1 /*
2 * Copyright (c) 1996, 2013, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.
3 * DO NOT ALTER OR REMOVE COPYRIGHT NOTICES OR THIS FILE HEADER.
4 *
5 * This code is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
6 * under the terms of the GNU General Public License version 2 only, as
7 * published by the Free Software Foundation. Oracle designates this
8 * particular file as subject to the "Classpath" exception as provided
9 * by Oracle in the LICENSE file that accompanied this code.
10 *
11 * This code is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT
12 * ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or
13 * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU General Public License
14 * version 2 for more details (a copy is included in the LICENSE file that
15 * accompanied this code).
16 *
17 * You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License version
18 * 2 along with this work; if not, write to the Free Software Foundation,
19 * Inc., 51 Franklin St, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA 02110-1301 USA.
20 *
21 * Please contact Oracle, 500 Oracle Parkway, Redwood Shores, CA 94065 USA
22 * or visit www.oracle.com if you need additional information or have any
23 * questions.
24 */
25
26 package java.sql;
27
28 import java.util.Iterator;
29 import java.util.ServiceLoader;
30 import java.security.AccessController;
31 import java.security.PrivilegedAction;
32 import java.util.concurrent.CopyOnWriteArrayList;
33 import sun.reflect.CallerSensitive;
34 import sun.reflect.Reflection;
35
36
37 /**
38 * <P>The basic service for managing a set of JDBC drivers.<br>
39 * <B>NOTE:</B> The {@link javax.sql.DataSource} interface, new in the
40 * JDBC 2.0 API, provides another way to connect to a data source.
41 * The use of a <code>DataSource</code> object is the preferred means of
42 * connecting to a data source.
43 *
44 * <P>As part of its initialization, the <code>DriverManager</code> class will
45 * attempt to load the driver classes referenced in the "jdbc.drivers"
46 * system property. This allows a user to customize the JDBC Drivers
47 * used by their applications. For example in your
48 * ~/.hotjava/properties file you might specify:
49 * <pre>
50 * <CODE>jdbc.drivers=foo.bah.Driver:wombat.sql.Driver:bad.taste.ourDriver</CODE>
51 * </pre>
52 *<P> The <code>DriverManager</code> methods <code>getConnection</code> and
53 * <code>getDrivers</code> have been enhanced to support the Java Standard Edition
54 * <a href="../../../technotes/guides/jar/jar.html#Service%20Provider">Service Provider</a> mechanism. JDBC 4.0 Drivers must
55 * include the file <code>META-INF/services/java.sql.Driver</code>. This file contains the name of the JDBC drivers
56 * implementation of <code>java.sql.Driver</code>. For example, to load the <code>my.sql.Driver</code> class,
57 * the <code>META-INF/services/java.sql.Driver</code> file would contain the entry:
58 * <pre>
59 * <code>my.sql.Driver</code>
60 * </pre>
61 *
62 * <P>Applications no longer need to explictly load JDBC drivers using <code>Class.forName()</code>. Existing programs
63 * which currently load JDBC drivers using <code>Class.forName()</code> will continue to work without
64 * modification.
65 *
66 * <P>When the method <code>getConnection</code> is called,
67 * the <code>DriverManager</code> will attempt to
68 * locate a suitable driver from amongst those loaded at
69 * initialization and those loaded explicitly using the same classloader
70 * as the current applet or application.
71 *
72 * <P>
73 * Starting with the Java 2 SDK, Standard Edition, version 1.3, a
74 * logging stream can be set only if the proper
75 * permission has been granted. Normally this will be done with
76 * the tool PolicyTool, which can be used to grant <code>permission
77 * java.sql.SQLPermission "setLog"</code>.
78 * @see Driver
79 * @see Connection
80 */
81 public class DriverManager {
82
83
84 // List of registered JDBC drivers
85 private final static CopyOnWriteArrayList<DriverInfo> registeredDrivers = new CopyOnWriteArrayList<>();
86 private static volatile int loginTimeout = 0;
87 private static volatile java.io.PrintWriter logWriter = null;
88 private static volatile java.io.PrintStream logStream = null;
89 // Used in println() to synchronize logWriter
90 private final static Object logSync = new Object();
91
92 /* Prevent the DriverManager class from being instantiated. */
93 private DriverManager(){}
94
95
96 /**
97 * Load the initial JDBC drivers by checking the System property
98 * jdbc.properties and then use the {@code ServiceLoader} mechanism
99 */
100 static {
101 loadInitialDrivers();
102 println("JDBC DriverManager initialized");
103 }
104
105 /**
106 * The <code>SQLPermission</code> constant that allows the
107 * setting of the logging stream.
