1 # tzdb data for Asia and environs
2
3 # This file is in the public domain, so clarified as of
4 # 2009-05-17 by Arthur David Olson.
5
6 # This file is by no means authoritative; if you think you know better,
7 # go ahead and edit the file (and please send any changes to
8 # tz@iana.org for general use in the future). For more, please see
9 # the file CONTRIBUTING in the tz distribution.
10
11 # From Paul Eggert (2018-06-19):
12 #
13 # Unless otherwise specified, the source for data through 1990 is:
14 # Thomas G. Shanks and Rique Pottenger, The International Atlas (6th edition),
15 # San Diego: ACS Publications, Inc. (2003).
16 # Unfortunately this book contains many errors and cites no sources.
17 #
18 # Many years ago Gwillim Law wrote that a good source
19 # for time zone data was the International Air Transport
20 # Association's Standard Schedules Information Manual (IATA SSIM),
21 # published semiannually. Law sent in several helpful summaries
22 # of the IATA's data after 1990. Except where otherwise noted,
23 # IATA SSIM is the source for entries after 1990.
24 #
25 # Another source occasionally used is Edward W. Whitman, World Time Differences,
26 # Whitman Publishing Co, 2 Niagara Av, Ealing, London (undated), which
27 # I found in the UCLA library.
28 #
29 # For data circa 1899, a common source is:
30 # Milne J. Civil time. Geogr J. 1899 Feb;13(2):173-94.
31 # https://www.jstor.org/stable/1774359
32 #
33 # For Russian data circa 1919, a source is:
34 # Byalokoz EL. New Counting of Time in Russia since July 1, 1919.
35 # (See the 'europe' file for a fuller citation.)
36 #
37 # A reliable and entertaining source about time zones is
38 # Derek Howse, Greenwich time and longitude, Philip Wilson Publishers (1997).
39 #
40 # The following alphabetic abbreviations appear in these tables
41 # (corrections are welcome):
42 # std dst
43 # LMT Local Mean Time
44 # 2:00 EET EEST Eastern European Time
45 # 2:00 IST IDT Israel
46 # 5:30 IST India
47 # 7:00 WIB west Indonesia (Waktu Indonesia Barat)
48 # 8:00 WITA central Indonesia (Waktu Indonesia Tengah)
49 # 8:00 CST China
50 # 8:00 PST PDT* Philippine Standard Time
51 # 8:30 KST KDT Korea when at +0830
52 # 9:00 WIT east Indonesia (Waktu Indonesia Timur)
53 # 9:00 JST JDT Japan
54 # 9:00 KST KDT Korea when at +09
55 # 9:30 ACST Australian Central Standard Time
56 # *I invented the abbreviation PDT; see "Philippines" below.
57 # Otherwise, these tables typically use numeric abbreviations like +03
58 # and +0330 for integer hour and minute UT offsets. Although earlier
59 # editions invented alphabetic time zone abbreviations for every
60 # offset, this did not reflect common practice.
61 #
62 # See the 'europe' file for Russia and Turkey in Asia.
63
64 # From Guy Harris:
65 # Incorporates data for Singapore from Robert Elz' asia 1.1, as well as
66 # additional information from Tom Yap, Sun Microsystems Intercontinental
67 # Technical Support (including a page from the Official Airline Guide -
68 # Worldwide Edition).
69
70 ###############################################################################
71
72 # These rules are stolen from the 'europe' file.
73 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
74 Rule EUAsia 1981 max - Mar lastSun 1:00u 1:00 S
75 Rule EUAsia 1979 1995 - Sep lastSun 1:00u 0 -
76 Rule EUAsia 1996 max - Oct lastSun 1:00u 0 -
77 Rule E-EurAsia 1981 max - Mar lastSun 0:00 1:00 -
78 Rule E-EurAsia 1979 1995 - Sep lastSun 0:00 0 -
79 Rule E-EurAsia 1996 max - Oct lastSun 0:00 0 -
80 Rule RussiaAsia 1981 1984 - Apr 1 0:00 1:00 -
81 Rule RussiaAsia 1981 1983 - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
82 Rule RussiaAsia 1984 1995 - Sep lastSun 2:00s 0 -
83 Rule RussiaAsia 1985 2010 - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 -
84 Rule RussiaAsia 1996 2010 - Oct lastSun 2:00s 0 -
85
86 # Afghanistan
87 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
88 Zone Asia/Kabul 4:36:48 - LMT 1890
89 4:00 - +04 1945
90 4:30 - +0430
91
92 # Armenia
93 # From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):
94 # Shanks & Pottenger have Yerevan switching to 3:00 (with Russian DST)
95 # in spring 1991, then to 4:00 with no DST in fall 1995, then
96 # readopting Russian DST in 1997. Go with Shanks & Pottenger, even
97 # when they disagree with others. Edgar Der-Danieliantz
98 # reported (1996-05-04) that Yerevan probably wouldn't use DST
99 # in 1996, though it did use DST in 1995. IATA SSIM (1991/1998) reports that
100 # Armenia switched from 3:00 to 4:00 in 1998 and observed DST after 1991,
101 # but started switching at 3:00s in 1998.
102
103 # From Arthur David Olson (2011-06-15):
104 # While Russia abandoned DST in 2011, Armenia may choose to
105 # follow Russia's "old" rules.
106
107 # From Alexander Krivenyshev (2012-02-10):
108 # According to News Armenia, on Feb 9, 2012,
109 # http://newsarmenia.ru/society/20120209/42609695.html
110 #
111 # The Armenia National Assembly adopted final reading of Amendments to the
112 # Law "On procedure of calculation time on the territory of the Republic of
113 # Armenia" according to which Armenia [is] abolishing Daylight Saving Time.
114 # or
115 # (brief)
116 # http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_armenia03.html
117 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
118 Rule Armenia 2011 only - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 -
119 Rule Armenia 2011 only - Oct lastSun 2:00s 0 -
120 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
121 Zone Asia/Yerevan 2:58:00 - LMT 1924 May 2
122 3:00 - +03 1957 Mar
123 4:00 RussiaAsia +04/+05 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
124 3:00 RussiaAsia +03/+04 1995 Sep 24 2:00s
125 4:00 - +04 1997
126 4:00 RussiaAsia +04/+05 2011
127 4:00 Armenia +04/+05
128
129 # Azerbaijan
130
131 # From Rustam Aliyev of the Azerbaijan Internet Forum (2005-10-23):
132 # According to the resolution of Cabinet of Ministers, 1997
133 # From Paul Eggert (2015-09-17): It was Resolution No. 21 (1997-03-17).
134 # http://code.az/files/daylight_res.pdf
135
136 # From Steffen Thorsen (2016-03-17):
137 # ... the Azerbaijani Cabinet of Ministers has cancelled switching to
138 # daylight saving time....
139 # https://www.azernews.az/azerbaijan/94137.html
140 # http://vestnikkavkaza.net/news/Azerbaijani-Cabinet-of-Ministers-cancels-daylight-saving-time.html
141 # http://en.apa.az/xeber_azerbaijan_abolishes_daylight_savings_ti_240862.html
142
143 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
144 Rule Azer 1997 2015 - Mar lastSun 4:00 1:00 -
145 Rule Azer 1997 2015 - Oct lastSun 5:00 0 -
146 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
147 Zone Asia/Baku 3:19:24 - LMT 1924 May 2
148 3:00 - +03 1957 Mar
149 4:00 RussiaAsia +04/+05 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
150 3:00 RussiaAsia +03/+04 1992 Sep lastSun 2:00s
151 4:00 - +04 1996
152 4:00 EUAsia +04/+05 1997
153 4:00 Azer +04/+05
154
155 # Bahrain
156 # See Asia/Qatar.
157
158 # Bangladesh
159 # From Alexander Krivenyshev (2009-05-13):
160 # According to newspaper Asian Tribune (May 6, 2009) Bangladesh may introduce
161 # Daylight Saving Time from June 16 to Sept 30
162 #
163 # Bangladesh to introduce daylight saving time likely from June 16
164 # http://www.asiantribune.com/?q=node/17288
165 # http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_bangladesh02.html
166 #
167 # "... Bangladesh government has decided to switch daylight saving time from
168 # June
169 # 16 till September 30 in a bid to ensure maximum use of daylight to cope with
170 # crippling power crisis. "
171 #
172 # The switch will remain in effect from June 16 to Sept 30 (2009) but if
173 # implemented the next year, it will come in force from April 1, 2010
174
175 # From Steffen Thorsen (2009-06-02):
176 # They have finally decided now, but changed the start date to midnight between
177 # the 19th and 20th, and they have not set the end date yet.
178 #
179 # Some sources:
180 # https://in.reuters.com/article/southAsiaNews/idINIndia-40017620090601
181 # http://bdnews24.com/details.php?id=85889&cid=2
182 #
183 # Our wrap-up:
184 # https://www.timeanddate.com/news/time/bangladesh-daylight-saving-2009.html
185
186 # From A. N. M. Kamrus Saadat (2009-06-15):
187 # Finally we've got the official mail regarding DST start time where DST start
188 # time is mentioned as Jun 19 2009, 23:00 from BTRC (Bangladesh
189 # Telecommunication Regulatory Commission).
190 #
191 # No DST end date has been announced yet.
192
193 # From Alexander Krivenyshev (2009-09-25):
194 # Bangladesh won't go back to Standard Time from October 1, 2009,
195 # instead it will continue DST measure till the cabinet makes a fresh decision.
196 #
197 # Following report by same newspaper-"The Daily Star Friday":
198 # "DST change awaits cabinet decision-Clock won't go back by 1-hr from Oct 1"
199 # http://www.thedailystar.net/newDesign/news-details.php?nid=107021
200 # http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_bangladesh04.html
201
202 # From Steffen Thorsen (2009-10-13):
203 # IANS (Indo-Asian News Service) now reports:
204 # Bangladesh has decided that the clock advanced by an hour to make
205 # maximum use of daylight hours as an energy saving measure would
206 # "continue for an indefinite period."
207 #
208 # One of many places where it is published:
209 # http://www.thaindian.com/newsportal/business/bangladesh-to-continue-indefinitely-with-advanced-time_100259987.html
210
211 # From Alexander Krivenyshev (2009-12-24):
212 # According to Bangladesh newspaper "The Daily Star,"
213 # Bangladesh will change its clock back to Standard Time on Dec 31, 2009.
214 #
215 # Clock goes back 1-hr on Dec 31 night.
216 # http://www.thedailystar.net/newDesign/news-details.php?nid=119228
217 # http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_bangladesh05.html
218 #
219 # "...The government yesterday decided to put the clock back by one hour
220 # on December 31 midnight and the new time will continue until March 31,
221 # 2010 midnight. The decision came at a cabinet meeting at the Prime
222 # Minister's Office last night..."
223
224 # From Alexander Krivenyshev (2010-03-22):
225 # According to Bangladesh newspaper "The Daily Star,"
226 # Cabinet cancels Daylight Saving Time
227 # http://www.thedailystar.net/newDesign/latest_news.php?nid=22817
228 # http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_bangladesh06.html
229
230 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
231 Rule Dhaka 2009 only - Jun 19 23:00 1:00 -
232 Rule Dhaka 2009 only - Dec 31 24:00 0 -
233
234 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
235 Zone Asia/Dhaka 6:01:40 - LMT 1890
236 5:53:20 - HMT 1941 Oct # Howrah Mean Time?
237 6:30 - +0630 1942 May 15
238 5:30 - +0530 1942 Sep
239 6:30 - +0630 1951 Sep 30
240 6:00 - +06 2009
241 6:00 Dhaka +06/+07
242
243 # Bhutan
244 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
245 Zone Asia/Thimphu 5:58:36 - LMT 1947 Aug 15 # or Thimbu
246 5:30 - +0530 1987 Oct
247 6:00 - +06
248
249 # British Indian Ocean Territory
250 # Whitman and the 1995 CIA time zone map say 5:00, but the
251 # 1997 and later maps say 6:00. Assume the switch occurred in 1996.
252 # We have no information as to when standard time was introduced;
253 # assume it occurred in 1907, the same year as Mauritius (which
254 # then contained the Chagos Archipelago).
255 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
256 Zone Indian/Chagos 4:49:40 - LMT 1907
257 5:00 - +05 1996
258 6:00 - +06
259
260 # Brunei
261 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
262 Zone Asia/Brunei 7:39:40 - LMT 1926 Mar # Bandar Seri Begawan
263 7:30 - +0730 1933
264 8:00 - +08
265
266 # Burma / Myanmar
267
268 # Milne says 6:24:40 was the meridian of the time ball observatory at Rangoon.
269
270 # From Paul Eggert (2017-04-20):
271 # Page 27 of Reed & Low (cited for Asia/Kolkata) says "Rangoon local time is
272 # used upon the railways and telegraphs of Burma, and is 6h. 24m. 47s. ahead
273 # of Greenwich." This refers to the period before Burma's transition to +0630,
274 # a transition for which Shanks is the only source.
275
276 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
277 Zone Asia/Yangon 6:24:47 - LMT 1880 # or Rangoon
278 6:24:47 - RMT 1920 # Rangoon local time
279 6:30 - +0630 1942 May
280 9:00 - +09 1945 May 3
281 6:30 - +0630
282
283 # Cambodia
284 # See Asia/Bangkok.
285
286
287 # China
288
289 # From Paul Eggert (2018-10-02):
290 # The following comes from Table 1 of:
291 # Li Yu. Research on the daylight saving movement in 1940s Shanghai.
292 # Nanjing Journal of Social Sciences. 2014;(2):144-50.
293 # http://oversea.cnki.net/kns55/detail.aspx?dbname=CJFD2014&filename=NJSH201402020
294 # The table lists dates only; I am guessing 00:00 and 24:00 transition times.
295 # Also, the table lists the planned end of DST in 1949, but the corresponding
296 # zone line cuts this off on May 28, when the Communists took power.
297 #
298 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
299 Rule Shang 1940 only - Jun 1 0:00 1:00 D
300 Rule Shang 1940 only - Oct 12 24:00 0 S
301 Rule Shang 1941 only - Mar 15 0:00 1:00 D
302 Rule Shang 1941 only - Nov 1 24:00 0 S
303 Rule Shang 1942 only - Jan 31 0:00 1:00 D
304 Rule Shang 1945 only - Sep 1 24:00 0 S
305 Rule Shang 1946 only - May 15 0:00 1:00 D
306 Rule Shang 1946 only - Sep 30 24:00 0 S
307 Rule Shang 1947 only - Apr 15 0:00 1:00 D
308 Rule Shang 1947 only - Oct 31 24:00 0 S
309 Rule Shang 1948 1949 - May 1 0:00 1:00 D
310 Rule Shang 1948 1949 - Sep 30 24:00 0 S #plan
311
312 # From Guy Harris:
313 # People's Republic of China. Yes, they really have only one time zone.
314
315 # From Bob Devine (1988-01-28):
316 # No they don't. See TIME mag, 1986-02-17 p.52. Even though
317 # China is across 4 physical time zones, before Feb 1, 1986 only the
318 # Peking (Beijing) time zone was recognized. Since that date, China
319 # has two of 'em - Peking's and Ürümqi (named after the capital of
320 # the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region). I don't know about DST for it.
321 #
322 # . . .I just deleted the DST table and this editor makes it too
323 # painful to suck in another copy. So, here is what I have for
324 # DST start/end dates for Peking's time zone (info from AP):
325 #
326 # 1986 May 4 - Sept 14
327 # 1987 mid-April - ??
328
329 # From U. S. Naval Observatory (1989-01-19):
330 # CHINA 8 H AHEAD OF UTC ALL OF CHINA, INCL TAIWAN
331 # CHINA 9 H AHEAD OF UTC APR 17 - SEP 10
332
333 # From Paul Eggert (2008-02-11):
334 # Jim Mann, "A clumsy embrace for another western custom: China on daylight
335 # time - sort of", Los Angeles Times, 1986-05-05 ... [says] that China began
336 # observing daylight saving time in 1986.
337
338 # From P Chan (2018-05-07):
339 # The start and end time of DST in China [from 1986 on] should be 2:00
340 # (i.e. 2:00 to 3:00 at the start and 2:00 to 1:00 at the end)....
341 # Government notices about summer time:
342 #
343 # 1986-04-12 http://www.zj.gov.cn/attach/zfgb/198608.pdf p.21-22
344 # (To establish summer time from 1986. On 4 May, set the clocks ahead one hour
345 # at 2 am. On 14 September, set the clocks backward one hour at 2 am.)
346 #
347 # 1987-02-15 http://www.gov.cn/gongbao/shuju/1987/gwyb198703.pdf p.114
348 # (Summer time in 1987 to start from 12 April until 13 September)
349 #
350 # 1987-09-09 http://www.gov.cn/gongbao/shuju/1987/gwyb198721.pdf p.709
351 # (From 1988, summer time to start from 2 am of the first Sunday of mid-April
352 # until 2 am of the first Sunday of mid-September)
353 #
354 # 1992-03-03 http://www.gov.cn/gongbao/shuju/1992/gwyb199205.pdf p.152
355 # (To suspend summer time from 1992)
356 #
357 # The first page of People's Daily on 12 April 1988 stating that summer time
358 # to begin on 17 April.
359 # http://data.people.com.cn/pic/101p/1988/04/1988041201.jpg
360
361 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
362 Rule PRC 1986 only - May 4 2:00 1:00 D
363 Rule PRC 1986 1991 - Sep Sun>=11 2:00 0 S
364 Rule PRC 1987 1991 - Apr Sun>=11 2:00 1:00 D
365
366 # From Anthony Fok (2001-12-20):
367 # BTW, I did some research on-line and found some info regarding these five
368 # historic timezones from some Taiwan websites. And yes, there are official
369 # Chinese names for these locales (before 1949).
370 #
371 # From Jesper Nørgaard Welen (2006-07-14):
372 # I have investigated the timezones around 1970 on the
373 # https://www.astro.com/atlas site [with provinces and county
374 # boundaries summarized below].... A few other exceptions were two
375 # counties on the Sichuan side of the Xizang-Sichuan border,
376 # counties Dege and Baiyu which lies on the Sichuan side and are
377 # therefore supposed to be GMT+7, Xizang region being GMT+6, but Dege
378 # county is GMT+8 according to astro.com while Baiyu county is GMT+6
379 # (could be true), for the moment I am assuming that those two
380 # counties are mistakes in the astro.com data.
381
382 # From Paul Eggert (2017-01-05):
383 # Alois Treindl kindly sent me translations of the following two sources:
384 #
385 # (1)
386 # Guo Qing-sheng (National Time-Service Center, CAS, Xi'an 710600, China)
387 # Beijing Time at the Beginning of the PRC
388 # China Historical Materials of Science and Technology
389 # (Zhongguo ke ji shi liao, 中国科技史料). 2003;24(1):5-9.
390 # http://oversea.cnki.net/kcms/detail/detail.aspx?filename=ZGKS200301000&dbname=CJFD2003
391 # It gives evidence that at the beginning of the PRC, Beijing time was
392 # officially apparent solar time! However, Guo also says that the
393 # evidence is dubious, as the relevant institute of astronomy had not
394 # been taken over by the PRC yet. It's plausible that apparent solar
395 # time was announced but never implemented, and that people continued
396 # to use UT+8. As the Shanghai radio station (and I presume the
397 # observatory) was still under control of French missionaries, it
398 # could well have ignored any such mandate.
399 #
400 # (2)
401 # Guo Qing-sheng (Shaanxi Astronomical Observatory, CAS, Xi'an 710600, China)
402 # A Study on the Standard Time Changes for the Past 100 Years in China
403 # [undated and unknown publication location]
404 # It says several things:
405 # * The Qing dynasty used local apparent solar time throughout China.
406 # * The Republic of China instituted Beijing mean solar time effective
407 # the official calendar book of 1914.
408 # * The French Concession in Shanghai set up signal stations in
409 # French docks in the 1890s, controlled by Xujiahui (Zikawei)
410 # Observatory and set to local mean time.
411 # * "From the end of the 19th century" it changed to UT+8.
412 # * Chinese Customs (by then reduced to a tool of foreign powers)
413 # eventually standardized on this time for all ports, and it
414 # became used by railways as well.
415 # * In 1918 the Central Observatory proposed dividing China into
416 # five time zones (see below for details). This caught on
417 # at first only in coastal areas observing UT+8.
418 # * During WWII all of China was in theory was at UT+7. In practice
419 # this was ignored in the west, and I presume was ignored in
420 # Japanese-occupied territory.
421 # * Japanese-occupied Manchuria was at UT+9, i.e., Japan time.
422 # * The five-zone plan was resurrected after WWII and officially put into
423 # place (with some modifications) in March 1948. It's not clear
424 # how well it was observed in areas under Nationalist control.
425 # * The People's Liberation Army used UT+8 during the civil war.
426 #
427 # An AP article "Shanghai Internat'l Area Little Changed" in the
428 # Lewiston (ME) Daily Sun (1939-05-29), p 17, said "Even the time is
429 # different - the occupied districts going by Tokyo time, an hour
430 # ahead of that prevailing in the rest of Shanghai." Guess that the
431 # Xujiahui Observatory was under French control and stuck with UT +08.
432 #
433 # In earlier versions of this file, China had many separate Zone entries, but
434 # this was based on what were apparently incorrect data in Shanks & Pottenger.
435 # This has now been simplified to the two entries Asia/Shanghai and
436 # Asia/Urumqi, with the others being links for backward compatibility.
437 # Proposed in 1918 and theoretically in effect until 1949 (although in practice
438 # mainly observed in coastal areas), the five zones were:
439 #
440 # Changbai Time ("Long-white Time", Long-white = Heilongjiang area) UT +08:30
441 # Now part of Asia/Shanghai; its pre-1970 times are not recorded here.
442 # Heilongjiang (except Mohe county), Jilin
443 #
444 # Zhongyuan Time ("Central plain Time") UT +08
445 # Now part of Asia/Shanghai.
446 # most of China
447 # Milne gives 8:05:43.2 for Xujiahui Observatory time; round to nearest.
448 # Guo says Shanghai switched to UT +08 "from the end of the 19th century".
449 #
450 # Long-shu Time (probably as Long and Shu were two names of the area) UT +07
451 # Now part of Asia/Shanghai; its pre-1970 times are not recorded here.
452 # Guangxi, Guizhou, Hainan, Ningxia, Sichuan, Shaanxi, and Yunnan;
453 # most of Gansu; west Inner Mongolia; east Qinghai; and the Guangdong
454 # counties Deqing, Enping, Kaiping, Luoding, Taishan, Xinxing,
455 # Yangchun, Yangjiang, Yu'nan, and Yunfu.
456 #
457 # Xin-zang Time ("Xinjiang-Tibet Time") UT +06
458 # This region is now part of either Asia/Urumqi or Asia/Shanghai with
459 # current boundaries uncertain; times before 1970 for areas that
460 # disagree with Ürümqi or Shanghai are not recorded here.
461 # The Gansu counties Aksay, Anxi, Dunhuang, Subei; west Qinghai;
462 # the Guangdong counties Xuwen, Haikang, Suixi, Lianjiang,
463 # Zhanjiang, Wuchuan, Huazhou, Gaozhou, Maoming, Dianbai, and Xinyi;
464 # east Tibet, including Lhasa, Chamdo, Shigaise, Jimsar, Shawan and Hutubi;
465 # east Xinjiang, including Ürümqi, Turpan, Karamay, Korla, Minfeng, Jinghe,
466 # Wusu, Qiemo, Xinyan, Wulanwusu, Jinghe, Yumin, Tacheng, Tuoli, Emin,
467 # Shihezi, Changji, Yanqi, Heshuo, Tuokexun, Tulufan, Shanshan, Hami,
468 # Fukang, Kuitun, Kumukuli, Miquan, Qitai, and Turfan.
469 #
470 # Kunlun Time UT +05:30
471 # This region is now in the same status as Xin-zang Time (see above).
472 # West Tibet, including Pulan, Aheqi, Shufu, Shule;
473 # West Xinjiang, including Aksu, Atushi, Yining, Hetian, Cele, Luopu, Nileke,
474 # Zhaosu, Tekesi, Gongliu, Chabuchaer, Huocheng, Bole, Pishan, Suiding,
475 # and Yarkand.
476
477 # From Luther Ma (2009-10-17):
478 # Almost all (>99.9%) ethnic Chinese (properly ethnic Han) living in
479 # Xinjiang use Chinese Standard Time. Some are aware of Xinjiang time,
480 # but have no need of it. All planes, trains, and schools function on
481 # what is called "Beijing time." When Han make an appointment in Chinese
482 # they implicitly use Beijing time.
483 #
484 # On the other hand, ethnic Uyghurs, who make up about half the
485 # population of Xinjiang, typically use "Xinjiang time" which is two
486 # hours behind Beijing time, or UT +06. The government of the Xinjiang
487 # Uyghur Autonomous Region, (XAUR, or just Xinjiang for short) as well as
488 # local governments such as the Ürümqi city government use both times in
489 # publications, referring to what is popularly called Xinjiang time as
490 # "Ürümqi time." When Uyghurs make an appointment in the Uyghur language
491 # they almost invariably use Xinjiang time.
