1 /*
   2  * Copyright (c) 2011, 2016, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.
   3  * DO NOT ALTER OR REMOVE COPYRIGHT NOTICES OR THIS FILE HEADER.
   4  *
   5  * This code is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
   6  * under the terms of the GNU General Public License version 2 only, as
   7  * published by the Free Software Foundation.
   8  *
   9  * This code is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT
  10  * ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or
  11  * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the GNU General Public License
  12  * version 2 for more details (a copy is included in the LICENSE file that
  13  * accompanied this code).
  14  *
  15  * You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License version
  16  * 2 along with this work; if not, write to the Free Software Foundation,
  17  * Inc., 51 Franklin St, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA 02110-1301 USA.
  18  *
  19  * Please contact Oracle, 500 Oracle Parkway, Redwood Shores, CA 94065 USA
  20  * or visit www.oracle.com if you need additional information or have any
  21  * questions.
  22  */
  23 package org.graalvm.compiler.core.test;
  24 
  25 import static org.graalvm.compiler.core.GraalCompilerOptions.PrintCompilation;
  26 import static org.graalvm.compiler.nodes.ConstantNode.getConstantNodes;
  27 import static org.graalvm.compiler.nodes.graphbuilderconf.InlineInvokePlugin.InlineInfo.DO_NOT_INLINE_NO_EXCEPTION;
  28 import static org.graalvm.compiler.nodes.graphbuilderconf.InlineInvokePlugin.InlineInfo.DO_NOT_INLINE_WITH_EXCEPTION;
  29 
  30 import java.lang.annotation.ElementType;
  31 import java.lang.annotation.Retention;
  32 import java.lang.annotation.RetentionPolicy;
  33 import java.lang.annotation.Target;
  34 import java.lang.reflect.Constructor;
  35 import java.lang.reflect.Executable;
  36 import java.lang.reflect.InvocationTargetException;
  37 import java.lang.reflect.Method;
  38 import java.util.ArrayList;
  39 import java.util.Arrays;
  40 import java.util.Collection;
  41 import java.util.Collections;
  42 import java.util.EnumMap;
  43 import java.util.HashMap;
  44 import java.util.List;
  45 import java.util.ListIterator;
  46 import java.util.Map;
  47 import java.util.Set;
  48 import java.util.function.Supplier;
  49 
  50 import org.graalvm.compiler.api.directives.GraalDirectives;
  51 import org.graalvm.compiler.api.replacements.SnippetReflectionProvider;
  52 import org.graalvm.compiler.api.test.Graal;
  53 import org.graalvm.compiler.code.CompilationResult;
  54 import org.graalvm.compiler.core.GraalCompiler;
  55 import org.graalvm.compiler.core.GraalCompiler.Request;
  56 import org.graalvm.compiler.core.common.CompilationIdentifier;
  57 import org.graalvm.compiler.core.common.type.StampFactory;
  58 import org.graalvm.compiler.core.target.Backend;
  59 import org.graalvm.compiler.debug.DebugHandlersFactory;
  60 import org.graalvm.compiler.debug.DebugContext;
  61 import org.graalvm.compiler.debug.DebugDumpHandler;
  62 import org.graalvm.compiler.debug.DebugDumpScope;
  63 import org.graalvm.compiler.debug.GraalError;
  64 import org.graalvm.compiler.debug.TTY;
  65 import org.graalvm.compiler.graph.Node;
  66 import org.graalvm.compiler.graph.NodeClass;
  67 import org.graalvm.compiler.graph.NodeMap;
  68 import org.graalvm.compiler.java.BytecodeParser;
  69 import org.graalvm.compiler.java.ComputeLoopFrequenciesClosure;
  70 import org.graalvm.compiler.java.GraphBuilderPhase;
  71 import org.graalvm.compiler.lir.asm.CompilationResultBuilderFactory;
  72 import org.graalvm.compiler.lir.phases.LIRSuites;
  73 import org.graalvm.compiler.nodeinfo.NodeInfo;
  74 import org.graalvm.compiler.nodeinfo.NodeSize;
  75 import org.graalvm.compiler.nodeinfo.Verbosity;
  76 import org.graalvm.compiler.nodes.BreakpointNode;
  77 import org.graalvm.compiler.nodes.Cancellable;
  78 import org.graalvm.compiler.nodes.ConstantNode;
  79 import org.graalvm.compiler.nodes.FixedWithNextNode;
  80 import org.graalvm.compiler.nodes.FrameState;
  81 import org.graalvm.compiler.nodes.FullInfopointNode;
  82 import org.graalvm.compiler.nodes.InvokeNode;
  83 import org.graalvm.compiler.nodes.InvokeWithExceptionNode;
  84 import org.graalvm.compiler.nodes.ParameterNode;
  85 import org.graalvm.compiler.nodes.ProxyNode;
  86 import org.graalvm.compiler.nodes.ReturnNode;
  87 import org.graalvm.compiler.nodes.StructuredGraph;
  88 import org.graalvm.compiler.nodes.StructuredGraph.AllowAssumptions;
  89 import org.graalvm.compiler.nodes.StructuredGraph.Builder;
  90 import org.graalvm.compiler.nodes.StructuredGraph.ScheduleResult;
  91 import org.graalvm.compiler.nodes.ValueNode;
  92 import org.graalvm.compiler.nodes.cfg.Block;
  93 import org.graalvm.compiler.nodes.graphbuilderconf.GraphBuilderConfiguration;
  94 import org.graalvm.compiler.nodes.graphbuilderconf.GraphBuilderConfiguration.Plugins;
  95 import org.graalvm.compiler.nodes.graphbuilderconf.GraphBuilderContext;
  96 import org.graalvm.compiler.nodes.graphbuilderconf.InlineInvokePlugin;
  97 import org.graalvm.compiler.nodes.graphbuilderconf.InvocationPlugin;
  98 import org.graalvm.compiler.nodes.graphbuilderconf.InvocationPlugins;
  99 import org.graalvm.compiler.nodes.java.AccessFieldNode;
 100 import org.graalvm.compiler.nodes.spi.LoweringProvider;
 101 import org.graalvm.compiler.nodes.spi.Replacements;
 102 import org.graalvm.compiler.nodes.virtual.VirtualObjectNode;
 103 import org.graalvm.compiler.options.OptionValues;
 104 import org.graalvm.compiler.phases.BasePhase;
 105 import org.graalvm.compiler.phases.OptimisticOptimizations;
 106 import org.graalvm.compiler.phases.Phase;
 107 import org.graalvm.compiler.phases.PhaseSuite;
 108 import org.graalvm.compiler.phases.common.CanonicalizerPhase;
 109 import org.graalvm.compiler.phases.common.ConvertDeoptimizeToGuardPhase;
 110 import org.graalvm.compiler.phases.schedule.SchedulePhase;
 111 import org.graalvm.compiler.phases.schedule.SchedulePhase.SchedulingStrategy;
 112 import org.graalvm.compiler.phases.tiers.HighTierContext;
 113 import org.graalvm.compiler.phases.tiers.Suites;
 114 import org.graalvm.compiler.phases.tiers.TargetProvider;
 115 import org.graalvm.compiler.phases.util.Providers;
 116 import org.graalvm.compiler.printer.GraalDebugHandlersFactory;
 117 import org.graalvm.compiler.runtime.RuntimeProvider;
 118 import org.graalvm.compiler.test.AddExports;
 119 import org.graalvm.compiler.test.GraalTest;
 120 import org.graalvm.compiler.test.JLModule;
 121 import org.junit.After;
 122 import org.junit.Assert;
 123 import org.junit.Test;
 124 import org.junit.internal.AssumptionViolatedException;
 125 
 126 import jdk.vm.ci.code.Architecture;
 127 import jdk.vm.ci.code.BailoutException;
 128 import jdk.vm.ci.code.CodeCacheProvider;
 129 import jdk.vm.ci.code.InstalledCode;
 130 import jdk.vm.ci.code.TargetDescription;
 131 import jdk.vm.ci.meta.Assumptions.Assumption;
 132 import jdk.vm.ci.meta.ConstantReflectionProvider;
 133 import jdk.vm.ci.meta.DeoptimizationReason;
 134 import jdk.vm.ci.meta.JavaKind;
 135 import jdk.vm.ci.meta.JavaType;
 136 import jdk.vm.ci.meta.MetaAccessProvider;
 137 import jdk.vm.ci.meta.ProfilingInfo;
 138 import jdk.vm.ci.meta.ResolvedJavaMethod;
 139 import jdk.vm.ci.meta.ResolvedJavaType;
 140 import jdk.vm.ci.meta.SpeculationLog;
 141 
 142 /**
 143  * Base class for Graal compiler unit tests.