108 * @since 1.3
109 */
110 final static SQLPermission SET_LOG_PERMISSION =
111 new SQLPermission("setLog");
112
113 /**
114 * The {@code SQLPermission} constant that allows the
115 * un-register a registered JDBC driver.
116 * @since 1.8
117 */
118 final static SQLPermission DEREGISTER_DRIVER_PERMISSION =
119 new SQLPermission("deregisterDriver");
120
121 //--------------------------JDBC 2.0-----------------------------
122
123 /**
124 * Retrieves the log writer.
125 *
126 * The <code>getLogWriter</code> and <code>setLogWriter</code>
127 * methods should be used instead
128 * of the <code>get/setlogStream</code> methods, which are deprecated.
129 * @return a <code>java.io.PrintWriter</code> object
130 * @see #setLogWriter
131 * @since 1.2
132 */
133 public static java.io.PrintWriter getLogWriter() {
134 return logWriter;
135 }
136
137 /**
138 * Sets the logging/tracing <code>PrintWriter</code> object
139 * that is used by the <code>DriverManager</code> and all drivers.
140 * <P>
141 * There is a minor versioning problem created by the introduction
142 * of the method <code>setLogWriter</code>. The
143 * method <code>setLogWriter</code> cannot create a <code>PrintStream</code> object
144 * that will be returned by <code>getLogStream</code>---the Java platform does
145 * not provide a backward conversion. As a result, a new application
146 * that uses <code>setLogWriter</code> and also uses a JDBC 1.0 driver that uses
147 * <code>getLogStream</code> will likely not see debugging information written
148 * by that driver.
149 *<P>
150 * Starting with the Java 2 SDK, Standard Edition, version 1.3 release, this method checks
151 * to see that there is an <code>SQLPermission</code> object before setting
152 * the logging stream. If a <code>SecurityManager</code> exists and its
153 * <code>checkPermission</code> method denies setting the log writer, this
154 * method throws a <code>java.lang.SecurityException</code>.
155 *
156 * @param out the new logging/tracing <code>PrintStream</code> object;
157 * <code>null</code> to disable logging and tracing
158 * @throws SecurityException
159 * if a security manager exists and its
160 * <code>checkPermission</code> method denies
161 * setting the log writer
162 *
163 * @see SecurityManager#checkPermission
164 * @see #getLogWriter
165 * @since 1.2
166 */
167 public static void setLogWriter(java.io.PrintWriter out) {
168
169 SecurityManager sec = System.getSecurityManager();
170 if (sec != null) {
171 sec.checkPermission(SET_LOG_PERMISSION);
172 }
173 logStream = null;
174 logWriter = out;
175 }
176
177
178 //---------------------------------------------------------------
179
180 /**
181 * Attempts to establish a connection to the given database URL.
182 * The <code>DriverManager</code> attempts to select an appropriate driver from
183 * the set of registered JDBC drivers.
184 *<p>
185 * <B>Note:</B> If a property is specified as part of the {@code url} and
186 * is also specified in the {@code Properties} object, it is
187 * implementation-defined as to which value will take precedence.
188 * For maximum portability, an application should only specify a
189 * property once.
190 *
191 * @param url a database url of the form
192 * <code> jdbc:<em>subprotocol</em>:<em>subname</em></code>
193 * @param info a list of arbitrary string tag/value pairs as
194 * connection arguments; normally at least a "user" and
195 * "password" property should be included
196 * @return a Connection to the URL
197 * @exception SQLException if a database access error occurs or the url is
198 * {@code null}
199 * @throws SQLTimeoutException when the driver has determined that the
200 * timeout value specified by the {@code setLoginTimeout} method
201 * has been exceeded and has at least tried to cancel the
202 * current database connection attempt
203 */
204 @CallerSensitive
205 public static Connection getConnection(String url,
206 java.util.Properties info) throws SQLException {
207
208 return (getConnection(url, info, Reflection.getCallerClass()));
209 }
210
211 /**
212 * Attempts to establish a connection to the given database URL.
