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20 # Please contact Sun Microsystems, Inc., 4150 Network Circle, Santa Clara,
21 # CA 95054 USA or visit www.sun.com if you need additional information or
22 # have any questions.
23 #
24 # <pre>
25 # This file is in the public domain, so clarified as of
26 # 2009-05-17 by Arthur David Olson.
27
28 # This data is by no means authoritative; if you think you know better,
29 # go ahead and edit the file (and please send any changes to
30 # tz@elsie.nci.nih.gov for general use in the future).
31
32 # From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):
33 # A good source for time zone historical data outside the U.S. is
34 # Thomas G. Shanks and Rique Pottenger, The International Atlas (6th edition),
35 # San Diego: ACS Publications, Inc. (2003).
36 #
37 # Gwillim Law writes that a good source
38 # for recent time zone data is the International Air Transport
39 # Association's Standard Schedules Information Manual (IATA SSIM),
40 # published semiannually. Law sent in several helpful summaries
41 # of the IATA's data after 1990.
42 #
43 # Except where otherwise noted, Shanks & Pottenger is the source for
44 # entries through 1991, and IATA SSIM is the source for entries afterwards.
45 #
46 # Other sources occasionally used include:
47 #
48 # Edward W. Whitman, World Time Differences,
49 # Whitman Publishing Co, 2 Niagara Av, Ealing, London (undated),
50 # which I found in the UCLA library.
51 #
52 # <a href="http://www.pettswoodvillage.co.uk/Daylight_Savings_William_Willett.pdf">
53 # William Willett, The Waste of Daylight, 19th edition
54 # </a> (1914-03)
55 #
56 # Brazil's Departamento Servico da Hora (DSH),
57 # <a href="http://pcdsh01.on.br/HISTHV.htm">
58 # History of Summer Time
59 # </a> (1998-09-21, in Portuguese)
60
61 #
62 # I invented the abbreviations marked `*' in the following table;
63 # the rest are from earlier versions of this file, or from other sources.
64 # Corrections are welcome!
65 # std dst 2dst
66 # LMT Local Mean Time
67 # -4:00 AST ADT Atlantic
68 # -3:00 WGT WGST Western Greenland*
69 # -1:00 EGT EGST Eastern Greenland*
70 # 0:00 GMT BST BDST Greenwich, British Summer
71 # 0:00 GMT IST Greenwich, Irish Summer
72 # 0:00 WET WEST WEMT Western Europe
73 # 0:19:32.13 AMT NST Amsterdam, Netherlands Summer (1835-1937)*
74 # 0:20 NET NEST Netherlands (1937-1940)*
75 # 1:00 CET CEST CEMT Central Europe
76 # 1:00:14 SET Swedish (1879-1899)*
77 # 2:00 EET EEST Eastern Europe
78 # 3:00 MSK MSD Moscow
79 #
80 # A reliable and entertaining source about time zones, especially in Britain,
81 # Derek Howse, Greenwich time and longitude, Philip Wilson Publishers (1997).
82
83 # From Peter Ilieve (1994-12-04),
84 # The original six [EU members]: Belgium, France, (West) Germany, Italy,
85 # Luxembourg, the Netherlands.
86 # Plus, from 1 Jan 73: Denmark, Ireland, United Kingdom.
87 # Plus, from 1 Jan 81: Greece.
88 # Plus, from 1 Jan 86: Spain, Portugal.
89 # Plus, from 1 Jan 95: Austria, Finland, Sweden. (Norway negotiated terms for
90 # entry but in a referendum on 28 Nov 94 the people voted No by 52.2% to 47.8%
91 # on a turnout of 88.6%. This was almost the same result as Norway's previous
92 # referendum in 1972, they are the only country to have said No twice.
93 # Referendums in the other three countries voted Yes.)
94 # ...
95 # Estonia ... uses EU dates but not at 01:00 GMT, they use midnight GMT.
96 # I don't think they know yet what they will do from 1996 onwards.
97 # ...
98 # There shouldn't be any [current members who are not using EU rules].
99 # A Directive has the force of law, member states are obliged to enact
100 # national law to implement it. The only contentious issue was the
101 # different end date for the UK and Ireland, and this was always allowed
102 # in the Directive.
103
104
105 ###############################################################################
106
107 # Britain (United Kingdom) and Ireland (Eire)
108
109 # From Peter Ilieve (1994-07-06):
110 #
111 # On 17 Jan 1994 the Independent, a UK quality newspaper, had a piece about
112 # historical vistas along the Thames in west London. There was a photo
113 # and a sketch map showing some of the sightlines involved. One paragraph
114 # of the text said:
115 #
116 # `An old stone obelisk marking a forgotten terrestrial meridian stands
117 # beside the river at Kew. In the 18th century, before time and longitude
118 # was standardised by the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, scholars observed
119 # this stone and the movement of stars from Kew Observatory nearby. They
120 # made their calculations and set the time for the Horse Guards and Parliament,
121 # but now the stone is obscured by scrubwood and can only be seen by walking
122 # along the towpath within a few yards of it.'
123 #
124 # I have a one inch to one mile map of London and my estimate of the stone's
125 # position is 51 deg. 28' 30" N, 0 deg. 18' 45" W. The longitude should
126 # be within about +-2". The Ordnance Survey grid reference is TQ172761.
127 #
128 # [This yields GMTOFF = -0:01:15 for London LMT in the 18th century.]
129
130 # From Paul Eggert (1993-11-18):
131 #
132 # Howse writes that Britain was the first country to use standard time.
133 # The railways cared most about the inconsistencies of local mean time,
134 # and it was they who forced a uniform time on the country.
135 # The original idea was credited to Dr. William Hyde Wollaston (1766-1828)
136 # and was popularized by Abraham Follett Osler (1808-1903).
137 # The first railway to adopt London time was the Great Western Railway
138 # in November 1840; other railways followed suit, and by 1847 most
139 # (though not all) railways used London time. On 1847-09-22 the
140 # Railway Clearing House, an industry standards body, recommended that GMT be
141 # adopted at all stations as soon as the General Post Office permitted it.
142 # The transition occurred on 12-01 for the L&NW, the Caledonian,
143 # and presumably other railways; the January 1848 Bradshaw's lists many
144 # railways as using GMT. By 1855 the vast majority of public
145 # clocks in Britain were set to GMT (though some, like the great clock
146 # on Tom Tower at Christ Church, Oxford, were fitted with two minute hands,
147 # one for local time and one for GMT). The last major holdout was the legal
148 # system, which stubbornly stuck to local time for many years, leading
149 # to oddities like polls opening at 08:13 and closing at 16:13.
150 # The legal system finally switched to GMT when the Statutes (Definition
151 # of Time) Act took effect; it received the Royal Assent on 1880-08-02.
152 #
153 # In the tables below, we condense this complicated story into a single
154 # transition date for London, namely 1847-12-01. We don't know as much
155 # about Dublin, so we use 1880-08-02, the legal transition time.
156
157 # From Paul Eggert (2003-09-27):
158 # Summer Time was first seriously proposed by William Willett (1857-1915),
159 # a London builder and member of the Royal Astronomical Society
160 # who circulated a pamphlet ``The Waste of Daylight'' (1907)
161 # that proposed advancing clocks 20 minutes on each of four Sundays in April,
162 # and retarding them by the same amount on four Sundays in September.
163 # A bill was drafted in 1909 and introduced in Parliament several times,
164 # but it met with ridicule and opposition, especially from farming interests.
165 # Later editions of the pamphlet proposed one-hour summer time, and
166 # it was eventually adopted as a wartime measure in 1916.
167 # See: Summer Time Arrives Early, The Times (2000-05-18).
168 # A monument to Willett was unveiled on 1927-05-21, in an open space in
169 # a 45-acre wood near Chislehurst, Kent that was purchased by popular
170 # subscription and open to the public. On the south face of the monolith,
171 # designed by G. W. Miller, is the the William Willett Memorial Sundial,
172 # which is permanently set to Summer Time.
173
174 # From Winston Churchill (1934-04-28):
175 # It is one of the paradoxes of history that we should owe the boon of
176 # summer time, which gives every year to the people of this country
177 # between 160 and 170 hours more daylight leisure, to a war which
178 # plunged Europe into darkness for four years, and shook the
179 # foundations of civilization throughout the world.
180 # -- <a href="http://www.winstonchurchill.org/fh114willett.htm">
181 # "A Silent Toast to William Willett", Pictorial Weekly
182 # </a>
183
184 # From Paul Eggert (1996-09-03):
185 # The OED Supplement says that the English originally said ``Daylight Saving''
186 # when they were debating the adoption of DST in 1908; but by 1916 this
187 # term appears only in quotes taken from DST's opponents, whereas the
188 # proponents (who eventually won the argument) are quoted as using ``Summer''.
189
190 # From Arthur David Olson (1989-01-19):
191 #
192 # A source at the British Information Office in New York avers that it's
193 # known as "British" Summer Time in all parts of the United Kingdom.
194
195 # Date: 4 Jan 89 08:57:25 GMT (Wed)
196 # From: Jonathan Leffler
197 # [British Summer Time] is fixed annually by Act of Parliament.
198 # If you can predict what Parliament will do, you should be in
199 # politics making a fortune, not computing.
200
201 # From Chris Carrier (1996-06-14):
202 # I remember reading in various wartime issues of the London Times the
203 # acronym BDST for British Double Summer Time. Look for the published
204 # time of sunrise and sunset in The Times, when BDST was in effect, and
205 # if you find a zone reference it will say, "All times B.D.S.T."
206
207 # From Joseph S. Myers (1999-09-02):
208 # ... some military cables (WO 219/4100 - this is a copy from the
209 # main SHAEF archives held in the US National Archives, SHAEF/5252/8/516)
210 # agree that the usage is BDST (this appears in a message dated 17 Feb 1945).
211
212 # From Joseph S. Myers (2000-10-03):
213 # On 18th April 1941, Sir Stephen Tallents of the BBC wrote to Sir
214 # Alexander Maxwell of the Home Office asking whether there was any
215 # official designation; the reply of the 21st was that there wasn't
216 # but he couldn't think of anything better than the "Double British
217 # Summer Time" that the BBC had been using informally.
218 # http://student.cusu.cam.ac.uk/~jsm28/british-time/bbc-19410418.png
219 # http://student.cusu.cam.ac.uk/~jsm28/british-time/ho-19410421.png
220
221 # From Sir Alexander Maxwell in the above-mentioned letter (1941-04-21):
222 # [N]o official designation has as far as I know been adopted for the time
223 # which is to be introduced in May....
224 # I cannot think of anything better than "Double British Summer Time"
225 # which could not be said to run counter to any official description.
226
227 # From Paul Eggert (2000-10-02):
228 # Howse writes (p 157) `DBST' too, but `BDST' seems to have been common
229 # and follows the more usual convention of putting the location name first,
230 # so we use `BDST'.
231
232 # Peter Ilieve (1998-04-19) described at length
233 # the history of summer time legislation in the United Kingdom.
234 # Since 1998 Joseph S. Myers has been updating
235 # and extending this list, which can be found in
236 # <a href="http://student.cusu.cam.ac.uk/~jsm28/british-time/">
237 # History of legal time in Britain
238 # </a>
239
240 # From Joseph S. Myers (1998-01-06):
241 #
242 # The legal time in the UK outside of summer time is definitely GMT, not UTC;
243 # see Lord Tanlaw's speech
244 # <a href="http://www.parliament.the-stationery-office.co.uk/pa/ld199697/ldhansrd/pdvn/lds97/text/70611-20.htm#70611-20_head0">
245 # (Lords Hansard 11 June 1997 columns 964 to 976)
246 # </a>.
247
248 # From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):
249 #
250 # For lack of other data, follow Shanks & Pottenger for Eire in 1940-1948.
251 #
252 # Given Ilieve and Myers's data, the following claims by Shanks & Pottenger
253 # are incorrect:
254 # * Wales did not switch from GMT to daylight saving time until
255 # 1921 Apr 3, when they began to conform with the rest of Great Britain.
256 # Actually, Wales was identical after 1880.
257 # * Eire had two transitions on 1916 Oct 1.
258 # It actually just had one transition.
259 # * Northern Ireland used single daylight saving time throughout WW II.
260 # Actually, it conformed to Britain.
261 # * GB-Eire changed standard time to 1 hour ahead of GMT on 1968-02-18.
262 # Actually, that date saw the usual switch to summer time.
263 # Standard time was not changed until 1968-10-27 (the clocks didn't change).
264 #
265 # Here is another incorrect claim by Shanks & Pottenger:
266 # * Jersey, Guernsey, and the Isle of Man did not switch from GMT
267 # to daylight saving time until 1921 Apr 3, when they began to
268 # conform with Great Britain.
269 # S.R.&O. 1916, No. 382 and HO 45/10811/312364 (quoted above) say otherwise.
270 #
271 # The following claim by Shanks & Pottenger is possible though doubtful;
272 # we'll ignore it for now.
273 # * Dublin's 1971-10-31 switch was at 02:00, even though London's was 03:00.
274 #
275 #
276 # Whitman says Dublin Mean Time was -0:25:21, which is more precise than
277 # Shanks & Pottenger.
278 # Perhaps this was Dunsink Observatory Time, as Dunsink Observatory
279 # (8 km NW of Dublin's center) seemingly was to Dublin as Greenwich was
280 # to London. For example:
281 #
282 # "Timeball on the ballast office is down. Dunsink time."
283 # -- James Joyce, Ulysses
284
285 # From Joseph S. Myers (2005-01-26):
286 # Irish laws are available online at www.irishstatutebook.ie. These include
287 # various relating to legal time, for example:
288 #
289 # ZZA13Y1923.html ZZA12Y1924.html ZZA8Y1925.html ZZSIV20PG1267.html
290 #
291 # ZZSI71Y1947.html ZZSI128Y1948.html ZZSI23Y1949.html ZZSI41Y1950.html
292 # ZZSI27Y1951.html ZZSI73Y1952.html
293 #
294 # ZZSI11Y1961.html ZZSI232Y1961.html ZZSI182Y1962.html
295 # ZZSI167Y1963.html ZZSI257Y1964.html ZZSI198Y1967.html
296 # ZZA23Y1968.html ZZA17Y1971.html
297 #
298 # ZZSI67Y1981.html ZZSI212Y1982.html ZZSI45Y1986.html
299 # ZZSI264Y1988.html ZZSI52Y1990.html ZZSI371Y1992.html
300 # ZZSI395Y1994.html ZZSI484Y1997.html ZZSI506Y2001.html
301 #
302 # [These are all relative to the root, e.g., the first is
303 # <http://www.irishstatutebook.ie/ZZA13Y1923.html>.]
304 #
305 # (These are those I found, but there could be more. In any case these
306 # should allow various updates to the comments in the europe file to cover
307 # the laws applicable in Ireland.)
308 #
309 # (Note that the time in the Republic of Ireland since 1968 has been defined
310 # in terms of standard time being GMT+1 with a period of winter time when it
311 # is GMT, rather than standard time being GMT with a period of summer time
312 # being GMT+1.)
313
314 # From Paul Eggert (1999-03-28):
315 # Clive Feather (<news:859845706.26043.0@office.demon.net>, 1997-03-31)
316 # reports that Folkestone (Cheriton) Shuttle Terminal uses Concession Time
317 # (CT), equivalent to French civil time.
318 # Julian Hill (<news:36118128.5A14@virgin.net>, 1998-09-30) reports that
319 # trains between Dollands Moor (the freight facility next door)
320 # and Frethun run in CT.
321 # My admittedly uninformed guess is that the terminal has two authorities,
322 # the French concession operators and the British civil authorities,
323 # and that the time depends on who you're talking to.
324 # If, say, the British police were called to the station for some reason,
325 # I would expect the official police report to use GMT/BST and not CET/CEST.
326 # This is a borderline case, but for now let's stick to GMT/BST.
327
328 # From an anonymous contributor (1996-06-02):
329 # The law governing time in Ireland is under Statutory Instrument SI 395/94,
330 # which gives force to European Union 7th Council Directive # 94/21/EC.
331 # Under this directive, the Minister for Justice in Ireland makes appropriate
332 # regulations. I spoke this morning with the Secretary of the Department of
333 # Justice (tel +353 1 678 9711) who confirmed to me that the correct name is
334 # "Irish Summer Time", abbreviated to "IST".
