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34 <h1>TIFF Metadata Format Specification and Usage Notes</h1>
35
36 <a href="#Reading">Reading Images</a>
37 <ul>
38 <li><a href="#ColorConversionRead">Color Conversion</a></li>
39 <li><a href="#ColorSpacesRead">Color Spaces</a></li>
40 <li><a href="#ICCProfilesRead">ICC Profiles</a></li>
41 <li><a href="#MetadataIssuesRead">Metadata Issues</a>
42 <ul>
43 <li><a href="#MapNativeStandard">Native to Standard Metadata Mapping</a></li>
44 </ul>
45 </li>
46 <li><a href="#ExifRead">Reading Exif Images</a>
47 <ul>
48 <li><a href="#ExifReadTIFF">Reading Uncompressed Exif Images</a></li>
49 <li><a href="#ExifReadJPEG">Reading Compressed Exif Images</a></li>
50 </ul>
51 </li>
52 </ul>
53 <a href="#Writing">Writing Images</a><br/>
54 <ul>
55 <li><a href="#Compression">Compression</a></li>
56 <li><a href="#ColorConversionWrite">Color Conversion</a></li>
57 <li><a href="#ICCProfilesWrite">ICC Profiles</a></li>
58 <li><a href="#MetadataIssuesWrite">Metadata Issues</a>
59 <ul>
60 <li><a href="#MapStandardNative">Standard to Native Metadata Mapping</a></li>
61 </ul>
62 <li><a href="#ExifWrite">Writing Exif Images</a>
63 <ul>
64 <li><a href="#ExifWriteTIFF">Writing Uncompressed Exif Images</a></li>
65 <li><a href="#ExifWriteJPEG">Writing Compressed Exif Images</a></li>
66 </ul>
67 </li>
68 </ul>
69 <a href="#StreamMetadata">Native Stream Metadata Format</a><br/>
70 <a href="#ImageMetadata">Native Image Metadata Format</a>
71
72 <h2><a id="Reading">Reading Images</a></h2>
73
74 TIFF images are read by an <a href="../../ImageReader.html">ImageReader</a>
75 which may be controlled by its public interface as well as via a supplied
76 <a href="../../plugins/tiff/TIFFImageReadParam.html">TIFFImageReadParam</a>.
77
78 <!-- <h3>Supported Image Types</h3> -->
79
80 <!-- Table? -->
81
82 <h3><a id="ColorConversionRead">Color Conversion</a></h3>
83
84 <p>If the source image data
85 have photometric type CIE L*a*b* or YCbCr, and the destination color space
86 type is RGB, then the source image data will be automatically converted to
87 RGB using an internal color converter.</p>
88
89 <h3><a id="ColorSpacesRead">Color Spaces</a></h3>
90
91 The raw color space assigned by default, i.e., in the absence of a
92 user-supplied <a href="../../ImageTypeSpecifier.html">ImageTypeSpecifier</a>,
93 will be the first among the following which applies:
94
95 <ul>
96 <li>A color space created from the <a href="#ICCProfilesRead">ICC Profile</a>
97 metadata field if it is present and compatible with the image data
98 layout.</li>
99 <li><a id="nonICCProfile"></a>sRGB if the image is monochrome/bilevel
100 (a two-level color map is created internally).</li>
101 <li>sRGB if the image is palette-color.</li>
102 <li>Linear RGB if the image has three samples per pixel, has photometric type
103 CIE L*a*b*, or has photometric type YCbCr and is <i>not</i>
104 JPEG-compressed.</li>
105 <li>A <a href="#DefaultCMYK">default CMYK color space</a> if the image has
106 photometric type CMYK and four samples per pixel.</li>
107 <li>Grayscale if the image has one or two samples per pixel and uniformly
108 1, 2, 4, 8, 16, or 32 bits per sample or is floating point.</li>
109 <li>sRGB if the image has three or four samples per pixel and uniformly
110 1, 2, 4, 8, 16, or 32 bits per sample or is floating point.</li>
111 <li>A fabricated, <a href="#GenericCS">generic color space</a> if the image
112 has more than four samples per pixel and the number of bits per sample for
113 all bands is the same and is a multiple of 8.</li>
114 <li>Grayscale if the image has one or two samples per pixel regardless of
115 the number of bits per sample.</li>
116 <li>sRGB if the image has three or four samples per pixel regardless of
117 the number of bits per sample.</li>
118 <li>A fabricated, <a href="#GenericCS">generic color space</a> if the image
119 has more than four samples per pixel regardless of the number of bits per
120 sample.</li>
121 </ul>
122
123 <p><a id="DefaultCMYK"></a>The normalized color coordinate transformations
124 used for the default CMYK color space are defined as follows:
125
126 <ul>
127 <li>CMYK to linear RGB
128 <pre>
129 R = (1 - K)*(1 - C)
130 G = (1 - K)*(1 - M)
131 B = (1 - K)*(1 - Y)
132 </pre>
133 </li>
134 <li>Linear RGB to CMYK
135 <pre>
136 K = min{1 - R, 1 - G, 1 - B}
137 if(K != 1) {
138 C = (1 - R - K)/(1 - K)
139 M = (1 - G - K)/(1 - K)
140 Y = (1 - B - K)/(1 - K)
141 } else {
142 C = M = Y = 0
143 }
144 </pre>
145 </li>
146 </ul>
147
148 <p><a id="GenericCS"></a>The generic color space used when no other color space
149 can be inferred is provided merely to enable the data to be loaded. It is not
150 intended to provide accurate conversions of any kind.</p>
151
152 <p>If the data are known to be in a color space not correctly handled by the
153 foregoing, then an <code>ImageTypeSpecifier</code> should be
154 supplied to the reader and should be derived from a color space which is correct
155 for the data in question.</p>
156
157 <h3><a id="ICCProfilesRead">ICC Profiles</a></h3>
158
159 If an ICC profile is contained in the image metadata
160 (<a href="../../plugins/tiff/BaselineTIFFTagSet.html">
161 BaselineTIFFTagSet</a>.TAG_ICC_PROFILE, tag number 34675),
162 an attempt will be made to use it to create the color space
163 of the loaded image. It will be used if the data layout is of component type
164 and the number of samples per pixel equals or is one greater than the number
165 of components described by the ICC profile. If the ICC profile is not used
166 then the color space will be inferred in one of the subsequent steps described
167 <a href="#nonICCProfile">above</a>.
