1 /* 2 * Copyright (c) 2008, 2019, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. 3 * DO NOT ALTER OR REMOVE COPYRIGHT NOTICES OR THIS FILE HEADER. 4 * 5 * This code is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it 6 * under the terms of the GNU General Public License version 2 only, as 7 * published by the Free Software Foundation. Oracle designates this 8 * particular file as subject to the "Classpath" exception as provided 9 * by Oracle in the LICENSE file that accompanied this code. 10 * 11 * This code is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT 12 * ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or 13 * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU General Public License 14 * version 2 for more details (a copy is included in the LICENSE file that 15 * accompanied this code). 16 * 17 * You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License version 18 * 2 along with this work; if not, write to the Free Software Foundation, 19 * Inc., 51 Franklin St, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA 02110-1301 USA. 20 * 21 * Please contact Oracle, 500 Oracle Parkway, Redwood Shores, CA 94065 USA 22 * or visit www.oracle.com if you need additional information or have any 23 * questions. 24 */ 25 26 package java.lang.invoke; 27 28 import jdk.internal.access.SharedSecrets; 29 import jdk.internal.module.IllegalAccessLogger; 30 import jdk.internal.org.objectweb.asm.ClassReader; 31 import jdk.internal.reflect.CallerSensitive; 32 import jdk.internal.reflect.Reflection; 33 import jdk.internal.vm.annotation.ForceInline; 34 import sun.invoke.util.ValueConversions; 35 import sun.invoke.util.VerifyAccess; 36 import sun.invoke.util.Wrapper; 37 import sun.reflect.misc.ReflectUtil; 38 import sun.security.util.SecurityConstants; 39 40 import java.lang.invoke.LambdaForm.BasicType; 41 import java.lang.reflect.Constructor; 42 import java.lang.reflect.Field; 43 import java.lang.reflect.Member; 44 import java.lang.reflect.Method; 45 import java.lang.reflect.Modifier; 46 import java.lang.reflect.ReflectPermission; 47 import java.nio.ByteOrder; 48 import java.security.AccessController; 49 import java.security.PrivilegedAction; 50 import java.security.ProtectionDomain; 51 import java.util.ArrayList; 52 import java.util.Arrays; 53 import java.util.BitSet; 54 import java.util.Iterator; 55 import java.util.List; 56 import java.util.Objects; 57 import java.util.Set; 58 import java.util.concurrent.ConcurrentHashMap; 59 import java.util.stream.Collectors; 60 import java.util.stream.Stream; 61 62 import static java.lang.invoke.MethodHandleImpl.Intrinsic; 63 import static java.lang.invoke.MethodHandleNatives.Constants.*; 64 import static java.lang.invoke.MethodHandleStatics.newIllegalArgumentException; 65 import static java.lang.invoke.MethodType.methodType; 66 67 /** 68 * This class consists exclusively of static methods that operate on or return 69 * method handles. They fall into several categories: 70 * <ul> 71 * <li>Lookup methods which help create method handles for methods and fields. 72 * <li>Combinator methods, which combine or transform pre-existing method handles into new ones. 73 * <li>Other factory methods to create method handles that emulate other common JVM operations or control flow patterns. 74 * </ul> 75 * A lookup, combinator, or factory method will fail and throw an 76 * {@code IllegalArgumentException} if the created method handle's type 77 * would have <a href="MethodHandle.html#maxarity">too many parameters</a>. 78 * 79 * @author John Rose, JSR 292 EG 80 * @since 1.7 81 */ 82 public class MethodHandles { 83 84 private MethodHandles() { } // do not instantiate 85 86 static final MemberName.Factory IMPL_NAMES = MemberName.getFactory(); 87 88 // See IMPL_LOOKUP below. 89 90 //// Method handle creation from ordinary methods. 91 92 /** 93 * Returns a {@link Lookup lookup object} with 94 * full capabilities to emulate all supported bytecode behaviors of the caller. 95 * These capabilities include <a href="MethodHandles.Lookup.html#privacc">private access</a> to the caller. 96 * Factory methods on the lookup object can create 97 * <a href="MethodHandleInfo.html#directmh">direct method handles</a> 98 * for any member that the caller has access to via bytecodes, 99 * including protected and private fields and methods. 