1 /*
   2  * Copyright (c) 1997, 2015, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.
   3  * DO NOT ALTER OR REMOVE COPYRIGHT NOTICES OR THIS FILE HEADER.
   4  *
   5  * This code is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
   6  * under the terms of the GNU General Public License version 2 only, as
   7  * published by the Free Software Foundation.
   8  *
   9  * This code is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT
  10  * ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or
  11  * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the GNU General Public License
  12  * version 2 for more details (a copy is included in the LICENSE file that
  13  * accompanied this code).
  14  *
  15  * You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License version
  16  * 2 along with this work; if not, write to the Free Software Foundation,
  17  * Inc., 51 Franklin St, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA 02110-1301 USA.
  18  *
  19  * Please contact Oracle, 500 Oracle Parkway, Redwood Shores, CA 94065 USA
  20  * or visit www.oracle.com if you need additional information or have any
  21  * questions.
  22  *
  23  */
  24 
  25 #include "precompiled.hpp"
  26 #include "classfile/classLoader.hpp"
  27 #include "classfile/classLoaderData.hpp"
  28 #include "classfile/javaClasses.hpp"
  29 #include "classfile/stringTable.hpp"
  30 #include "classfile/systemDictionary.hpp"
  31 #include "classfile/vmSymbols.hpp"
  32 #include "code/codeCache.hpp"
  33 #include "code/dependencies.hpp"
  34 #include "gc/shared/cardTableModRefBS.hpp"
  35 #include "gc/shared/collectedHeap.inline.hpp"
  36 #include "gc/shared/gcLocker.inline.hpp"
  37 #include "gc/shared/genCollectedHeap.hpp"
  38 #include "gc/shared/genRemSet.hpp"
  39 #include "gc/shared/generation.hpp"
  40 #include "gc/shared/space.hpp"
  41 #include "interpreter/interpreter.hpp"
  42 #include "memory/filemap.hpp"
  43 #include "memory/metadataFactory.hpp"
  44 #include "memory/metaspaceShared.hpp"
  45 #include "memory/oopFactory.hpp"
  46 #include "memory/universe.hpp"
  47 #include "memory/universe.inline.hpp"
  48 #include "oops/constantPool.hpp"
  49 #include "oops/instanceClassLoaderKlass.hpp"
  50 #include "oops/instanceKlass.hpp"
  51 #include "oops/instanceMirrorKlass.hpp"
  52 #include "oops/instanceRefKlass.hpp"
  53 #include "oops/objArrayOop.inline.hpp"
  54 #include "oops/oop.inline.hpp"
  55 #include "oops/typeArrayKlass.hpp"
  56 #include "prims/jvmtiRedefineClassesTrace.hpp"
  57 #include "runtime/arguments.hpp"
  58 #include "runtime/atomic.inline.hpp"
  59 #include "runtime/commandLineFlagConstraintList.hpp"
  60 #include "runtime/deoptimization.hpp"
  61 #include "runtime/fprofiler.hpp"
  62 #include "runtime/handles.inline.hpp"
  63 #include "runtime/init.hpp"
  64 #include "runtime/java.hpp"
  65 #include "runtime/javaCalls.hpp"
  66 #include "runtime/sharedRuntime.hpp"
  67 #include "runtime/synchronizer.hpp"
  68 #include "runtime/thread.inline.hpp"
  69 #include "runtime/timer.hpp"
  70 #include "runtime/vm_operations.hpp"
  71 #include "services/memoryService.hpp"
  72 #include "utilities/copy.hpp"
  73 #include "utilities/events.hpp"
  74 #include "utilities/hashtable.inline.hpp"
  75 #include "utilities/macros.hpp"
  76 #include "utilities/preserveException.hpp"
  77 #if INCLUDE_ALL_GCS
  78 #include "gc/cms/cmsCollectorPolicy.hpp"
  79 #include "gc/g1/g1CollectedHeap.inline.hpp"
  80 #include "gc/g1/g1CollectorPolicy.hpp"
  81 #include "gc/parallel/parallelScavengeHeap.hpp"
  82 #include "gc/shared/adaptiveSizePolicy.hpp"
  83 #endif // INCLUDE_ALL_GCS
  84 #if INCLUDE_CDS
  85 #include "classfile/sharedClassUtil.hpp"
  86 #endif
  87 
  88 // Known objects
  89 Klass* Universe::_boolArrayKlassObj                 = NULL;
  90 Klass* Universe::_byteArrayKlassObj                 = NULL;
  91 Klass* Universe::_charArrayKlassObj                 = NULL;
  92 Klass* Universe::_intArrayKlassObj                  = NULL;
  93 Klass* Universe::_shortArrayKlassObj                = NULL;
  94 Klass* Universe::_longArrayKlassObj                 = NULL;
  95 Klass* Universe::_singleArrayKlassObj               = NULL;
  96 Klass* Universe::_doubleArrayKlassObj               = NULL;
  97 Klass* Universe::_typeArrayKlassObjs[T_VOID+1]      = { NULL /*, NULL...*/ };
  98 Klass* Universe::_objectArrayKlassObj               = NULL;
  99 oop Universe::_int_mirror                             = NULL;
 100 oop Universe::_float_mirror                           = NULL;
 101 oop Universe::_double_mirror                          = NULL;
 102 oop Universe::_byte_mirror                            = NULL;
 103 oop Universe::_bool_mirror                            = NULL;
 104 oop Universe::_char_mirror                            = NULL;
 105 oop Universe::_long_mirror                            = NULL;
 106 oop Universe::_short_mirror                           = NULL;
 107 oop Universe::_void_mirror                            = NULL;
 108 oop Universe::_mirrors[T_VOID+1]                      = { NULL /*, NULL...*/ };
 109 oop Universe::_main_thread_group                      = NULL;
 110 oop Universe::_system_thread_group                    = NULL;
 111 objArrayOop Universe::_the_empty_class_klass_array    = NULL;
 112 Array<Klass*>* Universe::_the_array_interfaces_array = NULL;
 113 oop Universe::_the_null_string                        = NULL;
 114 oop Universe::_the_min_jint_string                   = NULL;
 115 LatestMethodCache* Universe::_finalizer_register_cache = NULL;
 116 LatestMethodCache* Universe::_loader_addClass_cache    = NULL;
 117 LatestMethodCache* Universe::_pd_implies_cache         = NULL;
 118 LatestMethodCache* Universe::_throw_illegal_access_error_cache = NULL;
 119 oop Universe::_out_of_memory_error_java_heap          = NULL;
 120 oop Universe::_out_of_memory_error_metaspace          = NULL;
 121 oop Universe::_out_of_memory_error_class_metaspace    = NULL;
 122 oop Universe::_out_of_memory_error_array_size         = NULL;
 123 oop Universe::_out_of_memory_error_gc_overhead_limit  = NULL;
 124 oop Universe::_out_of_memory_error_realloc_objects    = NULL;
 125 objArrayOop Universe::_preallocated_out_of_memory_error_array = NULL;
 126 volatile jint Universe::_preallocated_out_of_memory_error_avail_count = 0;
 127 bool Universe::_verify_in_progress                    = false;
 128 oop Universe::_null_ptr_exception_instance            = NULL;
 129 oop Universe::_arithmetic_exception_instance          = NULL;
 130 oop Universe::_virtual_machine_error_instance         = NULL;
 131 oop Universe::_vm_exception                           = NULL;
 132 oop Universe::_allocation_context_notification_obj    = NULL;
 133 
 134 Array<int>* Universe::_the_empty_int_array            = NULL;
 135 Array<u2>* Universe::_the_empty_short_array           = NULL;
 136 Array<Klass*>* Universe::_the_empty_klass_array     = NULL;
 137 Array<Method*>* Universe::_the_empty_method_array   = NULL;
 138 
 139 // These variables are guarded by FullGCALot_lock.
