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28
29 <title>TIFF Metadata Format Specification and Usage Notes</title>
30 </head>
31
32 <body bgcolor="white">
33
34 <center><h1>
35 TIFF Metadata Format Specification and Usage Notes
36 </h1></center>
37
38 <p>
39 <a href="#Reading">Reading Images</a><br/>
40 <font size="-1">
41 <ul>
42 <li><a href="#ColorConversionRead">Color Conversion</a></li>
43 <li><a href="#ColorSpacesRead">Color Spaces</a></li>
44 <li><a href="#ICCProfilesRead">ICC Profiles</a></li>
45 <li><a href="#MetadataIssuesRead">Metadata Issues</a>
46 <font size="-2">
47 <ul>
48 <li><a href="#MapNativeStandard">Native to Standard Metadata Mapping</a></li>
49 </ul>
50 </font>
51 </li>
52 <li><a href="#ExifRead">Reading Exif Images</a>
53 <font size="-2">
54 <ul>
55 <li><a href="#ExifReadTIFF">Reading Uncompressed Exif Images</a></li>
56 <li><a href="#ExifReadJPEG">Reading Compressed Exif Images</a></li>
57 </ul>
58 </font>
59 </li>
60 </ul>
61 </font>
62 <a href="#Writing">Writing Images</a><br/>
63 <font size="-1">
64 <ul>
65 <li><a href="#Compression">Compression</a></li>
66 <li><a href="#ColorConversionWrite">Color Conversion</a></li>
67 <li><a href="#ICCProfilesWrite">ICC Profiles</a></li>
68 <li><a href="#MetadataIssuesWrite">Metadata Issues</a></li>
69 <font size="-2">
70 <ul>
71 <li><a href="#MapStandardNative">Standard to Native Metadata Mapping</a></li>
72 </ul>
73 </font>
74 <li><a href="#ExifWrite">Writing Exif Images</a>
75 <font size="-2">
76 <ul>
77 <li><a href="#ExifWriteTIFF">Writing Uncompressed Exif Images</a></li>
78 <li><a href="#ExifWriteJPEG">Writing Compressed Exif Images</a></li>
79 </ul>
80 </font>
81 </li>
82 </ul>
83 </font>
84 <a href="#StreamMetadata">Native Stream Metadata Format</a><br/>
85 <a href="#ImageMetadata">Native Image Metadata Format</a>
86 </p>
87
88 <h3><a name="Reading"/>Reading Images</h3>
89
90 TIFF images are read by an <a href="../../ImageReader.html">ImageReader</a>
91 which may be controlled by its public interface as well as via a supplied
92 <a href="../../plugins/tiff/TIFFImageReadParam.html">TIFFImageReadParam</a>.
93
94 <!-- <h4>Supported Image Types</h4> -->
95
96 <!-- Table? -->
97
98 <h4><a name="ColorConversionRead"/>Color Conversion</h4>
99
100 <p>If the source image data
101 have photometric type CIE L*a*b* or YCbCr, and the destination color space
102 type is RGB, then the source image data will be automatically converted to
103 RGB using an internal color converter.</p>
104
105 <h4><a name="ColorSpacesRead"/>Color Spaces</h4>
106
107 The raw color space assigned by default, i.e., in the absence of a
108 user-supplied <a href="../../ImageTypeSpecifier.html">ImageTypeSpecifier</a>,
109 will be the first among the following which applies:
110
111 <ul>
112 <li>A color space created from the <a href="#ICCProfilesRead">ICC Profile</a>
113 metadata field if it is present and compatible with the image data
114 layout.</li>
115 <a name="nonICCProfile"><li>sRGB if the image is monochrome/bilevel
116 (a two-level color map is created internally).</li>
117 <li>sRGB if the image is palette-color.</li>
118 <li>Linear RGB if the image has three samples per pixel, has photometric type
119 CIE L*a*b*, or has photometric type YCbCr and is <i>not</i>
120 JPEG-compressed.</li>
121 <li>A <a href="#DefaultCMYK">default CMYK color space</a> if the image has
122 photometric type CMYK and four samples per pixel.</li>
123 <li>Grayscale if the image has one or two samples per pixel and uniformly
124 1, 2, 4, 8, 16, or 32 bits per sample or is floating point.</li>
125 <li>sRGB if the image has three or four samples per pixel and uniformly
126 1, 2, 4, 8, 16, or 32 bits per sample or is floating point.</li>
127 <li>A fabricated, <a href="#GenericCS">generic color space</a> if the image
128 has more than four samples per pixel and the number of bits per sample for
129 all bands is the same and is a multiple of 8.</li>
130 <li>Grayscale if the image has one or two samples per pixel regardless of
131 the number of bits per sample.</li>
132 <li>sRGB if the image has three or four samples per pixel regardless of
133 the number of bits per sample.</li>
134 <li>A fabricated, <a href="#GenericCS">generic color space</a> if the image
135 has more than four samples per pixel regardless of the number of bits per
136 sample.</li>
137 </ul>
138
139 <p><a name="DefaultCMYK"/>The normalized color coordinate transformations
140 used for the default CMYK color space are defined as follows:
141
142 <ul>
143 <li>CMYK to linear RGB
144 <pre>
145 R = (1 - K)*(1 - C)
146 G = (1 - K)*(1 - M)
147 B = (1 - K)*(1 - Y)
148 </pre>
149 </li>
150 <li>Linear RGB to CMYK
151 <pre>
152 K = min{1 - R, 1 - G, 1 - B}
153 if(K != 1) {
154 C = (1 - R - K)/(1 - K)
155 M = (1 - G - K)/(1 - K)
156 Y = (1 - B - K)/(1 - K)
157 } else {
158 C = M = Y = 0
159 }
160 </pre>
161 </li>
162 </ul>
163 </p>
164
165 <p><a name="GenericCS"/>The generic color space used when no other color space
166 can be inferred is provided merely to enable the data to be loaded. It is not
167 intended to provide accurate conversions of any kind.</p>
168
169 <p>If the data are known to be in a color space not correctly handled by the
170 foregoing, then an <code>ImageTypeSpecifier</code> should be
171 supplied to the reader and should be derived from a color space which is correct
172 for the data in question.</p>
173
174 <h4><a name="ICCProfilesRead"/>ICC Profiles</h4>
175
176 If an ICC profile is contained in the image metadata
177 (<a href="../../plugins/tiff/BaselineTIFFTagSet.html">
178 BaselineTIFFTagSet</a>.TAG_ICC_PROFILE, tag number 34675),
179 an attempt will be made to use it to create the color space
180 of the loaded image. It will be used if the data layout is of component type
181 and the number of samples per pixel equals or is one greater than the number
182 of components described by the ICC profile. If the ICC profile is not used
183 then the color space will be inferred in one of the subsequent steps described
184 <a href="#nonICCProfile">above</a>.