335
336 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
337 # Summer Time Act, 1916
338 Rule GB-Eire 1916 only - May 21 2:00s 1:00 BST
339 Rule GB-Eire 1916 only - Oct 1 2:00s 0 GMT
340 # S.R.&O. 1917, No. 358
341 Rule GB-Eire 1917 only - Apr 8 2:00s 1:00 BST
342 Rule GB-Eire 1917 only - Sep 17 2:00s 0 GMT
343 # S.R.&O. 1918, No. 274
344 Rule GB-Eire 1918 only - Mar 24 2:00s 1:00 BST
345 Rule GB-Eire 1918 only - Sep 30 2:00s 0 GMT
346 # S.R.&O. 1919, No. 297
347 Rule GB-Eire 1919 only - Mar 30 2:00s 1:00 BST
348 Rule GB-Eire 1919 only - Sep 29 2:00s 0 GMT
349 # S.R.&O. 1920, No. 458
350 Rule GB-Eire 1920 only - Mar 28 2:00s 1:00 BST
351 # S.R.&O. 1920, No. 1844
352 Rule GB-Eire 1920 only - Oct 25 2:00s 0 GMT
353 # S.R.&O. 1921, No. 363
354 Rule GB-Eire 1921 only - Apr 3 2:00s 1:00 BST
355 Rule GB-Eire 1921 only - Oct 3 2:00s 0 GMT
356 # S.R.&O. 1922, No. 264
357 Rule GB-Eire 1922 only - Mar 26 2:00s 1:00 BST
358 Rule GB-Eire 1922 only - Oct 8 2:00s 0 GMT
359 # The Summer Time Act, 1922
360 Rule GB-Eire 1923 only - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST
361 Rule GB-Eire 1923 1924 - Sep Sun>=16 2:00s 0 GMT
362 Rule GB-Eire 1924 only - Apr Sun>=9 2:00s 1:00 BST
363 Rule GB-Eire 1925 1926 - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST
364 # The Summer Time Act, 1925
365 Rule GB-Eire 1925 1938 - Oct Sun>=2 2:00s 0 GMT
366 Rule GB-Eire 1927 only - Apr Sun>=9 2:00s 1:00 BST
367 Rule GB-Eire 1928 1929 - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST
368 Rule GB-Eire 1930 only - Apr Sun>=9 2:00s 1:00 BST
369 Rule GB-Eire 1931 1932 - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST
370 Rule GB-Eire 1933 only - Apr Sun>=9 2:00s 1:00 BST
371 Rule GB-Eire 1934 only - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST
372 Rule GB-Eire 1935 only - Apr Sun>=9 2:00s 1:00 BST
373 Rule GB-Eire 1936 1937 - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST
374 Rule GB-Eire 1938 only - Apr Sun>=9 2:00s 1:00 BST
375 Rule GB-Eire 1939 only - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST
376 # S.R.&O. 1939, No. 1379
377 Rule GB-Eire 1939 only - Nov Sun>=16 2:00s 0 GMT
378 # S.R.&O. 1940, No. 172 and No. 1883
379 Rule GB-Eire 1940 only - Feb Sun>=23 2:00s 1:00 BST
380 # S.R.&O. 1941, No. 476
381 Rule GB-Eire 1941 only - May Sun>=2 1:00s 2:00 BDST
382 Rule GB-Eire 1941 1943 - Aug Sun>=9 1:00s 1:00 BST
383 # S.R.&O. 1942, No. 506
384 Rule GB-Eire 1942 1944 - Apr Sun>=2 1:00s 2:00 BDST
385 # S.R.&O. 1944, No. 932
386 Rule GB-Eire 1944 only - Sep Sun>=16 1:00s 1:00 BST
387 # S.R.&O. 1945, No. 312
388 Rule GB-Eire 1945 only - Apr Mon>=2 1:00s 2:00 BDST
389 Rule GB-Eire 1945 only - Jul Sun>=9 1:00s 1:00 BST
390 # S.R.&O. 1945, No. 1208
391 Rule GB-Eire 1945 1946 - Oct Sun>=2 2:00s 0 GMT
392 Rule GB-Eire 1946 only - Apr Sun>=9 2:00s 1:00 BST
393 # The Summer Time Act, 1947
394 Rule GB-Eire 1947 only - Mar 16 2:00s 1:00 BST
395 Rule GB-Eire 1947 only - Apr 13 1:00s 2:00 BDST
396 Rule GB-Eire 1947 only - Aug 10 1:00s 1:00 BST
397 Rule GB-Eire 1947 only - Nov 2 2:00s 0 GMT
398 # Summer Time Order, 1948 (S.I. 1948/495)
399 Rule GB-Eire 1948 only - Mar 14 2:00s 1:00 BST
400 Rule GB-Eire 1948 only - Oct 31 2:00s 0 GMT
401 # Summer Time Order, 1949 (S.I. 1949/373)
402 Rule GB-Eire 1949 only - Apr 3 2:00s 1:00 BST
403 Rule GB-Eire 1949 only - Oct 30 2:00s 0 GMT
404 # Summer Time Order, 1950 (S.I. 1950/518)
405 # Summer Time Order, 1951 (S.I. 1951/430)
406 # Summer Time Order, 1952 (S.I. 1952/451)
407 Rule GB-Eire 1950 1952 - Apr Sun>=14 2:00s 1:00 BST
408 Rule GB-Eire 1950 1952 - Oct Sun>=21 2:00s 0 GMT
409 # revert to the rules of the Summer Time Act, 1925
410 Rule GB-Eire 1953 only - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST
411 Rule GB-Eire 1953 1960 - Oct Sun>=2 2:00s 0 GMT
412 Rule GB-Eire 1954 only - Apr Sun>=9 2:00s 1:00 BST
413 Rule GB-Eire 1955 1956 - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST
414 Rule GB-Eire 1957 only - Apr Sun>=9 2:00s 1:00 BST
415 Rule GB-Eire 1958 1959 - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST
416 Rule GB-Eire 1960 only - Apr Sun>=9 2:00s 1:00 BST
417 # Summer Time Order, 1961 (S.I. 1961/71)
418 # Summer Time (1962) Order, 1961 (S.I. 1961/2465)
419 # Summer Time Order, 1963 (S.I. 1963/81)
420 Rule GB-Eire 1961 1963 - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 BST
421 Rule GB-Eire 1961 1968 - Oct Sun>=23 2:00s 0 GMT
422 # Summer Time (1964) Order, 1963 (S.I. 1963/2101)
423 # Summer Time Order, 1964 (S.I. 1964/1201)
424 # Summer Time Order, 1967 (S.I. 1967/1148)
425 Rule GB-Eire 1964 1967 - Mar Sun>=19 2:00s 1:00 BST
426 # Summer Time Order, 1968 (S.I. 1968/117)
427 Rule GB-Eire 1968 only - Feb 18 2:00s 1:00 BST
428 # The British Standard Time Act, 1968
429 # (no summer time)
430 # The Summer Time Act, 1972
431 Rule GB-Eire 1972 1980 - Mar Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST
432 Rule GB-Eire 1972 1980 - Oct Sun>=23 2:00s 0 GMT
433 # Summer Time Order, 1980 (S.I. 1980/1089)
434 # Summer Time Order, 1982 (S.I. 1982/1673)
435 # Summer Time Order, 1986 (S.I. 1986/223)
436 # Summer Time Order, 1988 (S.I. 1988/931)
437 Rule GB-Eire 1981 1995 - Mar lastSun 1:00u 1:00 BST
438 Rule GB-Eire 1981 1989 - Oct Sun>=23 1:00u 0 GMT
439 # Summer Time Order, 1989 (S.I. 1989/985)
440 # Summer Time Order, 1992 (S.I. 1992/1729)
441 # Summer Time Order 1994 (S.I. 1994/2798)
442 Rule GB-Eire 1990 1995 - Oct Sun>=22 1:00u 0 GMT
443 # Summer Time Order 1997 (S.I. 1997/2982)
444 # See EU for rules starting in 1996.
445
446 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
447 Zone Europe/London -0:01:15 - LMT 1847 Dec 1 0:00s
448 0:00 GB-Eire %s 1968 Oct 27
449 1:00 - BST 1971 Oct 31 2:00u
450 0:00 GB-Eire %s 1996
451 0:00 EU GMT/BST
452 Link Europe/London Europe/Jersey
453 Link Europe/London Europe/Guernsey
454 Link Europe/London Europe/Isle_of_Man
455 Zone Europe/Dublin -0:25:00 - LMT 1880 Aug 2
456 -0:25:21 - DMT 1916 May 21 2:00
457 -0:25:21 1:00 IST 1916 Oct 1 2:00s
458 0:00 GB-Eire %s 1921 Dec 6 # independence
459 0:00 GB-Eire GMT/IST 1940 Feb 25 2:00
460 0:00 1:00 IST 1946 Oct 6 2:00
461 0:00 - GMT 1947 Mar 16 2:00
462 0:00 1:00 IST 1947 Nov 2 2:00
463 0:00 - GMT 1948 Apr 18 2:00
464 0:00 GB-Eire GMT/IST 1968 Oct 27
465 1:00 - IST 1971 Oct 31 2:00u
466 0:00 GB-Eire GMT/IST 1996
467 0:00 EU GMT/IST
468
469 ###############################################################################
470
471 # Europe
472
473 # EU rules are for the European Union, previously known as the EC, EEC,
474 # Common Market, etc.
475
476 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
477 Rule EU 1977 1980 - Apr Sun>=1 1:00u 1:00 S
478 Rule EU 1977 only - Sep lastSun 1:00u 0 -
479 Rule EU 1978 only - Oct 1 1:00u 0 -
480 Rule EU 1979 1995 - Sep lastSun 1:00u 0 -
481 Rule EU 1981 max - Mar lastSun 1:00u 1:00 S
482 Rule EU 1996 max - Oct lastSun 1:00u 0 -
483 # The most recent directive covers the years starting in 2002. See:
484 # <a="http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=CELEX:32000L0084:EN:NOT">
485 # Directive 2000/84/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council
486 # of 19 January 2001 on summer-time arrangements.
487 # </a>
488
489 # W-Eur differs from EU only in that W-Eur uses standard time.
490 Rule W-Eur 1977 1980 - Apr Sun>=1 1:00s 1:00 S
491 Rule W-Eur 1977 only - Sep lastSun 1:00s 0 -
492 Rule W-Eur 1978 only - Oct 1 1:00s 0 -
493 Rule W-Eur 1979 1995 - Sep lastSun 1:00s 0 -
494 Rule W-Eur 1981 max - Mar lastSun 1:00s 1:00 S
495 Rule W-Eur 1996 max - Oct lastSun 1:00s 0 -
496
497 # Older C-Eur rules are for convenience in the tables.
498 # From 1977 on, C-Eur differs from EU only in that C-Eur uses standard time.
499 Rule C-Eur 1916 only - Apr 30 23:00 1:00 S
500 Rule C-Eur 1916 only - Oct 1 1:00 0 -
501 Rule C-Eur 1917 1918 - Apr Mon>=15 2:00s 1:00 S
502 Rule C-Eur 1917 1918 - Sep Mon>=15 2:00s 0 -
503 Rule C-Eur 1940 only - Apr 1 2:00s 1:00 S
504 Rule C-Eur 1942 only - Nov 2 2:00s 0 -
505 Rule C-Eur 1943 only - Mar 29 2:00s 1:00 S
506 Rule C-Eur 1943 only - Oct 4 2:00s 0 -
507 Rule C-Eur 1944 1945 - Apr Mon>=1 2:00s 1:00 S
508 # Whitman gives 1944 Oct 7; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
509 Rule C-Eur 1944 only - Oct 2 2:00s 0 -
510 # From Jesper Norgaard Welen (2008-07-13):
511 #
512 # I found what is probably a typo of 2:00 which should perhaps be 2:00s
513 # in the C-Eur rule from tz database version 2008d (this part was
514 # corrected in version 2008d). The circumstancial evidence is simply the
515 # tz database itself, as seen below:
516 #
517 # Zone Europe/Paris 0:09:21 - LMT 1891 Mar 15 0:01
518 # 0:00 France WE%sT 1945 Sep 16 3:00
519 #
520 # Zone Europe/Monaco 0:29:32 - LMT 1891 Mar 15
521 # 0:00 France WE%sT 1945 Sep 16 3:00
522 #
523 # Zone Europe/Belgrade 1:22:00 - LMT 1884
524 # 1:00 1:00 CEST 1945 Sep 16 2:00s
525 #
526 # Rule France 1945 only - Sep 16 3:00 0 -
527 # Rule Belgium 1945 only - Sep 16 2:00s 0 -
528 # Rule Neth 1945 only - Sep 16 2:00s 0 -
529 #
530 # The rule line to be changed is:
531 #
532 # Rule C-Eur 1945 only - Sep 16 2:00 0 -
533 #
534 # It seems that Paris, Monaco, Rule France, Rule Belgium all agree on
535 # 2:00 standard time, e.g. 3:00 local time. However there are no
536 # countries that use C-Eur rules in September 1945, so the only items
537 # affected are apparently these ficticious zones that translates acronyms
538 # CET and MET:
539 #
540 # Zone CET 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT
541 # Zone MET 1:00 C-Eur ME%sT
542 #
543 # It this is right then the corrected version would look like:
544 #
545 # Rule C-Eur 1945 only - Sep 16 2:00s 0 -
546 #
547 # A small step for mankind though 8-)
548 Rule C-Eur 1945 only - Sep 16 2:00s 0 -
549 Rule C-Eur 1977 1980 - Apr Sun>=1 2:00s 1:00 S
550 Rule C-Eur 1977 only - Sep lastSun 2:00s 0 -
551 Rule C-Eur 1978 only - Oct 1 2:00s 0 -
552 Rule C-Eur 1979 1995 - Sep lastSun 2:00s 0 -
553 Rule C-Eur 1981 max - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 S
554 Rule C-Eur 1996 max - Oct lastSun 2:00s 0 -
555
556 # E-Eur differs from EU only in that E-Eur switches at midnight local time.
557 Rule E-Eur 1977 1980 - Apr Sun>=1 0:00 1:00 S
558 Rule E-Eur 1977 only - Sep lastSun 0:00 0 -
559 Rule E-Eur 1978 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
560 Rule E-Eur 1979 1995 - Sep lastSun 0:00 0 -
561 Rule E-Eur 1981 max - Mar lastSun 0:00 1:00 S
562 Rule E-Eur 1996 max - Oct lastSun 0:00 0 -
563
564 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
565 Rule Russia 1917 only - Jul 1 23:00 1:00 MST # Moscow Summer Time
566 Rule Russia 1917 only - Dec 28 0:00 0 MMT # Moscow Mean Time
567 Rule Russia 1918 only - May 31 22:00 2:00 MDST # Moscow Double Summer Time
568 Rule Russia 1918 only - Sep 16 1:00 1:00 MST
569 Rule Russia 1919 only - May 31 23:00 2:00 MDST
570 Rule Russia 1919 only - Jul 1 2:00 1:00 S
571 Rule Russia 1919 only - Aug 16 0:00 0 -
572 Rule Russia 1921 only - Feb 14 23:00 1:00 S
573 Rule Russia 1921 only - Mar 20 23:00 2:00 M # Midsummer
574 Rule Russia 1921 only - Sep 1 0:00 1:00 S
575 Rule Russia 1921 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
576 # Act No.925 of the Council of Ministers of the USSR (1980-10-24):
577 Rule Russia 1981 1984 - Apr 1 0:00 1:00 S
578 Rule Russia 1981 1983 - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
579 # Act No.967 of the Council of Ministers of the USSR (1984-09-13), repeated in
580 # Act No.227 of the Council of Ministers of the USSR (1989-03-14):
581 Rule Russia 1984 1991 - Sep lastSun 2:00s 0 -
582 Rule Russia 1985 1991 - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 S
583 #
584 Rule Russia 1992 only - Mar lastSat 23:00 1:00 S
585 Rule Russia 1992 only - Sep lastSat 23:00 0 -
586 Rule Russia 1993 max - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 S
587 Rule Russia 1993 1995 - Sep lastSun 2:00s 0 -
588 Rule Russia 1996 max - Oct lastSun 2:00s 0 -
589
590 # These are for backward compatibility with older versions.
591
592 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
593 Zone WET 0:00 EU WE%sT
594 Zone CET 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT
595 Zone MET 1:00 C-Eur ME%sT
596 Zone EET 2:00 EU EE%sT
597
598 # Previous editions of this database used abbreviations like MET DST
599 # for Central European Summer Time, but this didn't agree with common usage.
600
601 # From Markus Kuhn (1996-07-12):
602 # The official German names ... are
603 #
604 # Mitteleuropaeische Zeit (MEZ) = UTC+01:00
605 # Mitteleuropaeische Sommerzeit (MESZ) = UTC+02:00
606 #
607 # as defined in the German Time Act (Gesetz ueber die Zeitbestimmung (ZeitG),
608 # 1978-07-25, Bundesgesetzblatt, Jahrgang 1978, Teil I, S. 1110-1111)....
609 # I wrote ... to the German Federal Physical-Technical Institution
610 #
611 # Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB)
612 # Laboratorium 4.41 "Zeiteinheit"
613 # Postfach 3345
614 # D-38023 Braunschweig
615 # phone: +49 531 592-0
616 #
617 # ... I received today an answer letter from Dr. Peter Hetzel, head of the PTB
618 # department for time and frequency transmission. He explained that the
619 # PTB translates MEZ and MESZ into English as
620 #
621 # Central European Time (CET) = UTC+01:00
622 # Central European Summer Time (CEST) = UTC+02:00
623
624
625 # Albania
626 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
627 Rule Albania 1940 only - Jun 16 0:00 1:00 S
628 Rule Albania 1942 only - Nov 2 3:00 0 -
629 Rule Albania 1943 only - Mar 29 2:00 1:00 S
630 Rule Albania 1943 only - Apr 10 3:00 0 -
631 Rule Albania 1974 only - May 4 0:00 1:00 S
632 Rule Albania 1974 only - Oct 2 0:00 0 -
633 Rule Albania 1975 only - May 1 0:00 1:00 S
634 Rule Albania 1975 only - Oct 2 0:00 0 -
635 Rule Albania 1976 only - May 2 0:00 1:00 S
636 Rule Albania 1976 only - Oct 3 0:00 0 -
637 Rule Albania 1977 only - May 8 0:00 1:00 S
638 Rule Albania 1977 only - Oct 2 0:00 0 -
639 Rule Albania 1978 only - May 6 0:00 1:00 S
640 Rule Albania 1978 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
641 Rule Albania 1979 only - May 5 0:00 1:00 S
642 Rule Albania 1979 only - Sep 30 0:00 0 -
643 Rule Albania 1980 only - May 3 0:00 1:00 S
644 Rule Albania 1980 only - Oct 4 0:00 0 -
645 Rule Albania 1981 only - Apr 26 0:00 1:00 S
646 Rule Albania 1981 only - Sep 27 0:00 0 -
647 Rule Albania 1982 only - May 2 0:00 1:00 S
648 Rule Albania 1982 only - Oct 3 0:00 0 -
649 Rule Albania 1983 only - Apr 18 0:00 1:00 S
650 Rule Albania 1983 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
651 Rule Albania 1984 only - Apr 1 0:00 1:00 S
652 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
653 Zone Europe/Tirane 1:19:20 - LMT 1914
654 1:00 - CET 1940 Jun 16
655 1:00 Albania CE%sT 1984 Jul
656 1:00 EU CE%sT
657
658 # Andorra
659 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
660 Zone Europe/Andorra 0:06:04 - LMT 1901
661 0:00 - WET 1946 Sep 30
662 1:00 - CET 1985 Mar 31 2:00
663 1:00 EU CE%sT
664
665 # Austria
666
667 # From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22): Shanks & Pottenger give 1918-06-16 and
668 # 1945-11-18, but the Austrian Federal Office of Metrology and
669 # Surveying (BEV) gives 1918-09-16 and for Vienna gives the "alleged"
670 # date of 1945-04-12 with no time. For the 1980-04-06 transition
671 # Shanks & Pottenger give 02:00, the BEV 00:00. Go with the BEV,
672 # and guess 02:00 for 1945-04-12.
673
674 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
675 Rule Austria 1920 only - Apr 5 2:00s 1:00 S
676 Rule Austria 1920 only - Sep 13 2:00s 0 -
677 Rule Austria 1946 only - Apr 14 2:00s 1:00 S
678 Rule Austria 1946 1948 - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
679 Rule Austria 1947 only - Apr 6 2:00s 1:00 S
680 Rule Austria 1948 only - Apr 18 2:00s 1:00 S
681 Rule Austria 1980 only - Apr 6 0:00 1:00 S
682 Rule Austria 1980 only - Sep 28 0:00 0 -
683 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
684 Zone Europe/Vienna 1:05:20 - LMT 1893 Apr
685 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1920
686 1:00 Austria CE%sT 1940 Apr 1 2:00s
687 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 Apr 2 2:00s
688 1:00 1:00 CEST 1945 Apr 12 2:00s
689 1:00 - CET 1946
690 1:00 Austria CE%sT 1981
691 1:00 EU CE%sT
692
693 # Belarus
694 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
695 Zone Europe/Minsk 1:50:16 - LMT 1880
696 1:50 - MMT 1924 May 2 # Minsk Mean Time
697 2:00 - EET 1930 Jun 21
698 3:00 - MSK 1941 Jun 28
699 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Jul 3
700 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1990
701 3:00 - MSK 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
702 2:00 1:00 EEST 1991 Sep 29 2:00s
703 2:00 - EET 1992 Mar 29 0:00s
704 2:00 1:00 EEST 1992 Sep 27 0:00s
705 2:00 Russia EE%sT
706
707 # Belgium
708 #
709 # From Paul Eggert (1997-07-02):
710 # Entries from 1918 through 1991 are taken from:
711 # Annuaire de L'Observatoire Royal de Belgique,
712 # Avenue Circulaire, 3, B-1180 BRUXELLES, CLVIIe annee, 1991
713 # (Imprimerie HAYEZ, s.p.r.l., Rue Fin, 4, 1080 BRUXELLES, MCMXC),
714 # pp 8-9.
715 # LMT before 1892 was 0:17:30, according to the official journal of Belgium:
716 # Moniteur Belge, Samedi 30 Avril 1892, N.121.
