1 /*
2 * Copyright (c) 2019, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.
3 * DO NOT ALTER OR REMOVE COPYRIGHT NOTICES OR THIS FILE HEADER.
4 *
5 * This code is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
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7 * published by the Free Software Foundation. Oracle designates this
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10 *
11 * This code is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT
12 * ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or
13 * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU General Public License
14 * version 2 for more details (a copy is included in the LICENSE file that
15 * accompanied this code).
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25 */
26
27 package jdk.incubator.foreign;
28
29 import java.nio.ByteBuffer;
30
31 import jdk.internal.foreign.AbstractMemorySegmentImpl;
32 import jdk.internal.foreign.HeapMemorySegmentImpl;
33 import jdk.internal.foreign.MappedMemorySegmentImpl;
34 import jdk.internal.foreign.NativeMemorySegmentImpl;
35 import jdk.internal.foreign.Utils;
36
37 import java.io.IOException;
38 import java.nio.channels.FileChannel;
39 import java.nio.file.Path;
40 import java.util.Objects;
41 import java.util.Spliterator;
42 import java.util.function.Consumer;
43
44 /**
45 * A memory segment models a contiguous region of memory. A memory segment is associated with both spatial
46 * and temporal bounds. Spatial bounds ensure that memory access operations on a memory segment cannot affect a memory location
47 * which falls <em>outside</em> the boundaries of the memory segment being accessed. Temporal checks ensure that memory access
48 * operations on a segment cannot occur after a memory segment has been closed (see {@link MemorySegment#close()}).
49 * <p>
50 * All implementations of this interface must be <a href="{@docRoot}/java.base/java/lang/doc-files/ValueBased.html">value-based</a>;
51 * use of identity-sensitive operations (including reference equality ({@code ==}), identity hash code, or synchronization) on
52 * instances of {@code MemorySegment} may have unpredictable results and should be avoided. The {@code equals} method should
53 * be used for comparisons.
54 * <p>
55 * Non-platform classes should not implement {@linkplain MemorySegment} directly.
56 *
57 * <h2>Constructing memory segments from different sources</h2>
58 *
59 * There are multiple ways to obtain a memory segment. First, memory segments backed by off-heap memory can
60 * be allocated using one of the many factory methods provided (see {@link MemorySegment#allocateNative(MemoryLayout)},
61 * {@link MemorySegment#allocateNative(long)} and {@link MemorySegment#allocateNative(long, long)}). Memory segments obtained
62 * in this way are called <em>native memory segments</em>.
63 * <p>
64 * It is also possible to obtain a memory segment backed by an existing heap-allocated Java array,
65 * using one of the provided factory methods (e.g. {@link MemorySegment#ofArray(int[])}). Memory segments obtained
66 * in this way are called <em>array memory segments</em>.
67 * <p>
68 * It is possible to obtain a memory segment backed by an existing Java byte buffer (see {@link ByteBuffer}),
69 * using the factory method {@link MemorySegment#ofByteBuffer(ByteBuffer)}.
70 * Memory segments obtained in this way are called <em>buffer memory segments</em>. Note that buffer memory segments might
71 * be backed by native memory (as in the case of native memory segments) or heap memory (as in the case of array memory segments),
72 * depending on the characteristics of the byte buffer instance the segment is associated with. For instance, a buffer memory
73 * segment obtained from a byte buffer created with the {@link ByteBuffer#allocateDirect(int)} method will be backed
74 * by native memory.
75 * <p>
76 * Finally, it is also possible to obtain a memory segment backed by a memory-mapped file using the factory method
77 * {@link MemorySegment#mapFromPath(Path, long, FileChannel.MapMode)}. Such memory segments are called <em>mapped memory segments</em>
78 * (see {@link MappedMemorySegment}).