168
169 <p>If for some reason the embedded ICC profile is not used automatically, then
170 it may be used manually by following this procedure:
171
172 <ol>
173 <li>Obtain the image metadata from
174 <code>ImageReader.getImageMetadata</code></li>
175 <li>Extract the ICC profile field and its value.</li>
176 <li>Create an <a href="../../../../java/awt/color/ICC_ColorSpace.html">
177 ICC_ColorSpace</a> from an
178 <a href="../../../../java/awt/color/ICC_Profile.html">
179 ICC_Profile</a> created from the ICC profile field data
180 using <code>ICC_Profile.getInstance(byte[])</code>.</li>
181 <li>Create an <code>ImageTypeSpecifier</code> from the new color
182 space using one of its factory methods which accepts an
183 <code>ICC_ColorSpace</code>.
184 <li>Create a compatible <a href="../../ImageReadParam.html">ImageReadParam</a>
185 and set the <code>ImageTypeSpecifier</code> using
186 <code>ImageReadParam.setDestinationType</code>.</li>
187 <li>Pass the parameter object to the appropriate <code>read</code> method.</li>
188 </ol>
189
190 <p>If the inferred color space not based on the ICC Profile field is compatible
191 with the ICC profile-based color space, then a second
192 <code>ImageTypeSpecifier</code> derived from this inferred color
193 space will be included in the
194 <a href="../../../../java/util/Iterator.html">Iterator</a> returned by
195 <code>ImageReader.getImageTypes</code>. If the iterator contains
196 more than one type, the first one will be based on the ICC profile and the
197 second on the inferred color space.</p>
198
199 <h3><a id="MetadataIssuesRead">Metadata Issues</a></h3>
200
201 By default all recognized fields in the TIFF image file directory (IFD) are
202 loaded into the native image metadata object. Which fields are loaded may be
203 controlled by setting which TIFF tags the reader is allowed to recognize,
204 whether to read fields with unrecognized tags, and whether to ignore all
205 metadata. The reader is informed to disregard all metadata as usual via the
206 <code>ignoreMetadata</code> parameter of
207 <code>ImageReader.setInput(Object,boolean,boolean)</code>. It is
208 informed of which <a href="../../plugins/tiff/TIFFTag.html">TIFFTag</a>s to
209 recognize or not to recognize via
210 <code>TIFFImageReadParam.addAllowedTagSet(TIFFTagSet)</code> and
211 <code>TIFFImageReadParam.removeAllowedTagSet(TIFFTagSet)</code>.
212 If <code>ignoreMetadata</code> is <code>true</code>, then only metadata
213 essential to reading the image will be loaded into the native image metadata
214 object. If <code>ignoreMetadata</code> is <code>false</code>, then the reader
215 will by default load into the native image metadata object only those fields
216 which are either essential to reading the image or have a <code>TIFFTag</code>
217 contained in the one of the allowed <code>TIFFTagSet</code>s. Reading of
218 fields with tags not in the allowed <code>TIFFTagSet</code>s may be forced
219 by passing in a <code>TIFFImageReadParam</code> on which
220 <code>TIFFImageReadParam.setReadUnknownTags(boolean)</code> has been
221 invoked with parameter <code>true</code>.
222
223 <p>Use of a <a href="../../plugins/tiff/TIFFDirectory.html">TIFFDirectory</a>
224 object may simplify gaining access to metadata values. An instance of
225 <code>TIFFDirectory</code> may be created from the <code>IIOMetadata</code>
226 object returned by the TIFF reader using the
227 <code>TIFFDirectory.createFromMetadata</code> method.</p>
228
229 <h4><a id="MapNativeStandard"></a>
230 Mapping of TIFF Native Image Metadata to the Standard Metadata Format</h4>
231
232 The derivation of standard metadata format
233 <a href="standard_metadata.html">javax_imageio_1.0</a>
234 elements from <a href="#ImageMetadata">TIFF native image metadata</a> is given
235 in the following table.
236
237 <table border="1">
238 <tr>
239 <th>Standard Metadata Element</th>
240 <th>Derivation from TIFF Fields</th>
241 </tr>
242 <tr>
243 <td>/Chroma/ColorSpaceType@name</td>
244 <td>PhotometricInterpretation: WhiteIsZero, BlackIsZero, TransparencyMask =
245 "GRAY"; RGB, PaletteColor => "RGB"; CMYK => "CMYK";
246 YCbCr => "YCbCr";
247 CIELab, ICCLab => "Lab".</td>
248 </tr>
249 <tr>
250 <td>/Chroma/NumChannels@value</td>
251 <td>SamplesPerPixel</td>
252 </tr>
253 <tr>
254 <td>/Chroma/BlackIsZero@value</td>
255 <td>"TRUE" <=> PhotometricInterpretation => WhiteIsZero</td>
256 </tr>
257 <tr>
258 <td>/Chroma/Palette</td>
259 <td>ColorMap</td>
260 </tr>
261 <tr>
262 <td>/Compression/CompressionTypeName@value</td>
263 <td>Compression: Uncompressed => "none"; CCITT 1D => "CCITT
264 RLE";
265 Group 3 Fax => "CCITT T.4"; Group 4 Fax => "CCITT T.6";
266 LZW => "LZW";
267 JPEG => "Old JPEG"; New JPEG => "JPEG"; Zlib =>> "ZLib"; PackBits =>
268 "PackBits";
269 Deflate => "Deflate"; Exif JPEG => "JPEG".</td>
270 </tr>
271 <tr>
272 <td>/Compression/Lossless@value</td>
273 <td>Compression: JPEG or New JPEG => "FALSE"; otherwise "TRUE".</td>
274 </tr>
275 <tr>
276 <td>/Data/PlanarConfiguration@value</td>
277 <td>Chunky => "PixelInterleaved"; Planar => "PlaneInterleaved".</td>
278 </tr>
279 <tr>
280 <td>/Data/SampleFormat@value</td>
281 <td>PhotometricInterpretation PaletteColor => "Index";
282 SampleFormat unsigned integer data => "UnsignedIntegral";
283 SampleFormat two's complement signed integer data => "SignedIntegral";
284 SampleFormat IEEE floating point data => "Real";
285 otherwise element not emitted.