 140 debug_only(objArrayOop Universe::_fullgc_alot_dummy_array = NULL;)
 141 debug_only(int Universe::_fullgc_alot_dummy_next      = 0;)
 142 
 143 // Heap
 144 int             Universe::_verify_count = 0;
 145 
 146 int             Universe::_base_vtable_size = 0;
 147 bool            Universe::_bootstrapping = false;
 148 bool            Universe::_fully_initialized = false;
 149 
 150 size_t          Universe::_heap_capacity_at_last_gc;
 151 size_t          Universe::_heap_used_at_last_gc = 0;
 152 
 153 CollectedHeap*  Universe::_collectedHeap = NULL;
 154 
 155 NarrowPtrStruct Universe::_narrow_oop = { NULL, 0, true };
 156 NarrowPtrStruct Universe::_narrow_klass = { NULL, 0, true };
 157 address Universe::_narrow_ptrs_base;
 158 
 159 void Universe::basic_type_classes_do(void f(Klass*)) {
 160   f(boolArrayKlassObj());
 161   f(byteArrayKlassObj());
 162   f(charArrayKlassObj());
 163   f(intArrayKlassObj());
 164   f(shortArrayKlassObj());
 165   f(longArrayKlassObj());
 166   f(singleArrayKlassObj());
 167   f(doubleArrayKlassObj());
 168 }
 169 
 170 void Universe::oops_do(OopClosure* f, bool do_all) {
 171 
 172   f->do_oop((oop*) &_int_mirror);
 173   f->do_oop((oop*) &_float_mirror);
 174   f->do_oop((oop*) &_double_mirror);
 175   f->do_oop((oop*) &_byte_mirror);
 176   f->do_oop((oop*) &_bool_mirror);
 177   f->do_oop((oop*) &_char_mirror);
 178   f->do_oop((oop*) &_long_mirror);
 179   f->do_oop((oop*) &_short_mirror);
 180   f->do_oop((oop*) &_void_mirror);
 181 
 182   for (int i = T_BOOLEAN; i < T_VOID+1; i++) {
 183     f->do_oop((oop*) &_mirrors[i]);
 184   }
 185   assert(_mirrors[0] == NULL && _mirrors[T_BOOLEAN - 1] == NULL, "checking");
 186 
 187   f->do_oop((oop*)&_the_empty_class_klass_array);
 188   f->do_oop((oop*)&_the_null_string);
 189   f->do_oop((oop*)&_the_min_jint_string);
 190   f->do_oop((oop*)&_out_of_memory_error_java_heap);
 191   f->do_oop((oop*)&_out_of_memory_error_metaspace);
 192   f->do_oop((oop*)&_out_of_memory_error_class_metaspace);
 193   f->do_oop((oop*)&_out_of_memory_error_array_size);
 194   f->do_oop((oop*)&_out_of_memory_error_gc_overhead_limit);
 195   f->do_oop((oop*)&_out_of_memory_error_realloc_objects);
 196     f->do_oop((oop*)&_preallocated_out_of_memory_error_array);
 197   f->do_oop((oop*)&_null_ptr_exception_instance);
 198   f->do_oop((oop*)&_arithmetic_exception_instance);
 199   f->do_oop((oop*)&_virtual_machine_error_instance);
 200   f->do_oop((oop*)&_main_thread_group);
 201   f->do_oop((oop*)&_system_thread_group);
 202   f->do_oop((oop*)&_vm_exception);
 203   f->do_oop((oop*)&_allocation_context_notification_obj);
 204   debug_only(f->do_oop((oop*)&_fullgc_alot_dummy_array);)
 205 }
 206 
 207 // Serialize metadata in and out of CDS archive, not oops.
 208 void Universe::serialize(SerializeClosure* f, bool do_all) {
 209 
 210   f->do_ptr((void**)&_boolArrayKlassObj);
 211   f->do_ptr((void**)&_byteArrayKlassObj);
 212   f->do_ptr((void**)&_charArrayKlassObj);
 213   f->do_ptr((void**)&_intArrayKlassObj);
 214   f->do_ptr((void**)&_shortArrayKlassObj);
 215   f->do_ptr((void**)&_longArrayKlassObj);
 216   f->do_ptr((void**)&_singleArrayKlassObj);
 217   f->do_ptr((void**)&_doubleArrayKlassObj);
 218   f->do_ptr((void**)&_objectArrayKlassObj);
 219 
 220   {
 221     for (int i = 0; i < T_VOID+1; i++) {
 222       if (_typeArrayKlassObjs[i] != NULL) {
 223         assert(i >= T_BOOLEAN, "checking");
 224         f->do_ptr((void**)&_typeArrayKlassObjs[i]);
 225       } else if (do_all) {
 226         f->do_ptr((void**)&_typeArrayKlassObjs[i]);
 227       }
 228     }
 229   }
 230 
 231   f->do_ptr((void**)&_the_array_interfaces_array);
 232   f->do_ptr((void**)&_the_empty_int_array);
 233   f->do_ptr((void**)&_the_empty_short_array);
 234   f->do_ptr((void**)&_the_empty_method_array);
 235   f->do_ptr((void**)&_the_empty_klass_array);
 236   _finalizer_register_cache->serialize(f);
 237   _loader_addClass_cache->serialize(f);
 238   _pd_implies_cache->serialize(f);
 239   _throw_illegal_access_error_cache->serialize(f);
 240 }
 241 
 242 void Universe::check_alignment(uintx size, uintx alignment, const char* name) {
 243   if (size < alignment || size % alignment != 0) {
 244     vm_exit_during_initialization(
 245       err_msg("Size of %s (" UINTX_FORMAT " bytes) must be aligned to " UINTX_FORMAT " bytes", name, size, alignment));
 246   }
 247 }
 248 
 249 void initialize_basic_type_klass(Klass* k, TRAPS) {
 250   Klass* ok = SystemDictionary::Object_klass();
 251   if (UseSharedSpaces) {
 252     ClassLoaderData* loader_data = ClassLoaderData::the_null_class_loader_data();
 253     assert(k->super() == ok, "u3");
 254     k->restore_unshareable_info(loader_data, Handle(), CHECK);
 255   } else {
 256     k->initialize_supers(ok, CHECK);
 257   }
 258   k->append_to_sibling_list();
 259 }
 260 
 261 void Universe::genesis(TRAPS) {
 262   ResourceMark rm;
 263 
 264   { FlagSetting fs(_bootstrapping, true);
 265 
 266     { MutexLocker mc(Compile_lock);
 267 
 268       // determine base vtable size; without that we cannot create the array klasses
 269       compute_base_vtable_size();
 270 
 271       if (!UseSharedSpaces) {
 272         _boolArrayKlassObj      = TypeArrayKlass::create_klass(T_BOOLEAN, sizeof(jboolean), CHECK);
 273         _charArrayKlassObj      = TypeArrayKlass::create_klass(T_CHAR,    sizeof(jchar),    CHECK);
 274         _singleArrayKlassObj    = TypeArrayKlass::create_klass(T_FLOAT,   sizeof(jfloat),   CHECK);
 275         _doubleArrayKlassObj    = TypeArrayKlass::create_klass(T_DOUBLE,  sizeof(jdouble),  CHECK);
 276         _byteArrayKlassObj      = TypeArrayKlass::create_klass(T_BYTE,    sizeof(jbyte),    CHECK);
 277         _shortArrayKlassObj     = TypeArrayKlass::create_klass(T_SHORT,   sizeof(jshort),   CHECK);
 278         _intArrayKlassObj       = TypeArrayKlass::create_klass(T_INT,     sizeof(jint),     CHECK);
 279         _longArrayKlassObj      = TypeArrayKlass::create_klass(T_LONG,    sizeof(jlong),    CHECK);
 280 
 281         _typeArrayKlassObjs[T_BOOLEAN] = _boolArrayKlassObj;
 282         _typeArrayKlassObjs[T_CHAR]    = _charArrayKlassObj;
 283         _typeArrayKlassObjs[T_FLOAT]   = _singleArrayKlassObj;
 284         _typeArrayKlassObjs[T_DOUBLE]  = _doubleArrayKlassObj;
 285         _typeArrayKlassObjs[T_BYTE]    = _byteArrayKlassObj;
 286         _typeArrayKlassObjs[T_SHORT]   = _shortArrayKlassObj;
 287         _typeArrayKlassObjs[T_INT]     = _intArrayKlassObj;
 288         _typeArrayKlassObjs[T_LONG]    = _longArrayKlassObj;
 289 
 290         ClassLoaderData* null_cld = ClassLoaderData::the_null_class_loader_data();
 291 
 292         _the_array_interfaces_array = MetadataFactory::new_array<Klass*>(null_cld, 2, NULL, CHECK);
 293         _the_empty_int_array        = MetadataFactory::new_array<int>(null_cld, 0, CHECK);
 294         _the_empty_short_array      = MetadataFactory::new_array<u2>(null_cld, 0, CHECK);
 295         _the_empty_method_array     = MetadataFactory::new_array<Method*>(null_cld, 0, CHECK);
 296         _the_empty_klass_array      = MetadataFactory::new_array<Klass*>(null_cld, 0, CHECK);
 297       }
 298     }
 299 
 300     vmSymbols::initialize(CHECK);
 301 
 302     SystemDictionary::initialize(CHECK);
 303 
 304     Klass* ok = SystemDictionary::Object_klass();
 305 
 306     _the_null_string            = StringTable::intern("null", CHECK);
 307     _the_min_jint_string       = StringTable::intern("-2147483648", CHECK);
 308 
 309     if (UseSharedSpaces) {
 310       // Verify shared interfaces array.