 144  * <p>
 145  * White box tests for Graal compiler transformations use this pattern:
 146  * <ol>
 147  * <li>Create a graph by {@linkplain #parseEager parsing} a method.</li>
 148  * <li>Manually modify the graph (e.g. replace a parameter node with a constant).</li>
 149  * <li>Apply a transformation to the graph.</li>
 150  * <li>Assert that the transformed graph is equal to an expected graph.</li>
 151  * </ol>
 152  * <p>
 153  * See {@link InvokeHintsTest} as an example of a white box test.
 154  * <p>
 155  * Black box tests use the {@link #test(String, Object...)} or
 156  * {@link #testN(int, String, Object...)} to execute some method in the interpreter and compare its
 157  * result against that produced by a Graal compiled version of the method.
 158  * <p>
 159  * These tests will be run by the {@code mx unittest} command.
 160  */
 161 @AddExports({"java.base/jdk.internal.org.objectweb.asm", "java.base/jdk.internal.org.objectweb.asm.tree"})
 162 public abstract class GraalCompilerTest extends GraalTest {
 163 
 164     /**
 165      * Gets the initial option values provided by the Graal runtime. These are option values
 166      * typically parsed from the command line.
 167      */
 168     public static OptionValues getInitialOptions() {
 169         return Graal.getRequiredCapability(OptionValues.class);
 170     }
 171 
 172     private static final int BAILOUT_RETRY_LIMIT = 1;
 173     private final Providers providers;
 174     private final Backend backend;
 175 
 176     /**
 177      * Representative class for the {@code java.base} module.
 178      */
 179     public static final Class<?> JAVA_BASE = Class.class;
 180 
 181     /**
 182      * Exports the package named {@code packageName} declared in {@code moduleMember}'s module to
 183      * this object's module. This must be called before accessing packages that are no longer public
 184      * as of JDK 9.
 185      */
 186     protected final void exportPackage(Class<?> moduleMember, String packageName) {
 187         if (!Java8OrEarlier) {
 188             JLModule.exportPackageTo(moduleMember, packageName, getClass());
 189         }
 190     }
 191 
 192     /**
 193      * Denotes a test method that must be inlined by the {@link BytecodeParser}.
 194      */
 195     @Target({ElementType.METHOD, ElementType.CONSTRUCTOR})
 196     @Retention(RetentionPolicy.RUNTIME)
 197     public @interface BytecodeParserForceInline {
 198     }
 199 
 200     /**
 201      * Denotes a test method that must never be inlined by the {@link BytecodeParser}.
 202      */
 203     @Retention(RetentionPolicy.RUNTIME)
 204     @Target({ElementType.METHOD, ElementType.CONSTRUCTOR})
 205     public @interface BytecodeParserNeverInline {
 206         /**
 207          * Specifies if the call should be implemented with {@link InvokeWithExceptionNode} instead
 208          * of {@link InvokeNode}.
 209          */
 210         boolean invokeWithException() default false;
 211     }
 212 
 213     /**
 214      * Can be overridden by unit tests to verify properties of the graph.
 215      *
 216      * @param graph the graph at the end of HighTier
 217      */
 218     protected boolean checkHighTierGraph(StructuredGraph graph) {
 219         return true;
 220     }
 221 
 222     /**
 223      * Can be overridden by unit tests to verify properties of the graph.
 224      *
 225      * @param graph the graph at the end of MidTier
 226      */
 227     protected boolean checkMidTierGraph(StructuredGraph graph) {
 228         return true;
 229     }
 230 
 231     /**
 232      * Can be overridden by unit tests to verify properties of the graph.
 233      *
 234      * @param graph the graph at the end of LowTier
 235      */
 236     protected boolean checkLowTierGraph(StructuredGraph graph) {
 237         return true;
 238     }
 239 
 240     protected static void breakpoint() {
 241     }
 242 
 243     @SuppressWarnings("unused")
 244     protected static void breakpoint(int arg0) {
 245     }
 246 
 247     protected static void shouldBeOptimizedAway() {
 248     }
 249 
 250     protected Suites createSuites(OptionValues opts) {
 251         Suites ret = backend.getSuites().getDefaultSuites(opts).copy();
 252         ListIterator<BasePhase<? super HighTierContext>> iter = ret.getHighTier().findPhase(ConvertDeoptimizeToGuardPhase.class, true);
 253         if (iter == null) {
 254             /*
 255              * in the economy configuration, we don't have the ConvertDeoptimizeToGuard phase, so we
 256              * just select the first CanonicalizerPhase in HighTier
 257              */
 258             iter = ret.getHighTier().findPhase(CanonicalizerPhase.class);
 259         }
 260         iter.add(new Phase() {
 261 
 262             @Override
 263             protected void run(StructuredGraph graph) {
 264                 ComputeLoopFrequenciesClosure.compute(graph);
 265             }
 266 
 267             @Override
 268             public float codeSizeIncrease() {
 269                 return NodeSize.IGNORE_SIZE_CONTRACT_FACTOR;
 270             }
 271 
 272             @Override
 273             protected CharSequence getName() {
 274                 return "ComputeLoopFrequenciesPhase";
 275             }
 276         });
 277         ret.getHighTier().appendPhase(new Phase() {
 278 
 279             @Override
 280             protected void run(StructuredGraph graph) {
 281                 assert checkHighTierGraph(graph) : "failed HighTier graph check";
 282             }
 283 
 284             @Override
 285             public float codeSizeIncrease() {
 286                 return NodeSize.IGNORE_SIZE_CONTRACT_FACTOR;
 287             }
 288 
 289             @Override
 290             protected CharSequence getName() {
 291                 return "CheckGraphPhase";
 292             }
 293         });
 294         ret.getMidTier().appendPhase(new Phase() {
 295 
 296             @Override
 297             protected void run(StructuredGraph graph) {
 298                 assert checkMidTierGraph(graph) : "failed MidTier graph check";
 299             }
 300 
 301             @Override
 302             public float codeSizeIncrease() {
 303                 return NodeSize.IGNORE_SIZE_CONTRACT_FACTOR;
 304             }
 305 
 306             @Override
 307             protected CharSequence getName() {
 308                 return "CheckGraphPhase";
 309             }
 310         });
 311         ret.getLowTier().appendPhase(new Phase() {
 312 
 313             @Override
 314             protected void run(StructuredGraph graph) {
 315                 assert checkLowTierGraph(graph) : "failed LowTier graph check";
 316             }
 317 
 318             @Override
 319             public float codeSizeIncrease() {
 320                 return NodeSize.IGNORE_SIZE_CONTRACT_FACTOR;
 321             }
 322 
 323             @Override
 324             protected CharSequence getName() {
 325                 return "CheckGraphPhase";
 326             }
 327         });
 328         return ret;
 329     }
 330 
 331     protected LIRSuites createLIRSuites(OptionValues opts) {
 332         LIRSuites ret = backend.getSuites().getDefaultLIRSuites(opts).copy();
 333         return ret;
 334     }
 335 
 336     public GraalCompilerTest() {
 337         this.backend = Graal.getRequiredCapability(RuntimeProvider.class).getHostBackend();
 338         this.providers = getBackend().getProviders();
 339     }
 340 
 341     /**
 342      * Set up a test for a non-default backend. The test should check (via {@link #getBackend()} )
 343      * whether the desired backend is available.
 344      *
 345      * @param arch the name of the desired backend architecture
 346      */
 347     public GraalCompilerTest(Class<? extends Architecture> arch) {
 348         RuntimeProvider runtime = Graal.getRequiredCapability(RuntimeProvider.class);
 349         Backend b = runtime.getBackend(arch);
 350         if (b != null) {
 351             this.backend = b;
 352         } else {
 353             // Fall back to the default/host backend
 354             this.backend = runtime.getHostBackend();
 355         }
 356         this.providers = backend.getProviders();
 357     }
 358 
 359     /**
 360      * Set up a test for a non-default backend.