286 </td>
287 </tr>
288 <tr>
289 <td>/Data/BitsPerSample@value</td>
290 <td>BitsPerSample as a space-separated list.</td>
291 </tr>
292 <tr>
293 <td>/Data/SampleMSB@value</td>
294 <td>FillOrder: left-to-right => space-separated list of BitsPerSample-1;
295 right-to-left => space-separated list of 0s.</td>
296 </tr>
297 <tr>
298 <td>/Dimension/PixelAspectRatio@value</td>
299 <td>(1/XResolution)/(1/YResolution)</td>
300 </tr>
301 <tr>
302 <td>/Dimension/ImageOrientation@value</td>
303 <td>Orientation</td>
304 </tr>
305 <tr>
306 <td>/Dimension/HorizontalPixelSize@value</td>
307 <td>1/XResolution in millimeters if ResolutionUnit is not None.</td>
308 </tr>
309 <tr>
310 <td>/Dimension/VerticalPixelSize@value</td>
311 <td>1/YResolution in millimeters if ResolutionUnit is not None.</td>
312 </tr>
313 <tr>
314 <td>/Dimension/HorizontalPosition@value</td>
315 <td>XPosition in millimeters if ResolutionUnit is not None.</td>
316 </tr>
317 <tr>
318 <td>/Dimension/VerticalPosition@value</td>
319 <td>YPosition in millimeters if ResolutionUnit is not None.</td>
320 </tr>
321 <tr>
322 <td>/Document/FormatVersion@value</td>
323 <td>6.0</td>
324 </tr>
325 <tr>
326 <td>/Document/SubimageInterpretation@value</td>
327 <td>NewSubFileType: transparency => "TransparencyMask";
328 reduced-resolution => "ReducedResolution";
329 single page => "SinglePage".</td>
330 </tr>
331 <tr>
332 <td>/Document/ImageCreationTime@value</td>
333 <td>DateTime</td>
334 </tr>
335 <tr>
336 <td>/Text/TextEntry</td>
337 <td>DocumentName, ImageDescription, Make, Model, PageName, Software,
338 Artist, HostComputer, InkNames, Copyright:
339 /Text/TextEntry@keyword = field name,
340 /Text/TextEntry@value = field value.<br>
341 Example: TIFF Software field => /Text/TextEntry@keyword = "Software",
342 /Text/TextEntry@value = Name and version number of the software package(s)
343 used to create the image.</td>
344 </tr>
345 <tr>
346 <td>/Transparency/Alpha@value</td>
347 <td>ExtraSamples: associated alpha => "premultiplied";
348 unassociated alpha => "nonpremultiplied".</td>
349 </tr>
350 </table>
351
352 <h3><a id="ExifRead">Reading Exif Images</a></h3>
353
354 The TIFF reader may be used to read an uncompressed Exif image or the
355 contents of the <code>APP1</code> marker segment of a compressed Exif image.
356
357 <h4><a id="ExifReadTIFF">Reading Uncompressed Exif Images</a></h4>
358
359 An uncompressed Exif image is a one- or two-page uncompressed TIFF image
360 with a specific ordering of its IFD and image data content. Each pixel
361 has three 8-bit samples with photometric interpretation RGB or YCbCr.
362 The image stream must contain a single primary image and may contain a
363 single thumbnail which if present must also be uncompressed. The usual
364 <code>ImageReader</code> methods may be used to read the image
365 data and metadata:
366
367 <pre><code>
368 ImageInputStream input;
369 ImageReader tiffReader;
370 ImageReadParam tiffReadParam;
371
372 tiffReader.setInput(input);
373
374 // Read primary image and IFD.
375 BufferedImage image = tiffReader.read(0, tiffReadParam);
376 IIOMetadata primaryIFD = tiffReader.getImageMetadata(0);
377
378 // Read thumbnail if present.
379 BufferedImage thumbnail = null;
380 if (tiffReader.getNumImages(true) > 1) {
381 thumbnail = tiffReader.read(1, tiffReadParam);
382 }
383 </code></pre>
384
385 Note that the Exif thumbnail is treated as a separate page in the TIFF
386 stream and not as a thumbnail, i.e.,
387 <code>tiffReader.hasThumbnails(0)</code> will return <code>false</code>.
388
389 <h4><a id="ExifReadJPEG">Reading Compressed Exif Images</a></h4>
390
391 A compressed Exif image is a 3-band ISO/IEC 10918-1 baseline DCT JPEG stream
392 with an inserted <code>APP1</code> marker segment. The parameters of the marker
393 segment after the length are the 6-byte sequence
394 <code>{'E', 'x', 'i', 'f', 0x00, 0x00}</code>
395 followed by a complete TIFF stream. The embedded TIFF stream contains a primary
396 IFD describing the JPEG image optionally followed by a thumbnail IFD and
397 compressed or uncompressed thumbnail image data. Note that the embedded TIFF
398 stream does not contain any image data associated with the primary IFD
399 nor any descriptive fields which duplicate information found in the JPEG
400 stream itself.
401
402 <p>The parameter content of the <code>APP1</code> marker segment may be obtained
403 from the user object of the associated <code>Node</code> in a
404 <code>javax_imageio_jpeg_image_1.0</code> native image metadata tree extracted
405 from the image metadata object returned by the JPEG reader. This APP1 Exif
406 node will be a child of the node named "markerSequence" and will
407 have name <code>unknown</code> and an attribute named <code>MarkerTag</code> with
408 integral value <code>0xE1</code> (<code>String</code> value
409 <code>"225"</code>). The user object of this node will be a byte array
410 which starts with the six bytes <code>{'E', 'x', 'i', 'f', '0', '0'}</code>.
411 The primary IFD and the thumbnail IFD and image may be
412 read from the user object by the usual <code>ImageReader</code>
413 methods:
414
415 <pre><code>
416 ImageReader jpegReader;
417 ImageReader tiffReader;
418
419 // Obtain the APP1 Exif marker data from the JPEG image metadata.
420 IIOMetadata jpegImageMetadata = jpegReader.getImageMetadata(0);
421 String nativeFormat = jpegImageMetadata.getNativeMetadataFormatName();
422 Node jpegImageMetadataTree = jpegImageMetadata.getAsTree(nativeFormat);
423
424 // getExifMarkerData() returns the byte array which is the user object
425 // of the APP1 Exif marker node.
426 byte[] app1Params = getExifMarkerData(jpegImageMetadataTree);
427 if (app1Params == null) {
428 throw new IIOException("APP1 Exif marker not found.");
429 }
430
431 // Set up input, skipping Exif ID 6-byte sequence.
432 MemoryCacheImageInputStream app1ExifInput
433 = new MemoryCacheImageInputStream
434 (new ByteArrayInputStream(app1Params, 6, app1Params.length - 6));
435 tiffReader.setInput(app1ExifInput);
436
437 // Read primary IFD.
438 IIOMetadata primaryIFD = tiffReader.getImageMetadata(0);
439
440 // Read thumbnail if present.
441 BufferedImage thumbnail = null;
442 if (tiffReader.getNumImages(true) > 1) {
443 thumbnail = tiffReader.read(1, tiffReadParam);
444 }
445
446 // Read the primary image.
447 BufferedImage image = jpegReader.read(0);
448 </code></pre>
449
450 Note that <code>tiffReader.getNumImages(true)</code> returns the number of
451 IFDs in the embedded TIFF stream including those corresponding to empty
452 images. Calling <code>tiffReader.read(0, readParam)</code> will throw
453 an exception as the primary image in the embedded TIFF stream is always
454 empty; the primary image should be obtained using the JPEG reader itself.