185
186 <p>If for some reason the embedded ICC profile is not used automatically, then
187 it may be used manually by following this procedure:
188
189 <ol>
190 <li>Obtain the image metadata from
191 <code>ImageReader.getImageMetadata</code></li>
192 <li>Extract the ICC profile field and its value.</li>
193 <li>Create an <a href="../../../../java/awt/color/ICC_ColorSpace.html">
194 ICC_ColorSpace</a> from an
195 <a href="../../../../java/awt/color/ICC_Profile.html">
196 ICC_Profile</a> created from the ICC profile field data
197 using <code>ICC_Profile.getInstance(byte[])</code>.</li>
198 <li>Create an <code>ImageTypeSpecifier</code> from the new color
199 space using one of its factory methods which accepts an
200 <code>ICC_ColorSpace</code>.
201 <li>Create a compatible <a href="../../ImageReadParam.html">ImageReadParam</a>
202 and set the <code>ImageTypeSpecifier</code> using
203 <code>ImageReadParam.setDestinationType</code>.</li>
204 <li>Pass the parameter object to the appropriate <code>read</code> method.</li>
205 </ol>
206 </p>
207
208 <p>If the inferred color space not based on the ICC Profile field is compatible
209 with the ICC profile-based color space, then a second
210 <code>ImageTypeSpecifier</code> derived from this inferred color
211 space will be included in the
212 <a href="../../../../java/util/Iterator.html">Iterator</a> returned by
213 <code>ImageReader.getImageTypes</code>. If the iterator contains
214 more than one type, the first one will be based on the ICC profile and the
215 second on the inferred color space.</p>
216
217 <h4><a name="MetadataIssuesRead"/>Metadata Issues</h4>
218
219 By default all fields in the TIFF image file directory (IFD) are loaded into
220 the native image metadata object. In cases where the IFD includes fields which
221 contain large amounts of data this could be very inefficient. Which fields
222 are loaded may be controlled by setting which TIFF tags the reader is allowed
223 to recognize and whether it is ignoring metadata. The reader is informed to
224 disregard metadata as usual via the <code>ignoreMetadata</code> parameter of
225 <code>ImageReader.setInput(Object,boolean,boolean)</code>. It is
226 informed of which <a href="../../plugins/tiff/TIFFTag.html">TIFFTag</a>s to
227 recognize or not to recognize via
228 <code>TIFFImageReadParam.addAllowedTagSet(TIFFTagSet)</code>
229 and
230 <code>TIFFImageReadParam.removeAllowedTagSet(TIFFTagSet)</code>.
231 If <code>ignoreMetadata</code> is <code>true</code>, then the reader will
232 load into the native image metadata object only those fields which have a
233 <code>TIFFTag</code> contained in the one of the allowed
234 <code>TIFFTagSet</code>s.
235
236 <p>Use of a <a href="../../plugins/tiff/TIFFDirectory.html">TIFFDirectory</a>
237 object may simplify gaining access to metadata values. An instance of
238 <code>TIFFDirectory</code> may be created from the <code>IIOMetadata</code>
239 object returned by the TIFF reader using the
240 <code>TIFFDirectory.createFromMetadata</code> method.</p>
241
242 <h5><a name="MapNativeStandard"/>
243 Mapping of TIFF Native Image Metadata to the Standard Metadata Format</h5>
244
245 The derivation of standard metadata format
246 <a href="standard_metadata.html">javax_imageio_1.0</a>
247 elements from <a href="#ImageMetadata">TIFF native image metadata</a> is given
248 in the following table.
249
250 <p>
251 <table border="1">
252 <tr>
253 <th>Standard Metadata Element</th>
254 <th>Derivation from TIFF Fields</th>
255 </tr>
256 <tr>
257 <td>/Chroma/ColorSpaceType@name</td>
258 <td>PhotometricInterpretation: WhiteIsZero, BlackIsZero, TransparencyMask =
259 "GRAY"; RGB, PaletteColor => "RGB"; CMYK => "CMYK";
260 YCbCr => "YCbCr";
261 CIELab, ICCLab => "Lab".</td>
262 </tr>
263 <tr>
264 <td>/Chroma/NumChannels@value</td>
265 <td>SamplesPerPixel</td>
266 </tr>
267 <tr>
268 <td>/Chroma/BlackIsZero@value</td>
269 <td>"TRUE" <=> PhotometricInterpretation => WhiteIsZero</td>
270 </tr>
271 <tr>
272 <td>/Chroma/Palette</td>
273 <td>ColorMap</td>
274 </tr>
275 <tr>
276 <td>/Compression/CompressionTypeName@value</td>
277 <td>Compression: Uncompressed => "none"; CCITT 1D => "CCITT
278 RLE";
279 Group 3 Fax => "CCITT T.4"; Group 4 Fax => "CCITT T.6";
280 LZW => "LZW";
281 JPEG => "Old JPEG"; New JPEG => "JPEG"; Zlib =>> "ZLib"; PackBits =>
282 "PackBits";
283 Deflate => "Deflate"; Exif JPEG => "JPEG".</td>
284 </tr>
285 <tr>
286 <td>/Compression/Lossless@value</td>
287 <td>Compression: JPEG or New JPEG => "FALSE"; otherwise "TRUE".</td>
288 </tr>
289 <tr>
290 <td>/Data/PlanarConfiguration@value</td>
291 <td>Chunky => "PixelInterleaved"; Planar => "PlaneInterleaved".</td>
292 </tr>
293 <tr>
294 <td>/Data/SampleFormat@value</td>
295 <td>PhotometricInterpretation PaletteColor => "Index";
296 SampleFormat unsigned integer data => "UnsignedIntegral";
297 SampleFormat two's complement signed integer data => "SignedIntegral";
298 SampleFormat IEEE floating point data => "Real";
299 otherwise element not emitted.
