saturday, but is not dependent on the Julian or Gregorian calendars.
1410 #
1411 # (1993-12-10):
1412 # I have a reference from the Oxford Icelandic-English dictionary for the
1413 # beginning of winter, which ties it to the ecclesiastical calendar (and thus
1414 # to the julian/gregorian calendar) over the period in question.
1415 # the winter begins on the Saturday next before St. Luke's day
1416 # (old style), or on St. Luke's day, if a Saturday.
1417 # St. Luke's day ought to be traceable from ecclesiastical sources. "old style"
1418 # might be a reference to the Julian calendar as opposed to Gregorian, or it
1419 # might mean something else (???).
1420 #
1421 # From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):
1422 # The Iceland Almanak, Shanks & Pottenger, and Whitman disagree on many points.
1423 # We go with the Almanak, except for one claim from Shanks & Pottenger, namely
1424 # that Reykavik was 21W57 from 1837 to 1908, local mean time before that.
1425 #
1426 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1427 Rule Iceland 1917 1918 - Feb 19 23:00 1:00 S
1428 Rule Iceland 1917 only - Oct 21 1:00 0 -
1429 Rule Iceland 1918 only - Nov 16 1:00 0 -
1430 Rule Iceland 1939 only - Apr 29 23:00 1:00 S
1431 Rule Iceland 1939 only - Nov 29 2:00 0 -
1432 Rule Iceland 1940 only - Feb 25 2:00 1:00 S
1433 Rule Iceland 1940 only - Nov 3 2:00 0 -
1434 Rule Iceland 1941 only - Mar 2 1:00s 1:00 S
1435 Rule Iceland 1941 only - Nov 2 1:00s 0 -
1436 Rule Iceland 1942 only - Mar 8 1:00s 1:00 S
1437 Rule Iceland 1942 only - Oct 25 1:00s 0 -
1438 # 1943-1946 - first Sunday in March until first Sunday in winter
1439 Rule Iceland 1943 1946 - Mar Sun>=1 1:00s 1:00 S
1440 Rule Iceland 1943 1948 - Oct Sun>=22 1:00s 0 -
1441 # 1947-1967 - first Sunday in April until first Sunday in winter
1442 Rule Iceland 1947 1967 - Apr Sun>=1 1:00s 1:00 S
1443 # 1949 Oct transition delayed by 1 week
1444 Rule Iceland 1949 only - Oct 30 1:00s 0 -
1445 Rule Iceland 1950 1966 - Oct Sun>=22 1:00s 0 -
1446 Rule Iceland 1967 only - Oct 29 1:00s 0 -
1447 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1448 Zone Atlantic/Reykjavik -1:27:24 - LMT 1837
1449 -1:27:48 - RMT 1908 # Reykjavik Mean Time?
1450 -1:00 Iceland IS%sT 1968 Apr 7 1:00s
1451 0:00 - GMT
1452
1453 # Italy
1454 #
1455 # From Paul Eggert (2001-03-06):
1456 # Sicily and Sardinia each had their own time zones from 1866 to 1893,
1457 # called Palermo Time (+00:53:28) and Cagliari Time (+00:36:32).
1458 # During World War II, German-controlled Italy used German time.
1459 # But these events all occurred before the 1970 cutoff,
1460 # so record only the time in Rome.
1461 #
1462 # From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):
1463 # For Italian DST we have three sources: Shanks & Pottenger, Whitman, and
1464 # F. Pollastri
1465 # Day-light Saving Time in Italy (2006-02-03)
1466 # http://toi.iriti.cnr.it/uk/ienitlt.html
1467 # ('FP' below), taken from an Italian National Electrotechnical Institute
1468 # publication. When the three sources disagree, guess who's right, as follows:
1469 #
1470 # year FP Shanks&P. (S) Whitman (W) Go with:
1471 # 1916 06-03 06-03 24:00 06-03 00:00 FP & W
1472 # 09-30 09-30 24:00 09-30 01:00 FP; guess 24:00s
1473 # 1917 04-01 03-31 24:00 03-31 00:00 FP & S
1474 # 09-30 09-29 24:00 09-30 01:00 FP & W
1475 # 1918 03-09 03-09 24:00 03-09 00:00 FP & S
1476 # 10-06 10-05 24:00 10-06 01:00 FP & W
1477 # 1919 03-01 03-01 24:00 03-01 00:00 FP & S
1478 # 10-04 10-04 24:00 10-04 01:00 FP; guess 24:00s
1479 # 1920 03-20 03-20 24:00 03-20 00:00 FP & S
1480 # 09-18 09-18 24:00 10-01 01:00 FP; guess 24:00s
1481 # 1944 04-02 04-03 02:00 S (see C-Eur)
1482 # 09-16 10-02 03:00 FP; guess 24:00s
1483 # 1945 09-14 09-16 24:00 FP; guess 24:00s
1484 # 1970 05-21 05-31 00:00 S
1485 # 09-20 09-27 00:00 S
1486 #
1487 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1488 Rule Italy 1916 only - Jun 3 0:00s 1:00 S
1489 Rule Italy 1916 only - Oct 1 0:00s 0 -
1490 Rule Italy 1917 only - Apr 1 0:00s 1:00 S
1491 Rule Italy 1917 only - Sep 30 0:00s 0 -
1492 Rule Italy 1918 only - Mar 10 0:00s 1:00 S
1493 Rule Italy 1918 1919 - Oct Sun>=1 0:00s 0 -
1494 Rule Italy 1919 only - Mar 2 0:00s 1:00 S
1495 Rule Italy 1920 only - Mar 21 0:00s 1:00 S
1496 Rule Italy 1920 only - Sep 19 0:00s 0 -
1497 Rule Italy 1940 only - Jun 15 0:00s 1:00 S
1498 Rule Italy 1944 only - Sep 17 0:00s 0 -
1499 Rule Italy 1945 only - Apr 2 2:00 1:00 S
1500 Rule Italy 1945 only - Sep 15 0:00s 0 -
1501 Rule Italy 1946 only - Mar 17 2:00s 1:00 S
1502 Rule Italy 1946 only - Oct 6 2:00s 0 -
1503 Rule Italy 1947 only - Mar 16 0:00s 1:00 S
1504 Rule Italy 1947 only - Oct 5 0:00s 0 -
1505 Rule Italy 1948 only - Feb 29 2:00s 1:00 S
1506 Rule Italy 1948 only - Oct 3 2:00s 0 -
1507 Rule Italy 1966 1968 - May Sun>=22 0:00 1:00 S
1508 Rule Italy 1966 1969 - Sep Sun>=22 0:00 0 -
1509 Rule Italy 1969 only - Jun 1 0:00 1:00 S
1510 Rule Italy 1970 only - May 31 0:00 1:00 S
1511 Rule Italy 1970 only - Sep lastSun 0:00 0 -
1512 Rule Italy 1971 1972 - May Sun>=22 0:00 1:00 S
1513 Rule Italy 1971 only - Sep lastSun 1:00 0 -
1514 Rule Italy 1972 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
1515 Rule Italy 1973 only - Jun 3 0:00 1:00 S
1516 Rule Italy 1973 1974 - Sep lastSun 0:00 0 -
1517 Rule Italy 1974 only - May 26 0:00 1:00 S
1518 Rule Italy 1975 only - Jun 1 0:00s 1:00 S
1519 Rule Italy 1975 1977 - Sep lastSun 0:00s 0 -
1520 Rule Italy 1976 only - May 30 0:00s 1:00 S
1521 Rule Italy 1977 1979 - May Sun>=22 0:00s 1:00 S
1522 Rule Italy 1978 only - Oct 1 0:00s 0 -
1523 Rule Italy 1979 only - Sep 30 0:00s 0 -
1524 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1525 Zone Europe/Rome 0:49:56 - LMT 1866 Sep 22
1526 0:49:56 - RMT 1893 Nov 1 0:00s # Rome Mean
1527 1:00 Italy CE%sT 1942 Nov 2 2:00s
1528 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Jul
1529 1:00 Italy CE%sT 1980
1530 1:00 EU CE%sT
1531
1532 Link Europe/Rome Europe/Vatican
1533 Link Europe/Rome Europe/San_Marino
1534
1535 # Latvia
1536
1537 # From Liene Kanepe (1998-09-17):
1538
1539 # I asked about this matter Scientific Secretary of the Institute of Astronomy
1540 # of The University of Latvia Dr. paed Mr. Ilgonis Vilks. I also searched the
1541 # correct data in juridical acts and I found some juridical documents about
1542 # changes in the counting of time in Latvia from 1981....
1543 #
1544 # Act No.35 of the Council of Ministers of Latvian SSR of 1981-01-22 ...
1545 # according to the Act No.925 of the Council of Ministers of USSR of 1980-10-24
1546 # ...: all year round the time of 2nd time zone + 1 hour, in addition turning
1547 # the hands of the clock 1 hour forward on 1 April at 00:00 (GMT 31 March 21:00)
1548 # and 1 hour backward on the 1 October at 00:00 (GMT 30 September 20:00).
1549 #
1550 # Act No.592 of the Council of Ministers of Latvian SSR of 1984-09-24 ...
1551 # according to the Act No.967 of the Council of Ministers of USSR of 1984-09-13
1552 # ...: all year round the time of 2nd time zone + 1 hour, in addition turning
1553 # the hands of the clock 1 hour forward on the last Sunday of March at 02:00
1554 # (GMT 23:00 on the previous day) and 1 hour backward on the last Sunday of
1555 # September at 03:00 (GMT 23:00 on the previous day).
1556 #
1557 # Act No.81 of the Council of Ministers of Latvian SSR of 1989-03-22 ...
1558 # according to the Act No.227 of the Council of Ministers of USSR of 1989-03-14
1559 # ...: since the last Sunday of March 1989 in Lithuanian SSR, Latvian SSR,
1560 # Estonian SSR and Kaliningrad region of Russian Federation all year round the
1561 # time of 2nd time zone (Moscow time minus one hour). On the territory of Latvia
1562 # transition to summer time is performed on the last Sunday of March at 02:00
1563 # (GMT 00:00), turning the hands of the clock 1 hour forward. The end of
1564 # daylight saving time is performed on the last Sunday of September at 03:00
1565 # (GMT 00:00), turning the hands of the clock 1 hour backward. Exception is
1566 # 1989-03-26, when we must not turn the hands of the clock....
1567 #
1568 # The Regulations of the Cabinet of Ministers of the Republic of Latvia of
1569 # 1997-01-21 on transition to Summer time ... established the same order of
1570 # daylight savings time settings as in the States of the European Union.
1571
1572 # From Andrei Ivanov (2000-03-06):
1573 # This year Latvia will not switch to Daylight Savings Time (as specified in
1574 # The Regulations of the Cabinet of Ministers of the Rep. of Latvia of
1575 # 29-Feb-2000 (#79) <http://www.lv-laiks.lv/wwwraksti/2000/071072/vd4.htm>,
1576 # in Latvian for subscribers only).
1577
1578 # From RFE/RL Newsline
1579 # http://www.rferl.org/newsline/2001/01/3-CEE/cee-030101.html
1580 # (2001-01-03), noted after a heads-up by Rives McDow:
1581 # The Latvian government on 2 January decided that the country will
1582 # institute daylight-saving time this spring, LETA reported.
1583 # Last February the three Baltic states decided not to turn back their
1584 # clocks one hour in the spring....
1585 # Minister of Economy Aigars Kalvītis noted that Latvia had too few
1586 # daylight hours and thus decided to comply with a draft European
1587 # Commission directive that provides for instituting daylight-saving
1588 # time in EU countries between 2002 and 2006. The Latvian government
1589 # urged Lithuania and Estonia to adopt a similar time policy, but it
1590 # appears that they will not do so....
1591
1592 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1593 Rule Latvia 1989 1996 - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 S
1594 Rule Latvia 1989 1996 - Sep lastSun 2:00s 0 -
1595
1596 # Milne 1899 says Riga was 1:36:28 (Polytechnique House time).
1597 # Byalokoz 1919 says Latvia was 1:36:34.
1598 # Go with Byalokoz.
1599
1600 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1601 Zone Europe/Riga 1:36:34 - LMT 1880
1602 1:36:34 - RMT 1918 Apr 15 2:00 # Riga MT
1603 1:36:34 1:00 LST 1918 Sep 16 3:00 # Latvian ST
1604 1:36:34 - RMT 1919 Apr 1 2:00
1605 1:36:34 1:00 LST 1919 May 22 3:00
1606 1:36:34 - RMT 1926 May 11
1607 2:00 - EET 1940 Aug 5
1608 3:00 - MSK 1941 Jul
1609 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Oct 13
1610 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1989 Mar lastSun 2:00s
1611 2:00 1:00 EEST 1989 Sep lastSun 2:00s
1612 2:00 Latvia EE%sT 1997 Jan 21
1613 2:00 EU EE%sT 2000 Feb 29
1614 2:00 - EET 2001 Jan 2
1615 2:00 EU EE%sT
1616
1617 # Liechtenstein
1618
1619 # From Paul Eggert (2013-09-09):
1620 # Shanks & Pottenger say Vaduz is like Zurich.
1621
1622 # From Alois Treindl (2013-09-18):
1623 # http://www.eliechtensteinensia.li/LIJ/1978/1938-1978/1941.pdf
1624 # ... confirms on p. 6 that Liechtenstein followed Switzerland in 1941 and 1942.
1625 # I ... translate only the last two paragraphs:
1626 # ... during second world war, in the years 1941 and 1942, Liechtenstein
1627 # introduced daylight saving time, adapting to Switzerland. From 1943 on
1628 # central European time was in force throughout the year.
1629 # From a report of the duke's government to the high council,
1630 # regarding the introduction of a time law, of 31 May 1977.
1631
1632 Link Europe/Zurich Europe/Vaduz
1633
1634
1635 # Lithuania
1636
1637 # From Paul Eggert (1996-11-22):
1638 # IATA SSIM (1992/1996) says Lithuania uses W-Eur rules, but since it is
1639 # known to be wrong about Estonia and Latvia, assume it's wrong here too.
1640
1641 # From Marius Gedminas (1998-08-07):
1642 # I would like to inform that in this year Lithuanian time zone
1643 # (Europe/Vilnius) was changed.