79 *
80 * <h2>Closing a memory segment</h2>
81 *
82 * Memory segments are closed explicitly (see {@link MemorySegment#close()}). In general when a segment is closed, all off-heap
83 * resources associated with it are released; this has different meanings depending on the kind of memory segment being
84 * considered:
85 * <ul>
86 * <li>closing a native memory segment results in <em>freeing</em> the native memory associated with it</li>
87 * <li>closing a mapped memory segment results in the backing memory-mapped file to be unmapped</li>
88 * <li>closing a buffer, or a heap segment does not have any side-effect, other than marking the segment
89 * as <em>not alive</em> (see {@link MemorySegment#isAlive()}). Also, since the buffer and heap segments might keep
90 * strong references to the original buffer or array instance, it is the responsibility of clients to ensure that
91 * these segments are discarded in a timely manner, so as not to prevent garbage collection to reclaim the underlying
92 * objects.</li>
93 * </ul>
94 *
95 * <h2><a id = "thread-confinement">Thread confinement</a></h2>
96 *
97 * Memory segments support strong thread-confinement guarantees. Upon creation, they are assigned an <em>owner thread</em>,
98 * typically the thread which initiated the creation operation. After creation, only the owner thread will be allowed
99 * to directly manipulate the memory segment (e.g. close the memory segment) or access the underlying memory associated with
100 * the segment using a memory access var handle. Any attempt to perform such operations from a thread other than the
101 * owner thread will result in a runtime failure.
102 * <p>
103 * Memory segments support <em>serial thread confinement</em>; that is, ownership of a memory segment can change (see
104 * {@link #withOwnerThread(Thread)}). This allows, for instance, for two threads {@code A} and {@code B} to share
105 * a segment in a controlled, cooperative and race-free fashion.
106 * <p>
107 * In some cases, it might be useful for multiple threads to process the contents of the same memory segment concurrently
108 * (e.g. in the case of parallel processing); while memory segments provide strong confinement guarantees, it is possible
109 * to obtain a {@link Spliterator} from a segment, which can be used to slice the segment and allow multiple thread to
110 * work in parallel on disjoint segment slices (this assumes that the access mode {@link #ACQUIRE} is set).
111 * For instance, the following code can be used to sum all int values in a memory segment in parallel:
112 * <blockquote><pre>{@code
113 SequenceLayout SEQUENCE_LAYOUT = MemoryLayout.ofSequence(1024, MemoryLayouts.JAVA_INT);
114 VarHandle VH_int = SEQUENCE_LAYOUT.elementLayout().varHandle(int.class);
115 int sum = StreamSupport.stream(segment.spliterator(SEQUENCE_LAYOUT), true)
116 .mapToInt(segment -> (int)VH_int.get(segment.baseAddress))
117 .sum();
118 * }</pre></blockquote>
119 *
120 * <h2><a id = "access-modes">Access modes</a></h2>
121 *
122 * Memory segments supports zero or more <em>access modes</em>. Supported access modes are {@link #READ},
123 * {@link #WRITE}, {@link #CLOSE} and {@link #ACQUIRE}. The set of access modes supported by a segment alters the
124 * set of operations that are supported by that segment. For instance, attempting to call {@link #close()} on
125 * a segment which does not support the {@link #CLOSE} access mode will result in an exception.
126 * <p>
127 * The set of supported access modes can only be made stricter (by supporting <em>less</em> access modes). This means
128 * that restricting the set of access modes supported by a segment before sharing it with other clients
129 * is generally a good practice if the creator of the segment wants to retain some control over how the segment
130 * is going to be accessed.
131 *
132 * <h2>Memory segment views</h2>
133 *
134 * Memory segments support <em>views</em>. For instance, it is possible to alter the set of supported access modes,
135 * by creating an <em>immutable</em> view of a memory segment, as follows:
136 * <blockquote><pre>{@code
137 MemorySegment segment = ...
138 MemorySegment roSegment = segment.withAccessModes(segment.accessModes() & ~WRITE);
139 * }</pre></blockquote>
140 * It is also possible to create views whose spatial bounds are stricter than the ones of the original segment
141 * (see {@link MemorySegment#asSlice(long, long)}).