492 #
493 # (Their ethnic Han compatriots would typically have no clue of its
494 # widespread use, however, because so extremely few of them are fluent in
495 # Uyghur, comparable to the number of Anglo-Americans fluent in Navajo.)
496 #
497 # (...As with the rest of China there was a brief interval ending in 1990
498 # or 1991 when summer time was in use. The confusion was severe, with
499 # the province not having dual times but four times in use at the same
500 # time. Some areas remained on standard Xinjiang time or Beijing time and
501 # others moving their clocks ahead.)
502
503 # From Luther Ma (2009-11-19):
504 # With the risk of being redundant to previous answers these are the most common
505 # English "transliterations" (w/o using non-English symbols):
506 #
507 # 1. Wulumuqi...
508 # 2. Kashi...
509 # 3. Urumqi...
510 # 4. Kashgar...
511 # ...
512 # 5. It seems that Uyghurs in Ürümqi has been using Xinjiang since at least the
513 # 1960's. I know of one Han, now over 50, who grew up in the surrounding
514 # countryside and used Xinjiang time as a child.
515 #
516 # 6. Likewise for Kashgar and the rest of south Xinjiang I don't know of any
517 # start date for Xinjiang time.
518 #
519 # Without having access to local historical records, nor the ability to legally
520 # publish them, I would go with October 1, 1949, when Xinjiang became the Uyghur
521 # Autonomous Region under the PRC. (Before that Uyghurs, of course, would also
522 # not be using Beijing time, but some local time.)
523
524 # From David Cochrane (2014-03-26):
525 # Just a confirmation that Ürümqi time was implemented in Ürümqi on 1 Feb 1986:
526 # https://content.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,960684,00.html
527
528 # From Luther Ma (2014-04-22):
529 # I have interviewed numerous people of various nationalities and from
530 # different localities in Xinjiang and can confirm the information in Guo's
531 # report regarding Xinjiang, as well as the Time article reference by David
532 # Cochrane. Whether officially recognized or not (and both are officially
533 # recognized), two separate times have been in use in Xinjiang since at least
534 # the Cultural Revolution: Xinjiang Time (XJT), aka Ürümqi Time or local time;
535 # and Beijing Time. There is no confusion in Xinjiang as to which name refers
536 # to which time. Both are widely used in the province, although in some
537 # population groups might be use one to the exclusion of the other. The only
538 # problem is that computers and smart phones list Ürümqi (or Kashgar) as
539 # having the same time as Beijing.
540
541 # From Paul Eggert (2014-06-30):
542 # In the early days of the PRC, Tibet was given its own time zone (UT +06)
543 # but this was withdrawn in 1959 and never reinstated; see Tubten Khétsun,
544 # Memories of life in Lhasa under Chinese Rule, Columbia U Press, ISBN
545 # 978-0231142861 (2008), translator's introduction by Matthew Akester, p x.
546 # As this is before our 1970 cutoff, Tibet doesn't need a separate zone.
547 #
548 # Xinjiang Time is well-documented as being officially recognized. E.g., see
549 # "The Working-Calendar for The Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region Government"
550 # <http://www.sinkiang.gov.cn/service/ourworking/> (2014-04-22).
551 # Unfortunately, we have no good records of time in Xinjiang before 1986.
552 # During the 20th century parts of Xinjiang were ruled by the Qing dynasty,
553 # the Republic of China, various warlords, the First and Second East Turkestan
554 # Republics, the Soviet Union, the Kuomintang, and the People's Republic of
555 # China, and tracking down all these organizations' timekeeping rules would be
556 # quite a trick. Approximate this lost history by a transition from LMT to
557 # UT +06 at the start of 1928, the year of accession of the warlord Jin Shuren,
558 # which happens to be the date given by Shanks & Pottenger (no doubt as a
559 # guess) as the transition from LMT. Ignore the usage of +08 before
560 # 1986-02-01 under the theory that the transition date to +08 is unknown and
561 # that the sort of users who prefer Asia/Urumqi now typically ignored the
562 # +08 mandate back then.
563
564 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
565 # Beijing time, used throughout China; represented by Shanghai.
566 Zone Asia/Shanghai 8:05:43 - LMT 1901
567 8:00 Shang C%sT 1949 May 28
568 8:00 PRC C%sT
569 # Xinjiang time, used by many in western China; represented by Ürümqi / Ürümchi
570 # / Wulumuqi. (Please use Asia/Shanghai if you prefer Beijing time.)
571 Zone Asia/Urumqi 5:50:20 - LMT 1928
572 6:00 - +06
573
574
575 # Hong Kong (Xianggang)
576
577 # Milne gives 7:36:41.7; round this.
578
579 # From Lee Yiu Chung (2009-10-24):
580 # I found there are some mistakes for the...DST rule for Hong
581 # Kong. [According] to the DST record from Hong Kong Observatory (actually,
582 # it is not [an] observatory, but the official meteorological agency of HK,
583 # and also serves as the official timing agency), there are some missing
584 # and incorrect rules. Although the exact switch over time is missing, I
585 # think 3:30 is correct. The official DST record for Hong Kong can be
586 # obtained from
587 # http://www.hko.gov.hk/gts/time/Summertime.htm
588
589 # From Phake Nick (2018-10-27):
590 # According to Singaporean newspaper
591 # http://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/Digitised/Article/singfreepresswk19041102-1.2.37
592 # the day that Hong Kong start using GMT+8 should be Oct 30, 1904.
593 #
594 # From Paul Eggert (2018-11-17):
595 # Hong Kong had a time ball near the Marine Police Station, Tsim Sha Tsui.
596 # "The ball was raised manually each day and dropped at exactly 1pm
597 # (except on Sundays and Government holidays)."
598 # Dyson AD. From Time Ball to Atomic Clock. Hong Kong Government. 1983.
599 # <https://www.hko.gov.hk/publica/gen_pub/timeball_atomic_clock.pdf>
600 # "From 1904 October 30 the time-ball at Hong Kong has been dropped by order
601 # of the Governor of the Colony at 17h 0m 0s G.M.T., which is 23m 18s.14 in
602 # advance of 1h 0m 0s of Hong Kong mean time."
603 # Hollis HP. Universal Time, Longitudes, and Geodesy. Mon Not R Astron Soc.
604 # 1905-02-10;65(4):405-6. https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/65.4.382
605 #
606 # From Joseph Myers (2018-11-18):
607 # An astronomer before 1925 referring to GMT would have been using the old
608 # astronomical convention where the day started at noon, not midnight.
609 #
610 # From Steve Allen (2018-11-17):
611 # Meteorological Observations made at the Hongkong Observatory in the year 1904
612 # page 4 <https://books.google.com/books?id=kgw5AQAAMAAJ&pg=RA4-PA4>
613 # ... the log of drop times in Table II shows that on Sunday 1904-10-30 the
614 # ball was dropped. So that looks like a special case drop for the sake
615 # of broadcasting the new local time.
616 #
617 # From Phake Nick (2018-11-18):
618 # According to The Hong Kong Weekly Press, 1904-10-29, p.324, the
619 # governor of Hong Kong at the time stated that "We are further desired to
620 # make it known that the change will be effected by firing the gun and by the
621 # dropping of the Ball at 23min. 18sec. before one."
622 # From Paul Eggert (2018-11-18):
623 # See <https://mmis.hkpl.gov.hk> for this; unfortunately Flash is required.
624
625 # From Phake Nick (2018-10-26):
626 # I went to check microfilm records stored at Hong Kong Public Library....
627 # on September 30 1941, according to Ta Kung Pao (Hong Kong edition), it was
628 # stated that fallback would occur on the next day (the 1st)'s "03:00 am (Hong
629 # Kong Time 04:00 am)" and the clock will fall back for a half hour. (03:00
630 # probably refer to the time commonly used in mainland China at the time given
631 # the paper's background) ... the sunrise/sunset time given by South China
632 # Morning Post for October 1st was indeed moved by half an hour compares to
633 # before. After that, in December, the battle to capture Hong Kong started and
634 # the library doesn't seems to have any record stored about press during that
635 # period of time. Some media resumed publication soon after that within the
636 # same month, but there were not much information about time there. Later they
637 # started including a radio program guide when they restored radio service,
638 # explicitly mentioning it use Tokyo standard time, and later added a note
639 # saying it's half an hour ahead of the old Hong Kong standard time, and it
640 # also seems to indicate that Hong Kong was not using GMT+8 when it was
641 # captured by Japan.
642 #
643 # Image of related sections on newspaper:
644 # * 1941-09-30, Ta Kung Pao (Hong Kong), "Winter Time start tomorrow".
645 # https://i.imgur.com/6waY51Z.jpg (Chinese)
646 # * 1941-09-29, South China Morning Post, Information on sunrise/sunset
647 # time and other things for September 30 and October 1.
648 # https://i.imgur.com/kCiUR78.jpg
649 # * 1942-02-05. The Hong Kong News, Radio Program Guide.
650 # https://i.imgur.com/eVvDMzS.jpg
651 # * 1941-06-14. Hong Kong Daily Press, Daylight Saving from 3am Tomorrow.
652 # https://i.imgur.com/05KkvtC.png
653 # * 1941-09-30, Hong Kong Daily Press, Winter Time Warning.
654 # https://i.imgur.com/dge4kFJ.png
655 # Also, the Liberation day of Hong Kong after WWII which British rule
656 # over the territory resumed was August 30, 1945, which I think should
657 # be the termination date for the use of JST in the territory....
658
659 # From Paul Eggert (2018-11-17):
660 # Here are the dates given at
661 # https://www.hko.gov.hk/gts/time/Summertime.htm
662 # as of 2014-06-19:
663 # Year Period
664 # 1941 15 Jun to 30 Sep
665 # 1942 Whole year
666 # 1943 Whole year
667 # 1944 Whole year
668 # 1945 Whole year
669 # 1946 20 Apr to 1 Dec
670 # 1947 13 Apr to 30 Dec
671 # 1948 2 May to 31 Oct
672 # 1949 3 Apr to 30 Oct
673 # 1950 2 Apr to 29 Oct
674 # 1951 1 Apr to 28 Oct
675 # 1952 6 Apr to 2 Nov
676 # 1953 5 Apr to 1 Nov
677 # 1954 21 Mar to 31 Oct
678 # 1955 20 Mar to 6 Nov
679 # 1956 18 Mar to 4 Nov
680 # 1957 24 Mar to 3 Nov
681 # 1958 23 Mar to 2 Nov
682 # 1959 22 Mar to 1 Nov
683 # 1960 20 Mar to 6 Nov
684 # 1961 19 Mar to 5 Nov
685 # 1962 18 Mar to 4 Nov
686 # 1963 24 Mar to 3 Nov
687 # 1964 22 Mar to 1 Nov
688 # 1965 18 Apr to 17 Oct
689 # 1966 17 Apr to 16 Oct
690 # 1967 16 Apr to 22 Oct
691 # 1968 21 Apr to 20 Oct
692 # 1969 20 Apr to 19 Oct
693 # 1970 19 Apr to 18 Oct
694 # 1971 18 Apr to 17 Oct
695 # 1972 16 Apr to 22 Oct
696 # 1973 22 Apr to 21 Oct
697 # 1973/74 30 Dec 73 to 20 Oct 74
698 # 1975 20 Apr to 19 Oct
699 # 1976 18 Apr to 17 Oct
700 # 1977 Nil
701 # 1978 Nil
702 # 1979 13 May to 21 Oct
703 # 1980 to Now Nil
704 # The page does not give times of day for transitions,
705 # or dates for the 1942 and 1945 transitions.
706 # The Japanese occupation of Hong Kong began 1941-12-25.
707 # The Japanese surrender of Hong Kong was signed 1945-09-16; see:
708 # Heaver S. The days after the Pacific war ended: unsettling times
709 # in Hong Kong. Post Magazine. 2016-06-13.
710 # https://www.scmp.com/magazines/post-magazine/article/1852990/days-after-pacific-war-ended-unsettling-times-hong-kong
711 # For lack of anything better, use start of those days as the
712 # transition times.
713
714 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
715 Rule HK 1946 only - Apr 20 3:30 1:00 S
716 Rule HK 1946 only - Dec 1 3:30 0 -
717 Rule HK 1947 only - Apr 13 3:30 1:00 S
718 Rule HK 1947 only - Dec 30 3:30 0 -
719 Rule HK 1948 only - May 2 3:30 1:00 S
720 Rule HK 1948 1951 - Oct lastSun 3:30 0 -
721 Rule HK 1952 1953 - Nov Sun>=1 3:30 0 -
722 Rule HK 1949 1953 - Apr Sun>=1 3:30 1:00 S
723 Rule HK 1954 1964 - Mar Sun>=18 3:30 1:00 S
724 Rule HK 1954 only - Oct 31 3:30 0 -
725 Rule HK 1955 1964 - Nov Sun>=1 3:30 0 -
726 Rule HK 1965 1976 - Apr Sun>=16 3:30 1:00 S
727 Rule HK 1965 1976 - Oct Sun>=16 3:30 0 -
728 Rule HK 1973 only - Dec 30 3:30 1:00 S
729 Rule HK 1979 only - May Sun>=8 3:30 1:00 S
730 Rule HK 1979 only - Oct Sun>=16 3:30 0 -
731 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
732 Zone Asia/Hong_Kong 7:36:42 - LMT 1904 Oct 30 0:36:42
733 8:00 - HKT 1941 Jun 15 3:30
734 8:00 1:00 HKST 1941 Oct 1 4:00
735 8:30 - HKT 1941 Dec 25
736 9:00 - JST 1945 Sep 16
737 8:00 HK HK%sT
738
739 ###############################################################################
740
741 # Taiwan
742
743 # From smallufo (2010-04-03):
744 # According to Taiwan's CWB [Central Weather Bureau],
745 # http://www.cwb.gov.tw/V6/astronomy/cdata/summert.htm
746 # Taipei has DST in 1979 between July 1st and Sep 30.
747
748 # From Yu-Cheng Chuang (2013-07-12):
749 # On Dec 28, 1895, the Meiji Emperor announced Ordinance No. 167 of
750 # Meiji Year 28 "The clause about standard time", mentioned that
751 # Taiwan and Penghu Islands, as well as Yaeyama and Miyako Islands
752 # (both in Okinawa) adopt the Western Standard Time which is based on
753 # 120E. The adoption began from Jan 1, 1896. The original text can be
754 # found on Wikisource:
755 # https://ja.wikisource.org/wiki/標準時ニ關スル件_(公布時)
756 # ... This could be the first adoption of time zone in Taiwan, because
757 # during the Qing Dynasty, it seems that there was no time zone
758 # declared officially.
759 #
760 # Later, in the beginning of World War II, on Sep 25, 1937, the Showa
761 # Emperor announced Ordinance No. 529 of Showa Year 12 "The clause of
762 # revision in the ordinance No. 167 of Meiji year 28 about standard
763 # time", in which abolished the adoption of Western Standard Time in
764 # western islands (listed above), which means the whole Japan
765 # territory, including later occupations, adopt Japan Central Time
766 # (UT+9). The adoption began on Oct 1, 1937. The original text can
767 # be found on Wikisource:
768 # https://ja.wikisource.org/wiki/明治二十八年勅令第百六十七號標準時ニ關スル件中改正ノ件
769 #
770 # That is, the time zone of Taipei switched to UT+9 on Oct 1, 1937.
771
772 # From Yu-Cheng Chuang (2014-07-02):
773 # I've found more evidence about when the time zone was switched from UT+9
774 # back to UT+8 after WW2. I believe it was on Sep 21, 1945. In a document
775 # during Japanese era [1] in which the officer told the staff to change time
776 # zone back to Western Standard Time (UT+8) on Sep 21. And in another
777 # history page of National Cheng Kung University [2], on Sep 21 there is a
778 # note "from today, switch back to Western Standard Time". From these two
779 # materials, I believe that the time zone change happened on Sep 21. And
780 # today I have found another monthly journal called "The Astronomical Herald"
781 # from The Astronomical Society of Japan [3] in which it mentioned the fact
782 # that:
783 #
784 # 1. Standard Time of the Country (Japan) was adopted on Jan 1, 1888, using
785 # the time at 135E (GMT+9)
786 #
787 # 2. Standard Time of the Country was renamed to Central Standard Time, on Jan
788 # 1, 1898, and on the same day, the new territories Taiwan and Penghu islands,
789 # as well as Yaeyama and Miyako islands, adopted a new time zone called
790 # Western Standard Time, which is in GMT+8.
791 #
792 # 3. Western Standard Time was deprecated on Sep 30, 1937. From then all the
793 # territories of Japan adopted the same time zone, which is Central Standard
794 # Time.
795 #
796 # [1] Academica Historica, Taiwan:
797 # http://163.29.208.22:8080/govsaleShowImage/connect_img.php?s=00101738900090036&e=00101738900090037
798 # [2] Nat'l Cheng Kung University 70th Anniversary Special Site:
799 # http://www.ncku.edu.tw/~ncku70/menu/001/01_01.htm
800 # [3] Yukio Niimi, The Standard Time in Japan (1997), p.475:
801 # http://www.asj.or.jp/geppou/archive_open/1997/pdf/19971001c.pdf
802
803 # Yu-Cheng Chuang (2014-07-03):
804 # I finally have found the real official gazette about changing back to
805 # Western Standard Time on Sep 21 in Taiwan. It's Taiwan Governor-General
806 # Bulletin No. 386 in Showa 20 years (1945), published on Sep 19, 1945. [1] ...
807 # [It] abolishes Bulletin No. 207 in Showa 12 years (1937), which is a local
808 # bulletin in Taiwan for that Ordinance No. 529. It also mentioned that 1am on
809 # Sep 21, 1945 will be 12am on Sep 21. I think this bulletin is much more
810 # official than the one I mentioned in my first mail, because it's from the
811 # top-level government in Taiwan. If you're going to quote any resource, this
812 # would be a good one.
813 # [1] Taiwan Governor-General Gazette, No. 1018, Sep 19, 1945:
814 # http://db2.th.gov.tw/db2/view/viewImg.php?imgcode=0072031018a&num=19&bgn=019&end=019&otherImg=&type=gener
815
816 # From Yu-Cheng Chuang (2014-07-02):
817 # In 1946, DST in Taiwan was from May 15 and ended on Sep 30. The info from
818 # Central Weather Bureau website was not correct.
819 #
820 # Original Bulletin:
821 # http://subtpg.tpg.gov.tw/og/image2.asp?f=03502F0AKM1AF
822 # http://subtpg.tpg.gov.tw/og/image2.asp?f=0350300AKM1B0 (cont.)
823 #
824 # In 1947, DST in Taiwan was expanded to Oct 31. There is a backup of that
825 # telegram announcement from Taiwan Province Government:
826 #
827 # http://subtpg.tpg.gov.tw/og/image2.asp?f=0360310AKZ431
828 #
829 # Here is a brief translation:
830 #
831 # The Summer Time this year is adopted from midnight Apr 15 until Sep 20
832 # midnight. To save (energy?) consumption, we're expanding Summer Time
833 # adoption till Oct 31 midnight.
834 #
835 # The Central Weather Bureau website didn't mention that, however it can
836 # be found from historical government announcement database.
837
838 # From Paul Eggert (2014-07-03):
839 # As per Yu-Cheng Chuang, say that Taiwan was at UT +09 from 1937-10-01
840 # until 1945-09-21 at 01:00, overriding Shanks & Pottenger.
841 # Likewise, use Yu-Cheng Chuang's data for DST in Taiwan.
842
843 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
844 Rule Taiwan 1946 only - May 15 0:00 1:00 D
845 Rule Taiwan 1946 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 S
846 Rule Taiwan 1947 only - Apr 15 0:00 1:00 D
847 Rule Taiwan 1947 only - Nov 1 0:00 0 S
848 Rule Taiwan 1948 1951 - May 1 0:00 1:00 D
849 Rule Taiwan 1948 1951 - Oct 1 0:00 0 S
850 Rule Taiwan 1952 only - Mar 1 0:00 1:00 D
851 Rule Taiwan 1952 1954 - Nov 1 0:00 0 S
852 Rule Taiwan 1953 1959 - Apr 1 0:00 1:00 D
853 Rule Taiwan 1955 1961 - Oct 1 0:00 0 S
854 Rule Taiwan 1960 1961 - Jun 1 0:00 1:00 D
855 Rule Taiwan 1974 1975 - Apr 1 0:00 1:00 D
856 Rule Taiwan 1974 1975 - Oct 1 0:00 0 S
857 Rule Taiwan 1979 only - Jul 1 0:00 1:00 D
858 Rule Taiwan 1979 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 S
859
860 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
861 # Taipei or Taibei or T'ai-pei
862 Zone Asia/Taipei 8:06:00 - LMT 1896 Jan 1
863 8:00 - CST 1937 Oct 1
864 9:00 - JST 1945 Sep 21 1:00
865 8:00 Taiwan C%sT
866
867 # Macau (Macao, Aomen)
868 #
869 # From P Chan (2018-05-10):
870 # * LegisMac
871 # http://legismac.safp.gov.mo/legismac/descqry/Descqry.jsf?lang=pt
872 # A database for searching titles of legal documents of Macau in
873 # Chinese and Portuguese. The term "HORÁRIO DE VERÃO" can be used for
874 # searching decrees about summer time.
875 # * Archives of Macao
876 # http://www.archives.gov.mo/en/bo/
877 # It contains images of old official gazettes.
878 # * The Macao Meteorological and Geophysical Bureau have a page listing the
879 # summer time history. But it is not complete and has some mistakes.
880 # http://www.smg.gov.mo/smg/geophysics/e_t_Summer%20Time.htm
881 # Macau adopted GMT+8 on 30 Oct 1904 to follow Hong Kong. Clocks were
882 # advanced by 25 minutes and 50 seconds. Which means the LMT used was
883 # +7:34:10. As stated in the "Portaria No. 204" dated 21 October 1904
884 # and published in the Official Gazette on 29 October 1904.
885 # http://igallery.icm.gov.mo/Images/Archives/BO/MO_AH_PUB_BO_1904_10/MO_AH_PUB_BO_1904_10_00025_Grey.JPG
886 #
887 # Therefore the 1911 decree of Portugal did not change time in Macau.
888 #
889 # From LegisMac, here is a list of decrees that changed the time ...
890 # [Decree Gazette-no. date; titles omitted in this quotation]
891 # DIL 732 BOCM 51 1941.12.20
892 # DIL 764 BOCM 9S 1942.04.30
893 # DIL 781 BOCM 21 1942.10.10
894 # PT 3434 BOCM 8S 1943.04.17
895 # PT 3504 BOCM 20 1943.09.25
896 # PT 3843 BOCM 39 1945.09.29
897 # PT 3961 BOCM 17 1946.04.27
898 # PT 4026 BOCM 39 1946.09.28
899 # PT 4153 BOCM 16 1947.04.10
900 # PT 4271 BOCM 48 1947.11.29
901 # PT 4374 BOCM 18 1948.05.01
902 # PT 4465 BOCM 44 1948.10.30
903 # PT 4590 BOCM 14 1949.04.02
904 # PT 4666 BOCM 44 1949.10.29
905 # PT 4771 BOCM 12 1950.03.25
906 # PT 4838 BOCM 43 1950.10.28
907 # PT 4946 BOCM 12 1951.03.24
908 # PT 5025 BO 43 1951.10.27
909 # PT 5149 BO 14 1952.04.05
910 # PT 5251 BO 43 1952.10.25
911 # PT 5366 BO 13 1953.03.28
912 # PT 5444 BO 44 1953.10.31
913 # PT 5540 BO 12 1954.03.20
914 # PT 5589 BO 44 1954.10.30
915 # PT 5676 BO 12 1955.03.19
916 # PT 5739 BO 45 1955.11.05
917 # PT 5823 BO 11 1956.03.17
918 # PT 5891 BO 44 1956.11.03
919 # PT 5981 BO 12 1957.03.23
920 # PT 6064 BO 43 1957.10.26
921 # PT 6172 BO 12 1958.03.22
922 # PT 6243 BO 43 1958.10.25
923 # PT 6341 BO 12 1959.03.21
924 # PT 6411 BO 43 1959.10.24
925 # PT 6514 BO 11 1960.03.12
926 # PT 6584 BO 44 1960.10.29
927 # PT 6721 BO 10 1961.03.11
928 # PT 6815 BO 43 1961.10.28
929 # PT 6947 BO 10 1962.03.10
930 # PT 7080 BO 43 1962.10.27
931 # PT 7218 BO 12 1963.03.23
932 # PT 7340 BO 43 1963.10.26
933 # PT 7491 BO 11 1964.03.14
934 # PT 7664 BO 43 1964.10.24
935 # PT 7846 BO 15 1965.04.10
936 # PT 7979 BO 42 1965.10.16
937 # PT 8146 BO 15 1966.04.09
938 # PT 8252 BO 41 1966.10.08
939 # PT 8429 BO 15 1967.04.15
940 # PT 8540 BO 41 1967.10.14
941 # PT 8735 BO 15 1968.04.13
942 # PT 8860 BO 41 1968.10.12
943 # PT 9035 BO 16 1969.04.19
944 # PT 9156 BO 42 1969.10.18
945 # PT 9328 BO 15 1970.04.11
946 # PT 9418 BO 41 1970.10.10
947 # PT 9587 BO 14 1971.04.03
948 # PT 9702 BO 41 1971.10.09
949 # PT 38-A/72 BO 14 1972.04.01
950 # PT 126-A/72 BO 41 1972.10.07
951 # PT 61/73 BO 14 1973.04.07
952 # PT 182/73 BO 40 1973.10.06
953 # PT 282/73 BO 51 1973.12.22
954 # PT 177/74 BO 41 1974.10.12
955 # PT 51/75 BO 15 1975.04.12
956 # PT 173/75 BO 41 1975.10.11
957 # PT 67/76/M BO 14 1976.04.03
958 # PT 169/76/M BO 41 1976.10.09
959 # PT 78/79/M BO 19 1979.05.12
960 # PT 166/79/M BO 42 1979.10.20
961 # Note that DIL 732 does not belong to "HORÁRIO DE VERÃO" according to
962 # LegisMac.... Note that between 1942 and 1945, the time switched
963 # between GMT+9 and GMT+10. Also in 1965 and 1965 the DST ended at 2:30am.