1644
1645 # From ELTA No. 972 (2582) (1999-09-29) <http://www.elta.lt/>,
1646 # via Steffen Thorsen:
1647 # Lithuania has shifted back to the second time zone (GMT plus two hours)
1648 # to be valid here starting from October 31,
1649 # as decided by the national government on Wednesday....
1650 # The Lithuanian government also announced plans to consider a
1651 # motion to give up shifting to summer time in spring, as it was
1652 # already done by Estonia.
1653
1654 # From the Fact File, Lithuanian State Department of Tourism
1655 # <http://www.tourism.lt/informa/ff.htm> (2000-03-27):
1656 # Local time is GMT+2 hours ..., no daylight saving.
1657
1658 # From a user via Klaus Marten (2003-02-07):
1659 # As a candidate for membership of the European Union, Lithuania will
1660 # observe Summer Time in 2003, changing its clocks at the times laid
1661 # down in EU Directive 2000/84 of 19.I.01 (i.e. at the same times as its
1662 # neighbour Latvia). The text of the Lithuanian government Order of
1663 # 7.XI.02 to this effect can be found at
1664 # http://www.lrvk.lt/nut/11/n1749.htm
1665
1666
1667 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1668 Zone Europe/Vilnius 1:41:16 - LMT 1880
1669 1:24:00 - WMT 1917 # Warsaw Mean Time
1670 1:35:36 - KMT 1919 Oct 10 # Kaunas Mean Time
1671 1:00 - CET 1920 Jul 12
1672 2:00 - EET 1920 Oct 9
1673 1:00 - CET 1940 Aug 3
1674 3:00 - MSK 1941 Jun 24
1675 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Aug
1676 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
1677 2:00 1:00 EEST 1991 Sep 29 2:00s
1678 2:00 C-Eur EE%sT 1998
1679 2:00 - EET 1998 Mar 29 1:00u
1680 1:00 EU CE%sT 1999 Oct 31 1:00u
1681 2:00 - EET 2003 Jan 1
1682 2:00 EU EE%sT
1683
1684 # Luxembourg
1685 # Whitman disagrees with most of these dates in minor ways;
1686 # go with Shanks & Pottenger.
1687 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1688 Rule Lux 1916 only - May 14 23:00 1:00 S
1689 Rule Lux 1916 only - Oct 1 1:00 0 -
1690 Rule Lux 1917 only - Apr 28 23:00 1:00 S
1691 Rule Lux 1917 only - Sep 17 1:00 0 -
1692 Rule Lux 1918 only - Apr Mon>=15 2:00s 1:00 S
1693 Rule Lux 1918 only - Sep Mon>=15 2:00s 0 -
1694 Rule Lux 1919 only - Mar 1 23:00 1:00 S
1695 Rule Lux 1919 only - Oct 5 3:00 0 -
1696 Rule Lux 1920 only - Feb 14 23:00 1:00 S
1697 Rule Lux 1920 only - Oct 24 2:00 0 -
1698 Rule Lux 1921 only - Mar 14 23:00 1:00 S
1699 Rule Lux 1921 only - Oct 26 2:00 0 -
1700 Rule Lux 1922 only - Mar 25 23:00 1:00 S
1701 Rule Lux 1922 only - Oct Sun>=2 1:00 0 -
1702 Rule Lux 1923 only - Apr 21 23:00 1:00 S
1703 Rule Lux 1923 only - Oct Sun>=2 2:00 0 -
1704 Rule Lux 1924 only - Mar 29 23:00 1:00 S
1705 Rule Lux 1924 1928 - Oct Sun>=2 1:00 0 -
1706 Rule Lux 1925 only - Apr 5 23:00 1:00 S
1707 Rule Lux 1926 only - Apr 17 23:00 1:00 S
1708 Rule Lux 1927 only - Apr 9 23:00 1:00 S
1709 Rule Lux 1928 only - Apr 14 23:00 1:00 S
1710 Rule Lux 1929 only - Apr 20 23:00 1:00 S
1711 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1712 Zone Europe/Luxembourg 0:24:36 - LMT 1904 Jun
1713 1:00 Lux CE%sT 1918 Nov 25
1714 0:00 Lux WE%sT 1929 Oct 6 2:00s
1715 0:00 Belgium WE%sT 1940 May 14 3:00
1716 1:00 C-Eur WE%sT 1944 Sep 18 3:00
1717 1:00 Belgium CE%sT 1977
1718 1:00 EU CE%sT
1719
1720 # Macedonia
1721 # See Europe/Belgrade.
1722
1723 # Malta
1724 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1725 Rule Malta 1973 only - Mar 31 0:00s 1:00 S
1726 Rule Malta 1973 only - Sep 29 0:00s 0 -
1727 Rule Malta 1974 only - Apr 21 0:00s 1:00 S
1728 Rule Malta 1974 only - Sep 16 0:00s 0 -
1729 Rule Malta 1975 1979 - Apr Sun>=15 2:00 1:00 S
1730 Rule Malta 1975 1980 - Sep Sun>=15 2:00 0 -
1731 Rule Malta 1980 only - Mar 31 2:00 1:00 S
1732 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1733 Zone Europe/Malta 0:58:04 - LMT 1893 Nov 2 0:00s # Valletta
1734 1:00 Italy CE%sT 1942 Nov 2 2:00s
1735 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 Apr 2 2:00s
1736 1:00 Italy CE%sT 1973 Mar 31
1737 1:00 Malta CE%sT 1981
1738 1:00 EU CE%sT
1739
1740 # Moldova
1741
1742 # From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):
1743 # A previous version of this database followed Shanks & Pottenger, who write
1744 # that Tiraspol switched to Moscow time on 1992-01-19 at 02:00.
1745 # However, this is most likely an error, as Moldova declared independence
1746 # on 1991-08-27 (the 1992-01-19 date is that of a Russian decree).
1747 # In early 1992 there was large-scale interethnic violence in the area
1748 # and it's possible that some Russophones continued to observe Moscow time.
1749 # But [two people] separately reported via
1750 # Jesper Nørgaard that as of 2001-01-24 Tiraspol was like Chisinau.
1751 # The Tiraspol entry has therefore been removed for now.
1752 #
1753 # From Alexander Krivenyshev (2011-10-17):
1754 # Pridnestrovian Moldavian Republic (PMR, also known as
1755 # "Pridnestrovie") has abolished seasonal clock change (no transition
1756 # to the Winter Time).
1757 #
1758 # News (in Russian):
1759 # http://www.kyivpost.ua/russia/news/pridnestrove-otkazalos-ot-perehoda-na-zimnee-vremya-30954.html
1760 # http://www.allmoldova.com/moldova-news/1249064116.html
1761 #
1762 # The substance of this change (reinstatement of the Tiraspol entry)
1763 # is from a patch from Petr Machata (2011-10-17)
1764 #
1765 # From Tim Parenti (2011-10-19)
1766 # In addition, being situated at +4651+2938 would give Tiraspol
1767 # a pre-1880 LMT offset of 1:58:32.
1768 #
1769 # (which agrees with the earlier entry that had been removed)
1770 #
1771 # From Alexander Krivenyshev (2011-10-26)
1772 # NO need to divide Moldova into two timezones at this point.
1773 # As of today, Transnistria (Pridnestrovie)- Tiraspol reversed its own
1774 # decision to abolish DST this winter.
1775 # Following Moldova and neighboring Ukraine- Transnistria (Pridnestrovie)-
1776 # Tiraspol will go back to winter time on October 30, 2011.
1777 # News from Moldova (in russian):
1778 # http://ru.publika.md/link_317061.html
1779
1780
1781 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1782 Zone Europe/Chisinau 1:55:20 - LMT 1880
1783 1:55 - CMT 1918 Feb 15 # Chisinau MT
1784 1:44:24 - BMT 1931 Jul 24 # Bucharest MT
1785 2:00 Romania EE%sT 1940 Aug 15
1786 2:00 1:00 EEST 1941 Jul 17
1787 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Aug 24
1788 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1990
1789 3:00 - MSK 1990 May 6
1790 2:00 - EET 1991
1791 2:00 Russia EE%sT 1992
1792 2:00 E-Eur EE%sT 1997
1793 # See Romania commentary for the guessed 1997 transition to EU rules.
1794 2:00 EU EE%sT
1795
1796 # Monaco
1797 # Shanks & Pottenger give 0:09:20 for Paris Mean Time; go with Howse's
1798 # more precise 0:09:21.
1799 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1800 Zone Europe/Monaco 0:29:32 - LMT 1891 Mar 15
1801 0:09:21 - PMT 1911 Mar 11 # Paris Mean Time
1802 0:00 France WE%sT 1945 Sep 16 3:00
1803 1:00 France CE%sT 1977
1804 1:00 EU CE%sT
1805
1806 # Montenegro
1807 # See Europe/Belgrade.
1808
1809 # Netherlands
1810
1811 # Howse writes that the Netherlands' railways used GMT between 1892 and 1940,
1812 # but for other purposes the Netherlands used Amsterdam mean time.
1813
1814 # However, Robert H. van Gent writes (2001-04-01):
1815 # Howse's statement is only correct up to 1909. From 1909-05-01 (00:00:00
1816 # Amsterdam mean time) onwards, the whole of the Netherlands (including
1817 # the Dutch railways) was required by law to observe Amsterdam mean time
1818 # (19 minutes 32.13 seconds ahead of GMT). This had already been the
1819 # common practice (except for the railways) for many decades but it was
1820 # not until 1909 when the Dutch government finally defined this by law.
1821 # On 1937-07-01 this was changed to 20 minutes (exactly) ahead of GMT and
1822 # was generally known as Dutch Time ("Nederlandse Tijd").
1823 #
1824 # (2001-04-08):
1825 # 1892-05-01 was the date when the Dutch railways were by law required to
1826 # observe GMT while the remainder of the Netherlands adhered to the common
1827 # practice of following Amsterdam mean time.
1828 #
1829 # (2001-04-09):
1830 # In 1835 the authorities of the province of North Holland requested the
1831 # municipal authorities of the towns and cities in the province to observe
1832 # Amsterdam mean time but I do not know in how many cases this request was
1833 # actually followed.
1834 #
1835 # From 1852 onwards the Dutch telegraph offices were by law required to
1836 # observe Amsterdam mean time. As the time signals from the observatory of
1837 # Leiden were also distributed by the telegraph system, I assume that most
1838 # places linked up with the telegraph (and railway) system automatically
1839 # adopted Amsterdam mean time.
1840 #
1841 # Although the early Dutch railway companies initially observed a variety
1842 # of times, most of them had adopted Amsterdam mean time by 1858 but it
1843 # was not until 1866 when they were all required by law to observe
1844 # Amsterdam mean time.
1845
1846 # The data entries before 1945 are taken from
1847 # http://www.phys.uu.nl/~vgent/wettijd/wettijd.htm
1848
1849 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1850 Rule Neth 1916 only - May 1 0:00 1:00 NST # Netherlands Summer Time
1851 Rule Neth 1916 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 AMT # Amsterdam Mean Time
1852 Rule Neth 1917 only - Apr 16 2:00s 1:00 NST
1853 Rule Neth 1917 only - Sep 17 2:00s 0 AMT
1854 Rule Neth 1918 1921 - Apr Mon>=1 2:00s 1:00 NST
1855 Rule Neth 1918 1921 - Sep lastMon 2:00s 0 AMT
1856 Rule Neth 1922 only - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 NST
1857 Rule Neth 1922 1936 - Oct Sun>=2 2:00s 0 AMT
1858 Rule Neth 1923 only - Jun Fri>=1 2:00s 1:00 NST
1859 Rule Neth 1924 only - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 NST
1860 Rule Neth 1925 only - Jun Fri>=1 2:00s 1:00 NST
1861 # From 1926 through 1939 DST began 05-15, except that it was delayed by a week
1862 # in years when 05-15 fell in the Pentecost weekend.
1863 Rule Neth 1926 1931 - May 15 2:00s 1:00 NST
1864 Rule Neth 1932 only - May 22 2:00s 1:00 NST
1865 Rule Neth 1933 1936 - May 15 2:00s 1:00 NST
1866 Rule Neth 1937 only - May 22 2:00s 1:00 NST
1867 Rule Neth 1937 only - Jul 1 0:00 1:00 S
1868 Rule Neth 1937 1939 - Oct Sun>=2 2:00s 0 -
1869 Rule Neth 1938 1939 - May 15 2:00s 1:00 S
1870 Rule Neth 1945 only - Apr 2 2:00s 1:00 S
1871 Rule Neth 1945 only - Sep 16 2:00s 0 -
1872 #
1873 # Amsterdam Mean Time was +00:19:32.13 exactly, but the .13 is omitted
1874 # below because the current format requires GMTOFF to be an integer.
1875 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1876 Zone Europe/Amsterdam 0:19:32 - LMT 1835
1877 0:19:32 Neth %s 1937 Jul 1
1878 0:20 Neth NE%sT 1940 May 16 0:00 # Dutch Time
1879 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 Apr 2 2:00
1880 1:00 Neth CE%sT 1977
1881 1:00 EU CE%sT
1882
1883 # Norway
1884 # http://met.no/met/met_lex/q_u/sommertid.html (2004-01) agrees with Shanks &
1885 # Pottenger.