 361      *
 362      * @param backend the desired backend
 363      */
 364     public GraalCompilerTest(Backend backend) {
 365         this.backend = backend;
 366         this.providers = backend.getProviders();
 367     }
 368 
 369     @Override
 370     @After
 371     public void afterTest() {
 372         if (invocationPluginExtensions != null) {
 373             synchronized (this) {
 374                 if (invocationPluginExtensions != null) {
 375                     extendedInvocationPlugins.removeTestPlugins(invocationPluginExtensions);
 376                     extendedInvocationPlugins = null;
 377                     invocationPluginExtensions = null;
 378                 }
 379             }
 380         }
 381         super.afterTest();
 382     }
 383 
 384     /**
 385      * Gets a {@link DebugContext} object corresponding to {@code options}, creating a new one if
 386      * none currently exists. Debug contexts created by this method will have their
 387      * {@link DebugDumpHandler}s closed in {@link #afterTest()}.
 388      */
 389     protected DebugContext getDebugContext() {
 390         return getDebugContext(getInitialOptions());
 391     }
 392 
 393     @Override
 394     protected Collection<DebugHandlersFactory> getDebugHandlersFactories() {
 395         return Collections.singletonList(new GraalDebugHandlersFactory(getSnippetReflection()));
 396     }
 397 
 398     protected void assertEquals(StructuredGraph expected, StructuredGraph graph) {
 399         assertEquals(expected, graph, false, true);
 400     }
 401 
 402     protected int countUnusedConstants(StructuredGraph graph) {
 403         int total = 0;
 404         for (ConstantNode node : getConstantNodes(graph)) {
 405             if (node.hasNoUsages()) {
 406                 total++;
 407             }
 408         }
 409         return total;
 410     }
 411 
 412     protected int getNodeCountExcludingUnusedConstants(StructuredGraph graph) {
 413         return graph.getNodeCount() - countUnusedConstants(graph);
 414     }
 415 
 416     protected void assertEquals(StructuredGraph expected, StructuredGraph graph, boolean excludeVirtual, boolean checkConstants) {
 417         String expectedString = getCanonicalGraphString(expected, excludeVirtual, checkConstants);
 418         String actualString = getCanonicalGraphString(graph, excludeVirtual, checkConstants);
 419         String mismatchString = compareGraphStrings(expected, expectedString, graph, actualString);
 420 
 421         if (!excludeVirtual && getNodeCountExcludingUnusedConstants(expected) != getNodeCountExcludingUnusedConstants(graph)) {
 422             expected.getDebug().dump(DebugContext.BASIC_LEVEL, expected, "Node count not matching - expected");
 423             graph.getDebug().dump(DebugContext.BASIC_LEVEL, graph, "Node count not matching - actual");
 424             Assert.fail("Graphs do not have the same number of nodes: " + expected.getNodeCount() + " vs. " + graph.getNodeCount() + "\n" + mismatchString);
 425         }
 426         if (!expectedString.equals(actualString)) {
 427             expected.getDebug().dump(DebugContext.BASIC_LEVEL, expected, "mismatching graphs - expected");
 428             graph.getDebug().dump(DebugContext.BASIC_LEVEL, graph, "mismatching graphs - actual");
 429             Assert.fail(mismatchString);
 430         }
 431     }
 432 
 433     private static String compareGraphStrings(StructuredGraph expectedGraph, String expectedString, StructuredGraph actualGraph, String actualString) {
 434         if (!expectedString.equals(actualString)) {
 435             String[] expectedLines = expectedString.split("\n");
 436             String[] actualLines = actualString.split("\n");
 437             int diffIndex = -1;
 438             int limit = Math.min(actualLines.length, expectedLines.length);
 439             String marker = " <<<";
 440             for (int i = 0; i < limit; i++) {
 441                 if (!expectedLines[i].equals(actualLines[i])) {
 442                     diffIndex = i;
 443                     break;
 444                 }
 445             }
 446             if (diffIndex == -1) {
 447                 // Prefix is the same so add some space after the prefix
 448                 diffIndex = limit;
 449                 if (actualLines.length == limit) {
 450                     actualLines = Arrays.copyOf(actualLines, limit + 1);
 451                     actualLines[diffIndex] = "";
 452                 } else {
 453                     assert expectedLines.length == limit;
 454                     expectedLines = Arrays.copyOf(expectedLines, limit + 1);
 455                     expectedLines[diffIndex] = "";
 456                 }
 457             }
 458             // Place a marker next to the first line that differs
 459             expectedLines[diffIndex] = expectedLines[diffIndex] + marker;
 460             actualLines[diffIndex] = actualLines[diffIndex] + marker;
 461             String ediff = String.join("\n", expectedLines);
 462             String adiff = String.join("\n", actualLines);
 463             return "mismatch in graphs:\n========= expected (" + expectedGraph + ") =========\n" + ediff + "\n\n========= actual (" + actualGraph + ") =========\n" + adiff;
 464         } else {
 465             return "mismatch in graphs";
 466         }
 467     }
 468 
 469     protected void assertOptimizedAway(StructuredGraph g) {
 470         Assert.assertEquals(0, g.getNodes().filter(NotOptimizedNode.class).count());
 471     }
 472 
 473     protected void assertConstantReturn(StructuredGraph graph, int value) {
 474         String graphString = getCanonicalGraphString(graph, false, true);
 475         Assert.assertEquals("unexpected number of ReturnNodes: " + graphString, graph.getNodes(ReturnNode.TYPE).count(), 1);
 476         ValueNode result = graph.getNodes(ReturnNode.TYPE).first().result();
 477         Assert.assertTrue("unexpected ReturnNode result node: " + graphString, result.isConstant());
 478         Assert.assertEquals("unexpected ReturnNode result kind: " + graphString, result.asJavaConstant().getJavaKind(), JavaKind.Int);
 479         Assert.assertEquals("unexpected ReturnNode result: " + graphString, result.asJavaConstant().asInt(), value);
 480     }
 481 
 482     protected static String getCanonicalGraphString(StructuredGraph graph, boolean excludeVirtual, boolean checkConstants) {
 483         SchedulePhase schedule = new SchedulePhase(SchedulingStrategy.EARLIEST);
 484         schedule.apply(graph);
 485         ScheduleResult scheduleResult = graph.getLastSchedule();
 486 
 487         NodeMap<Integer> canonicalId = graph.createNodeMap();
 488         int nextId = 0;
 489 
 490         List<String> constantsLines = new ArrayList<>();
 491 
 492         StringBuilder result = new StringBuilder();
 493         for (Block block : scheduleResult.getCFG().getBlocks()) {
 494             result.append("Block ").append(block).append(' ');
 495             if (block == scheduleResult.getCFG().getStartBlock()) {
 496                 result.append("* ");
 497             }
 498             result.append("-> ");
 499             for (Block succ : block.getSuccessors()) {
 500                 result.append(succ).append(' ');
 501             }
 502             result.append('\n');
 503             for (Node node : scheduleResult.getBlockToNodesMap().get(block)) {
 504                 if (node instanceof ValueNode && node.isAlive()) {
 505                     if (!excludeVirtual || !(node instanceof VirtualObjectNode || node instanceof ProxyNode || node instanceof FullInfopointNode || node instanceof ParameterNode)) {
 506                         if (node instanceof ConstantNode) {
 507                             String name = checkConstants ? node.toString(Verbosity.Name) : node.getClass().getSimpleName();
 508                             if (excludeVirtual) {
 509                                 constantsLines.add(name);
 510                             } else {
 511                                 constantsLines.add(name + "    (" + filteredUsageCount(node) + ")");
 512                             }
 513                         } else {
 514                             int id;
 515                             if (canonicalId.get(node) != null) {
 516                                 id = canonicalId.get(node);
 517                             } else {
 518                                 id = nextId++;
 519                                 canonicalId.set(node, id);
 520                             }
 521                             String name = node.getClass().getSimpleName();
 522                             result.append("  ").append(id).append('|').append(name);
 523                             if (node instanceof AccessFieldNode) {
 524                                 result.append('#');
 525                                 result.append(((AccessFieldNode) node).field());
 526                             }
 527                             if (!excludeVirtual) {
 528                                 result.append("    (");
 529                                 result.append(filteredUsageCount(node));
 530                                 result.append(')');
 531                             }
 532                             result.append('\n');
 533                         }
 534                     }
 535                 }
 536             }
 537         }
 538 
 539         StringBuilder constantsLinesResult = new StringBuilder();
 540         constantsLinesResult.append(constantsLines.size()).append(" constants:\n");
 541         Collections.sort(constantsLines);
 542         for (String s : constantsLines) {
 543             constantsLinesResult.append(s);
 544             constantsLinesResult.append('\n');
 545         }
 546 
 547         return constantsLinesResult.toString() + result.toString();
 548     }
 549 
 550     /**
 551      * @return usage count excluding {@link FrameState} usages
 552      */
 553     private static int filteredUsageCount(Node node) {
 554         return node.usages().filter(n -> !(n instanceof FrameState)).count();
 555     }
 556 
 557     /**
 558      * @param graph
 559      * @return a scheduled textual dump of {@code graph} .