717 # Thanks to Pascal Delmoitie for these references.
718 # The 1918 rules are listed for completeness; they apply to unoccupied Belgium.
719 # Assume Brussels switched to WET in 1918 when the armistice took effect.
720 #
721 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
722 Rule Belgium 1918 only - Mar 9 0:00s 1:00 S
723 Rule Belgium 1918 1919 - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 -
724 Rule Belgium 1919 only - Mar 1 23:00s 1:00 S
725 Rule Belgium 1920 only - Feb 14 23:00s 1:00 S
726 Rule Belgium 1920 only - Oct 23 23:00s 0 -
727 Rule Belgium 1921 only - Mar 14 23:00s 1:00 S
728 Rule Belgium 1921 only - Oct 25 23:00s 0 -
729 Rule Belgium 1922 only - Mar 25 23:00s 1:00 S
730 Rule Belgium 1922 1927 - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 -
731 Rule Belgium 1923 only - Apr 21 23:00s 1:00 S
732 Rule Belgium 1924 only - Mar 29 23:00s 1:00 S
733 Rule Belgium 1925 only - Apr 4 23:00s 1:00 S
734 # DSH writes that a royal decree of 1926-02-22 specified the Sun following 3rd
735 # Sat in Apr (except if it's Easter, in which case it's one Sunday earlier),
736 # to Sun following 1st Sat in Oct, and that a royal decree of 1928-09-15
737 # changed the transition times to 02:00 GMT.
738 Rule Belgium 1926 only - Apr 17 23:00s 1:00 S
739 Rule Belgium 1927 only - Apr 9 23:00s 1:00 S
740 Rule Belgium 1928 only - Apr 14 23:00s 1:00 S
741 Rule Belgium 1928 1938 - Oct Sun>=2 2:00s 0 -
742 Rule Belgium 1929 only - Apr 21 2:00s 1:00 S
743 Rule Belgium 1930 only - Apr 13 2:00s 1:00 S
744 Rule Belgium 1931 only - Apr 19 2:00s 1:00 S
745 Rule Belgium 1932 only - Apr 3 2:00s 1:00 S
746 Rule Belgium 1933 only - Mar 26 2:00s 1:00 S
747 Rule Belgium 1934 only - Apr 8 2:00s 1:00 S
748 Rule Belgium 1935 only - Mar 31 2:00s 1:00 S
749 Rule Belgium 1936 only - Apr 19 2:00s 1:00 S
750 Rule Belgium 1937 only - Apr 4 2:00s 1:00 S
751 Rule Belgium 1938 only - Mar 27 2:00s 1:00 S
752 Rule Belgium 1939 only - Apr 16 2:00s 1:00 S
753 Rule Belgium 1939 only - Nov 19 2:00s 0 -
754 Rule Belgium 1940 only - Feb 25 2:00s 1:00 S
755 Rule Belgium 1944 only - Sep 17 2:00s 0 -
756 Rule Belgium 1945 only - Apr 2 2:00s 1:00 S
757 Rule Belgium 1945 only - Sep 16 2:00s 0 -
758 Rule Belgium 1946 only - May 19 2:00s 1:00 S
759 Rule Belgium 1946 only - Oct 7 2:00s 0 -
760 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
761 Zone Europe/Brussels 0:17:30 - LMT 1880
762 0:17:30 - BMT 1892 May 1 12:00 # Brussels MT
763 0:00 - WET 1914 Nov 8
764 1:00 - CET 1916 May 1 0:00
765 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1918 Nov 11 11:00u
766 0:00 Belgium WE%sT 1940 May 20 2:00s
767 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Sep 3
768 1:00 Belgium CE%sT 1977
769 1:00 EU CE%sT
770
771 # Bosnia and Herzegovina
772 # see Serbia
773
774 # Bulgaria
775 #
776 # From Plamen Simenov via Steffen Thorsen (1999-09-09):
777 # A document of Government of Bulgaria (No.94/1997) says:
778 # EET --> EETDST is in 03:00 Local time in last Sunday of March ...
779 # EETDST --> EET is in 04:00 Local time in last Sunday of October
780 #
781 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
782 Rule Bulg 1979 only - Mar 31 23:00 1:00 S
783 Rule Bulg 1979 only - Oct 1 1:00 0 -
784 Rule Bulg 1980 1982 - Apr Sat>=1 23:00 1:00 S
785 Rule Bulg 1980 only - Sep 29 1:00 0 -
786 Rule Bulg 1981 only - Sep 27 2:00 0 -
787 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
788 Zone Europe/Sofia 1:33:16 - LMT 1880
789 1:56:56 - IMT 1894 Nov 30 # Istanbul MT?
790 2:00 - EET 1942 Nov 2 3:00
791 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945
792 1:00 - CET 1945 Apr 2 3:00
793 2:00 - EET 1979 Mar 31 23:00
794 2:00 Bulg EE%sT 1982 Sep 26 2:00
795 2:00 C-Eur EE%sT 1991
796 2:00 E-Eur EE%sT 1997
797 2:00 EU EE%sT
798
799 # Croatia
800 # see Serbia
801
802 # Cyprus
803 # Please see the `asia' file for Asia/Nicosia.
804
805 # Czech Republic
806 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
807 Rule Czech 1945 only - Apr 8 2:00s 1:00 S
808 Rule Czech 1945 only - Nov 18 2:00s 0 -
809 Rule Czech 1946 only - May 6 2:00s 1:00 S
810 Rule Czech 1946 1949 - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
811 Rule Czech 1947 only - Apr 20 2:00s 1:00 S
812 Rule Czech 1948 only - Apr 18 2:00s 1:00 S
813 Rule Czech 1949 only - Apr 9 2:00s 1:00 S
814 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
815 Zone Europe/Prague 0:57:44 - LMT 1850
816 0:57:44 - PMT 1891 Oct # Prague Mean Time
817 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Sep 17 2:00s
818 1:00 Czech CE%sT 1979
819 1:00 EU CE%sT
820
821 # Denmark, Faroe Islands, and Greenland
822
823 # From Jesper Norgaard Welen (2005-04-26):
824 # http://www.hum.aau.dk/~poe/tid/tine/DanskTid.htm says that the law
825 # [introducing standard time] was in effect from 1894-01-01....
826 # The page http://www.retsinfo.dk/_GETDOCI_/ACCN/A18930008330-REGL
827 # confirms this, and states that the law was put forth 1893-03-29.
828 #
829 # The EU treaty with effect from 1973:
830 # http://www.retsinfo.dk/_GETDOCI_/ACCN/A19722110030-REGL
831 #
832 # This provoked a new law from 1974 to make possible summer time changes
833 # in subsequenet decrees with the law
834 # http://www.retsinfo.dk/_GETDOCI_/ACCN/A19740022330-REGL
835 #
836 # It seems however that no decree was set forward until 1980. I have
837 # not found any decree, but in another related law, the effecting DST
838 # changes are stated explicitly to be from 1980-04-06 at 02:00 to
839 # 1980-09-28 at 02:00. If this is true, this differs slightly from
840 # the EU rule in that DST runs to 02:00, not 03:00. We don't know
841 # when Denmark began using the EU rule correctly, but we have only
842 # confirmation of the 1980-time, so I presume it was correct in 1981:
843 # The law is about the management of the extra hour, concerning
844 # working hours reported and effect on obligatory-rest rules (which
845 # was suspended on that night):
846 # http://www.retsinfo.dk/_GETDOCI_/ACCN/C19801120554-REGL
847
848 # From Jesper Norgaard Welen (2005-06-11):
849 # The Herning Folkeblad (1980-09-26) reported that the night between
850 # Saturday and Sunday the clock is set back from three to two.
851
852 # From Paul Eggert (2005-06-11):
853 # Hence the "02:00" of the 1980 law refers to standard time, not
854 # wall-clock time, and so the EU rules were in effect in 1980.
855
856 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
857 Rule Denmark 1916 only - May 14 23:00 1:00 S
858 Rule Denmark 1916 only - Sep 30 23:00 0 -
859 Rule Denmark 1940 only - May 15 0:00 1:00 S
860 Rule Denmark 1945 only - Apr 2 2:00s 1:00 S
861 Rule Denmark 1945 only - Aug 15 2:00s 0 -
862 Rule Denmark 1946 only - May 1 2:00s 1:00 S
863 Rule Denmark 1946 only - Sep 1 2:00s 0 -
864 Rule Denmark 1947 only - May 4 2:00s 1:00 S
865 Rule Denmark 1947 only - Aug 10 2:00s 0 -
866 Rule Denmark 1948 only - May 9 2:00s 1:00 S
867 Rule Denmark 1948 only - Aug 8 2:00s 0 -
868 #
869 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
870 Zone Europe/Copenhagen 0:50:20 - LMT 1890
871 0:50:20 - CMT 1894 Jan 1 # Copenhagen MT
872 1:00 Denmark CE%sT 1942 Nov 2 2:00s
873 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 Apr 2 2:00
874 1:00 Denmark CE%sT 1980
875 1:00 EU CE%sT
876 Zone Atlantic/Faroe -0:27:04 - LMT 1908 Jan 11 # Torshavn
877 0:00 - WET 1981
878 0:00 EU WE%sT
879 #
880 # From Paul Eggert (2004-10-31):
881 # During World War II, Germany maintained secret manned weather stations in
882 # East Greenland and Franz Josef Land, but we don't know their time zones.
883 # My source for this is Wilhelm Dege's book mentioned under Svalbard.
884 #
885 # From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):
886 # Greenland joined the EU as part of Denmark, obtained home rule on 1979-05-01,
887 # and left the EU on 1985-02-01. It therefore should have been using EU
888 # rules at least through 1984. Shanks & Pottenger say Scoresbysund and Godthab
889 # used C-Eur rules after 1980, but IATA SSIM (1991/1996) says they use EU
890 # rules since at least 1991. Assume EU rules since 1980.
891
892 # From Gwillin Law (2001-06-06), citing
893 # <http://www.statkart.no/efs/efshefter/2001/efs5-2001.pdf> (2001-03-15),
894 # and with translations corrected by Steffen Thorsen:
895 #
896 # Greenland has four local times, and the relation to UTC
897 # is according to the following time line:
898 #
899 # The military zone near Thule UTC-4
900 # Standard Greenland time UTC-3
901 # Scoresbysund UTC-1
902 # Danmarkshavn UTC
903 #
904 # In the military area near Thule and in Danmarkshavn DST will not be
905 # introduced.
906
907 # From Rives McDow (2001-11-01):
908 #
909 # I correspond regularly with the Dansk Polarcenter, and wrote them at
910 # the time to clarify the situation in Thule. Unfortunately, I have
911 # not heard back from them regarding my recent letter. [But I have
912 # info from earlier correspondence.]
913 #
914 # According to the center, a very small local time zone around Thule
915 # Air Base keeps the time according to UTC-4, implementing daylight
916 # savings using North America rules, changing the time at 02:00 local time....
917 #
918 # The east coast of Greenland north of the community of Scoresbysund
919 # uses UTC in the same way as in Iceland, year round, with no dst.
920 # There are just a few stations on this coast, including the
921 # Danmarkshavn ICAO weather station mentioned in your September 29th
922 # email. The other stations are two sledge patrol stations in
923 # Mestersvig and Daneborg, the air force base at Station Nord, and the
924 # DPC research station at Zackenberg.
925 #
926 # Scoresbysund and two small villages nearby keep time UTC-1 and use
927 # the same daylight savings time period as in West Greenland (Godthab).
928 #
929 # The rest of Greenland, including Godthab (this area, although it
930 # includes central Greenland, is known as west Greenland), keeps time
931 # UTC-3, with daylight savings methods according to European rules.
932 #
933 # It is common procedure to use UTC 0 in the wilderness of East and
934 # North Greenland, because it is mainly Icelandic aircraft operators
935 # maintaining traffic in these areas. However, the official status of
936 # this area is that it sticks with Godthab time. This area might be
937 # considered a dual time zone in some respects because of this.
938
939 # From Rives McDow (2001-11-19):
940 # I heard back from someone stationed at Thule; the time change took place
941 # there at 2:00 AM.
942
943 # From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):
944 # From 1997 on the CIA map shows Danmarkshavn on GMT;
945 # the 1995 map as like Godthab.
946 # For lack of better info, assume they were like Godthab before 1996.
947 # startkart.no says Thule does not observe DST, but this is clearly an error,
948 # so go with Shanks & Pottenger for Thule transitions until this year.
949 # For 2007 on assume Thule will stay in sync with US DST rules.
950 #
951 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
952 Rule Thule 1991 1992 - Mar lastSun 2:00 1:00 D
953 Rule Thule 1991 1992 - Sep lastSun 2:00 0 S
954 Rule Thule 1993 2006 - Apr Sun>=1 2:00 1:00 D
955 Rule Thule 1993 2006 - Oct lastSun 2:00 0 S
956 Rule Thule 2007 max - Mar Sun>=8 2:00 1:00 D
957 Rule Thule 2007 max - Nov Sun>=1 2:00 0 S
958 #
959 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
960 Zone America/Danmarkshavn -1:14:40 - LMT 1916 Jul 28
961 -3:00 - WGT 1980 Apr 6 2:00
962 -3:00 EU WG%sT 1996
963 0:00 - GMT
964 Zone America/Scoresbysund -1:27:52 - LMT 1916 Jul 28 # Ittoqqortoormiit
965 -2:00 - CGT 1980 Apr 6 2:00
966 -2:00 C-Eur CG%sT 1981 Mar 29
967 -1:00 EU EG%sT
968 Zone America/Godthab -3:26:56 - LMT 1916 Jul 28 # Nuuk
969 -3:00 - WGT 1980 Apr 6 2:00
970 -3:00 EU WG%sT
971 Zone America/Thule -4:35:08 - LMT 1916 Jul 28 # Pituffik air base
972 -4:00 Thule A%sT
973
974 # Estonia
975 # From Peter Ilieve (1994-10-15):
976 # A relative in Tallinn confirms the accuracy of the data for 1989 onwards
977 # [through 1994] and gives the legal authority for it,
978 # a regulation of the Government of Estonia, No. 111 of 1989....
979 #
980 # From Peter Ilieve (1996-10-28):
981 # [IATA SSIM (1992/1996) claims that the Baltic republics switch at 01:00s,
982 # but a relative confirms that Estonia still switches at 02:00s, writing:]
983 # ``I do not [know] exactly but there are some little different
984 # (confusing) rules for International Air and Railway Transport Schedules
985 # conversion in Sunday connected with end of summer time in Estonia....
986 # A discussion is running about the summer time efficiency and effect on
987 # human physiology. It seems that Estonia maybe will not change to
988 # summer time next spring.''
989
990 # From Peter Ilieve (1998-11-04), heavily edited:
991 # <a href="http://trip.rk.ee/cgi-bin/thw?${BASE}=akt&${OOHTML}=rtd&TA=1998&TO=1&AN=1390">
992 # The 1998-09-22 Estonian time law
993 # </a>
994 # refers to the Eighth Directive and cites the association agreement between
995 # the EU and Estonia, ratified by the Estonian law (RT II 1995, 22--27, 120).
996 #
997 # I also asked [my relative] whether they use any standard abbreviation
998 # for their standard and summer times. He says no, they use "suveaeg"
999 # (summer time) and "talveaeg" (winter time).
1000
1001 # From <a href="http://www.baltictimes.com/">The Baltic Times</a> (1999-09-09)
1002 # via Steffen Thorsen:
1003 # This year will mark the last time Estonia shifts to summer time,
1004 # a council of the ruling coalition announced Sept. 6....
1005 # But what this could mean for Estonia's chances of joining the European
1006 # Union are still unclear. In 1994, the EU declared summer time compulsory
1007 # for all member states until 2001. Brussels has yet to decide what to do
1008 # after that.
1009
1010 # From Mart Oruaas (2000-01-29):
1011 # Regulation no. 301 (1999-10-12) obsoletes previous regulation
1012 # no. 206 (1998-09-22) and thus sticks Estonia to +02:00 GMT for all
1013 # the year round. The regulation is effective 1999-11-01.
1014
1015 # From Toomas Soome (2002-02-21):
1016 # The Estonian government has changed once again timezone politics.
1017 # Now we are using again EU rules.
1018 #
1019 # From Urmet Jaanes (2002-03-28):
1020 # The legislative reference is Government decree No. 84 on 2002-02-21.
1021
1022 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1023 Zone Europe/Tallinn 1:39:00 - LMT 1880
1024 1:39:00 - TMT 1918 Feb # Tallinn Mean Time
1025 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1919 Jul
1026 1:39:00 - TMT 1921 May
1027 2:00 - EET 1940 Aug 6
1028 3:00 - MSK 1941 Sep 15
1029 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Sep 22
1030 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1989 Mar 26 2:00s
1031 2:00 1:00 EEST 1989 Sep 24 2:00s
1032 2:00 C-Eur EE%sT 1998 Sep 22
1033 2:00 EU EE%sT 1999 Nov 1
1034 2:00 - EET 2002 Feb 21
1035 2:00 EU EE%sT
1036
1037 # Finland
1038 #
1039 # From Hannu Strang (1994-09-25 06:03:37 UTC):
1040 # Well, here in Helsinki we're just changing from summer time to regular one,
1041 # and it's supposed to change at 4am...
1042 #
1043 # From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):
1044 # Shanks & Pottenger say Finland has switched at 02:00 standard time
1045 # since 1981. Go with Strang instead.
1046 #
1047 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1048 Rule Finland 1942 only - Apr 3 0:00 1:00 S
1049 Rule Finland 1942 only - Oct 3 0:00 0 -
1050 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1051 Zone Europe/Helsinki 1:39:52 - LMT 1878 May 31
1052 1:39:52 - HMT 1921 May # Helsinki Mean Time
1053 2:00 Finland EE%sT 1981 Mar 29 2:00
1054 2:00 EU EE%sT
1055
1056 # Aaland Is
1057 Link Europe/Helsinki Europe/Mariehamn
1058
1059
1060 # France
1061
1062 # From Ciro Discepolo (2000-12-20):
1063 #
1064 # Henri Le Corre, Regimes Horaires pour le monde entier, Editions
1065 # Traditionnelles - Paris 2 books, 1993
1066 #
1067 # Gabriel, Traite de l'heure dans le monde, Guy Tredaniel editeur,
1068 # Paris, 1991
1069 #
1070 # Francoise Gauquelin, Problemes de l'heure resolus en astrologie,
1071 # Guy tredaniel, Paris 1987
1072
1073
1074 #
1075 # Shank & Pottenger seem to use `24:00' ambiguously; resolve it with Whitman.
1076 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1077 Rule France 1916 only - Jun 14 23:00s 1:00 S
1078 Rule France 1916 1919 - Oct Sun>=1 23:00s 0 -
1079 Rule France 1917 only - Mar 24 23:00s 1:00 S
1080 Rule France 1918 only - Mar 9 23:00s 1:00 S
1081 Rule France 1919 only - Mar 1 23:00s 1:00 S
1082 Rule France 1920 only - Feb 14 23:00s 1:00 S
1083 Rule France 1920 only - Oct 23 23:00s 0 -
1084 Rule France 1921 only - Mar 14 23:00s 1:00 S
1085 Rule France 1921 only - Oct 25 23:00s 0 -
1086 Rule France 1922 only - Mar 25 23:00s 1:00 S
1087 # DSH writes that a law of 1923-05-24 specified 3rd Sat in Apr at 23:00 to 1st
1088 # Sat in Oct at 24:00; and that in 1930, because of Easter, the transitions
1089 # were Apr 12 and Oct 5. Go with Shanks & Pottenger.
