1 /*
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   3  * DO NOT ALTER OR REMOVE COPYRIGHT NOTICES OR THIS FILE HEADER.
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   5  * This code is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
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   7  * published by the Free Software Foundation.  Oracle designates this
   8  * particular file as subject to the "Classpath" exception as provided
   9  * by Oracle in the LICENSE file that accompanied this code.
  10  *
  11  * This code is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT
  12  * ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or
  13  * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the GNU General Public License
  14  * version 2 for more details (a copy is included in the LICENSE file that
  15  * accompanied this code).
  16  *
  17  * You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License version
  18  * 2 along with this work; if not, write to the Free Software Foundation,
  19  * Inc., 51 Franklin St, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA 02110-1301 USA.
  20  *
  21  * Please contact Oracle, 500 Oracle Parkway, Redwood Shores, CA 94065 USA
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  25 
  26 /*
  27  * This file is available under and governed by the GNU General Public
  28  * License version 2 only, as published by the Free Software Foundation.
  29  * However, the following notice accompanied the original version of this
  30  * file:
  31  *
  32  * Copyright (c) 2012, Stephen Colebourne & Michael Nascimento Santos
  33  *
  34  * All rights reserved.
  35  *
  36  * Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
  37  * modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions are met:
  38  *
  39  *  * Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright notice,
  40  *    this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
  41  *
  42  *  * Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright notice,
  43  *    this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the documentation
  44  *    and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
  45  *
  46  *  * Neither the name of JSR-310 nor the names of its contributors
  47  *    may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software
  48  *    without specific prior written permission.
  49  *
  50  * THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS
  51  * "AS IS" AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT
  52  * LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR
  53  * A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE COPYRIGHT OWNER OR
  54  * CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL,
  55  * EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO,
  56  * PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR
  57  * PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF
  58  * LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING
  59  * NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE OF THIS
  60  * SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
  61  */
  62 
  63 /**
  64  * <p>
  65  * The main API for dates, times, instants, and durations.
  66  * </p>
  67  * <p>
  68  * The classes defined here represent the principle date-time concepts,
  69  * including instants, durations, dates, times, time-zones and periods.
  70  * They are based on the ISO calendar system, which is the <i>de facto</i> world
  71  * calendar following the proleptic Gregorian rules.
  72  * All the classes are immutable and thread-safe.
  73  * </p>
  74  * <p>
  75  * Each date time instance is composed of fields that are conveniently
  76  * made available by the APIs.  For lower level access to the fields refer
  77  * to the {@code java.time.temporal} package.
  78  * Each class includes support for printing and parsing all manner of dates and times.
  79  * Refer to the {@code java.time.format} package for customization options.
  80  * </p>
  81  * <p>
  82  * The {@code java.time.chrono} package contains the calendar neutral API
  83  * {@link java.time.chrono.ChronoLocalDate ChronoLocalDate},
  84  * {@link java.time.chrono.ChronoLocalDateTime ChronoLocalDateTime},
  85  * {@link java.time.chrono.ChronoZonedDateTime ChronoZonedDateTime} and
  86  * {@link java.time.chrono.Era Era}.
  87  * This is intended for use by applications that need to use localized calendars.
  88  * It is recommended that applications use the ISO-8601 date and time classes from
  89  * this package across system boundaries, such as to the database or across the network.
  90  * The calendar neutral API should be reserved for interactions with users.
  91  * </p>
  92  *
  93  * <h3>Dates and Times</h3>
  94  * <p>
  95  * {@link java.time.Instant} is essentially a numeric timestamp.
  96  * The current Instant can be retrieved from a {@link java.time.Clock}.
  97  * This is useful for logging and persistence of a point in time
  98  * and has in the past been associated with storing the result
  99  * from {@link java.lang.System#currentTimeMillis()}.
 100  * </p>
 101  * <p>
 102  * {@link java.time.LocalDate} stores a date without a time.
 103  * This stores a date like '2010-12-03' and could be used to store a birthday.
 104  * </p>
 105  * <p>
 106  * {@link java.time.LocalTime} stores a time without a date.
 107  * This stores a time like '11:30' and could be used to store an opening or closing time.
 108  * </p>
 109  * <p>
 110  * {@link java.time.LocalDateTime} stores a date and time.
 111  * This stores a date-time like '2010-12-03T11:30'.
 112  * </p>
 113  * <p>
 114  * {@link java.time.ZonedDateTime} stores a date and time with a time-zone.
 115  * This is useful if you want to perform accurate calculations of
 116  * dates and times taking into account the {@link java.time.ZoneId}, such as 'Europe/Paris'.
 117  * Where possible, it is recommended to use a simpler class without a time-zone.
 118  * The widespread use of time-zones tends to add considerable complexity to an application.