1886 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1887 Rule Norway 1916 only - May 22 1:00 1:00 S
1888 Rule Norway 1916 only - Sep 30 0:00 0 -
1889 Rule Norway 1945 only - Apr 2 2:00s 1:00 S
1890 Rule Norway 1945 only - Oct 1 2:00s 0 -
1891 Rule Norway 1959 1964 - Mar Sun>=15 2:00s 1:00 S
1892 Rule Norway 1959 1965 - Sep Sun>=15 2:00s 0 -
1893 Rule Norway 1965 only - Apr 25 2:00s 1:00 S
1894 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1895 Zone Europe/Oslo 0:43:00 - LMT 1895 Jan 1
1896 1:00 Norway CE%sT 1940 Aug 10 23:00
1897 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 Apr 2 2:00
1898 1:00 Norway CE%sT 1980
1899 1:00 EU CE%sT
1900
1901 # Svalbard & Jan Mayen
1902
1903 # From Steffen Thorsen (2001-05-01):
1904 # Although I could not find it explicitly, it seems that Jan Mayen and
1905 # Svalbard have been using the same time as Norway at least since the
1906 # time they were declared as parts of Norway. Svalbard was declared
1907 # as a part of Norway by law of 1925-07-17 no 11, section 4 and Jan
1908 # Mayen by law of 1930-02-27 no 2, section 2. (From
1909 # <http://www.lovdata.no/all/nl-19250717-011.html> and
1910 # <http://www.lovdata.no/all/nl-19300227-002.html>). The law/regulation
1911 # for normal/standard time in Norway is from 1894-06-29 no 1 (came
1912 # into operation on 1895-01-01) and Svalbard/Jan Mayen seem to be a
1913 # part of this law since 1925/1930. (From
1914 # <http://www.lovdata.no/all/nl-18940629-001.html>) I have not been
1915 # able to find if Jan Mayen used a different time zone (e.g. -0100)
1916 # before 1930. Jan Mayen has only been "inhabited" since 1921 by
1917 # Norwegian meteorologists and maybe used the same time as Norway ever
1918 # since 1921. Svalbard (Arctic/Longyearbyen) has been inhabited since
1919 # before 1895, and therefore probably changed the local time somewhere
1920 # between 1895 and 1925 (inclusive).
1921
1922 # From Paul Eggert (2013-09-04):
1923 #
1924 # Actually, Jan Mayen was never occupied by Germany during World War II,
1925 # so it must have diverged from Oslo time during the war, as Oslo was
1926 # keeping Berlin time.
1927 #
1928 # <http://home.no.net/janmayen/history.htm> says that the meteorologists
1929 # burned down their station in 1940 and left the island, but returned in
1930 # 1941 with a small Norwegian garrison and continued operations despite
1931 # frequent air attacks from Germans. In 1943 the Americans established a
1932 # radiolocating station on the island, called "Atlantic City". Possibly
1933 # the UT offset changed during the war, but I think it unlikely that
1934 # Jan Mayen used German daylight-saving rules.
1935 #
1936 # Svalbard is more complicated, as it was raided in August 1941 by an
1937 # Allied party that evacuated the civilian population to England (says
1938 # <http://www.bartleby.com/65/sv/Svalbard.html>). The Svalbard FAQ
1939 # <http://www.svalbard.com/SvalbardFAQ.html> says that the Germans were
1940 # expelled on 1942-05-14. However, small parties of Germans did return,
1941 # and according to Wilhelm Dege's book "War North of 80" (1954)
1942 # http://www.ucalgary.ca/UofC/departments/UP/1-55238/1-55238-110-2.html
1943 # the German armed forces at the Svalbard weather station code-named
1944 # Haudegen did not surrender to the Allies until September 1945.
1945 #
1946 # All these events predate our cutoff date of 1970, so use Europe/Oslo
1947 # for these regions.
1948 Link Europe/Oslo Arctic/Longyearbyen
1949
1950 # Poland
1951
1952 # The 1919 dates and times can be found in Tygodnik Urzędowy nr 1 (1919-03-20),
1953 # <http://www.wbc.poznan.pl/publication/32156> pp 1-2.
1954
1955 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1956 Rule Poland 1918 1919 - Sep 16 2:00s 0 -
1957 Rule Poland 1919 only - Apr 15 2:00s 1:00 S
1958 Rule Poland 1944 only - Apr 3 2:00s 1:00 S
1959 # Whitman gives 1944 Nov 30; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
1960 Rule Poland 1944 only - Oct 4 2:00 0 -
1961 # For 1944-1948 Whitman gives the previous day; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
1962 Rule Poland 1945 only - Apr 29 0:00 1:00 S
1963 Rule Poland 1945 only - Nov 1 0:00 0 -
1964 # For 1946 on the source is Kazimierz Borkowski,
1965 # Toruń Center for Astronomy, Dept. of Radio Astronomy, Nicolaus Copernicus U.,
1966 # http://www.astro.uni.torun.pl/~kb/Artykuly/U-PA/Czas2.htm#tth_tAb1
1967 # Thanks to Przemysław Augustyniak (2005-05-28) for this reference.
1968 # He also gives these further references:
1969 # Mon Pol nr 13, poz 162 (1995) <http://www.abc.com.pl/serwis/mp/1995/0162.htm>
1970 # Druk nr 2180 (2003) <http://www.senat.gov.pl/k5/dok/sejm/053/2180.pdf>
1971 Rule Poland 1946 only - Apr 14 0:00s 1:00 S
1972 Rule Poland 1946 only - Oct 7 2:00s 0 -
1973 Rule Poland 1947 only - May 4 2:00s 1:00 S
1974 Rule Poland 1947 1949 - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
1975 Rule Poland 1948 only - Apr 18 2:00s 1:00 S
1976 Rule Poland 1949 only - Apr 10 2:00s 1:00 S
1977 Rule Poland 1957 only - Jun 2 1:00s 1:00 S
1978 Rule Poland 1957 1958 - Sep lastSun 1:00s 0 -
1979 Rule Poland 1958 only - Mar 30 1:00s 1:00 S
1980 Rule Poland 1959 only - May 31 1:00s 1:00 S
1981 Rule Poland 1959 1961 - Oct Sun>=1 1:00s 0 -
1982 Rule Poland 1960 only - Apr 3 1:00s 1:00 S
1983 Rule Poland 1961 1964 - May lastSun 1:00s 1:00 S
1984 Rule Poland 1962 1964 - Sep lastSun 1:00s 0 -
1985 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1986 Zone Europe/Warsaw 1:24:00 - LMT 1880
1987 1:24:00 - WMT 1915 Aug 5 # Warsaw Mean Time
1988 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1918 Sep 16 3:00
1989 2:00 Poland EE%sT 1922 Jun
1990 1:00 Poland CE%sT 1940 Jun 23 2:00
1991 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Oct
1992 1:00 Poland CE%sT 1977
1993 1:00 W-Eur CE%sT 1988
1994 1:00 EU CE%sT
1995
1996 # Portugal
1997 #
1998 # From Paul Eggert (2014-08-11), after a heads-up from Stephen Colebourne:
1999 # According to a Portuguese decree (1911-05-26)
2000 # http://dre.pt/pdf1sdip/1911/05/12500/23132313.pdf
2001 # Lisbon was at -0:36:44.68, but switched to GMT on 1912-01-01 at 00:00.
2002 # Round the old offset to -0:36:45. This agrees with Willett but disagrees
2003 # with Shanks, who says the transition occurred on 1911-05-24 at 00:00 for
2004 # Europe/Lisbon, Atlantic/Azores, and Atlantic/Madeira.
2005 #
2006 # From Rui Pedro Salgueiro (1992-11-12):
2007 # Portugal has recently (September, 27) changed timezone
2008 # (from WET to MET or CET) to harmonize with EEC.
2009 #
2010 # Martin Bruckmann (1996-02-29) reports via Peter Ilieve
2011 # that Portugal is reverting to 0:00 by not moving its clocks this spring.
2012 # The new Prime Minister was fed up with getting up in the dark in the winter.
2013 #
2014 # From Paul Eggert (1996-11-12):
2015 # IATA SSIM (1991-09) reports several 1991-09 and 1992-09 transitions
2016 # at 02:00u, not 01:00u. Assume that these are typos.
2017 # IATA SSIM (1991/1992) reports that the Azores were at -1:00.
2018 # IATA SSIM (1993-02) says +0:00; later issues (through 1996-09) say -1:00.
2019 # Guess that the Azores changed to EU rules in 1992 (since that's when Portugal
2020 # harmonized with the EU), and that they stayed +0:00 that winter.
2021 #
2022 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
2023 # DSH writes that despite Decree 1,469 (1915), the change to the clocks was not
2024 # done every year, depending on what Spain did, because of railroad schedules.
2025 # Go with Shanks & Pottenger.
2026 Rule Port 1916 only - Jun 17 23:00 1:00 S
2027 # Whitman gives 1916 Oct 31; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
2028 Rule Port 1916 only - Nov 1 1:00 0 -
2029 Rule Port 1917 only - Feb 28 23:00s 1:00 S
2030 Rule Port 1917 1921 - Oct 14 23:00s 0 -
2031 Rule Port 1918 only - Mar 1 23:00s 1:00 S
2032 Rule Port 1919 only - Feb 28 23:00s 1:00 S
2033 Rule Port 1920 only - Feb 29 23:00s 1:00 S
2034 Rule Port 1921 only - Feb 28 23:00s 1:00 S
2035 Rule Port 1924 only - Apr 16 23:00s 1:00 S
2036 Rule Port 1924 only - Oct 14 23:00s 0 -
2037 Rule Port 1926 only - Apr 17 23:00s 1:00 S
2038 Rule Port 1926 1929 - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 -
2039 Rule Port 1927 only - Apr 9 23:00s 1:00 S
2040 Rule Port 1928 only - Apr 14 23:00s 1:00 S
2041 Rule Port 1929 only - Apr 20 23:00s 1:00 S
2042 Rule Port 1931 only - Apr 18 23:00s 1:00 S
2043 # Whitman gives 1931 Oct 8; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
2044 Rule Port 1931 1932 - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 -
2045 Rule Port 1932 only - Apr 2 23:00s 1:00 S
2046 Rule Port 1934 only - Apr 7 23:00s 1:00 S
2047 # Whitman gives 1934 Oct 5; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
2048 Rule Port 1934 1938 - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 -
2049 # Shanks & Pottenger give 1935 Apr 30; go with Whitman.
2050 Rule Port 1935 only - Mar 30 23:00s 1:00 S
2051 Rule Port 1936 only - Apr 18 23:00s 1:00 S
2052 # Whitman gives 1937 Apr 2; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
2053 Rule Port 1937 only - Apr 3 23:00s 1:00 S
2054 Rule Port 1938 only - Mar 26 23:00s 1:00 S
2055 Rule Port 1939 only - Apr 15 23:00s 1:00 S
2056 # Whitman gives 1939 Oct 7; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
2057 Rule Port 1939 only - Nov 18 23:00s 0 -
2058 Rule Port 1940 only - Feb 24 23:00s 1:00 S
2059 # Shanks & Pottenger give 1940 Oct 7; go with Whitman.
2060 Rule Port 1940 1941 - Oct 5 23:00s 0 -
2061 Rule Port 1941 only - Apr 5 23:00s 1:00 S
2062 Rule Port 1942 1945 - Mar Sat>=8 23:00s 1:00 S
2063 Rule Port 1942 only - Apr 25 22:00s 2:00 M # Midsummer
2064 Rule Port 1942 only - Aug 15 22:00s 1:00 S
2065 Rule Port 1942 1945 - Oct Sat>=24 23:00s 0 -
2066 Rule Port 1943 only - Apr 17 22:00s 2:00 M
2067 Rule Port 1943 1945 - Aug Sat>=25 22:00s 1:00 S
2068 Rule Port 1944 1945 - Apr Sat>=21 22:00s 2:00 M
2069 Rule Port 1946 only - Apr Sat>=1 23:00s 1:00 S
2070 Rule Port 1946 only - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 -
2071 Rule Port 1947 1949 - Apr Sun>=1 2:00s 1:00 S
2072 Rule Port 1947 1949 - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
2073 # Shanks & Pottenger say DST was observed in 1950; go with Whitman.
2074 # Whitman gives Oct lastSun for 1952 on; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
2075 Rule Port 1951 1965 - Apr Sun>=1 2:00s 1:00 S
2076 Rule Port 1951 1965 - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
2077 Rule Port 1977 only - Mar 27 0:00s 1:00 S
2078 Rule Port 1977 only - Sep 25 0:00s 0 -
2079 Rule Port 1978 1979 - Apr Sun>=1 0:00s 1:00 S
2080 Rule Port 1978 only - Oct 1 0:00s 0 -
2081 Rule Port 1979 1982 - Sep lastSun 1:00s 0 -
2082 Rule Port 1980 only - Mar lastSun 0:00s 1:00 S
2083 Rule Port 1981 1982 - Mar lastSun 1:00s 1:00 S
2084 Rule Port 1983 only - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 S
2085 #
2086 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
2087 Zone Europe/Lisbon -0:36:45 - LMT 1884
2088 -0:36:45 - LMT 1912 Jan 1 # Lisbon Mean Time
2089 0:00 Port WE%sT 1966 Apr 3 2:00
2090 1:00 - CET 1976 Sep 26 1:00
2091 0:00 Port WE%sT 1983 Sep 25 1:00s
2092 0:00 W-Eur WE%sT 1992 Sep 27 1:00s
2093 1:00 EU CE%sT 1996 Mar 31 1:00u
2094 0:00 EU WE%sT
2095 Zone Atlantic/Azores -1:42:40 - LMT 1884 # Ponta Delgada
2096 -1:54:32 - HMT 1912 Jan 1 # Horta Mean Time
2097 -2:00 Port AZO%sT 1966 Apr 3 2:00 # Azores Time
2098 -1:00 Port AZO%sT 1983 Sep 25 1:00s
2099 -1:00 W-Eur AZO%sT 1992 Sep 27 1:00s
2100 0:00 EU WE%sT 1993 Mar 28 1:00u
2101 -1:00 EU AZO%sT
2102 Zone Atlantic/Madeira -1:07:36 - LMT 1884 # Funchal
2103 -1:07:36 - FMT 1912 Jan 1 # Funchal Mean Time
2104 -1:00 Port MAD%sT 1966 Apr 3 2:00 # Madeira Time
2105 0:00 Port WE%sT 1983 Sep 25 1:00s
2106 0:00 EU WE%sT
2107
2108 # Romania
2109 #
2110 # From Paul Eggert (1999-10-07):
2111 # Nine O'clock <http://www.nineoclock.ro/POL/1778pol.html>
2112 # (1998-10-23) reports that the switch occurred at
2113 # 04:00 local time in fall 1998. For lack of better info,
2114 # assume that Romania and Moldova switched to EU rules in 1997,
2115 # the same year as Bulgaria.