142 * <p>
143 * Temporal bounds of the original segment are inherited by the view; that is, closing a segment view, such as a sliced
144 * view, will cause the original segment to be closed; as such special care must be taken when sharing views
145 * between multiple clients. If a client want to protect itself against early closure of a segment by
146 * another actor, it is the responsibility of that client to take protective measures, such as removing {@link #CLOSE}
147 * from the set of supported access modes, before sharing the view with another client.
148 * <p>
149 * To allow for interoperability with existing code, a byte buffer view can be obtained from a memory segment
150 * (see {@link #asByteBuffer()}). This can be useful, for instance, for those clients that want to keep using the
151 * {@link ByteBuffer} API, but need to operate on large memory segments. Byte buffers obtained in such a way support
152 * the same spatial and temporal access restrictions associated to the memory address from which they originated.
153 *
154 * @apiNote In the future, if the Java language permits, {@link MemorySegment}
155 * may become a {@code sealed} interface, which would prohibit subclassing except by
156 * {@link MappedMemorySegment} and other explicitly permitted subtypes.
157 *
158 * @implSpec
159 * Implementations of this interface are immutable and thread-safe.
160 */
161 public interface MemorySegment extends AutoCloseable {
162
163 /**
164 * The base memory address associated with this memory segment. The returned address is
165 * a <em>checked</em> memory address and can therefore be used in derefrence operations
166 * (see {@link MemoryAddress}).
167 * @return The base memory address.
168 */
169 MemoryAddress baseAddress();
170
171 /**
172 * Returns a spliterator for the given memory segment. The returned spliterator reports {@link Spliterator#SIZED},
173 * {@link Spliterator#SUBSIZED}, {@link Spliterator#IMMUTABLE}, {@link Spliterator#NONNULL} and {@link Spliterator#ORDERED}
174 * characteristics.
175 * <p>
176 * The returned spliterator splits the segment according to the specified sequence layout; that is,
177 * if the supplied layout is a sequence layout whose element count is {@code N}, then calling {@link Spliterator#trySplit()}
178 * will result in a spliterator serving approximatively {@code N/2} elements (depending on whether N is even or not).
179 * As such, splitting is possible as long as {@code N >= 2}.
180 * <p>
181 * The returned spliterator effectively allows to slice a segment into disjoint sub-segments, which can then
182 * be processed in parallel by multiple threads (if the access mode {@link #ACQUIRE} is set).
183 * While closing the segment (see {@link #close()}) during pending concurrent execution will generally
184 * fail with an exception, it is possible to close a segment when a spliterator has been obtained but no thread
185 * is actively working on it using {@link Spliterator#tryAdvance(Consumer)}; in such cases, any subsequent call
186 * to {@link Spliterator#tryAdvance(Consumer)} will fail with an exception.
187 * @param segment the segment to be used for splitting.
188 * @param layout the layout to be used for splitting.
189 * @param <S> the memory segment type
190 * @return the element spliterator for this segment
191 * @throws IllegalStateException if the segment is not <em>alive</em>, or if access occurs from a thread other than the
192 * thread owning this segment
193 */
194 static <S extends MemorySegment> Spliterator<S> spliterator(S segment, SequenceLayout layout) {
195 return AbstractMemorySegmentImpl.spliterator(segment, layout);
196 }
197
198 /**
199 * Fills a value into the given memory segment.
200 * <p>
201 * More specifically, the given value is filled into each address of the
202 * segment. Equivalent to (but likely more efficient than) the following code:
203 *
204 * <blockquote><pre>
205 * byteHandle = MemoryLayout.ofSequence(MemoryLayouts.JAVA_BYTE)
206 * .varHandle(byte.class, MemoryLayout.PathElement.sequenceElement());
207 * for (long l = 0; l < segment.byteSize(); l++) {
208 * byteHandle.set(segment.baseAddress(), l, value);
209 * }</pre></blockquote>
210 * <p>
211 * Fill can be useful to initialize or reset the memory of a segment.
