1 /*
   2  * Copyright (c) 1997, 2015, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.
   3  * DO NOT ALTER OR REMOVE COPYRIGHT NOTICES OR THIS FILE HEADER.
   4  *
   5  * This code is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
   6  * under the terms of the GNU General Public License version 2 only, as
   7  * published by the Free Software Foundation.
   8  *
   9  * This code is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT
  10  * ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or
  11  * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the GNU General Public License
  12  * version 2 for more details (a copy is included in the LICENSE file that
  13  * accompanied this code).
  14  *
  15  * You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License version
  16  * 2 along with this work; if not, write to the Free Software Foundation,
  17  * Inc., 51 Franklin St, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA 02110-1301 USA.
  18  *
  19  * Please contact Oracle, 500 Oracle Parkway, Redwood Shores, CA 94065 USA
  20  * or visit www.oracle.com if you need additional information or have any
  21  * questions.
  22  *
  23  */
  24 
  25 #include "precompiled.hpp"
  26 #include "classfile/classLoader.hpp"
  27 #include "classfile/classLoaderData.hpp"
  28 #include "classfile/javaClasses.hpp"
  29 #include "classfile/stringTable.hpp"
  30 #include "classfile/systemDictionary.hpp"
  31 #include "classfile/vmSymbols.hpp"
  32 #include "code/codeCache.hpp"
  33 #include "code/dependencies.hpp"
  34 #include "gc/shared/cardTableModRefBS.hpp"
  35 #include "gc/shared/collectedHeap.inline.hpp"
  36 #include "gc/shared/gcLocker.inline.hpp"
  37 #include "gc/shared/genCollectedHeap.hpp"
  38 #include "gc/shared/generation.hpp"
  39 #include "gc/shared/space.hpp"
  40 #include "interpreter/interpreter.hpp"
  41 #include "memory/filemap.hpp"
  42 #include "memory/metadataFactory.hpp"
  43 #include "memory/metaspaceShared.hpp"
  44 #include "memory/oopFactory.hpp"
  45 #include "memory/universe.hpp"
  46 #include "memory/universe.inline.hpp"
  47 #include "oops/constantPool.hpp"
  48 #include "oops/instanceClassLoaderKlass.hpp"
  49 #include "oops/instanceKlass.hpp"
  50 #include "oops/instanceMirrorKlass.hpp"
  51 #include "oops/instanceRefKlass.hpp"
  52 #include "oops/objArrayOop.inline.hpp"
  53 #include "oops/oop.inline.hpp"
  54 #include "oops/typeArrayKlass.hpp"
  55 #include "prims/jvmtiRedefineClassesTrace.hpp"
  56 #include "runtime/arguments.hpp"
  57 #include "runtime/atomic.inline.hpp"
  58 #include "runtime/commandLineFlagConstraintList.hpp"
  59 #include "runtime/deoptimization.hpp"
  60 #include "runtime/fprofiler.hpp"
  61 #include "runtime/handles.inline.hpp"
  62 #include "runtime/init.hpp"
  63 #include "runtime/java.hpp"
  64 #include "runtime/javaCalls.hpp"
  65 #include "runtime/sharedRuntime.hpp"
  66 #include "runtime/synchronizer.hpp"
  67 #include "runtime/thread.inline.hpp"
  68 #include "runtime/timer.hpp"
  69 #include "runtime/vm_operations.hpp"
  70 #include "services/memoryService.hpp"
  71 #include "utilities/copy.hpp"
  72 #include "utilities/events.hpp"
  73 #include "utilities/hashtable.inline.hpp"
  74 #include "utilities/macros.hpp"
  75 #include "utilities/preserveException.hpp"
  76 #if INCLUDE_ALL_GCS
  77 #include "gc/cms/cmsCollectorPolicy.hpp"
  78 #include "gc/g1/g1CollectedHeap.inline.hpp"
  79 #include "gc/g1/g1CollectorPolicy.hpp"
  80 #include "gc/parallel/parallelScavengeHeap.hpp"
  81 #include "gc/shared/adaptiveSizePolicy.hpp"
  82 #endif // INCLUDE_ALL_GCS
  83 #if INCLUDE_CDS
  84 #include "classfile/sharedClassUtil.hpp"
  85 #endif
  86 
  87 // Known objects
  88 Klass* Universe::_boolArrayKlassObj                 = NULL;
  89 Klass* Universe::_byteArrayKlassObj                 = NULL;
  90 Klass* Universe::_charArrayKlassObj                 = NULL;
  91 Klass* Universe::_intArrayKlassObj                  = NULL;
  92 Klass* Universe::_shortArrayKlassObj                = NULL;
  93 Klass* Universe::_longArrayKlassObj                 = NULL;
  94 Klass* Universe::_singleArrayKlassObj               = NULL;
  95 Klass* Universe::_doubleArrayKlassObj               = NULL;
  96 Klass* Universe::_typeArrayKlassObjs[T_VOID+1]      = { NULL /*, NULL...*/ };
  97 Klass* Universe::_objectArrayKlassObj               = NULL;
  98 oop Universe::_int_mirror                             = NULL;
  99 oop Universe::_float_mirror                           = NULL;
 100 oop Universe::_double_mirror                          = NULL;
 101 oop Universe::_byte_mirror                            = NULL;
 102 oop Universe::_bool_mirror                            = NULL;
 103 oop Universe::_char_mirror                            = NULL;
 104 oop Universe::_long_mirror                            = NULL;
 105 oop Universe::_short_mirror                           = NULL;
 106 oop Universe::_void_mirror                            = NULL;
 107 oop Universe::_mirrors[T_VOID+1]                      = { NULL /*, NULL...*/ };
 108 oop Universe::_main_thread_group                      = NULL;
 109 oop Universe::_system_thread_group                    = NULL;
 110 objArrayOop Universe::_the_empty_class_klass_array    = NULL;
 111 Array<Klass*>* Universe::_the_array_interfaces_array = NULL;
 112 oop Universe::_the_null_string                        = NULL;
 113 oop Universe::_the_min_jint_string                   = NULL;
 114 LatestMethodCache* Universe::_finalizer_register_cache = NULL;
 115 LatestMethodCache* Universe::_loader_addClass_cache    = NULL;
 116 LatestMethodCache* Universe::_pd_implies_cache         = NULL;
 117 LatestMethodCache* Universe::_throw_illegal_access_error_cache = NULL;
 118 oop Universe::_out_of_memory_error_java_heap          = NULL;
 119 oop Universe::_out_of_memory_error_metaspace          = NULL;
 120 oop Universe::_out_of_memory_error_class_metaspace    = NULL;
 121 oop Universe::_out_of_memory_error_array_size         = NULL;
 122 oop Universe::_out_of_memory_error_gc_overhead_limit  = NULL;
 123 oop Universe::_out_of_memory_error_realloc_objects    = NULL;
 124 objArrayOop Universe::_preallocated_out_of_memory_error_array = NULL;
 125 volatile jint Universe::_preallocated_out_of_memory_error_avail_count = 0;
 126 bool Universe::_verify_in_progress                    = false;
 127 oop Universe::_null_ptr_exception_instance            = NULL;
 128 oop Universe::_arithmetic_exception_instance          = NULL;
 129 oop Universe::_virtual_machine_error_instance         = NULL;
 130 oop Universe::_vm_exception                           = NULL;
 131 oop Universe::_allocation_context_notification_obj    = NULL;
 132 
 133 Array<int>* Universe::_the_empty_int_array            = NULL;
 134 Array<u2>* Universe::_the_empty_short_array           = NULL;
 135 Array<Klass*>* Universe::_the_empty_klass_array     = NULL;
 136 Array<Method*>* Universe::_the_empty_method_array   = NULL;
 137 
 138 // These variables are guarded by FullGCALot_lock.