 119  * </p>
 120  *
 121  * <h3>Duration and Period</h3>
 122  * <p>
 123  * Beyond dates and times, the API also allows the storage of periods and durations of time.
 124  * A {@link java.time.Duration} is a simple measure of time along the time-line in nanoseconds.
 125  * A {@link java.time.Period} expresses an amount of time in units meaningful
 126  * to humans, such as years or days.
 127  * </p>
 128  *
 129  * <h3>Additional value types</h3>
 130  * <p>
 131  * {@link java.time.Month} stores a month on its own.
 132  * This stores a single month-of-year in isolation, such as 'DECEMBER'.
 133  * </p>
 134  * <p>
 135  * {@link java.time.DayOfWeek} stores a day-of-week on its own.
 136  * This stores a single day-of-week in isolation, such as 'TUESDAY'.
 137  * </p>
 138  * <p>
 139  * {@link java.time.Year} stores a year on its own.
 140  * This stores a single year in isolation, such as '2010'.
 141  * </p>
 142  * <p>
 143  * {@link java.time.YearMonth} stores a year and month without a day or time.
 144  * This stores a year and month, such as '2010-12' and could be used for a credit card expiry.
 145  * </p>
 146  * <p>
 147  * {@link java.time.MonthDay} stores a month and day without a year or time.
 148  * This stores a month and day-of-month, such as '--12-03' and
 149  * could be used to store an annual event like a birthday without storing the year.
 150  * </p>
 151  * <p>
 152  * {@link java.time.OffsetTime} stores a time and offset from UTC without a date.
 153  * This stores a date like '11:30+01:00'.
 154  * The {@link java.time.ZoneOffset ZoneOffset} is of the form '+01:00'.
 155  * </p>
 156  * <p>
 157  * {@link java.time.OffsetDateTime} stores a date and time and offset from UTC.
 158  * This stores a date-time like '2010-12-03T11:30+01:00'.
 159  * This is sometimes found in XML messages and other forms of persistence,
 160  * but contains less information than a full time-zone.
 161  * </p>
 162  *
 163  * <h3>Package specification</h3>
 164  * <p>
 165  * Unless otherwise noted, passing a null argument to a constructor or method in any class or interface
 166  * in this package will cause a {@link java.lang.NullPointerException NullPointerException} to be thrown.
 167  * The Javadoc "@param" definition is used to summarise the null-behavior.
 168  * The "@throws {@link java.lang.NullPointerException}" is not explicitly documented in each method.
 169  * </p>
 170  * <p>
 171  * All calculations should check for numeric overflow and throw either an {@link java.lang.ArithmeticException}
 172  * or a {@link java.time.DateTimeException}.
 173  * </p>
 174  *
 175  * <h3>Design notes (non normative)</h3>
 176  * <p>
 177  * The API has been designed to reject null early and to be clear about this behavior.
 178  * A key exception is any method that takes an object and returns a boolean, for the purpose
 179  * of checking or validating, will generally return false for null.
 180  * </p>
 181  * <p>
 182  * The API is designed to be type-safe where reasonable in the main high-level API.
 183  * Thus, there are separate classes for the distinct concepts of date, time and date-time,
 184  * plus variants for offset and time-zone.
 185  * This can seem like a lot of classes, but most applications can begin with just five date/time types.
 186  * <ul>
 187  * <li>{@link java.time.Instant} - a timestamp</li>
 188  * <li>{@link java.time.LocalDate} - a date without a time, or any reference to an offset or time-zone</li>
 189  * <li>{@link java.time.LocalTime} - a time without a date, or any reference to an offset or time-zone</li>
 190  * <li>{@link java.time.LocalDateTime} - combines date and time, but still without any offset or time-zone</li>
 191  * <li>{@link java.time.ZonedDateTime} - a "full" date-time with time-zone and resolved offset from UTC/Greenwich</li>
 192  * </ul>
 193  * <p>
 194  * {@code Instant} is the closest equivalent class to {@code java.util.Date}.
 195  * {@code ZonedDateTime} is the closest equivalent class to {@code java.util.GregorianCalendar}.
 196  * </p>
 197  * <p>
 198  * Where possible, applications should use {@code LocalDate}, {@code LocalTime} and {@code LocalDateTime}
 199  * to better model the domain. For example, a birthday should be stored in a code {@code LocalDate}.
 200  * Bear in mind that any use of a {@linkplain java.time.ZoneId time-zone}, such as 'Europe/Paris', adds
 201  * considerable complexity to a calculation.
 202  * Many applications can be written only using {@code LocalDate}, {@code LocalTime} and {@code Instant},
 203  * with the time-zone added at the user interface (UI) layer.
 204  * </p>
 205  * <p>
 206  * The offset-based date-time types {@code OffsetTime} and {@code OffsetDateTime},
 207  * are intended primarily for use with network protocols and database access.