212 *
213 * @param segment the segment to fill
214 * @param value the value to fill into the segment
215 * @throws IllegalStateException if the segment is not <em>alive</em>, or if access occurs from a thread other than the
216 * thread owning this segment
217 * @throws UnsupportedOperationException if this segment does not support the {@link #WRITE} access mode
218 * @throws NullPointerException if {@code segment == null}
219 */
220 static void fill(MemorySegment segment, byte value) {
221 AbstractMemorySegmentImpl.fill(segment, value);
222 }
223
224 /**
225 * The thread owning this segment.
226 * @return the thread owning this segment.
227 */
228 Thread ownerThread();
229
230 /**
231 * Obtains a new memory segment backed by the same underlying memory region as this segment,
232 * but with different owner thread. As a side-effect, this segment will be marked as <em>not alive</em>,
233 * and subsequent operations on this segment will result in runtime errors.
234 * <p>
235 * Write accesses to the segment's content <a href="../../../java/util/concurrent/package-summary.html#MemoryVisibility"><i>happens-before</i></a>
236 * hand-over from the current owner thread to the new owner thread, which in turn <i>happens before</i> read accesses to the segment's contents on
237 * the new owner thread.
238 *
239 * @param newOwner the new owner thread.
240 * @return a new memory segment backed by the same underlying memory region as this segment,
241 * owned by {@code newOwner}.
242 * @throws IllegalStateException if this segment is not <em>alive</em>, or if access occurs from a thread other than the
243 * thread owning this segment, or if the segment cannot be closed because it is being operated upon by a different
244 * thread (see {@link #spliterator(SequenceLayout)}).
245 * @throws NullPointerException if {@code newOwner == null}
246 * @throws IllegalArgumentException if the segment is already a confined segment owner by {@code newOnwer}.
247 * @throws UnsupportedOperationException if this segment does not support the {@link #HANDOFF} access mode.
248 */
249 MemorySegment withOwnerThread(Thread newOwner);
250
251 /**
252 * The size (in bytes) of this memory segment.
253 * @return The size (in bytes) of this memory segment.
254 */
255 long byteSize();
256
257 /**
258 * Obtains a segment view with specific <a href="#access-modes">access modes</a>. Supported access modes are {@link #READ}, {@link #WRITE},
259 * {@link #CLOSE} and {@link #ACQUIRE}. It is generally not possible to go from a segment with stricter access modes
260 * to one with less strict access modes. For instance, attempting to add {@link #WRITE} access mode to a read-only segment
261 * will be met with an exception.
262 * @param accessModes an ORed mask of zero or more access modes.
263 * @return a segment view with specific access modes.
264 * @throws UnsupportedOperationException when {@code mask} is an access mask which is less strict than the one supported by this
265 * segment.
266 */
267 MemorySegment withAccessModes(int accessModes);
268
269 /**
270 * Does this segment support a given set of access modes?
271 * @param accessModes an ORed mask of zero or more access modes.
272 * @return true, if the access modes in {@code accessModes} are stricter than the ones supported by this segment.
273 */
274 boolean hasAccessModes(int accessModes);
275
276 /**
277 * Returns the <a href="#access-modes">access modes</a> associated with this segment; the result is represented as ORed values from
278 * {@link #READ}, {@link #WRITE}, {@link #CLOSE} and {@link #ACQUIRE}.
279 * @return the access modes associated with this segment.
280 */
281 int accessModes();
282
283 /**
284 * Obtains a new memory segment view whose base address is the same as the base address of this segment plus a given offset,
285 * and whose new size is specified by the given argument.
286 * @param offset The new segment base offset (relative to the current segment base address), specified in bytes.
287 * @param newSize The new segment size, specified in bytes.
288 * @return a new memory segment view with updated base/limit addresses.