 139 debug_only(objArrayOop Universe::_fullgc_alot_dummy_array = NULL;)
 140 debug_only(int Universe::_fullgc_alot_dummy_next      = 0;)
 141 
 142 // Heap
 143 int             Universe::_verify_count = 0;
 144 
 145 // Oop verification (see MacroAssembler::verify_oop)
 146 uintptr_t       Universe::_verify_oop_mask = 0;
 147 uintptr_t       Universe::_verify_oop_bits = (uintptr_t) -1;
 148 
 149 int             Universe::_base_vtable_size = 0;
 150 bool            Universe::_bootstrapping = false;
 151 bool            Universe::_fully_initialized = false;
 152 
 153 size_t          Universe::_heap_capacity_at_last_gc;
 154 size_t          Universe::_heap_used_at_last_gc = 0;
 155 
 156 CollectedHeap*  Universe::_collectedHeap = NULL;
 157 
 158 NarrowPtrStruct Universe::_narrow_oop = { NULL, 0, true };
 159 NarrowPtrStruct Universe::_narrow_klass = { NULL, 0, true };
 160 address Universe::_narrow_ptrs_base;
 161 
 162 void Universe::basic_type_classes_do(void f(Klass*)) {
 163   f(boolArrayKlassObj());
 164   f(byteArrayKlassObj());
 165   f(charArrayKlassObj());
 166   f(intArrayKlassObj());
 167   f(shortArrayKlassObj());
 168   f(longArrayKlassObj());
 169   f(singleArrayKlassObj());
 170   f(doubleArrayKlassObj());
 171 }
 172 
 173 void Universe::oops_do(OopClosure* f, bool do_all) {
 174 
 175   f->do_oop((oop*) &_int_mirror);
 176   f->do_oop((oop*) &_float_mirror);
 177   f->do_oop((oop*) &_double_mirror);
 178   f->do_oop((oop*) &_byte_mirror);
 179   f->do_oop((oop*) &_bool_mirror);
 180   f->do_oop((oop*) &_char_mirror);
 181   f->do_oop((oop*) &_long_mirror);
 182   f->do_oop((oop*) &_short_mirror);
 183   f->do_oop((oop*) &_void_mirror);
 184 
 185   for (int i = T_BOOLEAN; i < T_VOID+1; i++) {
 186     f->do_oop((oop*) &_mirrors[i]);
 187   }
 188   assert(_mirrors[0] == NULL && _mirrors[T_BOOLEAN - 1] == NULL, "checking");
 189 
 190   f->do_oop((oop*)&_the_empty_class_klass_array);
 191   f->do_oop((oop*)&_the_null_string);
 192   f->do_oop((oop*)&_the_min_jint_string);
 193   f->do_oop((oop*)&_out_of_memory_error_java_heap);
 194   f->do_oop((oop*)&_out_of_memory_error_metaspace);
 195   f->do_oop((oop*)&_out_of_memory_error_class_metaspace);
 196   f->do_oop((oop*)&_out_of_memory_error_array_size);
 197   f->do_oop((oop*)&_out_of_memory_error_gc_overhead_limit);
 198   f->do_oop((oop*)&_out_of_memory_error_realloc_objects);
 199     f->do_oop((oop*)&_preallocated_out_of_memory_error_array);
 200   f->do_oop((oop*)&_null_ptr_exception_instance);
 201   f->do_oop((oop*)&_arithmetic_exception_instance);
 202   f->do_oop((oop*)&_virtual_machine_error_instance);
 203   f->do_oop((oop*)&_main_thread_group);
 204   f->do_oop((oop*)&_system_thread_group);
 205   f->do_oop((oop*)&_vm_exception);
 206   f->do_oop((oop*)&_allocation_context_notification_obj);
 207   debug_only(f->do_oop((oop*)&_fullgc_alot_dummy_array);)
 208 }
 209 
 210 // Serialize metadata in and out of CDS archive, not oops.
 211 void Universe::serialize(SerializeClosure* f, bool do_all) {
 212 
 213   f->do_ptr((void**)&_boolArrayKlassObj);
 214   f->do_ptr((void**)&_byteArrayKlassObj);
 215   f->do_ptr((void**)&_charArrayKlassObj);
 216   f->do_ptr((void**)&_intArrayKlassObj);
 217   f->do_ptr((void**)&_shortArrayKlassObj);
 218   f->do_ptr((void**)&_longArrayKlassObj);
 219   f->do_ptr((void**)&_singleArrayKlassObj);
 220   f->do_ptr((void**)&_doubleArrayKlassObj);
 221   f->do_ptr((void**)&_objectArrayKlassObj);
 222 
 223   {
 224     for (int i = 0; i < T_VOID+1; i++) {
 225       if (_typeArrayKlassObjs[i] != NULL) {
 226         assert(i >= T_BOOLEAN, "checking");
 227         f->do_ptr((void**)&_typeArrayKlassObjs[i]);
 228       } else if (do_all) {
 229         f->do_ptr((void**)&_typeArrayKlassObjs[i]);
 230       }
 231     }
 232   }
 233 
 234   f->do_ptr((void**)&_the_array_interfaces_array);
 235   f->do_ptr((void**)&_the_empty_int_array);
 236   f->do_ptr((void**)&_the_empty_short_array);
 237   f->do_ptr((void**)&_the_empty_method_array);
 238   f->do_ptr((void**)&_the_empty_klass_array);
 239   _finalizer_register_cache->serialize(f);
 240   _loader_addClass_cache->serialize(f);
 241   _pd_implies_cache->serialize(f);
 242   _throw_illegal_access_error_cache->serialize(f);
 243 }
 244 
 245 void Universe::check_alignment(uintx size, uintx alignment, const char* name) {
 246   if (size < alignment || size % alignment != 0) {
 247     vm_exit_during_initialization(
 248       err_msg("Size of %s (" UINTX_FORMAT " bytes) must be aligned to " UINTX_FORMAT " bytes", name, size, alignment));
 249   }
 250 }
 251 
 252 void initialize_basic_type_klass(Klass* k, TRAPS) {
 253   Klass* ok = SystemDictionary::Object_klass();
 254   if (UseSharedSpaces) {
 255     ClassLoaderData* loader_data = ClassLoaderData::the_null_class_loader_data();
 256     assert(k->super() == ok, "u3");
 257     k->restore_unshareable_info(loader_data, Handle(), CHECK);
 258   } else {
 259     k->initialize_supers(ok, CHECK);
 260   }
 261   k->append_to_sibling_list();
 262 }
 263 
 264 void Universe::genesis(TRAPS) {
 265   ResourceMark rm;
 266 
 267   { FlagSetting fs(_bootstrapping, true);
 268 
 269     { MutexLocker mc(Compile_lock);
 270 
 271       // determine base vtable size; without that we cannot create the array klasses
 272       compute_base_vtable_size();
 273 
 274       if (!UseSharedSpaces) {
 275         _boolArrayKlassObj      = TypeArrayKlass::create_klass(T_BOOLEAN, sizeof(jboolean), CHECK);
 276         _charArrayKlassObj      = TypeArrayKlass::create_klass(T_CHAR,    sizeof(jchar),    CHECK);
 277         _singleArrayKlassObj    = TypeArrayKlass::create_klass(T_FLOAT,   sizeof(jfloat),   CHECK);
 278         _doubleArrayKlassObj    = TypeArrayKlass::create_klass(T_DOUBLE,  sizeof(jdouble),  CHECK);
 279         _byteArrayKlassObj      = TypeArrayKlass::create_klass(T_BYTE,    sizeof(jbyte),    CHECK);
 280         _shortArrayKlassObj     = TypeArrayKlass::create_klass(T_SHORT,   sizeof(jshort),   CHECK);
 281         _intArrayKlassObj       = TypeArrayKlass::create_klass(T_INT,     sizeof(jint),     CHECK);
 282         _longArrayKlassObj      = TypeArrayKlass::create_klass(T_LONG,    sizeof(jlong),    CHECK);
 283 
 284         _typeArrayKlassObjs[T_BOOLEAN] = _boolArrayKlassObj;
 285         _typeArrayKlassObjs[T_CHAR]    = _charArrayKlassObj;
 286         _typeArrayKlassObjs[T_FLOAT]   = _singleArrayKlassObj;
 287         _typeArrayKlassObjs[T_DOUBLE]  = _doubleArrayKlassObj;
 288         _typeArrayKlassObjs[T_BYTE]    = _byteArrayKlassObj;
 289         _typeArrayKlassObjs[T_SHORT]   = _shortArrayKlassObj;
 290         _typeArrayKlassObjs[T_INT]     = _intArrayKlassObj;
 291         _typeArrayKlassObjs[T_LONG]    = _longArrayKlassObj;
 292 
 293         ClassLoaderData* null_cld = ClassLoaderData::the_null_class_loader_data();
 294 
 295         _the_array_interfaces_array = MetadataFactory::new_array<Klass*>(null_cld, 2, NULL, CHECK);
 296         _the_empty_int_array        = MetadataFactory::new_array<int>(null_cld, 0, CHECK);
 297         _the_empty_short_array      = MetadataFactory::new_array<u2>(null_cld, 0, CHECK);
 298         _the_empty_method_array     = MetadataFactory::new_array<Method*>(null_cld, 0, CHECK);
 299         _the_empty_klass_array      = MetadataFactory::new_array<Klass*>(null_cld, 0, CHECK);
 300       }
 301     }
 302 
 303     vmSymbols::initialize(CHECK);
 304 
 305     SystemDictionary::initialize(CHECK);
 306 
 307     Klass* ok = SystemDictionary::Object_klass();
 308 
 309     _the_null_string            = StringTable::intern("null", CHECK);
 310     _the_min_jint_string       = StringTable::intern("-2147483648", CHECK);
 311 
 312     if (UseSharedSpaces) {
 313       // Verify shared interfaces array.