2116 #
2117 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
2118 Rule Romania 1932 only - May 21 0:00s 1:00 S
2119 Rule Romania 1932 1939 - Oct Sun>=1 0:00s 0 -
2120 Rule Romania 1933 1939 - Apr Sun>=2 0:00s 1:00 S
2121 Rule Romania 1979 only - May 27 0:00 1:00 S
2122 Rule Romania 1979 only - Sep lastSun 0:00 0 -
2123 Rule Romania 1980 only - Apr 5 23:00 1:00 S
2124 Rule Romania 1980 only - Sep lastSun 1:00 0 -
2125 Rule Romania 1991 1993 - Mar lastSun 0:00s 1:00 S
2126 Rule Romania 1991 1993 - Sep lastSun 0:00s 0 -
2127 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
2128 Zone Europe/Bucharest 1:44:24 - LMT 1891 Oct
2129 1:44:24 - BMT 1931 Jul 24 # Bucharest MT
2130 2:00 Romania EE%sT 1981 Mar 29 2:00s
2131 2:00 C-Eur EE%sT 1991
2132 2:00 Romania EE%sT 1994
2133 2:00 E-Eur EE%sT 1997
2134 2:00 EU EE%sT
2135
2136
2137 # Russia
2138
2139 # From Alexander Krivenyshev (2011-09-15):
2140 # Based on last Russian Government Decree # 725 on August 31, 2011
2141 # (Government document
2142 # http://www.government.ru/gov/results/16355/print/
2143 # in Russian)
2144 # there are few corrections have to be made for some Russian time zones...
2145 # All updated Russian Time Zones were placed in table and translated to English
2146 # by WorldTimeZone.com at the link below:
2147 # http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_russia36.htm
2148
2149 # From Sanjeev Gupta (2011-09-27):
2150 # Scans of [Decree #23 of January 8, 1992] are available at:
2151 # http://government.consultant.ru/page.aspx?1223966
2152 # They are in Cyrillic letters (presumably Russian).
2153
2154 # From Arthur David Olson (2012-05-09):
2155 # Regarding the instant when clocks in time-zone-shifting parts of Russia
2156 # changed in September 2011:
2157 #
2158 # One source is
2159 # http://government.ru/gov/results/16355/
2160 # which, according to translate.google.com, begins "Decree of August 31,
2161 # 2011 No 725" and contains no other dates or "effective date" information.
2162 #
2163 # Another source is
2164 # http://www.rg.ru/2011/09/06/chas-zona-dok.html
2165 # which, according to translate.google.com, begins "Resolution of the
2166 # Government of the Russian Federation on August 31, 2011 N 725" and also
2167 # contains "Date first official publication: September 6, 2011 Posted on:
2168 # in the 'RG' - Federal Issue number 5573 September 6, 2011" but which
2169 # does not contain any "effective date" information.
2170 #
2171 # Another source is
2172 # http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oymyakonsky_District#cite_note-RuTime-7
2173 # which, in note 8, contains "Resolution #725 of August 31, 2011...
2174 # Effective as of after 7 days following the day of the official publication"
2175 # but which does not contain any reference to September 6, 2011.
2176 #
2177 # The Wikipedia article refers to
2178 # http://base.consultant.ru/cons/cgi/online.cgi?req=doc;base=LAW;n=118896
2179 # which seems to copy the text of the government.ru page.
2180 #
2181 # Tobias Conradi combines Wikipedia's
2182 # "as of after 7 days following the day of the official publication"
2183 # with www.rg.ru's "Date of first official publication: September 6, 2011" to
2184 # get September 13, 2011 as the cutover date (unusually, a Tuesday, as Tobias
2185 # Conradi notes).
2186 #
2187 # None of the sources indicates a time of day for changing clocks.
2188 #
2189 # Go with 2011-09-13 0:00s.
2190
2191 # From Alexander Krivenyshev (2014-07-01):
2192 # According to the Russian news (ITAR-TASS News Agency)
2193 # http://en.itar-tass.com/russia/738562
2194 # the State Duma has approved ... the draft bill on returning to
2195 # winter time standard and return Russia 11 time zones. The new
2196 # regulations will come into effect on October 26, 2014 at 02:00 ...
2197 # http://asozd2.duma.gov.ru/main.nsf/%28Spravka%29?OpenAgent&RN=431985-6&02
2198 # Here is a link where we put together table (based on approved Bill N
2199 # 431985-6) with proposed 11 Russian time zones and corresponding
2200 # areas/cities/administrative centers in the Russian Federation (in English):
2201 # http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_russia65.html
2202 #
2203 # From Alexander Krivenyshev (2014-07-22):
2204 # Putin signed the Federal Law 431985-6 ... (in Russian)
2205 # http://itar-tass.com/obschestvo/1333711
2206 # http://www.pravo.gov.ru:8080/page.aspx?111660
2207 # http://www.kremlin.ru/acts/46279
2208 # From October 26, 2014 the new Russian time zone map will looks like this:
2209 # http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_russia-map-2014-07.html
2210
2211 # From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):
2212 # Except for Moscow after 1919-07-01, I invented the time zone abbreviations.
2213 # Moscow time zone abbreviations after 1919-07-01, and Moscow rules after 1991,
2214 # are from Andrey A. Chernov. The rest is from Shanks & Pottenger,
2215 # except we follow Chernov's report that 1992 DST transitions were Sat
2216 # 23:00, not Sun 02:00s.
2217 #
2218 # From Stanislaw A. Kuzikowski (1994-06-29):
2219 # But now it is some months since Novosibirsk is 3 hours ahead of Moscow!
2220 # I do not know why they have decided to make this change;
2221 # as far as I remember it was done exactly during winter->summer switching
2222 # so we (Novosibirsk) simply did not switch.
2223 #
2224 # From Andrey A. Chernov (1996-10-04):
2225 # 'MSK' and 'MSD' were born and used initially on Moscow computers with
2226 # UNIX-like OSes by several developer groups (e.g. Demos group, Kiae group)....
2227 # The next step was the UUCP network, the Relcom predecessor
2228 # (used mainly for mail), and MSK/MSD was actively used there.
2229 #
2230 # From Chris Carrier (1996-10-30):
2231 # According to a friend of mine who rode the Trans-Siberian Railroad from
2232 # Moscow to Irkutsk in 1995, public air and rail transport in Russia ...
2233 # still follows Moscow time, no matter where in Russia it is located.
2234 #
2235 # For Grozny, Chechnya, we have the following story from
2236 # John Daniszewski, "Scavengers in the Rubble", Los Angeles Times (2001-02-07):
2237 # News - often false - is spread by word of mouth. A rumor that it was
2238 # time to move the clocks back put this whole city out of sync with
2239 # the rest of Russia for two weeks - even soldiers stationed here began
2240 # enforcing curfew at the wrong time.
2241 #
2242 # From Gwillim Law (2001-06-05):
2243 # There's considerable evidence that Sakhalin Island used to be in
2244 # UTC+11, and has changed to UTC+10, in this decade. I start with the
2245 # SSIM, which listed Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk in zone RU10 along with Magadan
2246 # until February 1997, and then in RU9 with Khabarovsk and Vladivostok
2247 # since September 1997.... Although the Kuril Islands are
2248 # administratively part of Sakhalin oblast', they appear to have
2249 # remained on UTC+11 along with Magadan.
2250
2251 # From Tim Parenti (2014-07-06):
2252 # The comments detailing the coverage of each Russian zone are meant to assist
2253 # with maintenance only and represent our best guesses as to which regions
2254 # are covered by each zone. They are not meant to be taken as an authoritative
2255 # listing. The region codes listed come from
2256 # http://en.wikipedia.org/w/?title=Federal_subjects_of_Russia&oldid=611810498
2257 # and are used for convenience only; no guarantees are made regarding their
2258 # future stability. ISO 3166-2:RU codes are also listed for first-level
2259 # divisions where available.
2260
2261 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
2262
2263
2264 # From Tim Parenti (2014-07-03):
2265 # Europe/Kaliningrad covers...
2266 # 39 RU-KGD Kaliningrad Oblast
2267
2268 Zone Europe/Kaliningrad 1:22:00 - LMT 1893 Apr
2269 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945
2270 2:00 Poland CE%sT 1946
2271 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2272 2:00 Russia EE%sT 2011 Mar 27 2:00s
2273 3:00 - FET 2014 Oct 26 2:00s
2274 2:00 - EET
2275
2276
2277 # From Tim Parenti (2014-07-03), per Oscar van Vlijmen (2001-08-25):
2278 # Europe/Moscow covers...
2279 # 01 RU-AD Adygea, Republic of
2280 # 05 RU-DA Dagestan, Republic of
2281 # 06 RU-IN Ingushetia, Republic of
2282 # 07 RU-KB Kabardino-Balkar Republic
2283 # 08 RU-KL Kalmykia, Republic of
2284 # 09 RU-KC Karachay-Cherkess Republic
2285 # 10 RU-KR Karelia, Republic of
2286 # 11 RU-KO Komi Republic
2287 # 12 RU-ME Mari El Republic
2288 # 13 RU-MO Mordovia, Republic of
2289 # 15 RU-SE North Ossetia-Alania, Republic of
2290 # 16 RU-TA Tatarstan, Republic of
2291 # 20 RU-CE Chechen Republic
2292 # 21 RU-CU Chuvash Republic
2293 # 23 RU-KDA Krasnodar Krai
2294 # 26 RU-STA Stavropol Krai
2295 # 29 RU-ARK Arkhangelsk Oblast
2296 # 31 RU-BEL Belgorod Oblast
2297 # 32 RU-BRY Bryansk Oblast
2298 # 33 RU-VLA Vladimir Oblast
2299 # 35 RU-VLG Vologda Oblast
2300 # 36 RU-VOR Voronezh Oblast
2301 # 37 RU-IVA Ivanovo Oblast
2302 # 40 RU-KLU Kaluga Oblast
2303 # 44 RU-KOS Kostroma Oblast
2304 # 46 RU-KRS Kursk Oblast
2305 # 47 RU-LEN Leningrad Oblast
2306 # 48 RU-LIP Lipetsk Oblast
2307 # 50 RU-MOS Moscow Oblast
2308 # 51 RU-MUR Murmansk Oblast
2309 # 52 RU-NIZ Nizhny Novgorod Oblast
2310 # 53 RU-NGR Novgorod Oblast
2311 # 57 RU-ORL Oryol Oblast
2312 # 58 RU-PNZ Penza Oblast
2313 # 60 RU-PSK Pskov Oblast
2314 # 61 RU-ROS Rostov Oblast
2315 # 62 RU-RYA Ryazan Oblast
2316 # 67 RU-SMO Smolensk Oblast
2317 # 68 RU-TAM Tambov Oblast
2318 # 69 RU-TVE Tver Oblast
2319 # 71 RU-TUL Tula Oblast
2320 # 73 RU-ULY Ulyanovsk Oblast
2321 # 76 RU-YAR Yaroslavl Oblast
2322 # 77 RU-MOW Moscow
2323 # 78 RU-SPE Saint Petersburg
2324 # 83 RU-NEN Nenets Autonomous Okrug
2325
2326 # From Vladimir Karpinsky (2014-07-08):
2327 # LMT in Moscow (before Jul 3, 1916) is 2:30:17, that was defined by Moscow
2328 # Observatory (coordinates: 55 deg. 45'29.70", 37 deg. 34'05.30")....
2329 # LMT in Moscow since Jul 3, 1916 is 2:31:01 as a result of new standard.
2330 # (The info is from the book by Byalokoz ... p. 18.)
2331 # The time in St. Petersburg as capital of Russia was defined by
2332 # Pulkov observatory, near St. Petersburg. In 1916 LMT Moscow
2333 # was synchronized with LMT St. Petersburg (+30 minutes), (Pulkov observatory
2334 # coordinates: 59 deg. 46'18.70", 30 deg. 19'40.70") so 30 deg. 19'40.70" >
2335 # 2h01m18.7s = 2:01:19. LMT Moscow = LMT St.Petersburg + 30m 2:01:19 + 0:30 =
2336 # 2:31:19 ...
2337 #
2338 # From Paul Eggert (2014-07-08):
2339 # Milne does not list Moscow, but suggests that its time might be listed in
2340 # Résumés mensuels et annuels des observations météorologiques (1895).
2341 # Presumably this is OCLC 85825704, a journal published with parallel text in
2342 # Russian and French. This source has not been located; go with Karpinsky.
2343
2344 Zone Europe/Moscow 2:30:17 - LMT 1880
2345 2:30:17 - MMT 1916 Jul 3 # Moscow Mean Time
2346 2:31:19 Russia %s 1919 Jul 1 2:00
2347 3:00 Russia %s 1921 Oct
2348 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1922 Oct
2349 2:00 - EET 1930 Jun 21
2350 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2351 2:00 Russia EE%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
2352 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 2011 Mar 27 2:00s
2353 4:00 - MSK 2014 Oct 26 2:00s
2354 3:00 - MSK
2355
2356
2357 # From Tim Parenti (2014-07-03):
2358 # Europe/Simferopol covers...
2359 # ** **** Crimea, Republic of
2360 # ** **** Sevastopol
2361
2362 Zone Europe/Simferopol 2:16:24 - LMT 1880
2363 2:16 - SMT 1924 May 2 # Simferopol Mean T
2364 2:00 - EET 1930 Jun 21
2365 3:00 - MSK 1941 Nov
2366 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Apr 13
2367 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1990
2368 3:00 - MSK 1990 Jul 1 2:00
2369 2:00 - EET 1992
2370 # Central Crimea used Moscow time 1994/1997.
2371 #
2372 # From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):
2373 # The _Economist_ (1994-05-28, p 45) reports that central Crimea switched
2374 # from Kiev to Moscow time sometime after the January 1994 elections.
2375 # Shanks (1999) says "date of change uncertain", but implies that it happened
2376 # sometime between the 1994 DST switches. Shanks & Pottenger simply say
2377 # 1994-09-25 03:00, but that can't be right. For now, guess it
2378 # changed in May.
2379 2:00 E-Eur EE%sT 1994 May
2380 # From IATA SSIM (1994/1997), which also says that Kerch is still like Kiev.
2381 3:00 E-Eur MSK/MSD 1996 Mar 31 3:00s
2382 3:00 1:00 MSD 1996 Oct 27 3:00s
2383 # IATA SSIM (1997-09) says Crimea switched to EET/EEST.
2384 # Assume it happened in March by not changing the clocks.