300 </td>
301 </tr>
302 <tr>
303 <td>/Data/BitsPerSample@value</td>
304 <td>BitsPerSample as a space-separated list.</td>
305 </tr>
306 <tr>
307 <td>/Data/SampleMSB@value</td>
308 <td>FillOrder: left-to-right => space-separated list of BitsPerSample-1;
309 right-to-left => space-separated list of 0s.</td>
310 </tr>
311 <tr>
312 <td>/Dimension/PixelAspectRatio@value</td>
313 <td>(1/XResolution)/(1/YResolution)</td>
314 </tr>
315 <tr>
316 <td>/Dimension/ImageOrientation@value</td>
317 <td>Orientation</td>
318 </tr>
319 <tr>
320 <td>/Dimension/HorizontalPixelSize@value</td>
321 <td>1/XResolution in millimeters if ResolutionUnit is not None.</td>
322 </tr>
323 <tr>
324 <td>/Dimension/VerticalPixelSize@value</td>
325 <td>1/YResolution in millimeters if ResolutionUnit is not None.</td>
326 </tr>
327 <tr>
328 <td>/Dimension/HorizontalPosition@value</td>
329 <td>XPosition in millimeters if ResolutionUnit is not None.</td>
330 </tr>
331 <tr>
332 <td>/Dimension/VerticalPosition@value</td>
333 <td>YPosition in millimeters if ResolutionUnit is not None.</td>
334 </tr>
335 <tr>
336 <td>/Document/FormatVersion@value</td>
337 <td>6.0</td>
338 </tr>
339 <tr>
340 <td>/Document/SubimageInterpretation@value</td>
341 <td>NewSubFileType: transparency => "TransparencyMask";
342 reduced-resolution => "ReducedResolution";
343 single page => "SinglePage".</td>
344 </tr>
345 <tr>
346 <td>/Document/ImageCreationTime@value</td>
347 <td>DateTime</td>
348 </tr>
349 <tr>
350 <td>/Text/TextEntry</td>
351 <td>DocumentName, ImageDescription, Make, Model, PageName, Software,
352 Artist, HostComputer, InkNames, Copyright:
353 /Text/TextEntry@keyword = field name,
354 /Text/TextEntry@value = field value.<br>
355 Example: TIFF Software field => /Text/TextEntry@keyword = "Software",
356 /Text/TextEntry@value = Name and version number of the software package(s)
357 used to create the image.</td>
358 </tr>
359 <tr>
360 <td>/Transparency/Alpha@value</td>
361 <td>ExtraSamples: associated alpha => "premultiplied";
362 unassociated alpha => "nonpremultiplied".</td>
363 </tr>
364 </table>
365 </p>
366
367 <h4><a name="ExifRead"/>Reading Exif Images</h4>
368
369 The TIFF reader may be used to read an uncompressed Exif image or the
370 contents of the <tt>APP1</tt> marker segment of a compressed Exif image.
371
372 <h5><a name="ExifReadTIFF"/>Reading Uncompressed Exif Images</h5>
373
374 An uncompressed Exif image is a one- or two-page uncompressed TIFF image
375 with a specific ordering of its IFD and image data content. Each pixel
376 has three 8-bit samples with photometric interpretation RGB or YCbCr.
377 The image stream must contain a single primary image and may contain a
378 single thumbnail which if present must also be uncompressed. The usual
379 <code>ImageReader</code> methods may be used to read the image
380 data and metadata:
381
382 <pre><code>
383 ImageInputStream input;
384 ImageReader tiffReader;
385 ImageReadParam tiffReadParam;
386
387 tiffReader.setInput(input);
388
389 // Read primary image and IFD.
390 BufferedImage image = tiffReader.read(0, tiffReadParam);
391 IIOMetadata primaryIFD = tiffReader.getImageMetadata(0);
392
393 // Read thumbnail if present.
394 BufferedImage thumbnail = null;
395 if (tiffReader.getNumImages(true) > 1) {
396 thumbnail = tiffReader.read(1, tiffReadParam);
397 }
398 </code></pre>
399
400 Note that the Exif thumbnail is treated as a separate page in the TIFF
401 stream and not as a thumbnail, i.e.,
402 <code>tiffReader.hasThumbnails(0)</code> will return <code>false</code>.
403
404 <h5><a name="ExifReadJPEG"/>Reading Compressed Exif Images</h5>
405
406 A compressed Exif image is a 3-band ISO/IEC 10918-1 baseline DCT JPEG stream
407 with an inserted <tt>APP1</tt> marker segment. The parameters of the marker
408 segment after the length are the 6-byte sequence
409 <code>{'E', 'x', 'i', 'f', 0x00, 0x00}</code></code>
410 followed by a complete TIFF stream. The embedded TIFF stream contains a primary
411 IFD describing the JPEG image optionally followed by a thumbnail IFD and
412 compressed or uncompressed thumbnail image data. Note that the embedded TIFF
413 stream does not contain any image data associated with the primary IFD
414 nor any descriptive fields which duplicate information found in the JPEG
415 stream itself.
416
417 <p>The parameter content of the <tt>APP1</tt> marker segment may be obtained
418 from the user object of the associated <code>Node</code> in a
419 <tt>javax_imageio_jpeg_image_1.0</tt> native image metadata tree extracted
420 from the image metadata object returned by the JPEG reader. This APP1 Exif
421 node will be a child of the node named "markerSequence" and will
422 have name <tt>unknown</tt> and an attribute named <tt>MarkerTag</tt> with
423 integral value <code>0xE1</code> (<code>String</code> value
424 <code>"225"</code>). The user object of this node will be a byte array
425 which starts with the six bytes <code>{'E', 'x', 'i', 'f', '0', '0'}</code>.
426 The primary IFD and the thumbnail IFD and image may be
427 read from the user object by the usual <code>ImageReader</code>
428 methods:
429
430 <pre><code>
431 ImageReader jpegReader;
432 ImageReader tiffReader;
433
434 // Obtain the APP1 Exif marker data from the JPEG image metadata.
435 IIOMetadata jpegImageMetadata = jpegReader.getImageMetadata(0);
436 String nativeFormat = jpegImageMetadata.getNativeMetadataFormatName();
437 Node jpegImageMetadataTree = jpegImageMetadata.getAsTree(nativeFormat);
438
439 // getExifMarkerData() returns the byte array which is the user object
440 // of the APP1 Exif marker node.
441 byte[] app1Params = getExifMarkerData(jpegImageMetadataTree);
442 if (app1Params == null) {
443 throw new IIOException("APP1 Exif marker not found.");
444 }
445
446 // Set up input, skipping Exif ID 6-byte sequence.
447 MemoryCacheImageInputStream app1ExifInput
448 = new MemoryCacheImageInputStream
449 (new ByteArrayInputStream(app1Params, 6, app1Params.length - 6));
450 tiffReader.setInput(app1ExifInput);
451
452 // Read primary IFD.
453 IIOMetadata primaryIFD = tiffReader.getImageMetadata(0);
454
455 // Read thumbnail if present.
456 BufferedImage thumbnail = null;
457 if (tiffReader.getNumImages(true) > 1) {
458 thumbnail = tiffReader.read(1, tiffReadParam);
459 }
460
461 // Read the primary image.
462 BufferedImage image = jpegReader.read(0);
463 </code></pre>
464
465 Note that <code>tiffReader.getNumImages(true)</code> returns the number of
466 IFDs in the embedded TIFF stream including those corresponding to empty
467 images. Calling <code>tiffReader.read(0, readParam)</code> will throw
468 an exception as the primary image in the embedded TIFF stream is always
469 empty; the primary image should be obtained using the JPEG reader itself.