455
456 <h2><a id="Writing">Writing Images</a></h2>
457
458 TIFF images are written by a <a href="../../ImageWriter.html">ImageWriter</a> which may be
459 controlled by its public interface as well as via a supplied
460 <a href="../../ImageWriteParam.html">ImageWriteParam</a>. For an <code>ImageWriteParam</code> returned
461 by the <code>getDefaultWriteParam()</code> method of the TIFF <code>ImageWriter</code>,
462 the <code>canWriteTiles()</code> and <code>canWriteCompressed()</code> methods
463 will return <code>true</code>; the <code>canOffsetTiles()</code> and
464 <code>canWriteProgressive()</code> methods will return <code>false</code>.
465
466 The TIFF writer supports many optional capabilities including writing tiled
467 images, inserting images, writing or inserting empty images, and replacing image
468 data. Pixels may be replaced in either empty or non-empty images but if and
469 only if the data are not compressed.
470
471 <p> If tiles are being written, then each of their dimensions will be
472 rounded to the nearest multiple of 16 per the TIFF specification. If
473 JPEG-in-TIFF compression is being used, and tiles are being written
474 each tile dimension will be rounded to the nearest multiple of 8 times
475 the JPEG minimum coded unit (MCU) in that dimension. If JPEG-in-TIFF
476 compression is being used and strips are being written, the number of
477 rows per strip is rounded to a multiple of 8 times the maximum MCU over
478 both dimensions.</p>
479
480 <!-- <h3>Supported Image Types</h3> -->
481
482 <!-- Table? -->
483
484 <h3><a id="Compression">Compression</a></h3>
485
486 The compression type may be set via the <code>setCompressionType()</code> method of
487 the <code>ImageWriteParam</code> after setting the compression mode to
488 <code>MODE_EXPLICIT</code>. The set of innately
489 supported compression types is listed in the following table:
490
491 <table border=1>
492 <caption><b>Supported Compression Types</b></caption>
493 <tr><th>Compression Type</th> <th>Description</th> <th>Reference</th></tr>
494 <tr>
495 <td>CCITT RLE</td>
496 <td>Modified Huffman compression</td>
497 <td>TIFF 6.0 Specification, Section 10</td>
498 </tr>
499 <tr>
500 <td>CCITT T.4</td>
501 <td>CCITT T.4 bilevel encoding/Group 3 facsimile compression</td>
502 <td>TIFF 6.0 Specification, Section 11</td>
503 </tr>
504 <tr>
505 <td>CCITT T.6</td>
506 <td>CCITT T.6 bilevel encoding/Group 4 facsimile compression</td>
507 <td>TIFF 6.0 Specification, Section 11</td></tr>
508 <tr>
509 <td>LZW</td>
510 <td>LZW compression</td>
511 <td>TIFF 6.0 Specification, Section 13</td></tr>
512 <tr>
513 <td>JPEG</td>
514 <td>"New" JPEG-in-TIFF compression</td>
515 <td>TIFF Technical Note #2</td></tr>
516 <tr>
517 <td>ZLib</td>
518 <td>"Deflate/Inflate" compression (see note following this table)</td>
519 </tr>
520 <tr>
521 <td>PackBits</td>
522 <td>Byte-oriented, run length compression</td>
523 <td>TIFF 6.0 Specification, Section 9</td>
524 </tr>
525 <tr>
526 <td>Deflate</td>
527 <td>"Zip-in-TIFF" compression (see note following this table)</td>
528 <td><a href="https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc1950">
529 ZLIB Compressed Data Format Specification</a>,
530 <a href="https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc1951">
531 DEFLATE Compressed Data Format Specification</a></td>
532 </tr>
533 <tr>
534 <td>Exif JPEG</td>
535 <td>Exif-specific JPEG compression (see note following this table)</td>
536 <td><a href="http://www.exif.org/Exif2-2.PDF">Exif 2.2 Specification</a>
537 (PDF), section 4.5.5, "Basic Structure of Thumbnail Data"</td>
538 </table>
539
540 <p>
541 Old-style JPEG compression as described in section 22 of the TIFF 6.0
542 Specification is <i>not</i> supported.
543 </p>
544
545 <p> The CCITT compression types are applicable to bilevel (1-bit)
546 images only. The JPEG compression type is applicable to byte
547 grayscale (1-band) and RGB (3-band) images only.</p>
548
549 <p>
550 ZLib and Deflate compression are identical except for the value of the
551 TIFF Compression field: for ZLib the Compression field has value 8
552 whereas for Deflate it has value 32946 (0x80b2). In both cases each
553 image segment (strip or tile) is written as a single complete zlib data
554 stream.
555 </p>
556
557 <p>
558 "Exif JPEG" is a compression type used when writing the contents of an
559 APP1 Exif marker segment for inclusion in a JPEG native image metadata
560 tree. The contents appended to the output when this compression type is
561 used are a function of whether an empty or non-empty image is written.
562 If the image is empty, then a TIFF IFD adhering to the specification of
563 a compressed Exif primary IFD is appended. If the image is non-empty,
564 then a complete IFD and image adhering to the specification of a
565 compressed Exif thumbnail IFD and image are appended. Note that the
566 data of the empty image may <i>not</i> later be appended using the pixel
567 replacement capability of the TIFF writer.
568 </p>
569
570 <p> If ZLib/Deflate or JPEG compression is used, the compression quality
571 may be set. For ZLib/Deflate the supplied floating point quality value is
572 rescaled to the range <code>[1, 9]</code> and truncated to an integer
573 to derive the Deflate compression level. For JPEG the floating point
574 quality value is passed directly to the JPEG writer plug-in which
575 interprets it in the usual way.</p>
576
577 <h3><a id="ColorConversionWrite">Color Conversion</a></h3>
578
579 <p>If the source image data
580 color space type is RGB, and the destination photometric type is CIE L*a*b* or
581 YCbCr, then the source image data will be automatically converted from
582 RGB using an internal color converter.</p>
583
584 <h3><a id="ICCProfilesWrite">ICC Profiles</a></h3>
585
586 An <code>ICC Profile</code> field will be written if either:
587 <ul>
588 <li>one is present in the native image metadata
589 <a href="../IIOMetadata.html">IIOMetadata</a> instance supplied to the writer,
590 or</li>
591 <li>the <a href="../../../../java/awt/color/ColorSpace.html">ColorSpace</a>
592 of the destination <code>ImageTypeSpecifier</code> is an instance of
593 <code>ICC_ColorSpace</code> which is not one of the standard
594 color spaces defined by the <code>CS_*</code> constants in the
595 <code>ColorSpace</code> class. The destination type is set via
596 <code>ImageWriteParam.setDestinationType(ImageTypeSpecifier)</code> and defaults
597 to the <code>ImageTypeSpecifier</code> of the image being written.