964
965 # From Paul Eggert (2018-05-10):
966 # The 1904 decree says that Macau changed from the meridian of
967 # Fortaleza do Monte, presumably the basis for the 7:34:10 for LMT.
968
969 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
970 Rule Macau 1942 1943 - Apr 30 23:00 1:00 -
971 Rule Macau 1942 only - Nov 17 23:00 0 -
972 Rule Macau 1943 only - Sep 30 23:00 0 S
973 Rule Macau 1946 only - Apr 30 23:00s 1:00 D
974 Rule Macau 1946 only - Sep 30 23:00s 0 S
975 Rule Macau 1947 only - Apr 19 23:00s 1:00 D
976 Rule Macau 1947 only - Nov 30 23:00s 0 S
977 Rule Macau 1948 only - May 2 23:00s 1:00 D
978 Rule Macau 1948 only - Oct 31 23:00s 0 S
979 Rule Macau 1949 1950 - Apr Sat>=1 23:00s 1:00 D
980 Rule Macau 1949 1950 - Oct lastSat 23:00s 0 S
981 Rule Macau 1951 only - Mar 31 23:00s 1:00 D
982 Rule Macau 1951 only - Oct 28 23:00s 0 S
983 Rule Macau 1952 1953 - Apr Sat>=1 23:00s 1:00 D
984 Rule Macau 1952 only - Nov 1 23:00s 0 S
985 Rule Macau 1953 1954 - Oct lastSat 23:00s 0 S
986 Rule Macau 1954 1956 - Mar Sat>=17 23:00s 1:00 D
987 Rule Macau 1955 only - Nov 5 23:00s 0 S
988 Rule Macau 1956 1964 - Nov Sun>=1 03:30 0 S
989 Rule Macau 1957 1964 - Mar Sun>=18 03:30 1:00 D
990 Rule Macau 1965 1973 - Apr Sun>=16 03:30 1:00 D
991 Rule Macau 1965 1966 - Oct Sun>=16 02:30 0 S
992 Rule Macau 1967 1976 - Oct Sun>=16 03:30 0 S
993 Rule Macau 1973 only - Dec 30 03:30 1:00 D
994 Rule Macau 1975 1976 - Apr Sun>=16 03:30 1:00 D
995 Rule Macau 1979 only - May 13 03:30 1:00 D
996 Rule Macau 1979 only - Oct Sun>=16 03:30 0 S
997
998 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
999 Zone Asia/Macau 7:34:10 - LMT 1904 Oct 30
1000 8:00 - CST 1941 Dec 21 23:00
1001 9:00 Macau +09/+10 1945 Sep 30 24:00
1002 8:00 Macau C%sT
1003
1004
1005 ###############################################################################
1006
1007 # Cyprus
1008
1009 # Milne says the Eastern Telegraph Company used 2:14:00. Stick with LMT.
1010 # IATA SSIM (1998-09) has Cyprus using EU rules for the first time.
1011
1012 # From Paul Eggert (2016-09-09):
1013 # Yesterday's Cyprus Mail reports that Northern Cyprus followed Turkey's
1014 # lead and switched from +02/+03 to +03 year-round.
1015 # http://cyprus-mail.com/2016/09/08/two-time-zones-cyprus-turkey-will-not-turn-clocks-back-next-month/
1016 #
1017 # From Even Scharning (2016-10-31):
1018 # Looks like the time zone split in Cyprus went through last night.
1019 # http://cyprus-mail.com/2016/10/30/cyprus-new-division-two-time-zones-now-reality/
1020
1021 # From Paul Eggert (2017-10-18):
1022 # Northern Cyprus will reinstate winter time on October 29, thus
1023 # staying in sync with the rest of Cyprus. See: Anastasiou A.
1024 # Cyprus to remain united in time. Cyprus Mail 2017-10-17.
1025 # https://cyprus-mail.com/2017/10/17/cyprus-remain-united-time/
1026
1027 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1028 Rule Cyprus 1975 only - Apr 13 0:00 1:00 S
1029 Rule Cyprus 1975 only - Oct 12 0:00 0 -
1030 Rule Cyprus 1976 only - May 15 0:00 1:00 S
1031 Rule Cyprus 1976 only - Oct 11 0:00 0 -
1032 Rule Cyprus 1977 1980 - Apr Sun>=1 0:00 1:00 S
1033 Rule Cyprus 1977 only - Sep 25 0:00 0 -
1034 Rule Cyprus 1978 only - Oct 2 0:00 0 -
1035 Rule Cyprus 1979 1997 - Sep lastSun 0:00 0 -
1036 Rule Cyprus 1981 1998 - Mar lastSun 0:00 1:00 S
1037 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1038 Zone Asia/Nicosia 2:13:28 - LMT 1921 Nov 14
1039 2:00 Cyprus EE%sT 1998 Sep
1040 2:00 EUAsia EE%sT
1041 Zone Asia/Famagusta 2:15:48 - LMT 1921 Nov 14
1042 2:00 Cyprus EE%sT 1998 Sep
1043 2:00 EUAsia EE%sT 2016 Sep 8
1044 3:00 - +03 2017 Oct 29 1:00u
1045 2:00 EUAsia EE%sT
1046
1047 # Classically, Cyprus belongs to Asia; e.g. see Herodotus, Histories, I.72.
1048 # However, for various reasons many users expect to find it under Europe.
1049 Link Asia/Nicosia Europe/Nicosia
1050
1051 # Georgia
1052 # From Paul Eggert (1994-11-19):
1053 # Today's _Economist_ (p 60) reports that Georgia moved its clocks forward
1054 # an hour recently, due to a law proposed by Zurab Murvanidze,
1055 # an MP who went on a hunger strike for 11 days to force discussion about it!
1056 # We have no details, but we'll guess they didn't move the clocks back in fall.
1057 #
1058 # From Mathew Englander, quoting AP (1996-10-23 13:05-04):
1059 # Instead of putting back clocks at the end of October, Georgia
1060 # will stay on daylight savings time this winter to save energy,
1061 # President Eduard Shevardnadze decreed Wednesday.
1062 #
1063 # From the BBC via Joseph S. Myers (2004-06-27):
1064 #
1065 # Georgia moved closer to Western Europe on Sunday... The former Soviet
1066 # republic has changed its time zone back to that of Moscow. As a result it
1067 # is now just four hours ahead of Greenwich Mean Time, rather than five hours
1068 # ahead. The switch was decreed by the pro-Western president of Georgia,
1069 # Mikheil Saakashvili, who said the change was partly prompted by the process
1070 # of integration into Europe.
1071
1072 # From Teimuraz Abashidze (2005-11-07):
1073 # Government of Georgia ... decided to NOT CHANGE daylight savings time on
1074 # [Oct.] 30, as it was done before during last more than 10 years.
1075 # Currently, we are in fact GMT +4:00, as before 30 October it was GMT
1076 # +3:00.... The problem is, there is NO FORMAL LAW or governmental document
1077 # about it. As far as I can find, I was told, that there is no document,
1078 # because we just DIDN'T ISSUE document about switching to winter time....
1079 # I don't know what can be done, especially knowing that some years ago our
1080 # DST rules where changed THREE TIMES during one month.
1081
1082 # Milne 1899 says Tbilisi (Tiflis) time was 2:59:05.7.
1083 # Byalokoz 1919 says Georgia was 2:59:11.
1084 # Go with Byalokoz.
1085
1086 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1087 Zone Asia/Tbilisi 2:59:11 - LMT 1880
1088 2:59:11 - TBMT 1924 May 2 # Tbilisi Mean Time
1089 3:00 - +03 1957 Mar
1090 4:00 RussiaAsia +04/+05 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
1091 3:00 RussiaAsia +03/+04 1992
1092 3:00 E-EurAsia +03/+04 1994 Sep lastSun
1093 4:00 E-EurAsia +04/+05 1996 Oct lastSun
1094 4:00 1:00 +05 1997 Mar lastSun
1095 4:00 E-EurAsia +04/+05 2004 Jun 27
1096 3:00 RussiaAsia +03/+04 2005 Mar lastSun 2:00
1097 4:00 - +04
1098
1099 # East Timor
1100
1101 # See Indonesia for the 1945 transition.
1102
1103 # From João Carrascalão, brother of the former governor of East Timor, in
1104 # East Timor may be late for its millennium
1105 # <https://etan.org/et99c/december/26-31/30ETMAY.htm> (1999-12-26/31):
1106 # Portugal tried to change the time forward in 1974 because the sun
1107 # rises too early but the suggestion raised a lot of problems with the
1108 # Timorese and I still don't think it would work today because it
1109 # conflicts with their way of life.
1110
1111 # From Paul Eggert (2000-12-04):
1112 # We don't have any record of the above attempt.
1113 # Most likely our records are incomplete, but we have no better data.
1114
1115 # From Manoel de Almeida e Silva, Deputy Spokesman for the UN Secretary-General
1116 # http://www.hri.org/news/world/undh/2000/00-08-16.undh.html
1117 # (2000-08-16):
1118 # The Cabinet of the East Timor Transition Administration decided
1119 # today to advance East Timor's time by one hour. The time change,
1120 # which will be permanent, with no seasonal adjustment, will happen at
1121 # midnight on Saturday, September 16.
1122
1123 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1124 Zone Asia/Dili 8:22:20 - LMT 1912 Jan 1
1125 8:00 - +08 1942 Feb 21 23:00
1126 9:00 - +09 1976 May 3
1127 8:00 - +08 2000 Sep 17 0:00
1128 9:00 - +09
1129
1130 # India
1131
1132 # British astronomer Henry Park Hollis disliked India Standard Time's offset:
1133 # "A new time system has been proposed for India, Further India, and Burmah.
1134 # The scheme suggested is that the times of the meridians 5½ and 6½ hours
1135 # east of Greenwich should be adopted in these territories. No reason is
1136 # given why hourly meridians five hours and six hours east should not be
1137 # chosen; a plan which would bring the time of India into harmony with
1138 # that of almost the whole of the civilised world."
1139 # Hollis HP. Universal Time, Longitudes, and Geodesy. Mon Not R Astron Soc.
1140 # 1905-02-10;65(4):405-6. https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/65.4.382
1141
1142 # From Ian P. Beacock, in "A brief history of (modern) time", The Atlantic
1143 # https://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2015/12/the-creation-of-modern-time/421419/
1144 # (2015-12-22):
1145 # In January 1906, several thousand cotton-mill workers rioted on the
1146 # outskirts of Bombay.... They were protesting the proposed abolition of
1147 # local time in favor of Indian Standard Time.... Journalists called this
1148 # dispute the "Battle of the Clocks." It lasted nearly half a century.
1149
1150 # From Paul Eggert (2017-04-20):
1151 # Good luck trying to nail down old timekeeping records in India.
1152 # "... in the nineteenth century ... Madras Observatory took its magnetic
1153 # measurements on Göttingen time, its meteorological measurements on Madras
1154 # (local) time, dropped its time ball on Greenwich (ocean navigator's) time,
1155 # and distributed civil (local time)." -- Bartky IR. Selling the true time:
1156 # 19th-century timekeeping in america. Stanford U Press (2000), 247 note 19.
1157 # "A more potent cause of resistance to the general adoption of the present
1158 # standard time lies in the fact that it is Madras time. The citizen of
1159 # Bombay, proud of being 'primus in Indis' and of Calcutta, equally proud of
1160 # his city being the Capital of India, and - for a part of the year - the Seat
1161 # of the Supreme Government, alike look down on Madras, and refuse to change
1162 # the time they are using, for that of what they regard as a benighted
1163 # Presidency; while Madras, having for long given the standard time to the
1164 # rest of India, would resist the adoption of any other Indian standard in its
1165 # place." -- Oldham RD. On Time in India: a suggestion for its improvement.
1166 # Proceedings of the Asiatic Society of Bengal (April 1899), 49-55.
1167 #
1168 # "In 1870 ... Madras time - 'now used by the telegraph and regulated from the
1169 # only government observatory' - was suggested as a standard railway time,
1170 # first to be adopted on the Great Indian Peninsular Railway (GIPR)....
1171 # Calcutta, Bombay, and Karachi, were to be allowed to continue with their
1172 # local time for civil purposes." - Prasad R. Tracks of Change: Railways and
1173 # Everyday Life in Colonial India. Cambridge University Press (2016), 145.
1174 #
1175 # Reed S, Low F. The Indian Year Book 1936-37. Bennett, Coleman, pp 27-8.
1176 # https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.282212
1177 # This lists +052110 as Madras local time used in railways, and says that on
1178 # 1906-01-01 railways and telegraphs in India switched to +0530. Some
1179 # municipalities retained their former time, and the time in Calcutta
1180 # continued to depend on whether you were at the railway station or at
1181 # government offices. Government time was at +055320 (according to Shanks) or
1182 # at +0554 (according to the Indian Year Book). Railway time is more
1183 # appropriate for our purposes, as it was better documented, it is what we do
1184 # elsewhere (e.g., Europe/London before 1880), and after 1906 it was
1185 # consistent in the region now identified by Asia/Kolkata. So, use railway
1186 # time for 1870-1941. Shanks is our only (and dubious) source for the
1187 # 1941-1945 data.
1188
1189 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1190 Zone Asia/Kolkata 5:53:28 - LMT 1854 Jun 28 # Kolkata
1191 5:53:20 - HMT 1870 # Howrah Mean Time?
1192 5:21:10 - MMT 1906 Jan 1 # Madras local time
1193 5:30 - IST 1941 Oct
1194 5:30 1:00 +0630 1942 May 15
1195 5:30 - IST 1942 Sep
1196 5:30 1:00 +0630 1945 Oct 15
1197 5:30 - IST
1198 # Since 1970 the following are like Asia/Kolkata:
1199 # Andaman Is
1200 # Lakshadweep (Laccadive, Minicoy and Amindivi Is)
1201 # Nicobar Is
1202
1203 # Indonesia
1204 #
1205 # From Paul Eggert (2014-09-06):
1206 # The 1876 Report of the Secretary of the [US] Navy, p 306 says that Batavia
1207 # civil time was 7:07:12.5; round to even for Jakarta.
1208 #
1209 # From Gwillim Law (2001-05-28), overriding Shanks & Pottenger:
1210 # http://www.sumatera-inc.com/go_to_invest/about_indonesia.asp#standtime
1211 # says that Indonesia's time zones changed on 1988-01-01. Looking at some
1212 # time zone maps, I think that must refer to Western Borneo (Kalimantan Barat
1213 # and Kalimantan Tengah) switching from UTC+8 to UTC+7.
1214 #
1215 # From Paul Eggert (2007-03-10):
1216 # Here is another correction to Shanks & Pottenger.
1217 # JohnTWB writes that Japanese forces did not surrender control in
1218 # Indonesia until 1945-09-01 00:00 at the earliest (in Jakarta) and
1219 # other formal surrender ceremonies were September 9, 11, and 13, plus
1220 # September 12 for the regional surrender to Mountbatten in Singapore.
1221 # These would be the earliest possible times for a change.
1222 # Régimes horaires pour le monde entier, by Henri Le Corre, (Éditions
1223 # Traditionnelles, 1987, Paris) says that Java and Madura switched
1224 # from UT +09 to +07:30 on 1945-09-23, and gives 1944-09-01 for Jayapura
1225 # (Hollandia). For now, assume all Indonesian locations other than Jayapura
1226 # switched on 1945-09-23.
1227 #
1228 # From Paul Eggert (2013-08-11):
1229 # Normally the tz database uses English-language abbreviations, but in
1230 # Indonesia it's typical to use Indonesian-language abbreviations even
1231 # when writing in English. For example, see the English-language
1232 # summary published by the Time and Frequency Laboratory of the
1233 # Research Center for Calibration, Instrumentation and Metrology,
1234 # Indonesia, <http://time.kim.lipi.go.id/time-eng.php> (2006-09-29).
1235 # The time zone abbreviations and UT offsets are:
1236 #
1237 # WIB - +07 - Waktu Indonesia Barat (Indonesia western time)
1238 # WITA - +08 - Waktu Indonesia Tengah (Indonesia central time)
1239 # WIT - +09 - Waktu Indonesia Timur (Indonesia eastern time)
1240 #
1241 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1242 # Java, Sumatra
1243 Zone Asia/Jakarta 7:07:12 - LMT 1867 Aug 10
1244 # Shanks & Pottenger say the next transition was at 1924 Jan 1 0:13,
1245 # but this must be a typo.
1246 7:07:12 - BMT 1923 Dec 31 23:47:12 # Batavia
1247 7:20 - +0720 1932 Nov
1248 7:30 - +0730 1942 Mar 23
1249 9:00 - +09 1945 Sep 23
1250 7:30 - +0730 1948 May
1251 8:00 - +08 1950 May
1252 7:30 - +0730 1964
1253 7:00 - WIB
1254 # west and central Borneo
1255 Zone Asia/Pontianak 7:17:20 - LMT 1908 May
1256 7:17:20 - PMT 1932 Nov # Pontianak MT
1257 7:30 - +0730 1942 Jan 29
1258 9:00 - +09 1945 Sep 23
1259 7:30 - +0730 1948 May
1260 8:00 - +08 1950 May
1261 7:30 - +0730 1964
1262 8:00 - WITA 1988 Jan 1
1263 7:00 - WIB
1264 # Sulawesi, Lesser Sundas, east and south Borneo
1265 Zone Asia/Makassar 7:57:36 - LMT 1920
1266 7:57:36 - MMT 1932 Nov # Macassar MT
1267 8:00 - +08 1942 Feb 9
1268 9:00 - +09 1945 Sep 23
1269 8:00 - WITA
1270 # Maluku Islands, West Papua, Papua
1271 Zone Asia/Jayapura 9:22:48 - LMT 1932 Nov
1272 9:00 - +09 1944 Sep 1
1273 9:30 - +0930 1964
1274 9:00 - WIT
1275
1276 # Iran
1277
1278 # From Roozbeh Pournader (2003-03-15):
1279 # This is an English translation of what I just found (originally in Persian).
1280 # The Gregorian dates in brackets are mine:
1281 #
1282 # Official Newspaper No. 13548-1370/6/25 [1991-09-16]
1283 # No. 16760/T233 H 1370/6/10 [1991-09-01]
1284 #
1285 # The Rule About Change of the Official Time of the Country
1286 #
1287 # The Board of Ministers, in the meeting dated 1370/5/23 [1991-08-14],
1288 # based on the suggestion number 2221/D dated 1370/4/22 [1991-07-13]
1289 # of the Country's Organization for Official and Employment Affairs,
1290 # and referring to the law for equating the working hours of workers
1291 # and officers in the whole country dated 1359/4/23 [1980-07-14], and
1292 # for synchronizing the official times of the country, agreed that:
1293 #
1294 # The official time of the country will should move forward one hour
1295 # at the 24[:00] hours of the first day of Farvardin and should return
1296 # to its previous state at the 24[:00] hours of the 30th day of
1297 # Shahrivar.
1298 #
1299 # First Deputy to the President - Hassan Habibi
1300 #
1301 # From personal experience, that agrees with what has been followed
1302 # for at least the last 5 years. Before that, for a few years, the
1303 # date used was the first Thursday night of Farvardin and the last
1304 # Thursday night of Shahrivar, but I can't give exact dates....
1305 #
1306 # From Roozbeh Pournader (2005-04-05):
1307 # The text of the Iranian law, in effect since 1925, clearly mentions
1308 # that the true solar year is the measure, and there is no arithmetic
1309 # leap year calculation involved. There has never been any serious
1310 # plan to change that law....
1311 #
1312 # From Paul Eggert (2018-11-30):
1313 # Go with Shanks & Pottenger before Sept. 1991, and with Pournader thereafter.
1314 # I used the following code in GNU Emacs 26.1 to generate the "Rule Iran"
1315 # lines from 2008 through 2087. Emacs 26.1 uses Ed Reingold's
1316 # cal-persia implementation of Birashk's approximation, which in the
1317 # 2008-2087 range disagrees with the the astronomical Persian calendar
1318 # for Persian years 1404 (Gregorian 2025) and 1437 (Gregorian 2058),
1319 # so the following code special-case those years. See Table 15.1, page 264, of:
1320 # Edward M. Reingold and Nachum Dershowitz, Calendrical Calculations:
1321 # The Ultimate Edition, Cambridge University Press (2018).
1322 # https://www.cambridge.org/fr/academic/subjects/computer-science/computing-general-interest/calendrical-calculations-ultimate-edition-4th-edition
1323 # Page 258, footnote 2, of this book says there is some dispute over what will
1324 # happen in 2091 (and some other years after that), so this code
1325 # stops in 2087, as 2088 and 2089 agree with the "max" rule below.
1326 # (cl-loop
1327 # initially (require 'cal-persia)
1328 # with first-persian-year = 1387
1329 # with last-persian-year = 1466
1330 # ;; Exceptional years in the above range,
1331 # ;; from Reingold & Dershowitz Table 15.1, page 264:
1332 # with exceptional-persian-years = '(1404 1437)
1333 # with range-start = nil
1334 # for persian-year from first-persian-year to last-persian-year
1335 # do
1336 # (let*
1337 # ((exceptional-year-offset
1338 # (if (member persian-year exceptional-persian-years) 1 0))
1339 # (beg-dst-absolute
1340 # (+ (calendar-persian-to-absolute (list 1 1 persian-year))
1341 # exceptional-year-offset))
1342 # (end-dst-absolute
1343 # (+ (calendar-persian-to-absolute (list 6 30 persian-year))
1344 # exceptional-year-offset))
1345 # (next-year-beg-dst-absolute
1346 # (+ (calendar-persian-to-absolute (list 1 1 (1+ persian-year)))
1347 # (if (member (1+ persian-year) exceptional-persian-years) 1 0)))
1348 # (beg-dst (calendar-gregorian-from-absolute beg-dst-absolute))
1349 # (end-dst (calendar-gregorian-from-absolute end-dst-absolute))
1350 # (next-year-beg-dst (calendar-gregorian-from-absolute
1351 # next-year-beg-dst-absolute))
1352 # (year (calendar-extract-year beg-dst))
1353 # (range-end (if range-start year "only")))
1354 # (setq range-start (or range-start year))
1355 # (when (or (/= (calendar-extract-day beg-dst)
1356 # (calendar-extract-day next-year-beg-dst))
1357 # (= persian-year last-persian-year))
1358 # (insert
1359 # (format
1360 # "Rule\tIran\t%d\t%s\t-\t%s\t%2d\t24:00\t1:00\t-\n"
1361 # range-start range-end
1362 # (calendar-month-name (calendar-extract-month beg-dst) t)
1363 # (calendar-extract-day beg-dst)))
1364 # (insert
1365 # (format
1366 # "Rule\tIran\t%d\t%s\t-\t%s\t%2d\t24:00\t0\t-\n"
1367 # range-start range-end
1368 # (calendar-month-name (calendar-extract-month end-dst) t)
1369 # (calendar-extract-day end-dst)))
1370 # (setq range-start nil))))
1371 #
1372 # From Oscar van Vlijmen (2005-03-30), writing about future
1373 # discrepancies between cal-persia and the Iranian calendar:
1374 # For 2091 solar-longitude-after yields 2091-03-20 08:40:07.7 UT for
1375 # the vernal equinox and that gets so close to 12:00 some local
1376 # Iranian time that the definition of the correct location needs to be
1377 # known exactly, amongst other factors. 2157 is even closer:
1378 # 2157-03-20 08:37:15.5 UT. But the Gregorian year 2025 should give
1379 # no interpretation problem whatsoever. By the way, another instant
1380 # in the near future where there will be a discrepancy between
1381 # arithmetical and astronomical Iranian calendars will be in 2058:
1382 # vernal equinox on 2058-03-20 09:03:05.9 UT. The Java version of
1383 # Reingold's/Dershowitz' calculator gives correctly the Gregorian date
1384 # 2058-03-21 for 1 Farvardin 1437 (astronomical).
1385 #
1386 # From Steffen Thorsen (2006-03-22):
1387 # Several of my users have reported that Iran will not observe DST anymore:
1388 # http://www.irna.ir/en/news/view/line-17/0603193812164948.htm
1389 #
1390 # From Reuters (2007-09-16), with a heads-up from Jesper Nørgaard Welen:
1391 # ... the Guardian Council ... approved a law on Sunday to re-introduce
1392 # daylight saving time ...