 560      */
 561     protected static String getScheduledGraphString(StructuredGraph graph) {
 562         SchedulePhase schedule = new SchedulePhase(SchedulingStrategy.EARLIEST);
 563         schedule.apply(graph);
 564         ScheduleResult scheduleResult = graph.getLastSchedule();
 565 
 566         StringBuilder result = new StringBuilder();
 567         Block[] blocks = scheduleResult.getCFG().getBlocks();
 568         for (Block block : blocks) {
 569             result.append("Block ").append(block).append(' ');
 570             if (block == scheduleResult.getCFG().getStartBlock()) {
 571                 result.append("* ");
 572             }
 573             result.append("-> ");
 574             for (Block succ : block.getSuccessors()) {
 575                 result.append(succ).append(' ');
 576             }
 577             result.append('\n');
 578             for (Node node : scheduleResult.getBlockToNodesMap().get(block)) {
 579                 result.append(String.format("%1S\n", node));
 580             }
 581         }
 582         return result.toString();
 583     }
 584 
 585     protected Backend getBackend() {
 586         return backend;
 587     }
 588 
 589     protected final Providers getProviders() {
 590         return providers;
 591     }
 592 
 593     protected HighTierContext getDefaultHighTierContext() {
 594         return new HighTierContext(getProviders(), getDefaultGraphBuilderSuite(), OptimisticOptimizations.ALL);
 595     }
 596 
 597     protected SnippetReflectionProvider getSnippetReflection() {
 598         return Graal.getRequiredCapability(SnippetReflectionProvider.class);
 599     }
 600 
 601     protected TargetDescription getTarget() {
 602         return getTargetProvider().getTarget();
 603     }
 604 
 605     protected TargetProvider getTargetProvider() {
 606         return getBackend();
 607     }
 608 
 609     protected CodeCacheProvider getCodeCache() {
 610         return getProviders().getCodeCache();
 611     }
 612 
 613     protected ConstantReflectionProvider getConstantReflection() {
 614         return getProviders().getConstantReflection();
 615     }
 616 
 617     protected MetaAccessProvider getMetaAccess() {
 618         return getProviders().getMetaAccess();
 619     }
 620 
 621     protected LoweringProvider getLowerer() {
 622         return getProviders().getLowerer();
 623     }
 624 
 625     protected CompilationIdentifier getCompilationId(ResolvedJavaMethod method) {
 626         return getBackend().getCompilationIdentifier(method);
 627     }
 628 
 629     protected CompilationIdentifier getOrCreateCompilationId(final ResolvedJavaMethod installedCodeOwner, StructuredGraph graph) {
 630         if (graph != null) {
 631             return graph.compilationId();
 632         }
 633         return getCompilationId(installedCodeOwner);
 634     }
 635 
 636     protected void testN(int n, final String name, final Object... args) {
 637         final List<Throwable> errors = new ArrayList<>(n);
 638         Thread[] threads = new Thread[n];
 639         for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) {
 640             Thread t = new Thread(i + ":" + name) {
 641 
 642                 @Override
 643                 public void run() {
 644                     try {
 645                         test(name, args);
 646                     } catch (Throwable e) {
 647                         errors.add(e);
 648                     }
 649                 }
 650             };
 651             threads[i] = t;
 652             t.start();
 653         }
 654         for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) {
 655             try {
 656                 threads[i].join();
 657             } catch (InterruptedException e) {
 658                 errors.add(e);
 659             }
 660         }
 661         if (!errors.isEmpty()) {
 662             throw new MultiCauseAssertionError(errors.size() + " failures", errors.toArray(new Throwable[errors.size()]));
 663         }
 664     }
 665 
 666     protected Object referenceInvoke(ResolvedJavaMethod method, Object receiver, Object... args)
 667                     throws IllegalAccessException, IllegalArgumentException, InvocationTargetException, InstantiationException {
 668         return invoke(method, receiver, args);
 669     }
 670 
 671     public static class Result {
 672 
 673         public final Object returnValue;
 674         public final Throwable exception;
 675 
 676         public Result(Object returnValue, Throwable exception) {
 677             this.returnValue = returnValue;
 678             this.exception = exception;
 679         }
 680 
 681         @Override
 682         public String toString() {
 683             return exception == null ? returnValue == null ? "null" : returnValue.toString() : "!" + exception;
 684         }
 685     }
 686 
 687     /**
 688      * Called before a test is executed.
 689      */
 690     protected void before(@SuppressWarnings("unused") ResolvedJavaMethod method) {
 691     }
 692 
 693     /**
 694      * Called after a test is executed.
 695      */
 696     protected void after() {
 697     }
 698 
 699     protected Result executeExpected(ResolvedJavaMethod method, Object receiver, Object... args) {
 700         before(method);
 701         try {
 702             // This gives us both the expected return value as well as ensuring that the method to
 703             // be compiled is fully resolved
 704             return new Result(referenceInvoke(method, receiver, args), null);
 705         } catch (InvocationTargetException e) {
 706             return new Result(null, e.getTargetException());
 707         } catch (Exception e) {
 708             throw new RuntimeException(e);
 709         } finally {
 710             after();
 711         }
 712     }
 713 
 714     protected Result executeActual(ResolvedJavaMethod method, Object receiver, Object... args) {
 715         return executeActual(getInitialOptions(), method, receiver, args);
 716     }
 717 
 718     protected Result executeActual(OptionValues options, ResolvedJavaMethod method, Object receiver, Object... args) {
 719         before(method);
 720         Object[] executeArgs = argsWithReceiver(receiver, args);
 721 
 722         checkArgs(method, executeArgs);
 723 
 724         InstalledCode compiledMethod = getCode(method, options);
 725         try {
 726             return new Result(compiledMethod.executeVarargs(executeArgs), null);
 727         } catch (Throwable e) {
 728             return new Result(null, e);
 729         } finally {
 730             after();
 731         }
 732     }
 733 
 734     protected void checkArgs(ResolvedJavaMethod method, Object[] args) {
 735         JavaType[] sig = method.toParameterTypes();
 736         Assert.assertEquals(sig.length, args.length);
 737         for (int i = 0; i < args.length; i++) {
 738             JavaType javaType = sig[i];
 739             JavaKind kind = javaType.getJavaKind();
 740             Object arg = args[i];
 741             if (kind == JavaKind.Object) {
 742                 if (arg != null && javaType instanceof ResolvedJavaType) {
 743                     ResolvedJavaType resolvedJavaType = (ResolvedJavaType) javaType;
 744                     Assert.assertTrue(resolvedJavaType + " from " + getMetaAccess().lookupJavaType(arg.getClass()), resolvedJavaType.isAssignableFrom(getMetaAccess().lookupJavaType(arg.getClass())));
 745                 }
 746             } else {
 747                 Assert.assertNotNull(arg);
 748                 Assert.assertEquals(kind.toBoxedJavaClass(), arg.getClass());
 749             }
 750         }
 751     }
 752 
 753     /**
 754      * Prepends a non-null receiver argument to a given list or args.