289 * @throws IndexOutOfBoundsException if {@code offset < 0}, {@code offset > byteSize()}, {@code newSize < 0}, or {@code newSize > byteSize() - offset}
290 */
291 MemorySegment asSlice(long offset, long newSize);
292
293 /**
294 * Is this segment alive?
295 * @return true, if the segment is alive.
296 * @see MemorySegment#close()
297 */
298 boolean isAlive();
299
300 /**
301 * Closes this memory segment. Once a memory segment has been closed, any attempt to use the memory segment,
302 * or to access the memory associated with the segment will fail with {@link IllegalStateException}. Depending on
303 * the kind of memory segment being closed, calling this method further trigger deallocation of all the resources
304 * associated with the memory segment.
305 * @throws IllegalStateException if this segment is not <em>alive</em>, or if access occurs from a thread other than the
306 * thread owning this segment, or if the segment cannot be closed because it is being operated upon by a different
307 * thread (see {@link #spliterator(MemorySegment, SequenceLayout)}).
308 * @throws UnsupportedOperationException if this segment does not support the {@link #CLOSE} access mode.
309 */
310 void close();
311
312 /**
313 * Wraps this segment in a {@link ByteBuffer}. Some of the properties of the returned buffer are linked to
314 * the properties of this segment. For instance, if this segment is <em>immutable</em>
315 * (e.g. the segment has access mode {@link #READ} but not {@link #WRITE}), then the resulting buffer is <em>read-only</em>
316 * (see {@link ByteBuffer#isReadOnly()}. Additionally, if this is a native memory segment, the resulting buffer is
317 * <em>direct</em> (see {@link ByteBuffer#isDirect()}).
318 * <p>
319 * The life-cycle of the returned buffer will be tied to that of this segment. That means that if the this segment
320 * is closed (see {@link MemorySegment#close()}, accessing the returned
321 * buffer will throw an {@link IllegalStateException}.
322 * <p>
323 * The resulting buffer's byte order is {@link java.nio.ByteOrder#BIG_ENDIAN}; this can be changed using
324 * {@link ByteBuffer#order(java.nio.ByteOrder)}.
325 *
326 * @return a {@link ByteBuffer} view of this memory segment.
327 * @throws UnsupportedOperationException if this segment cannot be mapped onto a {@link ByteBuffer} instance,
328 * e.g. because it models an heap-based segment that is not based on a {@code byte[]}), or if its size is greater
329 * than {@link Integer#MAX_VALUE}, or if the segment does not support the {@link #READ} access mode.
330 */
331 ByteBuffer asByteBuffer();
332
333 /**
334 * Copy the contents of this memory segment into a fresh byte array.
335 * @return a fresh byte array copy of this memory segment.
336 * @throws UnsupportedOperationException if this segment's contents cannot be copied into a {@link byte[]} instance,
337 * e.g. its size is greater than {@link Integer#MAX_VALUE}.
338 * @throws IllegalStateException if this segment has been closed, or if access occurs from a thread other than the
339 * thread owning this segment.
340 */
341 byte[] toByteArray();
342
343 /**
344 * Creates a new buffer memory segment that models the memory associated with the given byte
345 * buffer. The segment starts relative to the buffer's position (inclusive)
346 * and ends relative to the buffer's limit (exclusive).
347 * <p>
348 * The resulting memory segment keeps a reference to the backing buffer, to ensure it remains <em>reachable</em>
349 * for the life-time of the segment.
350 *
351 * @param bb the byte buffer backing the buffer memory segment.
352 * @return a new buffer memory segment.
353 */
354 static MemorySegment ofByteBuffer(ByteBuffer bb) {
355 return AbstractMemorySegmentImpl.ofBuffer(bb);
356 }
357
358 /**
359 * Creates a new array memory segment that models the memory associated with a given heap-allocated byte array.
360 * <p>
361 * The resulting memory segment keeps a reference to the backing array, to ensure it remains <em>reachable</em>
362 * for the life-time of the segment.