1393 # https://uk.reuters.com/article/oilRpt/idUKBLA65048420070916
1394 #
1395 # From Roozbeh Pournader (2007-11-05):
1396 # This is quoted from Official Gazette of the Islamic Republic of
1397 # Iran, Volume 63, No. 18242, dated Tuesday 1386/6/24
1398 # [2007-10-16]. I am doing the best translation I can:...
1399 # The official time of the country will be moved forward for one hour
1400 # on the 24 hours of the first day of the month of Farvardin and will
1401 # be changed back to its previous state on the 24 hours of the
1402 # thirtieth day of Shahrivar.
1403 #
1404 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1405 Rule Iran 1978 1980 - Mar 20 24:00 1:00 -
1406 Rule Iran 1978 only - Oct 20 24:00 0 -
1407 Rule Iran 1979 only - Sep 18 24:00 0 -
1408 Rule Iran 1980 only - Sep 22 24:00 0 -
1409 Rule Iran 1991 only - May 2 24:00 1:00 -
1410 Rule Iran 1992 1995 - Mar 21 24:00 1:00 -
1411 Rule Iran 1991 1995 - Sep 21 24:00 0 -
1412 Rule Iran 1996 only - Mar 20 24:00 1:00 -
1413 Rule Iran 1996 only - Sep 20 24:00 0 -
1414 Rule Iran 1997 1999 - Mar 21 24:00 1:00 -
1415 Rule Iran 1997 1999 - Sep 21 24:00 0 -
1416 Rule Iran 2000 only - Mar 20 24:00 1:00 -
1417 Rule Iran 2000 only - Sep 20 24:00 0 -
1418 Rule Iran 2001 2003 - Mar 21 24:00 1:00 -
1419 Rule Iran 2001 2003 - Sep 21 24:00 0 -
1420 Rule Iran 2004 only - Mar 20 24:00 1:00 -
1421 Rule Iran 2004 only - Sep 20 24:00 0 -
1422 Rule Iran 2005 only - Mar 21 24:00 1:00 -
1423 Rule Iran 2005 only - Sep 21 24:00 0 -
1424 Rule Iran 2008 only - Mar 20 24:00 1:00 -
1425 Rule Iran 2008 only - Sep 20 24:00 0 -
1426 Rule Iran 2009 2011 - Mar 21 24:00 1:00 -
1427 Rule Iran 2009 2011 - Sep 21 24:00 0 -
1428 Rule Iran 2012 only - Mar 20 24:00 1:00 -
1429 Rule Iran 2012 only - Sep 20 24:00 0 -
1430 Rule Iran 2013 2015 - Mar 21 24:00 1:00 -
1431 Rule Iran 2013 2015 - Sep 21 24:00 0 -
1432 Rule Iran 2016 only - Mar 20 24:00 1:00 -
1433 Rule Iran 2016 only - Sep 20 24:00 0 -
1434 Rule Iran 2017 2019 - Mar 21 24:00 1:00 -
1435 Rule Iran 2017 2019 - Sep 21 24:00 0 -
1436 Rule Iran 2020 only - Mar 20 24:00 1:00 -
1437 Rule Iran 2020 only - Sep 20 24:00 0 -
1438 Rule Iran 2021 2023 - Mar 21 24:00 1:00 -
1439 Rule Iran 2021 2023 - Sep 21 24:00 0 -
1440 Rule Iran 2024 only - Mar 20 24:00 1:00 -
1441 Rule Iran 2024 only - Sep 20 24:00 0 -
1442 Rule Iran 2025 2027 - Mar 21 24:00 1:00 -
1443 Rule Iran 2025 2027 - Sep 21 24:00 0 -
1444 Rule Iran 2028 2029 - Mar 20 24:00 1:00 -
1445 Rule Iran 2028 2029 - Sep 20 24:00 0 -
1446 Rule Iran 2030 2031 - Mar 21 24:00 1:00 -
1447 Rule Iran 2030 2031 - Sep 21 24:00 0 -
1448 Rule Iran 2032 2033 - Mar 20 24:00 1:00 -
1449 Rule Iran 2032 2033 - Sep 20 24:00 0 -
1450 Rule Iran 2034 2035 - Mar 21 24:00 1:00 -
1451 Rule Iran 2034 2035 - Sep 21 24:00 0 -
1452 Rule Iran 2036 2037 - Mar 20 24:00 1:00 -
1453 Rule Iran 2036 2037 - Sep 20 24:00 0 -
1454 Rule Iran 2038 2039 - Mar 21 24:00 1:00 -
1455 Rule Iran 2038 2039 - Sep 21 24:00 0 -
1456 Rule Iran 2040 2041 - Mar 20 24:00 1:00 -
1457 Rule Iran 2040 2041 - Sep 20 24:00 0 -
1458 Rule Iran 2042 2043 - Mar 21 24:00 1:00 -
1459 Rule Iran 2042 2043 - Sep 21 24:00 0 -
1460 Rule Iran 2044 2045 - Mar 20 24:00 1:00 -
1461 Rule Iran 2044 2045 - Sep 20 24:00 0 -
1462 Rule Iran 2046 2047 - Mar 21 24:00 1:00 -
1463 Rule Iran 2046 2047 - Sep 21 24:00 0 -
1464 Rule Iran 2048 2049 - Mar 20 24:00 1:00 -
1465 Rule Iran 2048 2049 - Sep 20 24:00 0 -
1466 Rule Iran 2050 2051 - Mar 21 24:00 1:00 -
1467 Rule Iran 2050 2051 - Sep 21 24:00 0 -
1468 Rule Iran 2052 2053 - Mar 20 24:00 1:00 -
1469 Rule Iran 2052 2053 - Sep 20 24:00 0 -
1470 Rule Iran 2054 2055 - Mar 21 24:00 1:00 -
1471 Rule Iran 2054 2055 - Sep 21 24:00 0 -
1472 Rule Iran 2056 2057 - Mar 20 24:00 1:00 -
1473 Rule Iran 2056 2057 - Sep 20 24:00 0 -
1474 Rule Iran 2058 2059 - Mar 21 24:00 1:00 -
1475 Rule Iran 2058 2059 - Sep 21 24:00 0 -
1476 Rule Iran 2060 2062 - Mar 20 24:00 1:00 -
1477 Rule Iran 2060 2062 - Sep 20 24:00 0 -
1478 Rule Iran 2063 only - Mar 21 24:00 1:00 -
1479 Rule Iran 2063 only - Sep 21 24:00 0 -
1480 Rule Iran 2064 2066 - Mar 20 24:00 1:00 -
1481 Rule Iran 2064 2066 - Sep 20 24:00 0 -
1482 Rule Iran 2067 only - Mar 21 24:00 1:00 -
1483 Rule Iran 2067 only - Sep 21 24:00 0 -
1484 Rule Iran 2068 2070 - Mar 20 24:00 1:00 -
1485 Rule Iran 2068 2070 - Sep 20 24:00 0 -
1486 Rule Iran 2071 only - Mar 21 24:00 1:00 -
1487 Rule Iran 2071 only - Sep 21 24:00 0 -
1488 Rule Iran 2072 2074 - Mar 20 24:00 1:00 -
1489 Rule Iran 2072 2074 - Sep 20 24:00 0 -
1490 Rule Iran 2075 only - Mar 21 24:00 1:00 -
1491 Rule Iran 2075 only - Sep 21 24:00 0 -
1492 Rule Iran 2076 2078 - Mar 20 24:00 1:00 -
1493 Rule Iran 2076 2078 - Sep 20 24:00 0 -
1494 Rule Iran 2079 only - Mar 21 24:00 1:00 -
1495 Rule Iran 2079 only - Sep 21 24:00 0 -
1496 Rule Iran 2080 2082 - Mar 20 24:00 1:00 -
1497 Rule Iran 2080 2082 - Sep 20 24:00 0 -
1498 Rule Iran 2083 only - Mar 21 24:00 1:00 -
1499 Rule Iran 2083 only - Sep 21 24:00 0 -
1500 Rule Iran 2084 2086 - Mar 20 24:00 1:00 -
1501 Rule Iran 2084 2086 - Sep 20 24:00 0 -
1502 Rule Iran 2087 only - Mar 21 24:00 1:00 -
1503 Rule Iran 2087 only - Sep 21 24:00 0 -
1504 #
1505 # The following rules are approximations starting in the year 2088.
1506 # These are the best post-2088 approximations available, given the
1507 # restrictions of a single rule using ordinary Gregorian dates.
1508 # At some point this table will need to be extended, though quite
1509 # possibly Iran will change the rules first.
1510 Rule Iran 2088 max - Mar 20 24:00 1:00 -
1511 Rule Iran 2088 max - Sep 20 24:00 0 -
1512
1513 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1514 Zone Asia/Tehran 3:25:44 - LMT 1916
1515 3:25:44 - TMT 1946 # Tehran Mean Time
1516 3:30 - +0330 1977 Nov
1517 4:00 Iran +04/+05 1979
1518 3:30 Iran +0330/+0430
1519
1520
1521 # Iraq
1522 #
1523 # From Jonathan Lennox (2000-06-12):
1524 # An article in this week's Economist ("Inside the Saddam-free zone", p. 50 in
1525 # the U.S. edition) on the Iraqi Kurds contains a paragraph:
1526 # "The three northern provinces ... switched their clocks this spring and
1527 # are an hour ahead of Baghdad."
1528 #
1529 # But Rives McDow (2000-06-18) quotes a contact in Iraqi-Kurdistan as follows:
1530 # In the past, some Kurdish nationalists, as a protest to the Iraqi
1531 # Government, did not adhere to daylight saving time. They referred
1532 # to daylight saving as Saddam time. But, as of today, the time zone
1533 # in Iraqi-Kurdistan is on standard time with Baghdad, Iraq.
1534 #
1535 # So we'll ignore the Economist's claim.
1536
1537 # From Steffen Thorsen (2008-03-10):
1538 # The cabinet in Iraq abolished DST last week, according to the following
1539 # news sources (in Arabic):
1540 # http://www.aljeeran.net/wesima_articles/news-20080305-98602.html
1541 # http://www.aswataliraq.info/look/article.tpl?id=2047&IdLanguage=17&IdPublication=4&NrArticle=71743&NrIssue=1&NrSection=10
1542 #
1543 # We have published a short article in English about the change:
1544 # https://www.timeanddate.com/news/time/iraq-dumps-daylight-saving.html
1545
1546 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1547 Rule Iraq 1982 only - May 1 0:00 1:00 -
1548 Rule Iraq 1982 1984 - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
1549 Rule Iraq 1983 only - Mar 31 0:00 1:00 -
1550 Rule Iraq 1984 1985 - Apr 1 0:00 1:00 -
1551 Rule Iraq 1985 1990 - Sep lastSun 1:00s 0 -
1552 Rule Iraq 1986 1990 - Mar lastSun 1:00s 1:00 -
1553 # IATA SSIM (1991/1996) says Apr 1 12:01am UTC; guess the ':01' is a typo.
1554 # Shanks & Pottenger say Iraq did not observe DST 1992/1997; ignore this.
1555 #
1556 Rule Iraq 1991 2007 - Apr 1 3:00s 1:00 -
1557 Rule Iraq 1991 2007 - Oct 1 3:00s 0 -
1558 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1559 Zone Asia/Baghdad 2:57:40 - LMT 1890
1560 2:57:36 - BMT 1918 # Baghdad Mean Time?
1561 3:00 - +03 1982 May
1562 3:00 Iraq +03/+04
1563
1564
1565 ###############################################################################
1566
1567 # Israel
1568
1569 # From Ephraim Silverberg (2001-01-11):
1570 #
1571 # I coined "IST/IDT" circa 1988. Until then there were three
1572 # different abbreviations in use:
1573 #
1574 # JST Jerusalem Standard Time [Danny Braniss, Hebrew University]
1575 # IZT Israel Zonal (sic) Time [Prof. Haim Papo, Technion]
1576 # EEST Eastern Europe Standard Time [used by almost everyone else]
1577 #
1578 # Since timezones should be called by country and not capital cities,
1579 # I ruled out JST. As Israel is in Asia Minor and not Eastern Europe,
1580 # EEST was equally unacceptable. Since "zonal" was not compatible with
1581 # any other timezone abbreviation, I felt that 'IST' was the way to go
1582 # and, indeed, it has received almost universal acceptance in timezone
1583 # settings in Israeli computers.
1584 #
1585 # In any case, I am happy to share timezone abbreviations with India,
1586 # high on my favorite-country list (and not only because my wife's
1587 # family is from India).
1588
1589 # From Shanks & Pottenger:
1590 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1591 Rule Zion 1940 only - Jun 1 0:00 1:00 D
1592 Rule Zion 1942 1944 - Nov 1 0:00 0 S
1593 Rule Zion 1943 only - Apr 1 2:00 1:00 D
1594 Rule Zion 1944 only - Apr 1 0:00 1:00 D
1595 Rule Zion 1945 only - Apr 16 0:00 1:00 D
1596 Rule Zion 1945 only - Nov 1 2:00 0 S
1597 Rule Zion 1946 only - Apr 16 2:00 1:00 D
1598 Rule Zion 1946 only - Nov 1 0:00 0 S
1599 Rule Zion 1948 only - May 23 0:00 2:00 DD
1600 Rule Zion 1948 only - Sep 1 0:00 1:00 D
1601 Rule Zion 1948 1949 - Nov 1 2:00 0 S
1602 Rule Zion 1949 only - May 1 0:00 1:00 D
1603 Rule Zion 1950 only - Apr 16 0:00 1:00 D
1604 Rule Zion 1950 only - Sep 15 3:00 0 S
1605 Rule Zion 1951 only - Apr 1 0:00 1:00 D
1606 Rule Zion 1951 only - Nov 11 3:00 0 S
1607 Rule Zion 1952 only - Apr 20 2:00 1:00 D
1608 Rule Zion 1952 only - Oct 19 3:00 0 S
1609 Rule Zion 1953 only - Apr 12 2:00 1:00 D
1610 Rule Zion 1953 only - Sep 13 3:00 0 S
1611 Rule Zion 1954 only - Jun 13 0:00 1:00 D
1612 Rule Zion 1954 only - Sep 12 0:00 0 S
1613 Rule Zion 1955 only - Jun 11 2:00 1:00 D
1614 Rule Zion 1955 only - Sep 11 0:00 0 S
1615 Rule Zion 1956 only - Jun 3 0:00 1:00 D
1616 Rule Zion 1956 only - Sep 30 3:00 0 S
1617 Rule Zion 1957 only - Apr 29 2:00 1:00 D
1618 Rule Zion 1957 only - Sep 22 0:00 0 S
1619 Rule Zion 1974 only - Jul 7 0:00 1:00 D
1620 Rule Zion 1974 only - Oct 13 0:00 0 S
1621 Rule Zion 1975 only - Apr 20 0:00 1:00 D
1622 Rule Zion 1975 only - Aug 31 0:00 0 S
1623 Rule Zion 1985 only - Apr 14 0:00 1:00 D
1624 Rule Zion 1985 only - Sep 15 0:00 0 S
1625 Rule Zion 1986 only - May 18 0:00 1:00 D
1626 Rule Zion 1986 only - Sep 7 0:00 0 S
1627 Rule Zion 1987 only - Apr 15 0:00 1:00 D
1628 Rule Zion 1987 only - Sep 13 0:00 0 S
1629
1630 # From Avigdor Finkelstein (2014-03-05):
1631 # I check the Parliament (Knesset) records and there it's stated that the
1632 # [1988] transition should take place on Saturday night, when the Sabbath
1633 # ends and changes to Sunday.
1634 Rule Zion 1988 only - Apr 10 0:00 1:00 D
1635 Rule Zion 1988 only - Sep 4 0:00 0 S
1636
1637 # From Ephraim Silverberg
1638 # (1997-03-04, 1998-03-16, 1998-12-28, 2000-01-17, 2000-07-25, 2004-12-22,
1639 # and 2005-02-17):
1640
1641 # According to the Office of the Secretary General of the Ministry of
1642 # Interior, there is NO set rule for Daylight-Savings/Standard time changes.
1643 # One thing is entrenched in law, however: that there must be at least 150
1644 # days of daylight savings time annually. From 1993-1998, the change to
1645 # daylight savings time was on a Friday morning from midnight IST to
1646 # 1 a.m IDT; up until 1998, the change back to standard time was on a
1647 # Saturday night from midnight daylight savings time to 11 p.m. standard
1648 # time. 1996 is an exception to this rule where the change back to standard
1649 # time took place on Sunday night instead of Saturday night to avoid
1650 # conflicts with the Jewish New Year. In 1999, the change to
1651 # daylight savings time was still on a Friday morning but from
1652 # 2 a.m. IST to 3 a.m. IDT; furthermore, the change back to standard time
1653 # was also on a Friday morning from 2 a.m. IDT to 1 a.m. IST for
1654 # 1999 only. In the year 2000, the change to daylight savings time was
1655 # similar to 1999, but although the change back will be on a Friday, it
1656 # will take place from 1 a.m. IDT to midnight IST. Starting in 2001, all
1657 # changes to/from will take place at 1 a.m. old time, but now there is no
1658 # rule as to what day of the week it will take place in as the start date
1659 # (except in 2003) is the night after the Passover Seder (i.e. the eve
1660 # of the 16th of Nisan in the lunar Hebrew calendar) and the end date
1661 # (except in 2002) is three nights before Yom Kippur [Day of Atonement]
1662 # (the eve of the 7th of Tishrei in the lunar Hebrew calendar).
1663
1664 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1665 Rule Zion 1989 only - Apr 30 0:00 1:00 D
1666 Rule Zion 1989 only - Sep 3 0:00 0 S
1667 Rule Zion 1990 only - Mar 25 0:00 1:00 D
1668 Rule Zion 1990 only - Aug 26 0:00 0 S
1669 Rule Zion 1991 only - Mar 24 0:00 1:00 D
1670 Rule Zion 1991 only - Sep 1 0:00 0 S
1671 Rule Zion 1992 only - Mar 29 0:00 1:00 D
1672 Rule Zion 1992 only - Sep 6 0:00 0 S
1673 Rule Zion 1993 only - Apr 2 0:00 1:00 D
1674 Rule Zion 1993 only - Sep 5 0:00 0 S
1675
1676 # The dates for 1994-1995 were obtained from Office of the Spokeswoman for the
1677 # Ministry of Interior, Jerusalem, Israel. The spokeswoman can be reached by
1678 # calling the office directly at 972-2-6701447 or 972-2-6701448.
1679
1680 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1681 Rule Zion 1994 only - Apr 1 0:00 1:00 D
1682 Rule Zion 1994 only - Aug 28 0:00 0 S
1683 Rule Zion 1995 only - Mar 31 0:00 1:00 D
1684 Rule Zion 1995 only - Sep 3 0:00 0 S
1685
1686 # The dates for 1996 were determined by the Minister of Interior of the
1687 # time, Haim Ramon. The official announcement regarding 1996-1998
1688 # (with the dates for 1997-1998 no longer being relevant) can be viewed at:
1689 #
1690 # ftp://ftp.cs.huji.ac.il/pub/tz/announcements/1996-1998.ramon.ps.gz
1691 #
1692 # The dates for 1997-1998 were altered by his successor, Rabbi Eli Suissa.
1693 #
1694 # The official announcements for the years 1997-1999 can be viewed at:
1695 #
1696 # ftp://ftp.cs.huji.ac.il/pub/tz/announcements/YYYY.ps.gz
1697 #
1698 # where YYYY is the relevant year.
1699
1700 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1701 Rule Zion 1996 only - Mar 15 0:00 1:00 D
1702 Rule Zion 1996 only - Sep 16 0:00 0 S
1703 Rule Zion 1997 only - Mar 21 0:00 1:00 D
1704 Rule Zion 1997 only - Sep 14 0:00 0 S
1705 Rule Zion 1998 only - Mar 20 0:00 1:00 D
1706 Rule Zion 1998 only - Sep 6 0:00 0 S
1707 Rule Zion 1999 only - Apr 2 2:00 1:00 D
1708 Rule Zion 1999 only - Sep 3 2:00 0 S
1709
1710 # The Knesset Interior Committee has changed the dates for 2000 for
1711 # the third time in just over a year and have set new dates for the
1712 # years 2001-2004 as well.
1713 #
1714 # The official announcement for the start date of 2000 can be viewed at:
1715 #
1716 # ftp://ftp.cs.huji.ac.il/pub/tz/announcements/2000-start.ps.gz
1717 #
1718 # The official announcement for the end date of 2000 and the dates
1719 # for the years 2001-2004 can be viewed at:
1720 #
1721 # ftp://ftp.cs.huji.ac.il/pub/tz/announcements/2000-2004.ps.gz
1722
1723 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1724 Rule Zion 2000 only - Apr 14 2:00 1:00 D
1725 Rule Zion 2000 only - Oct 6 1:00 0 S
1726 Rule Zion 2001 only - Apr 9 1:00 1:00 D
1727 Rule Zion 2001 only - Sep 24 1:00 0 S
1728 Rule Zion 2002 only - Mar 29 1:00 1:00 D
1729 Rule Zion 2002 only - Oct 7 1:00 0 S
1730 Rule Zion 2003 only - Mar 28 1:00 1:00 D
1731 Rule Zion 2003 only - Oct 3 1:00 0 S
1732 Rule Zion 2004 only - Apr 7 1:00 1:00 D
1733 Rule Zion 2004 only - Sep 22 1:00 0 S
1734
1735 # The proposed law agreed upon by the Knesset Interior Committee on
1736 # 2005-02-14 is that, for 2005 and beyond, DST starts at 02:00 the
1737 # last Friday before April 2nd (i.e. the last Friday in March or April
1738 # 1st itself if it falls on a Friday) and ends at 02:00 on the Saturday
1739 # night _before_ the fast of Yom Kippur.
1740 #
1741 # Those who can read Hebrew can view the announcement at:
1742 #
1743 # ftp://ftp.cs.huji.ac.il/pub/tz/announcements/2005+beyond.ps
1744
1745 # From Paul Eggert (2012-10-26):
1746 # I used Ephraim Silverberg's dst-israel.el program
1747 # <ftp://ftp.cs.huji.ac.il/pub/tz/software/dst-israel.el> (2005-02-20)
1748 # along with Ed Reingold's cal-hebrew in GNU Emacs 21.4,
1749 # to generate the transitions from 2005 through 2012.
1750 # (I replaced "lastFri" with "Fri>=26" by hand.)
1751 # The spring transitions all correspond to the following Rule:
1752 #
1753 # Rule Zion 2005 2012 - Mar Fri>=26 2:00 1:00 D
1754 #
1755 # but older zic implementations (e.g., Solaris 8) do not support
1756 # "Fri>=26" to mean April 1 in years like 2005, so for now we list the
1757 # springtime transitions explicitly.
1758
1759 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1760 Rule Zion 2005 only - Apr 1 2:00 1:00 D
1761 Rule Zion 2005 only - Oct 9 2:00 0 S
1762 Rule Zion 2006 2010 - Mar Fri>=26 2:00 1:00 D
1763 Rule Zion 2006 only - Oct 1 2:00 0 S
1764 Rule Zion 2007 only - Sep 16 2:00 0 S
1765 Rule Zion 2008 only - Oct 5 2:00 0 S
1766 Rule Zion 2009 only - Sep 27 2:00 0 S
1767 Rule Zion 2010 only - Sep 12 2:00 0 S
1768 Rule Zion 2011 only - Apr 1 2:00 1:00 D
1769 Rule Zion 2011 only - Oct 2 2:00 0 S
1770 Rule Zion 2012 only - Mar Fri>=26 2:00 1:00 D
1771 Rule Zion 2012 only - Sep 23 2:00 0 S
1772
1773 # From Ephraim Silverberg (2013-06-27):
1774 # On June 23, 2013, the Israeli government approved changes to the
1775 # Time Decree Law. The next day, the changes passed the First Reading
1776 # in the Knesset. The law is expected to pass the Second and Third
1777 # (final) Readings by the beginning of September 2013.
1778 #
1779 # As of 2013, DST starts at 02:00 on the Friday before the last Sunday
1780 # in March. DST ends at 02:00 on the last Sunday of October.
1781
1782 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1783 Rule Zion 2013 max - Mar Fri>=23 2:00 1:00 D
1784 Rule Zion 2013 max - Oct lastSun 2:00 0 S
1785
1786 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1787 Zone Asia/Jerusalem 2:20:54 - LMT 1880
1788 2:20:40 - JMT 1918 # Jerusalem Mean Time?
1789 2:00 Zion I%sT
1790
1791
1792
1793 ###############################################################################
1794
1795 # Japan
1796
1797 # '9:00' and 'JST' is from Guy Harris.
1798
1799 # From Paul Eggert (1995-03-06):
1800 # Today's _Asahi Evening News_ (page 4) reports that Japan had
1801 # daylight saving between 1948 and 1951, but "the system was discontinued
1802 # because the public believed it would lead to longer working hours."