1090 Rule France 1922 1938 - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 -
1091 Rule France 1923 only - May 26 23:00s 1:00 S
1092 Rule France 1924 only - Mar 29 23:00s 1:00 S
1093 Rule France 1925 only - Apr 4 23:00s 1:00 S
1094 Rule France 1926 only - Apr 17 23:00s 1:00 S
1095 Rule France 1927 only - Apr 9 23:00s 1:00 S
1096 Rule France 1928 only - Apr 14 23:00s 1:00 S
1097 Rule France 1929 only - Apr 20 23:00s 1:00 S
1098 Rule France 1930 only - Apr 12 23:00s 1:00 S
1099 Rule France 1931 only - Apr 18 23:00s 1:00 S
1100 Rule France 1932 only - Apr 2 23:00s 1:00 S
1101 Rule France 1933 only - Mar 25 23:00s 1:00 S
1102 Rule France 1934 only - Apr 7 23:00s 1:00 S
1103 Rule France 1935 only - Mar 30 23:00s 1:00 S
1104 Rule France 1936 only - Apr 18 23:00s 1:00 S
1105 Rule France 1937 only - Apr 3 23:00s 1:00 S
1106 Rule France 1938 only - Mar 26 23:00s 1:00 S
1107 Rule France 1939 only - Apr 15 23:00s 1:00 S
1108 Rule France 1939 only - Nov 18 23:00s 0 -
1109 Rule France 1940 only - Feb 25 2:00 1:00 S
1110 # The French rules for 1941-1944 were not used in Paris, but Shanks & Pottenger
1111 # write that they were used in Monaco and in many French locations.
1112 # Le Corre writes that the upper limit of the free zone was Arneguy, Orthez,
1113 # Mont-de-Marsan, Bazas, Langon, Lamotte-Montravel, Marouil, La
1114 # Rochefoucault, Champagne-Mouton, La Roche-Posay, La Haye-Decartes,
1115 # Loches, Montrichard, Vierzon, Bourges, Moulins, Digoin,
1116 # Paray-le-Monial, Montceau-les-Mines, Chalons-sur-Saone, Arbois,
1117 # Dole, Morez, St-Claude, and Collognes (Haute-Savioe).
1118 Rule France 1941 only - May 5 0:00 2:00 M # Midsummer
1119 # Shanks & Pottenger say this transition occurred at Oct 6 1:00,
1120 # but go with Denis Excoffier (1997-12-12),
1121 # who quotes the Ephemerides Astronomiques for 1998 from Bureau des Longitudes
1122 # as saying 5/10/41 22hUT.
1123 Rule France 1941 only - Oct 6 0:00 1:00 S
1124 Rule France 1942 only - Mar 9 0:00 2:00 M
1125 Rule France 1942 only - Nov 2 3:00 1:00 S
1126 Rule France 1943 only - Mar 29 2:00 2:00 M
1127 Rule France 1943 only - Oct 4 3:00 1:00 S
1128 Rule France 1944 only - Apr 3 2:00 2:00 M
1129 Rule France 1944 only - Oct 8 1:00 1:00 S
1130 Rule France 1945 only - Apr 2 2:00 2:00 M
1131 Rule France 1945 only - Sep 16 3:00 0 -
1132 # Shanks & Pottenger give Mar 28 2:00 and Sep 26 3:00;
1133 # go with Excoffier's 28/3/76 0hUT and 25/9/76 23hUT.
1134 Rule France 1976 only - Mar 28 1:00 1:00 S
1135 Rule France 1976 only - Sep 26 1:00 0 -
1136 # Shanks & Pottenger give 0:09:20 for Paris Mean Time, and Whitman 0:09:05,
1137 # but Howse quotes the actual French legislation as saying 0:09:21.
1138 # Go with Howse. Howse writes that the time in France was officially based
1139 # on PMT-0:09:21 until 1978-08-09, when the time base finally switched to UTC.
1140 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1141 Zone Europe/Paris 0:09:21 - LMT 1891 Mar 15 0:01
1142 0:09:21 - PMT 1911 Mar 11 0:01 # Paris MT
1143 # Shanks & Pottenger give 1940 Jun 14 0:00; go with Excoffier and Le Corre.
1144 0:00 France WE%sT 1940 Jun 14 23:00
1145 # Le Corre says Paris stuck with occupied-France time after the liberation;
1146 # go with Shanks & Pottenger.
1147 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Aug 25
1148 0:00 France WE%sT 1945 Sep 16 3:00
1149 1:00 France CE%sT 1977
1150 1:00 EU CE%sT
1151
1152 # Germany
1153
1154 # From Markus Kuhn (1998-09-29):
1155 # The German time zone web site by the Physikalisch-Technische
1156 # Bundesanstalt contains DST information back to 1916.
1157 # [See tz-link.htm for the URL.]
1158
1159 # From Joerg Schilling (2002-10-23):
1160 # In 1945, Berlin was switched to Moscow Summer time (GMT+4) by
1161 # <a href="http://www.dhm.de/lemo/html/biografien/BersarinNikolai/">
1162 # General [Nikolai] Bersarin</a>.
1163
1164 # From Paul Eggert (2003-03-08):
1165 # <a href="http://www.parlament-berlin.de/pds-fraktion.nsf/727459127c8b66ee8525662300459099/defc77cb784f180ac1256c2b0030274b/$FILE/bersarint.pdf">
1166 # http://www.parlament-berlin.de/pds-fraktion.nsf/727459127c8b66ee8525662300459099/defc77cb784f180ac1256c2b0030274b/$FILE/bersarint.pdf
1167 # </a>
1168 # says that Bersarin issued an order to use Moscow time on May 20.
1169 # However, Moscow did not observe daylight saving in 1945, so
1170 # this was equivalent to CEMT (GMT+3), not GMT+4.
1171
1172
1173 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1174 Rule Germany 1946 only - Apr 14 2:00s 1:00 S
1175 Rule Germany 1946 only - Oct 7 2:00s 0 -
1176 Rule Germany 1947 1949 - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
1177 # http://www.ptb.de/de/org/4/44/441/salt.htm says the following transition
1178 # occurred at 3:00 MEZ, not the 2:00 MEZ given in Shanks & Pottenger.
1179 # Go with the PTB.
1180 Rule Germany 1947 only - Apr 6 3:00s 1:00 S
1181 Rule Germany 1947 only - May 11 2:00s 2:00 M
1182 Rule Germany 1947 only - Jun 29 3:00 1:00 S
1183 Rule Germany 1948 only - Apr 18 2:00s 1:00 S
1184 Rule Germany 1949 only - Apr 10 2:00s 1:00 S
1185
1186 Rule SovietZone 1945 only - May 24 2:00 2:00 M # Midsummer
1187 Rule SovietZone 1945 only - Sep 24 3:00 1:00 S
1188 Rule SovietZone 1945 only - Nov 18 2:00s 0 -
1189
1190 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1191 Zone Europe/Berlin 0:53:28 - LMT 1893 Apr
1192 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 May 24 2:00
1193 1:00 SovietZone CE%sT 1946
1194 1:00 Germany CE%sT 1980
1195 1:00 EU CE%sT
1196
1197 # Georgia
1198 # Please see the "asia" file for Asia/Tbilisi.
1199 # Herodotus (Histories, IV.45) says Georgia north of the Phasis (now Rioni)
1200 # is in Europe. Our reference location Tbilisi is in the Asian part.
1201
1202 # Gibraltar
1203 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1204 Zone Europe/Gibraltar -0:21:24 - LMT 1880 Aug 2 0:00s
1205 0:00 GB-Eire %s 1957 Apr 14 2:00
1206 1:00 - CET 1982
1207 1:00 EU CE%sT
1208
1209 # Greece
1210 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1211 # Whitman gives 1932 Jul 5 - Nov 1; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
1212 Rule Greece 1932 only - Jul 7 0:00 1:00 S
1213 Rule Greece 1932 only - Sep 1 0:00 0 -
1214 # Whitman gives 1941 Apr 25 - ?; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
1215 Rule Greece 1941 only - Apr 7 0:00 1:00 S
1216 # Whitman gives 1942 Feb 2 - ?; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
1217 Rule Greece 1942 only - Nov 2 3:00 0 -
1218 Rule Greece 1943 only - Mar 30 0:00 1:00 S
1219 Rule Greece 1943 only - Oct 4 0:00 0 -
1220 # Whitman gives 1944 Oct 3 - Oct 31; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
1221 Rule Greece 1952 only - Jul 1 0:00 1:00 S
1222 Rule Greece 1952 only - Nov 2 0:00 0 -
1223 Rule Greece 1975 only - Apr 12 0:00s 1:00 S
1224 Rule Greece 1975 only - Nov 26 0:00s 0 -
1225 Rule Greece 1976 only - Apr 11 2:00s 1:00 S
1226 Rule Greece 1976 only - Oct 10 2:00s 0 -
1227 Rule Greece 1977 1978 - Apr Sun>=1 2:00s 1:00 S
1228 Rule Greece 1977 only - Sep 26 2:00s 0 -
1229 Rule Greece 1978 only - Sep 24 4:00 0 -
1230 Rule Greece 1979 only - Apr 1 9:00 1:00 S
1231 Rule Greece 1979 only - Sep 29 2:00 0 -
1232 Rule Greece 1980 only - Apr 1 0:00 1:00 S
1233 Rule Greece 1980 only - Sep 28 0:00 0 -
1234 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1235 Zone Europe/Athens 1:34:52 - LMT 1895 Sep 14
1236 1:34:52 - AMT 1916 Jul 28 0:01 # Athens MT
1237 2:00 Greece EE%sT 1941 Apr 30
1238 1:00 Greece CE%sT 1944 Apr 4
1239 2:00 Greece EE%sT 1981
1240 # Shanks & Pottenger say it switched to C-Eur in 1981;
1241 # go with EU instead, since Greece joined it on Jan 1.
1242 2:00 EU EE%sT
1243
1244 # Hungary
1245 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1246 Rule Hungary 1918 only - Apr 1 3:00 1:00 S
1247 Rule Hungary 1918 only - Sep 29 3:00 0 -
1248 Rule Hungary 1919 only - Apr 15 3:00 1:00 S
1249 Rule Hungary 1919 only - Sep 15 3:00 0 -
1250 Rule Hungary 1920 only - Apr 5 3:00 1:00 S
1251 Rule Hungary 1920 only - Sep 30 3:00 0 -
1252 Rule Hungary 1945 only - May 1 23:00 1:00 S
1253 Rule Hungary 1945 only - Nov 3 0:00 0 -
1254 Rule Hungary 1946 only - Mar 31 2:00s 1:00 S
1255 Rule Hungary 1946 1949 - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
1256 Rule Hungary 1947 1949 - Apr Sun>=4 2:00s 1:00 S
1257 Rule Hungary 1950 only - Apr 17 2:00s 1:00 S
1258 Rule Hungary 1950 only - Oct 23 2:00s 0 -
1259 Rule Hungary 1954 1955 - May 23 0:00 1:00 S
1260 Rule Hungary 1954 1955 - Oct 3 0:00 0 -
1261 Rule Hungary 1956 only - Jun Sun>=1 0:00 1:00 S
1262 Rule Hungary 1956 only - Sep lastSun 0:00 0 -
1263 Rule Hungary 1957 only - Jun Sun>=1 1:00 1:00 S
1264 Rule Hungary 1957 only - Sep lastSun 3:00 0 -
1265 Rule Hungary 1980 only - Apr 6 1:00 1:00 S
1266 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1267 Zone Europe/Budapest 1:16:20 - LMT 1890 Oct
1268 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1918
1269 1:00 Hungary CE%sT 1941 Apr 6 2:00
1270 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945
1271 1:00 Hungary CE%sT 1980 Sep 28 2:00s
1272 1:00 EU CE%sT
1273
1274 # Iceland
1275 #
1276 # From Adam David (1993-11-06):
1277 # The name of the timezone in Iceland for system / mail / news purposes is GMT.
1278 #
1279 # (1993-12-05):
1280 # This material is paraphrased from the 1988 edition of the University of
1281 # Iceland Almanak.
1282 #
1283 # From January 1st, 1908 the whole of Iceland was standardised at 1 hour
1284 # behind GMT. Previously, local mean solar time was used in different parts
1285 # of Iceland, the almanak had been based on Reykjavik mean solar time which
1286 # was 1 hour and 28 minutes behind GMT.
1287 #
1288 # "first day of winter" referred to [below] means the first day of the 26 weeks
1289 # of winter, according to the old icelandic calendar that dates back to the
1290 # time the norsemen first settled Iceland. The first day of winter is always
1291 # Saturday, but is not dependent on the Julian or Gregorian calendars.
1292 #
1293 # (1993-12-10):
1294 # I have a reference from the Oxford Icelandic-English dictionary for the
1295 # beginning of winter, which ties it to the ecclesiastical calendar (and thus
1296 # to the julian/gregorian calendar) over the period in question.
1297 # the winter begins on the Saturday next before St. Luke's day
1298 # (old style), or on St. Luke's day, if a Saturday.
1299 # St. Luke's day ought to be traceable from ecclesiastical sources. "old style"
1300 # might be a reference to the Julian calendar as opposed to Gregorian, or it
1301 # might mean something else (???).
1302 #
1303 # From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):
1304 # The Iceland Almanak, Shanks & Pottenger, and Whitman disagree on many points.
1305 # We go with the Almanak, except for one claim from Shanks & Pottenger, namely
1306 # that Reykavik was 21W57 from 1837 to 1908, local mean time before that.
1307 #
1308 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1309 Rule Iceland 1917 1918 - Feb 19 23:00 1:00 S
1310 Rule Iceland 1917 only - Oct 21 1:00 0 -
1311 Rule Iceland 1918 only - Nov 16 1:00 0 -
1312 Rule Iceland 1939 only - Apr 29 23:00 1:00 S
1313 Rule Iceland 1939 only - Nov 29 2:00 0 -
1314 Rule Iceland 1940 only - Feb 25 2:00 1:00 S
1315 Rule Iceland 1940 only - Nov 3 2:00 0 -
1316 Rule Iceland 1941 only - Mar 2 1:00s 1:00 S
1317 Rule Iceland 1941 only - Nov 2 1:00s 0 -
1318 Rule Iceland 1942 only - Mar 8 1:00s 1:00 S
1319 Rule Iceland 1942 only - Oct 25 1:00s 0 -
1320 # 1943-1946 - first Sunday in March until first Sunday in winter
1321 Rule Iceland 1943 1946 - Mar Sun>=1 1:00s 1:00 S
1322 Rule Iceland 1943 1948 - Oct Sun>=22 1:00s 0 -
1323 # 1947-1967 - first Sunday in April until first Sunday in winter
1324 Rule Iceland 1947 1967 - Apr Sun>=1 1:00s 1:00 S
1325 # 1949 Oct transition delayed by 1 week
1326 Rule Iceland 1949 only - Oct 30 1:00s 0 -
1327 Rule Iceland 1950 1966 - Oct Sun>=22 1:00s 0 -
1328 Rule Iceland 1967 only - Oct 29 1:00s 0 -
1329 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1330 Zone Atlantic/Reykjavik -1:27:24 - LMT 1837
1331 -1:27:48 - RMT 1908 # Reykjavik Mean Time?
1332 -1:00 Iceland IS%sT 1968 Apr 7 1:00s
1333 0:00 - GMT
1334
1335 # Italy
1336 #
1337 # From Paul Eggert (2001-03-06):
1338 # Sicily and Sardinia each had their own time zones from 1866 to 1893,
1339 # called Palermo Time (+00:53:28) and Cagliari Time (+00:36:32).
1340 # During World War II, German-controlled Italy used German time.
1341 # But these events all occurred before the 1970 cutoff,
1342 # so record only the time in Rome.
1343 #
1344 # From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):
1345 # For Italian DST we have three sources: Shanks & Pottenger, Whitman, and
1346 # F. Pollastri
1347 # <a href="http://toi.iriti.cnr.it/uk/ienitlt.html">
1348 # Day-light Saving Time in Italy (2006-02-03)
1349 # </a>
1350 # (`FP' below), taken from an Italian National Electrotechnical Institute
1351 # publication. When the three sources disagree, guess who's right, as follows:
1352 #
1353 # year FP Shanks&P. (S) Whitman (W) Go with:
1354 # 1916 06-03 06-03 24:00 06-03 00:00 FP & W
1355 # 09-30 09-30 24:00 09-30 01:00 FP; guess 24:00s
1356 # 1917 04-01 03-31 24:00 03-31 00:00 FP & S
1357 # 09-30 09-29 24:00 09-30 01:00 FP & W
1358 # 1918 03-09 03-09 24:00 03-09 00:00 FP & S
1359 # 10-06 10-05 24:00 10-06 01:00 FP & W
1360 # 1919 03-01 03-01 24:00 03-01 00:00 FP & S
1361 # 10-04 10-04 24:00 10-04 01:00 FP; guess 24:00s
1362 # 1920 03-20 03-20 24:00 03-20 00:00 FP & S
1363 # 09-18 09-18 24:00 10-01 01:00 FP; guess 24:00s
1364 # 1944 04-02 04-03 02:00 S (see C-Eur)
1365 # 09-16 10-02 03:00 FP; guess 24:00s
1366 # 1945 09-14 09-16 24:00 FP; guess 24:00s
1367 # 1970 05-21 05-31 00:00 S
1368 # 09-20 09-27 00:00 S
1369 #
1370 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1371 Rule Italy 1916 only - Jun 3 0:00s 1:00 S
1372 Rule Italy 1916 only - Oct 1 0:00s 0 -
1373 Rule Italy 1917 only - Apr 1 0:00s 1:00 S
1374 Rule Italy 1917 only - Sep 30 0:00s 0 -
1375 Rule Italy 1918 only - Mar 10 0:00s 1:00 S
1376 Rule Italy 1918 1919 - Oct Sun>=1 0:00s 0 -
1377 Rule Italy 1919 only - Mar 2 0:00s 1:00 S
1378 Rule Italy 1920 only - Mar 21 0:00s 1:00 S
1379 Rule Italy 1920 only - Sep 19 0:00s 0 -
1380 Rule Italy 1940 only - Jun 15 0:00s 1:00 S
1381 Rule Italy 1944 only - Sep 17 0:00s 0 -
1382 Rule Italy 1945 only - Apr 2 2:00 1:00 S
1383 Rule Italy 1945 only - Sep 15 0:00s 0 -
1384 Rule Italy 1946 only - Mar 17 2:00s 1:00 S
1385 Rule Italy 1946 only - Oct 6 2:00s 0 -
1386 Rule Italy 1947 only - Mar 16 0:00s 1:00 S
1387 Rule Italy 1947 only - Oct 5 0:00s 0 -
1388 Rule Italy 1948 only - Feb 29 2:00s 1:00 S
1389 Rule Italy 1948 only - Oct 3 2:00s 0 -
1390 Rule Italy 1966 1968 - May Sun>=22 0:00 1:00 S
1391 Rule Italy 1966 1969 - Sep Sun>=22 0:00 0 -
1392 Rule Italy 1969 only - Jun 1 0:00 1:00 S
1393 Rule Italy 1970 only - May 31 0:00 1:00 S
1394 Rule Italy 1970 only - Sep lastSun 0:00 0 -
1395 Rule Italy 1971 1972 - May Sun>=22 0:00 1:00 S
1396 Rule Italy 1971 only - Sep lastSun 1:00 0 -
1397 Rule Italy 1972 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
1398 Rule Italy 1973 only - Jun 3 0:00 1:00 S
1399 Rule Italy 1973 1974 - Sep lastSun 0:00 0 -
1400 Rule Italy 1974 only - May 26 0:00 1:00 S
1401 Rule Italy 1975 only - Jun 1 0:00s 1:00 S
1402 Rule Italy 1975 1977 - Sep lastSun 0:00s 0 -
1403 Rule Italy 1976 only - May 30 0:00s 1:00 S
1404 Rule Italy 1977 1979 - May Sun>=22 0:00s 1:00 S
1405 Rule Italy 1978 only - Oct 1 0:00s 0 -
1406 Rule Italy 1979 only - Sep 30 0:00s 0 -
1407 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1408 Zone Europe/Rome 0:49:56 - LMT 1866 Sep 22
1409 0:49:56 - RMT 1893 Nov 1 0:00s # Rome Mean
1410 1:00 Italy CE%sT 1942 Nov 2 2:00s
1411 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Jul
1412 1:00 Italy CE%sT 1980
1413 1:00 EU CE%sT
1414
1415 Link Europe/Rome Europe/Vatican
1416 Link Europe/Rome Europe/San_Marino
1417
1418 # Latvia
1419
1420 # From Liene Kanepe (1998-09-17):
1421
1422 # I asked about this matter Scientific Secretary of the Institute of Astronomy
1423 # of The University of Latvia Dr. paed Mr. Ilgonis Vilks. I also searched the
1424 # correct data in juridical acts and I found some juridical documents about
1425 # changes in the counting of time in Latvia from 1981....