 311       assert(_the_array_interfaces_array->at(0) ==
 312              SystemDictionary::Cloneable_klass(), "u3");
 313       assert(_the_array_interfaces_array->at(1) ==
 314              SystemDictionary::Serializable_klass(), "u3");
 315       MetaspaceShared::fixup_shared_string_regions();
 316     } else {
 317       // Set up shared interfaces array.  (Do this before supers are set up.)
 318       _the_array_interfaces_array->at_put(0, SystemDictionary::Cloneable_klass());
 319       _the_array_interfaces_array->at_put(1, SystemDictionary::Serializable_klass());
 320     }
 321 
 322     initialize_basic_type_klass(boolArrayKlassObj(), CHECK);
 323     initialize_basic_type_klass(charArrayKlassObj(), CHECK);
 324     initialize_basic_type_klass(singleArrayKlassObj(), CHECK);
 325     initialize_basic_type_klass(doubleArrayKlassObj(), CHECK);
 326     initialize_basic_type_klass(byteArrayKlassObj(), CHECK);
 327     initialize_basic_type_klass(shortArrayKlassObj(), CHECK);
 328     initialize_basic_type_klass(intArrayKlassObj(), CHECK);
 329     initialize_basic_type_klass(longArrayKlassObj(), CHECK);
 330   } // end of core bootstrapping
 331 
 332   // Maybe this could be lifted up now that object array can be initialized
 333   // during the bootstrapping.
 334 
 335   // OLD
 336   // Initialize _objectArrayKlass after core bootstraping to make
 337   // sure the super class is set up properly for _objectArrayKlass.
 338   // ---
 339   // NEW
 340   // Since some of the old system object arrays have been converted to
 341   // ordinary object arrays, _objectArrayKlass will be loaded when
 342   // SystemDictionary::initialize(CHECK); is run. See the extra check
 343   // for Object_klass_loaded in objArrayKlassKlass::allocate_objArray_klass_impl.
 344   _objectArrayKlassObj = InstanceKlass::
 345     cast(SystemDictionary::Object_klass())->array_klass(1, CHECK);
 346   // OLD
 347   // Add the class to the class hierarchy manually to make sure that
 348   // its vtable is initialized after core bootstrapping is completed.
 349   // ---
 350   // New
 351   // Have already been initialized.
 352   _objectArrayKlassObj->append_to_sibling_list();
 353 
 354   // Compute is_jdk version flags.
 355   // Only 1.3 or later has the java.lang.Shutdown class.
 356   // Only 1.4 or later has the java.lang.CharSequence interface.
 357   // Only 1.5 or later has the java.lang.management.MemoryUsage class.
 358   if (JDK_Version::is_partially_initialized()) {
 359     uint8_t jdk_version;
 360     Klass* k = SystemDictionary::resolve_or_null(
 361         vmSymbols::java_lang_management_MemoryUsage(), THREAD);
 362     CLEAR_PENDING_EXCEPTION; // ignore exceptions
 363     if (k == NULL) {
 364       k = SystemDictionary::resolve_or_null(
 365           vmSymbols::java_lang_CharSequence(), THREAD);
 366       CLEAR_PENDING_EXCEPTION; // ignore exceptions
 367       if (k == NULL) {
 368         k = SystemDictionary::resolve_or_null(
 369             vmSymbols::java_lang_Shutdown(), THREAD);
 370         CLEAR_PENDING_EXCEPTION; // ignore exceptions
 371         if (k == NULL) {
 372           jdk_version = 2;
 373         } else {
 374           jdk_version = 3;
 375         }
 376       } else {
 377         jdk_version = 4;
 378       }
 379     } else {
 380       jdk_version = 5;
 381     }
 382     JDK_Version::fully_initialize(jdk_version);
 383   }
 384 
 385   #ifdef ASSERT
 386   if (FullGCALot) {
 387     // Allocate an array of dummy objects.
 388     // We'd like these to be at the bottom of the old generation,
 389     // so that when we free one and then collect,
 390     // (almost) the whole heap moves
 391     // and we find out if we actually update all the oops correctly.
 392     // But we can't allocate directly in the old generation,
 393     // so we allocate wherever, and hope that the first collection
 394     // moves these objects to the bottom of the old generation.
 395     // We can allocate directly in the permanent generation, so we do.
 396     int size;
 397     if (UseConcMarkSweepGC) {
 398       warning("Using +FullGCALot with concurrent mark sweep gc "
 399               "will not force all objects to relocate");
 400       size = FullGCALotDummies;
 401     } else {
 402       size = FullGCALotDummies * 2;
 403     }
 404     objArrayOop    naked_array = oopFactory::new_objArray(SystemDictionary::Object_klass(), size, CHECK);
 405     objArrayHandle dummy_array(THREAD, naked_array);
 406     int i = 0;
 407     while (i < size) {
 408         // Allocate dummy in old generation
 409       oop dummy = InstanceKlass::cast(SystemDictionary::Object_klass())->allocate_instance(CHECK);
 410       dummy_array->obj_at_put(i++, dummy);
 411     }
 412     {
 413       // Only modify the global variable inside the mutex.
 414       // If we had a race to here, the other dummy_array instances
 415       // and their elements just get dropped on the floor, which is fine.
 416       MutexLocker ml(FullGCALot_lock);
 417       if (_fullgc_alot_dummy_array == NULL) {
 418         _fullgc_alot_dummy_array = dummy_array();
 419       }
 420     }
 421     assert(i == _fullgc_alot_dummy_array->length(), "just checking");
 422   }
 423   #endif
 424 
 425   // Initialize dependency array for null class loader
 426   ClassLoaderData::the_null_class_loader_data()->init_dependencies(CHECK);
 427 
 428 }
 429 
 430 // CDS support for patching vtables in metadata in the shared archive.
 431 // All types inherited from Metadata have vtables, but not types inherited
 432 // from MetaspaceObj, because the latter does not have virtual functions.
 433 // If the metadata type has a vtable, it cannot be shared in the read-only
 434 // section of the CDS archive, because the vtable pointer is patched.
