1 /* 2 * Copyright (c) 2001, 2002, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. 3 * DO NOT ALTER OR REMOVE COPYRIGHT NOTICES OR THIS FILE HEADER. 4 * 5 * This code is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it 6 * under the terms of the GNU General Public License version 2 only, as 7 * published by the Free Software Foundation. Oracle designates this 8 * particular file as subject to the "Classpath" exception as provided 9 * by Oracle in the LICENSE file that accompanied this code. 10 * 11 * This code is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT 12 * ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or 13 * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU General Public License 14 * version 2 for more details (a copy is included in the LICENSE file that 15 * accompanied this code). 16 * 17 * You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License version 18 * 2 along with this work; if not, write to the Free Software Foundation, 19 * Inc., 51 Franklin St, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA 02110-1301 USA. 20 * 21 * Please contact Oracle, 500 Oracle Parkway, Redwood Shores, CA 94065 USA 22 * or visit www.oracle.com if you need additional information or have any 23 * questions. 24 */ 25 26 /* 27 File: Sync.java 28 29 Originally written by Doug Lea and released into the public domain. 30 This may be used for any purposes whatsoever without acknowledgment. 31 Thanks for the assistance and support of Sun Microsystems Labs, 32 and everyone contributing, testing, and using this code. 33 34 History: 35 Date Who What 36 11Jun1998 dl Create public version 37 5Aug1998 dl Added some convenient time constants 38 */ 39 40 package com.sun.corba.se.impl.orbutil.concurrent; 41 42 /** 43 * Main interface for locks, gates, and conditions. 44 * <p> 45 * Sync objects isolate waiting and notification for particular 46 * logical states, resource availability, events, and the like that are 47 * shared across multiple threads. Use of Syncs sometimes 48 * (but by no means always) adds flexibility and efficiency 49 * compared to the use of plain java monitor methods 50 * and locking, and are sometimes (but by no means always) 51 * simpler to program with. 52 * <p> 53 * 54 * Most Syncs are intended to be used primarily (although 55 * not exclusively) in before/after constructions such as: 56 * <pre> 57 * class X { 58 * Sync gate; 59 * // ... 60 * 61 * public void m() { 62 * try { 63 * gate.acquire(); // block until condition holds 64 * try { 65 * // ... method body 66 * } 67 * finally { 68 * gate.release() 69 * } 70 * } 71 * catch (InterruptedException ex) { 72 * // ... evasive action 73 * } 74 * } 75 * 76 * public void m2(Sync cond) { // use supplied condition 77 * try { 78 * if (cond.attempt(10)) { // try the condition for 10 ms 79 * try { 80 * // ... method body 81 * } 82 * finally { 83 * cond.release() 84 * } 85 * } 86 * } 87 * catch (InterruptedException ex) { 88 * // ... evasive action 89 * } 90 * } 91 * } 92 * </pre> 93 * Syncs may be used in somewhat tedious but more flexible replacements 94 * for built-in Java synchronized blocks. For example: 95 * <pre> 96 * class HandSynched { 97 * private double state_ = 0.0; 98 * private final Sync lock; // use lock type supplied in constructor 99 * public HandSynched(Sync l) { lock = l; } 100 * 101 * public void changeState(double d) { 102 * try { 103 * lock.acquire(); 104 * try { state_ = updateFunction(d); } 105 * finally { lock.release(); } 106 * } 107 * catch(InterruptedException ex) { } 108 * } 109 * 110 * public double getState() { 111 * double d = 0.0; 112 * try { 113 * lock.acquire(); 114 * try { d = accessFunction(state_); } 115 * finally { lock.release(); } 116 * } 117 * catch(InterruptedException ex){} 118 * return d; 119 * } 120 * private double updateFunction(double d) { ... } 121 * private double accessFunction(double d) { ... } 122 * } 123 * </pre> 124 * If you have a lot of such methods, and they take a common 125 * form, you can standardize this using wrappers. Some of these 126 * wrappers are standardized in LockedExecutor, but you can make others. 