 755      *
 756      * @param receiver the receiver argument to prepend if it is non-null
 757      */
 758     protected Object[] argsWithReceiver(Object receiver, Object... args) {
 759         Object[] executeArgs;
 760         if (receiver == null) {
 761             executeArgs = args;
 762         } else {
 763             executeArgs = new Object[args.length + 1];
 764             executeArgs[0] = receiver;
 765             for (int i = 0; i < args.length; i++) {
 766                 executeArgs[i + 1] = args[i];
 767             }
 768         }
 769         return applyArgSuppliers(executeArgs);
 770     }
 771 
 772     protected final Result test(String name, Object... args) {
 773         return test(getInitialOptions(), name, args);
 774     }
 775 
 776     protected final Result test(OptionValues options, String name, Object... args) {
 777         try {
 778             ResolvedJavaMethod method = getResolvedJavaMethod(name);
 779             Object receiver = method.isStatic() ? null : this;
 780             return test(options, method, receiver, args);
 781         } catch (AssumptionViolatedException e) {
 782             // Suppress so that subsequent calls to this method within the
 783             // same Junit @Test annotated method can proceed.
 784             return null;
 785         }
 786     }
 787 
 788     /**
 789      * Type denoting a lambda that supplies a fresh value each time it is called. This is useful
 790      * when supplying an argument to {@link GraalCompilerTest#test(String, Object...)} where the
 791      * test modifies the state of the argument (e.g., updates a field).
 792      */
 793     @FunctionalInterface
 794     public interface ArgSupplier extends Supplier<Object> {
 795     }
 796 
 797     /**
 798      * Convenience method for using an {@link ArgSupplier} lambda in a varargs list.
 799      */
 800     public static Object supply(ArgSupplier supplier) {
 801         return supplier;
 802     }
 803 
 804     protected Result test(ResolvedJavaMethod method, Object receiver, Object... args) {
 805         return test(getInitialOptions(), method, receiver, args);
 806     }
 807 
 808     protected Result test(OptionValues options, ResolvedJavaMethod method, Object receiver, Object... args) {
 809         Result expect = executeExpected(method, receiver, args);
 810         if (getCodeCache() != null) {
 811             testAgainstExpected(options, method, expect, receiver, args);
 812         }
 813         return expect;
 814     }
 815 
 816     /**
 817      * Process a given set of arguments, converting any {@link ArgSupplier} argument to the argument
 818      * it supplies.
 819      */
 820     protected Object[] applyArgSuppliers(Object... args) {
 821         Object[] res = args;
 822         for (int i = 0; i < args.length; i++) {
 823             if (args[i] instanceof ArgSupplier) {
 824                 if (res == args) {
 825                     res = args.clone();
 826                 }
 827                 res[i] = ((ArgSupplier) args[i]).get();
 828             }
 829         }
 830         return res;
 831     }
 832 
 833     protected final void testAgainstExpected(ResolvedJavaMethod method, Result expect, Object receiver, Object... args) {
 834         testAgainstExpected(getInitialOptions(), method, expect, Collections.<DeoptimizationReason> emptySet(), receiver, args);
 835     }
 836 
 837     protected void testAgainstExpected(ResolvedJavaMethod method, Result expect, Set<DeoptimizationReason> shouldNotDeopt, Object receiver, Object... args) {
 838         testAgainstExpected(getInitialOptions(), method, expect, shouldNotDeopt, receiver, args);
 839     }
 840 
 841     protected final void testAgainstExpected(OptionValues options, ResolvedJavaMethod method, Result expect, Object receiver, Object... args) {
 842         testAgainstExpected(options, method, expect, Collections.<DeoptimizationReason> emptySet(), receiver, args);
 843     }
 844 
 845     protected void testAgainstExpected(OptionValues options, ResolvedJavaMethod method, Result expect, Set<DeoptimizationReason> shouldNotDeopt, Object receiver, Object... args) {
 846         Result actual = executeActualCheckDeopt(options, method, shouldNotDeopt, receiver, args);
 847         assertEquals(expect, actual);
 848     }
 849 
 850     protected Result executeActualCheckDeopt(OptionValues options, ResolvedJavaMethod method, Set<DeoptimizationReason> shouldNotDeopt, Object receiver, Object... args) {
 851         Map<DeoptimizationReason, Integer> deoptCounts = new EnumMap<>(DeoptimizationReason.class);
 852         ProfilingInfo profile = method.getProfilingInfo();
 853         for (DeoptimizationReason reason : shouldNotDeopt) {
 854             deoptCounts.put(reason, profile.getDeoptimizationCount(reason));
 855         }
 856         Result actual = executeActual(options, method, receiver, args);
 857         profile = method.getProfilingInfo(); // profile can change after execution
 858         for (DeoptimizationReason reason : shouldNotDeopt) {
 859             Assert.assertEquals((int) deoptCounts.get(reason), profile.getDeoptimizationCount(reason));
 860         }
 861         return actual;
 862     }
 863 
 864     protected void assertEquals(Result expect, Result actual) {
 865         if (expect.exception != null) {
 866             Assert.assertTrue("expected " + expect.exception, actual.exception != null);
 867             Assert.assertEquals("Exception class", expect.exception.getClass(), actual.exception.getClass());
 868             Assert.assertEquals("Exception message", expect.exception.getMessage(), actual.exception.getMessage());
 869         } else {
 870             if (actual.exception != null) {
 871                 throw new AssertionError("expected " + expect.returnValue + " but got an exception", actual.exception);
 872             }
 873             assertDeepEquals(expect.returnValue, actual.returnValue);
 874         }
 875     }
 876 
 877     private Map<ResolvedJavaMethod, InstalledCode> cache = new HashMap<>();
 878 
 879     /**
 880      * Gets installed code for a given method, compiling it first if necessary. The graph is parsed
 881      * {@link #parseEager eagerly}.
 882      */
 883     protected final InstalledCode getCode(ResolvedJavaMethod method) {
 884         return getCode(method, null, false, false, getInitialOptions());
 885     }
 886 
 887     protected final InstalledCode getCode(ResolvedJavaMethod method, OptionValues options) {
 888         return getCode(method, null, false, false, options);
 889     }
 890 
 891     /**
 892      * Gets installed code for a given method, compiling it first if necessary.
 893      *
 894      * @param installedCodeOwner the method the compiled code will be associated with when installed
 895      * @param graph the graph to be compiled. If null, a graph will be obtained from
 896      *            {@code installedCodeOwner} via {@link #parseForCompile(ResolvedJavaMethod)}.
 897      */
 898     protected final InstalledCode getCode(ResolvedJavaMethod installedCodeOwner, StructuredGraph graph) {
 899         return getCode(installedCodeOwner, graph, false, false, graph == null ? getInitialOptions() : graph.getOptions());
 900     }
 901 
 902     /**
 903      * Gets installed code for a given method and graph, compiling it first if necessary.
 904      *
 905      * @param installedCodeOwner the method the compiled code will be associated with when installed
 906      * @param graph the graph to be compiled. If null, a graph will be obtained from
 907      *            {@code installedCodeOwner} via {@link #parseForCompile(ResolvedJavaMethod)}.
 908      * @param forceCompile specifies whether to ignore any previous code cached for the (method,
 909      *            key) pair
 910      */
 911     protected final InstalledCode getCode(final ResolvedJavaMethod installedCodeOwner, StructuredGraph graph, boolean forceCompile) {
 912         return getCode(installedCodeOwner, graph, forceCompile, false, graph == null ? getInitialOptions() : graph.getOptions());
 913     }
 914 
 915     /**
 916      * Gets installed code for a given method and graph, compiling it first if necessary.
 917      *
 918      * @param installedCodeOwner the method the compiled code will be associated with when installed
 919      * @param graph the graph to be compiled. If null, a graph will be obtained from
 920      *            {@code installedCodeOwner} via {@link #parseForCompile(ResolvedJavaMethod)}.