470 </p>
471
472 <h3><a name="Writing"/>Writing Images</h3>
473
474 TIFF images are written by a <a href="../../ImageWriter.html">ImageWriter</a> which may be
475 controlled by its public interface as well as via a supplied
476 <a href="../../ImageWriteParam.html">ImageWriteParam</a>. For an <code>ImageWriteParam</code> returned
477 by the <code>getDefaultWriteParam()</code> method of the TIFF <code>ImageWriter</code>,
478 the <code>canWriteTiles()</code> and <code>canWriteCompressed()</code> methods
479 will return <code>true</code>; the <code>canOffsetTiles()</code> and
480 <code>canWriteProgressive()</code> methods will return <code>false</code>.</p>
481
482 The TIFF writer supports many optional capabilities including writing tiled
483 images, inserting images, writing or inserting empty images, and replacing image
484 data. Pixels may be replaced in either empty or non-empty images but if and
485 only if the data are not compressed.
486
487 <p> If tiles are being written, then each of their dimensions will be
488 rounded to the nearest multiple of 16 per the TIFF specification. If
489 JPEG-in-TIFF compression is being used, and tiles are being written
490 each tile dimension will be rounded to the nearest multiple of 8 times
491 the JPEG minimum coded unit (MCU) in that dimension. If JPEG-in-TIFF
492 compression is being used and strips are being written, the number of
493 rows per strip is rounded to a multiple of 8 times the maximum MCU over
494 both dimensions.</p>
495
496 <!-- <h4>Supported Image Types</h4> -->
497
498 <!-- Table? -->
499
500 <h4><a name="Compression"/>Compression</h4>
501
502 The compression type may be set via the <code>setCompressionType()</code> method of
503 the <code>ImageWriteParam</code> after setting the compression mode to
504 <code>MODE_EXPLICIT</code>. The set of innately
505 supported compression types is listed in the following table:
506
507 <table border=1>
508 <caption><b>Supported Compression Types</b></caption>
509 <tr><th>Compression Type</th> <th>Description</th> <th>Reference</th></tr>
510 <tr>
511 <td>CCITT RLE</td>
512 <td>Modified Huffman compression</td>
513 <td>TIFF 6.0 Specification, Section 10</td>
514 </tr>
515 <tr>
516 <td>CCITT T.4</td>
517 <td>CCITT T.4 bilevel encoding/Group 3 facsimile compression</td>
518 <td>TIFF 6.0 Specification, Section 11</td>
519 </tr>
520 <tr>
521 <td>CCITT T.6</td>
522 <td>CCITT T.6 bilevel encoding/Group 4 facsimile compression</td>
523 <td>TIFF 6.0 Specification, Section 11</td></tr>
524 <tr>
525 <td>LZW</td>
526 <td>LZW compression</td>
527 <td>TIFF 6.0 Specification, Section 13</td></tr>
528 <tr>
529 <td>JPEG</td>
530 <td>"New" JPEG-in-TIFF compression</td>
531 <td><a href="ftp://ftp.sgi.com/graphics/tiff/TTN2.draft.txt">TIFF
532 Technical Note #2</a></td>
533 </tr>
534 <tr>
535 <td>ZLib</td>
536 <td>"Deflate/Inflate" compression (see note following this table)</td>
537 <td><a href="http://partners.adobe.com/public/developer/en/tiff/TIFFphotoshop.pdf">
538 Adobe Photoshop® TIFF Technical Notes</a> (PDF)</td>
539 </tr>
540 <tr>
541 <td>PackBits</td>
542 <td>Byte-oriented, run length compression</td>
543 <td>TIFF 6.0 Specification, Section 9</td>
544 </tr>
545 <tr>
546 <td>Deflate</td>
547 <td>"Zip-in-TIFF" compression (see note following this table)</td>
548 <td><a href="https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc1950">
549 ZLIB Compressed Data Format Specification</a>,
550 <a href="https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc1951">
551 DEFLATE Compressed Data Format Specification</a></td>
552 </tr>
553 <tr>
554 <td>Exif JPEG</td>
555 <td>Exif-specific JPEG compression (see note following this table)</td>
556 <td><a href="http://www.exif.org/Exif2-2.PDF">Exif 2.2 Specification</a>
557 (PDF), section 4.5.5, "Basic Structure of Thumbnail Data"</td>
558 </table>
559
560 <p>
561 Old-style JPEG compression as described in section 22 of the TIFF 6.0
562 Specification is <i>not</i> supported.
563 </p>
564
565 <p> The CCITT compression types are applicable to bilevel (1-bit)
566 images only. The JPEG compression type is applicable to byte
567 grayscale (1-band) and RGB (3-band) images only.</p>
568
569 <p>
570 ZLib and Deflate compression are identical except for the value of the
571 TIFF Compression field: for ZLib the Compression field has value 8
572 whereas for Deflate it has value 32946 (0x80b2). In both cases each
573 image segment (strip or tile) is written as a single complete zlib data
574 stream.
575 </p>
576
577 <p>
578 "Exif JPEG" is a compression type used when writing the contents of an
579 APP1 Exif marker segment for inclusion in a JPEG native image metadata
580 tree. The contents appended to the output when this compression type is
581 used are a function of whether an empty or non-empty image is written.
582 If the image is empty, then a TIFF IFD adhering to the specification of
583 a compressed Exif primary IFD is appended. If the image is non-empty,
584 then a complete IFD and image adhering to the specification of a
585 compressed Exif thumbnail IFD and image are appended. Note that the
586 data of the empty image may <i>not</i> later be appended using the pixel
587 replacement capability of the TIFF writer.
588 </p>
589
590 <p> If ZLib/Deflate or JPEG compression is used, the compression quality
591 may be set. For ZLib/Deflate the supplied floating point quality value is
592 rescaled to the range <tt>[1, 9]</tt> and truncated to an integer
593 to derive the Deflate compression level. For JPEG the floating point
594 quality value is passed directly to the JPEG writer plug-in which
595 interprets it in the usual way.</p>
596
597 <h4><a name="ColorConversionWrite"/>Color Conversion</h4>
598
599 <p>If the source image data
600 color space type is RGB, and the destination photometric type is CIE L*a*b* or
601 YCbCr, then the source image data will be automatically converted from
602 RGB using an internal color converter.</p>
603
604 <h4><a name="ICCProfilesWrite"/>ICC Profiles</h4>
605
606 An <tt>ICC Profile</tt> field will be written if either:
607 <ul>
608 <li>one is present in the native image metadata
609 <a href="../IIOMetadata.html">IIOMetadata</a> instance supplied to the writer,
610 or</li>
611 <li>the <a href="../../../../java/awt/color/ColorSpace.html">ColorSpace</a>
612 of the destination <code>ImageTypeSpecifier</code> is an instance of
613 <code>ICC_ColorSpace</code> which is not one of the standard
614 color spaces defined by the <tt>CS_*</tt> constants in the
615 <code>ColorSpace</code> class. The destination type is set via
616 <code>ImageWriteParam.setDestinationType(ImageTypeSpecifier)</code> and defaults
617 to the <code>ImageTypeSpecifier</code> of the image being written.
618 </li>
619 </ul>
620
621 <h4><a name="MetadataIssuesWrite"/>Metadata Issues</h4>
622
623 Some behavior of the writer is affected by or may affect the contents of
624 the image metadata which may be supplied by the user.