598 </li>
599 </ul>
600
601 <h3><a id="MetadataIssuesWrite">Metadata Issues</a></h3>
602
603 Some behavior of the writer is affected by or may affect the contents of
604 the image metadata which may be supplied by the user.
605
606 <p>For bilevel images, the <code>FillOrder</code>, and <code>T4Options</code>
607 fields affect the output data. The data will be filled right-to-left if
608 <code>FillOrder</code> is present with a value of 2
609 (<code>BaselineTIFFTagSet.FILL_ORDER_RIGHT_TO_LEFT</code>)
610 and will be filled left-to-right otherwise. The value of <code>T4Options</code>
611 specifies whether the data should be 1D- or 2D-encoded and whether EOL
612 padding should be used.</p>
613
614 <p>For all images the value of the <code>RowsPerStrip</code> field is used
615 to the set the number of rows per strip if the image is not tiled. The
616 default number of rows per strip is either 8 or the number of rows which
617 would fill no more than 8 kilobytes, whichever is larger.</p>
618
619 <p>For all images the tile dimensions may be set using the <code>TileWidth</code>
620 and <code>TileLength</code> field values if the tiling mode is
621 <code>ImageWriteParam.MODE_COPY_FROM_METADATA</code>. If this mode
622 is set but the fields are not, their respective default values are the image
623 width and height.</p>
624
625 <p>When using JPEG-in-TIFF compression, a <code>JPEGTables</code> field will be
626 written to the IFD and abbreviated JPEG streams to each strip or tile if and
627 only if a <code>JPEGTables</code> field is contained in the metadata object
628 provided to the writer. If the contents of the <code>JPEGTables</code> field is
629 a valid tables-only JPEG stream, then it will be used; otherwise the contents
630 of the field will be replaced with default visually lossless tables. If no
631 such <code>JPEGTables</code> field is present in the metadata, then no
632 <code>JPEGTables</code> field will be written to the output and each strip or
633 tile will be written as a separate, self-contained JPEG stream.</p>
634
635 <p>When using Deflate/ZLib or LZW compression, if the image has 8 bits per
636 sample, a horizontal differencing predictor will be used if the
637 <code>Predictor</code> field is present with a value of 2
638 (<code>BaselineTIFFTagSet.PREDICTOR_HORIZONTAL_DIFFERENCING</code>).
639 If prediction is so requested but the image does not have
640 8 bits per sample the field will be reset to have the value 1
641 (<code>BaselineTIFFTagSet.PREDICTOR_NONE</code>).
642 </p>
643
644 <p>Some fields may be added or modified:
645
646 <ul>
647 <li><code>PhotometricInterpretation</code> if not present.</li>
648 <li><code>PlanarConfiguration</code> if this field is present with value
649 <code>Planar</code> is is reset to <code>Chunky</code>.</li>
650 <li><code>Compression</code> always.</li>
651 <li><code>BitsPerSample</code> if the image is not bilevel.</li>
652 <li><code>SamplesPerPixel</code> always.</li>
653 <li><code>ExtraSamples</code> if an alpha channel is present.</li>
654 <li><code>SampleFormat</code> if not present and the data are 16- or 32-bit
655 integers or floating point.</li>
656 <li><code>ColorMap</code> if the <code>PhotometricInterpretation</code> is
657 <code>RGBPalette</code>.</li>
658 <li><code>ImageWidth</code> and <code>ImageLength</code> always.</li>
659 <li><code>TileWidth</code>, <code>TileLength</code>, <code>TileOffsets</code>, and
660 <code>TileByteCounts</code> if a tiled image is being written.</li>
661 <li><code>RowsPerStrip</code>, <code>StripOffsets</code>, and <code>StripByteCounts</code>
662 if a tiled image is <i>not</i> being written.</li>
663 <li><code>XResolution</code>, <code>YResolution</code>, and <code>ResolutionUnit</code>
664 if none of these is present.</li>
665 <li><code>YCbCrSubsampling</code> and <code>YCbCrPositioning</code> if the
666 photometric interpretation is YCbCr and the compression type is not JPEG
667 (only [1, 1] subsampling and cosited positioning are supported for
668 non-JPEG YCbCr output).</li>
669 <li><code>YCbCrSubsampling</code>, <code>YCbCrPositioning</code>, and
670 <code>ReferenceBlackWhite</code>: if the compression type is JPEG and the color
671 space is RGB these will be reset to [2, 2] centered subsampling with no
672 headroom/footroom (0:255,128:255,128:255).</li>
673 </ul>
674
675 <p>Some fields may be removed:
676
677 <ul>
678 <li><code>BitsPerSample</code> if the image is bilevel.</li>
679 <li><code>ExtraSamples</code> if the image does not have an alpha channel.</li>
680 <li><code>ColorMap</code> if the photometric interpretation is not
681 <code>RGBPalette</code>.</li>
682 <li><code>TileWidth</code>, <code>TileLength</code>, <code>TileOffsets</code>, and
683 <code>TileByteCounts</code> if tiling <i>is not</i> being used.</li>
684 <li><code>RowsPerStrip</code>, <code>StripOffsets</code>, and <code>StripByteCounts</code>
685 if tiling <i>is</i> being used.</li>
686 <li><code>YCbCrSubsampling</code>, <code>YCbCrPositioning</code>, and
687 <code>ReferenceBlackWhite</code> if the compression type is JPEG and the
688 color space is grayscale.</li>
689 <li><code>JPEGProc</code>, <code>JPEGInterchangeFormat</code>,
690 <code>JPEGInterchangeFormatLength</code>, <code>JPEGRestartInterval</code>,
691 <code>JPEGLosslessPredictors</code>, <code>JPEGPointTransforms</code>,
692 <code>JPEGQTables</code>, <code>JPEGDCTables</code>, and
693 <code>JPEGACTables</code> if the compression type is JPEG.</li>
694 </ul>
695
696 <p>Other fields present in the supplied metadata are uninterpreted and will
697 be written as supplied.</p>
698
699 <p>If an Exif image is being written, the set of fields present and their
700 values will be modified such that the result is in accord with the Exif 2.2
701 specification.</p>
702
703 <p>Setting up the image metadata to write to a TIFF stream may be simplified
704 by using the <code>TIFFDirectory</code> class
705 which represents a TIFF IFD. A field in a TIFF IFD is represented by an
706 instance of <a href="../../plugins/tiff/TIFFField.html">TIFFField</a>. For each
707 field to be written a <code>TIFFField</code> may be added to the
708 <code>TIFFDirectory</code> and the latter converted to an
709 <code>IIOMetadata</code> object by invoking
710 <code>TIFFDirectory.getAsMetadata</code>. The
711 <code>IIOMetadata</code> object so obtained may then be passed to the TIFF
712 writer.</p>
713
714 <h4><a id="MapStandardNative"></a>
715 Mapping of the Standard Metadata Format to TIFF Native Image Metadata</h4>
716
717 The derivation of <a href="#ImageMetadata">TIFF native image metadata</a>
718 elements from the standard metadata format
719 <a href="standard_metadata.html">javax_imageio_1.0</a> is
720 given in the following table.