127 * For example: 128 * <pre> 129 * class HandSynchedV2 { 130 * private double state_ = 0.0; 131 * private final Sync lock; // use lock type supplied in constructor 132 * public HandSynchedV2(Sync l) { lock = l; } 133 * 134 * protected void runSafely(Runnable r) { 135 * try { 136 * lock.acquire(); 137 * try { r.run(); } 138 * finally { lock.release(); } 139 * } 140 * catch (InterruptedException ex) { // propagate without throwing 141 * Thread.currentThread().interrupt(); 142 * } 143 * } 144 * 145 * public void changeState(double d) { 146 * runSafely(new Runnable() { 147 * public void run() { state_ = updateFunction(d); } 148 * }); 149 * } 150 * // ... 151 * } 152 * </pre> 153 * <p> 154 * One reason to bother with such constructions is to use deadlock- 155 * avoiding back-offs when dealing with locks involving multiple objects. 156 * For example, here is a Cell class that uses attempt to back-off 157 * and retry if two Cells are trying to swap values with each other 158 * at the same time. 159 * <pre> 160 * class Cell { 161 * long value; 162 * Sync lock = ... // some sync implementation class 163 * void swapValue(Cell other) { 164 * for (;;) { 165 * try { 166 * lock.acquire(); 167 * try { 168 * if (other.lock.attempt(100)) { 169 * try { 170 * long t = value; 171 * value = other.value; 172 * other.value = t; 173 * return; 174 * } 175 * finally { other.lock.release(); } 176 * } 177 * } 178 * finally { lock.release(); } 179 * } 180 * catch (InterruptedException ex) { return; } 181 * } 182 * } 183 * } 184 *</pre> 185 * <p> 186 * Here is an even fancier version, that uses lock re-ordering 187 * upon conflict: 188 * <pre> 189 * class Cell { 190 * long value; 191 * Sync lock = ...; 192 * private static boolean trySwap(Cell a, Cell b) { 193 * a.lock.acquire(); 194 * try { 195 * if (!b.lock.attempt(0)) 196 * return false; 197 * try { 198 * long t = a.value; 199 * a.value = b.value; 200 * b.value = t; 201 * return true; 202 * } 203 * finally { other.lock.release(); } 204 * } 205 * finally { lock.release(); } 206 * return false; 207 * } 208 * 209 * void swapValue(Cell other) { 210 * try { 211 * while (!trySwap(this, other) && 212 * !tryswap(other, this)) 213 * Thread.sleep(1); 214 * } 215 * catch (InterruptedException ex) { return; } 216 * } 217 *} 218 *</pre> 219 * <p> 220 * Interruptions are in general handled as early as possible. 221 * Normally, InterruptionExceptions are thrown 222 * in acquire and attempt(msec) if interruption 223 * is detected upon entry to the method, as well as in any 224 * later context surrounding waits. 225 * However, interruption status is ignored in release(); 226 * <p> 227 * Timed versions of attempt report failure via return value. 228 * If so desired, you can transform such constructions to use exception 229 * throws via 230 * <pre> 231 * if (!c.attempt(timeval)) throw new TimeoutException(timeval); 232 * </pre> 233 * <p> 234 * The TimoutSync wrapper class can be used to automate such usages. 235 * <p> 236 * All time values are expressed in milliseconds as longs, which have a maximum 237 * value of Long.MAX_VALUE, or almost 300,000 centuries. It is not 238 * known whether JVMs actually deal correctly with such extreme values. 239 * For convenience, some useful time values are defined as static constants. 240 * <p> 241 * All implementations of the three Sync methods guarantee to 242 * somehow employ Java <code>synchronized</code> methods or blocks, 243 * and so entail the memory operations described in JLS 244 * chapter 17 which ensure that variables are loaded and flushed 245 * within before/after constructions. 246 * <p> 247 * Syncs may also be used in spinlock constructions. Although 248 * it is normally best to just use acquire(), various forms 249 * of busy waits can be implemented. For a simple example 250 * (but one that would probably never be preferable to using acquire()): 251 * <pre> 252 * class X { 253 * Sync lock = ... 254 * void spinUntilAcquired() throws InterruptedException { 255 * // Two phase. 256 * // First spin without pausing. 