 435 static inline void add_vtable(void** list, int* n, void* o, int count) {
 436   guarantee((*n) < count, "vtable list too small");
 437   void* vtable = dereference_vptr(o);
 438   assert(*(void**)(vtable) != NULL, "invalid vtable");
 439   list[(*n)++] = vtable;
 440 }
 441 
 442 void Universe::init_self_patching_vtbl_list(void** list, int count) {
 443   int n = 0;
 444   { InstanceKlass o;          add_vtable(list, &n, &o, count); }
 445   { InstanceClassLoaderKlass o; add_vtable(list, &n, &o, count); }
 446   { InstanceMirrorKlass o;    add_vtable(list, &n, &o, count); }
 447   { InstanceRefKlass o;       add_vtable(list, &n, &o, count); }
 448   { TypeArrayKlass o;         add_vtable(list, &n, &o, count); }
 449   { ObjArrayKlass o;          add_vtable(list, &n, &o, count); }
 450   { Method o;                 add_vtable(list, &n, &o, count); }
 451   { ConstantPool o;           add_vtable(list, &n, &o, count); }
 452 }
 453 
 454 void Universe::initialize_basic_type_mirrors(TRAPS) {
 455     assert(_int_mirror==NULL, "basic type mirrors already initialized");
 456     _int_mirror     =
 457       java_lang_Class::create_basic_type_mirror("int",    T_INT, CHECK);
 458     _float_mirror   =
 459       java_lang_Class::create_basic_type_mirror("float",  T_FLOAT,   CHECK);
 460     _double_mirror  =
 461       java_lang_Class::create_basic_type_mirror("double", T_DOUBLE,  CHECK);
 462     _byte_mirror    =
 463       java_lang_Class::create_basic_type_mirror("byte",   T_BYTE, CHECK);
 464     _bool_mirror    =
 465       java_lang_Class::create_basic_type_mirror("boolean",T_BOOLEAN, CHECK);
 466     _char_mirror    =
 467       java_lang_Class::create_basic_type_mirror("char",   T_CHAR, CHECK);
 468     _long_mirror    =
 469       java_lang_Class::create_basic_type_mirror("long",   T_LONG, CHECK);
 470     _short_mirror   =
 471       java_lang_Class::create_basic_type_mirror("short",  T_SHORT,   CHECK);
 472     _void_mirror    =
 473       java_lang_Class::create_basic_type_mirror("void",   T_VOID, CHECK);
 474 
 475     _mirrors[T_INT]     = _int_mirror;
 476     _mirrors[T_FLOAT]   = _float_mirror;
 477     _mirrors[T_DOUBLE]  = _double_mirror;
 478     _mirrors[T_BYTE]    = _byte_mirror;
 479     _mirrors[T_BOOLEAN] = _bool_mirror;
 480     _mirrors[T_CHAR]    = _char_mirror;
 481     _mirrors[T_LONG]    = _long_mirror;
 482     _mirrors[T_SHORT]   = _short_mirror;
 483     _mirrors[T_VOID]    = _void_mirror;
 484   //_mirrors[T_OBJECT]  = InstanceKlass::cast(_object_klass)->java_mirror();
 485   //_mirrors[T_ARRAY]   = InstanceKlass::cast(_object_klass)->java_mirror();
 486 }
 487 
 488 void Universe::fixup_mirrors(TRAPS) {
 489   // Bootstrap problem: all classes gets a mirror (java.lang.Class instance) assigned eagerly,
 490   // but we cannot do that for classes created before java.lang.Class is loaded. Here we simply
 491   // walk over permanent objects created so far (mostly classes) and fixup their mirrors. Note
 492   // that the number of objects allocated at this point is very small.
 493   assert(SystemDictionary::Class_klass_loaded(), "java.lang.Class should be loaded");
 494   HandleMark hm(THREAD);
 495   // Cache the start of the static fields
 496   InstanceMirrorKlass::init_offset_of_static_fields();
 497 
 498   GrowableArray <Klass*>* list = java_lang_Class::fixup_mirror_list();
 499   int list_length = list->length();
 500   for (int i = 0; i < list_length; i++) {
 501     Klass* k = list->at(i);
 502     assert(k->is_klass(), "List should only hold classes");
 503     EXCEPTION_MARK;
 504     KlassHandle kh(THREAD, k);
 505     java_lang_Class::fixup_mirror(kh, CATCH);
 506 }
 507   delete java_lang_Class::fixup_mirror_list();
 508   java_lang_Class::set_fixup_mirror_list(NULL);
 509 }
 510 
 511 static bool has_run_finalizers_on_exit = false;
 512 
 513 void Universe::run_finalizers_on_exit() {
 514   if (has_run_finalizers_on_exit) return;
 515   has_run_finalizers_on_exit = true;
 516 
 517   // Called on VM exit. This ought to be run in a separate thread.
 518   if (TraceReferenceGC) tty->print_cr("Callback to run finalizers on exit");
 519   {
 520     PRESERVE_EXCEPTION_MARK;
 521     KlassHandle finalizer_klass(THREAD, SystemDictionary::Finalizer_klass());
 522     JavaValue result(T_VOID);
 523     JavaCalls::call_static(
 524       &result,
 525       finalizer_klass,
 526       vmSymbols::run_finalizers_on_exit_name(),
 527       vmSymbols::void_method_signature(),
 528       THREAD
 529     );
 530     // Ignore any pending exceptions
 531     CLEAR_PENDING_EXCEPTION;
 532   }
 533 }
 534 
 535 
 536 // initialize_vtable could cause gc if
 537 // 1) we specified true to initialize_vtable and
 538 // 2) this ran after gc was enabled
 539 // In case those ever change we use handles for oops
 540 void Universe::reinitialize_vtable_of(KlassHandle k_h, TRAPS) {
 541   // init vtable of k and all subclasses
 542   Klass* ko = k_h();
 543   klassVtable* vt = ko->vtable();
 544   if (vt) vt->initialize_vtable(false, CHECK);
 545   if (ko->oop_is_instance()) {
 546     InstanceKlass* ik = (InstanceKlass*)ko;
 547     for (KlassHandle s_h(THREAD, ik->subklass());
 548          s_h() != NULL;
 549          s_h = KlassHandle(THREAD, s_h()->next_sibling())) {
 550       reinitialize_vtable_of(s_h, CHECK);
 551     }
 552   }
 553 }
 554 
 555 
 556 void initialize_itable_for_klass(Klass* k, TRAPS) {
 557   InstanceKlass::cast(k)->itable()->initialize_itable(false, CHECK);
 558 }
 559 
 560 
 561 void Universe::reinitialize_itables(TRAPS) {
 562   SystemDictionary::classes_do(initialize_itable_for_klass, CHECK);
 563 
 564 }
 565 
 566 
 567 bool Universe::on_page_boundary(void* addr) {
 568   return ((uintptr_t) addr) % os::vm_page_size() == 0;
 569 }
 570 
 571 
 572 bool Universe::should_fill_in_stack_trace(Handle throwable) {
 573   // never attempt to fill in the stack trace of preallocated errors that do not have
 574   // backtrace. These errors are kept alive forever and may be "re-used" when all
 575   // preallocated errors with backtrace have been consumed. Also need to avoid
 576   // a potential loop which could happen if an out of memory occurs when attempting
 577   // to allocate the backtrace.
 578   return ((throwable() != Universe::_out_of_memory_error_java_heap) &&
 579           (throwable() != Universe::_out_of_memory_error_metaspace)  &&
 580           (throwable() != Universe::_out_of_memory_error_class_metaspace)  &&
 581           (throwable() != Universe::_out_of_memory_error_array_size) &&
 582           (throwable() != Universe::_out_of_memory_error_gc_overhead_limit) &&
 583           (throwable() != Universe::_out_of_memory_error_realloc_objects));
 584 }
 585 
 586 
 587 oop Universe::gen_out_of_memory_error(oop default_err) {
 588   // generate an out of memory error:
 589   // - if there is a preallocated error with backtrace available then return it wth
 590   //   a filled in stack trace.
 591   // - if there are no preallocated errors with backtrace available then return
 592   //   an error without backtrace.
 593   int next;
 594   if (_preallocated_out_of_memory_error_avail_count > 0) {
 595     next = (int)Atomic::add(-1, &_preallocated_out_of_memory_error_avail_count);
 596     assert(next < (int)PreallocatedOutOfMemoryErrorCount, "avail count is corrupt");
 597   } else {
 598     next = -1;
 599   }
 600   if (next < 0) {
 601     // all preallocated errors have been used.