213 * The <code>DriverManager</code> attempts to select an appropriate driver from
214 * the set of registered JDBC drivers.
215 *<p>
216 * <B>Note:</B> If a property is specified as part of the {@code url} and
217 * is also specified in the {@code Properties} object, it is
218 * implementation-defined as to which value will take precedence.
219 * For maximum portability, an application should only specify a
220 * property once.
221 *
222 * @param url a database url of the form
223 * <code>jdbc:<em>subprotocol</em>:<em>subname</em></code>
224 * @param user the database user on whose behalf the connection is being
225 * made
226 * @param password the user's password
227 * @return a connection to the URL
228 * @exception SQLException if a database access error occurs or the url is
229 * {@code null}
230 * @throws SQLTimeoutException when the driver has determined that the
231 * timeout value specified by the {@code setLoginTimeout} method
232 * has been exceeded and has at least tried to cancel the
233 * current database connection attempt
234 */
235 @CallerSensitive
236 public static Connection getConnection(String url,
237 String user, String password) throws SQLException {
238 java.util.Properties info = new java.util.Properties();
239
240 if (user != null) {
241 info.put("user", user);
242 }
243 if (password != null) {
244 info.put("password", password);
245 }
246
247 return (getConnection(url, info, Reflection.getCallerClass()));
248 }
249
250 /**
251 * Attempts to establish a connection to the given database URL.
252 * The <code>DriverManager</code> attempts to select an appropriate driver from
253 * the set of registered JDBC drivers.
254 *
255 * @param url a database url of the form
256 * <code> jdbc:<em>subprotocol</em>:<em>subname</em></code>
257 * @return a connection to the URL
258 * @exception SQLException if a database access error occurs or the url is
259 * {@code null}
260 * @throws SQLTimeoutException when the driver has determined that the
261 * timeout value specified by the {@code setLoginTimeout} method
262 * has been exceeded and has at least tried to cancel the
263 * current database connection attempt
264 */
265 @CallerSensitive
266 public static Connection getConnection(String url)
267 throws SQLException {
268
269 java.util.Properties info = new java.util.Properties();
270 return (getConnection(url, info, Reflection.getCallerClass()));
271 }
272
273 /**
274 * Attempts to locate a driver that understands the given URL.
275 * The <code>DriverManager</code> attempts to select an appropriate driver from
276 * the set of registered JDBC drivers.
277 *
278 * @param url a database URL of the form
279 * <code>jdbc:<em>subprotocol</em>:<em>subname</em></code>
280 * @return a <code>Driver</code> object representing a driver
281 * that can connect to the given URL
282 * @exception SQLException if a database access error occurs
283 */
284 @CallerSensitive
285 public static Driver getDriver(String url)
286 throws SQLException {
287
288 println("DriverManager.getDriver(\"" + url + "\")");
289
290 Class<?> callerClass = Reflection.getCallerClass();
291
292 // Walk through the loaded registeredDrivers attempting to locate someone
293 // who understands the given URL.
294 for (DriverInfo aDriver : registeredDrivers) {
295 // If the caller does not have permission to load the driver then
296 // skip it.
297 if(isDriverAllowed(aDriver.driver, callerClass)) {
298 try {
299 if(aDriver.driver.acceptsURL(url)) {
300 // Success!
301 println("getDriver returning " + aDriver.driver.getClass().getName());
302 return (aDriver.driver);
303 }
304
305 } catch(SQLException sqe) {
306 // Drop through and try the next driver.
307 }
308 } else {
309 println(" skipping: " + aDriver.driver.getClass().getName());
310 }
311
312 }
313
314 println("getDriver: no suitable driver");
315 throw new SQLException("No suitable driver", "08001");
316 }
317
318
319 /**
320 * Registers the given driver with the {@code DriverManager}.
321 * A newly-loaded driver class should call
322 * the method {@code registerDriver} to make itself
323 * known to the {@code DriverManager}. If the driver had previously been
324 * registered, no action is taken.