625
626 <p>For bilevel images, the <tt>FillOrder</tt>, and <tt>T4Options</tt>
627 fields affect the output data. The data will be filled right-to-left if
628 <tt>FillOrder</tt> is present with a value of 2
629 (<code>BaselineTIFFTagSet.FILL_ORDER_RIGHT_TO_LEFT</code>)
630 and will be filled left-to-right otherwise. The value of <tt>T4Options</tt>
631 specifies whether the data should be 1D- or 2D-encoded and whether EOL
632 padding should be used.</p>
633
634 <p>For all images the value of the <tt>RowsPerStrip</tt> field is used
635 to the set the number of rows per strip if the image is not tiled. The
636 default number of rows per strip is either 8 or the number of rows which
637 would fill no more than 8 kilobytes, whichever is larger.</p>
638
639 <p>For all images the tile dimensions may be set using the <tt>TileWidth</tt>
640 and <tt>TileLength</tt> field values if the tiling mode is
641 <code>ImageWriteParam.MODE_COPY_FROM_METADATA</code>. If this mode
642 is set but the fields are not, their respective default values are the image
643 width and height.</p>
644
645 <p>When using JPEG-in-TIFF compression, a <tt>JPEGTables</tt> field will be
646 written to the IFD and abbreviated JPEG streams to each strip or tile if and
647 only if a <tt>JPEGTables</tt> field is contained in the metadata object
648 provided to the writer. If the contents of the <tt>JPEGTables</tt> field is
649 a valid tables-only JPEG stream, then it will be used; otherwise the contents
650 of the field will be replaced with default visually lossless tables. If no
651 such <tt>JPEGTables</tt> field is present in the metadata, then no
652 <tt>JPEGTables</tt> field will be written to the output and each strip or
653 tile will be written as a separate, self-contained JPEG stream.</p>
654
655 <p>When using Deflate/ZLib or LZW compression, if the image has 8 bits per
656 sample, a horizontal differencing predictor will be used if the
657 <tt>Predictor</tt> field is present with a value of 2
658 (<code>BaselineTIFFTagSet.PREDICTOR_HORIZONTAL_DIFFERENCING</code>).
659 If prediction is so requested but the image does not have
660 8 bits per sample the field will be reset to have the value 1
661 (<code>BaselineTIFFTagSet.PREDICTOR_NONE</code>).
662 </p>
663
664 <p>Some fields may be added or modified:
665
666 <ul>
667 <li><tt>PhotometricInterpretation</tt> if not present.</li>
668 <li><tt>PlanarConfiguration</tt> if this field is present with value
669 <tt>Planar</tt> is is reset to <tt>Chunky</tt>.</li>
670 <li><tt>Compression</tt> always.</li>
671 <li><tt>BitsPerSample</tt> if the image is not bilevel.</li>
672 <li><tt>SamplesPerPixel</tt> always.</li>
673 <li><tt>ExtraSamples</tt> if an alpha channel is present.</li>
674 <li><tt>SampleFormat</tt> if not present and the data are 16- or 32-bit
675 integers or floating point.</li>
676 <li><tt>ColorMap</tt> if the <tt>PhotometricInterpretation</tt> is
677 <tt>RGBPalette</tt>.</li>
678 <li><tt>ImageWidth</tt> and <tt>ImageLength</tt> always.</li>
679 <li><tt>TileWidth</tt>, <tt>TileLength</tt>, <tt>TileOffsets</tt>, and
680 <tt>TileByteCounts</tt> if a tiled image is being written.</li>
681 <li><tt>RowsPerStrip</tt>, <tt>StripOffsets</tt>, and <tt>StripByteCounts</tt>
682 if a tiled image is <i>not</i> being written.</li>
683 <li><tt>XResolution</tt>, <tt>YResolution</tt>, and <tt>ResolutionUnit</tt>
684 if none of these is present.</li>
685 <li><tt>YCbCrSubsampling</tt> and <tt>YCbCrPositioning</tt> if the
686 photometric interpretation is YCbCr and the compression type is not JPEG
687 (only [1, 1] subsampling and cosited positioning are supported for
688 non-JPEG YCbCr output).</li>
689 <li><tt>YCbCrSubsampling</tt>, <tt>YCbCrPositioning</tt>, and
690 <tt>ReferenceBlackWhite</tt>: if the compression type is JPEG and the color
691 space is RGB these will be reset to [2, 2] centered subsampling with no
692 headroom/footroom (0:255,128:255,128:255).</li>
693 </ul>
694
695 <p>Some fields may be removed:
696
697 <ul>
698 <li><tt>BitsPerSample</tt> if the image is bilevel.</li>
699 <li><tt>ExtraSamples</tt> if the image does not have an alpha channel.</li>
700 <li><tt>ColorMap</tt> if the photometric interpretation is not
701 <tt>RGBPalette</tt>.</li>
702 <li><tt>TileWidth</tt>, <tt>TileLength</tt>, <tt>TileOffsets</tt>, and
703 <tt>TileByteCounts</tt> if tiling <i>is not</i> being used.</li>
704 <li><tt>RowsPerStrip</tt>, <tt>StripOffsets</tt>, and <tt>StripByteCounts</tt>
705 if tiling <i>is</i> being used.</li>
706 <li><tt>YCbCrSubsampling</tt>, <tt>YCbCrPositioning</tt>, and
707 <tt>ReferenceBlackWhite</tt> if the compression type is JPEG and the
708 color space is grayscale.</li>
709 <li><tt>JPEGProc</tt>, <tt>JPEGInterchangeFormat</tt>,
710 <tt>JPEGInterchangeFormatLength</tt>, <tt>JPEGRestartInterval</tt>,
711 <tt>JPEGLosslessPredictors</tt>, <tt>JPEGPointTransforms</tt>,
712 <tt>JPEGQTables</tt>, <tt>JPEGDCTables</tt>, and
713 <tt>JPEGACTables</tt> if the compression type is JPEG.</li>
714 </ul>
715 </p>
716
717 <p>Other fields present in the supplied metadata are uninterpreted and will
718 be written as supplied.</p>
719
720 <p>If an Exif image is being written, the set of fields present and their
721 values will be modified such that the result is in accord with the Exif 2.2
722 specification.</p>
723
724 <p>Setting up the image metadata to write to a TIFF stream may be simplified
725 by using the <code>TIFFDirectory</code> class
726 which represents a TIFF IFD. A field in a TIFF IFD is represented by an
727 instance of <a href="../../plugins/tiff/TIFFField.html">TIFFField</a>. For each
728 field to be written a <code>TIFFField</code> may be added to the
729 <code>TIFFDirectory</code> and the latter converted to an
730 <code>IIOMetadata</code> object by invoking
731 <code>TIFFDirectory.getAsMetadata</code>. The
732 <code>IIOMetadata</code> object so obtained may then be passed to the TIFF
733 writer.</p>
734
735 <h5><a name="MapStandardNative"/>
736 Mapping of the Standard Metadata Format to TIFF Native Image Metadata</h5>
737
738 The derivation of <a href="#ImageMetadata">TIFF native image metadata</a>
739 elements from the standard metadata format
740 <a href="standard_metadata.html">javax_imageio_1.0</a> is
741 given in the following table.