 314       assert(_the_array_interfaces_array->at(0) ==
 315              SystemDictionary::Cloneable_klass(), "u3");
 316       assert(_the_array_interfaces_array->at(1) ==
 317              SystemDictionary::Serializable_klass(), "u3");
 318       MetaspaceShared::fixup_shared_string_regions();
 319     } else {
 320       // Set up shared interfaces array.  (Do this before supers are set up.)
 321       _the_array_interfaces_array->at_put(0, SystemDictionary::Cloneable_klass());
 322       _the_array_interfaces_array->at_put(1, SystemDictionary::Serializable_klass());
 323     }
 324 
 325     initialize_basic_type_klass(boolArrayKlassObj(), CHECK);
 326     initialize_basic_type_klass(charArrayKlassObj(), CHECK);
 327     initialize_basic_type_klass(singleArrayKlassObj(), CHECK);
 328     initialize_basic_type_klass(doubleArrayKlassObj(), CHECK);
 329     initialize_basic_type_klass(byteArrayKlassObj(), CHECK);
 330     initialize_basic_type_klass(shortArrayKlassObj(), CHECK);
 331     initialize_basic_type_klass(intArrayKlassObj(), CHECK);
 332     initialize_basic_type_klass(longArrayKlassObj(), CHECK);
 333   } // end of core bootstrapping
 334 
 335   // Maybe this could be lifted up now that object array can be initialized
 336   // during the bootstrapping.
 337 
 338   // OLD
 339   // Initialize _objectArrayKlass after core bootstraping to make
 340   // sure the super class is set up properly for _objectArrayKlass.
 341   // ---
 342   // NEW
 343   // Since some of the old system object arrays have been converted to
 344   // ordinary object arrays, _objectArrayKlass will be loaded when
 345   // SystemDictionary::initialize(CHECK); is run. See the extra check
 346   // for Object_klass_loaded in objArrayKlassKlass::allocate_objArray_klass_impl.
 347   _objectArrayKlassObj = InstanceKlass::
 348     cast(SystemDictionary::Object_klass())->array_klass(1, CHECK);
 349   // OLD
 350   // Add the class to the class hierarchy manually to make sure that
 351   // its vtable is initialized after core bootstrapping is completed.
 352   // ---
 353   // New
 354   // Have already been initialized.
 355   _objectArrayKlassObj->append_to_sibling_list();
 356 
 357   // Compute is_jdk version flags.
 358   // Only 1.3 or later has the java.lang.Shutdown class.
 359   // Only 1.4 or later has the java.lang.CharSequence interface.
 360   // Only 1.5 or later has the java.lang.management.MemoryUsage class.
 361   if (JDK_Version::is_partially_initialized()) {
 362     uint8_t jdk_version;
 363     Klass* k = SystemDictionary::resolve_or_null(
 364         vmSymbols::java_lang_management_MemoryUsage(), THREAD);
 365     CLEAR_PENDING_EXCEPTION; // ignore exceptions
 366     if (k == NULL) {
 367       k = SystemDictionary::resolve_or_null(
 368           vmSymbols::java_lang_CharSequence(), THREAD);
 369       CLEAR_PENDING_EXCEPTION; // ignore exceptions
 370       if (k == NULL) {
 371         k = SystemDictionary::resolve_or_null(
 372             vmSymbols::java_lang_Shutdown(), THREAD);
 373         CLEAR_PENDING_EXCEPTION; // ignore exceptions
 374         if (k == NULL) {
 375           jdk_version = 2;
 376         } else {
 377           jdk_version = 3;
 378         }
 379       } else {
 380         jdk_version = 4;
 381       }
 382     } else {
 383       jdk_version = 5;
 384     }
 385     JDK_Version::fully_initialize(jdk_version);
 386   }
 387 
 388   #ifdef ASSERT
 389   if (FullGCALot) {
 390     // Allocate an array of dummy objects.
 391     // We'd like these to be at the bottom of the old generation,
 392     // so that when we free one and then collect,
 393     // (almost) the whole heap moves
 394     // and we find out if we actually update all the oops correctly.
 395     // But we can't allocate directly in the old generation,
 396     // so we allocate wherever, and hope that the first collection
 397     // moves these objects to the bottom of the old generation.
 398     // We can allocate directly in the permanent generation, so we do.
 399     int size;
 400     if (UseConcMarkSweepGC) {
 401       warning("Using +FullGCALot with concurrent mark sweep gc "
 402               "will not force all objects to relocate");
 403       size = FullGCALotDummies;
 404     } else {
 405       size = FullGCALotDummies * 2;
 406     }
 407     objArrayOop    naked_array = oopFactory::new_objArray(SystemDictionary::Object_klass(), size, CHECK);
 408     objArrayHandle dummy_array(THREAD, naked_array);
 409     int i = 0;
 410     while (i < size) {
 411         // Allocate dummy in old generation
 412       oop dummy = InstanceKlass::cast(SystemDictionary::Object_klass())->allocate_instance(CHECK);
 413       dummy_array->obj_at_put(i++, dummy);
 414     }
 415     {
 416       // Only modify the global variable inside the mutex.
 417       // If we had a race to here, the other dummy_array instances
 418       // and their elements just get dropped on the floor, which is fine.
 419       MutexLocker ml(FullGCALot_lock);
 420       if (_fullgc_alot_dummy_array == NULL) {
 421         _fullgc_alot_dummy_array = dummy_array();
 422       }
 423     }
 424     assert(i == _fullgc_alot_dummy_array->length(), "just checking");
 425   }
 426   #endif
 427 
 428   // Initialize dependency array for null class loader
 429   ClassLoaderData::the_null_class_loader_data()->init_dependencies(CHECK);
 430 
 431 }
 432 
 433 // CDS support for patching vtables in metadata in the shared archive.
 434 // All types inherited from Metadata have vtables, but not types inherited
 435 // from MetaspaceObj, because the latter does not have virtual functions.
 436 // If the metadata type has a vtable, it cannot be shared in the read-only
 437 // section of the CDS archive, because the vtable pointer is patched.