325 *
326 * @param driver the new JDBC Driver that is to be registered with the
327 * {@code DriverManager}
328 * @exception SQLException if a database access error occurs
329 */
330 public static synchronized void registerDriver(java.sql.Driver driver)
331 throws SQLException {
332
333 registerDriver(driver, null);
334 }
335
336 /**
337 * Registers the given driver with the {@code DriverManager}.
338 * A newly-loaded driver class should call
339 * the method {@code registerDriver} to make itself
340 * known to the {@code DriverManager}. If the driver had previously been
341 * registered, no action is taken.
342 *
343 * @param driver the new JDBC Driver that is to be registered with the
344 * {@code DriverManager}
345 * @param da the {@code DriverAction} implementation to be used when
346 * {@code DriverManager#deregisterDriver} is called
347 * @exception SQLException if a database access error occurs
348 */
349 public static synchronized void registerDriver(java.sql.Driver driver,
350 DriverAction da)
351 throws SQLException {
352
353 /* Register the driver if it has not already been added to our list */
354 if(driver != null) {
355 registeredDrivers.addIfAbsent(new DriverInfo(driver, da));
356 } else {
357 // This is for compatibility with the original DriverManager
358 throw new NullPointerException();
359 }
360
361 println("registerDriver: " + driver);
362
363 }
364
365 /**
366 * Removes the specified driver from the {@code DriverManager}'s list of
367 * registered drivers.
368 * <p>
369 * If a {@code null} value is specified for the driver to be removed, then no
370 * action is taken.
371 * <p>
372 * If a security manager exists and its {@code checkPermission} denies
373 * permission, then a {@code SecurityException} will be thrown.
374 * <p>
375 * If the specified driver is not found in the list of registered drivers,
376 * then no action is taken. If the driver was found, it will be removed
377 * from the list of registered drivers.
378 * <p>
379 * If a {@code DriverAction} instance was specified when the JDBC driver was
380 * registered, its deregister method will be called
381 * prior to the driver being removed from the list of registered drivers.
382 *
383 * @param driver the JDBC Driver to remove
384 * @exception SQLException if a database access error occurs
385 * @throws SecurityException if a security manager exists and its
386 * {@code checkPermission} method denies permission to deregister a driver.
387 *
388 * @see SecurityManager#checkPermission
389 */
390 @CallerSensitive
391 public static synchronized void deregisterDriver(Driver driver)
392 throws SQLException {
393 if (driver == null) {
394 return;
395 }
396
397 SecurityManager sec = System.getSecurityManager();
398 if (sec != null) {
399 sec.checkPermission(DEREGISTER_DRIVER_PERMISSION);
400 }
401
402 println("DriverManager.deregisterDriver: " + driver);
403
404 DriverInfo aDriver = new DriverInfo(driver, null);
405 if(registeredDrivers.contains(aDriver)) {
406 if (isDriverAllowed(driver, Reflection.getCallerClass())) {
407 DriverInfo di = registeredDrivers.get(registeredDrivers.indexOf(aDriver));
408 // If a DriverAction was specified, Call it to notify the
409 // driver that it has been deregistered
410 if(di.action() != null) {
411 di.action().deregister();
412 }
413 registeredDrivers.remove(aDriver);
414 } else {
415 // If the caller does not have permission to load the driver then
416 // throw a SecurityException.
417 throw new SecurityException();
418 }
419 } else {
420 println(" couldn't find driver to unload");
421 }
422 }
423
424 /**
425 * Retrieves an Enumeration with all of the currently loaded JDBC drivers
426 * to which the current caller has access.
427 *
428 * <P><B>Note:</B> The classname of a driver can be found using
429 * <CODE>d.getClass().getName()</CODE>
430 *
431 * @return the list of JDBC Drivers loaded by the caller's class loader
432 */
433 @CallerSensitive
434 public static java.util.Enumeration<Driver> getDrivers() {
435 java.util.Vector<Driver> result = new java.util.Vector<>();
436
437 Class<?> callerClass = Reflection.getCallerClass();
438
439 // Walk through the loaded registeredDrivers.
440 for(DriverInfo aDriver : registeredDrivers) {
441 // If the caller does not have permission to load the driver then
442 // skip it.
443 if(isDriverAllowed(aDriver.driver, callerClass)) {
444 result.addElement(aDriver.driver);
445 } else {
446 println(" skipping: " + aDriver.getClass().getName());
447 }
448 }
449 return (result.elements());
450 }
451
452
453 /**
454 * Sets the maximum time in seconds that a driver will wait
455 * while attempting to connect to a database once the driver has
456 * been identified.