1426 #
1427 # Act No.35 of the Council of Ministers of Latvian SSR of 1981-01-22 ...
1428 # according to the Act No.925 of the Council of Ministers of USSR of 1980-10-24
1429 # ...: all year round the time of 2nd time zone + 1 hour, in addition turning
1430 # the hands of the clock 1 hour forward on 1 April at 00:00 (GMT 31 March 21:00)
1431 # and 1 hour backward on the 1 October at 00:00 (GMT 30 September 20:00).
1432 #
1433 # Act No.592 of the Council of Ministers of Latvian SSR of 1984-09-24 ...
1434 # according to the Act No.967 of the Council of Ministers of USSR of 1984-09-13
1435 # ...: all year round the time of 2nd time zone + 1 hour, in addition turning
1436 # the hands of the clock 1 hour forward on the last Sunday of March at 02:00
1437 # (GMT 23:00 on the previous day) and 1 hour backward on the last Sunday of
1438 # September at 03:00 (GMT 23:00 on the previous day).
1439 #
1440 # Act No.81 of the Council of Ministers of Latvian SSR of 1989-03-22 ...
1441 # according to the Act No.227 of the Council of Ministers of USSR of 1989-03-14
1442 # ...: since the last Sunday of March 1989 in Lithuanian SSR, Latvian SSR,
1443 # Estonian SSR and Kaliningrad region of Russian Federation all year round the
1444 # time of 2nd time zone (Moscow time minus one hour). On the territory of Latvia
1445 # transition to summer time is performed on the last Sunday of March at 02:00
1446 # (GMT 00:00), turning the hands of the clock 1 hour forward. The end of
1447 # daylight saving time is performed on the last Sunday of September at 03:00
1448 # (GMT 00:00), turning the hands of the clock 1 hour backward. Exception is
1449 # 1989-03-26, when we must not turn the hands of the clock....
1450 #
1451 # The Regulations of the Cabinet of Ministers of the Republic of Latvia of
1452 # 1997-01-21 on transition to Summer time ... established the same order of
1453 # daylight savings time settings as in the States of the European Union.
1454
1455 # From Andrei Ivanov (2000-03-06):
1456 # This year Latvia will not switch to Daylight Savings Time (as specified in
1457 # <a href="http://www.lv-laiks.lv/wwwraksti/2000/071072/vd4.htm">
1458 # The Regulations of the Cabinet of Ministers of the Rep. of Latvia of
1459 # 29-Feb-2000 (#79)</a>, in Latvian for subscribers only).
1460
1461 # <a href="http://www.rferl.org/newsline/2001/01/3-CEE/cee-030101.html">
1462 # From RFE/RL Newsline (2001-01-03), noted after a heads-up by Rives McDow:
1463 # </a>
1464 # The Latvian government on 2 January decided that the country will
1465 # institute daylight-saving time this spring, LETA reported.
1466 # Last February the three Baltic states decided not to turn back their
1467 # clocks one hour in the spring....
1468 # Minister of Economy Aigars Kalvitis noted that Latvia had too few
1469 # daylight hours and thus decided to comply with a draft European
1470 # Commission directive that provides for instituting daylight-saving
1471 # time in EU countries between 2002 and 2006. The Latvian government
1472 # urged Lithuania and Estonia to adopt a similar time policy, but it
1473 # appears that they will not do so....
1474
1475 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1476 Rule Latvia 1989 1996 - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 S
1477 Rule Latvia 1989 1996 - Sep lastSun 2:00s 0 -
1478 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1479 Zone Europe/Riga 1:36:24 - LMT 1880
1480 1:36:24 - RMT 1918 Apr 15 2:00 #Riga Mean Time
1481 1:36:24 1:00 LST 1918 Sep 16 3:00 #Latvian Summer
1482 1:36:24 - RMT 1919 Apr 1 2:00
1483 1:36:24 1:00 LST 1919 May 22 3:00
1484 1:36:24 - RMT 1926 May 11
1485 2:00 - EET 1940 Aug 5
1486 3:00 - MSK 1941 Jul
1487 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Oct 13
1488 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1989 Mar lastSun 2:00s
1489 2:00 1:00 EEST 1989 Sep lastSun 2:00s
1490 2:00 Latvia EE%sT 1997 Jan 21
1491 2:00 EU EE%sT 2000 Feb 29
1492 2:00 - EET 2001 Jan 2
1493 2:00 EU EE%sT
1494
1495 # Liechtenstein
1496 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1497 Zone Europe/Vaduz 0:38:04 - LMT 1894 Jun
1498 1:00 - CET 1981
1499 1:00 EU CE%sT
1500
1501 # Lithuania
1502
1503 # From Paul Eggert (1996-11-22):
1504 # IATA SSIM (1992/1996) says Lithuania uses W-Eur rules, but since it is
1505 # known to be wrong about Estonia and Latvia, assume it's wrong here too.
1506
1507 # From Marius Gedminas (1998-08-07):
1508 # I would like to inform that in this year Lithuanian time zone
1509 # (Europe/Vilnius) was changed.
1510
1511 # From <a href="http://www.elta.lt/">ELTA</a> No. 972 (2582) (1999-09-29),
1512 # via Steffen Thorsen:
1513 # Lithuania has shifted back to the second time zone (GMT plus two hours)
1514 # to be valid here starting from October 31,
1515 # as decided by the national government on Wednesday....
1516 # The Lithuanian government also announced plans to consider a
1517 # motion to give up shifting to summer time in spring, as it was
1518 # already done by Estonia.
1519
1520 # From the <a href="http://www.tourism.lt/informa/ff.htm">
1521 # Fact File, Lithuanian State Department of Tourism
1522 # </a> (2000-03-27): Local time is GMT+2 hours ..., no daylight saving.
1523
1524 # From a user via Klaus Marten (2003-02-07):
1525 # As a candidate for membership of the European Union, Lithuania will
1526 # observe Summer Time in 2003, changing its clocks at the times laid
1527 # down in EU Directive 2000/84 of 19.I.01 (i.e. at the same times as its
1528 # neighbour Latvia). The text of the Lithuanian government Order of
1529 # 7.XI.02 to this effect can be found at
1530 # http://www.lrvk.lt/nut/11/n1749.htm
1531
1532
1533 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1534 Zone Europe/Vilnius 1:41:16 - LMT 1880
1535 1:24:00 - WMT 1917 # Warsaw Mean Time
1536 1:35:36 - KMT 1919 Oct 10 # Kaunas Mean Time
1537 1:00 - CET 1920 Jul 12
1538 2:00 - EET 1920 Oct 9
1539 1:00 - CET 1940 Aug 3
1540 3:00 - MSK 1941 Jun 24
1541 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Aug
1542 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
1543 2:00 1:00 EEST 1991 Sep 29 2:00s
1544 2:00 C-Eur EE%sT 1998
1545 2:00 - EET 1998 Mar 29 1:00u
1546 1:00 EU CE%sT 1999 Oct 31 1:00u
1547 2:00 - EET 2003 Jan 1
1548 2:00 EU EE%sT
1549
1550 # Luxembourg
1551 # Whitman disagrees with most of these dates in minor ways;
1552 # go with Shanks & Pottenger.
1553 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1554 Rule Lux 1916 only - May 14 23:00 1:00 S
1555 Rule Lux 1916 only - Oct 1 1:00 0 -
1556 Rule Lux 1917 only - Apr 28 23:00 1:00 S
1557 Rule Lux 1917 only - Sep 17 1:00 0 -
1558 Rule Lux 1918 only - Apr Mon>=15 2:00s 1:00 S
1559 Rule Lux 1918 only - Sep Mon>=15 2:00s 0 -
1560 Rule Lux 1919 only - Mar 1 23:00 1:00 S
1561 Rule Lux 1919 only - Oct 5 3:00 0 -
1562 Rule Lux 1920 only - Feb 14 23:00 1:00 S
1563 Rule Lux 1920 only - Oct 24 2:00 0 -
1564 Rule Lux 1921 only - Mar 14 23:00 1:00 S
1565 Rule Lux 1921 only - Oct 26 2:00 0 -
1566 Rule Lux 1922 only - Mar 25 23:00 1:00 S
1567 Rule Lux 1922 only - Oct Sun>=2 1:00 0 -
1568 Rule Lux 1923 only - Apr 21 23:00 1:00 S
1569 Rule Lux 1923 only - Oct Sun>=2 2:00 0 -
1570 Rule Lux 1924 only - Mar 29 23:00 1:00 S
1571 Rule Lux 1924 1928 - Oct Sun>=2 1:00 0 -
1572 Rule Lux 1925 only - Apr 5 23:00 1:00 S
1573 Rule Lux 1926 only - Apr 17 23:00 1:00 S
1574 Rule Lux 1927 only - Apr 9 23:00 1:00 S
1575 Rule Lux 1928 only - Apr 14 23:00 1:00 S
1576 Rule Lux 1929 only - Apr 20 23:00 1:00 S
1577 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1578 Zone Europe/Luxembourg 0:24:36 - LMT 1904 Jun
1579 1:00 Lux CE%sT 1918 Nov 25
1580 0:00 Lux WE%sT 1929 Oct 6 2:00s
1581 0:00 Belgium WE%sT 1940 May 14 3:00
1582 1:00 C-Eur WE%sT 1944 Sep 18 3:00
1583 1:00 Belgium CE%sT 1977
1584 1:00 EU CE%sT
1585
1586 # Macedonia
1587 # see Serbia
1588
1589 # Malta
1590 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1591 Rule Malta 1973 only - Mar 31 0:00s 1:00 S
1592 Rule Malta 1973 only - Sep 29 0:00s 0 -
1593 Rule Malta 1974 only - Apr 21 0:00s 1:00 S
1594 Rule Malta 1974 only - Sep 16 0:00s 0 -
1595 Rule Malta 1975 1979 - Apr Sun>=15 2:00 1:00 S
1596 Rule Malta 1975 1980 - Sep Sun>=15 2:00 0 -
1597 Rule Malta 1980 only - Mar 31 2:00 1:00 S
1598 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1599 Zone Europe/Malta 0:58:04 - LMT 1893 Nov 2 0:00s # Valletta
1600 1:00 Italy CE%sT 1942 Nov 2 2:00s
1601 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 Apr 2 2:00s
1602 1:00 Italy CE%sT 1973 Mar 31
1603 1:00 Malta CE%sT 1981
1604 1:00 EU CE%sT
1605
1606 # Moldova
1607
1608 # From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):
1609 # A previous version of this database followed Shanks & Pottenger, who write
1610 # that Tiraspol switched to Moscow time on 1992-01-19 at 02:00.
1611 # However, this is most likely an error, as Moldova declared independence
1612 # on 1991-08-27 (the 1992-01-19 date is that of a Russian decree).
1613 # In early 1992 there was large-scale interethnic violence in the area
1614 # and it's possible that some Russophones continued to observe Moscow time.
1615 # But [two people] separately reported via
1616 # Jesper Norgaard that as of 2001-01-24 Tiraspol was like Chisinau.
1617 # The Tiraspol entry has therefore been removed for now.
1618
1619 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1620 Zone Europe/Chisinau 1:55:20 - LMT 1880
1621 1:55 - CMT 1918 Feb 15 # Chisinau MT
1622 1:44:24 - BMT 1931 Jul 24 # Bucharest MT
1623 2:00 Romania EE%sT 1940 Aug 15
1624 2:00 1:00 EEST 1941 Jul 17
1625 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Aug 24
1626 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1990
1627 3:00 - MSK 1990 May 6
1628 2:00 - EET 1991
1629 2:00 Russia EE%sT 1992
1630 2:00 E-Eur EE%sT 1997
1631 # See Romania commentary for the guessed 1997 transition to EU rules.
1632 2:00 EU EE%sT
1633
1634 # Monaco
1635 # Shanks & Pottenger give 0:09:20 for Paris Mean Time; go with Howse's
1636 # more precise 0:09:21.
1637 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1638 Zone Europe/Monaco 0:29:32 - LMT 1891 Mar 15
1639 0:09:21 - PMT 1911 Mar 11 # Paris Mean Time
1640 0:00 France WE%sT 1945 Sep 16 3:00
1641 1:00 France CE%sT 1977
1642 1:00 EU CE%sT
1643
1644 # Montenegro
1645 # see Serbia
1646
1647 # Netherlands
1648
1649 # Howse writes that the Netherlands' railways used GMT between 1892 and 1940,
1650 # but for other purposes the Netherlands used Amsterdam mean time.
1651
1652 # However, Robert H. van Gent writes (2001-04-01):
1653 # Howse's statement is only correct up to 1909. From 1909-05-01 (00:00:00
1654 # Amsterdam mean time) onwards, the whole of the Netherlands (including
1655 # the Dutch railways) was required by law to observe Amsterdam mean time
1656 # (19 minutes 32.13 seconds ahead of GMT). This had already been the
1657 # common practice (except for the railways) for many decades but it was
1658 # not until 1909 when the Dutch government finally defined this by law.
1659 # On 1937-07-01 this was changed to 20 minutes (exactly) ahead of GMT and
1660 # was generally known as Dutch Time ("Nederlandse Tijd").
1661 #
1662 # (2001-04-08):
1663 # 1892-05-01 was the date when the Dutch railways were by law required to
1664 # observe GMT while the remainder of the Netherlands adhered to the common
1665 # practice of following Amsterdam mean time.
1666 #
1667 # (2001-04-09):
1668 # In 1835 the authorities of the province of North Holland requested the
1669 # municipal authorities of the towns and cities in the province to observe
1670 # Amsterdam mean time but I do not know in how many cases this request was
1671 # actually followed.
1672 #
1673 # From 1852 onwards the Dutch telegraph offices were by law required to
1674 # observe Amsterdam mean time. As the time signals from the observatory of
1675 # Leiden were also distributed by the telegraph system, I assume that most
1676 # places linked up with the telegraph (and railway) system automatically
1677 # adopted Amsterdam mean time.
1678 #
1679 # Although the early Dutch railway companies initially observed a variety
1680 # of times, most of them had adopted Amsterdam mean time by 1858 but it
1681 # was not until 1866 when they were all required by law to observe
1682 # Amsterdam mean time.
1683
1684 # The data before 1945 are taken from
1685 # <http://www.phys.uu.nl/~vgent/wettijd/wettijd.htm>.
1686
1687 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1688 Rule Neth 1916 only - May 1 0:00 1:00 NST # Netherlands Summer Time
1689 Rule Neth 1916 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 AMT # Amsterdam Mean Time
1690 Rule Neth 1917 only - Apr 16 2:00s 1:00 NST
1691 Rule Neth 1917 only - Sep 17 2:00s 0 AMT
1692 Rule Neth 1918 1921 - Apr Mon>=1 2:00s 1:00 NST
1693 Rule Neth 1918 1921 - Sep lastMon 2:00s 0 AMT
1694 Rule Neth 1922 only - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 NST
1695 Rule Neth 1922 1936 - Oct Sun>=2 2:00s 0 AMT
1696 Rule Neth 1923 only - Jun Fri>=1 2:00s 1:00 NST
1697 Rule Neth 1924 only - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 NST
1698 Rule Neth 1925 only - Jun Fri>=1 2:00s 1:00 NST
1699 # From 1926 through 1939 DST began 05-15, except that it was delayed by a week
1700 # in years when 05-15 fell in the Pentecost weekend.
1701 Rule Neth 1926 1931 - May 15 2:00s 1:00 NST
1702 Rule Neth 1932 only - May 22 2:00s 1:00 NST
1703 Rule Neth 1933 1936 - May 15 2:00s 1:00 NST
1704 Rule Neth 1937 only - May 22 2:00s 1:00 NST
1705 Rule Neth 1937 only - Jul 1 0:00 1:00 S
1706 Rule Neth 1937 1939 - Oct Sun>=2 2:00s 0 -
1707 Rule Neth 1938 1939 - May 15 2:00s 1:00 S
1708 Rule Neth 1945 only - Apr 2 2:00s 1:00 S
1709 Rule Neth 1945 only - Sep 16 2:00s 0 -
1710 #
1711 # Amsterdam Mean Time was +00:19:32.13 exactly, but the .13 is omitted
1712 # below because the current format requires GMTOFF to be an integer.
1713 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1714 Zone Europe/Amsterdam 0:19:32 - LMT 1835
1715 0:19:32 Neth %s 1937 Jul 1
1716 0:20 Neth NE%sT 1940 May 16 0:00 # Dutch Time
1717 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 Apr 2 2:00
1718 1:00 Neth CE%sT 1977
1719 1:00 EU CE%sT
1720
1721 # Norway
1722 # http://met.no/met/met_lex/q_u/sommertid.html (2004-01) agrees with Shanks &
1723 # Pottenger.