742
743 <p>
744 <table border="1">
745 <tr>
746 <th>TIFF Field</th>
747 <th>Derivation from Standard Metadata Elements</th>
748 </tr>
749 <tr>
750 <td>
751 PhotometricInterpretation
752 </td>
753 <td>/Chroma/ColorSpaceType@name: "GRAY" and /Chroma/BlackIsZero@value = "FALSE"
754 => WhiteIsZero; "GRAY" and /Document/SubimageInterpretation@value =
755 "TransparencyMask" => TransparencyMask; "RGB" and /Chroma/Palette present =>
756 PaletteColor; "GRAY" => BlackIsZero; "RGB" => RGB; "YCbCr" => YCbCr;
757 "CMYK" => CMYK; "Lab" => CIELab.</td>
758 </tr>
759 <tr>
760 <td>SamplesPerPixel</td>
761 <td>/Chroma/NumChannels@value</td>
762 </tr>
763 <tr>
764 <td>ColorMap</td>
765 <td>/Chroma/Palette</td>
766 </tr>
767 <tr>
768 <td>Compression</td>
769 <td>/Compression/CompressionTypeName@value: "none" => Uncompressed;
770 "CCITT RLE" => CCITT 1D; "CCITT T.4" => Group 3 Fax; "CCITT T.6" => Group 4
771 Fax; "LZW" => LZW; "Old JPEG" => JPEG; "JPEG" => New JPEG; "ZLib" => ZLib;
772 "PackBits" => PackBits; "Deflate" => Deflate.</td>
773 </tr>
774 <tr>
775 <td>PlanarConfiguration</td>
776 <td>/Data/PlanarConfiguration@value: "PixelInterleaved" => Chunky;
777 "PlaneInterleaved" => Planar.</td>
778 </tr>
779 <tr>
780 <td>SampleFormat</td>
781 <td>/Data/SampleFormat@value: "SignedIntegral" => two's complement signed
782 integer data; "UnsignedIntegral" => unsigned integer data; "Real" =>
783 IEEE floating point data; "Index" => unsigned integer data.
784 </td>
785 </tr>
786 <tr>
787 <td>BitsPerSample</td>
788 <td>/Data/BitsPerSample@value: space-separated list parsed to char array.</td>
789 </tr>
790 <tr>
791 <td>FillOrder</td>
792 <td>/Data/SampleMSB@value: if all values in space-separated list are 0s =>
793 right-to-left; otherwise => left-to-right.
794 </td>
795 </tr>
796 <tr>
797 <td>XResolution</td>
798 <td>(10 / /Dimension/HorizontalPixelSize@value) or
799 (10 / (/Dimension/VerticalPixelSize@value *
800 /Dimension/PixelAspectRatio@value))</td>
801 </tr>
802 <tr>
803 <td>YResolution</td>
804 <td>(10 / /Dimension/VerticalPixelSize@value) or
805 (10 / (/Dimension/HorizontalPixelSize@value /
806 /Dimension/PixelAspectRatio@value))</td>
807 </tr>
808 <tr>
809 <td>ResolutionUnit</td>
810 <td>Centimeter if XResolution or YResolution set; otherwise None.</td>
811 </tr>
812 <tr>
813 <td>Orientation</td>
814 <td>/Dimension/ImageOrientation@value</td>
815 </tr>
816 <tr>
817 <td>XPosition</td>
818 <td>/Dimension/HorizontalPosition@value / 10</td>
819 </tr>
820 <tr>
821 <td>YPosition</td>
822 <td>/Dimension/VerticalPosition@value / 10</td>
823 </tr>
824 <tr>
825 <td>NewSubFileType</td>
826 <td>/Document/SubimageInterpretation@value: "TransparencyMask" =>
827 transparency mask; "ReducedResolution" => reduced-resolution;
828 "SinglePage" => single page.</td>
829 </tr>
830 <tr>
831 <td>DateTime</td>
832 <td>/Document/ImageCreationTime@value</td>
833 </tr>
834 <tr>
835 <td>DocumentName, ImageDescription, Make, Model, PageName, Software,
836 Artist, HostComputer, InkNames, Copyright</td>
837 <td>/Text/TextEntry: if /Text/TextEntry@keyword is the name of any of the
838 TIFF Fields, e.g., "Software", then the field is added with content
839 /Text/TextEntry@value and count 1.</td>
840 </tr>
841 <tr>
842 <td>ExtraSamples</td>
843 <td>/Transparency/Alpha@value: "premultiplied" => associated alpha, count 1;
844 "nonpremultiplied" => unassociated alpha, count 1.</td>
845 </tr>
846 <tr>
847 <td></td>
848 <td></td>
849 </tr>
850 </table>
851 </p>
852
853 <h4><a name="ExifWrite"/>Writing Exif Images</h4>
854
855 The TIFF writer may be used to write an uncompressed Exif image or the
856 contents of the <tt>APP1</tt> marker segment of a compressed Exif image.
857
858 <h5><a name="ExifWriteTIFF"/>Writing Uncompressed Exif Images</h5>
859
860 When writing a sequence of images each image is normally recorded as
861 {IFD, IFD Value, Image Data}. The Exif specification requires
862 that an uncompressed Exif image be structured as follows:
863
864 <ol>
865 <a name="ExifStructure"/>
866 <li>Image File Header</li>
867 <li>Primary IFD</li>
868 <li>Primary IFD Value</li>
869 <li>Thumbnail IFD</li>
870 <li>Thumbnail IFD Value</li>
871 <li>Thumbnail Image Data</li>
872 <li>Primary Image Data</li>
873 </ol>
874
875 To meet the requirement of the primary image data being recorded last, the
876 primary image must be written initially as an empty image and have its data
877 added via pixel replacement after the thumbnail IFD and image data have been
878 written:
879
880 <pre><code>
881 ImageWriter tiffWriter;
882 ImageWriteParam tiffWriteParam;
883 IIOMetadata tiffStreamMetadata;
884 IIOMetadata primaryIFD;
885 BufferedImage image;
886 BufferedImage thumbnail;
887
888 // Specify uncompressed output.
889 tiffWriteParam.setCompressionMode(ImageWriteParam.MODE_DISABLED);
890
891 if (thumbnail != null) {
892 // Write the TIFF header.
893 tiffWriter.prepareWriteSequence(tiffStreamMetadata);
894
895 // Append the primary IFD.