457 *
458 * @param seconds the login time limit in seconds; zero means there is no limit
459 * @see #getLoginTimeout
460 */
461 public static void setLoginTimeout(int seconds) {
462 loginTimeout = seconds;
463 }
464
465 /**
466 * Gets the maximum time in seconds that a driver can wait
467 * when attempting to log in to a database.
468 *
469 * @return the driver login time limit in seconds
470 * @see #setLoginTimeout
471 */
472 public static int getLoginTimeout() {
473 return (loginTimeout);
474 }
475
476 /**
477 * Sets the logging/tracing PrintStream that is used
478 * by the <code>DriverManager</code>
479 * and all drivers.
480 *<P>
481 * In the Java 2 SDK, Standard Edition, version 1.3 release, this method checks
482 * to see that there is an <code>SQLPermission</code> object before setting
483 * the logging stream. If a <code>SecurityManager</code> exists and its
484 * <code>checkPermission</code> method denies setting the log writer, this
485 * method throws a <code>java.lang.SecurityException</code>.
486 *
487 * @param out the new logging/tracing PrintStream; to disable, set to <code>null</code>
488 * @deprecated Use {@code setLogWriter}
489 * @throws SecurityException if a security manager exists and its
490 * <code>checkPermission</code> method denies setting the log stream
491 *
492 * @see SecurityManager#checkPermission
493 * @see #getLogStream
494 */
495 @Deprecated
496 public static void setLogStream(java.io.PrintStream out) {
497
498 SecurityManager sec = System.getSecurityManager();
499 if (sec != null) {
500 sec.checkPermission(SET_LOG_PERMISSION);
501 }
502
503 logStream = out;
504 if ( out != null )
505 logWriter = new java.io.PrintWriter(out);
506 else
507 logWriter = null;
508 }
509
510 /**
511 * Retrieves the logging/tracing PrintStream that is used by the <code>DriverManager</code>
512 * and all drivers.
513 *
514 * @return the logging/tracing PrintStream; if disabled, is <code>null</code>
515 * @deprecated Use {@code getLogWriter}
516 * @see #setLogStream
517 */
518 @Deprecated
519 public static java.io.PrintStream getLogStream() {
520 return logStream;
521 }
522
523 /**
524 * Prints a message to the current JDBC log stream.
525 *
526 * @param message a log or tracing message
527 */
528 public static void println(String message) {
529 synchronized (logSync) {
530 if (logWriter != null) {
531 logWriter.println(message);
532
533 // automatic flushing is never enabled, so we must do it ourselves
534 logWriter.flush();
535 }
536 }
537 }
538
539 //------------------------------------------------------------------------
540
541 // Indicates whether the class object that would be created if the code calling
542 // DriverManager is accessible.
543 private static boolean isDriverAllowed(Driver driver, Class<?> caller) {
544 ClassLoader callerCL = caller != null ? caller.getClassLoader() : null;
545 return isDriverAllowed(driver, callerCL);
546 }
547
548 private static boolean isDriverAllowed(Driver driver, ClassLoader classLoader) {
549 boolean result = false;
550 if(driver != null) {
551 Class<?> aClass = null;
552 try {
553 aClass = Class.forName(driver.getClass().getName(), true, classLoader);
554 } catch (Exception ex) {
555 result = false;
556 }
557
558 result = ( aClass == driver.getClass() ) ? true : false;
559 }
560
561 return result;
562 }
563
564 private static void loadInitialDrivers() {
565 String drivers;
566 try {
567 drivers = AccessController.doPrivileged(new PrivilegedAction<String>() {
568 public String run() {
569 return System.getProperty("jdbc.drivers");
570 }
571 });
572 } catch (Exception ex) {
573 drivers = null;
574 }
575 // If the driver is packaged as a Service Provider, load it.
576 // Get all the drivers through the classloader
577 // exposed as a java.sql.Driver.class service.
578 // ServiceLoader.load() replaces the sun.misc.Providers()
579
580 AccessController.doPrivileged(new PrivilegedAction<Void>() {
581 public Void run() {
582
583 ServiceLoader<Driver> loadedDrivers = ServiceLoader.load(Driver.class);
584 Iterator<Driver> driversIterator = loadedDrivers.iterator();
585
586 /* Load these drivers, so that they can be instantiated.