1724 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1725 Rule Norway 1916 only - May 22 1:00 1:00 S
1726 Rule Norway 1916 only - Sep 30 0:00 0 -
1727 Rule Norway 1945 only - Apr 2 2:00s 1:00 S
1728 Rule Norway 1945 only - Oct 1 2:00s 0 -
1729 Rule Norway 1959 1964 - Mar Sun>=15 2:00s 1:00 S
1730 Rule Norway 1959 1965 - Sep Sun>=15 2:00s 0 -
1731 Rule Norway 1965 only - Apr 25 2:00s 1:00 S
1732 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1733 Zone Europe/Oslo 0:43:00 - LMT 1895 Jan 1
1734 1:00 Norway CE%sT 1940 Aug 10 23:00
1735 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 Apr 2 2:00
1736 1:00 Norway CE%sT 1980
1737 1:00 EU CE%sT
1738
1739 # Svalbard & Jan Mayen
1740
1741 # From Steffen Thorsen (2001-05-01):
1742 # Although I could not find it explicitly, it seems that Jan Mayen and
1743 # Svalbard have been using the same time as Norway at least since the
1744 # time they were declared as parts of Norway. Svalbard was declared
1745 # as a part of Norway by law of 1925-07-17 no 11, section 4 and Jan
1746 # Mayen by law of 1930-02-27 no 2, section 2. (From
1747 # http://www.lovdata.no/all/nl-19250717-011.html and
1748 # http://www.lovdata.no/all/nl-19300227-002.html). The law/regulation
1749 # for normal/standard time in Norway is from 1894-06-29 no 1 (came
1750 # into operation on 1895-01-01) and Svalbard/Jan Mayen seem to be a
1751 # part of this law since 1925/1930. (From
1752 # http://www.lovdata.no/all/nl-18940629-001.html ) I have not been
1753 # able to find if Jan Mayen used a different time zone (e.g. -0100)
1754 # before 1930. Jan Mayen has only been "inhabitated" since 1921 by
1755 # Norwegian meteorologists and maybe used the same time as Norway ever
1756 # since 1921. Svalbard (Arctic/Longyearbyen) has been inhabited since
1757 # before 1895, and therefore probably changed the local time somewhere
1758 # between 1895 and 1925 (inclusive).
1759
1760 # From Paul Eggert (2001-05-01):
1761 #
1762 # Actually, Jan Mayen was never occupied by Germany during World War II,
1763 # so it must have diverged from Oslo time during the war, as Oslo was
1764 # keeping Berlin time.
1765 #
1766 # <http://home.no.net/janmayen/history.htm> says that the meteorologists
1767 # burned down their station in 1940 and left the island, but returned in
1768 # 1941 with a small Norwegian garrison and continued operations despite
1769 # frequent air ttacks from Germans. In 1943 the Americans established a
1770 # radiolocating station on the island, called "Atlantic City". Possibly
1771 # the UTC offset changed during the war, but I think it unlikely that
1772 # Jan Mayen used German daylight-saving rules.
1773 #
1774 # Svalbard is more complicated, as it was raided in August 1941 by an
1775 # Allied party that evacuated the civilian population to England (says
1776 # <http://www.bartleby.com/65/sv/Svalbard.html>). The Svalbard FAQ
1777 # <http://www.svalbard.com/SvalbardFAQ.html> says that the Germans were
1778 # expelled on 1942-05-14. However, small parties of Germans did return,
1779 # and according to Wilhelm Dege's book "War North of 80" (1954)
1780 # <http://www.ucalgary.ca/UofC/departments/UP/1-55238/1-55238-110-2.html>
1781 # the German armed forces at the Svalbard weather station code-named
1782 # Haudegen did not surrender to the Allies until September 1945.
1783 #
1784 # All these events predate our cutoff date of 1970. Unless we can
1785 # come up with more definitive info about the timekeeping during the
1786 # war years it's probably best just do do the following for now:
1787 Link Europe/Oslo Arctic/Longyearbyen
1788
1789 # Poland
1790 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1791 Rule Poland 1918 1919 - Sep 16 2:00s 0 -
1792 Rule Poland 1919 only - Apr 15 2:00s 1:00 S
1793 Rule Poland 1944 only - Apr 3 2:00s 1:00 S
1794 # Whitman gives 1944 Nov 30; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
1795 Rule Poland 1944 only - Oct 4 2:00 0 -
1796 # For 1944-1948 Whitman gives the previous day; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
1797 Rule Poland 1945 only - Apr 29 0:00 1:00 S
1798 Rule Poland 1945 only - Nov 1 0:00 0 -
1799 # For 1946 on the source is Kazimierz Borkowski,
1800 # Torun Center for Astronomy, Dept. of Radio Astronomy, Nicolaus Copernicus U.,
1801 # <http://www.astro.uni.torun.pl/~kb/Artykuly/U-PA/Czas2.htm#tth_tAb1>
1802 # Thanks to Przemyslaw Augustyniak (2005-05-28) for this reference.
1803 # He also gives these further references:
1804 # Mon Pol nr 13, poz 162 (1995) <http://www.abc.com.pl/serwis/mp/1995/0162.htm>
1805 # Druk nr 2180 (2003) <http://www.senat.gov.pl/k5/dok/sejm/053/2180.pdf>
1806 Rule Poland 1946 only - Apr 14 0:00s 1:00 S
1807 Rule Poland 1946 only - Oct 7 2:00s 0 -
1808 Rule Poland 1947 only - May 4 2:00s 1:00 S
1809 Rule Poland 1947 1949 - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
1810 Rule Poland 1948 only - Apr 18 2:00s 1:00 S
1811 Rule Poland 1949 only - Apr 10 2:00s 1:00 S
1812 Rule Poland 1957 only - Jun 2 1:00s 1:00 S
1813 Rule Poland 1957 1958 - Sep lastSun 1:00s 0 -
1814 Rule Poland 1958 only - Mar 30 1:00s 1:00 S
1815 Rule Poland 1959 only - May 31 1:00s 1:00 S
1816 Rule Poland 1959 1961 - Oct Sun>=1 1:00s 0 -
1817 Rule Poland 1960 only - Apr 3 1:00s 1:00 S
1818 Rule Poland 1961 1964 - May lastSun 1:00s 1:00 S
1819 Rule Poland 1962 1964 - Sep lastSun 1:00s 0 -
1820 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1821 Zone Europe/Warsaw 1:24:00 - LMT 1880
1822 1:24:00 - WMT 1915 Aug 5 # Warsaw Mean Time
1823 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1918 Sep 16 3:00
1824 2:00 Poland EE%sT 1922 Jun
1825 1:00 Poland CE%sT 1940 Jun 23 2:00
1826 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Oct
1827 1:00 Poland CE%sT 1977
1828 1:00 W-Eur CE%sT 1988
1829 1:00 EU CE%sT
1830
1831 # Portugal
1832 #
1833 # From Rui Pedro Salgueiro (1992-11-12):
1834 # Portugal has recently (September, 27) changed timezone
1835 # (from WET to MET or CET) to harmonize with EEC.
1836 #
1837 # Martin Bruckmann (1996-02-29) reports via Peter Ilieve
1838 # that Portugal is reverting to 0:00 by not moving its clocks this spring.
1839 # The new Prime Minister was fed up with getting up in the dark in the winter.
1840 #
1841 # From Paul Eggert (1996-11-12):
1842 # IATA SSIM (1991-09) reports several 1991-09 and 1992-09 transitions
1843 # at 02:00u, not 01:00u. Assume that these are typos.
1844 # IATA SSIM (1991/1992) reports that the Azores were at -1:00.
1845 # IATA SSIM (1993-02) says +0:00; later issues (through 1996-09) say -1:00.
1846 # Guess that the Azores changed to EU rules in 1992 (since that's when Portugal
1847 # harmonized with the EU), and that they stayed +0:00 that winter.
1848 #
1849 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1850 # DSH writes that despite Decree 1,469 (1915), the change to the clocks was not
1851 # done every year, depending on what Spain did, because of railroad schedules.
1852 # Go with Shanks & Pottenger.
1853 Rule Port 1916 only - Jun 17 23:00 1:00 S
1854 # Whitman gives 1916 Oct 31; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
1855 Rule Port 1916 only - Nov 1 1:00 0 -
1856 Rule Port 1917 only - Feb 28 23:00s 1:00 S
1857 Rule Port 1917 1921 - Oct 14 23:00s 0 -
1858 Rule Port 1918 only - Mar 1 23:00s 1:00 S
1859 Rule Port 1919 only - Feb 28 23:00s 1:00 S
1860 Rule Port 1920 only - Feb 29 23:00s 1:00 S
1861 Rule Port 1921 only - Feb 28 23:00s 1:00 S
1862 Rule Port 1924 only - Apr 16 23:00s 1:00 S
1863 Rule Port 1924 only - Oct 14 23:00s 0 -
1864 Rule Port 1926 only - Apr 17 23:00s 1:00 S
1865 Rule Port 1926 1929 - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 -
1866 Rule Port 1927 only - Apr 9 23:00s 1:00 S
1867 Rule Port 1928 only - Apr 14 23:00s 1:00 S
1868 Rule Port 1929 only - Apr 20 23:00s 1:00 S
1869 Rule Port 1931 only - Apr 18 23:00s 1:00 S
1870 # Whitman gives 1931 Oct 8; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
1871 Rule Port 1931 1932 - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 -
1872 Rule Port 1932 only - Apr 2 23:00s 1:00 S
1873 Rule Port 1934 only - Apr 7 23:00s 1:00 S
1874 # Whitman gives 1934 Oct 5; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
1875 Rule Port 1934 1938 - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 -
1876 # Shanks & Pottenger give 1935 Apr 30; go with Whitman.
1877 Rule Port 1935 only - Mar 30 23:00s 1:00 S
1878 Rule Port 1936 only - Apr 18 23:00s 1:00 S
1879 # Whitman gives 1937 Apr 2; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
1880 Rule Port 1937 only - Apr 3 23:00s 1:00 S
1881 Rule Port 1938 only - Mar 26 23:00s 1:00 S
1882 Rule Port 1939 only - Apr 15 23:00s 1:00 S
1883 # Whitman gives 1939 Oct 7; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
1884 Rule Port 1939 only - Nov 18 23:00s 0 -
1885 Rule Port 1940 only - Feb 24 23:00s 1:00 S
1886 # Shanks & Pottenger give 1940 Oct 7; go with Whitman.
1887 Rule Port 1940 1941 - Oct 5 23:00s 0 -
1888 Rule Port 1941 only - Apr 5 23:00s 1:00 S
1889 Rule Port 1942 1945 - Mar Sat>=8 23:00s 1:00 S
1890 Rule Port 1942 only - Apr 25 22:00s 2:00 M # Midsummer
1891 Rule Port 1942 only - Aug 15 22:00s 1:00 S
1892 Rule Port 1942 1945 - Oct Sat>=24 23:00s 0 -
1893 Rule Port 1943 only - Apr 17 22:00s 2:00 M
1894 Rule Port 1943 1945 - Aug Sat>=25 22:00s 1:00 S
1895 Rule Port 1944 1945 - Apr Sat>=21 22:00s 2:00 M
1896 Rule Port 1946 only - Apr Sat>=1 23:00s 1:00 S
1897 Rule Port 1946 only - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 -
1898 Rule Port 1947 1949 - Apr Sun>=1 2:00s 1:00 S
1899 Rule Port 1947 1949 - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
1900 # Shanks & Pottenger say DST was observed in 1950; go with Whitman.
1901 # Whitman gives Oct lastSun for 1952 on; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
1902 Rule Port 1951 1965 - Apr Sun>=1 2:00s 1:00 S
1903 Rule Port 1951 1965 - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
1904 Rule Port 1977 only - Mar 27 0:00s 1:00 S
1905 Rule Port 1977 only - Sep 25 0:00s 0 -
1906 Rule Port 1978 1979 - Apr Sun>=1 0:00s 1:00 S
1907 Rule Port 1978 only - Oct 1 0:00s 0 -
1908 Rule Port 1979 1982 - Sep lastSun 1:00s 0 -
1909 Rule Port 1980 only - Mar lastSun 0:00s 1:00 S
1910 Rule Port 1981 1982 - Mar lastSun 1:00s 1:00 S
1911 Rule Port 1983 only - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 S
1912 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1913 # Shanks & Pottenger say the transition from LMT to WET occurred 1911-05-24;
1914 # Willett says 1912-01-01. Go with Willett.
1915 Zone Europe/Lisbon -0:36:32 - LMT 1884
1916 -0:36:32 - LMT 1912 Jan 1 # Lisbon Mean Time
1917 0:00 Port WE%sT 1966 Apr 3 2:00
1918 1:00 - CET 1976 Sep 26 1:00
1919 0:00 Port WE%sT 1983 Sep 25 1:00s
1920 0:00 W-Eur WE%sT 1992 Sep 27 1:00s
1921 1:00 EU CE%sT 1996 Mar 31 1:00u
1922 0:00 EU WE%sT
1923 Zone Atlantic/Azores -1:42:40 - LMT 1884 # Ponta Delgada
1924 -1:54:32 - HMT 1911 May 24 # Horta Mean Time
1925 -2:00 Port AZO%sT 1966 Apr 3 2:00 # Azores Time
1926 -1:00 Port AZO%sT 1983 Sep 25 1:00s
1927 -1:00 W-Eur AZO%sT 1992 Sep 27 1:00s
1928 0:00 EU WE%sT 1993 Mar 28 1:00u
1929 -1:00 EU AZO%sT
1930 Zone Atlantic/Madeira -1:07:36 - LMT 1884 # Funchal
1931 -1:07:36 - FMT 1911 May 24 # Funchal Mean Time
1932 -1:00 Port MAD%sT 1966 Apr 3 2:00 # Madeira Time
1933 0:00 Port WE%sT 1983 Sep 25 1:00s
1934 0:00 EU WE%sT
1935
1936 # Romania
1937 #
1938 # From Paul Eggert (1999-10-07):
1939 # <a href="http://www.nineoclock.ro/POL/1778pol.html">
1940 # Nine O'clock</a> (1998-10-23) reports that the switch occurred at
1941 # 04:00 local time in fall 1998. For lack of better info,
1942 # assume that Romania and Moldova switched to EU rules in 1997,
1943 # the same year as Bulgaria.
1944 #
1945 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1946 Rule Romania 1932 only - May 21 0:00s 1:00 S
1947 Rule Romania 1932 1939 - Oct Sun>=1 0:00s 0 -
1948 Rule Romania 1933 1939 - Apr Sun>=2 0:00s 1:00 S
1949 Rule Romania 1979 only - May 27 0:00 1:00 S
1950 Rule Romania 1979 only - Sep lastSun 0:00 0 -
1951 Rule Romania 1980 only - Apr 5 23:00 1:00 S
1952 Rule Romania 1980 only - Sep lastSun 1:00 0 -
1953 Rule Romania 1991 1993 - Mar lastSun 0:00s 1:00 S
1954 Rule Romania 1991 1993 - Sep lastSun 0:00s 0 -
1955 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1956 Zone Europe/Bucharest 1:44:24 - LMT 1891 Oct
1957 1:44:24 - BMT 1931 Jul 24 # Bucharest MT
1958 2:00 Romania EE%sT 1981 Mar 29 2:00s
1959 2:00 C-Eur EE%sT 1991
1960 2:00 Romania EE%sT 1994
1961 2:00 E-Eur EE%sT 1997
1962 2:00 EU EE%sT
1963
1964 # Russia
1965
1966 # From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):
1967 # Except for Moscow after 1919-07-01, I invented the time zone abbreviations.
1968 # Moscow time zone abbreviations after 1919-07-01, and Moscow rules after 1991,
1969 # are from Andrey A. Chernov. The rest is from Shanks & Pottenger,
1970 # except we follow Chernov's report that 1992 DST transitions were Sat
1971 # 23:00, not Sun 02:00s.
1972 #
1973 # From Stanislaw A. Kuzikowski (1994-06-29):
1974 # But now it is some months since Novosibirsk is 3 hours ahead of Moscow!
1975 # I do not know why they have decided to make this change;
1976 # as far as I remember it was done exactly during winter->summer switching
1977 # so we (Novosibirsk) simply did not switch.
1978 #
1979 # From Andrey A. Chernov (1996-10-04):
1980 # `MSK' and `MSD' were born and used initially on Moscow computers with
1981 # UNIX-like OSes by several developer groups (e.g. Demos group, Kiae group)....
1982 # The next step was the UUCP network, the Relcom predecessor
1983 # (used mainly for mail), and MSK/MSD was actively used there.
1984 #
1985 # From Chris Carrier (1996-10-30):
1986 # According to a friend of mine who rode the Trans-Siberian Railroad from
1987 # Moscow to Irkutsk in 1995, public air and rail transport in Russia ...
1988 # still follows Moscow time, no matter where in Russia it is located.
1989 #
1990 # For Grozny, Chechnya, we have the following story from
1991 # John Daniszewski, "Scavengers in the Rubble", Los Angeles Times (2001-02-07):
1992 # News--often false--is spread by word of mouth. A rumor that it was
1993 # time to move the clocks back put this whole city out of sync with
1994 # the rest of Russia for two weeks--even soldiers stationed here began
1995 # enforcing curfew at the wrong time.
1996 #
1997 # From Gwillim Law (2001-06-05):
1998 # There's considerable evidence that Sakhalin Island used to be in
1999 # UTC+11, and has changed to UTC+10, in this decade. I start with the
2000 # SSIM, which listed Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk in zone RU10 along with Magadan
2001 # until February 1997, and then in RU9 with Khabarovsk and Vladivostok
2002 # since September 1997.... Although the Kuril Islands are
2003 # administratively part of Sakhalin oblast', they appear to have
2004 # remained on UTC+11 along with Magadan.
2005 #
2006 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
2007 #
2008 # Kaliningradskaya oblast'.
2009 Zone Europe/Kaliningrad 1:22:00 - LMT 1893 Apr
2010 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945
2011 2:00 Poland CE%sT 1946
2012 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2013 2:00 Russia EE%sT
2014 #
2015 # From Oscar van Vlijmen (2001-08-25): [This region consists of]
2016 # Respublika Adygeya, Arkhangel'skaya oblast',
2017 # Belgorodskaya oblast', Bryanskaya oblast', Vladimirskaya oblast',
2018 # Vologodskaya oblast', Voronezhskaya oblast',
2019 # Respublika Dagestan, Ivanovskaya oblast', Respublika Ingushetiya,
2020 # Kabarbino-Balkarskaya Respublika, Respublika Kalmykiya,
2021 # Kalyzhskaya oblast', Respublika Karachaevo-Cherkessiya,
2022 # Respublika Kareliya, Respublika Komi,
2023 # Kostromskaya oblast', Krasnodarskij kraj, Kurskaya oblast',
2024 # Leningradskaya oblast', Lipetskaya oblast', Respublika Marij El,
2025 # Respublika Mordoviya, Moskva, Moskovskaya oblast',
2026 # Murmanskaya oblast', Nenetskij avtonomnyj okrug,
2027 # Nizhegorodskaya oblast', Novgorodskaya oblast', Orlovskaya oblast',
2028 # Penzenskaya oblast', Pskovskaya oblast', Rostovskaya oblast',
2029 # Ryazanskaya oblast', Sankt-Peterburg,
2030 # Respublika Severnaya Osetiya, Smolenskaya oblast',
2031 # Stavropol'skij kraj, Tambovskaya oblast', Respublika Tatarstan,
2032 # Tverskaya oblast', Tyl'skaya oblast', Ul'yanovskaya oblast',
2033 # Chechenskaya Respublika, Chuvashskaya oblast',
2034 # Yaroslavskaya oblast'
2035 Zone Europe/Moscow 2:30:20 - LMT 1880
2036 2:30 - MMT 1916 Jul 3 # Moscow Mean Time
2037 2:30:48 Russia %s 1919 Jul 1 2:00
2038 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1922 Oct
2039 2:00 - EET 1930 Jun 21
2040 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2041 2:00 Russia EE%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
2042 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD
2043 #
2044 # Astrakhanskaya oblast', Kirovskaya oblast', Saratovskaya oblast',
2045 # Volgogradskaya oblast'. Shanks & Pottenger say Kirov is still at +0400
2046 # but Wikipedia (2006-05-09) says +0300. Perhaps it switched after the
2047 # others? But we have no data.