 438 static inline void add_vtable(void** list, int* n, void* o, int count) {
 439   guarantee((*n) < count, "vtable list too small");
 440   void* vtable = dereference_vptr(o);
 441   assert(*(void**)(vtable) != NULL, "invalid vtable");
 442   list[(*n)++] = vtable;
 443 }
 444 
 445 void Universe::init_self_patching_vtbl_list(void** list, int count) {
 446   int n = 0;
 447   { InstanceKlass o;          add_vtable(list, &n, &o, count); }
 448   { InstanceClassLoaderKlass o; add_vtable(list, &n, &o, count); }
 449   { InstanceMirrorKlass o;    add_vtable(list, &n, &o, count); }
 450   { InstanceRefKlass o;       add_vtable(list, &n, &o, count); }
 451   { TypeArrayKlass o;         add_vtable(list, &n, &o, count); }
 452   { ObjArrayKlass o;          add_vtable(list, &n, &o, count); }
 453   { Method o;                 add_vtable(list, &n, &o, count); }
 454   { ConstantPool o;           add_vtable(list, &n, &o, count); }
 455 }
 456 
 457 void Universe::initialize_basic_type_mirrors(TRAPS) {
 458     assert(_int_mirror==NULL, "basic type mirrors already initialized");
 459     _int_mirror     =
 460       java_lang_Class::create_basic_type_mirror("int",    T_INT, CHECK);
 461     _float_mirror   =
 462       java_lang_Class::create_basic_type_mirror("float",  T_FLOAT,   CHECK);
 463     _double_mirror  =
 464       java_lang_Class::create_basic_type_mirror("double", T_DOUBLE,  CHECK);
 465     _byte_mirror    =
 466       java_lang_Class::create_basic_type_mirror("byte",   T_BYTE, CHECK);
 467     _bool_mirror    =
 468       java_lang_Class::create_basic_type_mirror("boolean",T_BOOLEAN, CHECK);
 469     _char_mirror    =
 470       java_lang_Class::create_basic_type_mirror("char",   T_CHAR, CHECK);
 471     _long_mirror    =
 472       java_lang_Class::create_basic_type_mirror("long",   T_LONG, CHECK);
 473     _short_mirror   =
 474       java_lang_Class::create_basic_type_mirror("short",  T_SHORT,   CHECK);
 475     _void_mirror    =
 476       java_lang_Class::create_basic_type_mirror("void",   T_VOID, CHECK);
 477 
 478     _mirrors[T_INT]     = _int_mirror;
 479     _mirrors[T_FLOAT]   = _float_mirror;
 480     _mirrors[T_DOUBLE]  = _double_mirror;
 481     _mirrors[T_BYTE]    = _byte_mirror;
 482     _mirrors[T_BOOLEAN] = _bool_mirror;
 483     _mirrors[T_CHAR]    = _char_mirror;
 484     _mirrors[T_LONG]    = _long_mirror;
 485     _mirrors[T_SHORT]   = _short_mirror;
 486     _mirrors[T_VOID]    = _void_mirror;
 487   //_mirrors[T_OBJECT]  = InstanceKlass::cast(_object_klass)->java_mirror();
 488   //_mirrors[T_ARRAY]   = InstanceKlass::cast(_object_klass)->java_mirror();
 489 }
 490 
 491 void Universe::fixup_mirrors(TRAPS) {
 492   // Bootstrap problem: all classes gets a mirror (java.lang.Class instance) assigned eagerly,
 493   // but we cannot do that for classes created before java.lang.Class is loaded. Here we simply
 494   // walk over permanent objects created so far (mostly classes) and fixup their mirrors. Note
 495   // that the number of objects allocated at this point is very small.
 496   assert(SystemDictionary::Class_klass_loaded(), "java.lang.Class should be loaded");
 497   HandleMark hm(THREAD);
 498   // Cache the start of the static fields
 499   InstanceMirrorKlass::init_offset_of_static_fields();
 500 
 501   GrowableArray <Klass*>* list = java_lang_Class::fixup_mirror_list();
 502   int list_length = list->length();
 503   for (int i = 0; i < list_length; i++) {
 504     Klass* k = list->at(i);
 505     assert(k->is_klass(), "List should only hold classes");
 506     EXCEPTION_MARK;
 507     KlassHandle kh(THREAD, k);
 508     java_lang_Class::fixup_mirror(kh, CATCH);
 509 }
 510   delete java_lang_Class::fixup_mirror_list();
 511   java_lang_Class::set_fixup_mirror_list(NULL);
 512 }
 513 
 514 static bool has_run_finalizers_on_exit = false;
 515 
 516 void Universe::run_finalizers_on_exit() {
 517   if (has_run_finalizers_on_exit) return;
 518   has_run_finalizers_on_exit = true;
 519 
 520   // Called on VM exit. This ought to be run in a separate thread.
 521   if (TraceReferenceGC) tty->print_cr("Callback to run finalizers on exit");
 522   {
 523     PRESERVE_EXCEPTION_MARK;
 524     KlassHandle finalizer_klass(THREAD, SystemDictionary::Finalizer_klass());
 525     JavaValue result(T_VOID);
 526     JavaCalls::call_static(
 527       &result,
 528       finalizer_klass,
 529       vmSymbols::run_finalizers_on_exit_name(),
 530       vmSymbols::void_method_signature(),
 531       THREAD
 532     );
 533     // Ignore any pending exceptions
 534     CLEAR_PENDING_EXCEPTION;
 535   }
 536 }
 537 
 538 
 539 // initialize_vtable could cause gc if
 540 // 1) we specified true to initialize_vtable and
 541 // 2) this ran after gc was enabled
 542 // In case those ever change we use handles for oops
 543 void Universe::reinitialize_vtable_of(KlassHandle k_h, TRAPS) {
 544   // init vtable of k and all subclasses
 545   Klass* ko = k_h();
 546   klassVtable* vt = ko->vtable();
 547   if (vt) vt->initialize_vtable(false, CHECK);
 548   if (ko->oop_is_instance()) {
 549     InstanceKlass* ik = (InstanceKlass*)ko;
 550     for (KlassHandle s_h(THREAD, ik->subklass());
 551          s_h() != NULL;
 552          s_h = KlassHandle(THREAD, s_h()->next_sibling())) {
 553       reinitialize_vtable_of(s_h, CHECK);
 554     }
 555   }
 556 }
 557 
 558 
 559 void initialize_itable_for_klass(Klass* k, TRAPS) {
 560   InstanceKlass::cast(k)->itable()->initialize_itable(false, CHECK);
 561 }
 562 
 563 
 564 void Universe::reinitialize_itables(TRAPS) {
 565   SystemDictionary::classes_do(initialize_itable_for_klass, CHECK);
 566 
 567 }
 568 
 569 
 570 bool Universe::on_page_boundary(void* addr) {
 571   return ((uintptr_t) addr) % os::vm_page_size() == 0;
 572 }
 573 
 574 
 575 bool Universe::should_fill_in_stack_trace(Handle throwable) {
 576   // never attempt to fill in the stack trace of preallocated errors that do not have
 577   // backtrace. These errors are kept alive forever and may be "re-used" when all
 578   // preallocated errors with backtrace have been consumed. Also need to avoid
 579   // a potential loop which could happen if an out of memory occurs when attempting
 580   // to allocate the backtrace.
 581   return ((throwable() != Universe::_out_of_memory_error_java_heap) &&
 582           (throwable() != Universe::_out_of_memory_error_metaspace)  &&
 583           (throwable() != Universe::_out_of_memory_error_class_metaspace)  &&
 584           (throwable() != Universe::_out_of_memory_error_array_size) &&
 585           (throwable() != Universe::_out_of_memory_error_gc_overhead_limit) &&
 586           (throwable() != Universe::_out_of_memory_error_realloc_objects));
 587 }
 588 
 589 
 590 oop Universe::gen_out_of_memory_error(oop default_err) {
 591   // generate an out of memory error:
 592   // - if there is a preallocated error with backtrace available then return it wth
 593   //   a filled in stack trace.
 594   // - if there are no preallocated errors with backtrace available then return
 595   //   an error without backtrace.