721
722 <table border="1">
723 <tr>
724 <th>TIFF Field</th>
725 <th>Derivation from Standard Metadata Elements</th>
726 </tr>
727 <tr>
728 <td>
729 PhotometricInterpretation
730 </td>
731 <td>/Chroma/ColorSpaceType@name: "GRAY" and /Chroma/BlackIsZero@value = "FALSE"
732 => WhiteIsZero; "GRAY" and /Document/SubimageInterpretation@value =
733 "TransparencyMask" => TransparencyMask; "RGB" and /Chroma/Palette present =>
734 PaletteColor; "GRAY" => BlackIsZero; "RGB" => RGB; "YCbCr" => YCbCr;
735 "CMYK" => CMYK; "Lab" => CIELab.</td>
736 </tr>
737 <tr>
738 <td>SamplesPerPixel</td>
739 <td>/Chroma/NumChannels@value</td>
740 </tr>
741 <tr>
742 <td>ColorMap</td>
743 <td>/Chroma/Palette</td>
744 </tr>
745 <tr>
746 <td>Compression</td>
747 <td>/Compression/CompressionTypeName@value: "none" => Uncompressed;
748 "CCITT RLE" => CCITT 1D; "CCITT T.4" => Group 3 Fax; "CCITT T.6" => Group 4
749 Fax; "LZW" => LZW; "Old JPEG" => JPEG; "JPEG" => New JPEG; "ZLib" => ZLib;
750 "PackBits" => PackBits; "Deflate" => Deflate.</td>
751 </tr>
752 <tr>
753 <td>PlanarConfiguration</td>
754 <td>/Data/PlanarConfiguration@value: "PixelInterleaved" => Chunky;
755 "PlaneInterleaved" => Planar.</td>
756 </tr>
757 <tr>
758 <td>SampleFormat</td>
759 <td>/Data/SampleFormat@value: "SignedIntegral" => two's complement signed
760 integer data; "UnsignedIntegral" => unsigned integer data; "Real" =>
761 IEEE floating point data; "Index" => unsigned integer data.
762 </td>
763 </tr>
764 <tr>
765 <td>BitsPerSample</td>
766 <td>/Data/BitsPerSample@value: space-separated list parsed to char array.</td>
767 </tr>
768 <tr>
769 <td>FillOrder</td>
770 <td>/Data/SampleMSB@value: if all values in space-separated list are 0s =>
771 right-to-left; otherwise => left-to-right.
772 </td>
773 </tr>
774 <tr>
775 <td>XResolution</td>
776 <td>(10 / /Dimension/HorizontalPixelSize@value) or
777 (10 / (/Dimension/VerticalPixelSize@value *
778 /Dimension/PixelAspectRatio@value))</td>
779 </tr>
780 <tr>
781 <td>YResolution</td>
782 <td>(10 / /Dimension/VerticalPixelSize@value) or
783 (10 / (/Dimension/HorizontalPixelSize@value /
784 /Dimension/PixelAspectRatio@value))</td>
785 </tr>
786 <tr>
787 <td>ResolutionUnit</td>
788 <td>Centimeter if XResolution or YResolution set; otherwise None.</td>
789 </tr>
790 <tr>
791 <td>Orientation</td>
792 <td>/Dimension/ImageOrientation@value</td>
793 </tr>
794 <tr>
795 <td>XPosition</td>
796 <td>/Dimension/HorizontalPosition@value / 10</td>
797 </tr>
798 <tr>
799 <td>YPosition</td>
800 <td>/Dimension/VerticalPosition@value / 10</td>
801 </tr>
802 <tr>
803 <td>NewSubFileType</td>
804 <td>/Document/SubimageInterpretation@value: "TransparencyMask" =>
805 transparency mask; "ReducedResolution" => reduced-resolution;
806 "SinglePage" => single page.</td>
807 </tr>
808 <tr>
809 <td>DateTime</td>
810 <td>/Document/ImageCreationTime@value</td>
811 </tr>
812 <tr>
813 <td>DocumentName, ImageDescription, Make, Model, PageName, Software,
814 Artist, HostComputer, InkNames, Copyright</td>
815 <td>/Text/TextEntry: if /Text/TextEntry@keyword is the name of any of the
816 TIFF Fields, e.g., "Software", then the field is added with content
817 /Text/TextEntry@value and count 1.</td>
818 </tr>
819 <tr>
820 <td>ExtraSamples</td>
821 <td>/Transparency/Alpha@value: "premultiplied" => associated alpha, count 1;
822 "nonpremultiplied" => unassociated alpha, count 1.</td>
823 </tr>
824 <tr>
825 <td></td>
826 <td></td>
827 </tr>
828 </table>
829
830 <h3><a id="ExifWrite">Writing Exif Images</a></h3>
831
832 The TIFF writer may be used to write an uncompressed Exif image or the
833 contents of the <code>APP1</code> marker segment of a compressed Exif image.
834
835 <h4><a id="ExifWriteTIFF">Writing Uncompressed Exif Images</a></h4>
836
837 When writing a sequence of images each image is normally recorded as
838 {IFD, IFD Value, Image Data}. The Exif specification requires
839 that an uncompressed Exif image be structured as follows:
840
841 <a id="ExifStructure"></a>
842 <ol>
843 <li>Image File Header</li>
844 <li>Primary IFD</li>
845 <li>Primary IFD Value</li>
846 <li>Thumbnail IFD</li>
847 <li>Thumbnail IFD Value</li>
848 <li>Thumbnail Image Data</li>
849 <li>Primary Image Data</li>
850 </ol>
851
852 To meet the requirement of the primary image data being recorded last, the
853 primary image must be written initially as an empty image and have its data
854 added via pixel replacement after the thumbnail IFD and image data have been
855 written:
856
857 <pre><code>
858 ImageWriter tiffWriter;
859 ImageWriteParam tiffWriteParam;
860 IIOMetadata tiffStreamMetadata;
861 IIOMetadata primaryIFD;
862 BufferedImage image;
863 BufferedImage thumbnail;
864
865 // Specify uncompressed output.
866 tiffWriteParam.setCompressionMode(ImageWriteParam.MODE_DISABLED);
867
868 if (thumbnail != null) {
869 // Write the TIFF header.
870 tiffWriter.prepareWriteSequence(tiffStreamMetadata);
871
872 // Append the primary IFD.