 208  * For example, most databases cannot automatically store a time-zone like 'Europe/Paris', but
 209  * they can store an offset like '+02:00'.
 210  * </p>
 211  * <p>
 212  * Classes are also provided for the most important sub-parts of a date, including {@code Month},
 213  * {@code DayOfWeek}, {@code Year}, {@code YearMonth} and {@code MonthDay}.
 214  * These can be used to model more complex date-time concepts.
 215  * For example, {@code YearMonth} is useful for representing a credit card expiry.
 216  * </p>
 217  * <p>
 218  * Note that while there are a large number of classes representing different aspects of dates,
 219  * there are relatively few dealing with different aspects of time.
 220  * Following type-safety to its logical conclusion would have resulted in classes for
 221  * hour-minute, hour-minute-second and hour-minute-second-nanosecond.
 222  * While logically pure, this was not a practical option as it would have almost tripled the
 223  * number of classes due to the combinations of date and time.
 224  * Thus, {@code LocalTime} is used for all precisions of time, with zeroes used to imply lower precision.
 225  * </p>
 226  * <p>
 227  * Following full type-safety to its ultimate conclusion might also argue for a separate class
 228  * for each field in date-time, such as a class for HourOfDay and another for DayOfMonth.
 229  * This approach was tried, but was excessively complicated in the Java language, lacking usability.
 230  * A similar problem occurs with periods.
 231  * There is a case for a separate class for each period unit, such as a type for Years and a type for Minutes.
 232  * However, this yields a lot of classes and a problem of type conversion.
 233  * Thus, the set of date-time types provided is a compromise between purity and practicality.
 234  * </p>
 235  * <p>
 236  * The API has a relatively large surface area in terms of number of methods.
 237  * This is made manageable through the use of consistent method prefixes.
 238  * <ul>
 239  * <li>{@code of} - static factory method</li>
 240  * <li>{@code parse} - static factory method focussed on parsing</li>
 241  * <li>{@code get} - gets the value of something</li>
 242  * <li>{@code is} - checks if something is true</li>
 243  * <li>{@code with} - the immutable equivalent of a setter</li>
 244  * <li>{@code plus} - adds an amount to an object</li>
 245  * <li>{@code minus} - subtracts an amount from an object</li>
 246  * <li>{@code to} - converts this object to another type</li>
 247  * <li>{@code at} - combines this object with another, such as {@code date.atTime(time)}</li>
 248  * </ul>
 249  * <p>
 250  * Multiple calendar systems is an awkward addition to the design challenges.
 251  * The first principle is that most users want the standard ISO calendar system.
 252  * As such, the main classes are ISO-only. The second principle is that most of those that want a
 253  * non-ISO calendar system want it for user interaction, thus it is a UI localization issue.
 254  * As such, date and time objects should be held as ISO objects in the data model and persistent
 255  * storage, only being converted to and from a local calendar for display.
 256  * The calendar system would be stored separately in the user preferences.
 257  * </p>
 258  * <p>
 259  * There are, however, some limited use cases where users believe they need to store and use
 260  * dates in arbitrary calendar systems throughout the application.
 261  * This is supported by {@link java.time.chrono.ChronoLocalDate}, however it is vital to read
 262  * all the associated warnings in the Javadoc of that interface before using it.
 263  * In summary, applications that require general interoperation between multiple calendar systems
 264  * typically need to be written in a very different way to those only using the ISO calendar,
 265  * thus most applications should just use ISO and avoid {@code ChronoLocalDate}.
 266  * </p>
 267  * <p>
 268  * The API is also designed for user extensibility, as there are many ways of calculating time.
 269  * The {@linkplain java.time.temporal.TemporalField field} and {@linkplain java.time.temporal.TemporalUnit unit}
 270  * API, accessed via {@link java.time.temporal.TemporalAccessor TemporalAccessor} and
 271  * {@link java.time.temporal.Temporal Temporal} provide considerable flexibility to applications.
 272  * In addition, the {@link java.time.temporal.TemporalQuery TemporalQuery} and
 273  * {@link java.time.temporal.TemporalAdjuster TemporalAdjuster} interfaces provide day-to-day
 274  * power, allowing code to read close to business requirements:
 275  * </p>
 276  * <pre>
 277  *   LocalDate customerBirthday = customer.loadBirthdayFromDatabase();
 278  *   LocalDate today = LocalDate.now();
 279  *   if (customerBirthday.equals(today)) {
 280  *     LocalDate specialOfferExpiryDate = today.plusWeeks(2).with(next(FRIDAY));
 281  *     customer.sendBirthdaySpecialOffer(specialOfferExpiryDate);
 282  *   }
 283  *
 284  * </pre>
 285  *
 286  * @since 1.8
 287  */
 288 package java.time;