 602     // return default
 603     return default_err;
 604   } else {
 605     // get the error object at the slot and set set it to NULL so that the
 606     // array isn't keeping it alive anymore.
 607     oop exc = preallocated_out_of_memory_errors()->obj_at(next);
 608     assert(exc != NULL, "slot has been used already");
 609     preallocated_out_of_memory_errors()->obj_at_put(next, NULL);
 610 
 611     // use the message from the default error
 612     oop msg = java_lang_Throwable::message(default_err);
 613     assert(msg != NULL, "no message");
 614     java_lang_Throwable::set_message(exc, msg);
 615 
 616     // populate the stack trace and return it.
 617     java_lang_Throwable::fill_in_stack_trace_of_preallocated_backtrace(exc);
 618     return exc;
 619   }
 620 }
 621 
 622 intptr_t Universe::_non_oop_bits = 0;
 623 
 624 void* Universe::non_oop_word() {
 625   // Neither the high bits nor the low bits of this value is allowed
 626   // to look like (respectively) the high or low bits of a real oop.
 627   //
 628   // High and low are CPU-specific notions, but low always includes
 629   // the low-order bit.  Since oops are always aligned at least mod 4,
 630   // setting the low-order bit will ensure that the low half of the
 631   // word will never look like that of a real oop.
 632   //
 633   // Using the OS-supplied non-memory-address word (usually 0 or -1)
 634   // will take care of the high bits, however many there are.
 635 
 636   if (_non_oop_bits == 0) {
 637     _non_oop_bits = (intptr_t)os::non_memory_address_word() | 1;
 638   }
 639 
 640   return (void*)_non_oop_bits;
 641 }
 642 
 643 jint universe_init() {
 644   assert(!Universe::_fully_initialized, "called after initialize_vtables");
 645   guarantee(1 << LogHeapWordSize == sizeof(HeapWord),
 646          "LogHeapWordSize is incorrect.");
 647   guarantee(sizeof(oop) >= sizeof(HeapWord), "HeapWord larger than oop?");
 648   guarantee(sizeof(oop) % sizeof(HeapWord) == 0,
 649             "oop size is not not a multiple of HeapWord size");
 650   TraceTime timer("Genesis", TraceStartupTime);
 651   JavaClasses::compute_hard_coded_offsets();
 652 
 653   jint status = Universe::initialize_heap();
 654   if (status != JNI_OK) {
 655     return status;
 656   }
 657 
 658   Metaspace::global_initialize();
 659 
 660   // Checks 'AfterMemoryInit' constraints.
 661   if (!CommandLineFlagConstraintList::check_constraints(CommandLineFlagConstraint::AfterMemoryInit)) {
 662     return JNI_EINVAL;
 663   }
 664 
 665   // Create memory for metadata.  Must be after initializing heap for
 666   // DumpSharedSpaces.
 667   ClassLoaderData::init_null_class_loader_data();
 668 
 669   // We have a heap so create the Method* caches before
 670   // Metaspace::initialize_shared_spaces() tries to populate them.
 671   Universe::_finalizer_register_cache = new LatestMethodCache();
 672   Universe::_loader_addClass_cache    = new LatestMethodCache();
 673   Universe::_pd_implies_cache         = new LatestMethodCache();
 674   Universe::_throw_illegal_access_error_cache = new LatestMethodCache();
 675 
 676   if (UseSharedSpaces) {
 677     // Read the data structures supporting the shared spaces (shared
 678     // system dictionary, symbol table, etc.).  After that, access to
 679     // the file (other than the mapped regions) is no longer needed, and
 680     // the file is closed. Closing the file does not affect the
 681     // currently mapped regions.
 682     MetaspaceShared::initialize_shared_spaces();
 683     StringTable::create_table();
 684   } else {
 685     SymbolTable::create_table();
 686     StringTable::create_table();
 687     ClassLoader::create_package_info_table();
 688 
 689     if (DumpSharedSpaces) {
 690       MetaspaceShared::prepare_for_dumping();
 691     }
 692   }
 693 
 694   return JNI_OK;
 695 }
 696 
 697 CollectedHeap* Universe::create_heap() {
 698   assert(_collectedHeap == NULL, "Heap already created");
 699 #if !INCLUDE_ALL_GCS
 700   if (UseParallelGC) {
 701     fatal("UseParallelGC not supported in this VM.");
 702   } else if (UseG1GC) {
 703     fatal("UseG1GC not supported in this VM.");
 704   } else if (UseConcMarkSweepGC) {
 705     fatal("UseConcMarkSweepGC not supported in this VM.");
 706 #else
 707   if (UseParallelGC) {
 708     return Universe::create_heap_with_policy<ParallelScavengeHeap, GenerationSizer>();
 709   } else if (UseG1GC) {
 710     return Universe::create_heap_with_policy<G1CollectedHeap, G1CollectorPolicy>();
 711   } else if (UseConcMarkSweepGC) {
 712     return Universe::create_heap_with_policy<GenCollectedHeap, ConcurrentMarkSweepPolicy>();
 713 #endif
 714   } else if (UseSerialGC) {
 715     return Universe::create_heap_with_policy<GenCollectedHeap, MarkSweepPolicy>();
 716   }
 717 
 718   ShouldNotReachHere();
 719   return NULL;
 720 }
 721 
 722 // Choose the heap base address and oop encoding mode
 723 // when compressed oops are used:
 724 // Unscaled  - Use 32-bits oops without encoding when
 725 //     NarrowOopHeapBaseMin + heap_size < 4Gb
 726 // ZeroBased - Use zero based compressed oops with encoding when
 727 //     NarrowOopHeapBaseMin + heap_size < 32Gb
 728 // HeapBased - Use compressed oops with heap base + encoding.
 729 
 730 jint Universe::initialize_heap() {
 731   jint status = JNI_ERR;
 732 
 733   _collectedHeap = create_heap_ext();
 734   if (_collectedHeap == NULL) {
 735     _collectedHeap = create_heap();
 736   }
 737 
 738   status = _collectedHeap->initialize();
 739   if (status != JNI_OK) {
 740     return status;
 741   }
 742 
 743   ThreadLocalAllocBuffer::set_max_size(Universe::heap()->max_tlab_size());
 744 
 745 #ifdef _LP64
 746   if (UseCompressedOops) {
 747     // Subtract a page because something can get allocated at heap base.
 748     // This also makes implicit null checking work, because the
 749     // memory+1 page below heap_base needs to cause a signal.
 750     // See needs_explicit_null_check.
 751     // Only set the heap base for compressed oops because it indicates
 752     // compressed oops for pstack code.
 753     if ((uint64_t)Universe::heap()->reserved_region().end() > UnscaledOopHeapMax) {
 754       // Didn't reserve heap below 4Gb.  Must shift.
 755       Universe::set_narrow_oop_shift(LogMinObjAlignmentInBytes);
 756     }
 757     if ((uint64_t)Universe::heap()->reserved_region().end() <= OopEncodingHeapMax) {
 758       // Did reserve heap below 32Gb. Can use base == 0;
 759       Universe::set_narrow_oop_base(0);
 760     }
 761 
 762     Universe::set_narrow_ptrs_base(Universe::narrow_oop_base());
 763 
 764     if (PrintCompressedOopsMode || (PrintMiscellaneous && Verbose)) {
 765       Universe::print_compressed_oops_mode(tty);
 766     }
 767 
 768     // Tell tests in which mode we run.
 769     Arguments::PropertyList_add(new SystemProperty("java.vm.compressedOopsMode",
 770                                                    narrow_oop_mode_to_string(narrow_oop_mode()),
 771                                                    false));
 772   }
 773   // Universe::narrow_oop_base() is one page below the heap.