873 tiffWriter.prepareInsertEmpty(-1, // append
874 new ImageTypeSpecifier(image),
875 image.getWidth(),
876 image.getHeight(),
877 primaryIFD,
878 null, // thumbnails
879 tiffWriteParam);
880 tiffWriter.endInsertEmpty();
881
882 // Append the thumbnail image data.
883 tiffWriter.writeToSequence(new IIOImage(thumbnail, null, null),
884 tiffWriteParam);
885
886 // Insert the primary image data.
887 tiffWriter.prepareReplacePixels(0, new Rectangle(image.getWidth(),
888 image.getHeight()));
889 tiffWriter.replacePixels(image, tiffWriteParam);
890 tiffWriter.endReplacePixels();
891
892 // End writing.
893 tiffWriter.endWriteSequence();
894 } else {
895 // Write only the primary IFD and image data.
896 tiffWriter.write(tiffStreamMetadata,
897 new IIOImage(image, null, primaryIFD),
898 tiffWriteParam);
899 }
900 </code></pre>
901
902 <h4><a id="ExifWriteJPEG">Writing Compressed Exif Images</a></h4>
903
904 The structure of the embedded TIFF stream in the <code>APP1</code> segment of a
905 compressed Exif image is identical to the <a href="#ExifStructure">
906 uncompressed Exif image structure</a> except that there are no primary
907 image data, i.e., the primary IFD does not refer to any image data.
908
909 <pre><code>
910 ImageWriter tiffWriter;
911 ImageWriteParam tiffWriteParam;
912 IIOMetadata tiffStreamMetadata;
913 BufferedImage image;
914 BufferedImage thumbnail;
915 IIOMetadata primaryIFD;
916 ImageOutputStream output;
917
918 // Set up an output to contain the APP1 Exif TIFF stream.
919 ByteArrayOutputStream baos = new ByteArrayOutputStream();
920 MemoryCacheImageOutputStream app1ExifOutput =
921 new MemoryCacheImageOutputStream(baos);
922 tiffWriter.setOutput(app1ExifOutput);
923
924 // Set compression for the thumbnail.
925 tiffWriteParam.setCompressionMode(ImageWriteParam.MODE_EXPLICIT);
926 tiffWriteParam.setCompressionType("Exif JPEG");
927
928 // Write the APP1 Exif TIFF stream.
929 if (thumbnail != null) {
930 // Write the TIFF header.
931 tiffWriter.prepareWriteSequence(tiffStreamMetadata);
932
933 // Append the primary IFD.
934 tiffWriter.prepareInsertEmpty(-1, // append
935 new ImageTypeSpecifier(image),
936 image.getWidth(),
937 image.getHeight(),
938 primaryIFD,
939 null, // thumbnails
940 tiffWriteParam);
941 tiffWriter.endInsertEmpty();
942
943 // Append the thumbnail IFD and image data.
944 tiffWriter.writeToSequence(new IIOImage(thumbnail, null,
945 null), tiffWriteParam);
946
947 // End writing.
948 tiffWriter.endWriteSequence();
949 } else {
950 // Write only the primary IFD.
951 tiffWriter.prepareWriteEmpty(tiffStreamMetadata,
952 new ImageTypeSpecifier(image),
953 image.getWidth(),
954 image.getHeight(),
955 primaryIFD,
956 null, // thumbnails
957 tiffWriteParam);
958 tiffWriter.endWriteEmpty();
959 }
960
961 // Flush data into byte stream.
962 app1ExifOutput.flush();
963
964 // Create APP1 parameter array.
965 byte[] app1Parameters = new byte[6 + baos.size()];
966
967 // Add APP1 Exif ID bytes.
968 app1Parameters[0] = (byte) 'E';
969 app1Parameters[1] = (byte) 'x';
970 app1Parameters[2] = (byte) 'i';
971 app1Parameters[3] = (byte) 'f';
972 app1Parameters[4] = app1Parameters[5] = (byte) 0;
973
974 // Append TIFF stream to APP1 parameters.
975 System.arraycopy(baos.toByteArray(), 0, app1Parameters, 6, baos.size());
976
977 // Create the APP1 Exif node to be added to native JPEG image metadata.
978 IIOMetadataNode app1Node = new IIOMetadataNode("unknown");
979 app1Node.setAttribute("MarkerTag", String.valueOf(0xE1));
980 app1Node.setUserObject(app1Parameters);
981
982 // Append the APP1 Exif marker to the "markerSequence" node.
983 IIOMetadata jpegImageMetadata =
984 jpegWriter.getDefaultImageMetadata(new ImageTypeSpecifier(image),
985 jpegWriteParam);
986 String nativeFormat = jpegImageMetadata.getNativeMetadataFormatName();
987 Node tree = jpegImageMetadata.getAsTree(nativeFormat);
988 NodeList children = tree.getChildNodes();
989 int numChildren = children.getLength();
990 for (int i = 0; i < numChildren; i++) {
991 Node child = children.item(i);
992 if (child.getNodeName().equals("markerSequence")) {
993 child.appendChild(app1Node);
994 break;
995 }
996 }
997 jpegImageMetadata.setFromTree(nativeFormat, tree);
998
999 // Write the JPEG image data including the APP1 Exif marker.
1000 jpegWriter.setOutput(output);
1001 jpegWriter.write(new IIOImage(image, null, jpegImageMetadata));
1002 </code></pre>
1003
1004 The <code>"unknown"</code> node created above would be appended to the
1005 <code>"markerSequence"</code> node of the native JPEG image metadata
1006 and written to the JPEG stream when the primary image is written using
1007 the JPEG writer.