1803
1804 # From Mayumi Negishi in the 2005-08-10 Japan Times:
1805 # http://www.japantimes.co.jp/cgi-bin/getarticle.pl5?nn20050810f2.htm
1806 # Occupation authorities imposed daylight-saving time on Japan on
1807 # [1948-05-01].... But lack of prior debate and the execution of
1808 # daylight-saving time just three days after the bill was passed generated
1809 # deep hatred of the concept.... The Diet unceremoniously passed a bill to
1810 # dump the unpopular system in October 1951, less than a month after the San
1811 # Francisco Peace Treaty was signed. (A government poll in 1951 showed 53%
1812 # of the Japanese wanted to scrap daylight-saving time, as opposed to 30% who
1813 # wanted to keep it.)
1814
1815 # From Takayuki Nikai (2018-01-19):
1816 # The source of information is Japanese law.
1817 # http://www.shugiin.go.jp/internet/itdb_housei.nsf/html/houritsu/00219480428029.htm
1818 # http://www.shugiin.go.jp/internet/itdb_housei.nsf/html/houritsu/00719500331039.htm
1819 # ... In summary, it is written as follows. From 24:00 on the first Saturday
1820 # in May, until 0:00 on the day after the second Saturday in September.
1821
1822 # From Phake Nick (2018-09-27):
1823 # [T]he webpage authored by National Astronomical Observatory of Japan
1824 # https://eco.mtk.nao.ac.jp/koyomi/wiki/BBFEB9EF2FB2C6BBFEB9EF.html
1825 # ... mentioned that using Showa 23 (year 1948) as example, 13pm of September
1826 # 11 in summer time will equal to 0am of September 12 in standard time.
1827 # It cited a document issued by the Liaison Office which briefly existed
1828 # during the postwar period of Japan, where the detail on implementation
1829 # of the summer time is described in the document.
1830 # https://eco.mtk.nao.ac.jp/koyomi/wiki/BBFEB9EF2FB2C6BBFEB9EFB2C6BBFEB9EFA4CEBCC2BBDCA4CBA4C4A4A4A4C6.pdf
1831 # The text in the document do instruct a fall back to occur at
1832 # September 11, 13pm in summer time, while ordinary citizens can
1833 # change the clock before they sleep.
1834 #
1835 # From Paul Eggert (2018-09-27):
1836 # This instruction is equivalent to "Sat>=8 25:00", so use that. zic treats
1837 # it like "Sun>=9 01:00", which is not quite the same but is the best we can
1838 # do in any POSIX or C platform. The "25:00" assumes zic from 2007 or later,
1839 # which should be safe now.
1840
1841 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1842 Rule Japan 1948 only - May Sat>=1 24:00 1:00 D
1843 Rule Japan 1948 1951 - Sep Sun>=9 1:00 0 S
1844 Rule Japan 1949 only - Apr Sat>=1 24:00 1:00 D
1845 Rule Japan 1950 1951 - May Sat>=1 24:00 1:00 D
1846
1847 # From Hideyuki Suzuki (1998-11-09):
1848 # 'Tokyo' usually stands for the former location of Tokyo Astronomical
1849 # Observatory: 139° 44' 40.90" E (9h 18m 58.727s), 35° 39' 16.0" N.
1850 # This data is from 'Rika Nenpyou (Chronological Scientific Tables) 1996'
1851 # edited by National Astronomical Observatory of Japan....
1852 # JST (Japan Standard Time) has been used since 1888-01-01 00:00 (JST).
1853 # The law is enacted on 1886-07-07.
1854
1855 # From Hideyuki Suzuki (1998-11-16):
1856 # The ordinance No. 51 (1886) established "standard time" in Japan,
1857 # which stands for the time on 135° E.
1858 # In the ordinance No. 167 (1895), "standard time" was renamed to "central
1859 # standard time". And the same ordinance also established "western standard
1860 # time", which stands for the time on 120° E.... But "western standard
1861 # time" was abolished in the ordinance No. 529 (1937). In the ordinance No.
1862 # 167, there is no mention regarding for what place western standard time is
1863 # standard....
1864 #
1865 # I wrote "ordinance" above, but I don't know how to translate.
1866 # In Japanese it's "chokurei", which means ordinance from emperor.
1867
1868 # From Yu-Cheng Chuang (2013-07-12):
1869 # ...the Meiji Emperor announced Ordinance No. 167 of Meiji Year 28 "The clause
1870 # about standard time" ... The adoption began from Jan 1, 1896.
1871 # https://ja.wikisource.org/wiki/標準時ニ關スル件_(公布時)
1872 #
1873 # ...the Showa Emperor announced Ordinance No. 529 of Showa Year 12 ... which
1874 # means the whole Japan territory, including later occupations, adopt Japan
1875 # Central Time (UT+9). The adoption began on Oct 1, 1937.
1876 # https://ja.wikisource.org/wiki/明治二十八年勅令第百六十七號標準時ニ關スル件中改正ノ件
1877
1878 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1879 Zone Asia/Tokyo 9:18:59 - LMT 1887 Dec 31 15:00u
1880 9:00 Japan J%sT
1881 # Since 1938, all Japanese possessions have been like Asia/Tokyo,
1882 # except that Truk (Chuuk), Ponape (Pohnpei), and Jaluit (Kosrae) did not
1883 # switch from +10 to +09 until 1941-04-01; see the 'australasia' file.
1884
1885 # Jordan
1886 #
1887 # From <http://star.arabia.com/990701/JO9.html>
1888 # Jordan Week (1999-07-01) via Steffen Thorsen (1999-09-09):
1889 # Clocks in Jordan were forwarded one hour on Wednesday at midnight,
1890 # in accordance with the government's decision to implement summer time
1891 # all year round.
1892 #
1893 # From <http://star.arabia.com/990930/JO9.html>
1894 # Jordan Week (1999-09-30) via Steffen Thorsen (1999-11-09):
1895 # Winter time starts today Thursday, 30 September. Clocks will be turned back
1896 # by one hour. This is the latest government decision and it's final!
1897 # The decision was taken because of the increase in working hours in
1898 # government's departments from six to seven hours.
1899 #
1900 # From Paul Eggert (2005-11-22):
1901 # Starting 2003 transitions are from Steffen Thorsen's web site timeanddate.com.
1902 #
1903 # From Steffen Thorsen (2005-11-23):
1904 # For Jordan I have received multiple independent user reports every year
1905 # about DST end dates, as the end-rule is different every year.
1906 #
1907 # From Steffen Thorsen (2006-10-01), after a heads-up from Hilal Malawi:
1908 # http://www.petranews.gov.jo/nepras/2006/Sep/05/4000.htm
1909 # "Jordan will switch to winter time on Friday, October 27".
1910 #
1911
1912 # From Steffen Thorsen (2009-04-02):
1913 # This single one might be good enough, (2009-03-24, Arabic):
1914 # http://petra.gov.jo/Artical.aspx?Lng=2&Section=8&Artical=95279
1915 #
1916 # Google's translation:
1917 #
1918 # > The Council of Ministers decided in 2002 to adopt the principle of timely
1919 # > submission of the summer at 60 minutes as of midnight on the last Thursday
1920 # > of the month of March of each year.
1921 #
1922 # So - this means the midnight between Thursday and Friday since 2002.
1923
1924 # From Arthur David Olson (2009-04-06):
1925 # We still have Jordan switching to DST on Thursdays in 2000 and 2001.
1926
1927 # From Steffen Thorsen (2012-10-25):
1928 # Yesterday the government in Jordan announced that they will not
1929 # switch back to standard time this winter, so the will stay on DST
1930 # until about the same time next year (at least).
1931 # http://www.petra.gov.jo/Public_News/Nws_NewsDetails.aspx?NewsID=88950
1932
1933 # From Steffen Thorsen (2013-12-11):
1934 # Jordan Times and other sources say that Jordan is going back to
1935 # UTC+2 on 2013-12-19 at midnight:
1936 # http://jordantimes.com/govt-decides-to-switch-back-to-wintertime
1937 # Official, in Arabic:
1938 # http://www.petra.gov.jo/public_news/Nws_NewsDetails.aspx?Menu_ID=&Site_Id=2&lang=1&NewsID=133230&CatID=14
1939 # ... Our background/permalink about it
1940 # https://www.timeanddate.com/news/time/jordan-reverses-dst-decision.html
1941 # ...
1942 # http://www.petra.gov.jo/Public_News/Nws_NewsDetails.aspx?lang=2&site_id=1&NewsID=133313&Type=P
1943 # ... says midnight for the coming one and 1:00 for the ones in the future
1944 # (and they will use DST again next year, using the normal schedule).
1945
1946 # From Paul Eggert (2013-12-11):
1947 # As Steffen suggested, consider the past 21-month experiment to be DST.
1948
1949 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1950 Rule Jordan 1973 only - Jun 6 0:00 1:00 S
1951 Rule Jordan 1973 1975 - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
1952 Rule Jordan 1974 1977 - May 1 0:00 1:00 S
1953 Rule Jordan 1976 only - Nov 1 0:00 0 -
1954 Rule Jordan 1977 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
1955 Rule Jordan 1978 only - Apr 30 0:00 1:00 S
1956 Rule Jordan 1978 only - Sep 30 0:00 0 -
1957 Rule Jordan 1985 only - Apr 1 0:00 1:00 S
1958 Rule Jordan 1985 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
1959 Rule Jordan 1986 1988 - Apr Fri>=1 0:00 1:00 S
1960 Rule Jordan 1986 1990 - Oct Fri>=1 0:00 0 -
1961 Rule Jordan 1989 only - May 8 0:00 1:00 S
1962 Rule Jordan 1990 only - Apr 27 0:00 1:00 S
1963 Rule Jordan 1991 only - Apr 17 0:00 1:00 S
1964 Rule Jordan 1991 only - Sep 27 0:00 0 -
1965 Rule Jordan 1992 only - Apr 10 0:00 1:00 S
1966 Rule Jordan 1992 1993 - Oct Fri>=1 0:00 0 -
1967 Rule Jordan 1993 1998 - Apr Fri>=1 0:00 1:00 S
1968 Rule Jordan 1994 only - Sep Fri>=15 0:00 0 -
1969 Rule Jordan 1995 1998 - Sep Fri>=15 0:00s 0 -
1970 Rule Jordan 1999 only - Jul 1 0:00s 1:00 S
1971 Rule Jordan 1999 2002 - Sep lastFri 0:00s 0 -
1972 Rule Jordan 2000 2001 - Mar lastThu 0:00s 1:00 S
1973 Rule Jordan 2002 2012 - Mar lastThu 24:00 1:00 S
1974 Rule Jordan 2003 only - Oct 24 0:00s 0 -
1975 Rule Jordan 2004 only - Oct 15 0:00s 0 -
1976 Rule Jordan 2005 only - Sep lastFri 0:00s 0 -
1977 Rule Jordan 2006 2011 - Oct lastFri 0:00s 0 -
1978 Rule Jordan 2013 only - Dec 20 0:00 0 -
1979 Rule Jordan 2014 max - Mar lastThu 24:00 1:00 S
1980 Rule Jordan 2014 max - Oct lastFri 0:00s 0 -
1981 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1982 Zone Asia/Amman 2:23:44 - LMT 1931
1983 2:00 Jordan EE%sT
1984
1985
1986 # Kazakhstan
1987
1988 # From Kazakhstan Embassy's News Bulletin No. 11
1989 # <http://www.kazsociety.org.uk/news/2005/03/30.htm> (2005-03-21):
1990 # The Government of Kazakhstan passed a resolution March 15 abolishing
1991 # daylight saving time citing lack of economic benefits and health
1992 # complications coupled with a decrease in productivity.
1993 #
1994 # From Branislav Kojic (in Astana) via Gwillim Law (2005-06-28):
1995 # ... what happened was that the former Kazakhstan Eastern time zone
1996 # was "blended" with the Central zone. Therefore, Kazakhstan now has
1997 # two time zones, and difference between them is one hour. The zone
1998 # closer to UTC is the former Western zone (probably still called the
1999 # same), encompassing four provinces in the west: Aqtöbe, Atyraū,
2000 # Mangghystaū, and West Kazakhstan. The other zone encompasses
2001 # everything else.... I guess that would make Kazakhstan time zones
2002 # de jure UTC+5 and UTC+6 respectively.
2003
2004 # From Stepan Golosunov (2016-03-27):
2005 # Review of the linked documents from http://adilet.zan.kz/
2006 # produced the following data for post-1991 Kazakhstan:
2007 #
2008 # 0. Act of the Cabinet of Ministers of the USSR
2009 # from 1991-02-04 No. 20
2010 # http://pravo.gov.ru/proxy/ips/?docbody=&nd=102010545
2011 # removed the extra hour ("decree time") on the territory of the USSR
2012 # starting with the last Sunday of March 1991.
2013 # It also allowed (but not mandated) Kazakh SSR, Kirghiz SSR, Tajik SSR,
2014 # Turkmen SSR and Uzbek SSR to not have "summer" time.
2015 #
2016 # The 1992-01-13 act also refers to the act of the Cabinet of Ministers
2017 # of the Kazakh SSR from 1991-03-20 No. 170 "About the act of the Cabinet
2018 # of Ministers of the USSR from 1991-02-04 No. 20" but I didn't found its
2019 # text.
2020 #
2021 # According to Izvestia newspaper No. 68 (23334) from 1991-03-20
2022 # (page 6; available at http://libinfo.org/newsr/newsr2574.djvu via
2023 # http://libinfo.org/index.php?id=58564) on 1991-03-31 at 2:00 during
2024 # transition to "summer" time:
2025 # Republic of Georgia, Latvian SSR, Lithuanian SSR, SSR Moldova,
2026 # Estonian SSR; Komi ASSR; Kaliningrad oblast; Nenets autonomous okrug
2027 # were to move clocks 1 hour forward.
2028 # Kazakh SSR (excluding Uralsk oblast); Republic of Kyrgyzstan, Tajik
2029 # SSR; Andijan, Jizzakh, Namangan, Sirdarya, Tashkent, Fergana oblasts
2030 # of the Uzbek SSR were to move clocks 1 hour backwards.
2031 # Other territories were to not move clocks.
2032 # When the "summer" time would end on 1991-09-29, clocks were to be
2033 # moved 1 hour backwards on the territory of the USSR excluding
2034 # Kazakhstan, Kirghizia, Uzbekistan, Turkmenia, Tajikistan.
2035 #
2036 # Apparently there were last minute changes. Apparently Kazakh act No. 170
2037 # was one of such changes.
2038 #
2039 # https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Декретное время
2040 # claims that Sovetskaya Rossiya newspaper on 1991-03-29 published that
2041 # Nenets autonomous okrug, Komi and Kazakhstan (excluding Uralsk oblast)
2042 # were to not move clocks and Uralsk oblast was to move clocks
2043 # forward; on 1991-09-29 Kazakhstan was to move clocks backwards.
2044 # (Probably there were changes even after that publication. There is an
2045 # article claiming that Kaliningrad oblast decided on 1991-03-29 to not
2046 # move clocks.)
2047 #
2048 # This implies that on 1991-03-31 Asia/Oral remained on +04/+05 while
2049 # the rest of Kazakhstan switched from +06/+07 to +05/06 or from +05/06
2050 # to +04/+05. It's unclear how Qyzylorda oblast moved into the fifth
2051 # time belt. (By switching from +04/+05 to +05/+06 on 1991-09-29?) ...
2052 #
2053 # 1. Act of the Cabinet of Ministers of the Republic of Kazakhstan
2054 # from 1992-01-13 No. 28
2055 # http://adilet.zan.kz/rus/docs/P920000028_
2056 # (text includes modification from the 1996 act)
2057 # introduced new rules for calculation of time, mirroring Russian
2058 # 1992-01-08 act. It specified that time would be calculated
2059 # according to time belts plus extra hour ("decree time"), moved clocks
2060 # on the whole territory of Kazakhstan 1 hour forward on 1992-01-19 at
2061 # 2:00, specified DST rules. It acknowledged that Kazakhstan was
2062 # located in the fourth and the fifth time belts and specified the
2063 # border between them to be located east of Qostanay and Aktyubinsk
2064 # oblasts (notably including Turgai and Qyzylorda oblasts into the fifth
2065 # time belt).
2066 #
2067 # This means switch on 1992-01-19 at 2:00 from +04/+05 to +05/+06 for
2068 # Asia/Aqtau, Asia/Aqtobe, Asia/Oral, Atyraū and Qostanay oblasts; from
2069 # +05/+06 to +06/+07 for Asia/Almaty and Asia/Qyzylorda (and Arkalyk)....
2070 #
2071 # 2. Act of the Cabinet of Ministers of the Republic of Kazakhstan
2072 # from 1992-03-27 No. 284
2073 # http://adilet.zan.kz/rus/docs/P920000284_
2074 # cancels extra hour ("decree time") for Uralsk and Qyzylorda oblasts
2075 # since the last Sunday of March 1992, while keeping them in the fourth
2076 # and the fifth time belts respectively.
2077 #
2078 # 3. Order of the Prime Minister of the Republic of Kazakhstan
2079 # from 1994-09-23 No. 384
2080 # http://adilet.zan.kz/rus/docs/R940000384_
2081 # cancels the extra hour ("decree time") on the territory of Mangghystaū
2082 # oblast since the last Sunday of September 1994 (saying that time on
2083 # the territory would correspond to the third time belt as a
2084 # result)....
2085 #
2086 # 4. Act of the Government of the Republic of Kazakhstan
2087 # from 1996-05-08 No. 575
2088 # http://adilet.zan.kz/rus/docs/P960000575_
2089 # amends the 1992-01-13 act to end summer time in October instead
2090 # of September, mirroring identical Russian change from 1996-04-23 act.
2091 #
2092 # 5. Act of the Government of the Republic of Kazakhstan
2093 # from 1999-03-26 No. 305
2094 # http://adilet.zan.kz/rus/docs/P990000305_
2095 # cancels the extra hour ("decree time") for Atyraū oblast since the
2096 # last Sunday of March 1999 while retaining the oblast in the fourth
2097 # time belt.
2098 #
2099 # This means change from +05/+06 to +04/+05....
2100 #
2101 # 6. Act of the Government of the Republic of Kazakhstan
2102 # from 2000-11-23 No. 1749
2103 # http://adilet.zan.kz/rus/archive/docs/P000001749_/23.11.2000
2104 # replaces the previous five documents.
2105 #
2106 # The only changes I noticed are in definition of the border between the
2107 # fourth and the fifth time belts. They account for changes in spelling
2108 # and administrative division (splitting of Turgai oblast in 1997
2109 # probably changed time in territories incorporated into Qostanay oblast
2110 # (including Arkalyk) from +06/+07 to +05/+06) and move Qyzylorda oblast
2111 # from being in the fifth time belt and not using decree time into the
2112 # fourth time belt (no change in practice).
2113 #
2114 # 7. Act of the Government of the Republic of Kazakhstan
2115 # from 2003-12-29 No. 1342
2116 # http://adilet.zan.kz/rus/docs/P030001342_
2117 # modified the 2000-11-23 act. No relevant changes, apparently.
2118 #
2119 # 8. Act of the Government of the Republic of Kazakhstan
2120 # from 2004-07-20 No. 775
2121 # http://adilet.zan.kz/rus/archive/docs/P040000775_/20.07.2004
2122 # modified the 2000-11-23 act to move Qostanay and Qyzylorda oblasts into
2123 # the fifth time belt and add Aktobe oblast to the list of regions not
2124 # using extra hour ("decree time"), leaving Kazakhstan with only 2 time
2125 # zones (+04/+05 and +06/+07). The changes were to be implemented
2126 # during DST transitions in 2004 and 2005 but the acts got radically
2127 # amended before implementation happened.
2128 #
2129 # 9. Act of the Government of the Republic of Kazakhstan
2130 # from 2004-09-15 No. 1059
2131 # http://adilet.zan.kz/rus/docs/P040001059_
2132 # modified the 2000-11-23 act to remove exceptions from the "decree time"
2133 # (leaving Kazakhstan in +05/+06 and +06/+07 zones), amended the
2134 # 2004-07-20 act to implement changes for Atyraū, West Kazakhstan,
2135 # Qostanay, Qyzylorda and Mangghystaū oblasts by not moving clocks
2136 # during the 2004 transition to "winter" time.
2137 #
2138 # This means transition from +04/+05 to +05/+06 for Atyraū oblast (no
2139 # zone currently), Asia/Oral, Asia/Aqtau and transition from +05/+06 to
2140 # +06/+07 for Qostanay oblast (Qostanay and Arkalyk, no zones currently)
2141 # and Asia/Qyzylorda on 2004-10-31 at 3:00....
2142 #
2143 # 10. Act of the Government of the Republic of Kazakhstan
2144 # from 2005-03-15 No. 231
2145 # http://adilet.zan.kz/rus/docs/P050000231_
2146 # removes DST provisions from the 2000-11-23 act, removes most of the
2147 # (already implemented) provisions from the 2004-07-20 and 2004-09-15
2148 # acts, comes into effect 10 days after official publication.
2149 # The only practical effect seems to be the abolition of the summer
2150 # time.
2151 #
2152 # Unamended version of the act of the Government of the Russian Federation
2153 # No. 23 from 1992-01-08 [See 'europe' file for details].
2154 # Kazakh 1992-01-13 act appears to provide the same rules and 1992-03-27
2155 # act was to be enacted on the last Sunday of March 1992.
2156
2157 # From Stepan Golosunov (2016-11-08):
2158 # Turgai reorganization should affect only southern part of Qostanay
2159 # oblast. Which should probably be separated into Asia/Arkalyk zone.
2160 # (There were also 1970, 1988 and 1990 Turgai oblast reorganizations
2161 # according to wikipedia.)
2162 #
2163 # [For Qostanay] http://www.ng.kz/gazeta/195/hranit/
2164 # suggests that clocks were to be moved 40 minutes backwards on
2165 # 1920-01-01 to the fourth time belt. But I do not understand
2166 # how that could happen....
2167 #
2168 # [For Atyrau and Oral] 1919 decree
2169 # (http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_russia-1919-02-08.html
2170 # and in Byalokoz) lists Ural river (plus 10 versts on its left bank) in
2171 # the third time belt (before 1930 this means +03).
2172
2173 # From Alexander Konzurovski (2018-12-20):
2174 # Qyzyolrda Region (Asia/Qyzylorda) is changing its time zone from
2175 # UTC+6 to UTC+5 effective December 21st, 2018. The legal document is
2176 # located here: http://adilet.zan.kz/rus/docs/P1800000817 (russian language).
2177
2178 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
2179 #
2180 # Almaty (formerly Alma-Ata), representing most locations in Kazakhstan
2181 # This includes KZ-AKM, KZ-ALA, KZ-ALM, KZ-AST, KZ-BAY, KZ-VOS, KZ-ZHA,
2182 # KZ-KAR, KZ-SEV, KZ-PAV, and KZ-YUZ.
2183 Zone Asia/Almaty 5:07:48 - LMT 1924 May 2 # or Alma-Ata
2184 5:00 - +05 1930 Jun 21
2185 6:00 RussiaAsia +06/+07 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2186 5:00 RussiaAsia +05/+06 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
2187 6:00 RussiaAsia +06/+07 2004 Oct 31 2:00s
2188 6:00 - +06
2189 # Qyzylorda (aka Kyzylorda, Kizilorda, Kzyl-Orda, etc.) (KZ-KZY)
2190 Zone Asia/Qyzylorda 4:21:52 - LMT 1924 May 2
2191 4:00 - +04 1930 Jun 21
2192 5:00 - +05 1981 Apr 1
2193 5:00 1:00 +06 1981 Oct 1
2194 6:00 - +06 1982 Apr 1
2195 5:00 RussiaAsia +05/+06 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2196 4:00 RussiaAsia +04/+05 1991 Sep 29 2:00s
2197 5:00 RussiaAsia +05/+06 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
2198 6:00 RussiaAsia +06/+07 1992 Mar 29 2:00s
2199 5:00 RussiaAsia +05/+06 2004 Oct 31 2:00s
2200 6:00 - +06 2018 Dec 21 0:00
2201 5:00 - +05
2202 #
2203 # Qostanay (aka Kostanay, Kustanay) (KZ-KUS)
2204 # The 1991/2 rules are unclear partly because of the 1997 Turgai
2205 # reorganization.
2206 Zone Asia/Qostanay 4:14:28 - LMT 1924 May 2
2207 4:00 - +04 1930 Jun 21
2208 5:00 - +05 1981 Apr 1
2209 5:00 1:00 +06 1981 Oct 1
2210 6:00 - +06 1982 Apr 1
2211 5:00 RussiaAsia +05/+06 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2212 4:00 RussiaAsia +04/+05 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
2213 5:00 RussiaAsia +05/+06 2004 Oct 31 2:00s
2214 6:00 - +06
2215
2216 # Aqtöbe (aka Aktobe, formerly Aktyubinsk) (KZ-AKT)
2217 Zone Asia/Aqtobe 3:48:40 - LMT 1924 May 2
2218 4:00 - +04 1930 Jun 21
2219 5:00 - +05 1981 Apr 1
2220 5:00 1:00 +06 1981 Oct 1
2221 6:00 - +06 1982 Apr 1
2222 5:00 RussiaAsia +05/+06 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2223 4:00 RussiaAsia +04/+05 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
2224 5:00 RussiaAsia +05/+06 2004 Oct 31 2:00s
2225 5:00 - +05
2226 # Mangghystaū (KZ-MAN)
2227 # Aqtau was not founded until 1963, but it represents an inhabited region,
2228 # so include timestamps before 1963.