2385 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1997
2386 3:00 - MSK 1997 Mar lastSun 1:00u
2387 # From Alexander Krivenyshev (2014-03-17):
2388 # time change at 2:00 (2am) on March 30, 2014
2389 # http://vz.ru/news/2014/3/17/677464.html
2390 # From Paul Eggert (2014-03-30):
2391 # Simferopol and Sevastopol reportedly changed their central town clocks
2392 # late the previous day, but this appears to have been ceremonial
2393 # and the discrepancies are small enough to not worry about.
2394 2:00 EU EE%sT 2014 Mar 30 2:00
2395 4:00 - MSK 2014 Oct 26 2:00s
2396 3:00 - MSK
2397
2398
2399 # From Tim Parenti (2014-07-03):
2400 # Europe/Volgograd covers...
2401 # 30 RU-AST Astrakhan Oblast
2402 # 34 RU-VGG Volgograd Oblast
2403 # 43 RU-KIR Kirov Oblast
2404 # 64 RU-SAR Saratov Oblast
2405
2406 # From Paul Eggert (2006-05-09):
2407 # Shanks & Pottenger say Kirov is still at +0400 but Wikipedia says +0300.
2408 # Perhaps it switched after the others? But we have no data.
2409
2410 Zone Europe/Volgograd 2:57:40 - LMT 1920 Jan 3
2411 3:00 - TSAT 1925 Apr 6 # Tsaritsyn Time
2412 3:00 - STAT 1930 Jun 21 # Stalingrad Time
2413 4:00 - STAT 1961 Nov 11
2414 4:00 Russia VOL%sT 1989 Mar 26 2:00s # Volgograd T
2415 3:00 Russia VOL%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2416 4:00 - VOLT 1992 Mar 29 2:00s
2417 3:00 Russia MSK 2011 Mar 27 2:00s
2418 4:00 - MSK 2014 Oct 26 2:00s
2419 3:00 - MSK
2420
2421
2422 # From Tim Parenti (2014-07-03), per Oscar van Vlijmen (2001-08-25):
2423 # Europe/Samara covers...
2424 # 18 RU-UD Udmurt Republic
2425 # 63 RU-SAM Samara Oblast
2426
2427 # Byalokoz 1919 says Samara was 3:20:20.
2428
2429 Zone Europe/Samara 3:20:20 - LMT 1919 Jul 1 2:00
2430 3:00 - SAMT 1930 Jun 21
2431 4:00 - SAMT 1935 Jan 27
2432 4:00 Russia KUY%sT 1989 Mar 26 2:00s # Kuybyshev
2433 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2434 2:00 Russia EE%sT 1991 Sep 29 2:00s
2435 3:00 - KUYT 1991 Oct 20 3:00
2436 4:00 Russia SAM%sT 2010 Mar 28 2:00s # Samara Time
2437 3:00 Russia SAM%sT 2011 Mar 27 2:00s
2438 4:00 - SAMT
2439
2440
2441 # From Tim Parenti (2014-07-03), per Oscar van Vlijmen (2001-08-25):
2442 # Asia/Yekaterinburg covers...
2443 # 02 RU-BA Bashkortostan, Republic of
2444 # 90 RU-PER Perm Krai
2445 # 45 RU-KGN Kurgan Oblast
2446 # 56 RU-ORE Orenburg Oblast
2447 # 66 RU-SVE Sverdlovsk Oblast
2448 # 72 RU-TYU Tyumen Oblast
2449 # 74 RU-CHE Chelyabinsk Oblast
2450 # 86 RU-KHM Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug - Yugra
2451 # 89 RU-YAN Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug
2452 #
2453 # Note: Effective 2005-12-01, (59) Perm Oblast and (81) Komi-Permyak
2454 # Autonomous Okrug merged to form (90, RU-PER) Perm Krai.
2455
2456 # Milne says Yekaterinburg was 4:02:32.9; round to nearest.
2457 # Byalokoz 1919 says its provincial time was based on Perm, at 3:45:05.
2458 # Assume it switched on 1916-07-03, the time of the new standard.
2459 # The 1919 and 1930 transitions are from Shanks.
2460
2461 Zone Asia/Yekaterinburg 4:02:33 - LMT 1916 Jul 3
2462 3:45:05 - PMT 1919 Jul 15 4:00
2463 4:00 - SVET 1930 Jun 21 # Sverdlovsk Time
2464 5:00 Russia SVE%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2465 4:00 Russia SVE%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
2466 5:00 Russia YEK%sT 2011 Mar 27 2:00s
2467 6:00 - YEKT 2014 Oct 26 2:00s
2468 5:00 - YEKT
2469
2470
2471 # From Tim Parenti (2014-07-03), per Oscar van Vlijmen (2001-08-25):
2472 # Asia/Omsk covers...
2473 # 04 RU-AL Altai Republic
2474 # 22 RU-ALT Altai Krai
2475 # 55 RU-OMS Omsk Oblast
2476
2477 # Byalokoz 1919 says Omsk was 4:53:30.
2478
2479 Zone Asia/Omsk 4:53:30 - LMT 1919 Nov 14
2480 5:00 - OMST 1930 Jun 21 # Omsk Time
2481 6:00 Russia OMS%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2482 5:00 Russia OMS%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
2483 6:00 Russia OMS%sT 2011 Mar 27 2:00s
2484 7:00 - OMST 2014 Oct 26 2:00s
2485 6:00 - OMST
2486
2487
2488 # From Tim Parenti (2014-07-03):
2489 # Asia/Novosibirsk covers...
2490 # 54 RU-NVS Novosibirsk Oblast
2491 # 70 RU-TOM Tomsk Oblast
2492
2493 # From Paul Eggert (2006-08-19): I'm guessing about Tomsk here; it's
2494 # not clear when it switched from +7 to +6.
2495
2496 Zone Asia/Novosibirsk 5:31:40 - LMT 1919 Dec 14 6:00
2497 6:00 - NOVT 1930 Jun 21 # Novosibirsk Time
2498 7:00 Russia NOV%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2499 6:00 Russia NOV%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
2500 7:00 Russia NOV%sT 1993 May 23 # say Shanks & P.
2501 6:00 Russia NOV%sT 2011 Mar 27 2:00s
2502 7:00 - NOVT 2014 Oct 26 2:00s
2503 6:00 - NOVT
2504
2505
2506 # From Tim Parenti (2014-07-03):
2507 # Asia/Novokuznetsk covers...
2508 # 42 RU-KEM Kemerovo Oblast
2509
2510 # From Alexander Krivenyshev (2009-10-13):
2511 # Kemerovo oblast' (Kemerovo region) in Russia will change current time zone on
2512 # March 28, 2010:
2513 # from current Russia Zone 6 - Krasnoyarsk Time Zone (KRA) UTC +0700
2514 # to Russia Zone 5 - Novosibirsk Time Zone (NOV) UTC +0600
2515 #
2516 # This is according to Government of Russia decree # 740, on September
2517 # 14, 2009 "Application in the territory of the Kemerovo region the Fifth
2518 # time zone." ("Russia Zone 5" or old "USSR Zone 5" is GMT +0600)
2519 #
2520 # Russian Government web site (Russian language)
2521 # http://www.government.ru/content/governmentactivity/rfgovernmentdecisions/archive/2009/09/14/991633.htm
2522 # or Russian-English translation by WorldTimeZone.com with reference
2523 # map to local region and new Russia Time Zone map after March 28, 2010
2524 # http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_russia03.html
2525 #
2526 # Thus, when Russia will switch to DST on the night of March 28, 2010
2527 # Kemerovo region (Kemerovo oblast') will not change the clock.
2528 #
2529 # As a result, Kemerovo oblast' will be in the same time zone as
2530 # Novosibirsk, Omsk, Tomsk, Barnaul and Altai Republic.
2531
2532 # From Tim Parenti (2014-07-02), per Alexander Krivenyshev (2014-07-02):
2533 # The Kemerovo region will remain at UTC+7 through the 2014-10-26 change, thus
2534 # realigning itself with KRAT.
2535
2536 Zone Asia/Novokuznetsk 5:48:48 - LMT 1924 May 1
2537 6:00 - KRAT 1930 Jun 21 # Krasnoyarsk Time
2538 7:00 Russia KRA%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2539 6:00 Russia KRA%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
2540 7:00 Russia KRA%sT 2010 Mar 28 2:00s
2541 6:00 Russia NOV%sT 2011 Mar 27 2:00s # Novosibirsk
2542 7:00 - NOVT 2014 Oct 26 2:00s
2543 7:00 - KRAT # Krasnoyarsk Time
2544
2545
2546 # From Tim Parenti (2014-07-03), per Oscar van Vlijmen (2001-08-25):
2547 # Asia/Krasnoyarsk covers...
2548 # 17 RU-TY Tuva Republic
2549 # 19 RU-KK Khakassia, Republic of
2550 # 24 RU-KYA Krasnoyarsk Krai
2551 #
2552 # Note: Effective 2007-01-01, (88) Evenk Autonomous Okrug and (84) Taymyr
2553 # Autonomous Okrug were merged into (24, RU-KYA) Krasnoyarsk Krai.
2554
2555 # Byalokoz 1919 says Krasnoyarsk was 6:11:26.
2556
2557 Zone Asia/Krasnoyarsk 6:11:26 - LMT 1920 Jan 6
2558 6:00 - KRAT 1930 Jun 21 # Krasnoyarsk Time
2559 7:00 Russia KRA%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2560 6:00 Russia KRA%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
2561 7:00 Russia KRA%sT 2011 Mar 27 2:00s
2562 8:00 - KRAT 2014 Oct 26 2:00s
2563 7:00 - KRAT
2564
2565
2566 # From Tim Parenti (2014-07-03), per Oscar van Vlijmen (2001-08-25):
2567 # Asia/Irkutsk covers...
2568 # 03 RU-BU Buryatia, Republic of
2569 # 38 RU-IRK Irkutsk Oblast
2570 #
2571 # Note: Effective 2008-01-01, (85) Ust-Orda Buryat Autonomous Okrug was
2572 # merged into (38, RU-IRK) Irkutsk Oblast.
2573
2574 # Milne 1899 says Irkutsk was 6:57:15.
2575 # Byalokoz 1919 says Irkutsk was 6:57:05.
2576 # Go with Byalokoz.
2577
2578 Zone Asia/Irkutsk 6:57:05 - LMT 1880
2579 6:57:05 - IMT 1920 Jan 25 # Irkutsk Mean Time
2580 7:00 - IRKT 1930 Jun 21 # Irkutsk Time
2581 8:00 Russia IRK%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2582 7:00 Russia IRK%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
2583 8:00 Russia IRK%sT 2011 Mar 27 2:00s
2584 9:00 - IRKT 2014 Oct 26 2:00s
2585 8:00 - IRKT
2586
2587
2588 # From Tim Parenti (2014-07-06):
2589 # Asia/Chita covers...
2590 # 92 RU-ZAB Zabaykalsky Krai
2591 #
2592 # Note: Effective 2008-03-01, (75) Chita Oblast and (80) Agin-Buryat
2593 # Autonomous Okrug merged to form (92, RU-ZAB) Zabaykalsky Krai.
2594
2595 Zone Asia/Chita 7:33:52 - LMT 1919 Dec 15
2596 8:00 - YAKT 1930 Jun 21 # Yakutsk Time
2597 9:00 Russia YAK%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2598 8:00 Russia YAK%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
2599 9:00 Russia YAK%sT 2011 Mar 27 2:00s
2600 10:00 - YAKT 2014 Oct 26 2:00s
2601 8:00 - IRKT
2602
2603
2604 # From Tim Parenti (2014-07-03), per Oscar van Vlijmen (2009-11-29):
2605 # Asia/Yakutsk covers...
2606 # 28 RU-AMU Amur Oblast
2607 #
2608 # ...and parts of (14, RU-SA) Sakha (Yakutia) Republic:
2609 # 14-02 **** Aldansky District
2610 # 14-04 **** Amginsky District
2611 # 14-05 **** Anabarsky District
2612 # 14-06 **** Bulunsky District
2613 # 14-07 **** Verkhnevilyuysky District
2614 # 14-10 **** Vilyuysky District
2615 # 14-11 **** Gorny District
2616 # 14-12 **** Zhigansky District
2617 # 14-13 **** Kobyaysky District
2618 # 14-14 **** Lensky District
2619 # 14-15 **** Megino-Kangalassky District
2620 # 14-16 **** Mirninsky District
2621 # 14-18 **** Namsky District
2622 # 14-19 **** Neryungrinsky District
2623 # 14-21 **** Nyurbinsky District
2624 # 14-23 **** Olenyoksky District
2625 # 14-24 **** Olyokminsky District
2626 # 14-26 **** Suntarsky District
2627 # 14-27 **** Tattinsky District
2628 # 14-29 **** Ust-Aldansky District
2629 # 14-32 **** Khangalassky District
2630 # 14-33 **** Churapchinsky District
2631 # 14-34 **** Eveno-Bytantaysky National District
2632
2633 # From Tim Parenti (2014-07-03):
2634 # Our commentary seems to have lost mention of (14-19) Neryungrinsky District.
2635 # Since the surrounding districts of Sakha are all YAKT, assume this is, too.
2636 # Also assume its history has been the same as the rest of Asia/Yakutsk.
2637
2638 # Byalokoz 1919 says Yakutsk was 8:38:58.
2639
2640 Zone Asia/Yakutsk 8:38:58 - LMT 1919 Dec 15
2641 8:00 - YAKT 1930 Jun 21 # Yakutsk Time
2642 9:00 Russia YAK%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2643 8:00 Russia YAK%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
2644 9:00 Russia YAK%sT 2011 Mar 27 2:00s
2645 10:00 - YAKT 2014 Oct 26 2:00s
2646 9:00 - YAKT
2647
2648
2649 # From Tim Parenti (2014-07-03), per Oscar van Vlijmen (2009-11-29):
2650 # Asia/Vladivostok covers...
2651 # 25 RU-PRI Primorsky Krai
2652 # 27 RU-KHA Khabarovsk Krai
2653 # 79 RU-YEV Jewish Autonomous Oblast
2654 #
2655 # ...and parts of (14, RU-SA) Sakha (Yakutia) Republic:
2656 # 14-09 **** Verkhoyansky District
2657 # 14-31 **** Ust-Yansky District
2658
2659 # Milne 1899 says Vladivostok was 8:47:33.5.
2660 # Byalokoz 1919 says Vladivostok was 8:47:31.
2661 # Go with Byalokoz.