 774   assert((intptr_t)Universe::narrow_oop_base() <= (intptr_t)(Universe::heap()->base() -
 775          os::vm_page_size()) ||
 776          Universe::narrow_oop_base() == NULL, "invalid value");
 777   assert(Universe::narrow_oop_shift() == LogMinObjAlignmentInBytes ||
 778          Universe::narrow_oop_shift() == 0, "invalid value");
 779 #endif
 780 
 781   // We will never reach the CATCH below since Exceptions::_throw will cause
 782   // the VM to exit if an exception is thrown during initialization
 783 
 784   if (UseTLAB) {
 785     assert(Universe::heap()->supports_tlab_allocation(),
 786            "Should support thread-local allocation buffers");
 787     ThreadLocalAllocBuffer::startup_initialization();
 788   }
 789   return JNI_OK;
 790 }
 791 
 792 void Universe::print_compressed_oops_mode(outputStream* st) {
 793   st->print("heap address: " PTR_FORMAT ", size: " SIZE_FORMAT " MB",
 794               p2i(Universe::heap()->base()), Universe::heap()->reserved_region().byte_size()/M);
 795 
 796   st->print(", Compressed Oops mode: %s", narrow_oop_mode_to_string(narrow_oop_mode()));
 797 
 798   if (Universe::narrow_oop_base() != 0) {
 799     st->print(": " PTR_FORMAT, p2i(Universe::narrow_oop_base()));
 800   }
 801 
 802   if (Universe::narrow_oop_shift() != 0) {
 803     st->print(", Oop shift amount: %d", Universe::narrow_oop_shift());
 804   }
 805 
 806   if (!Universe::narrow_oop_use_implicit_null_checks()) {
 807     st->print(", no protected page in front of the heap");
 808   }
 809   st->cr();
 810 }
 811 
 812 ReservedSpace Universe::reserve_heap(size_t heap_size, size_t alignment) {
 813 
 814   assert(alignment <= Arguments::conservative_max_heap_alignment(),
 815          "actual alignment " SIZE_FORMAT " must be within maximum heap alignment " SIZE_FORMAT,
 816          alignment, Arguments::conservative_max_heap_alignment());
 817 
 818   size_t total_reserved = align_size_up(heap_size, alignment);
 819   assert(!UseCompressedOops || (total_reserved <= (OopEncodingHeapMax - os::vm_page_size())),
 820       "heap size is too big for compressed oops");
 821 
 822   bool use_large_pages = UseLargePages && is_size_aligned(alignment, os::large_page_size());
 823   assert(!UseLargePages
 824       || UseParallelGC
 825       || use_large_pages, "Wrong alignment to use large pages");
 826 
 827   // Now create the space.
 828   ReservedHeapSpace total_rs(total_reserved, alignment, use_large_pages);
 829 
 830   if (total_rs.is_reserved()) {
 831     assert((total_reserved == total_rs.size()) && ((uintptr_t)total_rs.base() % alignment == 0),
 832            "must be exactly of required size and alignment");
 833     // We are good.
 834 
 835     if (UseCompressedOops) {
 836       // Universe::initialize_heap() will reset this to NULL if unscaled
 837       // or zero-based narrow oops are actually used.
 838       // Else heap start and base MUST differ, so that NULL can be encoded nonambigous.
 839       Universe::set_narrow_oop_base((address)total_rs.compressed_oop_base());
 840     }
 841 
 842     return total_rs;
 843   }
 844 
 845   vm_exit_during_initialization(
 846     err_msg("Could not reserve enough space for " SIZE_FORMAT "KB object heap",
 847             total_reserved/K));
 848 
 849   // satisfy compiler
 850   ShouldNotReachHere();
 851   return ReservedHeapSpace(0, 0, false);
 852 }
 853 
 854 
 855 // It's the caller's responsibility to ensure glitch-freedom
 856 // (if required).
 857 void Universe::update_heap_info_at_gc() {
 858   _heap_capacity_at_last_gc = heap()->capacity();
 859   _heap_used_at_last_gc     = heap()->used();
 860 }
 861 
 862 
 863 const char* Universe::narrow_oop_mode_to_string(Universe::NARROW_OOP_MODE mode) {
 864   switch (mode) {
 865     case UnscaledNarrowOop:
 866       return "32-bit";
 867     case ZeroBasedNarrowOop:
 868       return "Zero based";
 869     case DisjointBaseNarrowOop:
 870       return "Non-zero disjoint base";
 871     case HeapBasedNarrowOop:
 872       return "Non-zero based";
 873   }
 874 
 875   ShouldNotReachHere();
 876   return "";
 877 }
 878 
 879 
 880 Universe::NARROW_OOP_MODE Universe::narrow_oop_mode() {
 881   if (narrow_oop_base_disjoint()) {
 882     return DisjointBaseNarrowOop;
 883   }
 884 
 885   if (narrow_oop_base() != 0) {
 886     return HeapBasedNarrowOop;
 887   }
 888 
 889   if (narrow_oop_shift() != 0) {
 890     return ZeroBasedNarrowOop;
 891   }
 892 
 893   return UnscaledNarrowOop;
 894 }
 895 
 896 
 897 void universe2_init() {
 898   EXCEPTION_MARK;
 899   Universe::genesis(CATCH);
 900 }
 901 
 902 
 903 bool universe_post_init() {
 904   assert(!is_init_completed(), "Error: initialization not yet completed!");
 905   Universe::_fully_initialized = true;
 906   EXCEPTION_MARK;
 907   { ResourceMark rm;
 908     Interpreter::initialize();      // needed for interpreter entry points
 909     if (!UseSharedSpaces) {
 910       HandleMark hm(THREAD);
 911       KlassHandle ok_h(THREAD, SystemDictionary::Object_klass());
 912       Universe::reinitialize_vtable_of(ok_h, CHECK_false);
 913       Universe::reinitialize_itables(CHECK_false);
 914     }
 915   }
 916 
 917   HandleMark hm(THREAD);
 918   Klass* k;
 919   instanceKlassHandle k_h;
 920     // Setup preallocated empty java.lang.Class array
 921     Universe::_the_empty_class_klass_array = oopFactory::new_objArray(SystemDictionary::Class_klass(), 0, CHECK_false);
 922 
 923     // Setup preallocated OutOfMemoryError errors
 924     k = SystemDictionary::resolve_or_fail(vmSymbols::java_lang_OutOfMemoryError(), true, CHECK_false);
 925     k_h = instanceKlassHandle(THREAD, k);
 926     Universe::_out_of_memory_error_java_heap = k_h->allocate_instance(CHECK_false);
 927     Universe::_out_of_memory_error_metaspace = k_h->allocate_instance(CHECK_false);
 928     Universe::_out_of_memory_error_class_metaspace = k_h->allocate_instance(CHECK_false);
 929     Universe::_out_of_memory_error_array_size = k_h->allocate_instance(CHECK_false);
 930     Universe::_out_of_memory_error_gc_overhead_limit =
 931       k_h->allocate_instance(CHECK_false);
 932     Universe::_out_of_memory_error_realloc_objects = k_h->allocate_instance(CHECK_false);
 933 
 934     // Setup preallocated NullPointerException
 935     // (this is currently used for a cheap & dirty solution in compiler exception handling)
 936     k = SystemDictionary::resolve_or_fail(vmSymbols::java_lang_NullPointerException(), true, CHECK_false);
 937     Universe::_null_ptr_exception_instance = InstanceKlass::cast(k)->allocate_instance(CHECK_false);
 938     // Setup preallocated ArithmeticException
 939     // (this is currently used for a cheap & dirty solution in compiler exception handling)
 940     k = SystemDictionary::resolve_or_fail(vmSymbols::java_lang_ArithmeticException(), true, CHECK_false);
 941     Universe::_arithmetic_exception_instance = InstanceKlass::cast(k)->allocate_instance(CHECK_false);
 942     // Virtual Machine Error for when we get into a situation we can't resolve
 943     k = SystemDictionary::resolve_or_fail(
 944       vmSymbols::java_lang_VirtualMachineError(), true, CHECK_false);
 945     bool linked = InstanceKlass::cast(k)->link_class_or_fail(CHECK_false);
 946     if (!linked) {
 947       tty->print_cr("Unable to link/verify VirtualMachineError class");
 948       return false; // initialization failed
 949     }
 950     Universe::_virtual_machine_error_instance =
 951       InstanceKlass::cast(k)->allocate_instance(CHECK_false);
 952 
 953     Universe::_vm_exception = InstanceKlass::cast(k)->allocate_instance(CHECK_false);
 954 
 955   if (!DumpSharedSpaces) {
 956     // These are the only Java fields that are currently set during shared space dumping.