1008
1009 <h2><a id="StreamMetadata">Stream Metadata</a></h2>
1010
1011 The DTD for the TIFF native stream metadata format is as follows:
1012
1013 <pre>
1014 <!DOCTYPE "javax_imageio_tiff_stream_1.0" [
1015
1016 <!ELEMENT "javax_imageio_tiff_stream_1.0" (ByteOrder)>
1017
1018 <!ELEMENT "ByteOrder" EMPTY>
1019 <!-- The stream byte order -->
1020 <!ATTLIST "ByteOrder" "value" #CDATA #REQUIRED>
1021 <!-- One of "BIG_ENDIAN" or "LITTLE_ENDIAN" -->
1022 <!-- Data type: String -->
1023 ]>
1024 </pre>
1025
1026 <h2><a id="ImageMetadata">Image Metadata</a></h2>
1027
1028 The DTD for the TIFF native image metadata format is as follows:
1029
1030 <pre>
1031 <!DOCTYPE "javax_imageio_tiff_image_1.0" [
1032
1033 <!ELEMENT "javax_imageio_tiff_image_1.0" (TIFFIFD)*>
1034
1035 <!ELEMENT "TIFFIFD" (TIFFField | TIFFIFD)*>
1036 <!-- An IFD (directory) containing fields -->
1037 <!ATTLIST "TIFFIFD" "tagSets" #CDATA #REQUIRED>
1038 <!-- Data type: String -->
1039 <!ATTLIST "TIFFIFD" "parentTagNumber" #CDATA #IMPLIED>
1040 <!-- The tag number of the field pointing to this IFD -->
1041 <!-- Data type: Integer -->
1042 <!ATTLIST "TIFFIFD" "parentTagName" #CDATA #IMPLIED>
1043 <!-- A mnemonic name for the field pointing to this IFD, if known
1044 -->
1045 <!-- Data type: String -->
1046
1047 <!ELEMENT "TIFFField" (TIFFBytes | TIFFAsciis |
1048 TIFFShorts | TIFFSShorts | TIFFLongs | TIFFSLongs |
1049 TIFFRationals | TIFFSRationals |
1050 TIFFFloats | TIFFDoubles | TIFFUndefined)>
1051 <!-- A field containing data -->
1052 <!ATTLIST "TIFFField" "number" #CDATA #REQUIRED>
1053 <!-- The tag number asociated with the field -->
1054 <!-- Data type: String -->
1055 <!ATTLIST "TIFFField" "name" #CDATA #IMPLIED>
1056 <!-- A mnemonic name associated with the field, if known -->
1057 <!-- Data type: String -->
1058
1059 <!ELEMENT "TIFFBytes" (TIFFByte)*>
1060 <!-- A sequence of TIFFByte nodes -->
1061
1062 <!ELEMENT "TIFFByte" EMPTY>
1063 <!-- An integral value between 0 and 255 -->
1064 <!ATTLIST "TIFFByte" "value" #CDATA #IMPLIED>
1065 <!-- The value -->
1066 <!-- Data type: String -->
1067 <!ATTLIST "TIFFByte" "description" #CDATA #IMPLIED>
1068 <!-- A description, if available -->
1069 <!-- Data type: String -->
1070
1071 <!ELEMENT "TIFFAsciis" (TIFFAscii)*>
1072 <!-- A sequence of TIFFAscii nodes -->
1073
1074 <!ELEMENT "TIFFAscii" EMPTY>
1075 <!-- A String value -->
1076 <!ATTLIST "TIFFAscii" "value" #CDATA #IMPLIED>
1077 <!-- The value -->
1078 <!-- Data type: String -->
1079
1080 <!ELEMENT "TIFFShorts" (TIFFShort)*>
1081 <!-- A sequence of TIFFShort nodes -->
1082
1083 <!ELEMENT "TIFFShort" EMPTY>
1084 <!-- An integral value between 0 and 65535 -->
1085 <!ATTLIST "TIFFShort" "value" #CDATA #IMPLIED>
1086 <!-- The value -->
1087 <!-- Data type: String -->
1088 <!ATTLIST "TIFFShort" "description" #CDATA #IMPLIED>
1089 <!-- A description, if available -->
1090 <!-- Data type: String -->
1091
1092 <!ELEMENT "TIFFSShorts" (TIFFSShort)*>
1093 <!-- A sequence of TIFFSShort nodes -->
1094
1095 <!ELEMENT "TIFFSShort" EMPTY>
1096 <!-- An integral value between -32768 and 32767 -->
1097 <!ATTLIST "TIFFSShort" "value" #CDATA #IMPLIED>
1098 <!-- The value -->
1099 <!-- Data type: String -->
1100 <!ATTLIST "TIFFSShort" "description" #CDATA #IMPLIED>
1101 <!-- A description, if available -->
1102 <!-- Data type: String -->
1103
1104 <!ELEMENT "TIFFLongs" (TIFFLong)*>
1105 <!-- A sequence of TIFFLong nodes -->
1106
1107 <!ELEMENT "TIFFLong" EMPTY>
1108 <!-- An integral value between 0 and 4294967295 -->
1109 <!ATTLIST "TIFFLong" "value" #CDATA #IMPLIED>
1110 <!-- The value -->
1111 <!-- Data type: String -->
1112 <!ATTLIST "TIFFLong" "description" #CDATA #IMPLIED>
1113 <!-- A description, if available -->
1114 <!-- Data type: String -->
1115
1116 <!ELEMENT "TIFFSLongs" (TIFFSLong)*>
1117 <!-- A sequence of TIFFSLong nodes -->
1118
1119 <!ELEMENT "TIFFSLong" EMPTY>
1120 <!-- An integral value between -2147483648 and 2147482647 -->
1121 <!ATTLIST "TIFFSLong" "value" #CDATA #IMPLIED>
1122 <!-- The value -->
1123 <!-- Data type: String -->
1124 <!ATTLIST "TIFFSLong" "description" #CDATA #IMPLIED>
1125 <!-- A description, if available -->
1126 <!-- Data type: String -->
1127
1128 <!ELEMENT "TIFFRationals" (TIFFRational)*>
1129 <!-- A sequence of TIFFRational nodes -->
1130
1131 <!ELEMENT "TIFFRational" EMPTY>
1132 <!-- A rational value consisting of an unsigned numerator and
1133 denominator -->
1134 <!ATTLIST "TIFFRational" "value" #CDATA #IMPLIED>
1135 <!-- The numerator and denominator, separated by a slash -->
1136 <!-- Data type: String -->
1137
1138 <!ELEMENT "TIFFSRationals" (TIFFSRational)*>
1139 <!-- A sequence of TIFFSRational nodes -->
1140
1141 <!ELEMENT "TIFFSRational" EMPTY>
1142 <!-- A rational value consisting of a signed numerator and
1143 denominator -->
1144 <!ATTLIST "TIFFSRational" "value" #CDATA #IMPLIED>
1145 <!-- The numerator and denominator, separated by a slash -->
1146 <!-- Data type: String -->
1147
1148 <!ELEMENT "TIFFFloats" (TIFFFloat)*>
1149 <!-- A sequence of TIFFFloat nodes -->
1150
1151 <!ELEMENT "TIFFFloat" EMPTY>
1152 <!-- A single-precision floating-point value -->
1153 <!ATTLIST "TIFFFloat" "value" #CDATA #IMPLIED>
1154 <!-- The value -->
1155 <!-- Data type: String -->
1156
1157 <!ELEMENT "TIFFDoubles" (TIFFDouble)*>
1158 <!-- A sequence of TIFFDouble nodes -->
1159
1160 <!ELEMENT "TIFFDouble" EMPTY>
1161 <!-- A double-precision floating-point value -->
1162 <!ATTLIST "TIFFDouble" "value" #CDATA #IMPLIED>
1163 <!-- The value -->
1164 <!-- Data type: String -->
1165
1166 <!ELEMENT "TIFFUndefined" EMPTY>
1167 <!-- Uninterpreted byte data -->
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