2229 Zone Asia/Aqtau 3:21:04 - LMT 1924 May 2
2230 4:00 - +04 1930 Jun 21
2231 5:00 - +05 1981 Oct 1
2232 6:00 - +06 1982 Apr 1
2233 5:00 RussiaAsia +05/+06 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2234 4:00 RussiaAsia +04/+05 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
2235 5:00 RussiaAsia +05/+06 1994 Sep 25 2:00s
2236 4:00 RussiaAsia +04/+05 2004 Oct 31 2:00s
2237 5:00 - +05
2238 # Atyraū (KZ-ATY) is like Mangghystaū except it switched from
2239 # +04/+05 to +05/+06 in spring 1999, not fall 1994.
2240 Zone Asia/Atyrau 3:27:44 - LMT 1924 May 2
2241 3:00 - +03 1930 Jun 21
2242 5:00 - +05 1981 Oct 1
2243 6:00 - +06 1982 Apr 1
2244 5:00 RussiaAsia +05/+06 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2245 4:00 RussiaAsia +04/+05 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
2246 5:00 RussiaAsia +05/+06 1999 Mar 28 2:00s
2247 4:00 RussiaAsia +04/+05 2004 Oct 31 2:00s
2248 5:00 - +05
2249 # West Kazakhstan (KZ-ZAP)
2250 # From Paul Eggert (2016-03-18):
2251 # The 1989 transition is from USSR act No. 227 (1989-03-14).
2252 Zone Asia/Oral 3:25:24 - LMT 1924 May 2 # or Ural'sk
2253 3:00 - +03 1930 Jun 21
2254 5:00 - +05 1981 Apr 1
2255 5:00 1:00 +06 1981 Oct 1
2256 6:00 - +06 1982 Apr 1
2257 5:00 RussiaAsia +05/+06 1989 Mar 26 2:00s
2258 4:00 RussiaAsia +04/+05 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
2259 5:00 RussiaAsia +05/+06 1992 Mar 29 2:00s
2260 4:00 RussiaAsia +04/+05 2004 Oct 31 2:00s
2261 5:00 - +05
2262
2263 # Kyrgyzstan (Kirgizstan)
2264 # Transitions through 1991 are from Shanks & Pottenger.
2265
2266 # From Paul Eggert (2005-08-15):
2267 # According to an article dated today in the Kyrgyzstan Development Gateway
2268 # http://eng.gateway.kg/cgi-bin/page.pl?id=1&story_name=doc9979.shtml
2269 # Kyrgyzstan is canceling the daylight saving time system. I take the article
2270 # to mean that they will leave their clocks at 6 hours ahead of UTC.
2271 # From Malik Abdugaliev (2005-09-21):
2272 # Our government cancels daylight saving time 6th of August 2005.
2273 # From 2005-08-12 our GMT-offset is +6, w/o any daylight saving.
2274
2275 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
2276 Rule Kyrgyz 1992 1996 - Apr Sun>=7 0:00s 1:00 -
2277 Rule Kyrgyz 1992 1996 - Sep lastSun 0:00 0 -
2278 Rule Kyrgyz 1997 2005 - Mar lastSun 2:30 1:00 -
2279 Rule Kyrgyz 1997 2004 - Oct lastSun 2:30 0 -
2280 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
2281 Zone Asia/Bishkek 4:58:24 - LMT 1924 May 2
2282 5:00 - +05 1930 Jun 21
2283 6:00 RussiaAsia +06/+07 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2284 5:00 RussiaAsia +05/+06 1991 Aug 31 2:00
2285 5:00 Kyrgyz +05/+06 2005 Aug 12
2286 6:00 - +06
2287
2288 ###############################################################################
2289
2290 # Korea (North and South)
2291
2292 # From Annie I. Bang (2006-07-10):
2293 # http://www.koreaherald.com/view.php?ud=200607100012
2294 # Korea ran a daylight saving program from 1949-61 but stopped it
2295 # during the 1950-53 Korean War. The system was temporarily enforced
2296 # between 1987 and 1988 ...
2297
2298 # From Sanghyuk Jung (2014-10-29):
2299 # https://mm.icann.org/pipermail/tz/2014-October/021830.html
2300 # According to the Korean Wikipedia
2301 # https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/한국_표준시
2302 # [oldid=12896437 2014-09-04 08:03 UTC]
2303 # DST in Republic of Korea was as follows.... And I checked old
2304 # newspapers in Korean, all articles correspond with data in Wikipedia.
2305 # For example, the article in 1948 (Korean Language) proved that DST
2306 # started at June 1 in that year. For another example, the article in
2307 # 1988 said that DST started at 2:00 AM in that year.
2308
2309 # From Phake Nick (2018-10-27):
2310 # 1. According to official announcement from Korean government, the DST end
2311 # date in South Korea should be
2312 # 1955-09-08 without specifying time
2313 # http://theme.archives.go.kr/next/common/viewEbook.do?singleData=N&archiveEventId=0027977557
2314 # 1956-09-29 without specifying time
2315 # http://theme.archives.go.kr/next/common/viewEbook.do?singleData=N&archiveEventId=0027978341
2316 # 1957-09-21 24 o'clock
2317 # http://theme.archives.go.kr/next/common/viewEbook.do?singleData=N&archiveEventId=0027979690#3
2318 # 1958-09-20 24 o'clock
2319 # http://theme.archives.go.kr/next/common/viewEbook.do?singleData=N&archiveEventId=0027981189
2320 # 1959-09-19 24 o'clock
2321 # http://theme.archives.go.kr/next/common/viewEbook.do?singleData=N&archiveEventId=0027982974#2
2322 # 1960-09-17 24 o'clock
2323 # http://theme.archives.go.kr/next/common/viewEbook.do?singleData=N&archiveEventId=0028044104
2324 # ...
2325 # 2.... https://namu.wiki/w/대한민국%20표준시 ... [says]
2326 # when Korea was using GMT+8:30 as standard time, the international
2327 # aviation/marine/meteorological industry in the country refused to
2328 # follow and continued to use GMT+9:00 for interoperability.
2329
2330
2331 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
2332 Rule ROK 1948 only - Jun 1 0:00 1:00 D
2333 Rule ROK 1948 only - Sep 12 24:00 0 S
2334 Rule ROK 1949 only - Apr 3 0:00 1:00 D
2335 Rule ROK 1949 1951 - Sep Sat>=7 24:00 0 S
2336 Rule ROK 1950 only - Apr 1 0:00 1:00 D
2337 Rule ROK 1951 only - May 6 0:00 1:00 D
2338 Rule ROK 1955 only - May 5 0:00 1:00 D
2339 Rule ROK 1955 only - Sep 8 24:00 0 S
2340 Rule ROK 1956 only - May 20 0:00 1:00 D
2341 Rule ROK 1956 only - Sep 29 24:00 0 S
2342 Rule ROK 1957 1960 - May Sun>=1 0:00 1:00 D
2343 Rule ROK 1957 1960 - Sep Sat>=17 24:00 0 S
2344 Rule ROK 1987 1988 - May Sun>=8 2:00 1:00 D
2345 Rule ROK 1987 1988 - Oct Sun>=8 3:00 0 S
2346
2347 # From Paul Eggert (2016-08-23):
2348 # The Korean Wikipedia entry gives the following sources for UT offsets:
2349 #
2350 # 1908: Official Journal Article No. 3994 (decree No. 5)
2351 # 1912: Governor-General of Korea Official Gazette Issue No. 367
2352 # (Announcement No. 338)
2353 # 1954: Presidential Decree No. 876 (1954-03-17)
2354 # 1961: Law No. 676 (1961-08-07)
2355 #
2356 # (Another source "1987: Law No. 3919 (1986-12-31)" was in the 2014-10-30
2357 # edition of the Korean Wikipedia entry.)
2358 #
2359 # I guessed that time zone abbreviations through 1945 followed the same
2360 # rules as discussed under Taiwan, with nominal switches from JST to KST
2361 # when the respective cities were taken over by the Allies after WWII.
2362 #
2363 # For Pyongyang, guess no changes from World War II until 2015, as we
2364 # have no information otherwise.
2365
2366 # From Steffen Thorsen (2015-08-07):
2367 # According to many news sources, North Korea is going to change to
2368 # the 8:30 time zone on August 15, one example:
2369 # http://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-33815049
2370 #
2371 # From Paul Eggert (2015-08-15):
2372 # Bells rang out midnight (00:00) Friday as part of the celebrations. See:
2373 # Talmadge E. North Korea celebrates new time zone, 'Pyongyang Time'
2374 # http://news.yahoo.com/north-korea-celebrates-time-zone-pyongyang-time-164038128.html
2375 # There is no common English-language abbreviation for this time zone.
2376 # Use KST, as that's what we already use for 1954-1961 in ROK.
2377
2378 # From Kang Seonghoon (2018-04-29):
2379 # North Korea will revert its time zone from UTC+8:30 (PYT; Pyongyang
2380 # Time) back to UTC+9 (KST; Korea Standard Time).
2381 #
2382 # From Seo Sanghyeon (2018-04-30):
2383 # Rodong Sinmun 2018-04-30 announced Pyongyang Time transition plan.
2384 # https://www.nknews.org/kcna/wp-content/uploads/sites/5/2018/04/rodong-2018-04-30.pdf
2385 # ... the transition date is 2018-05-05 ... Citation should be Decree
2386 # No. 2232 of April 30, 2018, of the Presidium of the Supreme People's
2387 # Assembly, as published in Rodong Sinmun.
2388 # From Tim Parenti (2018-04-29):
2389 # It appears to be the front page story at the top in the right-most column.
2390 #
2391 # From Paul Eggert (2018-05-04):
2392 # The BBC reported that the transition was from 23:30 to 24:00 today.
2393 # https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-44010705
2394
2395 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
2396 Zone Asia/Seoul 8:27:52 - LMT 1908 Apr 1
2397 8:30 - KST 1912 Jan 1
2398 9:00 - JST 1945 Sep 8
2399 9:00 - KST 1954 Mar 21
2400 8:30 ROK K%sT 1961 Aug 10
2401 9:00 ROK K%sT
2402 Zone Asia/Pyongyang 8:23:00 - LMT 1908 Apr 1
2403 8:30 - KST 1912 Jan 1
2404 9:00 - JST 1945 Aug 24
2405 9:00 - KST 2015 Aug 15 00:00
2406 8:30 - KST 2018 May 4 23:30
2407 9:00 - KST
2408
2409 ###############################################################################
2410
2411 # Kuwait
2412 # See Asia/Riyadh.
2413
2414 # Laos
2415 # See Asia/Bangkok.
2416
2417
2418 # Lebanon
2419 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
2420 Rule Lebanon 1920 only - Mar 28 0:00 1:00 S
2421 Rule Lebanon 1920 only - Oct 25 0:00 0 -
2422 Rule Lebanon 1921 only - Apr 3 0:00 1:00 S
2423 Rule Lebanon 1921 only - Oct 3 0:00 0 -
2424 Rule Lebanon 1922 only - Mar 26 0:00 1:00 S
2425 Rule Lebanon 1922 only - Oct 8 0:00 0 -
2426 Rule Lebanon 1923 only - Apr 22 0:00 1:00 S
2427 Rule Lebanon 1923 only - Sep 16 0:00 0 -
2428 Rule Lebanon 1957 1961 - May 1 0:00 1:00 S
2429 Rule Lebanon 1957 1961 - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
2430 Rule Lebanon 1972 only - Jun 22 0:00 1:00 S
2431 Rule Lebanon 1972 1977 - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
2432 Rule Lebanon 1973 1977 - May 1 0:00 1:00 S
2433 Rule Lebanon 1978 only - Apr 30 0:00 1:00 S
2434 Rule Lebanon 1978 only - Sep 30 0:00 0 -
2435 Rule Lebanon 1984 1987 - May 1 0:00 1:00 S
2436 Rule Lebanon 1984 1991 - Oct 16 0:00 0 -
2437 Rule Lebanon 1988 only - Jun 1 0:00 1:00 S
2438 Rule Lebanon 1989 only - May 10 0:00 1:00 S
2439 Rule Lebanon 1990 1992 - May 1 0:00 1:00 S
2440 Rule Lebanon 1992 only - Oct 4 0:00 0 -
2441 Rule Lebanon 1993 max - Mar lastSun 0:00 1:00 S
2442 Rule Lebanon 1993 1998 - Sep lastSun 0:00 0 -
2443 Rule Lebanon 1999 max - Oct lastSun 0:00 0 -
2444 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
2445 Zone Asia/Beirut 2:22:00 - LMT 1880
2446 2:00 Lebanon EE%sT
2447
2448 # Malaysia
2449 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
2450 Rule NBorneo 1935 1941 - Sep 14 0:00 0:20 -
2451 Rule NBorneo 1935 1941 - Dec 14 0:00 0 -
2452 #
2453 # peninsular Malaysia
2454 # taken from Mok Ly Yng (2003-10-30)
2455 # http://www.math.nus.edu.sg/aslaksen/teaching/timezone.html
2456 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
2457 Zone Asia/Kuala_Lumpur 6:46:46 - LMT 1901 Jan 1
2458 6:55:25 - SMT 1905 Jun 1 # Singapore M.T.
2459 7:00 - +07 1933 Jan 1
2460 7:00 0:20 +0720 1936 Jan 1
2461 7:20 - +0720 1941 Sep 1
2462 7:30 - +0730 1942 Feb 16
2463 9:00 - +09 1945 Sep 12
2464 7:30 - +0730 1982 Jan 1
2465 8:00 - +08
2466 # Sabah & Sarawak
2467 # From Paul Eggert (2014-08-12):
2468 # The data entries here are mostly from Shanks & Pottenger, but the 1942, 1945
2469 # and 1982 transition dates are from Mok Ly Yng.
2470 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
2471 Zone Asia/Kuching 7:21:20 - LMT 1926 Mar
2472 7:30 - +0730 1933
2473 8:00 NBorneo +08/+0820 1942 Feb 16
2474 9:00 - +09 1945 Sep 12
2475 8:00 - +08
2476
2477 # Maldives
2478 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
2479 Zone Indian/Maldives 4:54:00 - LMT 1880 # Malé
2480 4:54:00 - MMT 1960 # Malé Mean Time
2481 5:00 - +05
2482
2483 # Mongolia
2484
2485 # Shanks & Pottenger say that Mongolia has three time zones, but
2486 # The USNO (1995-12-21) and the CIA map Standard Time Zones of the World
2487 # (2005-03) both say that it has just one.
2488
2489 # From Oscar van Vlijmen (1999-12-11):
2490 # General Information Mongolia
2491 # <http://www.mongoliatourism.gov.mn/general.htm> (1999-09)
2492 # "Time: Mongolia has two time zones. Three westernmost provinces of
2493 # Bayan-Ölgii, Uvs, and Hovd are one hour earlier than the capital city, and
2494 # the rest of the country follows the Ulaanbaatar time, which is UTC/GMT plus
2495 # eight hours."
2496
2497 # From Rives McDow (1999-12-13):
2498 # Mongolia discontinued the use of daylight savings time in 1999; 1998
2499 # being the last year it was implemented. The dates of implementation I am
2500 # unsure of, but most probably it was similar to Russia, except for the time
2501 # of implementation may have been different....
2502 # Some maps in the past have indicated that there was an additional time
2503 # zone in the eastern part of Mongolia, including the provinces of Dornod,
2504 # Sükhbaatar, and possibly Khentii.
2505
2506 # From Paul Eggert (1999-12-15):
2507 # Naming and spelling is tricky in Mongolia.
2508 # We'll use Hovd (also spelled Chovd and Khovd) to represent the west zone;
2509 # the capital of the Hovd province is sometimes called Hovd, sometimes Dund-Us,
2510 # and sometimes Jirgalanta (with variant spellings), but the name Hovd
2511 # is good enough for our purposes.
2512
2513 # From Rives McDow (2001-05-13):
2514 # In addition to Mongolia starting daylight savings as reported earlier
2515 # (adopted DST on 2001-04-27 02:00 local time, ending 2001-09-28),
2516 # there are three time zones.
2517 #
2518 # Provinces [at 7:00]: Bayan-Ölgii, Uvs, Khovd, Zavkhan, Govi-Altai
2519 # Provinces [at 8:00]: Khövsgöl, Bulgan, Arkhangai, Khentii, Töv,
2520 # Bayankhongor, Övörkhangai, Dundgovi, Dornogovi, Ömnögovi
2521 # Provinces [at 9:00]: Dornod, Sükhbaatar
2522 #
2523 # [The province of Selenge is omitted from the above lists.]
2524
2525 # From Ganbold Ts., Ulaanbaatar (2004-04-17):
2526 # Daylight saving occurs at 02:00 local time last Saturday of March.
2527 # It will change back to normal at 02:00 local time last Saturday of
2528 # September.... As I remember this rule was changed in 2001.
2529 #
2530 # From Paul Eggert (2004-04-17):
2531 # For now, assume Rives McDow's informant got confused about Friday vs
2532 # Saturday, and that his 2001 dates should have 1 added to them.
2533
2534 # From Paul Eggert (2005-07-26):
2535 # We have wildly conflicting information about Mongolia's time zones.
2536 # Bill Bonnet (2005-05-19) reports that the US Embassy in Ulaanbaatar says
2537 # there is only one time zone and that DST is observed, citing Microsoft
2538 # Windows XP as the source. Risto Nykänen (2005-05-16) reports that
2539 # travelmongolia.org says there are two time zones (UT +07, +08) with no DST.
2540 # Oscar van Vlijmen (2005-05-20) reports that the Mongolian Embassy in
2541 # Washington, DC says there are two time zones, with DST observed.
2542 # He also found
2543 # http://ubpost.mongolnews.mn/index.php?subaction=showcomments&id=1111634894&archive=&start_from=&ucat=1&
2544 # which also says that there is DST, and which has a comment by "Toddius"
2545 # (2005-03-31 06:05 +0700) saying "Mongolia actually has 3.5 time zones.
2546 # The West (OLGII) is +7 GMT, most of the country is ULAT is +8 GMT
2547 # and some Eastern provinces are +9 GMT but Sükhbaatar Aimag is SUHK +8.5 GMT.
2548 # The SUKH timezone is new this year, it is one of the few things the
2549 # parliament passed during the tumultuous winter session."
2550 # For now, let's ignore this information, until we have more confirmation.
2551
2552 # From Ganbold Ts. (2007-02-26):
2553 # Parliament of Mongolia has just changed the daylight-saving rule in February.
2554 # They decided not to adopt daylight-saving time....
2555 # http://www.mongolnews.mn/index.php?module=unuudur&sec=view&id=15742
2556
2557 # From Deborah Goldsmith (2008-03-30):
2558 # We received a bug report claiming that the tz database UTC offset for
2559 # Asia/Choibalsan (GMT+09:00) is incorrect, and that it should be GMT
2560 # +08:00 instead. Different sources appear to disagree with the tz
2561 # database on this, e.g.:
2562 #
2563 # https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/city.html?n=1026
2564 # http://www.worldtimeserver.com/current_time_in_MN.aspx
2565 #
2566 # both say GMT+08:00.
2567
2568 # From Steffen Thorsen (2008-03-31):
2569 # eznis airways, which operates several domestic flights, has a flight
2570 # schedule here:
2571 # http://www.eznis.com/Container.jsp?id=112
2572 # (click the English flag for English)
2573 #
2574 # There it appears that flights between Choibalsan and Ulaanbaatar arrive
2575 # about 1:35 - 1:50 hours later in local clock time, no matter the
2576 # direction, while Ulaanbaatar-Khovd takes 2 hours in the Eastern
2577 # direction and 3:35 back, which indicates that Ulaanbaatar and Khovd are
2578 # in different time zones (like we know about), while Choibalsan and
2579 # Ulaanbaatar are in the same time zone (correction needed).
2580
2581 # From Arthur David Olson (2008-05-19):
2582 # Assume that Choibalsan is indeed offset by 8:00.
2583 # XXX--in the absence of better information, assume that transition
2584 # was at the start of 2008-03-31 (the day of Steffen Thorsen's report);
2585 # this is almost surely wrong.
2586
2587 # From Ganbold Tsagaankhuu (2015-03-10):
2588 # It seems like yesterday Mongolian Government meeting has concluded to use
2589 # daylight saving time in Mongolia.... Starting at 2:00AM of last Saturday of
2590 # March 2015, daylight saving time starts. And 00:00AM of last Saturday of
2591 # September daylight saving time ends. Source:
2592 # http://zasag.mn/news/view/8969
2593
2594 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
2595 Rule Mongol 1983 1984 - Apr 1 0:00 1:00 -
2596 Rule Mongol 1983 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
2597 # Shanks & Pottenger and IATA SSIM say 1990s switches occurred at 00:00,
2598 # but McDow says the 2001 switches occurred at 02:00. Also, IATA SSIM
2599 # (1996-09) says 1996-10-25. Go with Shanks & Pottenger through 1998.
2600 #
2601 # Shanks & Pottenger say that the Sept. 1984 through Sept. 1990 switches
2602 # in Choibalsan (more precisely, in Dornod and Sükhbaatar) took place
2603 # at 02:00 standard time, not at 00:00 local time as in the rest of
2604 # the country. That would be odd, and possibly is a result of their
2605 # correction of 02:00 (in the previous edition) not being done correctly
2606 # in the latest edition; so ignore it for now.
2607
2608 # From Ganbold Tsagaankhuu (2017-02-09):
2609 # Mongolian Government meeting has concluded today to cancel daylight
2610 # saving time adoption in Mongolia. Source: http://zasag.mn/news/view/16192
2611
2612 Rule Mongol 1985 1998 - Mar lastSun 0:00 1:00 -
2613 Rule Mongol 1984 1998 - Sep lastSun 0:00 0 -
2614 # IATA SSIM (1999-09) says Mongolia no longer observes DST.
2615 Rule Mongol 2001 only - Apr lastSat 2:00 1:00 -
2616 Rule Mongol 2001 2006 - Sep lastSat 2:00 0 -
2617 Rule Mongol 2002 2006 - Mar lastSat 2:00 1:00 -
2618 Rule Mongol 2015 2016 - Mar lastSat 2:00 1:00 -
2619 Rule Mongol 2015 2016 - Sep lastSat 0:00 0 -
2620
2621 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
2622 # Hovd, a.k.a. Chovd, Dund-Us, Dzhargalant, Khovd, Jirgalanta
2623 Zone Asia/Hovd 6:06:36 - LMT 1905 Aug
2624 6:00 - +06 1978
2625 7:00 Mongol +07/+08
2626 # Ulaanbaatar, a.k.a. Ulan Bataar, Ulan Bator, Urga
2627 Zone Asia/Ulaanbaatar 7:07:32 - LMT 1905 Aug
2628 7:00 - +07 1978
2629 8:00 Mongol +08/+09
2630 # Choibalsan, a.k.a. Bajan Tümen, Bajan Tumen, Chojbalsan,
2631 # Choybalsan, Sanbejse, Tchoibalsan
2632 Zone Asia/Choibalsan 7:38:00 - LMT 1905 Aug
2633 7:00 - +07 1978
2634 8:00 - +08 1983 Apr
2635 9:00 Mongol +09/+10 2008 Mar 31
2636 8:00 Mongol +08/+09
2637
2638 # Nepal
2639 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
2640 Zone Asia/Kathmandu 5:41:16 - LMT 1920
2641 5:30 - +0530 1986
2642 5:45 - +0545
2643
2644 # Oman
2645 # See Asia/Dubai.
2646
2647 # Pakistan
2648
2649 # From Rives McDow (2002-03-13):
2650 # I have been advised that Pakistan has decided to adopt dst on a
2651 # TRIAL basis for one year, starting 00:01 local time on April 7, 2002
2652 # and ending at 00:01 local time October 6, 2002. This is what I was
2653 # told, but I believe that the actual time of change may be 00:00; the
2654 # 00:01 was to make it clear which day it was on.
2655
2656 # From Paul Eggert (2002-03-15):
2657 # Jesper Nørgaard found this URL:
2658 # http://www.pak.gov.pk/public/news/app/app06_dec.htm
2659 # (dated 2001-12-06) which says that the Cabinet adopted a scheme "to
2660 # advance the clocks by one hour on the night between the first
2661 # Saturday and Sunday of April and revert to the original position on
2662 # 15th October each year". This agrees with McDow's 04-07 at 00:00,
2663 # but disagrees about the October transition, and makes it sound like
2664 # it's not on a trial basis. Also, the "between the first Saturday
2665 # and Sunday of April" phrase, if taken literally, means that the
2666 # transition takes place at 00:00 on the first Sunday on or after 04-02.
2667
2668 # From Paul Eggert (2003-02-09):
2669 # DAWN <http://www.dawn.com/2002/10/06/top13.htm> reported on 2002-10-05
2670 # that 2002 DST ended that day at midnight. Go with McDow for now.
2671
2672 # From Steffen Thorsen (2003-03-14):
2673 # According to http://www.dawn.com/2003/03/07/top15.htm
2674 # there will be no DST in Pakistan this year:
2675 #
2676 # ISLAMABAD, March 6: Information and Media Development Minister Sheikh
2677 # Rashid Ahmed on Thursday said the cabinet had reversed a previous
2678 # decision to advance clocks by one hour in summer and put them back by
2679 # one hour in winter with the aim of saving light hours and energy.