2048 Zone Europe/Volgograd 2:57:40 - LMT 1920 Jan 3
2049 3:00 - TSAT 1925 Apr 6 # Tsaritsyn Time
2050 3:00 - STAT 1930 Jun 21 # Stalingrad Time
2051 4:00 - STAT 1961 Nov 11
2052 4:00 Russia VOL%sT 1989 Mar 26 2:00s # Volgograd T
2053 3:00 Russia VOL%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2054 4:00 - VOLT 1992 Mar 29 2:00s
2055 3:00 Russia VOL%sT
2056 #
2057 # From Oscar van Vlijmen (2001-08-25): [This region consists of]
2058 # Samarskaya oblast', Udmyrtskaya respublika
2059 Zone Europe/Samara 3:20:36 - LMT 1919 Jul 1 2:00
2060 3:00 - SAMT 1930 Jun 21
2061 4:00 - SAMT 1935 Jan 27
2062 4:00 Russia KUY%sT 1989 Mar 26 2:00s # Kuybyshev
2063 3:00 Russia KUY%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2064 2:00 Russia KUY%sT 1991 Sep 29 2:00s
2065 3:00 - KUYT 1991 Oct 20 3:00
2066 4:00 Russia SAM%sT # Samara Time
2067 #
2068 # From Oscar van Vlijmen (2001-08-25): [This region consists of]
2069 # Respublika Bashkortostan, Komi-Permyatskij avtonomnyj okrug,
2070 # Kurganskaya oblast', Orenburgskaya oblast', Permskaya oblast',
2071 # Sverdlovskaya oblast', Tyumenskaya oblast',
2072 # Khanty-Manskijskij avtonomnyj okrug, Chelyabinskaya oblast',
2073 # Yamalo-Nenetskij avtonomnyj okrug.
2074 Zone Asia/Yekaterinburg 4:02:24 - LMT 1919 Jul 15 4:00
2075 4:00 - SVET 1930 Jun 21 # Sverdlovsk Time
2076 5:00 Russia SVE%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2077 4:00 Russia SVE%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
2078 5:00 Russia YEK%sT # Yekaterinburg Time
2079 #
2080 # From Oscar van Vlijmen (2001-08-25): [This region consists of]
2081 # Respublika Altaj, Altajskij kraj, Omskaya oblast'.
2082 Zone Asia/Omsk 4:53:36 - LMT 1919 Nov 14
2083 5:00 - OMST 1930 Jun 21 # Omsk TIme
2084 6:00 Russia OMS%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2085 5:00 Russia OMS%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
2086 6:00 Russia OMS%sT
2087 #
2088 # From Paul Eggert (2006-08-19): I'm guessing about Tomsk here; it's
2089 # not clear when it switched from +7 to +6.
2090 # Novosibirskaya oblast', Tomskaya oblast'.
2091 Zone Asia/Novosibirsk 5:31:40 - LMT 1919 Dec 14 6:00
2092 6:00 - NOVT 1930 Jun 21 # Novosibirsk Time
2093 7:00 Russia NOV%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2094 6:00 Russia NOV%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
2095 7:00 Russia NOV%sT 1993 May 23 # say Shanks & P.
2096 6:00 Russia NOV%sT
2097
2098 # From Alexander Krivenyshev (2009-10-13):
2099 # Kemerovo oblast' (Kemerovo region) in Russia will change current time zone on
2100 # March 28, 2010:
2101 # from current Russia Zone 6 - Krasnoyarsk Time Zone (KRA) UTC +0700
2102 # to Russia Zone 5 - Novosibirsk Time Zone (NOV) UTC +0600
2103 #
2104 # This is according to Government of Russia decree # 740, on September
2105 # 14, 2009 "Application in the territory of the Kemerovo region the Fifth
2106 # time zone." ("Russia Zone 5" or old "USSR Zone 5" is GMT +0600)
2107 #
2108 # Russian Government web site (Russian language)
2109 # <a href="http://www.government.ru/content/governmentactivity/rfgovernmentdecisions/archiv">
2110 # http://www.government.ru/content/governmentactivity/rfgovernmentdecisions/archive/2009/09/14/991633.htm
2111 # </a>
2112 # or Russian-English translation by WorldTimeZone.com with reference
2113 # map to local region and new Russia Time Zone map after March 28, 2010
2114 # <a href="http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_russia03.html">
2115 # http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_russia03.html
2116 # </a>
2117 #
2118 # Thus, when Russia will switch to DST on the night of March 28, 2010
2119 # Kemerovo region (Kemerovo oblast') will not change the clock.
2120 #
2121 # As a result, Kemerovo oblast' will be in the same time zone as
2122 # Novosibirsk, Omsk, Tomsk, Barnaul and Altai Republic.
2123
2124 Zone Asia/Novokuznetsk 5:48:48 - NMT 1920 Jan 6
2125 6:00 - KRAT 1930 Jun 21 # Krasnoyarsk Time
2126 7:00 Russia KRA%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2127 6:00 Russia KRA%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
2128 7:00 Russia KRA%sT 2010 Mar 28 2:00s
2129 6:00 Russia NOV%sT # Novosibirsk/Novokuznetsk Time
2130
2131 #
2132 # From Oscar van Vlijmen (2001-08-25): [This region consists of]
2133 # Krasnoyarskij kraj,
2134 # Tajmyrskij (Dolgano-Nenetskij) avtonomnyj okrug,
2135 # Respublika Tuva, Respublika Khakasiya, Evenkijskij avtonomnyj okrug.
2136 Zone Asia/Krasnoyarsk 6:11:20 - LMT 1920 Jan 6
2137 6:00 - KRAT 1930 Jun 21 # Krasnoyarsk Time
2138 7:00 Russia KRA%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2139 6:00 Russia KRA%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
2140 7:00 Russia KRA%sT
2141 #
2142 # From Oscar van Vlijmen (2001-08-25): [This region consists of]
2143 # Respublika Buryatiya, Irkutskaya oblast',
2144 # Ust'-Ordynskij Buryatskij avtonomnyj okrug.
2145 Zone Asia/Irkutsk 6:57:20 - LMT 1880
2146 6:57:20 - IMT 1920 Jan 25 # Irkutsk Mean Time
2147 7:00 - IRKT 1930 Jun 21 # Irkutsk Time
2148 8:00 Russia IRK%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2149 7:00 Russia IRK%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
2150 8:00 Russia IRK%sT
2151 #
2152 # From Oscar van Vlijmen (2003-10-18): [This region consists of]
2153 # Aginskij Buryatskij avtonomnyj okrug, Amurskaya oblast',
2154 # [parts of] Respublika Sakha (Yakutiya), Chitinskaya oblast'.
2155 # The Sakha districts are: Aldanskij, Amginskij, Anabarskij,
2156 # Bulunskij, Verkhnekolymskij, Verkhnevilyujskij, Vilyujskij, Gornyj,
2157 # Zhiganskij, Kobyajskij, Lenskij, Megino-Kangalasskij, Mirninskij,
2158 # Namskij, Nyurbinskij, Olenekskij, Olekminskij, Srednekolymskij,
2159 # Suntarskij, Tattinskij, Ust'-Aldanskij, Khangalasskij,
2160 # Churapchinskij, Eveno-Bytantajskij.
2161 Zone Asia/Yakutsk 8:38:40 - LMT 1919 Dec 15
2162 8:00 - YAKT 1930 Jun 21 # Yakutsk Time
2163 9:00 Russia YAK%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2164 8:00 Russia YAK%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
2165 9:00 Russia YAK%sT
2166 #
2167 # From Oscar van Vlijmen (2003-10-18): [This region consists of]
2168 # Evrejskaya avtonomnaya oblast', Khabarovskij kraj, Primorskij kraj,
2169 # [parts of] Respublika Sakha (Yakutiya).
2170 # The Sakha districts are: Verkhoyanskij, Tomponskij, Ust'-Majskij,
2171 # Ust'-Yanskij.
2172 Zone Asia/Vladivostok 8:47:44 - LMT 1922 Nov 15
2173 9:00 - VLAT 1930 Jun 21 # Vladivostok Time
2174 10:00 Russia VLA%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2175 9:00 Russia VLA%sST 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
2176 10:00 Russia VLA%sT
2177 #
2178 # Sakhalinskaya oblast'.
2179 # The Zone name should be Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk, but that's too long.
2180 Zone Asia/Sakhalin 9:30:48 - LMT 1905 Aug 23
2181 9:00 - CJT 1938
2182 9:00 - JST 1945 Aug 25
2183 11:00 Russia SAK%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s # Sakhalin T.
2184 10:00 Russia SAK%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
2185 11:00 Russia SAK%sT 1997 Mar lastSun 2:00s
2186 10:00 Russia SAK%sT
2187 #
2188 # From Oscar van Vlijmen (2003-10-18): [This region consists of]
2189 # Magadanskaya oblast', Respublika Sakha (Yakutiya).
2190 # Probably also: Kuril Islands.
2191 # The Sakha districts are: Abyjskij, Allaikhovskij, Momskij,
2192 # Nizhnekolymskij, Ojmyakonskij.
2193 Zone Asia/Magadan 10:03:12 - LMT 1924 May 2
2194 10:00 - MAGT 1930 Jun 21 # Magadan Time
2195 11:00 Russia MAG%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2196 10:00 Russia MAG%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
2197 11:00 Russia MAG%sT
2198 #
2199 # From Oscar van Vlijmen (2001-08-25): [This region consists of]
2200 # Kamchatskaya oblast', Koryakskij avtonomnyj okrug.
2201 #
2202 # The Zone name should be Asia/Petropavlovsk-Kamchatski, but that's too long.
2203 Zone Asia/Kamchatka 10:34:36 - LMT 1922 Nov 10
2204 11:00 - PETT 1930 Jun 21 # P-K Time
2205 12:00 Russia PET%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2206 11:00 Russia PET%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
2207 12:00 Russia PET%sT
2208 #
2209 # Chukotskij avtonomnyj okrug
2210 Zone Asia/Anadyr 11:49:56 - LMT 1924 May 2
2211 12:00 - ANAT 1930 Jun 21 # Anadyr Time
2212 13:00 Russia ANA%sT 1982 Apr 1 0:00s
2213 12:00 Russia ANA%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2214 11:00 Russia ANA%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
2215 12:00 Russia ANA%sT
2216
2217 # Serbia
2218 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
2219 Zone Europe/Belgrade 1:22:00 - LMT 1884
2220 1:00 - CET 1941 Apr 18 23:00
2221 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945
2222 1:00 - CET 1945 May 8 2:00s
2223 1:00 1:00 CEST 1945 Sep 16 2:00s
2224 # Metod Kozelj reports that the legal date of
2225 # transition to EU rules was 1982-11-27, for all of Yugoslavia at the time.
2226 # Shanks & Pottenger don't give as much detail, so go with Kozelj.
2227 1:00 - CET 1982 Nov 27
2228 1:00 EU CE%sT
2229 Link Europe/Belgrade Europe/Ljubljana # Slovenia
2230 Link Europe/Belgrade Europe/Podgorica # Montenegro
2231 Link Europe/Belgrade Europe/Sarajevo # Bosnia and Herzegovina
2232 Link Europe/Belgrade Europe/Skopje # Macedonia
2233 Link Europe/Belgrade Europe/Zagreb # Croatia
2234
2235 # Slovakia
2236 Link Europe/Prague Europe/Bratislava
2237
2238 # Slovenia
2239 # see Serbia
2240
2241 # Spain
2242 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
2243 # For 1917-1919 Whitman gives Apr Sat>=1 - Oct Sat>=1;
2244 # go with Shanks & Pottenger.
2245 Rule Spain 1917 only - May 5 23:00s 1:00 S
2246 Rule Spain 1917 1919 - Oct 6 23:00s 0 -
2247 Rule Spain 1918 only - Apr 15 23:00s 1:00 S
2248 Rule Spain 1919 only - Apr 5 23:00s 1:00 S
2249 # Whitman gives 1921 Feb 28 - Oct 14; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
2250 Rule Spain 1924 only - Apr 16 23:00s 1:00 S
2251 # Whitman gives 1924 Oct 14; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
2252 Rule Spain 1924 only - Oct 4 23:00s 0 -
2253 Rule Spain 1926 only - Apr 17 23:00s 1:00 S
2254 # Whitman says no DST in 1929; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
2255 Rule Spain 1926 1929 - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 -
2256 Rule Spain 1927 only - Apr 9 23:00s 1:00 S
2257 Rule Spain 1928 only - Apr 14 23:00s 1:00 S
2258 Rule Spain 1929 only - Apr 20 23:00s 1:00 S
2259 # Whitman gives 1937 Jun 16, 1938 Apr 16, 1940 Apr 13;
2260 # go with Shanks & Pottenger.
2261 Rule Spain 1937 only - May 22 23:00s 1:00 S
2262 Rule Spain 1937 1939 - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 -
2263 Rule Spain 1938 only - Mar 22 23:00s 1:00 S
2264 Rule Spain 1939 only - Apr 15 23:00s 1:00 S
2265 Rule Spain 1940 only - Mar 16 23:00s 1:00 S
2266 # Whitman says no DST 1942-1945; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
2267 Rule Spain 1942 only - May 2 22:00s 2:00 M # Midsummer
2268 Rule Spain 1942 only - Sep 1 22:00s 1:00 S
2269 Rule Spain 1943 1946 - Apr Sat>=13 22:00s 2:00 M
2270 Rule Spain 1943 only - Oct 3 22:00s 1:00 S
2271 Rule Spain 1944 only - Oct 10 22:00s 1:00 S
2272 Rule Spain 1945 only - Sep 30 1:00 1:00 S
2273 Rule Spain 1946 only - Sep 30 0:00 0 -
2274 Rule Spain 1949 only - Apr 30 23:00 1:00 S
2275 Rule Spain 1949 only - Sep 30 1:00 0 -
2276 Rule Spain 1974 1975 - Apr Sat>=13 23:00 1:00 S
2277 Rule Spain 1974 1975 - Oct Sun>=1 1:00 0 -
2278 Rule Spain 1976 only - Mar 27 23:00 1:00 S
2279 Rule Spain 1976 1977 - Sep lastSun 1:00 0 -
2280 Rule Spain 1977 1978 - Apr 2 23:00 1:00 S
2281 Rule Spain 1978 only - Oct 1 1:00 0 -
2282 # The following rules are copied from Morocco from 1967 through 1978.
2283 Rule SpainAfrica 1967 only - Jun 3 12:00 1:00 S
2284 Rule SpainAfrica 1967 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
2285 Rule SpainAfrica 1974 only - Jun 24 0:00 1:00 S
2286 Rule SpainAfrica 1974 only - Sep 1 0:00 0 -
2287 Rule SpainAfrica 1976 1977 - May 1 0:00 1:00 S
2288 Rule SpainAfrica 1976 only - Aug 1 0:00 0 -
2289 Rule SpainAfrica 1977 only - Sep 28 0:00 0 -
2290 Rule SpainAfrica 1978 only - Jun 1 0:00 1:00 S
2291 Rule SpainAfrica 1978 only - Aug 4 0:00 0 -
2292 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
2293 Zone Europe/Madrid -0:14:44 - LMT 1901 Jan 1 0:00s
2294 0:00 Spain WE%sT 1946 Sep 30
2295 1:00 Spain CE%sT 1979
2296 1:00 EU CE%sT
2297 Zone Africa/Ceuta -0:21:16 - LMT 1901
2298 0:00 - WET 1918 May 6 23:00
2299 0:00 1:00 WEST 1918 Oct 7 23:00
2300 0:00 - WET 1924
2301 0:00 Spain WE%sT 1929
2302 0:00 SpainAfrica WE%sT 1984 Mar 16
2303 1:00 - CET 1986
2304 1:00 EU CE%sT
2305 Zone Atlantic/Canary -1:01:36 - LMT 1922 Mar # Las Palmas de Gran C.
2306 -1:00 - CANT 1946 Sep 30 1:00 # Canaries Time
2307 0:00 - WET 1980 Apr 6 0:00s
2308 0:00 1:00 WEST 1980 Sep 28 0:00s
2309 0:00 EU WE%sT
2310 # IATA SSIM (1996-09) says the Canaries switch at 2:00u, not 1:00u.
2311 # Ignore this for now, as the Canaries are part of the EU.
2312
2313 # Sweden
2314
2315 # From Ivan Nilsson (2001-04-13), superseding Shanks & Pottenger:
2316 #
2317 # The law "Svensk forfattningssamling 1878, no 14" about standard time in 1879:
2318 # From the beginning of 1879 (that is 01-01 00:00) the time for all
2319 # places in the country is "the mean solar time for the meridian at
2320 # three degrees, or twelve minutes of time, to the west of the
2321 # meridian of the Observatory of Stockholm". The law is dated 1878-05-31.
2322 #
2323 # The observatory at that time had the meridian 18 degrees 03' 30"
2324 # eastern longitude = 01:12:14 in time. Less 12 minutes gives the
2325 # national standard time as 01:00:14 ahead of GMT....
2326 #
2327 # About the beginning of CET in Sweden. The lawtext ("Svensk
2328 # forfattningssamling 1899, no 44") states, that "from the beginning
2329 # of 1900... ... the same as the mean solar time for the meridian at
2330 # the distance of one hour of time from the meridian of the English
2331 # observatory at Greenwich, or at 12 minutes 14 seconds to the west
2332 # from the meridian of the Observatory of Stockholm". The law is dated
2333 # 1899-06-16. In short: At 1900-01-01 00:00:00 the new standard time
2334 # in Sweden is 01:00:00 ahead of GMT.
2335 #
2336 # 1916: The lawtext ("Svensk forfattningssamling 1916, no 124") states
2337 # that "1916-05-15 is considered to begin one hour earlier". It is
2338 # pretty obvious that at 05-14 23:00 the clocks are set to 05-15 00:00....
2339 # Further the law says, that "1916-09-30 is considered to end one hour later".
2340 #
2341 # The laws regulating [DST] are available on the site of the Swedish
2342 # Parliament beginning with 1985 - the laws regulating 1980/1984 are
2343 # not available on the site (to my knowledge they are only available
2344 # in Swedish): <http://www.riksdagen.se/english/work/sfst.asp> (type
2345 # "sommartid" without the quotes in the field "Fritext" and then click
2346 # the Sok-button).
2347 #
2348 # (2001-05-13):
2349 #
2350 # I have now found a newspaper stating that at 1916-10-01 01:00
2351 # summertime the church-clocks etc were set back one hour to show
2352 # 1916-10-01 00:00 standard time. The article also reports that some
2353 # people thought the switch to standard time would take place already
2354 # at 1916-10-01 00:00 summer time, but they had to wait for another
2355 # hour before the event took place.
2356 #
2357 # Source: The newspaper "Dagens Nyheter", 1916-10-01, page 7 upper left.