 921      * @param forceCompile specifies whether to ignore any previous code cached for the (method,
 922      *            key) pair
 923      * @param installAsDefault specifies whether to install as the default implementation
 924      * @param options the options that will be used in {@link #parseForCompile(ResolvedJavaMethod)}
 925      */
 926     @SuppressWarnings("try")
 927     protected InstalledCode getCode(final ResolvedJavaMethod installedCodeOwner, StructuredGraph graph, boolean forceCompile, boolean installAsDefault, OptionValues options) {
 928         if (!forceCompile) {
 929             InstalledCode cached = cache.get(installedCodeOwner);
 930             if (cached != null) {
 931                 if (cached.isValid()) {
 932                     return cached;
 933                 }
 934             }
 935         }
 936         // loop for retrying compilation
 937         for (int retry = 0; retry <= BAILOUT_RETRY_LIMIT; retry++) {
 938             final CompilationIdentifier id = getOrCreateCompilationId(installedCodeOwner, graph);
 939 
 940             InstalledCode installedCode = null;
 941             StructuredGraph graphToCompile = graph == null ? parseForCompile(installedCodeOwner, id, options) : graph;
 942             DebugContext debug = graphToCompile.getDebug();
 943             try (AllocSpy spy = AllocSpy.open(installedCodeOwner); DebugContext.Scope ds = debug.scope("Compiling", new DebugDumpScope(id.toString(CompilationIdentifier.Verbosity.ID), true))) {
 944                 final boolean printCompilation = PrintCompilation.getValue(options) && !TTY.isSuppressed();
 945                 if (printCompilation) {
 946                     TTY.println(String.format("@%-6s Graal %-70s %-45s %-50s ...", id, installedCodeOwner.getDeclaringClass().getName(), installedCodeOwner.getName(),
 947                                     installedCodeOwner.getSignature()));
 948                 }
 949                 long start = System.currentTimeMillis();
 950                 CompilationResult compResult = compile(installedCodeOwner, graphToCompile, new CompilationResult(), id, options);
 951                 if (printCompilation) {
 952                     TTY.println(String.format("@%-6s Graal %-70s %-45s %-50s | %4dms %5dB", id, "", "", "", System.currentTimeMillis() - start, compResult.getTargetCodeSize()));
 953                 }
 954 
 955                 try (DebugContext.Scope s = debug.scope("CodeInstall", getCodeCache(), installedCodeOwner, compResult);
 956                                 DebugContext.Activation a = debug.activate()) {
 957                     try {
 958                         if (installAsDefault) {
 959                             installedCode = addDefaultMethod(debug, installedCodeOwner, compResult);
 960                         } else {
 961                             installedCode = addMethod(debug, installedCodeOwner, compResult);
 962                         }
 963                         if (installedCode == null) {
 964                             throw new GraalError("Could not install code for " + installedCodeOwner.format("%H.%n(%p)"));
 965                         }
 966                     } catch (BailoutException e) {
 967                         if (retry <= BAILOUT_RETRY_LIMIT && graph == null && !e.isPermanent()) {
 968                             // retry (if there is no predefined graph)
 969                             TTY.println(String.format("Restart compilation %s (%s) due to a non-permanent bailout!", installedCodeOwner, id));
 970                             continue;
 971                         }
 972                         throw e;
 973                     }
 974                 } catch (Throwable e) {
 975                     throw debug.handle(e);
 976                 }
 977             } catch (Throwable e) {
 978                 throw debug.handle(e);
 979             }
 980 
 981             if (!forceCompile) {
 982                 cache.put(installedCodeOwner, installedCode);
 983             }
 984             return installedCode;
 985         }
 986         throw GraalError.shouldNotReachHere();
 987     }
 988 
 989     /**
 990      * Used to produce a graph for a method about to be compiled by
 991      * {@link #compile(ResolvedJavaMethod, StructuredGraph)} if the second parameter to that method
 992      * is null.
 993      *
 994      * The default implementation in {@link GraalCompilerTest} is to call {@link #parseEager}.
 995      */
 996     protected StructuredGraph parseForCompile(ResolvedJavaMethod method, OptionValues options) {
 997         return parseEager(method, AllowAssumptions.YES, getCompilationId(method), options);
 998     }
 999 
1000     protected final StructuredGraph parseForCompile(ResolvedJavaMethod method, DebugContext debug) {
1001         return parseEager(method, AllowAssumptions.YES, debug);
1002     }
1003 
1004     protected final StructuredGraph parseForCompile(ResolvedJavaMethod method) {
1005         return parseEager(method, AllowAssumptions.YES, getCompilationId(method), getInitialOptions());
1006     }
1007 
1008     protected StructuredGraph parseForCompile(ResolvedJavaMethod method, CompilationIdentifier compilationId, OptionValues options) {
1009         return parseEager(method, AllowAssumptions.YES, compilationId, options);
1010     }
1011 
1012     /**
1013      * Compiles a given method.
1014      *
1015      * @param installedCodeOwner the method the compiled code will be associated with when installed
1016      * @param graph the graph to be compiled for {@code installedCodeOwner}. If null, a graph will
1017      *            be obtained from {@code installedCodeOwner} via
1018      *            {@link #parseForCompile(ResolvedJavaMethod)}.
1019      */
1020     protected final CompilationResult compile(ResolvedJavaMethod installedCodeOwner, StructuredGraph graph) {
1021         OptionValues options = graph == null ? getInitialOptions() : graph.getOptions();
1022         return compile(installedCodeOwner, graph, new CompilationResult(), getOrCreateCompilationId(installedCodeOwner, graph), options);
1023     }
1024 
1025     protected final CompilationResult compile(ResolvedJavaMethod installedCodeOwner, StructuredGraph graph, CompilationIdentifier compilationId) {
1026         OptionValues options = graph == null ? getInitialOptions() : graph.getOptions();
1027         return compile(installedCodeOwner, graph, new CompilationResult(), compilationId, options);
1028     }
1029 
1030     protected final CompilationResult compile(ResolvedJavaMethod installedCodeOwner, StructuredGraph graph, OptionValues options) {
1031         assert graph == null || graph.getOptions() == options;
1032         return compile(installedCodeOwner, graph, new CompilationResult(), getOrCreateCompilationId(installedCodeOwner, graph), options);
1033     }
1034 
1035     /**
1036      * Compiles a given method.
1037      *
1038      * @param installedCodeOwner the method the compiled code will be associated with when installed
1039      * @param graph the graph to be compiled for {@code installedCodeOwner}. If null, a graph will
1040      *            be obtained from {@code installedCodeOwner} via
1041      *            {@link #parseForCompile(ResolvedJavaMethod)}.
1042      * @param compilationId
1043      */
1044     @SuppressWarnings("try")
1045     protected CompilationResult compile(ResolvedJavaMethod installedCodeOwner, StructuredGraph graph, CompilationResult compilationResult, CompilationIdentifier compilationId, OptionValues options) {
1046         StructuredGraph graphToCompile = graph == null ? parseForCompile(installedCodeOwner, compilationId, options) : graph;
1047         lastCompiledGraph = graphToCompile;
1048         DebugContext debug = graphToCompile.getDebug();
1049         try (DebugContext.Scope s = debug.scope("Compile", graphToCompile)) {
1050             assert options != null;
1051             Request<CompilationResult> request = new Request<>(graphToCompile, installedCodeOwner, getProviders(), getBackend(), getDefaultGraphBuilderSuite(), OptimisticOptimizations.ALL,
1052                             graphToCompile.getProfilingInfo(), createSuites(options), createLIRSuites(options), compilationResult, CompilationResultBuilderFactory.Default);
1053             return GraalCompiler.compile(request);
1054         } catch (Throwable e) {
1055             throw debug.handle(e);
1056         }
1057     }
1058 
1059     protected StructuredGraph lastCompiledGraph;
1060 
1061     protected SpeculationLog getSpeculationLog() {
1062         return null;
1063     }
1064 
1065     protected InstalledCode addMethod(DebugContext debug, final ResolvedJavaMethod method, final CompilationResult compilationResult) {
1066         return backend.addInstalledCode(debug, method, null, compilationResult);
1067     }
1068 
1069     protected InstalledCode addDefaultMethod(DebugContext debug, final ResolvedJavaMethod method, final CompilationResult compilationResult) {
1070         return backend.createDefaultInstalledCode(debug, method, compilationResult);
1071     }
1072 
1073     private final Map<ResolvedJavaMethod, Executable> methodMap = new HashMap<>();
1074 
1075     /**
1076      * Converts a reflection {@link Method} to a {@link ResolvedJavaMethod}.
1077      */
1078     protected ResolvedJavaMethod asResolvedJavaMethod(Executable method) {
1079         ResolvedJavaMethod javaMethod = getMetaAccess().lookupJavaMethod(method);
1080         methodMap.put(javaMethod, method);
1081         return javaMethod;
1082     }
1083 
1084     protected ResolvedJavaMethod getResolvedJavaMethod(String methodName) {
1085         return asResolvedJavaMethod(getMethod(methodName));
1086     }
1087 
1088     protected ResolvedJavaMethod getResolvedJavaMethod(Class<?> clazz, String methodName) {
1089         return asResolvedJavaMethod(getMethod(clazz, methodName));
1090     }
1091 
1092     protected ResolvedJavaMethod getResolvedJavaMethod(Class<?> clazz, String methodName, Class<?>... parameterTypes) {
1093         return asResolvedJavaMethod(getMethod(clazz, methodName, parameterTypes));
1094     }
1095 
1096     /**
1097      * Gets the reflection {@link Method} from which a given {@link ResolvedJavaMethod} was created
1098      * or null if {@code javaMethod} does not correspond to a reflection method.