2680 #
2681 # The minister told a news conference that the experiment had rather
2682 # shown 8 per cent higher consumption of electricity.
2683
2684 # From Alex Krivenyshev (2008-05-15):
2685 #
2686 # Here is an article that Pakistan plan to introduce Daylight Saving Time
2687 # on June 1, 2008 for 3 months.
2688 #
2689 # "... The federal cabinet on Wednesday announced a new conservation plan to
2690 # help reduce load shedding by approving the closure of commercial centres at
2691 # 9pm and moving clocks forward by one hour for the next three months. ...."
2692 #
2693 # http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_pakistan01.html
2694 # http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp?page=2008%5C05%5C15%5Cstory_15-5-2008_pg1_4
2695
2696 # From Arthur David Olson (2008-05-19):
2697 # XXX--midnight transitions is a guess; 2008 only is a guess.
2698
2699 # From Alexander Krivenyshev (2008-08-28):
2700 # Pakistan government has decided to keep the watches one-hour advanced
2701 # for another 2 months - plan to return to Standard Time on October 31
2702 # instead of August 31.
2703 #
2704 # http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_pakistan02.html
2705 # http://dailymailnews.com/200808/28/news/dmbrn03.html
2706
2707 # From Alexander Krivenyshev (2009-04-08):
2708 # Based on previous media reports that "... proposed plan to
2709 # advance clocks by one hour from May 1 will cause disturbance
2710 # to the working schedules rather than bringing discipline in
2711 # official working."
2712 # http://www.thenews.com.pk/daily_detail.asp?id=171280
2713 #
2714 # recent news that instead of May 2009 - Pakistan plan to
2715 # introduce DST from April 15, 2009
2716 #
2717 # FYI: Associated Press Of Pakistan
2718 # April 08, 2009
2719 # Cabinet okays proposal to advance clocks by one hour from April 15
2720 # http://www.app.com.pk/en_/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=73043&Itemid=1
2721 # http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_pakistan05.html
2722 #
2723 # ....
2724 # The Federal Cabinet on Wednesday approved the proposal to
2725 # advance clocks in the country by one hour from April 15 to
2726 # conserve energy"
2727
2728 # From Steffen Thorsen (2009-09-17):
2729 # "The News International," Pakistan reports that: "The Federal
2730 # Government has decided to restore the previous time by moving the
2731 # clocks backward by one hour from October 1. A formal announcement to
2732 # this effect will be made after the Prime Minister grants approval in
2733 # this regard."
2734 # http://www.thenews.com.pk/updates.asp?id=87168
2735
2736 # From Alexander Krivenyshev (2009-09-28):
2737 # According to Associated Press Of Pakistan, it is confirmed that
2738 # Pakistan clocks across the country would be turned back by an hour from
2739 # October 1, 2009.
2740 #
2741 # "Clocks to go back one hour from 1 Oct"
2742 # http://www.app.com.pk/en_/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=86715&Itemid=2
2743 # http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_pakistan07.htm
2744 #
2745 # From Steffen Thorsen (2009-09-29):
2746 # Now they seem to have changed their mind, November 1 is the new date:
2747 # http://www.thenews.com.pk/top_story_detail.asp?Id=24742
2748 # "The country's clocks will be reversed by one hour on November 1.
2749 # Officials of Federal Ministry for Interior told this to Geo News on
2750 # Monday."
2751 #
2752 # And more importantly, it seems that these dates will be kept every year:
2753 # "It has now been decided that clocks will be wound forward by one hour
2754 # on April 15 and reversed by an hour on November 1 every year without
2755 # obtaining prior approval, the officials added."
2756 #
2757 # We have confirmed this year's end date with both with the Ministry of
2758 # Water and Power and the Pakistan Electric Power Company:
2759 # https://www.timeanddate.com/news/time/pakistan-ends-dst09.html
2760
2761 # From Christoph Göhre (2009-10-01):
2762 # [T]he German Consulate General in Karachi reported me today that Pakistan
2763 # will go back to standard time on 1st of November.
2764
2765 # From Steffen Thorsen (2010-03-26):
2766 # Steffen Thorsen wrote:
2767 # > On Thursday (2010-03-25) it was announced that DST would start in
2768 # > Pakistan on 2010-04-01.
2769 # >
2770 # > Then today, the president said that they might have to revert the
2771 # > decision if it is not supported by the parliament. So at the time
2772 # > being, it seems unclear if DST will be actually observed or not - but
2773 # > April 1 could be a more likely date than April 15.
2774 # Now, it seems that the decision to not observe DST in final:
2775 #
2776 # "Govt Withdraws Plan To Advance Clocks"
2777 # http://www.apakistannews.com/govt-withdraws-plan-to-advance-clocks-172041
2778 #
2779 # "People laud PM's announcement to end DST"
2780 # http://www.app.com.pk/en_/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=99374&Itemid=2
2781
2782 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
2783 Rule Pakistan 2002 only - Apr Sun>=2 0:00 1:00 S
2784 Rule Pakistan 2002 only - Oct Sun>=2 0:00 0 -
2785 Rule Pakistan 2008 only - Jun 1 0:00 1:00 S
2786 Rule Pakistan 2008 2009 - Nov 1 0:00 0 -
2787 Rule Pakistan 2009 only - Apr 15 0:00 1:00 S
2788
2789 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
2790 Zone Asia/Karachi 4:28:12 - LMT 1907
2791 5:30 - +0530 1942 Sep
2792 5:30 1:00 +0630 1945 Oct 15
2793 5:30 - +0530 1951 Sep 30
2794 5:00 - +05 1971 Mar 26
2795 5:00 Pakistan PK%sT # Pakistan Time
2796
2797 # Palestine
2798
2799 # From Amos Shapir (1998-02-15):
2800 #
2801 # From 1917 until 1948-05-15, all of Palestine, including the parts now
2802 # known as the Gaza Strip and the West Bank, was under British rule.
2803 # Therefore the rules given for Israel for that period, apply there too...
2804 #
2805 # The Gaza Strip was under Egyptian rule between 1948-05-15 until 1967-06-05
2806 # (except a short occupation by Israel from 1956-11 till 1957-03, but no
2807 # time zone was affected then). It was never formally annexed to Egypt,
2808 # though.
2809 #
2810 # The rest of Palestine was under Jordanian rule at that time, formally
2811 # annexed in 1950 as the West Bank (and the word "Trans" was dropped from
2812 # the country's previous name of "the Hashemite Kingdom of the
2813 # Trans-Jordan"). So the rules for Jordan for that time apply. Major
2814 # towns in that area are Nablus (Shchem), El-Halil (Hebron), Ramallah, and
2815 # East Jerusalem.
2816 #
2817 # Both areas were occupied by Israel in June 1967, but not annexed (except
2818 # for East Jerusalem). They were on Israel time since then; there might
2819 # have been a Military Governor's order about time zones, but I'm not aware
2820 # of any (such orders may have been issued semi-annually whenever summer
2821 # time was in effect, but maybe the legal aspect of time was just neglected).
2822 #
2823 # The Palestinian Authority was established in 1993, and got hold of most
2824 # towns in the West Bank and Gaza by 1995. I know that in order to
2825 # demonstrate...independence, they have been switching to
2826 # summer time and back on a different schedule than Israel's, but I don't
2827 # know when this was started, or what algorithm is used (most likely the
2828 # Jordanian one).
2829 #
2830 # To summarize, the table should probably look something like that:
2831 #
2832 # Area \ when | 1918-1947 | 1948-1967 | 1967-1995 | 1996-
2833 # ------------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------
2834 # Israel | Zion | Zion | Zion | Zion
2835 # West bank | Zion | Jordan | Zion | Jordan
2836 # Gaza | Zion | Egypt | Zion | Jordan
2837 #
2838 # I guess more info may be available from the PA's web page (if/when they
2839 # have one).
2840
2841 # From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):
2842 # Shanks & Pottenger write that Gaza did not observe DST until 1957, but go
2843 # with Shapir and assume that it observed DST from 1940 through 1947,
2844 # and that it used Jordanian rules starting in 1996.
2845 # We don't yet need a separate entry for the West Bank, since
2846 # the only differences between it and Gaza that we know about
2847 # occurred before our cutoff date of 1970.
2848 # However, as we get more information, we may need to add entries
2849 # for parts of the West Bank as they transitioned from Israel's rules
2850 # to Palestine's rules.
2851
2852 # From IINS News Service - Israel - 1998-03-23 10:38:07 Israel time,
2853 # forwarded by Ephraim Silverberg:
2854 #
2855 # Despite the fact that Israel changed over to daylight savings time
2856 # last week, the PLO Authority (PA) has decided not to turn its clocks
2857 # one-hour forward at this time. As a sign of independence from Israeli rule,
2858 # the PA has decided to implement DST in April.
2859
2860 # From Paul Eggert (1999-09-20):
2861 # Daoud Kuttab writes in Holiday havoc
2862 # http://www.jpost.com/com/Archive/22.Apr.1999/Opinion/Article-2.html
2863 # (Jerusalem Post, 1999-04-22) that
2864 # the Palestinian National Authority changed to DST on 1999-04-15.
2865 # I vaguely recall that they switch back in October (sorry, forgot the source).
2866 # For now, let's assume that the spring switch was at 24:00,
2867 # and that they switch at 0:00 on the 3rd Fridays of April and October.
2868
2869 # From Paul Eggert (2005-11-22):
2870 # Starting 2004 transitions are from Steffen Thorsen's web site timeanddate.com.
2871
2872 # From Steffen Thorsen (2005-11-23):
2873 # A user from Gaza reported that Gaza made the change early because of
2874 # the Ramadan. Next year Ramadan will be even earlier, so I think
2875 # there is a good chance next year's end date will be around two weeks
2876 # earlier - the same goes for Jordan.
2877
2878 # From Steffen Thorsen (2006-08-17):
2879 # I was informed by a user in Bethlehem that in Bethlehem it started the
2880 # same day as Israel, and after checking with other users in the area, I
2881 # was informed that they started DST one day after Israel. I was not
2882 # able to find any authoritative sources at the time, nor details if
2883 # Gaza changed as well, but presumed Gaza to follow the same rules as
2884 # the West Bank.
2885
2886 # From Steffen Thorsen (2006-09-26):
2887 # according to the Palestine News Network (2006-09-19):
2888 # http://english.pnn.ps/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=596&Itemid=5
2889 # > The Council of Ministers announced that this year its winter schedule
2890 # > will begin early, as of midnight Thursday. It is also time to turn
2891 # > back the clocks for winter. Friday will begin an hour late this week.
2892 # I guess it is likely that next year's date will be moved as well,
2893 # because of the Ramadan.
2894
2895 # From Jesper Nørgaard Welen (2007-09-18):
2896 # According to Steffen Thorsen's web site the Gaza Strip and the rest of the
2897 # Palestinian territories left DST early on 13.th. of September at 2:00.
2898
2899 # From Paul Eggert (2007-09-20):
2900 # My understanding is that Gaza and the West Bank disagree even over when
2901 # the weekend is (Thursday+Friday versus Friday+Saturday), so I'd be a bit
2902 # surprised if they agreed about DST. But for now, assume they agree.
2903 # For lack of better information, predict that future changes will be
2904 # the 2nd Thursday of September at 02:00.
2905
2906 # From Alexander Krivenyshev (2008-08-28):
2907 # Here is an article, that Mideast running on different clocks at Ramadan.
2908 #
2909 # Gaza Strip (as Egypt) ended DST at midnight Thursday (Aug 28, 2008), while
2910 # the West Bank will end Daylight Saving Time at midnight Sunday (Aug 31, 2008).
2911 #
2912 # http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/feedarticle/7759001
2913 # http://www.abcnews.go.com/International/wireStory?id=5676087
2914 # http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_gazastrip01.html
2915
2916 # From Alexander Krivenyshev (2009-03-26):
2917 # According to the Palestine News Network (arabic.pnn.ps), Palestinian
2918 # government decided to start Daylight Time on Thursday night March
2919 # 26 and continue until the night of 27 September 2009.
2920 #
2921 # (in Arabic)
2922 # http://arabic.pnn.ps/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=50850
2923 #
2924 # (English translation)
2925 # http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_westbank01.html
2926
2927 # From Steffen Thorsen (2009-08-31):
2928 # Palestine's Council of Ministers announced that they will revert back to
2929 # winter time on Friday, 2009-09-04.
2930 #
2931 # One news source:
2932 # http://www.safa.ps/ara/?action=showdetail&seid=4158
2933 # (Palestinian press agency, Arabic),
2934 # Google translate: "Decided that the Palestinian government in Ramallah
2935 # headed by Salam Fayyad, the start of work in time for the winter of
2936 # 2009, starting on Friday approved the fourth delay Sept. clock sixty
2937 # minutes per hour as of Friday morning."
2938 #
2939 # We are not sure if Gaza will do the same, last year they had a different
2940 # end date, we will keep this page updated:
2941 # https://www.timeanddate.com/news/time/westbank-gaza-dst-2009.html
2942
2943 # From Alexander Krivenyshev (2009-09-02):
2944 # Seems that Gaza Strip will go back to Winter Time same date as West Bank.
2945 #
2946 # According to Palestinian Ministry Of Interior, West Bank and Gaza Strip plan
2947 # to change time back to Standard time on September 4, 2009.
2948 #
2949 # "Winter time unite the West Bank and Gaza"
2950 # (from Palestinian National Authority):
2951 # http://www.moi.gov.ps/en/?page=633167343250594025&nid=11505
2952 # http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_gazastrip02.html
2953
2954 # From Alexander Krivenyshev (2010-03-19):
2955 # According to Voice of Palestine DST will last for 191 days, from March
2956 # 26, 2010 till "the last Sunday before the tenth day of Tishri
2957 # (October), each year" (October 03, 2010?)
2958 #
2959 # http://palvoice.org/forums/showthread.php?t=245697
2960 # (in Arabic)
2961 # http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_westbank03.html
2962
2963 # From Steffen Thorsen (2010-03-24):
2964 # ...Ma'an News Agency reports that Hamas cabinet has decided it will
2965 # start one day later, at 12:01am. Not sure if they really mean 12:01am or
2966 # noon though:
2967 #
2968 # http://www.maannews.net/eng/ViewDetails.aspx?ID=271178
2969 # (Ma'an News Agency)
2970 # "At 12:01am Friday, clocks in Israel and the West Bank will change to
2971 # 1:01am, while Gaza clocks will change at 12:01am Saturday morning."
2972
2973 # From Steffen Thorsen (2010-08-11):
2974 # According to several sources, including
2975 # http://www.maannews.net/eng/ViewDetails.aspx?ID=306795
2976 # the clocks were set back one hour at 2010-08-11 00:00:00 local time in
2977 # Gaza and the West Bank.
2978 # Some more background info:
2979 # https://www.timeanddate.com/news/time/westbank-gaza-end-dst-2010.html
2980
2981 # From Steffen Thorsen (2011-08-26):
2982 # Gaza and the West Bank did go back to standard time in the beginning of
2983 # August, and will now enter daylight saving time again on 2011-08-30
2984 # 00:00 (so two periods of DST in 2011). The pause was because of
2985 # Ramadan.
2986 #
2987 # http://www.maannews.net/eng/ViewDetails.aspx?ID=416217
2988 # Additional info:
2989 # https://www.timeanddate.com/news/time/palestine-dst-2011.html
2990
2991 # From Alexander Krivenyshev (2011-08-27):
2992 # According to the article in The Jerusalem Post:
2993 # "...Earlier this month, the Palestinian government in the West Bank decided to
2994 # move to standard time for 30 days, during Ramadan. The Palestinians in the
2995 # Gaza Strip accepted the change and also moved their clocks one hour back.
2996 # The Hamas government said on Saturday that it won't observe summertime after
2997 # the Muslim feast of Id al-Fitr, which begins on Tuesday..."
2998 # ...
2999 # https://www.jpost.com/MiddleEast/Article.aspx?id=235650
3000 # http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_gazastrip05.html
3001 # The rules for Egypt are stolen from the 'africa' file.
3002
3003 # From Steffen Thorsen (2011-09-30):
3004 # West Bank did end Daylight Saving Time this morning/midnight (2011-09-30
3005 # 00:00).
3006 # So West Bank and Gaza now have the same time again.
3007 #
3008 # Many sources, including:
3009 # http://www.maannews.net/eng/ViewDetails.aspx?ID=424808
3010
3011 # From Steffen Thorsen (2012-03-26):
3012 # Palestinian news sources tell that both Gaza and West Bank will start DST
3013 # on Friday (Thursday midnight, 2012-03-29 24:00).
3014 # Some of many sources in Arabic:
3015 # http://www.samanews.com/index.php?act=Show&id=122638
3016 #
3017 # http://safa.ps/details/news/74352/%D8%A8%D8%AF%D8%A1-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%82%D9%8A%D8%AA-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B5%D9%8A%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B6%D9%81%D8%A9-%D9%88%D8%BA%D8%B2%D8%A9-%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%84%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%A9.html
3018 #
3019 # Our brief summary:
3020 # https://www.timeanddate.com/news/time/gaza-west-bank-dst-2012.html
3021
3022 # From Steffen Thorsen (2013-03-26):
3023 # The following news sources tells that Palestine will "start daylight saving
3024 # time from midnight on Friday, March 29, 2013" (translated).
3025 # [These are in Arabic and are for Gaza and for Ramallah, respectively.]
3026 # http://www.samanews.com/index.php?act=Show&id=154120
3027 # http://safa.ps/details/news/99844/%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%85-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%84%D9%87-%D8%A8%D8%AF%D8%A1-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%82%D9%8A%D8%AA-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B5%D9%8A%D9%81%D9%8A-29-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A.html
3028
3029 # From Steffen Thorsen (2013-09-24):
3030 # The Gaza and West Bank are ending DST Thursday at midnight
3031 # (2013-09-27 00:00:00) (one hour earlier than last year...).
3032 # This source in English, says "that winter time will go into effect
3033 # at midnight on Thursday in the West Bank and Gaza Strip":
3034 # http://english.wafa.ps/index.php?action=detail&id=23246
3035 # official source...:
3036 # http://www.palestinecabinet.gov.ps/ar/Views/ViewDetails.aspx?pid=1252
3037
3038 # From Steffen Thorsen (2015-03-03):
3039 # Sources such as http://www.alquds.com/news/article/view/id/548257
3040 # and https://www.raya.ps/ar/news/890705.html say Palestine areas will
3041 # start DST on 2015-03-28 00:00 which is one day later than expected.
3042 #
3043 # From Paul Eggert (2015-03-03):
3044 # https://www.timeanddate.com/time/change/west-bank/ramallah?year=2014
3045 # says that the fall 2014 transition was Oct 23 at 24:00.
3046
3047 # From Hannah Kreitem (2016-03-09):
3048 # http://www.palestinecabinet.gov.ps/WebSite/ar/ViewDetails?ID=31728
3049 # [Google translation]: "The Council also decided to start daylight
3050 # saving in Palestine as of one o'clock on Saturday morning,
3051 # 2016-03-26, to provide the clock 60 minutes ahead."
3052
3053 # From Sharef Mustafa (2016-10-19):
3054 # [T]he Palestinian cabinet decision (Mar 8th 2016) published on
3055 # http://www.palestinecabinet.gov.ps/WebSite/Upload/Decree/GOV_17/16032016134830.pdf
3056 # states that summer time will end on Oct 29th at 01:00.
3057 #
3058 # From Tim Parenti (2016-10-19):
3059 # Predict fall transitions on October's last Saturday at 01:00 from now on.
3060 # This is consistent with the 2016 transition as well as our spring
3061 # predictions.
3062 #
3063 # From Paul Eggert (2016-10-19):
3064 # It's also consistent with predictions in the following URLs today:
3065 # https://www.timeanddate.com/time/change/gaza-strip/gaza
3066 # https://www.timeanddate.com/time/change/west-bank/hebron
3067
3068 # From Sharef Mustafa (2018-03-16):
3069 # Palestine summer time will start on Mar 24th 2018 by advancing the
3070 # clock by 60 minutes as per Palestinian cabinet decision published on
3071 # the official website, though the decree did not specify the exact
3072 # time of the time shift.
3073 # http://www.palestinecabinet.gov.ps/Website/AR/NDecrees/ViewFile.ashx?ID=e7a42ab7-ee23-435a-b9c8-a4f7e81f3817
3074 #
3075 # From Paul Eggert (2018-03-16):
3076 # For 2016 on, predict spring transitions on March's fourth Saturday at 01:00.
3077
3078 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
3079 Rule EgyptAsia 1957 only - May 10 0:00 1:00 S
3080 Rule EgyptAsia 1957 1958 - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
3081 Rule EgyptAsia 1958 only - May 1 0:00 1:00 S
3082 Rule EgyptAsia 1959 1967 - May 1 1:00 1:00 S
3083 Rule EgyptAsia 1959 1965 - Sep 30 3:00 0 -
3084 Rule EgyptAsia 1966 only - Oct 1 3:00 0 -
3085
3086 Rule Palestine 1999 2005 - Apr Fri>=15 0:00 1:00 S
3087 Rule Palestine 1999 2003 - Oct Fri>=15 0:00 0 -
3088 Rule Palestine 2004 only - Oct 1 1:00 0 -
3089 Rule Palestine 2005 only - Oct 4 2:00 0 -
3090 Rule Palestine 2006 2007 - Apr 1 0:00 1:00 S
3091 Rule Palestine 2006 only - Sep 22 0:00 0 -
3092 Rule Palestine 2007 only - Sep Thu>=8 2:00 0 -
3093 Rule Palestine 2008 2009 - Mar lastFri 0:00 1:00 S
3094 Rule Palestine 2008 only - Sep 1 0:00 0 -
3095 Rule Palestine 2009 only - Sep Fri>=1 1:00 0 -
3096 Rule Palestine 2010 only - Mar 26 0:00 1:00 S
3097 Rule Palestine 2010 only - Aug 11 0:00 0 -
3098 Rule Palestine 2011 only - Apr 1 0:01 1:00 S
3099 Rule Palestine 2011 only - Aug 1 0:00 0 -
3100 Rule Palestine 2011 only - Aug 30 0:00 1:00 S
3101 Rule Palestine 2011 only - Sep 30 0:00 0 -
3102 Rule Palestine 2012 2014 - Mar lastThu 24:00 1:00 S
3103 Rule Palestine 2012 only - Sep 21 1:00 0 -
3104 Rule Palestine 2013 only - Sep Fri>=21 0:00 0 -
3105 Rule Palestine 2014 2015 - Oct Fri>=21 0:00 0 -
3106 Rule Palestine 2015 only - Mar lastFri 24:00 1:00 S
3107 Rule Palestine 2016 max - Mar Sat>=22 1:00 1:00 S
3108 Rule Palestine 2016 max - Oct lastSat 1:00 0 -
3109
3110 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
3111 Zone Asia/Gaza 2:17:52 - LMT 1900 Oct
3112 2:00 Zion EET/EEST 1948 May 15
3113 2:00 EgyptAsia EE%sT 1967 Jun 5
3114 2:00 Zion I%sT 1996
3115 2:00 Jordan EE%sT 1999
3116 2:00 Palestine EE%sT 2008 Aug 29 0:00
3117 2:00 - EET 2008 Sep
3118 2:00 Palestine EE%sT 2010
3119 2:00 - EET 2010 Mar 27 0:01
3120 2:00 Palestine EE%sT 2011 Aug 1
3121 2:00 - EET 2012
3122 2:00 Palestine EE%sT
3123
3124 Zone Asia/Hebron 2:20:23 - LMT 1900 Oct
3125 2:00 Zion EET/EEST 1948 May 15
3126 2:00 EgyptAsia EE%sT 1967 Jun 5
3127 2:00 Zion I%sT 1996
3128 2:00 Jordan EE%sT 1999
3129 2:00 Palestine EE%sT
3130
3131 # Paracel Is
3132 # no information
3133
3134 # Philippines
3135
3136 # From Paul Eggert (2018-11-18):
3137 # The Spanish initially used American (west-of-Greenwich) time.
3138 # It is unknown what time Manila kept when the British occupied it from
3139 # 1762-10-06 through 1764-04; for now assume it kept American time.
3140 # On 1844-08-16, Narciso Clavería, governor-general of the
3141 # Philippines, issued a proclamation announcing that 1844-12-30 was to
3142 # be immediately followed by 1845-01-01; see R.H. van Gent's
3143 # History of the International Date Line
3144 # https://www.staff.science.uu.nl/~gent0113/idl/idl_philippines.htm
3145 # The rest of the data entries are from Shanks & Pottenger.
3146
3147 # From Jesper Nørgaard Welen (2006-04-26):
3148 # ... claims that Philippines had DST last time in 1990:
3149 # http://story.philippinetimes.com/p.x/ct/9/id/145be20cc6b121c0/cid/3e5bbccc730d258c/
3150 # [a story dated 2006-04-25 by Cris Larano of Dow Jones Newswires,
3151 # but no details]
3152
3153 # From Paul Eggert (2014-08-14):
3154 # The following source says DST may be instituted November-January and again
3155 # March-June, but this is not definite. It also says DST was last proclaimed
3156 # during the Ramos administration (1992-1998); but again, no details.