 596   int next;
 597   if (_preallocated_out_of_memory_error_avail_count > 0) {
 598     next = (int)Atomic::add(-1, &_preallocated_out_of_memory_error_avail_count);
 599     assert(next < (int)PreallocatedOutOfMemoryErrorCount, "avail count is corrupt");
 600   } else {
 601     next = -1;
 602   }
 603   if (next < 0) {
 604     // all preallocated errors have been used.
 605     // return default
 606     return default_err;
 607   } else {
 608     // get the error object at the slot and set set it to NULL so that the
 609     // array isn't keeping it alive anymore.
 610     oop exc = preallocated_out_of_memory_errors()->obj_at(next);
 611     assert(exc != NULL, "slot has been used already");
 612     preallocated_out_of_memory_errors()->obj_at_put(next, NULL);
 613 
 614     // use the message from the default error
 615     oop msg = java_lang_Throwable::message(default_err);
 616     assert(msg != NULL, "no message");
 617     java_lang_Throwable::set_message(exc, msg);
 618 
 619     // populate the stack trace and return it.
 620     java_lang_Throwable::fill_in_stack_trace_of_preallocated_backtrace(exc);
 621     return exc;
 622   }
 623 }
 624 
 625 intptr_t Universe::_non_oop_bits = 0;
 626 
 627 void* Universe::non_oop_word() {
 628   // Neither the high bits nor the low bits of this value is allowed
 629   // to look like (respectively) the high or low bits of a real oop.
 630   //
 631   // High and low are CPU-specific notions, but low always includes
 632   // the low-order bit.  Since oops are always aligned at least mod 4,
 633   // setting the low-order bit will ensure that the low half of the
 634   // word will never look like that of a real oop.
 635   //
 636   // Using the OS-supplied non-memory-address word (usually 0 or -1)
 637   // will take care of the high bits, however many there are.
 638 
 639   if (_non_oop_bits == 0) {
 640     _non_oop_bits = (intptr_t)os::non_memory_address_word() | 1;
 641   }
 642 
 643   return (void*)_non_oop_bits;
 644 }
 645 
 646 jint universe_init() {
 647   assert(!Universe::_fully_initialized, "called after initialize_vtables");
 648   guarantee(1 << LogHeapWordSize == sizeof(HeapWord),
 649          "LogHeapWordSize is incorrect.");
 650   guarantee(sizeof(oop) >= sizeof(HeapWord), "HeapWord larger than oop?");
 651   guarantee(sizeof(oop) % sizeof(HeapWord) == 0,
 652             "oop size is not not a multiple of HeapWord size");
 653   TraceTime timer("Genesis", TraceStartupTime);
 654   JavaClasses::compute_hard_coded_offsets();
 655 
 656   jint status = Universe::initialize_heap();
 657   if (status != JNI_OK) {
 658     return status;
 659   }
 660 
 661   Metaspace::global_initialize();
 662 
 663   // Checks 'AfterMemoryInit' constraints.
 664   if (!CommandLineFlagConstraintList::check_constraints(CommandLineFlagConstraint::AfterMemoryInit)) {
 665     return JNI_EINVAL;
 666   }
 667 
 668   // Create memory for metadata.  Must be after initializing heap for
 669   // DumpSharedSpaces.
 670   ClassLoaderData::init_null_class_loader_data();
 671 
 672   // We have a heap so create the Method* caches before
 673   // Metaspace::initialize_shared_spaces() tries to populate them.
 674   Universe::_finalizer_register_cache = new LatestMethodCache();
 675   Universe::_loader_addClass_cache    = new LatestMethodCache();
 676   Universe::_pd_implies_cache         = new LatestMethodCache();
 677   Universe::_throw_illegal_access_error_cache = new LatestMethodCache();
 678 
 679   if (UseSharedSpaces) {
 680     // Read the data structures supporting the shared spaces (shared
 681     // system dictionary, symbol table, etc.).  After that, access to
 682     // the file (other than the mapped regions) is no longer needed, and
 683     // the file is closed. Closing the file does not affect the
 684     // currently mapped regions.
 685     MetaspaceShared::initialize_shared_spaces();
 686     StringTable::create_table();
 687   } else {
 688     SymbolTable::create_table();
 689     StringTable::create_table();
 690     ClassLoader::create_package_info_table();
 691 
 692     if (DumpSharedSpaces) {
 693       MetaspaceShared::prepare_for_dumping();
 694     }
 695   }
 696 
 697   return JNI_OK;
 698 }
 699 
 700 CollectedHeap* Universe::create_heap() {
 701   assert(_collectedHeap == NULL, "Heap already created");
 702 #if !INCLUDE_ALL_GCS
 703   if (UseParallelGC) {
 704     fatal("UseParallelGC not supported in this VM.");
 705   } else if (UseG1GC) {
 706     fatal("UseG1GC not supported in this VM.");
 707   } else if (UseConcMarkSweepGC) {
 708     fatal("UseConcMarkSweepGC not supported in this VM.");
 709 #else
 710   if (UseParallelGC) {
 711     return Universe::create_heap_with_policy<ParallelScavengeHeap, GenerationSizer>();
 712   } else if (UseG1GC) {
 713     return Universe::create_heap_with_policy<G1CollectedHeap, G1CollectorPolicy>();
 714   } else if (UseConcMarkSweepGC) {
 715     return Universe::create_heap_with_policy<GenCollectedHeap, ConcurrentMarkSweepPolicy>();
 716 #endif
 717   } else if (UseSerialGC) {
 718     return Universe::create_heap_with_policy<GenCollectedHeap, MarkSweepPolicy>();
 719   }
 720 
 721   ShouldNotReachHere();
 722   return NULL;
 723 }
 724 
 725 // Choose the heap base address and oop encoding mode
 726 // when compressed oops are used:
 727 // Unscaled  - Use 32-bits oops without encoding when
 728 //     NarrowOopHeapBaseMin + heap_size < 4Gb
 729 // ZeroBased - Use zero based compressed oops with encoding when
 730 //     NarrowOopHeapBaseMin + heap_size < 32Gb
 731 // HeapBased - Use compressed oops with heap base + encoding.
 732 
 733 jint Universe::initialize_heap() {
 734   jint status = JNI_ERR;
 735 
 736   _collectedHeap = create_heap_ext();
 737   if (_collectedHeap == NULL) {
 738     _collectedHeap = create_heap();
 739   }
 740 
 741   status = _collectedHeap->initialize();
 742   if (status != JNI_OK) {
 743     return status;
 744   }
 745 
 746   ThreadLocalAllocBuffer::set_max_size(Universe::heap()->max_tlab_size());
 747 
 748 #ifdef _LP64
 749   if (UseCompressedOops) {
 750     // Subtract a page because something can get allocated at heap base.
 751     // This also makes implicit null checking work, because the
 752     // memory+1 page below heap_base needs to cause a signal.
 753     // See needs_explicit_null_check.
 754     // Only set the heap base for compressed oops because it indicates
 755     // compressed oops for pstack code.
 756     if ((uint64_t)Universe::heap()->reserved_region().end() > UnscaledOopHeapMax) {
 757       // Didn't reserve heap below 4Gb.  Must shift.
 758       Universe::set_narrow_oop_shift(LogMinObjAlignmentInBytes);
 759     }
 760     if ((uint64_t)Universe::heap()->reserved_region().end() <= OopEncodingHeapMax) {
 761       // Did reserve heap below 32Gb. Can use base == 0;
 762       Universe::set_narrow_oop_base(0);
 763     }
 764 
 765     Universe::set_narrow_ptrs_base(Universe::narrow_oop_base());
 766 
 767     if (PrintCompressedOopsMode || (PrintMiscellaneous && Verbose)) {
 768       Universe::print_compressed_oops_mode(tty);
 769     }
 770 
 771     // Tell tests in which mode we run.
 772     Arguments::PropertyList_add(new SystemProperty("java.vm.compressedOopsMode",
 773                                                    narrow_oop_mode_to_string(narrow_oop_mode()),
 774                                                    false));
 775   }
 776   // Universe::narrow_oop_base() is one page below the heap.