 957     // We prefer to not handle this generally, so we always reinitialize these detail messages.
 958     Handle msg = java_lang_String::create_from_str("Java heap space", CHECK_false);
 959     java_lang_Throwable::set_message(Universe::_out_of_memory_error_java_heap, msg());
 960 
 961     msg = java_lang_String::create_from_str("Metaspace", CHECK_false);
 962     java_lang_Throwable::set_message(Universe::_out_of_memory_error_metaspace, msg());
 963     msg = java_lang_String::create_from_str("Compressed class space", CHECK_false);
 964     java_lang_Throwable::set_message(Universe::_out_of_memory_error_class_metaspace, msg());
 965 
 966     msg = java_lang_String::create_from_str("Requested array size exceeds VM limit", CHECK_false);
 967     java_lang_Throwable::set_message(Universe::_out_of_memory_error_array_size, msg());
 968 
 969     msg = java_lang_String::create_from_str("GC overhead limit exceeded", CHECK_false);
 970     java_lang_Throwable::set_message(Universe::_out_of_memory_error_gc_overhead_limit, msg());
 971 
 972     msg = java_lang_String::create_from_str("Java heap space: failed reallocation of scalar replaced objects", CHECK_false);
 973     java_lang_Throwable::set_message(Universe::_out_of_memory_error_realloc_objects, msg());
 974 
 975     msg = java_lang_String::create_from_str("/ by zero", CHECK_false);
 976     java_lang_Throwable::set_message(Universe::_arithmetic_exception_instance, msg());
 977 
 978     // Setup the array of errors that have preallocated backtrace
 979     k = Universe::_out_of_memory_error_java_heap->klass();
 980     assert(k->name() == vmSymbols::java_lang_OutOfMemoryError(), "should be out of memory error");
 981     k_h = instanceKlassHandle(THREAD, k);
 982 
 983     int len = (StackTraceInThrowable) ? (int)PreallocatedOutOfMemoryErrorCount : 0;
 984     Universe::_preallocated_out_of_memory_error_array = oopFactory::new_objArray(k_h(), len, CHECK_false);
 985     for (int i=0; i<len; i++) {
 986       oop err = k_h->allocate_instance(CHECK_false);
 987       Handle err_h = Handle(THREAD, err);
 988       java_lang_Throwable::allocate_backtrace(err_h, CHECK_false);
 989       Universe::preallocated_out_of_memory_errors()->obj_at_put(i, err_h());
 990     }
 991     Universe::_preallocated_out_of_memory_error_avail_count = (jint)len;
 992   }
 993 
 994 
 995   // Setup static method for registering finalizers
 996   // The finalizer klass must be linked before looking up the method, in
 997   // case it needs to get rewritten.
 998   InstanceKlass::cast(SystemDictionary::Finalizer_klass())->link_class(CHECK_false);
 999   Method* m = InstanceKlass::cast(SystemDictionary::Finalizer_klass())->find_method(
1000                                   vmSymbols::register_method_name(),
1001                                   vmSymbols::register_method_signature());
1002   if (m == NULL || !m->is_static()) {
1003     tty->print_cr("Unable to link/verify Finalizer.register method");
1004     return false; // initialization failed (cannot throw exception yet)
1005   }
1006   Universe::_finalizer_register_cache->init(
1007     SystemDictionary::Finalizer_klass(), m);
1008 
1009   InstanceKlass::cast(SystemDictionary::misc_Unsafe_klass())->link_class(CHECK_false);
1010   m = InstanceKlass::cast(SystemDictionary::misc_Unsafe_klass())->find_method(
1011                                   vmSymbols::throwIllegalAccessError_name(),
1012                                   vmSymbols::void_method_signature());
1013   if (m != NULL && !m->is_static()) {
1014     // Note null is okay; this method is used in itables, and if it is null,
1015     // then AbstractMethodError is thrown instead.
1016     tty->print_cr("Unable to link/verify Unsafe.throwIllegalAccessError method");
1017     return false; // initialization failed (cannot throw exception yet)
1018   }
1019   Universe::_throw_illegal_access_error_cache->init(
1020     SystemDictionary::misc_Unsafe_klass(), m);
1021 
1022   // Setup method for registering loaded classes in class loader vector
1023   InstanceKlass::cast(SystemDictionary::ClassLoader_klass())->link_class(CHECK_false);
1024   m = InstanceKlass::cast(SystemDictionary::ClassLoader_klass())->find_method(vmSymbols::addClass_name(), vmSymbols::class_void_signature());
1025   if (m == NULL || m->is_static()) {
1026     tty->print_cr("Unable to link/verify ClassLoader.addClass method");
1027     return false; // initialization failed (cannot throw exception yet)
1028   }
1029   Universe::_loader_addClass_cache->init(
1030     SystemDictionary::ClassLoader_klass(), m);
1031 
1032   // Setup method for checking protection domain
1033   InstanceKlass::cast(SystemDictionary::ProtectionDomain_klass())->link_class(CHECK_false);
1034   m = InstanceKlass::cast(SystemDictionary::ProtectionDomain_klass())->
1035             find_method(vmSymbols::impliesCreateAccessControlContext_name(),
1036                         vmSymbols::void_boolean_signature());
1037   // Allow NULL which should only happen with bootstrapping.
1038   if (m != NULL) {
1039     if (m->is_static()) {
1040       // NoSuchMethodException doesn't actually work because it tries to run the
1041       // <init> function before java_lang_Class is linked. Print error and exit.
1042       tty->print_cr("ProtectionDomain.impliesCreateAccessControlContext() has the wrong linkage");
1043       return false; // initialization failed
1044     }
1045     Universe::_pd_implies_cache->init(
1046       SystemDictionary::ProtectionDomain_klass(), m);
1047   }
1048 
1049   // This needs to be done before the first scavenge/gc, since
1050   // it's an input to soft ref clearing policy.
1051   {
1052     MutexLocker x(Heap_lock);
1053     Universe::update_heap_info_at_gc();
1054   }
1055 
1056   // ("weak") refs processing infrastructure initialization
1057   Universe::heap()->post_initialize();
1058 
1059   // Initialize performance counters for metaspaces
1060   MetaspaceCounters::initialize_performance_counters();
1061   CompressedClassSpaceCounters::initialize_performance_counters();
1062 
1063   MemoryService::add_metaspace_memory_pools();
1064 
1065   MemoryService::set_universe_heap(Universe::heap());
1066 #if INCLUDE_CDS
1067   SharedClassUtil::initialize(CHECK_false);
1068 #endif
1069   return true;
1070 }
1071 
1072 
1073 void Universe::compute_base_vtable_size() {
1074   _base_vtable_size = ClassLoader::compute_Object_vtable();
1075 }
1076 
1077 
1078 void Universe::print() {
1079   print_on(gclog_or_tty);
1080 }
1081 
1082 void Universe::print_on(outputStream* st, bool extended) {
1083   st->print_cr("Heap");
1084   if (!extended) {
1085     heap()->print_on(st);
1086   } else {
1087     heap()->print_extended_on(st);
1088   }
1089 }
1090 
1091 void Universe::print_heap_at_SIGBREAK() {
1092   if (PrintHeapAtSIGBREAK) {
1093     MutexLocker hl(Heap_lock);
1094     print_on(tty);
1095     tty->cr();
1096     tty->flush();
1097   }
1098 }
1099 
1100 void Universe::print_heap_before_gc(outputStream* st, bool ignore_extended) {
1101   st->print_cr("{Heap before GC invocations=%u (full %u):",
1102                heap()->total_collections(),
1103                heap()->total_full_collections());
1104   if (!PrintHeapAtGCExtended || ignore_extended) {
1105     heap()->print_on(st);
1106   } else {
1107     heap()->print_extended_on(st);
1108   }
1109 }
1110 
1111 void Universe::print_heap_after_gc(outputStream* st, bool ignore_extended) {
1112   st->print_cr("Heap after GC invocations=%u (full %u):",
1113                heap()->total_collections(),
1114                heap()->total_full_collections());
1115   if (!PrintHeapAtGCExtended || ignore_extended) {
1116     heap()->print_on(st);
1117   } else {
1118     heap()->print_extended_on(st);
1119   }
1120   st->print_cr("}");
1121 }
1122 
1123 void Universe::verify(VerifyOption option, const char* prefix, bool silent) {
1124   // The use of _verify_in_progress is a temporary work around for
1125   // 6320749.  Don't bother with a creating a class to set and clear
1126   // it since it is only used in this method and the control flow is
1127   // straight forward.