896 tiffWriter.prepareInsertEmpty(-1, // append
897 new ImageTypeSpecifier(image),
898 image.getWidth(),
899 image.getHeight(),
900 primaryIFD,
901 null, // thumbnails
902 tiffWriteParam);
903 tiffWriter.endInsertEmpty();
904
905 // Append the thumbnail image data.
906 tiffWriter.writeToSequence(new IIOImage(thumbnail, null, null),
907 tiffWriteParam);
908
909 // Insert the primary image data.
910 tiffWriter.prepareReplacePixels(0, new Rectangle(image.getWidth(),
911 image.getHeight()));
912 tiffWriter.replacePixels(image, tiffWriteParam);
913 tiffWriter.endReplacePixels();
914
915 // End writing.
916 tiffWriter.endWriteSequence();
917 } else {
918 // Write only the primary IFD and image data.
919 tiffWriter.write(tiffStreamMetadata,
920 new IIOImage(image, null, primaryIFD),
921 tiffWriteParam);
922 }
923 </code></pre>
924
925 <h5><a name="ExifWriteJPEG"/>Writing Compressed Exif Images</h5>
926
927 The structure of the embedded TIFF stream in the <tt>APP1</tt> segment of a
928 compressed Exif image is identical to the <a href="#ExifStructure">
929 uncompressed Exif image structure</a> except that there are no primary
930 image data, i.e., the primary IFD does not refer to any image data.
931
932 <pre><code>
933 ImageWriter tiffWriter;
934 ImageWriteParam tiffWriteParam;
935 IIOMetadata tiffStreamMetadata;
936 BufferedImage image;
937 BufferedImage thumbnail;
938 IIOMetadata primaryIFD;
939 ImageOutputStream output;
940
941 // Set up an output to contain the APP1 Exif TIFF stream.
942 ByteArrayOutputStream baos = new ByteArrayOutputStream();
943 MemoryCacheImageOutputStream app1ExifOutput =
944 new MemoryCacheImageOutputStream(baos);
945 tiffWriter.setOutput(app1ExifOutput);
946
947 // Set compression for the thumbnail.
948 tiffWriteParam.setCompressionMode(ImageWriteParam.MODE_EXPLICIT);
949 tiffWriteParam.setCompressionType("Exif JPEG");
950
951 // Write the APP1 Exif TIFF stream.
952 if (thumbnail != null) {
953 // Write the TIFF header.
954 tiffWriter.prepareWriteSequence(tiffStreamMetadata);
955
956 // Append the primary IFD.
957 tiffWriter.prepareInsertEmpty(-1, // append
958 new ImageTypeSpecifier(image),
959 image.getWidth(),
960 image.getHeight(),
961 primaryIFD,
962 null, // thumbnails
963 tiffWriteParam);
964 tiffWriter.endInsertEmpty();
965
966 // Append the thumbnail IFD and image data.
967 tiffWriter.writeToSequence(new IIOImage(thumbnail, null,
968 null), tiffWriteParam);
969
970 // End writing.
971 tiffWriter.endWriteSequence();
972 } else {
973 // Write only the primary IFD.
974 tiffWriter.prepareWriteEmpty(tiffStreamMetadata,
975 new ImageTypeSpecifier(image),
976 image.getWidth(),
977 image.getHeight(),
978 primaryIFD,
979 null, // thumbnails
980 tiffWriteParam);
981 tiffWriter.endWriteEmpty();
982 }
983
984 // Flush data into byte stream.
985 app1ExifOutput.flush();
986
987 // Create APP1 parameter array.
988 byte[] app1Parameters = new byte[6 + baos.size()];
989
990 // Add APP1 Exif ID bytes.
991 app1Parameters[0] = (byte) 'E';
992 app1Parameters[1] = (byte) 'x';
993 app1Parameters[2] = (byte) 'i';
994 app1Parameters[3] = (byte) 'f';
995 app1Parameters[4] = app1Parameters[5] = (byte) 0;
996
997 // Append TIFF stream to APP1 parameters.
998 System.arraycopy(baos.toByteArray(), 0, app1Parameters, 6, baos.size());
999
1000 // Create the APP1 Exif node to be added to native JPEG image metadata.
1001 IIOMetadataNode app1Node = new IIOMetadataNode("unknown");
1002 app1Node.setAttribute("MarkerTag", String.valueOf(0xE1));
1003 app1Node.setUserObject(app1Parameters);
1004
1005 // Append the APP1 Exif marker to the "markerSequence" node.
1006 IIOMetadata jpegImageMetadata =
1007 jpegWriter.getDefaultImageMetadata(new ImageTypeSpecifier(image),
1008 jpegWriteParam);
1009 String nativeFormat = jpegImageMetadata.getNativeMetadataFormatName();
1010 Node tree = jpegImageMetadata.getAsTree(nativeFormat);
1011 NodeList children = tree.getChildNodes();
1012 int numChildren = children.getLength();
1013 for (int i = 0; i < numChildren; i++) {
1014 Node child = children.item(i);
1015 if (child.getNodeName().equals("markerSequence")) {
1016 child.appendChild(app1Node);
1017 break;
1018 }
1019 }
1020 jpegImageMetadata.setFromTree(nativeFormat, tree);
1021
1022 // Write the JPEG image data including the APP1 Exif marker.
1023 jpegWriter.setOutput(output);
1024 jpegWriter.write(new IIOImage(image, null, jpegImageMetadata));
1025 </code></pre>
1026
1027 The <code>"unknown"</code> node created above would be appended to the
1028 <code>"markerSequence"</code> node of the native JPEG image metadata
1029 and written to the JPEG stream when the primary image is written using
1030 the JPEG writer.