2358
2359 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
2360 Zone Europe/Stockholm 1:12:12 - LMT 1879 Jan 1
2361 1:00:14 - SET 1900 Jan 1 # Swedish Time
2362 1:00 - CET 1916 May 14 23:00
2363 1:00 1:00 CEST 1916 Oct 1 01:00
2364 1:00 - CET 1980
2365 1:00 EU CE%sT
2366
2367 # Switzerland
2368 # From Howse:
2369 # By the end of the 18th century clocks and watches became commonplace
2370 # and their performance improved enormously. Communities began to keep
2371 # mean time in preference to apparent time -- Geneva from 1780 ....
2372 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
2373 # From Whitman (who writes ``Midnight?''):
2374 # Rule Swiss 1940 only - Nov 2 0:00 1:00 S
2375 # Rule Swiss 1940 only - Dec 31 0:00 0 -
2376 # From Shanks & Pottenger:
2377 # Rule Swiss 1941 1942 - May Sun>=1 2:00 1:00 S
2378 # Rule Swiss 1941 1942 - Oct Sun>=1 0:00 0 -
2379
2380 # From Alois Treindl (2008-12-17):
2381 # I have researched the DST usage in Switzerland during the 1940ies.
2382 #
2383 # As I wrote in an earlier message, I suspected the current tzdata values
2384 # to be wrong. This is now verified.
2385 #
2386 # I have found copies of the original ruling by the Swiss Federal
2387 # government, in 'Eidgen[o]ssische Gesetzessammlung 1941 and 1942' (Swiss
2388 # federal law collection)...
2389 #
2390 # DST began on Monday 5 May 1941, 1:00 am by shifting the clocks to 2:00 am
2391 # DST ended on Monday 6 Oct 1941, 2:00 am by shifting the clocks to 1:00 am.
2392 #
2393 # DST began on Monday, 4 May 1942 at 01:00 am
2394 # DST ended on Monday, 5 Oct 1942 at 02:00 am
2395 #
2396 # There was no DST in 1940, I have checked the law collection carefully.
2397 # It is also indicated by the fact that the 1942 entry in the law
2398 # collection points back to 1941 as a reference, but no reference to any
2399 # other years are made.
2400 #
2401 # Newspaper articles I have read in the archives on 6 May 1941 reported
2402 # about the introduction of DST (Sommerzeit in German) during the previous
2403 # night as an absolute novelty, because this was the first time that such
2404 # a thing had happened in Switzerland.
2405 #
2406 # I have also checked 1916, because one book source (Gabriel, Traite de
2407 # l'heure dans le monde) claims that Switzerland had DST in 1916. This is
2408 # false, no official document could be found. Probably Gabriel got misled
2409 # by references to Germany, which introduced DST in 1916 for the first time.
2410 #
2411 # The tzdata rules for Switzerland must be changed to:
2412 # Rule Swiss 1941 1942 - May Mon>=1 1:00 1:00 S
2413 # Rule Swiss 1941 1942 - Oct Mon>=1 2:00 0 -
2414 #
2415 # The 1940 rules must be deleted.
2416 #
2417 # One further detail for Switzerland, which is probably out of scope for
2418 # most users of tzdata:
2419 # The zone file
2420 # Zone Europe/Zurich 0:34:08 - LMT 1848 Sep 12
2421 # 0:29:44 - BMT 1894 Jun #Bern Mean Time
2422 # 1:00 Swiss CE%sT 1981
2423 # 1:00 EU CE%sT
2424 # describes all of Switzerland correctly, with the exception of
2425 # the Cantone Geneve (Geneva, Genf). Between 1848 and 1894 Geneve did not
2426 # follow Bern Mean Time but kept its own local mean time.
2427 # To represent this, an extra zone would be needed.
2428
2429 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
2430 Rule Swiss 1941 1942 - May Mon>=1 1:00 1:00 S
2431 Rule Swiss 1941 1942 - Oct Mon>=1 2:00 0 -
2432 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
2433 Zone Europe/Zurich 0:34:08 - LMT 1848 Sep 12
2434 0:29:44 - BMT 1894 Jun # Bern Mean Time
2435 1:00 Swiss CE%sT 1981
2436 1:00 EU CE%sT
2437
2438 # Turkey
2439
2440 # From Amar Devegowda (2007-01-03):
2441 # The time zone rules for Istanbul, Turkey have not been changed for years now.
2442 # ... The latest rules are available at -
2443 # http://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/timezone.html?n=107
2444 # From Steffen Thorsen (2007-01-03):
2445 # I have been able to find press records back to 1996 which all say that
2446 # DST started 01:00 local time and end at 02:00 local time. I am not sure
2447 # what happened before that. One example for each year from 1996 to 2001:
2448 # http://newspot.byegm.gov.tr/arsiv/1996/21/N4.htm
2449 # http://www.byegm.gov.tr/YAYINLARIMIZ/CHR/ING97/03/97X03X25.TXT
2450 # http://www.byegm.gov.tr/YAYINLARIMIZ/CHR/ING98/03/98X03X02.HTM
2451 # http://www.byegm.gov.tr/YAYINLARIMIZ/CHR/ING99/10/99X10X26.HTM#%2016
2452 # http://www.byegm.gov.tr/YAYINLARIMIZ/CHR/ING2000/03/00X03X06.HTM#%2021
2453 # http://www.byegm.gov.tr/YAYINLARIMIZ/CHR/ING2001/03/23x03x01.HTM#%2027
2454 # From Paul Eggert (2007-01-03):
2455 # Prefer the above source to Shanks & Pottenger for time stamps after 1990.
2456
2457 # From Steffen Thorsen (2007-03-09):
2458 # Starting 2007 though, it seems that they are adopting EU's 1:00 UTC
2459 # start/end time, according to the following page (2007-03-07):
2460 # http://www.ntvmsnbc.com/news/402029.asp
2461 # The official document is located here - it is in Turkish...:
2462 # http://rega.basbakanlik.gov.tr/eskiler/2007/03/20070307-7.htm
2463 # I was able to locate the following seemingly official document
2464 # (on a non-government server though) describing dates between 2002 and 2006:
2465 # http://www.alomaliye.com/bkk_2002_3769.htm
2466
2467 # From Sue Williams (2008-08-11):
2468 # I spotted this news article about a potential change in Turkey.
2469 #
2470 # <a href="http://www.hurriyet.com.tr/english/domestic/9626174.asp?scr=1">
2471 # http://www.hurriyet.com.tr/english/domestic/9626174.asp?scr=1
2472 # </a>
2473
2474 # From Sue Williams (2008-08-20):
2475 # This article says that around the end of March 2011, Turkey wants to
2476 # adjust the clocks forward by 1/2 hour and stay that way permanently.
2477 # The article indicates that this is a change in timezone offset in addition
2478 # to stopping observance of DST.
2479 # This proposal has not yet been approved.
2480 #
2481 # Read more here...
2482 #
2483 # Turkey to abandon daylight saving time in 2011
2484 # <a href="http://www.turkishdailynews.com.tr/article.php?enewsid=112989">
2485 # http://www.turkishdailynews.com.tr/article.php?enewsid=112989
2486 # </a>
2487
2488 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
2489 Rule Turkey 1916 only - May 1 0:00 1:00 S
2490 Rule Turkey 1916 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
2491 Rule Turkey 1920 only - Mar 28 0:00 1:00 S
2492 Rule Turkey 1920 only - Oct 25 0:00 0 -
2493 Rule Turkey 1921 only - Apr 3 0:00 1:00 S
2494 Rule Turkey 1921 only - Oct 3 0:00 0 -
2495 Rule Turkey 1922 only - Mar 26 0:00 1:00 S
2496 Rule Turkey 1922 only - Oct 8 0:00 0 -
2497 # Whitman gives 1923 Apr 28 - Sep 16 and no DST in 1924-1925;
2498 # go with Shanks & Pottenger.
2499 Rule Turkey 1924 only - May 13 0:00 1:00 S
2500 Rule Turkey 1924 1925 - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
2501 Rule Turkey 1925 only - May 1 0:00 1:00 S
2502 Rule Turkey 1940 only - Jun 30 0:00 1:00 S
2503 Rule Turkey 1940 only - Oct 5 0:00 0 -
2504 Rule Turkey 1940 only - Dec 1 0:00 1:00 S
2505 Rule Turkey 1941 only - Sep 21 0:00 0 -
2506 Rule Turkey 1942 only - Apr 1 0:00 1:00 S
2507 # Whitman omits the next two transition and gives 1945 Oct 1;
2508 # go with Shanks & Pottenger.
2509 Rule Turkey 1942 only - Nov 1 0:00 0 -
2510 Rule Turkey 1945 only - Apr 2 0:00 1:00 S
2511 Rule Turkey 1945 only - Oct 8 0:00 0 -
2512 Rule Turkey 1946 only - Jun 1 0:00 1:00 S
2513 Rule Turkey 1946 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
2514 Rule Turkey 1947 1948 - Apr Sun>=16 0:00 1:00 S
2515 Rule Turkey 1947 1950 - Oct Sun>=2 0:00 0 -
2516 Rule Turkey 1949 only - Apr 10 0:00 1:00 S
2517 Rule Turkey 1950 only - Apr 19 0:00 1:00 S
2518 Rule Turkey 1951 only - Apr 22 0:00 1:00 S
2519 Rule Turkey 1951 only - Oct 8 0:00 0 -
2520 Rule Turkey 1962 only - Jul 15 0:00 1:00 S
2521 Rule Turkey 1962 only - Oct 8 0:00 0 -
2522 Rule Turkey 1964 only - May 15 0:00 1:00 S
2523 Rule Turkey 1964 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
2524 Rule Turkey 1970 1972 - May Sun>=2 0:00 1:00 S
2525 Rule Turkey 1970 1972 - Oct Sun>=2 0:00 0 -
2526 Rule Turkey 1973 only - Jun 3 1:00 1:00 S
2527 Rule Turkey 1973 only - Nov 4 3:00 0 -
2528 Rule Turkey 1974 only - Mar 31 2:00 1:00 S
2529 Rule Turkey 1974 only - Nov 3 5:00 0 -
2530 Rule Turkey 1975 only - Mar 30 0:00 1:00 S
2531 Rule Turkey 1975 1976 - Oct lastSun 0:00 0 -
2532 Rule Turkey 1976 only - Jun 1 0:00 1:00 S
2533 Rule Turkey 1977 1978 - Apr Sun>=1 0:00 1:00 S
2534 Rule Turkey 1977 only - Oct 16 0:00 0 -
2535 Rule Turkey 1979 1980 - Apr Sun>=1 3:00 1:00 S
2536 Rule Turkey 1979 1982 - Oct Mon>=11 0:00 0 -
2537 Rule Turkey 1981 1982 - Mar lastSun 3:00 1:00 S
2538 Rule Turkey 1983 only - Jul 31 0:00 1:00 S
2539 Rule Turkey 1983 only - Oct 2 0:00 0 -
2540 Rule Turkey 1985 only - Apr 20 0:00 1:00 S
2541 Rule Turkey 1985 only - Sep 28 0:00 0 -
2542 Rule Turkey 1986 1990 - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 S
2543 Rule Turkey 1986 1990 - Sep lastSun 2:00s 0 -
2544 Rule Turkey 1991 2006 - Mar lastSun 1:00s 1:00 S
2545 Rule Turkey 1991 1995 - Sep lastSun 1:00s 0 -
2546 Rule Turkey 1996 2006 - Oct lastSun 1:00s 0 -
2547 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
2548 Zone Europe/Istanbul 1:55:52 - LMT 1880
2549 1:56:56 - IMT 1910 Oct # Istanbul Mean Time?
2550 2:00 Turkey EE%sT 1978 Oct 15
2551 3:00 Turkey TR%sT 1985 Apr 20 # Turkey Time
2552 2:00 Turkey EE%sT 2007
2553 2:00 EU EE%sT
2554 Link Europe/Istanbul Asia/Istanbul # Istanbul is in both continents.
2555
2556 # Ukraine
2557 #
2558 # From Igor Karpov, who works for the Ukranian Ministry of Justice,
2559 # via Garrett Wollman (2003-01-27):
2560 # BTW, I've found the official document on this matter. It's goverment
2561 # regulations number 509, May 13, 1996. In my poor translation it says:
2562 # "Time in Ukraine is set to second timezone (Kiev time). Each last Sunday
2563 # of March at 3am the time is changing to 4am and each last Sunday of
2564 # October the time at 4am is changing to 3am"
2565
2566 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
2567 # Most of Ukraine since 1970 has been like Kiev.
2568 # "Kyiv" is the transliteration of the Ukrainian name, but
2569 # "Kiev" is more common in English.
2570 Zone Europe/Kiev 2:02:04 - LMT 1880
2571 2:02:04 - KMT 1924 May 2 # Kiev Mean Time
2572 2:00 - EET 1930 Jun 21
2573 3:00 - MSK 1941 Sep 20
2574 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1943 Nov 6
2575 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1990
2576 3:00 - MSK 1990 Jul 1 2:00
2577 2:00 - EET 1992
2578 2:00 E-Eur EE%sT 1995
2579 2:00 EU EE%sT
2580 # Ruthenia used CET 1990/1991.
2581 # "Uzhhorod" is the transliteration of the Ukrainian name, but
2582 # "Uzhgorod" is more common in English.
2583 Zone Europe/Uzhgorod 1:29:12 - LMT 1890 Oct
2584 1:00 - CET 1940
2585 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Oct
2586 1:00 1:00 CEST 1944 Oct 26
2587 1:00 - CET 1945 Jun 29
2588 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1990
2589 3:00 - MSK 1990 Jul 1 2:00
2590 1:00 - CET 1991 Mar 31 3:00
2591 2:00 - EET 1992
2592 2:00 E-Eur EE%sT 1995
2593 2:00 EU EE%sT
2594 # Zaporozh'ye and eastern Lugansk oblasts observed DST 1990/1991.
2595 # "Zaporizhia" is the transliteration of the Ukrainian name, but
2596 # "Zaporozh'ye" is more common in English. Use the common English
2597 # spelling, except omit the apostrophe as it is not allowed in
2598 # portable Posix file names.
2599 Zone Europe/Zaporozhye 2:20:40 - LMT 1880
2600 2:20 - CUT 1924 May 2 # Central Ukraine T
2601 2:00 - EET 1930 Jun 21
2602 3:00 - MSK 1941 Aug 25
2603 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1943 Oct 25
2604 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1991 Mar 31 2:00
2605 2:00 E-Eur EE%sT 1995
2606 2:00 EU EE%sT
2607 # Central Crimea used Moscow time 1994/1997.
2608 Zone Europe/Simferopol 2:16:24 - LMT 1880
2609 2:16 - SMT 1924 May 2 # Simferopol Mean T
2610 2:00 - EET 1930 Jun 21
2611 3:00 - MSK 1941 Nov
2612 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Apr 13
2613 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1990
2614 3:00 - MSK 1990 Jul 1 2:00
2615 2:00 - EET 1992
2616 # From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):
2617 # The _Economist_ (1994-05-28, p 45) reports that central Crimea switched
2618 # from Kiev to Moscow time sometime after the January 1994 elections.
2619 # Shanks (1999) says ``date of change uncertain'', but implies that it happened
2620 # sometime between the 1994 DST switches. Shanks & Pottenger simply say
2621 # 1994-09-25 03:00, but that can't be right. For now, guess it
2622 # changed in May.
2623 2:00 E-Eur EE%sT 1994 May
2624 # From IATA SSIM (1994/1997), which also says that Kerch is still like Kiev.
2625 3:00 E-Eur MSK/MSD 1996 Mar 31 3:00s
2626 3:00 1:00 MSD 1996 Oct 27 3:00s
2627 # IATA SSIM (1997-09) says Crimea switched to EET/EEST.
2628 # Assume it happened in March by not changing the clocks.
2629 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1997
2630 3:00 - MSK 1997 Mar lastSun 1:00u
2631 2:00 EU EE%sT
2632
2633 ###############################################################################
2634
2635 # One source shows that Bulgaria, Cyprus, Finland, and Greece observe DST from
2636 # the last Sunday in March to the last Sunday in September in 1986.
2637 # The source shows Romania changing a day later than everybody else.
2638 #
2639 # According to Bernard Sieloff's source, Poland is in the MET time zone but
2640 # uses the WE DST rules. The Western USSR uses EET+1 and ME DST rules.
2641 # Bernard Sieloff's source claims Romania switches on the same day, but at
2642 # 00:00 standard time (i.e., 01:00 DST). It also claims that Turkey
2643 # switches on the same day, but switches on at 01:00 standard time
2644 # and off at 00:00 standard time (i.e., 01:00 DST)
2645
2646 # ...
2647 # Date: Wed, 28 Jan 87 16:56:27 -0100
2648 # From: Tom Hofmann
2649 # ...
2650 #
2651 # ...the European time rules are...standardized since 1981, when
2652 # most European coun[tr]ies started DST. Before that year, only
2653 # a few countries (UK, France, Italy) had DST, each according
2654 # to own national rules. In 1981, however, DST started on
2655 # 'Apr firstSun', and not on 'Mar lastSun' as in the following
2656 # years...
2657 # But also since 1981 there are some more national exceptions
2658 # than listed in 'europe': Switzerland, for example, joined DST
2659 # one year later, Denmark ended DST on 'Oct 1' instead of 'Sep
2660 # lastSun' in 1981---I don't know how they handle now.
2661 #
2662 # Finally, DST ist always from 'Apr 1' to 'Oct 1' in the
2663 # Soviet Union (as far as I know).
2664 #
2665 # Tom Hofmann, Scientific Computer Center, CIBA-GEIGY AG,
2666 # 4002 Basle, Switzerland
2667 # ...
2668
2669 # ...
2670 # Date: Wed, 4 Feb 87 22:35:22 +0100
2671 # From: Dik T. Winter
2672 # ...
2673 #
2674 # The information from Tom Hofmann is (as far as I know) not entirely correct.
2675 # After a request from chongo at amdahl I tried to retrieve all information
2676 # about DST in Europe. I was able to find all from about 1969.
2677 #
2678 # ...standardization on DST in Europe started in about 1977 with switches on
2679 # first Sunday in April and last Sunday in September...
2680 # In 1981 UK joined Europe insofar that
2681 # the starting day for both shifted to last Sunday in March. And from 1982
2682 # the whole of Europe used DST, with switch dates April 1 and October 1 in
2683 # the Sov[i]et Union. In 1985 the SU reverted to standard Europe[a]n switch
2684 # dates...
2685 #
2686 # It should also be remembered that time-zones are not constants; e.g.
2687 # Portugal switched in 1976 from MET (or CET) to WET with DST...
2688 # Note also that though there were rules for switch dates not
2689 # all countries abided to these dates, and many individual deviations
2690 # occurred, though not since 1982 I believe. Another note: it is always
2691 # assumed that DST is 1 hour ahead of normal time, this need not be the
2692 # case; at least in the Netherlands there have been times when DST was 2 hours
2693 # in advance of normal time.
2694 #
2695 # ...
2696 # dik t. winter, cwi, amsterdam, nederland
2697 # ...
2698
2699 # From Bob Devine (1988-01-28):
2700 # ...
2701 # Greece: Last Sunday in April to last Sunday in September (iffy on dates).
2702 # Since 1978. Change at midnight.
2703 # ...
2704 # Monaco: has same DST as France.
2705 # ...