1128   _verify_in_progress = true;
1129 
1130   COMPILER2_PRESENT(
1131     assert(!DerivedPointerTable::is_active(),
1132          "DPT should not be active during verification "
1133          "(of thread stacks below)");
1134   )
1135 
1136   ResourceMark rm;
1137   HandleMark hm;  // Handles created during verification can be zapped
1138   _verify_count++;
1139 
1140   if (!silent) gclog_or_tty->print("%s", prefix);
1141   if (!silent) gclog_or_tty->print("[Verifying ");
1142   if (!silent) gclog_or_tty->print("threads ");
1143   Threads::verify();
1144   if (!silent) gclog_or_tty->print("heap ");
1145   heap()->verify(silent, option);
1146   if (!silent) gclog_or_tty->print("syms ");
1147   SymbolTable::verify();
1148   if (!silent) gclog_or_tty->print("strs ");
1149   StringTable::verify();
1150   {
1151     MutexLockerEx mu(CodeCache_lock, Mutex::_no_safepoint_check_flag);
1152     if (!silent) gclog_or_tty->print("zone ");
1153     CodeCache::verify();
1154   }
1155   if (!silent) gclog_or_tty->print("dict ");
1156   SystemDictionary::verify();
1157 #ifndef PRODUCT
1158   if (!silent) gclog_or_tty->print("cldg ");
1159   ClassLoaderDataGraph::verify();
1160 #endif
1161   if (!silent) gclog_or_tty->print("metaspace chunks ");
1162   MetaspaceAux::verify_free_chunks();
1163   if (!silent) gclog_or_tty->print("hand ");
1164   JNIHandles::verify();
1165   if (!silent) gclog_or_tty->print("C-heap ");
1166   os::check_heap();
1167   if (!silent) gclog_or_tty->print("code cache ");
1168   CodeCache::verify_oops();
1169   if (!silent) gclog_or_tty->print_cr("]");
1170 
1171   _verify_in_progress = false;
1172 }
1173 
1174 // Oop verification (see MacroAssembler::verify_oop)
1175 
1176 static uintptr_t _verify_oop_data[2]   = {0, (uintptr_t)-1};
1177 static uintptr_t _verify_klass_data[2] = {0, (uintptr_t)-1};
1178 
1179 
1180 #ifndef PRODUCT
1181 
1182 static void calculate_verify_data(uintptr_t verify_data[2],
1183                                   HeapWord* low_boundary,
1184                                   HeapWord* high_boundary) {
1185   assert(low_boundary < high_boundary, "bad interval");
1186 
1187   // decide which low-order bits we require to be clear:
1188   size_t alignSize = MinObjAlignmentInBytes;
1189   size_t min_object_size = CollectedHeap::min_fill_size();
1190 
1191   // make an inclusive limit:
1192   uintptr_t max = (uintptr_t)high_boundary - min_object_size*wordSize;
1193   uintptr_t min = (uintptr_t)low_boundary;
1194   assert(min < max, "bad interval");
1195   uintptr_t diff = max ^ min;
1196 
1197   // throw away enough low-order bits to make the diff vanish
1198   uintptr_t mask = (uintptr_t)(-1);
1199   while ((mask & diff) != 0)
1200     mask <<= 1;
1201   uintptr_t bits = (min & mask);
1202   assert(bits == (max & mask), "correct mask");
1203   // check an intermediate value between min and max, just to make sure:
1204   assert(bits == ((min + (max-min)/2) & mask), "correct mask");
1205 
1206   // require address alignment, too:
1207   mask |= (alignSize - 1);
1208 
1209   if (!(verify_data[0] == 0 && verify_data[1] == (uintptr_t)-1)) {
1210     assert(verify_data[0] == mask && verify_data[1] == bits, "mask stability");
1211   }
1212   verify_data[0] = mask;
1213   verify_data[1] = bits;
1214 }
1215 
1216 // Oop verification (see MacroAssembler::verify_oop)
1217 
1218 uintptr_t Universe::verify_oop_mask() {
1219   MemRegion m = heap()->reserved_region();
1220   calculate_verify_data(_verify_oop_data,
1221                         m.start(),
1222                         m.end());
1223   return _verify_oop_data[0];
1224 }
1225 
1226 
1227 
1228 uintptr_t Universe::verify_oop_bits() {
1229   verify_oop_mask();
1230   return _verify_oop_data[1];
1231 }
1232 
1233 uintptr_t Universe::verify_mark_mask() {
1234   return markOopDesc::lock_mask_in_place;
1235 }
1236 
1237 uintptr_t Universe::verify_mark_bits() {
1238   intptr_t mask = verify_mark_mask();
1239   intptr_t bits = (intptr_t)markOopDesc::prototype();
1240   assert((bits & ~mask) == 0, "no stray header bits");
1241   return bits;
1242 }
1243 #endif // PRODUCT
1244 
1245 
1246 void Universe::compute_verify_oop_data() {
1247   verify_oop_mask();
1248   verify_oop_bits();
1249   verify_mark_mask();
1250   verify_mark_bits();
1251 }
1252 
1253 
1254 void LatestMethodCache::init(Klass* k, Method* m) {
1255   if (!UseSharedSpaces) {
1256     _klass = k;
1257   }
1258 #ifndef PRODUCT
1259   else {
1260     // sharing initilization should have already set up _klass
1261     assert(_klass != NULL, "just checking");
1262   }
1263 #endif
1264 
1265   _method_idnum = m->method_idnum();
1266   assert(_method_idnum >= 0, "sanity check");
1267 }
1268 
1269 
1270 Method* LatestMethodCache::get_method() {
1271   if (klass() == NULL) return NULL;
1272   InstanceKlass* ik = InstanceKlass::cast(klass());
1273   Method* m = ik->method_with_idnum(method_idnum());
1274   assert(m != NULL, "sanity check");
1275   return m;
1276 }
1277 
1278 
1279 #ifdef ASSERT
1280 // Release dummy object(s) at bottom of heap
1281 bool Universe::release_fullgc_alot_dummy() {
1282   MutexLocker ml(FullGCALot_lock);
1283   if (_fullgc_alot_dummy_array != NULL) {
1284     if (_fullgc_alot_dummy_next >= _fullgc_alot_dummy_array->length()) {
1285       // No more dummies to release, release entire array instead
1286       _fullgc_alot_dummy_array = NULL;
1287       return false;
1288     }
1289     if (!UseConcMarkSweepGC) {
1290       // Release dummy at bottom of old generation
1291       _fullgc_alot_dummy_array->obj_at_put(_fullgc_alot_dummy_next++, NULL);
1292     }
1293     // Release dummy at bottom of permanent generation
1294     _fullgc_alot_dummy_array->obj_at_put(_fullgc_alot_dummy_next++, NULL);
1295   }
1296   return true;
1297 }
1298 
1299 #endif // ASSERT