2662
2663 Zone Asia/Vladivostok 8:47:31 - LMT 1922 Nov 15
2664 9:00 - VLAT 1930 Jun 21 # Vladivostok Time
2665 10:00 Russia VLA%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2666 9:00 Russia VLA%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
2667 10:00 Russia VLA%sT 2011 Mar 27 2:00s
2668 11:00 - VLAT 2014 Oct 26 2:00s
2669 10:00 - VLAT
2670
2671
2672 # From Tim Parenti (2014-07-03):
2673 # Asia/Khandyga covers parts of (14, RU-SA) Sakha (Yakutia) Republic:
2674 # 14-28 **** Tomponsky District
2675 # 14-30 **** Ust-Maysky District
2676
2677 # From Arthur David Olson (2012-05-09):
2678 # Tomponskij and Ust'-Majskij switched from Vladivostok time to Yakutsk time
2679 # in 2011.
2680
2681 # From Paul Eggert (2012-11-25):
2682 # Shanks and Pottenger (2003) has Khandyga on Yakutsk time.
2683 # Make a wild guess that it switched to Vladivostok time in 2004.
2684 # This transition is no doubt wrong, but we have no better info.
2685
2686 Zone Asia/Khandyga 9:02:13 - LMT 1919 Dec 15
2687 8:00 - YAKT 1930 Jun 21 # Yakutsk Time
2688 9:00 Russia YAK%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2689 8:00 Russia YAK%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
2690 9:00 Russia YAK%sT 2004
2691 10:00 Russia VLA%sT 2011 Mar 27 2:00s
2692 11:00 - VLAT 2011 Sep 13 0:00s # Decree 725?
2693 10:00 - YAKT 2014 Oct 26 2:00s
2694 9:00 - YAKT
2695
2696
2697 # From Tim Parenti (2014-07-03):
2698 # Asia/Sakhalin covers...
2699 # 65 RU-SAK Sakhalin Oblast
2700 # ...with the exception of:
2701 # 65-11 **** Severo-Kurilsky District (North Kuril Islands)
2702
2703 # The Zone name should be Asia/Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk, but that's too long.
2704 Zone Asia/Sakhalin 9:30:48 - LMT 1905 Aug 23
2705 9:00 - JCST 1937 Oct 1
2706 9:00 - JST 1945 Aug 25
2707 11:00 Russia SAK%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s # Sakhalin T
2708 10:00 Russia SAK%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
2709 11:00 Russia SAK%sT 1997 Mar lastSun 2:00s
2710 10:00 Russia SAK%sT 2011 Mar 27 2:00s
2711 11:00 - SAKT 2014 Oct 26 2:00s
2712 10:00 - SAKT
2713
2714
2715 # From Tim Parenti (2014-07-03), per Oscar van Vlijmen (2009-11-29):
2716 # Asia/Magadan covers...
2717 # 49 RU-MAG Magadan Oblast
2718
2719 # From Tim Parenti (2014-07-06), per Alexander Krivenyshev (2014-07-02):
2720 # Magadan Oblast is moving from UTC+12 to UTC+10 on 2014-10-26; however,
2721 # several districts of Sakha Republic as well as Severo-Kurilsky District of
2722 # the Sakhalin Oblast (also known as the North Kuril Islands), represented
2723 # until now by Asia/Magadan, will instead move to UTC+11. These regions will
2724 # need their own zone.
2725
2726 Zone Asia/Magadan 10:03:12 - LMT 1924 May 2
2727 10:00 - MAGT 1930 Jun 21 # Magadan Time
2728 11:00 Russia MAG%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2729 10:00 Russia MAG%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
2730 11:00 Russia MAG%sT 2011 Mar 27 2:00s
2731 12:00 - MAGT 2014 Oct 26 2:00s
2732 10:00 - MAGT
2733
2734
2735 # From Tim Parenti (2014-07-06):
2736 # Asia/Srednekolymsk covers parts of (14, RU-SA) Sakha (Yakutia) Republic:
2737 # 14-01 **** Abyysky District
2738 # 14-03 **** Allaikhovsky District
2739 # 14-08 **** Verkhnekolymsky District
2740 # 14-17 **** Momsky District
2741 # 14-20 **** Nizhnekolymsky District
2742 # 14-25 **** Srednekolymsky District
2743 #
2744 # ...and parts of (65, RU-SAK) Sakhalin Oblast:
2745 # 65-11 **** Severo-Kurilsky District (North Kuril Islands)
2746
2747 # From Tim Parenti (2014-07-02):
2748 # Oymyakonsky District of Sakha Republic (represented by Ust-Nera), along with
2749 # most of Sakhalin Oblast (represented by Sakhalin) will be moving to UTC+10 on
2750 # 2014-10-26 to stay aligned with VLAT/SAKT; however, Severo-Kurilsky District
2751 # of the Sakhalin Oblast (also known as the North Kuril Islands, represented by
2752 # Severo-Kurilsk) will remain on UTC+11.
2753
2754 # From Tim Parenti (2014-07-06):
2755 # Assume North Kuril Islands have history like Magadan before 2011-03-27.
2756 # There is a decent chance this is wrong, in which case a new zone
2757 # Asia/Severo-Kurilsk would become necessary.
2758 #
2759 # Srednekolymsk and Zyryanka are the most populous places amongst these
2760 # districts, but have very similar populations. In fact, Wikipedia currently
2761 # lists them both as having 3528 people, exactly 1668 males and 1860 females
2762 # each! (Yikes!)
2763 # http://en.wikipedia.org/w/?title=Srednekolymsky_District&oldid=603435276
2764 # http://en.wikipedia.org/w/?title=Verkhnekolymsky_District&oldid=594378493
2765 # Assume this is a mistake, albeit an amusing one.
2766 #
2767 # Looking at censuses, the populations of the two municipalities seem to have
2768 # fluctuated recently. Zyryanka was more populous than Srednekolymsk in the
2769 # 1989 and 2002 censuses, but Srednekolymsk was more populous in the most
2770 # recent (2010) census, 3525 to 3170. (See pages 195 and 197 of
2771 # http://www.gks.ru/free_doc/new_site/perepis2010/croc/Documents/Vol1/pub-01-05.pdf
2772 # in Russian.) In addition, Srednekolymsk appears to be a much older
2773 # settlement and the population of Zyryanka seems to be declining.
2774 # Go with Srednekolymsk.
2775 #
2776 # Since Magadan Oblast moves to UTC+10 on 2014-10-26, we cannot keep using MAGT
2777 # as the abbreviation. Use SRET instead.
2778
2779 Zone Asia/Srednekolymsk 10:14:52 - LMT 1924 May 2
2780 10:00 - MAGT 1930 Jun 21 # Magadan Time
2781 11:00 Russia MAG%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2782 10:00 Russia MAG%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
2783 11:00 Russia MAG%sT 2011 Mar 27 2:00s
2784 12:00 - MAGT 2014 Oct 26 2:00s
2785 11:00 - SRET # Srednekolymsk Time
2786
2787
2788 # From Tim Parenti (2014-07-03):
2789 # Asia/Ust-Nera covers parts of (14, RU-SA) Sakha (Yakutia) Republic:
2790 # 14-22 **** Oymyakonsky District
2791
2792 # From Arthur David Olson (2012-05-09):
2793 # Ojmyakonskij [and the Kuril Islands] switched from
2794 # Magadan time to Vladivostok time in 2011.
2795 #
2796 # From Tim Parenti (2014-07-06), per Alexander Krivenyshev (2014-07-02):
2797 # It's unlikely that any of the Kuril Islands were involved in such a switch,
2798 # as the South and Middle Kurils have been on UTC+11 (SAKT) with the rest of
2799 # Sakhalin Oblast since at least 2011-09, and the North Kurils have been on
2800 # UTC+12 since at least then, too.
2801
2802 Zone Asia/Ust-Nera 9:32:54 - LMT 1919 Dec 15
2803 8:00 - YAKT 1930 Jun 21 # Yakutsk Time
2804 9:00 Russia YAKT 1981 Apr 1
2805 11:00 Russia MAG%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2806 10:00 Russia MAG%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
2807 11:00 Russia MAG%sT 2011 Mar 27 2:00s
2808 12:00 - MAGT 2011 Sep 13 0:00s # Decree 725?
2809 11:00 - VLAT 2014 Oct 26 2:00s
2810 10:00 - VLAT
2811
2812
2813 # From Tim Parenti (2014-07-03), per Oscar van Vlijmen (2001-08-25):
2814 # Asia/Kamchatka covers...
2815 # 91 RU-KAM Kamchatka Krai
2816 #
2817 # Note: Effective 2007-07-01, (41) Kamchatka Oblast and (82) Koryak
2818 # Autonomous Okrug merged to form (91, RU-KAM) Kamchatka Krai.
2819
2820 # The Zone name should be Asia/Petropavlovsk-Kamchatski or perhaps
2821 # Asia/Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky, but these are too long.
2822 Zone Asia/Kamchatka 10:34:36 - LMT 1922 Nov 10
2823 11:00 - PETT 1930 Jun 21 # P-K Time
2824 12:00 Russia PET%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2825 11:00 Russia PET%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
2826 12:00 Russia PET%sT 2010 Mar 28 2:00s
2827 11:00 Russia PET%sT 2011 Mar 27 2:00s
2828 12:00 - PETT
2829
2830
2831 # From Tim Parenti (2014-07-03):
2832 # Asia/Anadyr covers...
2833 # 87 RU-CHU Chukotka Autonomous Okrug
2834
2835 Zone Asia/Anadyr 11:49:56 - LMT 1924 May 2
2836 12:00 - ANAT 1930 Jun 21 # Anadyr Time
2837 13:00 Russia ANA%sT 1982 Apr 1 0:00s
2838 12:00 Russia ANA%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2839 11:00 Russia ANA%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
2840 12:00 Russia ANA%sT 2010 Mar 28 2:00s
2841 11:00 Russia ANA%sT 2011 Mar 27 2:00s
2842 12:00 - ANAT
2843
2844
2845 # San Marino
2846 # See Europe/Rome.
2847
2848 # Serbia
2849 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
2850 Zone Europe/Belgrade 1:22:00 - LMT 1884
2851 1:00 - CET 1941 Apr 18 23:00
2852 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945
2853 1:00 - CET 1945 May 8 2:00s
2854 1:00 1:00 CEST 1945 Sep 16 2:00s
2855 # Metod Koželj reports that the legal date of
2856 # transition to EU rules was 1982-11-27, for all of Yugoslavia at the time.
2857 # Shanks & Pottenger don't give as much detail, so go with Koželj.
2858 1:00 - CET 1982 Nov 27
2859 1:00 EU CE%sT
2860 Link Europe/Belgrade Europe/Ljubljana # Slovenia
2861 Link Europe/Belgrade Europe/Podgorica # Montenegro
2862 Link Europe/Belgrade Europe/Sarajevo # Bosnia and Herzegovina
2863 Link Europe/Belgrade Europe/Skopje # Macedonia
2864 Link Europe/Belgrade Europe/Zagreb # Croatia
2865
2866 # Slovakia
2867 Link Europe/Prague Europe/Bratislava
2868
2869 # Slovenia
2870 # See Europe/Belgrade.
2871
2872 # Spain
2873 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
2874 # For 1917-1919 Whitman gives Apr Sat>=1 - Oct Sat>=1;
2875 # go with Shanks & Pottenger.
2876 Rule Spain 1917 only - May 5 23:00s 1:00 S
2877 Rule Spain 1917 1919 - Oct 6 23:00s 0 -
2878 Rule Spain 1918 only - Apr 15 23:00s 1:00 S
2879 Rule Spain 1919 only - Apr 5 23:00s 1:00 S
2880 # Whitman gives 1921 Feb 28 - Oct 14; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
2881 Rule Spain 1924 only - Apr 16 23:00s 1:00 S
2882 # Whitman gives 1924 Oct 14; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
2883 Rule Spain 1924 only - Oct 4 23:00s 0 -
2884 Rule Spain 1926 only - Apr 17 23:00s 1:00 S
2885 # Whitman says no DST in 1929; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
2886 Rule Spain 1926 1929 - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 -
2887 Rule Spain 1927 only - Apr 9 23:00s 1:00 S
2888 Rule Spain 1928 only - Apr 14 23:00s 1:00 S
2889 Rule Spain 1929 only - Apr 20 23:00s 1:00 S
2890 # Whitman gives 1937 Jun 16, 1938 Apr 16, 1940 Apr 13;
2891 # go with Shanks & Pottenger.
2892 Rule Spain 1937 only - May 22 23:00s 1:00 S
2893 Rule Spain 1937 1939 - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 -
2894 Rule Spain 1938 only - Mar 22 23:00s 1:00 S
2895 Rule Spain 1939 only - Apr 15 23:00s 1:00 S
2896 Rule Spain 1940 only - Mar 16 23:00s 1:00 S
2897 # Whitman says no DST 1942-1945; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
2898 Rule Spain 1942 only - May 2 22:00s 2:00 M # Midsummer
2899 Rule Spain 1942 only - Sep 1 22:00s 1:00 S
2900 Rule Spain 1943 1946 - Apr Sat>=13 22:00s 2:00 M
2901 Rule Spain 1943 only - Oct 3 22:00s 1:00 S
2902 Rule Spain 1944 only - Oct 10 22:00s 1:00 S
2903 Rule Spain 1945 only - Sep 30 1:00 1:00 S
2904 Rule Spain 1946 only - Sep 30 0:00 0 -
2905 Rule Spain 1949 only - Apr 30 23:00 1:00 S
2906 Rule Spain 1949 only - Sep 30 1:00 0 -
2907 Rule Spain 1974 1975 - Apr Sat>=13 23:00 1:00 S
2908 Rule Spain 1974 1975 - Oct Sun>=1 1:00 0 -
2909 Rule Spain 1976 only - Mar 27 23:00 1:00 S
2910 Rule Spain 1976 1977 - Sep lastSun 1:00 0 -
2911 Rule Spain 1977 1978 - Apr 2 23:00 1:00 S
2912 Rule Spain 1978 only - Oct 1 1:00 0 -
2913 # The following rules are copied from Morocco from 1967 through 1978.