363 *
364 * @param arr the primitive array backing the array memory segment.
365 * @return a new array memory segment.
366 */
367 static MemorySegment ofArray(byte[] arr) {
368 return HeapMemorySegmentImpl.makeArraySegment(arr);
369 }
370
371 /**
372 * Creates a new array memory segment that models the memory associated with a given heap-allocated char array.
373 * <p>
374 * The resulting memory segment keeps a reference to the backing array, to ensure it remains <em>reachable</em>
375 * for the life-time of the segment.
376 *
377 * @param arr the primitive array backing the array memory segment.
378 * @return a new array memory segment.
379 */
380 static MemorySegment ofArray(char[] arr) {
381 return HeapMemorySegmentImpl.makeArraySegment(arr);
382 }
383
384 /**
385 * Creates a new array memory segment that models the memory associated with a given heap-allocated short array.
386 * <p>
387 * The resulting memory segment keeps a reference to the backing array, to ensure it remains <em>reachable</em>
388 * for the life-time of the segment.
389 *
390 * @param arr the primitive array backing the array memory segment.
391 * @return a new array memory segment.
392 */
393 static MemorySegment ofArray(short[] arr) {
394 return HeapMemorySegmentImpl.makeArraySegment(arr);
395 }
396
397 /**
398 * Creates a new array memory segment that models the memory associated with a given heap-allocated int array.
399 * <p>
400 * The resulting memory segment keeps a reference to the backing array, to ensure it remains <em>reachable</em>
401 * for the life-time of the segment.
402 *
403 * @param arr the primitive array backing the array memory segment.
404 * @return a new array memory segment.
405 */
406 static MemorySegment ofArray(int[] arr) {
407 return HeapMemorySegmentImpl.makeArraySegment(arr);
408 }
409
410 /**
411 * Creates a new array memory segment that models the memory associated with a given heap-allocated float array.
412 * <p>
413 * The resulting memory segment keeps a reference to the backing array, to ensure it remains <em>reachable</em>
414 * for the life-time of the segment.
415 *
416 * @param arr the primitive array backing the array memory segment.
417 * @return a new array memory segment.
418 */
419 static MemorySegment ofArray(float[] arr) {
420 return HeapMemorySegmentImpl.makeArraySegment(arr);
421 }
422
423 /**
424 * Creates a new array memory segment that models the memory associated with a given heap-allocated long array.
425 * <p>
426 * The resulting memory segment keeps a reference to the backing array, to ensure it remains <em>reachable</em>
427 * for the life-time of the segment.
428 *
429 * @param arr the primitive array backing the array memory segment.
430 * @return a new array memory segment.
431 */
432 static MemorySegment ofArray(long[] arr) {
433 return HeapMemorySegmentImpl.makeArraySegment(arr);
434 }
435
436 /**
437 * Creates a new array memory segment that models the memory associated with a given heap-allocated double array.
438 * <p>
439 * The resulting memory segment keeps a reference to the backing array, to ensure it remains <em>reachable</em>
440 * for the life-time of the segment.
441 *
442 * @param arr the primitive array backing the array memory segment.
443 * @return a new array memory segment.
444 */
445 static MemorySegment ofArray(double[] arr) {
446 return HeapMemorySegmentImpl.makeArraySegment(arr);
447 }
448
449 /**
450 * Creates a new native memory segment that models a newly allocated block of off-heap memory with given layout.
451 * <p>
452 * This is equivalent to the following code:
453 * <blockquote><pre>{@code
454 allocateNative(layout.bytesSize(), layout.bytesAlignment());
455 * }</pre></blockquote>
456 *
457 * @implNote The block of off-heap memory associated with the returned native memory segment is initialized to zero.
458 * Moreover, a client is responsible to call the {@link MemorySegment#close()} on a native memory segment,
459 * to make sure the backing off-heap memory block is deallocated accordingly. Failure to do so will result in off-heap memory leaks.