257 * int purespins = 10; 258 * for (int i = 0; i < purespins; ++i) { 259 * if (lock.attempt(0)) 260 * return true; 261 * } 262 * // Second phase - use timed waits 263 * long waitTime = 1; // 1 millisecond 264 * for (;;) { 265 * if (lock.attempt(waitTime)) 266 * return true; 267 * else 268 * waitTime = waitTime * 3 / 2 + 1; // increase 50% 269 * } 270 * } 271 * } 272 * </pre> 273 * <p> 274 * In addition pure synchronization control, Syncs 275 * may be useful in any context requiring before/after methods. 276 * For example, you can use an ObservableSync 277 * (perhaps as part of a LayeredSync) in order to obtain callbacks 278 * before and after each method invocation for a given class. 279 * 280 * <p>[<a href="http://gee.cs.oswego.edu/dl/classes/EDU/oswego/cs/dl/util/concurrent/intro.html"> Introduction to this package. </a>] 281 **/ 282 283 284 public interface Sync { 285 286 /** 287 * Wait (possibly forever) until successful passage. 288 * Fail only upon interuption. Interruptions always result in 289 * `clean' failures. On failure, you can be sure that it has not 290 * been acquired, and that no 291 * corresponding release should be performed. Conversely, 292 * a normal return guarantees that the acquire was successful. 293 **/ 294 295 public void acquire() throws InterruptedException; 296 297 /** 298 * Wait at most msecs to pass; report whether passed. 299 * <p> 300 * The method has best-effort semantics: 301 * The msecs bound cannot 302 * be guaranteed to be a precise upper bound on wait time in Java. 303 * Implementations generally can only attempt to return as soon as possible 304 * after the specified bound. Also, timers in Java do not stop during garbage 305 * collection, so timeouts can occur just because a GC intervened. 306 * So, msecs arguments should be used in 307 * a coarse-grained manner. Further, 308 * implementations cannot always guarantee that this method 309 * will return at all without blocking indefinitely when used in 310 * unintended ways. For example, deadlocks may be encountered 311 * when called in an unintended context. 312 * <p> 313 * @param msecs the number of milleseconds to wait. 314 * An argument less than or equal to zero means not to wait at all. 315 * However, this may still require 316 * access to a synchronization lock, which can impose unbounded 317 * delay if there is a lot of contention among threads. 318 * @return true if acquired 319 **/ 320 321 public boolean attempt(long msecs) throws InterruptedException; 322 323 /** 324 * Potentially enable others to pass. 325 * <p> 326 * Because release does not raise exceptions, 327 * it can be used in `finally' clauses without requiring extra 328 * embedded try/catch blocks. But keep in mind that 329 * as with any java method, implementations may 330 * still throw unchecked exceptions such as Error or NullPointerException 331 * when faced with uncontinuable errors. However, these should normally 332 * only be caught by higher-level error handlers. 333 **/ 334 335 public void release(); 336 337 /** One second, in milliseconds; convenient as a time-out value **/ 338 public static final long ONE_SECOND = 1000; 339 340 /** One minute, in milliseconds; convenient as a time-out value **/ 341 public static final long ONE_MINUTE = 60 * ONE_SECOND; 342 343 /** One hour, in milliseconds; convenient as a time-out value **/ 344 public static final long ONE_HOUR = 60 * ONE_MINUTE; 345 346 /** One day, in milliseconds; convenient as a time-out value **/ 347 public static final long ONE_DAY = 24 * ONE_HOUR; 348 349 /** One week, in milliseconds; convenient as a time-out value **/ 350 public static final long ONE_WEEK = 7 * ONE_DAY; 351 352 /** One year in milliseconds; convenient as a time-out value **/ 353 // Not that it matters, but there is some variation across 354 // standard sources about value at msec precision. 355 // The value used is the same as in java.util.GregorianCalendar 356 public static final long ONE_YEAR = (long)(365.2425 * ONE_DAY); 357 358 /** One century in milliseconds; convenient as a time-out value **/ 359 public static final long ONE_CENTURY = 100 * ONE_YEAR; 360 361 362 }