1099      */
1100     protected Executable lookupMethod(ResolvedJavaMethod javaMethod) {
1101         return methodMap.get(javaMethod);
1102     }
1103 
1104     protected Object invoke(ResolvedJavaMethod javaMethod, Object receiver, Object... args) throws IllegalAccessException, IllegalArgumentException, InvocationTargetException, InstantiationException {
1105         Executable method = lookupMethod(javaMethod);
1106         Assert.assertTrue(method != null);
1107         if (!method.isAccessible()) {
1108             method.setAccessible(true);
1109         }
1110         if (method instanceof Method) {
1111             return ((Method) method).invoke(receiver, applyArgSuppliers(args));
1112         }
1113         assert receiver == null : "no receiver for constructor invokes";
1114         return ((Constructor<?>) method).newInstance(applyArgSuppliers(args));
1115     }
1116 
1117     /**
1118      * Parses a Java method in {@linkplain GraphBuilderConfiguration#getDefault default} mode to
1119      * produce a graph.
1120      *
1121      * @param methodName the name of the method in {@code this.getClass()} to be parsed
1122      * @param allowAssumptions specifies if {@link Assumption}s can be made compiling the graph
1123      */
1124     protected final StructuredGraph parseProfiled(String methodName, AllowAssumptions allowAssumptions) {
1125         ResolvedJavaMethod method = getResolvedJavaMethod(methodName);
1126         return parse(builder(method, allowAssumptions), getDefaultGraphBuilderSuite());
1127     }
1128 
1129     /**
1130      * Parses a Java method in {@linkplain GraphBuilderConfiguration#getDefault default} mode to
1131      * produce a graph.
1132      *
1133      * @param method the method to be parsed
1134      * @param allowAssumptions specifies if {@link Assumption}s can be made compiling the graph
1135      */
1136     protected final StructuredGraph parseProfiled(ResolvedJavaMethod method, AllowAssumptions allowAssumptions) {
1137         return parse(builder(method, allowAssumptions), getDefaultGraphBuilderSuite());
1138     }
1139 
1140     /**
1141      * Parses a Java method with {@linkplain GraphBuilderConfiguration#withEagerResolving(boolean)}
1142      * set to true to produce a graph.
1143      *
1144      * @param methodName the name of the method in {@code this.getClass()} to be parsed
1145      * @param allowAssumptions specifies if {@link Assumption}s can be made compiling the graph
1146      */
1147     protected final StructuredGraph parseEager(String methodName, AllowAssumptions allowAssumptions) {
1148         ResolvedJavaMethod method = getResolvedJavaMethod(methodName);
1149         return parse(builder(method, allowAssumptions), getEagerGraphBuilderSuite());
1150     }
1151 
1152     /**
1153      * Parses a Java method with {@linkplain GraphBuilderConfiguration#withEagerResolving(boolean)}
1154      * set to true to produce a graph.
1155      *
1156      * @param methodName the name of the method in {@code this.getClass()} to be parsed
1157      * @param allowAssumptions specifies if {@link Assumption}s can be made compiling the graph
1158      * @param options the option values to be used when compiling the graph
1159      */
1160     protected final StructuredGraph parseEager(String methodName, AllowAssumptions allowAssumptions, OptionValues options) {
1161         ResolvedJavaMethod method = getResolvedJavaMethod(methodName);
1162         return parse(builder(method, allowAssumptions, options), getEagerGraphBuilderSuite());
1163     }
1164 
1165     protected final StructuredGraph parseEager(String methodName, AllowAssumptions allowAssumptions, DebugContext debug) {
1166         ResolvedJavaMethod method = getResolvedJavaMethod(methodName);
1167         return parse(builder(method, allowAssumptions, debug), getEagerGraphBuilderSuite());
1168     }
1169 
1170     /**
1171      * Parses a Java method with {@linkplain GraphBuilderConfiguration#withEagerResolving(boolean)}
1172      * set to true to produce a graph.
1173      *
1174      * @param method the method to be parsed
1175      * @param allowAssumptions specifies if {@link Assumption}s can be made compiling the graph
1176      */
1177     protected final StructuredGraph parseEager(ResolvedJavaMethod method, AllowAssumptions allowAssumptions) {
1178         return parse(builder(method, allowAssumptions), getEagerGraphBuilderSuite());
1179     }
1180 
1181     protected final StructuredGraph parseEager(ResolvedJavaMethod method, AllowAssumptions allowAssumptions, DebugContext debug) {
1182         return parse(builder(method, allowAssumptions, debug), getEagerGraphBuilderSuite());
1183     }
1184 
1185     /**
1186      * Parses a Java method with {@linkplain GraphBuilderConfiguration#withEagerResolving(boolean)}
1187      * set to true to produce a graph.
1188      *
1189      * @param method the method to be parsed
1190      * @param allowAssumptions specifies if {@link Assumption}s can be made compiling the graph
1191      * @param options the option values to be used when compiling the graph
1192      */
1193     protected final StructuredGraph parseEager(ResolvedJavaMethod method, AllowAssumptions allowAssumptions, OptionValues options) {
1194         return parse(builder(method, allowAssumptions, options), getEagerGraphBuilderSuite());
1195     }
1196 
1197     /**
1198      * Parses a Java method with {@linkplain GraphBuilderConfiguration#withEagerResolving(boolean)}
1199      * set to true to produce a graph.
1200      *
1201      * @param method the method to be parsed
1202      * @param allowAssumptions specifies if {@link Assumption}s can be made compiling the graph
1203      * @param compilationId the compilation identifier to be associated with the graph
1204      * @param options the option values to be used when compiling the graph
1205      */
1206     protected final StructuredGraph parseEager(ResolvedJavaMethod method, AllowAssumptions allowAssumptions, CompilationIdentifier compilationId, OptionValues options) {
1207         return parse(builder(method, allowAssumptions, compilationId, options), getEagerGraphBuilderSuite());
1208     }
1209 
1210     protected final Builder builder(ResolvedJavaMethod method, AllowAssumptions allowAssumptions, DebugContext debug) {
1211         OptionValues options = debug.getOptions();
1212         return new Builder(options, debug, allowAssumptions).method(method).compilationId(getCompilationId(method));
1213     }
1214 
1215     protected final Builder builder(ResolvedJavaMethod method, AllowAssumptions allowAssumptions) {
1216         OptionValues options = getInitialOptions();
1217         return new Builder(options, getDebugContext(options), allowAssumptions).method(method).compilationId(getCompilationId(method));
1218     }
1219 
1220     protected final Builder builder(ResolvedJavaMethod method, AllowAssumptions allowAssumptions, CompilationIdentifier compilationId, OptionValues options) {
1221         return new Builder(options, getDebugContext(options), allowAssumptions).method(method).compilationId(compilationId);
1222     }
1223 
1224     protected final Builder builder(ResolvedJavaMethod method, AllowAssumptions allowAssumptions, OptionValues options) {
1225         return new Builder(options, getDebugContext(options), allowAssumptions).method(method).compilationId(getCompilationId(method));
1226     }
1227 
1228     protected PhaseSuite<HighTierContext> getDebugGraphBuilderSuite() {
1229         return getCustomGraphBuilderSuite(GraphBuilderConfiguration.getDefault(getDefaultGraphBuilderPlugins()).withFullInfopoints(true));
1230     }
1231 
1232     @SuppressWarnings("try")
1233     protected StructuredGraph parse(StructuredGraph.Builder builder, PhaseSuite<HighTierContext> graphBuilderSuite) {
1234         ResolvedJavaMethod javaMethod = builder.getMethod();
1235         if (builder.getCancellable() == null) {
1236             builder.cancellable(getCancellable(javaMethod));
1237         }
1238         assert javaMethod.getAnnotation(Test.class) == null : "shouldn't parse method with @Test annotation: " + javaMethod;
1239         StructuredGraph graph = builder.build();
1240         DebugContext debug = graph.getDebug();
1241         try (DebugContext.Scope ds = debug.scope("Parsing", javaMethod, graph)) {
1242             graphBuilderSuite.apply(graph, getDefaultHighTierContext());
1243             return graph;
1244         } catch (Throwable e) {
1245             throw debug.handle(e);
1246         }
1247     }
1248 
1249     protected PhaseSuite<HighTierContext> getEagerGraphBuilderSuite() {
1250         return getCustomGraphBuilderSuite(GraphBuilderConfiguration.getDefault(getDefaultGraphBuilderPlugins()).withEagerResolving(true));
1251     }
1252 
1253     /**
1254      * Gets the cancellable that should be associated with a graph being created by any of the
1255      * {@code parse...()} methods.