460 *
461 * @param layout the layout of the off-heap memory block backing the native memory segment.
462 * @return a new native memory segment.
463 * @throws IllegalArgumentException if the specified layout has illegal size or alignment constraint.
464 */
465 static MemorySegment allocateNative(MemoryLayout layout) {
466 return allocateNative(layout.byteSize(), layout.byteAlignment());
467 }
468
469 /**
470 * Creates a new native memory segment that models a newly allocated block of off-heap memory with given size (in bytes).
471 * <p>
472 * This is equivalent to the following code:
473 * <blockquote><pre>{@code
474 allocateNative(bytesSize, 1);
475 * }</pre></blockquote>
476 *
477 * @implNote The block of off-heap memory associated with the returned native memory segment is initialized to zero.
478 * Moreover, a client is responsible to call the {@link MemorySegment#close()} on a native memory segment,
479 * to make sure the backing off-heap memory block is deallocated accordingly. Failure to do so will result in off-heap memory leaks.
480 *
481 * @param bytesSize the size (in bytes) of the off-heap memory block backing the native memory segment.
482 * @return a new native memory segment.
483 * @throws IllegalArgumentException if {@code bytesSize < 0}.
484 */
485 static MemorySegment allocateNative(long bytesSize) {
486 return allocateNative(bytesSize, 1);
487 }
488
489 /**
490 * Creates a new mapped memory segment that models a memory-mapped region of a file from a given path.
491 *
492 * @implNote When obtaining a mapped segment from a newly created file, the initialization state of the contents of the block
493 * of mapped memory associated with the returned mapped memory segment is unspecified and should not be relied upon.
494 *
495 * @param path the path to the file to memory map.
496 * @param bytesSize the size (in bytes) of the mapped memory backing the memory segment.
497 * @param mapMode a file mapping mode, see {@link FileChannel#map(FileChannel.MapMode, long, long)}; the chosen mapping mode
498 * might affect the behavior of the returned memory mapped segment (see {@link MappedMemorySegment#force()}).
499 * @return a new mapped memory segment.
500 * @throws IllegalArgumentException if {@code bytesSize < 0}.
501 * @throws UnsupportedOperationException if an unsupported map mode is specified.
502 * @throws IOException if the specified path does not point to an existing file, or if some other I/O error occurs.
503 */
504 static MappedMemorySegment mapFromPath(Path path, long bytesSize, FileChannel.MapMode mapMode) throws IOException {
505 return MappedMemorySegmentImpl.makeMappedSegment(path, bytesSize, mapMode);
506 }
507
508 /**
509 * Creates a new native memory segment that models a newly allocated block of off-heap memory with given size and
510 * alignment constraint (in bytes).
511 *
512 * @implNote The block of off-heap memory associated with the returned native memory segment is initialized to zero.
513 * Moreover, a client is responsible to call the {@link MemorySegment#close()} on a native memory segment,
514 * to make sure the backing off-heap memory block is deallocated accordingly. Failure to do so will result in off-heap memory leaks.
515 *
516 * @param bytesSize the size (in bytes) of the off-heap memory block backing the native memory segment.
517 * @param alignmentBytes the alignment constraint (in bytes) of the off-heap memory block backing the native memory segment.
518 * @return a new native memory segment.
519 * @throws IllegalArgumentException if {@code bytesSize < 0}, {@code alignmentBytes < 0}, or if {@code alignmentBytes}
520 * is not a power of 2.