 777   assert((intptr_t)Universe::narrow_oop_base() <= (intptr_t)(Universe::heap()->base() -
 778          os::vm_page_size()) ||
 779          Universe::narrow_oop_base() == NULL, "invalid value");
 780   assert(Universe::narrow_oop_shift() == LogMinObjAlignmentInBytes ||
 781          Universe::narrow_oop_shift() == 0, "invalid value");
 782 #endif
 783 
 784   // We will never reach the CATCH below since Exceptions::_throw will cause
 785   // the VM to exit if an exception is thrown during initialization
 786 
 787   if (UseTLAB) {
 788     assert(Universe::heap()->supports_tlab_allocation(),
 789            "Should support thread-local allocation buffers");
 790     ThreadLocalAllocBuffer::startup_initialization();
 791   }
 792   return JNI_OK;
 793 }
 794 
 795 void Universe::print_compressed_oops_mode(outputStream* st) {
 796   st->print("heap address: " PTR_FORMAT ", size: " SIZE_FORMAT " MB",
 797               p2i(Universe::heap()->base()), Universe::heap()->reserved_region().byte_size()/M);
 798 
 799   st->print(", Compressed Oops mode: %s", narrow_oop_mode_to_string(narrow_oop_mode()));
 800 
 801   if (Universe::narrow_oop_base() != 0) {
 802     st->print(": " PTR_FORMAT, p2i(Universe::narrow_oop_base()));
 803   }
 804 
 805   if (Universe::narrow_oop_shift() != 0) {
 806     st->print(", Oop shift amount: %d", Universe::narrow_oop_shift());
 807   }
 808 
 809   if (!Universe::narrow_oop_use_implicit_null_checks()) {
 810     st->print(", no protected page in front of the heap");
 811   }
 812   st->cr();
 813 }
 814 
 815 ReservedSpace Universe::reserve_heap(size_t heap_size, size_t alignment) {
 816 
 817   assert(alignment <= Arguments::conservative_max_heap_alignment(),
 818          "actual alignment " SIZE_FORMAT " must be within maximum heap alignment " SIZE_FORMAT,
 819          alignment, Arguments::conservative_max_heap_alignment());
 820 
 821   size_t total_reserved = align_size_up(heap_size, alignment);
 822   assert(!UseCompressedOops || (total_reserved <= (OopEncodingHeapMax - os::vm_page_size())),
 823       "heap size is too big for compressed oops");
 824 
 825   bool use_large_pages = UseLargePages && is_size_aligned(alignment, os::large_page_size());
 826   assert(!UseLargePages
 827       || UseParallelGC
 828       || use_large_pages, "Wrong alignment to use large pages");
 829 
 830   // Now create the space.
 831   ReservedHeapSpace total_rs(total_reserved, alignment, use_large_pages);
 832 
 833   if (total_rs.is_reserved()) {
 834     assert((total_reserved == total_rs.size()) && ((uintptr_t)total_rs.base() % alignment == 0),
 835            "must be exactly of required size and alignment");
 836     // We are good.
 837 
 838     if (UseCompressedOops) {
 839       // Universe::initialize_heap() will reset this to NULL if unscaled
 840       // or zero-based narrow oops are actually used.
 841       // Else heap start and base MUST differ, so that NULL can be encoded nonambigous.
 842       Universe::set_narrow_oop_base((address)total_rs.compressed_oop_base());
 843     }
 844 
 845     return total_rs;
 846   }
 847 
 848   vm_exit_during_initialization(
 849     err_msg("Could not reserve enough space for " SIZE_FORMAT "KB object heap",
 850             total_reserved/K));
 851 
 852   // satisfy compiler
 853   ShouldNotReachHere();
 854   return ReservedHeapSpace(0, 0, false);
 855 }
 856 
 857 
 858 // It's the caller's responsibility to ensure glitch-freedom
 859 // (if required).
 860 void Universe::update_heap_info_at_gc() {
 861   _heap_capacity_at_last_gc = heap()->capacity();
 862   _heap_used_at_last_gc     = heap()->used();
 863 }
 864 
 865 
 866 const char* Universe::narrow_oop_mode_to_string(Universe::NARROW_OOP_MODE mode) {
 867   switch (mode) {
 868     case UnscaledNarrowOop:
 869       return "32-bit";
 870     case ZeroBasedNarrowOop:
 871       return "Zero based";
 872     case DisjointBaseNarrowOop:
 873       return "Non-zero disjoint base";
 874     case HeapBasedNarrowOop:
 875       return "Non-zero based";
 876   }
 877 
 878   ShouldNotReachHere();
 879   return "";
 880 }
 881 
 882 
 883 Universe::NARROW_OOP_MODE Universe::narrow_oop_mode() {
 884   if (narrow_oop_base_disjoint()) {
 885     return DisjointBaseNarrowOop;
 886   }
 887 
 888   if (narrow_oop_base() != 0) {
 889     return HeapBasedNarrowOop;
 890   }
 891 
 892   if (narrow_oop_shift() != 0) {
 893     return ZeroBasedNarrowOop;
 894   }
 895 
 896   return UnscaledNarrowOop;
 897 }
 898 
 899 
 900 void universe2_init() {
 901   EXCEPTION_MARK;
 902   Universe::genesis(CATCH);
 903 }
 904 
 905 
 906 bool universe_post_init() {
 907   assert(!is_init_completed(), "Error: initialization not yet completed!");
 908   Universe::_fully_initialized = true;
 909   EXCEPTION_MARK;
 910   { ResourceMark rm;
 911     Interpreter::initialize();      // needed for interpreter entry points
 912     if (!UseSharedSpaces) {
 913       HandleMark hm(THREAD);
 914       KlassHandle ok_h(THREAD, SystemDictionary::Object_klass());
 915       Universe::reinitialize_vtable_of(ok_h, CHECK_false);
 916       Universe::reinitialize_itables(CHECK_false);
 917     }
 918   }
 919 
 920   HandleMark hm(THREAD);
 921   Klass* k;
 922   instanceKlassHandle k_h;
 923     // Setup preallocated empty java.lang.Class array
 924     Universe::_the_empty_class_klass_array = oopFactory::new_objArray(SystemDictionary::Class_klass(), 0, CHECK_false);
 925 
 926     // Setup preallocated OutOfMemoryError errors
 927     k = SystemDictionary::resolve_or_fail(vmSymbols::java_lang_OutOfMemoryError(), true, CHECK_false);
 928     k_h = instanceKlassHandle(THREAD, k);
 929     Universe::_out_of_memory_error_java_heap = k_h->allocate_instance(CHECK_false);
 930     Universe::_out_of_memory_error_metaspace = k_h->allocate_instance(CHECK_false);
 931     Universe::_out_of_memory_error_class_metaspace = k_h->allocate_instance(CHECK_false);
 932     Universe::_out_of_memory_error_array_size = k_h->allocate_instance(CHECK_false);
 933     Universe::_out_of_memory_error_gc_overhead_limit =
 934       k_h->allocate_instance(CHECK_false);
 935     Universe::_out_of_memory_error_realloc_objects = k_h->allocate_instance(CHECK_false);
 936 
 937     // Setup preallocated NullPointerException
 938     // (this is currently used for a cheap & dirty solution in compiler exception handling)
 939     k = SystemDictionary::resolve_or_fail(vmSymbols::java_lang_NullPointerException(), true, CHECK_false);
 940     Universe::_null_ptr_exception_instance = InstanceKlass::cast(k)->allocate_instance(CHECK_false);
 941     // Setup preallocated ArithmeticException
 942     // (this is currently used for a cheap & dirty solution in compiler exception handling)
 943     k = SystemDictionary::resolve_or_fail(vmSymbols::java_lang_ArithmeticException(), true, CHECK_false);
 944     Universe::_arithmetic_exception_instance = InstanceKlass::cast(k)->allocate_instance(CHECK_false);
 945     // Virtual Machine Error for when we get into a situation we can't resolve
 946     k = SystemDictionary::resolve_or_fail(
 947       vmSymbols::java_lang_VirtualMachineError(), true, CHECK_false);
 948     bool linked = InstanceKlass::cast(k)->link_class_or_fail(CHECK_false);
 949     if (!linked) {
 950       tty->print_cr("Unable to link/verify VirtualMachineError class");
 951       return false; // initialization failed
 952     }
 953     Universe::_virtual_machine_error_instance =
 954       InstanceKlass::cast(k)->allocate_instance(CHECK_false);
 955 
 956     Universe::_vm_exception = InstanceKlass::cast(k)->allocate_instance(CHECK_false);
 957 
 958   if (!DumpSharedSpaces) {
 959     // These are the only Java fields that are currently set during shared space dumping.