587 * It may be the case that the driver class may not be there
588 * i.e. there may be a packaged driver with the service class
589 * as implementation of java.sql.Driver but the actual class
590 * may be missing. In that case a java.util.ServiceConfigurationError
591 * will be thrown at runtime by the VM trying to locate
592 * and load the service.
593 *
594 * Adding a try catch block to catch those runtime errors
595 * if driver not available in classpath but it's
596 * packaged as service and that service is there in classpath.
597 */
598 try{
599 while(driversIterator.hasNext()) {
600 driversIterator.next();
601 }
602 } catch(Throwable t) {
603 // Do nothing
604 }
605 return null;
606 }
607 });
608
609 println("DriverManager.initialize: jdbc.drivers = " + drivers);
610
611 if (drivers == null || drivers.equals("")) {
612 return;
613 }
614 String[] driversList = drivers.split(":");
615 println("number of Drivers:" + driversList.length);
616 for (String aDriver : driversList) {
617 try {
618 println("DriverManager.Initialize: loading " + aDriver);
619 Class.forName(aDriver, true,
620 ClassLoader.getSystemClassLoader());
621 } catch (Exception ex) {
622 println("DriverManager.Initialize: load failed: " + ex);
623 }
624 }
625 }
626
627
628 // Worker method called by the public getConnection() methods.
629 private static Connection getConnection(
630 String url, java.util.Properties info, Class<?> caller) throws SQLException {
631 /*
632 * When callerCl is null, we should check the application's
633 * (which is invoking this class indirectly)
634 * classloader, so that the JDBC driver class outside rt.jar
635 * can be loaded from here.
636 */
637 ClassLoader callerCL = caller != null ? caller.getClassLoader() : null;
638 synchronized(DriverManager.class) {
639 // synchronize loading of the correct classloader.
640 if (callerCL == null) {
641 callerCL = Thread.currentThread().getContextClassLoader();
642 }
643 }
644
645 if(url == null) {
646 throw new SQLException("The url cannot be null", "08001");
647 }
648
649 println("DriverManager.getConnection(\"" + url + "\")");
650
651 // Walk through the loaded registeredDrivers attempting to make a connection.
652 // Remember the first exception that gets raised so we can reraise it.
653 SQLException reason = null;
654
655 for(DriverInfo aDriver : registeredDrivers) {
656 // If the caller does not have permission to load the driver then
657 // skip it.
658 if(isDriverAllowed(aDriver.driver, callerCL)) {
659 try {
660 println(" trying " + aDriver.driver.getClass().getName());
661 Connection con = aDriver.driver.connect(url, info);
662 if (con != null) {
663 // Success!
664 println("getConnection returning " + aDriver.driver.getClass().getName());
665 return (con);
666 }
667 } catch (SQLException ex) {
668 if (reason == null) {
669 reason = ex;
670 }
671 }
672
673 } else {
674 println(" skipping: " + aDriver.getClass().getName());
675 }
676
677 }
678
679 // if we got here nobody could connect.
680 if (reason != null) {
681 println("getConnection failed: " + reason);
682 throw reason;
683 }
684
685 println("getConnection: no suitable driver found for "+ url);
686 throw new SQLException("No suitable driver found for "+ url, "08001");
687 }
688
689
690 }
691
692 /*
693 * Wrapper class for registered Drivers in order to not expose Driver.equals()
694 * to avoid the capture of the Driver it being compared to as it might not
695 * normally have access.
696 */
697 class DriverInfo {
698
699 final Driver driver;
700 DriverAction da;
701 DriverInfo(Driver driver, DriverAction action) {
702 this.driver = driver;
703 da = action;
704 }
705
706 @Override
707 public boolean equals(Object other) {
708 return (other instanceof DriverInfo)
709 && this.driver == ((DriverInfo) other).driver;
710 }
711
712 @Override
713 public int hashCode() {
714 return driver.hashCode();
715 }
716
717 @Override
718 public String toString() {
719 return ("driver[className=" + driver + "]");
720 }
721
722 DriverAction action() {
723 return da;
724 }
725 }