3157 # Carcamo D. PNoy urged to declare use of daylight saving time.
3158 # Philippine Star 2014-08-05
3159 # http://www.philstar.com/headlines/2014/08/05/1354152/pnoy-urged-declare-use-daylight-saving-time
3160
3161 # From Paul Goyette (2018-06-15):
3162 # In the Philippines, there is a national law, Republic Act No. 10535
3163 # which declares the official time here as "Philippine Standard Time".
3164 # The act [1] even specifies use of PST as the abbreviation, although
3165 # the FAQ provided by PAGASA [2] uses the "acronym PhST to distinguish
3166 # it from the Pacific Standard Time (PST)."
3167 # [1] http://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/2013/05/15/republic-act-no-10535/
3168 # [2] https://www1.pagasa.dost.gov.ph/index.php/astronomy/philippine-standard-time#republic-act-10535
3169 #
3170 # From Paul Eggert (2018-06-19):
3171 # I surveyed recent news reports, and my impression is that "PST" is
3172 # more popular among reliable English-language news sources. This is
3173 # not just a measure of Google hit counts: it's also the sizes and
3174 # influence of the sources. There is no current abbreviation for DST,
3175 # so use "PDT", the usual American style.
3176
3177 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
3178 Rule Phil 1936 only - Nov 1 0:00 1:00 D
3179 Rule Phil 1937 only - Feb 1 0:00 0 S
3180 Rule Phil 1954 only - Apr 12 0:00 1:00 D
3181 Rule Phil 1954 only - Jul 1 0:00 0 S
3182 Rule Phil 1978 only - Mar 22 0:00 1:00 D
3183 Rule Phil 1978 only - Sep 21 0:00 0 S
3184 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
3185 Zone Asia/Manila -15:56:00 - LMT 1844 Dec 31
3186 8:04:00 - LMT 1899 May 11
3187 8:00 Phil P%sT 1942 May
3188 9:00 - JST 1944 Nov
3189 8:00 Phil P%sT
3190
3191 # Qatar
3192 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
3193 Zone Asia/Qatar 3:26:08 - LMT 1920 # Al Dawhah / Doha
3194 4:00 - +04 1972 Jun
3195 3:00 - +03
3196 Link Asia/Qatar Asia/Bahrain
3197
3198 # Saudi Arabia
3199 #
3200 # From Paul Eggert (2018-08-29):
3201 # Time in Saudi Arabia and other countries in the Arabian peninsula was not
3202 # standardized until 1968 or so; we don't know exactly when, and possibly it
3203 # has never been made official. Richard P Hunt, in "Islam city yielding to
3204 # modern times", New York Times (1961-04-09), p 20, wrote that only airlines
3205 # observed standard time, and that people in Jeddah mostly observed quasi-solar
3206 # time, doing so by setting their watches at sunrise to 6 o'clock (or to 12
3207 # o'clock for "Arab" time).
3208 #
3209 # Timekeeping differed depending on who you were and which part of Saudi
3210 # Arabia you were in. In 1969, Elias Antar wrote that although a common
3211 # practice had been to set one's watch to 12:00 (i.e., midnight) at sunset -
3212 # which meant that the time on one side of a mountain could differ greatly from
3213 # the time on the other side - many foreigners set their watches to 6pm
3214 # instead, while airlines instead used UTC +03 (except in Dhahran, where they
3215 # used UTC +04), Aramco used UTC +03 with DST, and the Trans-Arabian Pipe Line
3216 # Company used Aramco time in eastern Saudi Arabia and airline time in western.
3217 # (The American Military Aid Advisory Group used plain UTC.) Antar writes,
3218 # "A man named Higgins, so the story goes, used to run a local power
3219 # station. One day, the whole thing became too much for Higgins and he
3220 # assembled his staff and laid down the law. 'I've had enough of this,' he
3221 # shrieked. 'It is now 12 o'clock Higgins Time, and from now on this station is
3222 # going to run on Higgins Time.' And so, until last year, it did." See:
3223 # Antar E. Dinner at When? Saudi Aramco World, 1969 March/April. 2-3.
3224 # http://archive.aramcoworld.com/issue/196902/dinner.at.when.htm
3225 # Also see: Antar EN. Arabian flying is confusing.
3226 # Port Angeles (WA) Evening News. 1965-03-10. page 3.
3227 #
3228 # The TZ database cannot represent quasi-solar time; airline time is the best
3229 # we can do. The 1946 foreign air news digest of the U.S. Civil Aeronautics
3230 # Board (OCLC 42299995) reported that the "... Arabian Government, inaugurated
3231 # a weekly Dhahran-Cairo service, via the Saudi Arabian cities of Riyadh and
3232 # Jidda, on March 14, 1947". Shanks & Pottenger guessed 1950; go with the
3233 # earlier date.
3234 #
3235 # Shanks & Pottenger also state that until 1968-05-01 Saudi Arabia had two
3236 # time zones; the other zone, at UT +04, was in the far eastern part of
3237 # the country. Presumably this is documenting airline time. Ignore this,
3238 # as it's before our 1970 cutoff.
3239 #
3240 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
3241 Zone Asia/Riyadh 3:06:52 - LMT 1947 Mar 14
3242 3:00 - +03
3243 Link Asia/Riyadh Asia/Aden # Yemen
3244 Link Asia/Riyadh Asia/Kuwait
3245
3246 # Singapore
3247 # taken from Mok Ly Yng (2003-10-30)
3248 # http://www.math.nus.edu.sg/aslaksen/teaching/timezone.html
3249 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
3250 Zone Asia/Singapore 6:55:25 - LMT 1901 Jan 1
3251 6:55:25 - SMT 1905 Jun 1 # Singapore M.T.
3252 7:00 - +07 1933 Jan 1
3253 7:00 0:20 +0720 1936 Jan 1
3254 7:20 - +0720 1941 Sep 1
3255 7:30 - +0730 1942 Feb 16
3256 9:00 - +09 1945 Sep 12
3257 7:30 - +0730 1982 Jan 1
3258 8:00 - +08
3259
3260 # Spratly Is
3261 # no information
3262
3263 # Sri Lanka
3264
3265 # From Paul Eggert (2013-02-21):
3266 # Milne says "Madras mean time use from May 1, 1898. Prior to this Colombo
3267 # mean time, 5h. 4m. 21.9s. F., was used." But 5:04:21.9 differs considerably
3268 # from Colombo's meridian 5:19:24, so for now ignore Milne and stick with
3269 # Shanks and Pottenger.
3270
3271 # From Paul Eggert (1996-09-03):
3272 # "Sri Lanka advances clock by an hour to avoid blackout"
3273 # (<http://www.virtual-pc.com/lankaweb/news/items/240596-2.html>, 1996-05-24,
3274 # no longer available as of 1999-08-17)
3275 # reported "the country's standard time will be put forward by one hour at
3276 # midnight Friday (1830 GMT) 'in the light of the present power crisis'."
3277 #
3278 # From Dharmasiri Senanayake, Sri Lanka Media Minister (1996-10-24), as quoted
3279 # by Shamindra in Daily News - Hot News Section
3280 # <news:54rka5$m5h@mtinsc01-mgt.ops.worldnet.att.net> (1996-10-26):
3281 # With effect from 12.30 a.m. on 26th October 1996
3282 # Sri Lanka will be six (06) hours ahead of GMT.
3283
3284 # From Jesper Nørgaard Welen (2006-04-14), quoting Sri Lanka News Online
3285 # <http://news.sinhalaya.com/wmview.php?ArtID=11002> (2006-04-13):
3286 # 0030 hrs on April 15, 2006 (midnight of April 14, 2006 +30 minutes)
3287 # at present, become 2400 hours of April 14, 2006 (midnight of April 14, 2006).
3288
3289 # From Peter Apps and Ranga Sirila of Reuters (2006-04-12) in:
3290 # http://today.reuters.co.uk/news/newsArticle.aspx?type=scienceNews&storyID=2006-04-12T172228Z_01_COL295762_RTRIDST_0_SCIENCE-SRILANKA-TIME-DC.XML
3291 # [The Tamil Tigers] never accepted the original 1996 time change and simply
3292 # kept their clocks set five and a half hours ahead of Greenwich Mean
3293 # Time (GMT), in line with neighbor India.
3294 # From Paul Eggert (2006-04-18):
3295 # People who live in regions under Tamil control can use [TZ='Asia/Kolkata'],
3296 # as that zone has agreed with the Tamil areas since our cutoff date of 1970.
3297
3298 # From Sadika Sumanapala (2016-10-19):
3299 # According to http://www.sltime.org (maintained by Measurement Units,
3300 # Standards & Services Department, Sri Lanka) abbreviation for Sri Lanka
3301 # standard time is SLST.
3302 #
3303 # From Paul Eggert (2016-10-18):
3304 # "SLST" seems to be reasonably recent and rarely-used outside time
3305 # zone nerd sources. I searched Google News and found three uses of
3306 # it in the International Business Times of India in February and
3307 # March of this year when discussing cricket match times, but nothing
3308 # since then (though there has been a lot of cricket) and nothing in
3309 # other English-language news sources. Our old abbreviation "LKT" is
3310 # even worse. For now, let's use a numeric abbreviation; we can
3311 # switch to "SLST" if it catches on.
3312
3313 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
3314 Zone Asia/Colombo 5:19:24 - LMT 1880
3315 5:19:32 - MMT 1906 # Moratuwa Mean Time
3316 5:30 - +0530 1942 Jan 5
3317 5:30 0:30 +06 1942 Sep
3318 5:30 1:00 +0630 1945 Oct 16 2:00
3319 5:30 - +0530 1996 May 25 0:00
3320 6:30 - +0630 1996 Oct 26 0:30
3321 6:00 - +06 2006 Apr 15 0:30
3322 5:30 - +0530
3323
3324 # Syria
3325 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
3326 Rule Syria 1920 1923 - Apr Sun>=15 2:00 1:00 S
3327 Rule Syria 1920 1923 - Oct Sun>=1 2:00 0 -
3328 Rule Syria 1962 only - Apr 29 2:00 1:00 S
3329 Rule Syria 1962 only - Oct 1 2:00 0 -
3330 Rule Syria 1963 1965 - May 1 2:00 1:00 S
3331 Rule Syria 1963 only - Sep 30 2:00 0 -
3332 Rule Syria 1964 only - Oct 1 2:00 0 -
3333 Rule Syria 1965 only - Sep 30 2:00 0 -
3334 Rule Syria 1966 only - Apr 24 2:00 1:00 S
3335 Rule Syria 1966 1976 - Oct 1 2:00 0 -
3336 Rule Syria 1967 1978 - May 1 2:00 1:00 S
3337 Rule Syria 1977 1978 - Sep 1 2:00 0 -
3338 Rule Syria 1983 1984 - Apr 9 2:00 1:00 S
3339 Rule Syria 1983 1984 - Oct 1 2:00 0 -
3340 Rule Syria 1986 only - Feb 16 2:00 1:00 S
3341 Rule Syria 1986 only - Oct 9 2:00 0 -
3342 Rule Syria 1987 only - Mar 1 2:00 1:00 S
3343 Rule Syria 1987 1988 - Oct 31 2:00 0 -
3344 Rule Syria 1988 only - Mar 15 2:00 1:00 S
3345 Rule Syria 1989 only - Mar 31 2:00 1:00 S
3346 Rule Syria 1989 only - Oct 1 2:00 0 -
3347 Rule Syria 1990 only - Apr 1 2:00 1:00 S
3348 Rule Syria 1990 only - Sep 30 2:00 0 -
3349 Rule Syria 1991 only - Apr 1 0:00 1:00 S
3350 Rule Syria 1991 1992 - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
3351 Rule Syria 1992 only - Apr 8 0:00 1:00 S
3352 Rule Syria 1993 only - Mar 26 0:00 1:00 S
3353 Rule Syria 1993 only - Sep 25 0:00 0 -
3354 # IATA SSIM (1998-02) says 1998-04-02;
3355 # (1998-09) says 1999-03-29 and 1999-09-29; (1999-02) says 1999-04-02,
3356 # 2000-04-02, and 2001-04-02; (1999-09) says 2000-03-31 and 2001-03-31;
3357 # (2006) says 2006-03-31 and 2006-09-22;
3358 # for now ignore all these claims and go with Shanks & Pottenger,
3359 # except for the 2006-09-22 claim (which seems right for Ramadan).
3360 Rule Syria 1994 1996 - Apr 1 0:00 1:00 S
3361 Rule Syria 1994 2005 - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
3362 Rule Syria 1997 1998 - Mar lastMon 0:00 1:00 S
3363 Rule Syria 1999 2006 - Apr 1 0:00 1:00 S
3364 # From Stephen Colebourne (2006-09-18):
3365 # According to IATA data, Syria will change DST on 21st September [21:00 UTC]
3366 # this year [only].... This is probably related to Ramadan, like Egypt.
3367 Rule Syria 2006 only - Sep 22 0:00 0 -
3368 # From Paul Eggert (2007-03-29):
3369 # Today the AP reported "Syria will switch to summertime at midnight Thursday."
3370 # http://www.iht.com/articles/ap/2007/03/29/africa/ME-GEN-Syria-Time-Change.php
3371 Rule Syria 2007 only - Mar lastFri 0:00 1:00 S
3372 # From Jesper Nørgaard (2007-10-27):
3373 # The sister center ICARDA of my work CIMMYT is confirming that Syria DST will
3374 # not take place 1st November at 0:00 o'clock but 1st November at 24:00 or
3375 # rather Midnight between Thursday and Friday. This does make more sense than
3376 # having it between Wednesday and Thursday (two workdays in Syria) since the
3377 # weekend in Syria is not Saturday and Sunday, but Friday and Saturday. So now
3378 # it is implemented at midnight of the last workday before weekend...
3379 #
3380 # From Steffen Thorsen (2007-10-27):
3381 # Jesper Nørgaard Welen wrote:
3382 #
3383 # > "Winter local time in Syria will be observed at midnight of Thursday 1
3384 # > November 2007, and the clock will be put back 1 hour."
3385 #
3386 # I found confirmation on this in this gov.sy-article (Arabic):
3387 # http://wehda.alwehda.gov.sy/_print_veiw.asp?FileName=12521710520070926111247
3388 #
3389 # which using Google's translate tools says:
3390 # Council of Ministers also approved the commencement of work on
3391 # identifying the winter time as of Friday, 2/11/2007 where the 60th
3392 # minute delay at midnight Thursday 1/11/2007.
3393 Rule Syria 2007 only - Nov Fri>=1 0:00 0 -
3394
3395 # From Stephen Colebourne (2008-03-17):
3396 # For everyone's info, I saw an IATA time zone change for [Syria] for
3397 # this month (March 2008) in the last day or so....
3398 # Country Time Standard --- DST Start --- --- DST End --- DST
3399 # Name Zone Variation Time Date Time Date
3400 # Variation
3401 # Syrian Arab
3402 # Republic SY +0200 2200 03APR08 2100 30SEP08 +0300
3403 # 2200 02APR09 2100 30SEP09 +0300
3404 # 2200 01APR10 2100 30SEP10 +0300
3405
3406 # From Arthur David Olson (2008-03-17):
3407 # Here's a link to English-language coverage by the Syrian Arab News
3408 # Agency (SANA)...
3409 # http://www.sana.sy/eng/21/2008/03/11/165173.htm
3410 # ...which reads (in part) "The Cabinet approved the suggestion of the
3411 # Ministry of Electricity to begin daylight savings time on Friday April
3412 # 4th, advancing clocks one hour ahead on midnight of Thursday April 3rd."
3413 # Since Syria is two hours east of UTC, the 2200 and 2100 transition times
3414 # shown above match up with midnight in Syria.
3415
3416 # From Arthur David Olson (2008-03-18):
3417 # My best guess at a Syrian rule is "the Friday nearest April 1";
3418 # coding that involves either using a "Mar Fri>=29" construct that old time zone
3419 # compilers can't handle or having multiple Rules (a la Israel).
3420 # For now, use "Apr Fri>=1", and go with IATA on a uniform Sep 30 end.
3421
3422 # From Steffen Thorsen (2008-10-07):
3423 # Syria has now officially decided to end DST on 2008-11-01 this year,
3424 # according to the following article in the Syrian Arab News Agency (SANA).
3425 #
3426 # The article is in Arabic, and seems to tell that they will go back to
3427 # winter time on 2008-11-01 at 00:00 local daylight time (delaying/setting
3428 # clocks back 60 minutes).
3429 #
3430 # http://sana.sy/ara/2/2008/10/07/195459.htm
3431
3432 # From Steffen Thorsen (2009-03-19):
3433 # Syria will start DST on 2009-03-27 00:00 this year according to many sources,
3434 # two examples:
3435 #
3436 # http://www.sana.sy/eng/21/2009/03/17/217563.htm
3437 # (English, Syrian Arab News # Agency)
3438 # http://thawra.alwehda.gov.sy/_View_news2.asp?FileName=94459258720090318012209
3439 # (Arabic, gov-site)
3440 #
3441 # We have not found any sources saying anything about when DST ends this year.
3442 #
3443 # Our summary
3444 # https://www.timeanddate.com/news/time/syria-dst-starts-march-27-2009.html
3445
3446 # From Steffen Thorsen (2009-10-27):
3447 # The Syrian Arab News Network on 2009-09-29 reported that Syria will
3448 # revert back to winter (standard) time on midnight between Thursday
3449 # 2009-10-29 and Friday 2009-10-30:
3450 # http://www.sana.sy/ara/2/2009/09/29/247012.htm (Arabic)
3451
3452 # From Arthur David Olson (2009-10-28):
3453 # We'll see if future DST switching times turn out to be end of the last
3454 # Thursday of the month or the start of the last Friday of the month or
3455 # something else. For now, use the start of the last Friday.
3456
3457 # From Steffen Thorsen (2010-03-17):
3458 # The "Syrian News Station" reported on 2010-03-16 that the Council of
3459 # Ministers has decided that Syria will start DST on midnight Thursday
3460 # 2010-04-01: (midnight between Thursday and Friday):
3461 # http://sns.sy/sns/?path=news/read/11421 (Arabic)
3462
3463 # From Steffen Thorsen (2012-03-26):
3464 # Today, Syria's government announced that they will start DST early on Friday
3465 # (00:00). This is a bit earlier than the past two years.
3466 #
3467 # From Syrian Arab News Agency, in Arabic:
3468 # http://www.sana.sy/ara/2/2012/03/26/408215.htm
3469 #
3470 # Our brief summary:
3471 # https://www.timeanddate.com/news/time/syria-dst-2012.html
3472
3473 # From Arthur David Olson (2012-03-27):
3474 # Assume last Friday in March going forward XXX.
3475
3476 Rule Syria 2008 only - Apr Fri>=1 0:00 1:00 S
3477 Rule Syria 2008 only - Nov 1 0:00 0 -
3478 Rule Syria 2009 only - Mar lastFri 0:00 1:00 S
3479 Rule Syria 2010 2011 - Apr Fri>=1 0:00 1:00 S
3480 Rule Syria 2012 max - Mar lastFri 0:00 1:00 S
3481 Rule Syria 2009 max - Oct lastFri 0:00 0 -
3482
3483 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
3484 Zone Asia/Damascus 2:25:12 - LMT 1920 # Dimashq
3485 2:00 Syria EE%sT
3486
3487 # Tajikistan
3488 # From Shanks & Pottenger.
3489 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
3490 Zone Asia/Dushanbe 4:35:12 - LMT 1924 May 2
3491 5:00 - +05 1930 Jun 21
3492 6:00 RussiaAsia +06/+07 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
3493 5:00 1:00 +05/+06 1991 Sep 9 2:00s
3494 5:00 - +05
3495
3496 # Thailand
3497 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
3498 Zone Asia/Bangkok 6:42:04 - LMT 1880
3499 6:42:04 - BMT 1920 Apr # Bangkok Mean Time
3500 7:00 - +07
3501 Link Asia/Bangkok Asia/Phnom_Penh # Cambodia
3502 Link Asia/Bangkok Asia/Vientiane # Laos
3503
3504 # Turkmenistan
3505 # From Shanks & Pottenger.
3506 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
3507 Zone Asia/Ashgabat 3:53:32 - LMT 1924 May 2 # or Ashkhabad
3508 4:00 - +04 1930 Jun 21
3509 5:00 RussiaAsia +05/+06 1991 Mar 31 2:00
3510 4:00 RussiaAsia +04/+05 1992 Jan 19 2:00
3511 5:00 - +05
3512
3513 # United Arab Emirates
3514 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
3515 Zone Asia/Dubai 3:41:12 - LMT 1920
3516 4:00 - +04
3517 Link Asia/Dubai Asia/Muscat # Oman
3518
3519 # Uzbekistan
3520 # Byalokoz 1919 says Uzbekistan was 4:27:53.
3521 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
3522 Zone Asia/Samarkand 4:27:53 - LMT 1924 May 2
3523 4:00 - +04 1930 Jun 21
3524 5:00 - +05 1981 Apr 1
3525 5:00 1:00 +06 1981 Oct 1
3526 6:00 - +06 1982 Apr 1
3527 5:00 RussiaAsia +05/+06 1992
3528 5:00 - +05
3529 # Milne says Tashkent was 4:37:10.8; round to nearest.
3530 Zone Asia/Tashkent 4:37:11 - LMT 1924 May 2
3531 5:00 - +05 1930 Jun 21
3532 6:00 RussiaAsia +06/+07 1991 Mar 31 2:00
3533 5:00 RussiaAsia +05/+06 1992
3534 5:00 - +05
3535
3536 # Vietnam
3537
3538 # From Paul Eggert (2014-10-04):
3539 # Milne gives 7:16:56 for the meridian of Saigon in 1899, as being
3540 # used in Lower Laos, Cambodia, and Annam. But this is quite a ways
3541 # from Saigon's location. For now, ignore this and stick with Shanks
3542 # and Pottenger for LMT before 1906.
3543
3544 # From Arthur David Olson (2008-03-18):
3545 # The English-language name of Vietnam's most populous city is "Ho Chi Minh
3546 # City"; use Ho_Chi_Minh below to avoid a name of more than 14 characters.
3547
3548 # From Paul Eggert (2014-10-21) after a heads-up from Trần Ngọc Quân:
3549 # Trần Tiến Bình's authoritative book "Lịch Việt Nam: thế kỷ XX-XXI (1901-2100)"
3550 # (Nhà xuất bản Văn Hoá - Thông Tin, Hanoi, 2005), pp 49-50,
3551 # is quoted verbatim in:
3552 # http://www.thoigian.com.vn/?mPage=P80D01
3553 # is translated by Brian Inglis in:
3554 # https://mm.icann.org/pipermail/tz/2014-October/021654.html
3555 # and is the basis for the information below.
3556 #
3557 # The 1906 transition was effective July 1 and standardized Indochina to
3558 # Phù Liễn Observatory, legally 104° 17' 17" east of Paris.
3559 # It's unclear whether this meant legal Paris Mean Time (00:09:21) or
3560 # the Paris Meridian (2° 20' 14.03" E); the former yields 07:06:30.1333...
3561 # and the latter 07:06:29.333... so either way it rounds to 07:06:30,
3562 # which is used below even though the modern-day Phù Liễn Observatory
3563 # is closer to 07:06:31. Abbreviate Phù Liễn Mean Time as PLMT.
3564 #
3565 # The following transitions occurred in Indochina in general (before 1954)
3566 # and in South Vietnam in particular (after 1954):
3567 # To 07:00 on 1911-05-01.
3568 # To 08:00 on 1942-12-31 at 23:00.
3569 # To 09:00 in 1945-03-14 at 23:00.
3570 # To 07:00 on 1945-09-02 in Vietnam.
3571 # To 08:00 on 1947-04-01 in French-controlled Indochina.
3572 # To 07:00 on 1955-07-01 in South Vietnam.
3573 # To 08:00 on 1959-12-31 at 23:00 in South Vietnam.
3574 # To 07:00 on 1975-06-13 in South Vietnam.
3575 #
3576 # Trần cites the following sources; it's unclear which supplied the info above.
3577 #
3578 # Hoàng Xuân Hãn: "Lịch và lịch Việt Nam". Tập san Khoa học Xã hội,
3579 # No. 9, Paris, February 1982.
3580 #
3581 # Lê Thành Lân: "Lịch và niên biểu lịch sử hai mươi thế kỷ (0001-2010)",
3582 # NXB Thống kê, Hanoi, 2000.
3583 #
3584 # Lê Thành Lân: "Lịch hai thế kỷ (1802-2010) và các lịch vĩnh cửu",
3585 # NXB Thuận Hoá, Huế, 1995.
3586
3587 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
3588 Zone Asia/Ho_Chi_Minh 7:06:40 - LMT 1906 Jul 1
3589 7:06:30 - PLMT 1911 May 1 # Phù Liễn MT
3590 7:00 - +07 1942 Dec 31 23:00
3591 8:00 - +08 1945 Mar 14 23:00
3592 9:00 - +09 1945 Sep 2
3593 7:00 - +07 1947 Apr 1
3594 8:00 - +08 1955 Jul 1
3595 7:00 - +07 1959 Dec 31 23:00
3596 8:00 - +08 1975 Jun 13
3597 7:00 - +07
3598
3599 # Yemen
3600 # See Asia/Riyadh.