521 */
522 static MemorySegment allocateNative(long bytesSize, long alignmentBytes) {
523 if (bytesSize <= 0) {
524 throw new IllegalArgumentException("Invalid allocation size : " + bytesSize);
525 }
526
527 if (alignmentBytes < 0 ||
528 ((alignmentBytes & (alignmentBytes - 1)) != 0L)) {
529 throw new IllegalArgumentException("Invalid alignment constraint : " + alignmentBytes);
530 }
531
532 return NativeMemorySegmentImpl.makeNativeSegment(bytesSize, alignmentBytes);
533 }
534
535 /**
536 * Returns a new native memory segment with given base address and size; the returned segment has its own temporal
537 * bounds, and can therefore be closed; closing such a segment can optionally result in calling an user-provided cleanup
538 * action. This method can be very useful when interacting with custom native memory sources (e.g. custom allocators,
539 * GPU memory, etc.), where an address to some underlying memory region is typically obtained from native code
540 * (often as a plain {@code long} value).
541 * <p>
542 * This method is <em>restricted</em>. Restricted method are unsafe, and, if used incorrectly, their use might crash
543 * the JVM crash or, worse, silently result in memory corruption. Thus, clients should refrain from depending on
544 * restricted methods, and use safe and supported functionalities, where possible.
545 *
546 * @param addr the desired base address
547 * @param bytesSize the desired size.
548 * @param owner the desired owner thread. If {@code owner == null}, the returned segment is <em>not</em> confined.
549 * @param cleanup a cleanup action to be executed when the {@link MemorySegment#close()} method is called on the
550 * returned segment. If {@code cleanup == null}, no cleanup action is executed.
551 * @param attachment an object that must be kept alive by the returned segment; this can be useful when
552 * the returned segment depends on memory which could be released if a certain object
553 * is determined to be unreacheable. In most cases this will be set to {@code null}.
554 * @return a new native memory segment with given base address, size, owner, cleanup action and object attachment.
555 * @throws IllegalArgumentException if {@code bytesSize <= 0}.
556 * @throws UnsupportedOperationException if {@code addr} is associated with an heap segment.
557 * @throws IllegalAccessError if the runtime property {@code foreign.restricted} is not set to either
558 * {@code permit}, {@code warn} or {@code debug} (the default value is set to {@code deny}).
559 * @throws NullPointerException if {@code addr == null}.
560 */
561 static MemorySegment ofNativeRestricted(MemoryAddress addr, long bytesSize, Thread owner, Runnable cleanup, Object attachment) {
562 Objects.requireNonNull(addr);
563 if (bytesSize <= 0) {
564 throw new IllegalArgumentException("Invalid size : " + bytesSize);
565 }
566 Utils.checkRestrictedAccess("MemorySegment.ofNativeRestricted");
567 return NativeMemorySegmentImpl.makeNativeSegmentUnchecked(addr, bytesSize, owner, cleanup, attachment);
568 }
569
570 // access mode masks
571
572 /**
573 * Read access mode; read operations are supported by a segment which supports this access mode.
574 * @see MemorySegment#accessModes()
575 * @see MemorySegment#withAccessModes(int)
576 */
577 int READ = 1;
578
579 /**
580 * Write access mode; write operations are supported by a segment which supports this access mode.
581 * @see MemorySegment#accessModes()
582 * @see MemorySegment#withAccessModes(int)
583 */
584 int WRITE = READ << 1;
585
586 /**
587 * Close access mode; calling {@link #close()} is supported by a segment which supports this access mode.
588 * @see MemorySegment#accessModes()
589 * @see MemorySegment#withAccessModes(int)
590 */
591 int CLOSE = WRITE << 1;
592
593 /**
594 * Acquire access mode; this segment support sharing with threads other than the owner thread, via spliterator
595 * (see {@link #spliterator(MemorySegment, SequenceLayout)}).
596 * @see MemorySegment#accessModes()
597 * @see MemorySegment#withAccessModes(int)
598 */
599 int ACQUIRE = CLOSE << 1;
600
601 /**
602 * Handoff access mode; this segment support serial thread-confinement via thread ownership changes
603 * (see {@link #withOwnerThread(Thread)}).
604 * @see MemorySegment#accessModes()
605 * @see MemorySegment#withAccessModes(int)
606 */
607 int HANDOFF = ACQUIRE << 1;
608 }