 960     // We prefer to not handle this generally, so we always reinitialize these detail messages.
 961     Handle msg = java_lang_String::create_from_str("Java heap space", CHECK_false);
 962     java_lang_Throwable::set_message(Universe::_out_of_memory_error_java_heap, msg());
 963 
 964     msg = java_lang_String::create_from_str("Metaspace", CHECK_false);
 965     java_lang_Throwable::set_message(Universe::_out_of_memory_error_metaspace, msg());
 966     msg = java_lang_String::create_from_str("Compressed class space", CHECK_false);
 967     java_lang_Throwable::set_message(Universe::_out_of_memory_error_class_metaspace, msg());
 968 
 969     msg = java_lang_String::create_from_str("Requested array size exceeds VM limit", CHECK_false);
 970     java_lang_Throwable::set_message(Universe::_out_of_memory_error_array_size, msg());
 971 
 972     msg = java_lang_String::create_from_str("GC overhead limit exceeded", CHECK_false);
 973     java_lang_Throwable::set_message(Universe::_out_of_memory_error_gc_overhead_limit, msg());
 974 
 975     msg = java_lang_String::create_from_str("Java heap space: failed reallocation of scalar replaced objects", CHECK_false);
 976     java_lang_Throwable::set_message(Universe::_out_of_memory_error_realloc_objects, msg());
 977 
 978     msg = java_lang_String::create_from_str("/ by zero", CHECK_false);
 979     java_lang_Throwable::set_message(Universe::_arithmetic_exception_instance, msg());
 980 
 981     // Setup the array of errors that have preallocated backtrace
 982     k = Universe::_out_of_memory_error_java_heap->klass();
 983     assert(k->name() == vmSymbols::java_lang_OutOfMemoryError(), "should be out of memory error");
 984     k_h = instanceKlassHandle(THREAD, k);
 985 
 986     int len = (StackTraceInThrowable) ? (int)PreallocatedOutOfMemoryErrorCount : 0;
 987     Universe::_preallocated_out_of_memory_error_array = oopFactory::new_objArray(k_h(), len, CHECK_false);
 988     for (int i=0; i<len; i++) {
 989       oop err = k_h->allocate_instance(CHECK_false);
 990       Handle err_h = Handle(THREAD, err);
 991       java_lang_Throwable::allocate_backtrace(err_h, CHECK_false);
 992       Universe::preallocated_out_of_memory_errors()->obj_at_put(i, err_h());
 993     }
 994     Universe::_preallocated_out_of_memory_error_avail_count = (jint)len;
 995   }
 996 
 997 
 998   // Setup static method for registering finalizers
 999   // The finalizer klass must be linked before looking up the method, in
1000   // case it needs to get rewritten.
1001   InstanceKlass::cast(SystemDictionary::Finalizer_klass())->link_class(CHECK_false);
1002   Method* m = InstanceKlass::cast(SystemDictionary::Finalizer_klass())->find_method(
1003                                   vmSymbols::register_method_name(),
1004                                   vmSymbols::register_method_signature());
1005   if (m == NULL || !m->is_static()) {
1006     tty->print_cr("Unable to link/verify Finalizer.register method");
1007     return false; // initialization failed (cannot throw exception yet)
1008   }
1009   Universe::_finalizer_register_cache->init(
1010     SystemDictionary::Finalizer_klass(), m);
1011 
1012   InstanceKlass::cast(SystemDictionary::misc_Unsafe_klass())->link_class(CHECK_false);
1013   m = InstanceKlass::cast(SystemDictionary::misc_Unsafe_klass())->find_method(
1014                                   vmSymbols::throwIllegalAccessError_name(),
1015                                   vmSymbols::void_method_signature());
1016   if (m != NULL && !m->is_static()) {
1017     // Note null is okay; this method is used in itables, and if it is null,
1018     // then AbstractMethodError is thrown instead.
1019     tty->print_cr("Unable to link/verify Unsafe.throwIllegalAccessError method");
1020     return false; // initialization failed (cannot throw exception yet)
1021   }
1022   Universe::_throw_illegal_access_error_cache->init(
1023     SystemDictionary::misc_Unsafe_klass(), m);
1024 
1025   // Setup method for registering loaded classes in class loader vector
1026   InstanceKlass::cast(SystemDictionary::ClassLoader_klass())->link_class(CHECK_false);
1027   m = InstanceKlass::cast(SystemDictionary::ClassLoader_klass())->find_method(vmSymbols::addClass_name(), vmSymbols::class_void_signature());
1028   if (m == NULL || m->is_static()) {
1029     tty->print_cr("Unable to link/verify ClassLoader.addClass method");
1030     return false; // initialization failed (cannot throw exception yet)
1031   }
1032   Universe::_loader_addClass_cache->init(
1033     SystemDictionary::ClassLoader_klass(), m);
1034 
1035   // Setup method for checking protection domain
1036   InstanceKlass::cast(SystemDictionary::ProtectionDomain_klass())->link_class(CHECK_false);
1037   m = InstanceKlass::cast(SystemDictionary::ProtectionDomain_klass())->
1038             find_method(vmSymbols::impliesCreateAccessControlContext_name(),
1039                         vmSymbols::void_boolean_signature());
1040   // Allow NULL which should only happen with bootstrapping.
1041   if (m != NULL) {
1042     if (m->is_static()) {
1043       // NoSuchMethodException doesn't actually work because it tries to run the
1044       // <init> function before java_lang_Class is linked. Print error and exit.
1045       tty->print_cr("ProtectionDomain.impliesCreateAccessControlContext() has the wrong linkage");
1046       return false; // initialization failed
1047     }
1048     Universe::_pd_implies_cache->init(
1049       SystemDictionary::ProtectionDomain_klass(), m);
1050   }
1051 
1052   // This needs to be done before the first scavenge/gc, since
1053   // it's an input to soft ref clearing policy.