2914 Rule SpainAfrica 1967 only - Jun 3 12:00 1:00 S
2915 Rule SpainAfrica 1967 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
2916 Rule SpainAfrica 1974 only - Jun 24 0:00 1:00 S
2917 Rule SpainAfrica 1974 only - Sep 1 0:00 0 -
2918 Rule SpainAfrica 1976 1977 - May 1 0:00 1:00 S
2919 Rule SpainAfrica 1976 only - Aug 1 0:00 0 -
2920 Rule SpainAfrica 1977 only - Sep 28 0:00 0 -
2921 Rule SpainAfrica 1978 only - Jun 1 0:00 1:00 S
2922 Rule SpainAfrica 1978 only - Aug 4 0:00 0 -
2923 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
2924 Zone Europe/Madrid -0:14:44 - LMT 1901 Jan 1 0:00s
2925 0:00 Spain WE%sT 1946 Sep 30
2926 1:00 Spain CE%sT 1979
2927 1:00 EU CE%sT
2928 Zone Africa/Ceuta -0:21:16 - LMT 1901
2929 0:00 - WET 1918 May 6 23:00
2930 0:00 1:00 WEST 1918 Oct 7 23:00
2931 0:00 - WET 1924
2932 0:00 Spain WE%sT 1929
2933 0:00 SpainAfrica WE%sT 1984 Mar 16
2934 1:00 - CET 1986
2935 1:00 EU CE%sT
2936 Zone Atlantic/Canary -1:01:36 - LMT 1922 Mar # Las Palmas de Gran C.
2937 -1:00 - CANT 1946 Sep 30 1:00 # Canaries T
2938 0:00 - WET 1980 Apr 6 0:00s
2939 0:00 1:00 WEST 1980 Sep 28 0:00s
2940 0:00 EU WE%sT
2941 # IATA SSIM (1996-09) says the Canaries switch at 2:00u, not 1:00u.
2942 # Ignore this for now, as the Canaries are part of the EU.
2943
2944 # Sweden
2945
2946 # From Ivan Nilsson (2001-04-13), superseding Shanks & Pottenger:
2947 #
2948 # The law "Svensk författningssamling 1878, no 14" about standard time in 1879:
2949 # From the beginning of 1879 (that is 01-01 00:00) the time for all
2950 # places in the country is "the mean solar time for the meridian at
2951 # three degrees, or twelve minutes of time, to the west of the
2952 # meridian of the Observatory of Stockholm". The law is dated 1878-05-31.
2953 #
2954 # The observatory at that time had the meridian 18 degrees 03' 30"
2955 # eastern longitude = 01:12:14 in time. Less 12 minutes gives the
2956 # national standard time as 01:00:14 ahead of GMT....
2957 #
2958 # About the beginning of CET in Sweden. The lawtext ("Svensk
2959 # författningssamling 1899, no 44") states, that "from the beginning
2960 # of 1900... ... the same as the mean solar time for the meridian at
2961 # the distance of one hour of time from the meridian of the English
2962 # observatory at Greenwich, or at 12 minutes 14 seconds to the west
2963 # from the meridian of the Observatory of Stockholm". The law is dated
2964 # 1899-06-16. In short: At 1900-01-01 00:00:00 the new standard time
2965 # in Sweden is 01:00:00 ahead of GMT.
2966 #
2967 # 1916: The lawtext ("Svensk författningssamling 1916, no 124") states
2968 # that "1916-05-15 is considered to begin one hour earlier". It is
2969 # pretty obvious that at 05-14 23:00 the clocks are set to 05-15 00:00....
2970 # Further the law says, that "1916-09-30 is considered to end one hour later".
2971 #
2972 # The laws regulating [DST] are available on the site of the Swedish
2973 # Parliament beginning with 1985 - the laws regulating 1980/1984 are
2974 # not available on the site (to my knowledge they are only available
2975 # in Swedish): <http://www.riksdagen.se/english/work/sfst.asp> (type
2976 # "sommartid" without the quotes in the field "Fritext" and then click
2977 # the Sök-button).
2978 #
2979 # (2001-05-13):
2980 #
2981 # I have now found a newspaper stating that at 1916-10-01 01:00
2982 # summertime the church-clocks etc were set back one hour to show
2983 # 1916-10-01 00:00 standard time. The article also reports that some
2984 # people thought the switch to standard time would take place already
2985 # at 1916-10-01 00:00 summer time, but they had to wait for another
2986 # hour before the event took place.
2987 #
2988 # Source: The newspaper "Dagens Nyheter", 1916-10-01, page 7 upper left.
2989
2990 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
2991 Zone Europe/Stockholm 1:12:12 - LMT 1879 Jan 1
2992 1:00:14 - SET 1900 Jan 1 # Swedish Time
2993 1:00 - CET 1916 May 14 23:00
2994 1:00 1:00 CEST 1916 Oct 1 1:00
2995 1:00 - CET 1980
2996 1:00 EU CE%sT
2997
2998 # Switzerland
2999 # From Howse:
3000 # By the end of the 18th century clocks and watches became commonplace
3001 # and their performance improved enormously. Communities began to keep
3002 # mean time in preference to apparent time - Geneva from 1780 ....
3003 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
3004 # From Whitman (who writes "Midnight?"):
3005 # Rule Swiss 1940 only - Nov 2 0:00 1:00 S
3006 # Rule Swiss 1940 only - Dec 31 0:00 0 -
3007 # From Shanks & Pottenger:
3008 # Rule Swiss 1941 1942 - May Sun>=1 2:00 1:00 S
3009 # Rule Swiss 1941 1942 - Oct Sun>=1 0:00 0 -
3010
3011 # From Alois Treindl (2008-12-17):
3012 # I have researched the DST usage in Switzerland during the 1940ies.
3013 #
3014 # As I wrote in an earlier message, I suspected the current tzdata values
3015 # to be wrong. This is now verified.
3016 #
3017 # I have found copies of the original ruling by the Swiss Federal
3018 # government, in 'Eidgenössische Gesetzessammlung 1941 and 1942' (Swiss
3019 # federal law collection)...
3020 #
3021 # DST began on Monday 5 May 1941, 1:00 am by shifting the clocks to 2:00 am
3022 # DST ended on Monday 6 Oct 1941, 2:00 am by shifting the clocks to 1:00 am.
3023 #
3024 # DST began on Monday, 4 May 1942 at 01:00 am
3025 # DST ended on Monday, 5 Oct 1942 at 02:00 am
3026 #
3027 # There was no DST in 1940, I have checked the law collection carefully.
3028 # It is also indicated by the fact that the 1942 entry in the law
3029 # collection points back to 1941 as a reference, but no reference to any
3030 # other years are made.
3031 #
3032 # Newspaper articles I have read in the archives on 6 May 1941 reported
3033 # about the introduction of DST (Sommerzeit in German) during the previous
3034 # night as an absolute novelty, because this was the first time that such
3035 # a thing had happened in Switzerland.
3036 #
3037 # I have also checked 1916, because one book source (Gabriel, Traité de
3038 # l'heure dans le monde) claims that Switzerland had DST in 1916. This is
3039 # false, no official document could be found. Probably Gabriel got misled
3040 # by references to Germany, which introduced DST in 1916 for the first time.
3041 #
3042 # The tzdata rules for Switzerland must be changed to:
3043 # Rule Swiss 1941 1942 - May Mon>=1 1:00 1:00 S
3044 # Rule Swiss 1941 1942 - Oct Mon>=1 2:00 0 -
3045 #
3046 # The 1940 rules must be deleted.
3047 #
3048 # One further detail for Switzerland, which is probably out of scope for
3049 # most users of tzdata: The [Europe/Zurich zone] ...
3050 # describes all of Switzerland correctly, with the exception of
3051 # the Canton de Genève (Geneva, Genf). Between 1848 and 1894 Geneva did not
3052 # follow Bern Mean Time but kept its own local mean time.
3053 # To represent this, an extra zone would be needed.
3054 #
3055 # From Alois Treindl (2013-09-11):
3056 # The Federal regulations say
3057 # http://www.admin.ch/opc/de/classified-compilation/20071096/index.html
3058 # ... the meridian for Bern mean time ... is 7 degrees 26' 22.50".
3059 # Expressed in time, it is 0h29m45.5s.
3060
3061 # From Pierre-Yves Berger (2013-09-11):
3062 # the "Circulaire du conseil fédéral" (December 11 1893)
3063 # http://www.amtsdruckschriften.bar.admin.ch/viewOrigDoc.do?id=10071353
3064 # clearly states that the [1894-06-01] change should be done at midnight
3065 # but if no one is present after 11 at night, could be postponed until one
3066 # hour before the beginning of service.
3067
3068 # From Paul Eggert (2013-09-11):
3069 # Round BMT to the nearest even second, 0:29:46.
3070 #
3071 # We can find no reliable source for Shanks's assertion that all of Switzerland
3072 # except Geneva switched to Bern Mean Time at 00:00 on 1848-09-12. This book:
3073 #
3074 # Jakob Messerli. Gleichmässig, pünktlich, schnell. Zeiteinteilung und
3075 # Zeitgebrauch in der Schweiz im 19. Jahrhundert. Chronos, Zurich 1995,
3076 # ISBN 3-905311-68-2, OCLC 717570797.
3077 #
3078 # suggests that the transition was more gradual, and that the Swiss did not
3079 # agree about civil time during the transition. The timekeeping it gives the
3080 # most detail for is postal and telegraph time: here, federal legislation (the
3081 # "Bundesgesetz über die Erstellung von elektrischen Telegraphen") passed on
3082 # 1851-11-23, and an official implementation notice was published 1853-07-16
3083 # (Bundesblatt 1853, Bd. II, S. 859). On p 72 Messerli writes that in
3084 # practice since July 1853 Bernese time was used in "all postal and telegraph
3085 # offices in Switzerland from Geneva to St. Gallen and Basel to Chiasso"
3086 # (Google translation). For now, model this transition as occurring on
3087 # 1853-07-16, though it probably occurred at some other date in Zurich, and
3088 # legal civil time probably changed at still some other transition date.
3089
3090 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
3091 Rule Swiss 1941 1942 - May Mon>=1 1:00 1:00 S
3092 Rule Swiss 1941 1942 - Oct Mon>=1 2:00 0 -
3093 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
3094 Zone Europe/Zurich 0:34:08 - LMT 1853 Jul 16 # See above comment.
3095 0:29:46 - BMT 1894 Jun # Bern Mean Time
3096 1:00 Swiss CE%sT 1981
3097 1:00 EU CE%sT
3098
3099 # Turkey
3100
3101 # From Amar Devegowda (2007-01-03):
3102 # The time zone rules for Istanbul, Turkey have not been changed for years now.
3103 # ... The latest rules are available at:
3104 # http://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/timezone.html?n=107
3105 # From Steffen Thorsen (2007-01-03):
3106 # I have been able to find press records back to 1996 which all say that
3107 # DST started 01:00 local time and end at 02:00 local time. I am not sure
3108 # what happened before that. One example for each year from 1996 to 2001:
3109 # http://newspot.byegm.gov.tr/arsiv/1996/21/N4.htm
3110 # http://www.byegm.gov.tr/YAYINLARIMIZ/CHR/ING97/03/97X03X25.TXT
3111 # http://www.byegm.gov.tr/YAYINLARIMIZ/CHR/ING98/03/98X03X02.HTM
3112 # http://www.byegm.gov.tr/YAYINLARIMIZ/CHR/ING99/10/99X10X26.HTM#%2016
3113 # http://www.byegm.gov.tr/YAYINLARIMIZ/CHR/ING2000/03/00X03X06.HTM#%2021
3114 # http://www.byegm.gov.tr/YAYINLARIMIZ/CHR/ING2001/03/23x03x01.HTM#%2027
3115 # From Paul Eggert (2007-01-03):
3116 # Prefer the above source to Shanks & Pottenger for time stamps after 1990.
3117
3118 # From Steffen Thorsen (2007-03-09):
3119 # Starting 2007 though, it seems that they are adopting EU's 1:00 UTC
3120 # start/end time, according to the following page (2007-03-07):
3121 # http://www.ntvmsnbc.com/news/402029.asp
3122 # The official document is located here - it is in Turkish...:
3123 # http://rega.basbakanlik.gov.tr/eskiler/2007/03/20070307-7.htm
3124 # I was able to locate the following seemingly official document
3125 # (on a non-government server though) describing dates between 2002 and 2006:
3126 # http://www.alomaliye.com/bkk_2002_3769.htm
3127
3128 # From Gökdeniz Karadağ (2011-03-10):
3129 # According to the articles linked below, Turkey will change into summer
3130 # time zone (GMT+3) on March 28, 2011 at 3:00 a.m. instead of March 27.
3131 # This change is due to a nationwide exam on 27th.
3132 # http://www.worldbulletin.net/?aType=haber&ArticleID=70872
3133 # Turkish:
3134 # http://www.hurriyet.com.tr/ekonomi/17230464.asp?gid=373
3135
3136 # From Faruk Pasin (2014-02-14):
3137 # The DST for Turkey has been changed for this year because of the
3138 # Turkish Local election....
3139 # http://www.sabah.com.tr/Ekonomi/2014/02/12/yaz-saatinde-onemli-degisiklik
3140 # ... so Turkey will move clocks forward one hour on March 31 at 3:00 a.m.
3141 # From Randal L. Schwartz (2014-04-15):
3142 # Having landed on a flight from the states to Istanbul (via AMS) on March 31,
3143 # I can tell you that NOBODY (even the airlines) respected this timezone DST
3144 # change delay. Maybe the word just didn't get out in time.
3145 # From Paul Eggert (2014-06-15):
3146 # The press reported massive confusion, as election officials obeyed the rule
3147 # change but cell phones (and airline baggage systems) did not. See:
3148 # Kostidis M. Eventful elections in Turkey. Balkan News Agency
3149 # http://www.balkaneu.com/eventful-elections-turkey/ 2014-03-30.
3150 # I guess the best we can do is document the official time.
3151
3152 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
3153 Rule Turkey 1916 only - May 1 0:00 1:00 S
3154 Rule Turkey 1916 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
3155 Rule Turkey 1920 only - Mar 28 0:00 1:00 S
3156 Rule Turkey 1920 only - Oct 25 0:00 0 -
3157 Rule Turkey 1921 only - Apr 3 0:00 1:00 S
3158 Rule Turkey 1921 only - Oct 3 0:00 0 -
3159 Rule Turkey 1922 only - Mar 26 0:00 1:00 S
3160 Rule Turkey 1922 only - Oct 8 0:00 0 -
3161 # Whitman gives 1923 Apr 28 - Sep 16 and no DST in 1924-1925;
3162 # go with Shanks & Pottenger.