1031
1032 <h3><a name="StreamMetadata"/>Stream Metadata</h3>
1033
1034 The DTD for the TIFF native stream metadata format is as follows:
1035
1036 <pre>
1037 <!DOCTYPE "javax_imageio_tiff_stream_1.0" [
1038
1039 <!ELEMENT "javax_imageio_tiff_stream_1.0" (ByteOrder)>
1040
1041 <!ELEMENT "ByteOrder" EMPTY>
1042 <!-- The stream byte order -->
1043 <!ATTLIST "ByteOrder" "value" #CDATA #REQUIRED>
1044 <!-- One of "BIG_ENDIAN" or "LITTLE_ENDIAN" -->
1045 <!-- Data type: String -->
1046 ]>
1047 </pre>
1048
1049 <h3><a name="ImageMetadata"/>Image Metadata</h3>
1050
1051 The DTD for the TIFF native image metadata format is as follows:
1052
1053 <pre>
1054 <!DOCTYPE "javax_imageio_tiff_image_1.0" [
1055
1056 <!ELEMENT "javax_imageio_tiff_image_1.0" (TIFFIFD)*>
1057
1058 <!ELEMENT "TIFFIFD" (TIFFField | TIFFIFD)*>
1059 <!-- An IFD (directory) containing fields -->
1060 <!ATTLIST "TIFFIFD" "tagSets" #CDATA #REQUIRED>
1061 <!-- Data type: String -->
1062 <!ATTLIST "TIFFIFD" "parentTagNumber" #CDATA #IMPLIED>
1063 <!-- The tag number of the field pointing to this IFD -->
1064 <!-- Data type: Integer -->
1065 <!ATTLIST "TIFFIFD" "parentTagName" #CDATA #IMPLIED>
1066 <!-- A mnemonic name for the field pointing to this IFD, if known
1067 -->
1068 <!-- Data type: String -->
1069
1070 <!ELEMENT "TIFFField" (TIFFBytes | TIFFAsciis |
1071 TIFFShorts | TIFFSShorts | TIFFLongs | TIFFSLongs |
1072 TIFFRationals | TIFFSRationals |
1073 TIFFFloats | TIFFDoubles | TIFFUndefined)>
1074 <!-- A field containing data -->
1075 <!ATTLIST "TIFFField" "number" #CDATA #REQUIRED>
1076 <!-- The tag number asociated with the field -->
1077 <!-- Data type: String -->
1078 <!ATTLIST "TIFFField" "name" #CDATA #IMPLIED>
1079 <!-- A mnemonic name associated with the field, if known -->
1080 <!-- Data type: String -->
1081
1082 <!ELEMENT "TIFFBytes" (TIFFByte)*>
1083 <!-- A sequence of TIFFByte nodes -->
1084
1085 <!ELEMENT "TIFFByte" EMPTY>
1086 <!-- An integral value between 0 and 255 -->
1087 <!ATTLIST "TIFFByte" "value" #CDATA #IMPLIED>
1088 <!-- The value -->
1089 <!-- Data type: String -->
1090 <!ATTLIST "TIFFByte" "description" #CDATA #IMPLIED>
1091 <!-- A description, if available -->
1092 <!-- Data type: String -->
1093
1094 <!ELEMENT "TIFFAsciis" (TIFFAscii)*>
1095 <!-- A sequence of TIFFAscii nodes -->
1096
1097 <!ELEMENT "TIFFAscii" EMPTY>
1098 <!-- A String value -->
1099 <!ATTLIST "TIFFAscii" "value" #CDATA #IMPLIED>
1100 <!-- The value -->
1101 <!-- Data type: String -->
1102
1103 <!ELEMENT "TIFFShorts" (TIFFShort)*>
1104 <!-- A sequence of TIFFShort nodes -->
1105
1106 <!ELEMENT "TIFFShort" EMPTY>
1107 <!-- An integral value between 0 and 65535 -->
1108 <!ATTLIST "TIFFShort" "value" #CDATA #IMPLIED>
1109 <!-- The value -->
1110 <!-- Data type: String -->
1111 <!ATTLIST "TIFFShort" "description" #CDATA #IMPLIED>
1112 <!-- A description, if available -->
1113 <!-- Data type: String -->
1114
1115 <!ELEMENT "TIFFSShorts" (TIFFSShort)*>
1116 <!-- A sequence of TIFFSShort nodes -->
1117
1118 <!ELEMENT "TIFFSShort" EMPTY>
1119 <!-- An integral value between -32768 and 32767 -->
1120 <!ATTLIST "TIFFSShort" "value" #CDATA #IMPLIED>
1121 <!-- The value -->
1122 <!-- Data type: String -->
1123 <!ATTLIST "TIFFSShort" "description" #CDATA #IMPLIED>
1124 <!-- A description, if available -->
1125 <!-- Data type: String -->
1126
1127 <!ELEMENT "TIFFLongs" (TIFFLong)*>
1128 <!-- A sequence of TIFFLong nodes -->
1129
1130 <!ELEMENT "TIFFLong" EMPTY>
1131 <!-- An integral value between 0 and 4294967295 -->
1132 <!ATTLIST "TIFFLong" "value" #CDATA #IMPLIED>
1133 <!-- The value -->
1134 <!-- Data type: String -->
1135 <!ATTLIST "TIFFLong" "description" #CDATA #IMPLIED>
1136 <!-- A description, if available -->
1137 <!-- Data type: String -->
1138
1139 <!ELEMENT "TIFFSLongs" (TIFFSLong)*>
1140 <!-- A sequence of TIFFSLong nodes -->
1141
1142 <!ELEMENT "TIFFSLong" EMPTY>
1143 <!-- An integral value between -2147483648 and 2147482647 -->
1144 <!ATTLIST "TIFFSLong" "value" #CDATA #IMPLIED>
1145 <!-- The value -->
1146 <!-- Data type: String -->
1147 <!ATTLIST "TIFFSLong" "description" #CDATA #IMPLIED>
1148 <!-- A description, if available -->
1149 <!-- Data type: String -->
1150
1151 <!ELEMENT "TIFFRationals" (TIFFRational)*>
1152 <!-- A sequence of TIFFRational nodes -->
1153
1154 <!ELEMENT "TIFFRational" EMPTY>
1155 <!-- A rational value consisting of an unsigned numerator and
1156 denominator -->
1157 <!ATTLIST "TIFFRational" "value" #CDATA #IMPLIED>
1158 <!-- The numerator and denominator, separated by a slash -->
1159 <!-- Data type: String -->
1160
1161 <!ELEMENT "TIFFSRationals" (TIFFSRational)*>
1162 <!-- A sequence of TIFFSRational nodes -->
1163
1164 <!ELEMENT "TIFFSRational" EMPTY>
1165 <!-- A rational value consisting of a signed numerator and
1166 denominator -->
1167 <!ATTLIST "TIFFSRational" "value" #CDATA #IMPLIED>
1168 <!-- The numerator and denominator, separated by a slash -->
1169 <!-- Data type: String -->
1170
1171 <!ELEMENT "TIFFFloats" (TIFFFloat)*>
1172 <!-- A sequence of TIFFFloat nodes -->
1173
1174 <!ELEMENT "TIFFFloat" EMPTY>
1175 <!-- A single-precision floating-point value -->
1176 <!ATTLIST "TIFFFloat" "value" #CDATA #IMPLIED>
1177 <!-- The value -->
1178 <!-- Data type: String -->
1179
1180 <!ELEMENT "TIFFDoubles" (TIFFDouble)*>
1181 <!-- A sequence of TIFFDouble nodes -->
1182
1183 <!ELEMENT "TIFFDouble" EMPTY>
1184 <!-- A double-precision floating-point value -->
1185 <!ATTLIST "TIFFDouble" "value" #CDATA #IMPLIED>
1186 <!-- The value -->
1187 <!-- Data type: String -->
1188
1189 <!ELEMENT "TIFFUndefined" EMPTY>
1190 <!-- Uninterpreted byte data -->
1191 <!ATTLIST "TIFFUndefined" "value" #CDATA #IMPLIED>
1192 <!-- A list of comma-separated byte values -->
1193 <!-- Data type: String -->
1194 ]>
1195 </pre>
1196
1197 @since 9
1198
1199 </body>
1200 </html>