1054   {
1055     MutexLocker x(Heap_lock);
1056     Universe::update_heap_info_at_gc();
1057   }
1058 
1059   // ("weak") refs processing infrastructure initialization
1060   Universe::heap()->post_initialize();
1061 
1062   // Initialize performance counters for metaspaces
1063   MetaspaceCounters::initialize_performance_counters();
1064   CompressedClassSpaceCounters::initialize_performance_counters();
1065 
1066   MemoryService::add_metaspace_memory_pools();
1067 
1068   MemoryService::set_universe_heap(Universe::heap());
1069 #if INCLUDE_CDS
1070   SharedClassUtil::initialize(CHECK_false);
1071 #endif
1072   return true;
1073 }
1074 
1075 
1076 void Universe::compute_base_vtable_size() {
1077   _base_vtable_size = ClassLoader::compute_Object_vtable();
1078 }
1079 
1080 
1081 void Universe::print() {
1082   print_on(gclog_or_tty);
1083 }
1084 
1085 void Universe::print_on(outputStream* st, bool extended) {
1086   st->print_cr("Heap");
1087   if (!extended) {
1088     heap()->print_on(st);
1089   } else {
1090     heap()->print_extended_on(st);
1091   }
1092 }
1093 
1094 void Universe::print_heap_at_SIGBREAK() {
1095   if (PrintHeapAtSIGBREAK) {
1096     MutexLocker hl(Heap_lock);
1097     print_on(tty);
1098     tty->cr();
1099     tty->flush();
1100   }
1101 }
1102 
1103 void Universe::print_heap_before_gc(outputStream* st, bool ignore_extended) {
1104   st->print_cr("{Heap before GC invocations=%u (full %u):",
1105                heap()->total_collections(),
1106                heap()->total_full_collections());
1107   if (!PrintHeapAtGCExtended || ignore_extended) {
1108     heap()->print_on(st);
1109   } else {
1110     heap()->print_extended_on(st);
1111   }
1112 }
1113 
1114 void Universe::print_heap_after_gc(outputStream* st, bool ignore_extended) {
1115   st->print_cr("Heap after GC invocations=%u (full %u):",
1116                heap()->total_collections(),
1117                heap()->total_full_collections());
1118   if (!PrintHeapAtGCExtended || ignore_extended) {
1119     heap()->print_on(st);
1120   } else {
1121     heap()->print_extended_on(st);
1122   }
1123   st->print_cr("}");
1124 }
1125 
1126 void Universe::verify(VerifyOption option, const char* prefix, bool silent) {
1127   // The use of _verify_in_progress is a temporary work around for
1128   // 6320749.  Don't bother with a creating a class to set and clear
1129   // it since it is only used in this method and the control flow is
1130   // straight forward.
1131   _verify_in_progress = true;
1132 
1133   COMPILER2_PRESENT(
1134     assert(!DerivedPointerTable::is_active(),
1135          "DPT should not be active during verification "
1136          "(of thread stacks below)");
1137   )
1138 
1139   ResourceMark rm;
1140   HandleMark hm;  // Handles created during verification can be zapped
1141   _verify_count++;
1142 
1143   if (!silent) gclog_or_tty->print("%s", prefix);
1144   if (!silent) gclog_or_tty->print("[Verifying ");
1145   if (!silent) gclog_or_tty->print("threads ");
1146   Threads::verify();
1147   if (!silent) gclog_or_tty->print("heap ");
1148   heap()->verify(silent, option);
1149   if (!silent) gclog_or_tty->print("syms ");
1150   SymbolTable::verify();
1151   if (!silent) gclog_or_tty->print("strs ");
1152   StringTable::verify();
1153   {
1154     MutexLockerEx mu(CodeCache_lock, Mutex::_no_safepoint_check_flag);
1155     if (!silent) gclog_or_tty->print("zone ");
1156     CodeCache::verify();
1157   }
1158   if (!silent) gclog_or_tty->print("dict ");
1159   SystemDictionary::verify();
1160 #ifndef PRODUCT
1161   if (!silent) gclog_or_tty->print("cldg ");
1162   ClassLoaderDataGraph::verify();
1163 #endif
1164   if (!silent) gclog_or_tty->print("metaspace chunks ");
1165   MetaspaceAux::verify_free_chunks();
1166   if (!silent) gclog_or_tty->print("hand ");
1167   JNIHandles::verify();
1168   if (!silent) gclog_or_tty->print("C-heap ");
1169   os::check_heap();
1170   if (!silent) gclog_or_tty->print("code cache ");
1171   CodeCache::verify_oops();
1172   if (!silent) gclog_or_tty->print_cr("]");
1173 
1174   _verify_in_progress = false;
1175 }
1176 
1177 
1178 #ifndef PRODUCT
1179 void Universe::calculate_verify_data(HeapWord* low_boundary, HeapWord* high_boundary) {
1180   assert(low_boundary < high_boundary, "bad interval");
1181 
1182   // decide which low-order bits we require to be clear:
1183   size_t alignSize = MinObjAlignmentInBytes;
1184   size_t min_object_size = CollectedHeap::min_fill_size();
1185 
1186   // make an inclusive limit:
1187   uintptr_t max = (uintptr_t)high_boundary - min_object_size*wordSize;
1188   uintptr_t min = (uintptr_t)low_boundary;
1189   assert(min < max, "bad interval");
1190   uintptr_t diff = max ^ min;
1191 
1192   // throw away enough low-order bits to make the diff vanish
1193   uintptr_t mask = (uintptr_t)(-1);
1194   while ((mask & diff) != 0)
1195     mask <<= 1;
1196   uintptr_t bits = (min & mask);
1197   assert(bits == (max & mask), "correct mask");
1198   // check an intermediate value between min and max, just to make sure:
1199   assert(bits == ((min + (max-min)/2) & mask), "correct mask");
1200 
1201   // require address alignment, too:
1202   mask |= (alignSize - 1);
1203 
1204   if (!(_verify_oop_mask == 0 && _verify_oop_bits == (uintptr_t)-1)) {
1205     assert(_verify_oop_mask == mask && _verify_oop_bits == bits, "mask stability");
1206   }
1207   _verify_oop_mask = mask;
1208   _verify_oop_bits = bits;
1209 }
1210 
1211 // Oop verification (see MacroAssembler::verify_oop)
1212 
1213 uintptr_t Universe::verify_oop_mask() {
1214   MemRegion m = heap()->reserved_region();
1215   calculate_verify_data(m.start(), m.end());
1216   return _verify_oop_mask;
1217 }
1218 
1219 uintptr_t Universe::verify_oop_bits() {
1220   MemRegion m = heap()->reserved_region();
1221   calculate_verify_data(m.start(), m.end());
1222   return _verify_oop_bits;
1223 }
1224 
1225 uintptr_t Universe::verify_mark_mask() {
1226   return markOopDesc::lock_mask_in_place;
1227 }
1228 
1229 uintptr_t Universe::verify_mark_bits() {
1230   intptr_t mask = verify_mark_mask();
1231   intptr_t bits = (intptr_t)markOopDesc::prototype();
1232   assert((bits & ~mask) == 0, "no stray header bits");
1233   return bits;
1234 }
1235 #endif // PRODUCT
1236 
1237 
1238 void Universe::compute_verify_oop_data() {
1239   verify_oop_mask();
1240   verify_oop_bits();
1241   verify_mark_mask();
1242   verify_mark_bits();
1243 }
1244 
1245 
1246 void LatestMethodCache::init(Klass* k, Method* m) {
1247   if (!UseSharedSpaces) {
1248     _klass = k;
1249   }
1250 #ifndef PRODUCT
1251   else {
1252     // sharing initilization should have already set up _klass
1253     assert(_klass != NULL, "just checking");
1254   }
1255 #endif
1256 
1257   _method_idnum = m->method_idnum();
1258   assert(_method_idnum >= 0, "sanity check");
1259 }
1260 
1261 
1262 Method* LatestMethodCache::get_method() {
1263   if (klass() == NULL) return NULL;
1264   InstanceKlass* ik = InstanceKlass::cast(klass());
1265   Method* m = ik->method_with_idnum(method_idnum());
1266   assert(m != NULL, "sanity check");
1267   return m;
1268 }
1269 
1270 
1271 #ifdef ASSERT
1272 // Release dummy object(s) at bottom of heap
1273 bool Universe::release_fullgc_alot_dummy() {
1274   MutexLocker ml(FullGCALot_lock);
1275   if (_fullgc_alot_dummy_array != NULL) {
1276     if (_fullgc_alot_dummy_next >= _fullgc_alot_dummy_array->length()) {
1277       // No more dummies to release, release entire array instead
1278       _fullgc_alot_dummy_array = NULL;
1279       return false;
1280     }
1281     if (!UseConcMarkSweepGC) {
1282       // Release dummy at bottom of old generation
1283       _fullgc_alot_dummy_array->obj_at_put(_fullgc_alot_dummy_next++, NULL);
1284     }
1285     // Release dummy at bottom of permanent generation
1286     _fullgc_alot_dummy_array->obj_at_put(_fullgc_alot_dummy_next++, NULL);
1287   }
1288   return true;
1289 }
1290 
1291 #endif // ASSERT