3163 Rule Turkey 1924 only - May 13 0:00 1:00 S
3164 Rule Turkey 1924 1925 - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
3165 Rule Turkey 1925 only - May 1 0:00 1:00 S
3166 Rule Turkey 1940 only - Jun 30 0:00 1:00 S
3167 Rule Turkey 1940 only - Oct 5 0:00 0 -
3168 Rule Turkey 1940 only - Dec 1 0:00 1:00 S
3169 Rule Turkey 1941 only - Sep 21 0:00 0 -
3170 Rule Turkey 1942 only - Apr 1 0:00 1:00 S
3171 # Whitman omits the next two transition and gives 1945 Oct 1;
3172 # go with Shanks & Pottenger.
3173 Rule Turkey 1942 only - Nov 1 0:00 0 -
3174 Rule Turkey 1945 only - Apr 2 0:00 1:00 S
3175 Rule Turkey 1945 only - Oct 8 0:00 0 -
3176 Rule Turkey 1946 only - Jun 1 0:00 1:00 S
3177 Rule Turkey 1946 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
3178 Rule Turkey 1947 1948 - Apr Sun>=16 0:00 1:00 S
3179 Rule Turkey 1947 1950 - Oct Sun>=2 0:00 0 -
3180 Rule Turkey 1949 only - Apr 10 0:00 1:00 S
3181 Rule Turkey 1950 only - Apr 19 0:00 1:00 S
3182 Rule Turkey 1951 only - Apr 22 0:00 1:00 S
3183 Rule Turkey 1951 only - Oct 8 0:00 0 -
3184 Rule Turkey 1962 only - Jul 15 0:00 1:00 S
3185 Rule Turkey 1962 only - Oct 8 0:00 0 -
3186 Rule Turkey 1964 only - May 15 0:00 1:00 S
3187 Rule Turkey 1964 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
3188 Rule Turkey 1970 1972 - May Sun>=2 0:00 1:00 S
3189 Rule Turkey 1970 1972 - Oct Sun>=2 0:00 0 -
3190 Rule Turkey 1973 only - Jun 3 1:00 1:00 S
3191 Rule Turkey 1973 only - Nov 4 3:00 0 -
3192 Rule Turkey 1974 only - Mar 31 2:00 1:00 S
3193 Rule Turkey 1974 only - Nov 3 5:00 0 -
3194 Rule Turkey 1975 only - Mar 30 0:00 1:00 S
3195 Rule Turkey 1975 1976 - Oct lastSun 0:00 0 -
3196 Rule Turkey 1976 only - Jun 1 0:00 1:00 S
3197 Rule Turkey 1977 1978 - Apr Sun>=1 0:00 1:00 S
3198 Rule Turkey 1977 only - Oct 16 0:00 0 -
3199 Rule Turkey 1979 1980 - Apr Sun>=1 3:00 1:00 S
3200 Rule Turkey 1979 1982 - Oct Mon>=11 0:00 0 -
3201 Rule Turkey 1981 1982 - Mar lastSun 3:00 1:00 S
3202 Rule Turkey 1983 only - Jul 31 0:00 1:00 S
3203 Rule Turkey 1983 only - Oct 2 0:00 0 -
3204 Rule Turkey 1985 only - Apr 20 0:00 1:00 S
3205 Rule Turkey 1985 only - Sep 28 0:00 0 -
3206 Rule Turkey 1986 1990 - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 S
3207 Rule Turkey 1986 1990 - Sep lastSun 2:00s 0 -
3208 Rule Turkey 1991 2006 - Mar lastSun 1:00s 1:00 S
3209 Rule Turkey 1991 1995 - Sep lastSun 1:00s 0 -
3210 Rule Turkey 1996 2006 - Oct lastSun 1:00s 0 -
3211 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
3212 Zone Europe/Istanbul 1:55:52 - LMT 1880
3213 1:56:56 - IMT 1910 Oct # Istanbul Mean Time?
3214 2:00 Turkey EE%sT 1978 Oct 15
3215 3:00 Turkey TR%sT 1985 Apr 20 # Turkey Time
3216 2:00 Turkey EE%sT 2007
3217 2:00 EU EE%sT 2011 Mar 27 1:00u
3218 2:00 - EET 2011 Mar 28 1:00u
3219 2:00 EU EE%sT 2014 Mar 30 1:00u
3220 2:00 - EET 2014 Mar 31 1:00u
3221 2:00 EU EE%sT
3222 Link Europe/Istanbul Asia/Istanbul # Istanbul is in both continents.
3223
3224 # Ukraine
3225 #
3226 # From Igor Karpov, who works for the Ukrainian Ministry of Justice,
3227 # via Garrett Wollman (2003-01-27):
3228 # BTW, I've found the official document on this matter. It's government
3229 # regulations number 509, May 13, 1996. In my poor translation it says:
3230 # "Time in Ukraine is set to second timezone (Kiev time). Each last Sunday
3231 # of March at 3am the time is changing to 4am and each last Sunday of
3232 # October the time at 4am is changing to 3am"
3233
3234 # From Alexander Krivenyshev (2011-09-20):
3235 # On September 20, 2011 the deputies of the Verkhovna Rada agreed to
3236 # abolish the transfer clock to winter time.
3237 #
3238 # Bill number 8330 of MP from the Party of Regions Oleg Nadoshi got
3239 # approval from 266 deputies.
3240 #
3241 # Ukraine abolishes transfer back to the winter time (in Russian)
3242 # http://news.mail.ru/politics/6861560/
3243 #
3244 # The Ukrainians will no longer change the clock (in Russian)
3245 # http://www.segodnya.ua/news/14290482.html
3246 #
3247 # Deputies cancelled the winter time (in Russian)
3248 # http://www.pravda.com.ua/rus/news/2011/09/20/6600616/
3249 #
3250 # From Philip Pizzey (2011-10-18):
3251 # Today my Ukrainian colleagues have informed me that the
3252 # Ukrainian parliament have decided that they will go to winter
3253 # time this year after all.
3254 #
3255 # From Udo Schwedt (2011-10-18):
3256 # As far as I understand, the recent change to the Ukrainian time zone
3257 # (Europe/Kiev) to introduce permanent daylight saving time (similar
3258 # to Russia) was reverted today:
3259 # http://portal.rada.gov.ua/rada/control/en/publish/article/info_left?art_id=287324&cat_id=105995
3260 #
3261 # Also reported by Alexander Bokovoy (2011-10-18) who also noted:
3262 # The law documents themselves are at
3263 # http://w1.c1.rada.gov.ua/pls/zweb_n/webproc4_1?id=&pf3511=41484
3264
3265 # From Vladimir in Moscow via Alois Treindl re Kiev time 1991/2 (2014-02-28):
3266 # First in Ukraine they changed Time zone from UTC+3 to UTC+2 with DST:
3267 # 03 25 1990 02:00 -03.00 1 Time Zone 3 with DST
3268 # 07 01 1990 02:00 -02.00 1 Time Zone 2 with DST
3269 # * Ukrainian Government's Resolution of 18.06.1990, No. 134.
3270 # http://search.ligazakon.ua/l_doc2.nsf/link1/T001500.html
3271 #
3272 # They did not end DST in September, 1990 (according to the law,
3273 # "summer time" was still in action):
3274 # 09 30 1990 03:00 -02.00 1 Time Zone 2 with DST
3275 # * Ukrainian Government's Resolution of 21.09.1990, No. 272.
3276 # http://search.ligazakon.ua/l_doc2.nsf/link1/KP900272.html
3277 #
3278 # Again no change in March, 1991 ("summer time" in action):
3279 # 03 31 1991 02:00 -02.00 1 Time Zone 2 with DST
3280 #
3281 # DST ended in September 1991 ("summer time" ended):
3282 # 09 29 1991 03:00 -02.00 0 Time Zone 2, no DST
3283 # * Ukrainian Government's Resolution of 25.09.1991, No. 225.
3284 # http://www.uazakon.com/documents/date_21/pg_iwgdoc.htm
3285 # This is an answer.
3286 #
3287 # Since 1992 they had normal DST procedure:
3288 # 03 29 1992 02:00 -02.00 1 DST started
3289 # 09 27 1992 03:00 -02.00 0 DST ended
3290 # * Ukrainian Government's Resolution of 20.03.1992, No. 139.
3291 # http://www.uazakon.com/documents/date_8u/pg_grcasa.htm
3292
3293 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
3294 # Most of Ukraine since 1970 has been like Kiev.
3295 # "Kyiv" is the transliteration of the Ukrainian name, but
3296 # "Kiev" is more common in English.
3297 Zone Europe/Kiev 2:02:04 - LMT 1880
3298 2:02:04 - KMT 1924 May 2 # Kiev Mean Time
3299 2:00 - EET 1930 Jun 21
3300 3:00 - MSK 1941 Sep 20
3301 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1943 Nov 6
3302 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1990 Jul 1 2:00
3303 2:00 1:00 EEST 1991 Sep 29 3:00
3304 2:00 E-Eur EE%sT 1995
3305 2:00 EU EE%sT
3306 # Ruthenia used CET 1990/1991.
3307 # "Uzhhorod" is the transliteration of the Rusyn/Ukrainian pronunciation, but
3308 # "Uzhgorod" is more common in English.
3309 Zone Europe/Uzhgorod 1:29:12 - LMT 1890 Oct
3310 1:00 - CET 1940
3311 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Oct
3312 1:00 1:00 CEST 1944 Oct 26
3313 1:00 - CET 1945 Jun 29
3314 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1990
3315 3:00 - MSK 1990 Jul 1 2:00
3316 1:00 - CET 1991 Mar 31 3:00
3317 2:00 - EET 1992
3318 2:00 E-Eur EE%sT 1995
3319 2:00 EU EE%sT
3320 # Zaporozh'ye and eastern Lugansk oblasts observed DST 1990/1991.
3321 # "Zaporizhia" is the transliteration of the Ukrainian name, but
3322 # "Zaporozh'ye" is more common in English. Use the common English
3323 # spelling, except omit the apostrophe as it is not allowed in
3324 # portable Posix file names.
3325 Zone Europe/Zaporozhye 2:20:40 - LMT 1880
3326 2:20 - CUT 1924 May 2 # Central Ukraine T
3327 2:00 - EET 1930 Jun 21
3328 3:00 - MSK 1941 Aug 25
3329 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1943 Oct 25
3330 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1991 Mar 31 2:00
3331 2:00 E-Eur EE%sT 1995
3332 2:00 EU EE%sT
3333
3334 # Vatican City
3335 # See Europe/Rome.
3336
3337 ###############################################################################
3338
3339 # One source shows that Bulgaria, Cyprus, Finland, and Greece observe DST from
3340 # the last Sunday in March to the last Sunday in September in 1986.
3341 # The source shows Romania changing a day later than everybody else.
3342 #
3343 # According to Bernard Sieloff's source, Poland is in the MET time zone but
3344 # uses the WE DST rules. The Western USSR uses EET+1 and ME DST rules.
3345 # Bernard Sieloff's source claims Romania switches on the same day, but at
3346 # 00:00 standard time (i.e., 01:00 DST). It also claims that Turkey
3347 # switches on the same day, but switches on at 01:00 standard time
3348 # and off at 00:00 standard time (i.e., 01:00 DST)
3349
3350 # ...
3351 # Date: Wed, 28 Jan 87 16:56:27 -0100
3352 # From: Tom Hofmann
3353 # ...
3354 #
3355 # ...the European time rules are...standardized since 1981, when
3356 # most European countries started DST. Before that year, only
3357 # a few countries (UK, France, Italy) had DST, each according
3358 # to own national rules. In 1981, however, DST started on
3359 # 'Apr firstSun', and not on 'Mar lastSun' as in the following
3360 # years...
3361 # But also since 1981 there are some more national exceptions
3362 # than listed in 'europe': Switzerland, for example, joined DST
3363 # one year later, Denmark ended DST on 'Oct 1' instead of 'Sep
3364 # lastSun' in 1981 - I don't know how they handle now.
3365 #
3366 # Finally, DST ist always from 'Apr 1' to 'Oct 1' in the
3367 # Soviet Union (as far as I know).
3368 #
3369 # Tom Hofmann, Scientific Computer Center, CIBA-GEIGY AG,
3370 # 4002 Basle, Switzerland
3371 # ...
3372
3373 # ...
3374 # Date: Wed, 4 Feb 87 22:35:22 +0100
3375 # From: Dik T. Winter
3376 # ...
3377 #
3378 # The information from Tom Hofmann is (as far as I know) not entirely correct.
3379 # After a request from chongo at amdahl I tried to retrieve all information
3380 # about DST in Europe. I was able to find all from about 1969.
3381 #
3382 # ...standardization on DST in Europe started in about 1977 with switches on
3383 # first Sunday in April and last Sunday in September...
3384 # In 1981 UK joined Europe insofar that
3385 # the starting day for both shifted to last Sunday in March. And from 1982
3386 # the whole of Europe used DST, with switch dates April 1 and October 1 in
3387 # the Sov[i]et Union. In 1985 the SU reverted to standard Europe[a]n switch
3388 # dates...
3389 #
3390 # It should also be remembered that time-zones are not constants; e.g.
3391 # Portugal switched in 1976 from MET (or CET) to WET with DST...
3392 # Note also that though there were rules for switch dates not
3393 # all countries abided to these dates, and many individual deviations
3394 # occurred, though not since 1982 I believe. Another note: it is always
3395 # assumed that DST is 1 hour ahead of normal time, this need not be the
3396 # case; at least in the Netherlands there have been times when DST was 2 hours
3397 # in advance of normal time.
3398 #
3399 # ...
3400 # dik t. winter, cwi, amsterdam, nederland
3401 # ...
3402
3403 # From Bob Devine (1988-01-28):
3404 # ...
3405 # Greece: Last Sunday in April to last Sunday in September (iffy on dates).
3406 # Since 1978. Change at midnight.
3407 # ...
3408 # Monaco: has same DST as France.
3409 # ...