1256      *
1257      * @param method the method being parsed into a graph
1258      */
1259     protected Cancellable getCancellable(ResolvedJavaMethod method) {
1260         return null;
1261     }
1262 
1263     protected Plugins getDefaultGraphBuilderPlugins() {
1264         PhaseSuite<HighTierContext> suite = backend.getSuites().getDefaultGraphBuilderSuite();
1265         Plugins defaultPlugins = ((GraphBuilderPhase) suite.findPhase(GraphBuilderPhase.class).previous()).getGraphBuilderConfig().getPlugins();
1266         // defensive copying
1267         return new Plugins(defaultPlugins);
1268     }
1269 
1270     protected PhaseSuite<HighTierContext> getDefaultGraphBuilderSuite() {
1271         // defensive copying
1272         return backend.getSuites().getDefaultGraphBuilderSuite().copy();
1273     }
1274 
1275     /**
1276      * Registers extra invocation plugins for this test. The extra plugins are removed in the
1277      * {@link #afterTest()} method.
1278      *
1279      * Subclasses overriding this method should always call the same method on the super class in
1280      * case it wants to register plugins.
1281      *
1282      * @param invocationPlugins
1283      */
1284     protected void registerInvocationPlugins(InvocationPlugins invocationPlugins) {
1285         invocationPlugins.register(new InvocationPlugin() {
1286             @Override
1287             public boolean apply(GraphBuilderContext b, ResolvedJavaMethod targetMethod, Receiver receiver) {
1288                 b.add(new BreakpointNode());
1289                 return true;
1290             }
1291         }, GraalCompilerTest.class, "breakpoint");
1292         invocationPlugins.register(new InvocationPlugin() {
1293             @Override
1294             public boolean apply(GraphBuilderContext b, ResolvedJavaMethod targetMethod, Receiver receiver, ValueNode arg0) {
1295                 b.add(new BreakpointNode(arg0));
1296                 return true;
1297             }
1298         }, GraalCompilerTest.class, "breakpoint", int.class);
1299         invocationPlugins.register(new InvocationPlugin() {
1300             @Override
1301             public boolean apply(GraphBuilderContext b, ResolvedJavaMethod targetMethod, Receiver receiver) {
1302                 b.add(new NotOptimizedNode());
1303                 return true;
1304             }
1305         }, GraalCompilerTest.class, "shouldBeOptimizedAway");
1306     }
1307 
1308     /**
1309      * The {@link #testN(int, String, Object...)} method means multiple threads trying to initialize
1310      * this field.
1311      */
1312     private volatile InvocationPlugins invocationPluginExtensions;
1313 
1314     private InvocationPlugins extendedInvocationPlugins;
1315 
1316     protected PhaseSuite<HighTierContext> getCustomGraphBuilderSuite(GraphBuilderConfiguration gbConf) {
1317         PhaseSuite<HighTierContext> suite = getDefaultGraphBuilderSuite();
1318         ListIterator<BasePhase<? super HighTierContext>> iterator = suite.findPhase(GraphBuilderPhase.class);
1319         initializeInvocationPluginExtensions();
1320         GraphBuilderConfiguration gbConfCopy = editGraphBuilderConfiguration(gbConf.copy());
1321         iterator.remove();
1322         iterator.add(new GraphBuilderPhase(gbConfCopy));
1323         return suite;
1324     }
1325 
1326     private void initializeInvocationPluginExtensions() {
1327         if (invocationPluginExtensions == null) {
1328             synchronized (this) {
1329                 if (invocationPluginExtensions == null) {
1330                     InvocationPlugins invocationPlugins = new InvocationPlugins();
1331                     registerInvocationPlugins(invocationPlugins);
1332                     extendedInvocationPlugins = getReplacements().getGraphBuilderPlugins().getInvocationPlugins();
1333                     extendedInvocationPlugins.addTestPlugins(invocationPlugins, null);
1334                     invocationPluginExtensions = invocationPlugins;
1335                 }
1336             }
1337         }
1338     }
1339 
1340     protected GraphBuilderConfiguration editGraphBuilderConfiguration(GraphBuilderConfiguration conf) {
1341         conf.getPlugins().prependInlineInvokePlugin(new InlineInvokePlugin() {
1342 
1343             @Override
1344             public InlineInfo shouldInlineInvoke(GraphBuilderContext b, ResolvedJavaMethod method, ValueNode[] args) {
1345                 BytecodeParserNeverInline neverInline = method.getAnnotation(BytecodeParserNeverInline.class);
1346                 if (neverInline != null) {
1347                     return neverInline.invokeWithException() ? DO_NOT_INLINE_WITH_EXCEPTION : DO_NOT_INLINE_NO_EXCEPTION;
1348                 }
1349                 if (method.getAnnotation(BytecodeParserForceInline.class) != null) {
1350                     return InlineInfo.createStandardInlineInfo(method);
1351                 }
1352                 return bytecodeParserShouldInlineInvoke(b, method, args);
1353             }
1354         });
1355         return conf;
1356     }
1357 
1358     /**
1359      * Supplements {@link BytecodeParserForceInline} and {@link BytecodeParserNeverInline} in terms
1360      * of allowing a test to influence the inlining decision made during bytecode parsing.
1361      *
1362      * @see InlineInvokePlugin#shouldInlineInvoke(GraphBuilderContext, ResolvedJavaMethod,
1363      *      ValueNode[])
1364      */
1365     @SuppressWarnings("unused")
1366     protected InlineInvokePlugin.InlineInfo bytecodeParserShouldInlineInvoke(GraphBuilderContext b, ResolvedJavaMethod method, ValueNode[] args) {
1367         return null;
1368     }
1369 
1370     @NodeInfo
1371     public static class NotOptimizedNode extends FixedWithNextNode {
1372         private static final NodeClass<NotOptimizedNode> TYPE = NodeClass.create(NotOptimizedNode.class);
1373 
1374         protected NotOptimizedNode() {
1375             super(TYPE, StampFactory.forVoid());
1376         }
1377 
1378     }
1379 
1380     protected Replacements getReplacements() {
1381         return getProviders().getReplacements();
1382     }
1383 
1384     /**
1385      * Inject a probability for a branch condition into the profiling information of this test case.
1386      *
1387      * @param p the probability that cond is true
1388      * @param cond the condition of the branch
1389      * @return cond
1390      */
1391     protected static boolean branchProbability(double p, boolean cond) {
1392         return GraalDirectives.injectBranchProbability(p, cond);
1393     }
1394 
1395     /**
1396      * Inject an iteration count for a loop condition into the profiling information of this test
1397      * case.
1398      *
1399      * @param i the iteration count of the loop
1400      * @param cond the condition of the loop
1401      * @return cond
1402      */
1403     protected static boolean iterationCount(double i, boolean cond) {
1404         return GraalDirectives.injectIterationCount(i, cond);
1405     }
1406 
1407     /**
1408      * Test if the current test runs on the given platform. The name must match the name given in
1409      * the {@link Architecture#getName()}.
1410      *
1411      * @param name The name to test
1412      * @return true if we run on the architecture given by name
1413      */
1414     protected boolean isArchitecture(String name) {
1415         return name.equals(backend.getTarget().arch.getName());
1416     }
1417 
1418     /**
1419      * This method should be called in "timeout" tests which JUnit runs in a different thread.
1420      */
1421     public static void initializeForTimeout() {
1422         // timeout tests run in a separate thread which needs the DebugEnvironment to be
1423         // initialized
1424         // DebugEnvironment.ensureInitialized(getInitialOptions());
1425     }
1426 }