100 * This lookup object is a <em>capability</em> which may be delegated to trusted agents. 101 * Do not store it in place where untrusted code can access it. 102 * <p> 103 * This method is caller sensitive, which means that it may return different 104 * values to different callers. 105 * @return a lookup object for the caller of this method, with private access 106 */ 107 @CallerSensitive 108 @ForceInline // to ensure Reflection.getCallerClass optimization 109 public static Lookup lookup() { 110 return new Lookup(Reflection.getCallerClass()); 111 } 112 113 /** 114 * This reflected$lookup method is the alternate implementation of 115 * the lookup method when being invoked by reflection. 116 */ 117 @CallerSensitive 118 private static Lookup reflected$lookup() { 119 Class<?> caller = Reflection.getCallerClass(); 120 if (caller.getClassLoader() == null) { 121 throw newIllegalArgumentException("illegal lookupClass: "+caller); 122 } 123 return new Lookup(caller); 124 } 125 126 /** 127 * Returns a {@link Lookup lookup object} which is trusted minimally. 128 * The lookup has the {@code UNCONDITIONAL} mode. 129 * It can only be used to create method handles to public members of 130 * public classes in packages that are exported unconditionally. 131 * <p> 132 * As a matter of pure convention, the {@linkplain Lookup#lookupClass() lookup class} 133 * of this lookup object will be {@link java.lang.Object}. 134 * 135 * @apiNote The use of Object is conventional, and because the lookup modes are 136 * limited, there is no special access provided to the internals of Object, its package 137 * or its module. This public lookup object or other lookup object with 138 * {@code UNCONDITIONAL} mode assumes readability. Consequently, the lookup class 139 * is not used to determine the lookup context. 140 * 141 * <p style="font-size:smaller;"> 142 * <em>Discussion:</em> 143 * The lookup class can be changed to any other class {@code C} using an expression of the form 144 * {@link Lookup#in publicLookup().in(C.class)}. 145 * A public lookup object is always subject to 146 * <a href="MethodHandles.Lookup.html#secmgr">security manager checks</a>. 147 * Also, it cannot access 148 * <a href="MethodHandles.Lookup.html#callsens">caller sensitive methods</a>. 149 * @return a lookup object which is trusted minimally 150 * 151 * @revised 9 152 * @spec JPMS 153 */ 154 public static Lookup publicLookup() { 155 return Lookup.PUBLIC_LOOKUP; 156 } 157 158 /** 159 * Returns a {@link Lookup lookup} object on a target class to emulate all supported 160 * bytecode behaviors, including <a href="MethodHandles.Lookup.html#privacc"> private access</a>. 161 * The returned lookup object can provide access to classes in modules and packages, 162 * and members of those classes, outside the normal rules of Java access control, 163 * instead conforming to the more permissive rules for modular <em>deep reflection</em>. 164 * <p> 165 * A caller, specified as a {@code Lookup} object, in module {@code M1} is 166 * allowed to do deep reflection on module {@code M2} and package of the target class 167 * if and only if all of the following conditions are {@code true}: 168 * <ul> 169 * <li>If there is a security manager, its {@code checkPermission} method is 170 * called to check {@code ReflectPermission("suppressAccessChecks")} and 171 * that must return normally. 172 * <li>The caller lookup object must have the {@link Lookup#MODULE MODULE} lookup mode. 173 * (This is because otherwise there would be no way to ensure the original lookup 174 * creator was a member of any particular module, and so any subsequent checks 175 * for readability and qualified exports would become ineffective.) 176 * <li>The caller lookup object must have {@link Lookup#PRIVATE PRIVATE} access. 177 * (This is because an application intending to share intra-module access 178 * using {@link Lookup#MODULE MODULE} alone will inadvertently also share 179 * deep reflection to its own module.) 180 * <li>The target class must be a proper class, not a primitive or array class. 181 * (Thus, {@code M2} is well-defined.) 182 * <li>If the caller module {@code M1} differs from 183 * the target module {@code M2} then both of the following must be true: 184 * <ul> 185 * <li>{@code M1} {@link Module#canRead reads} {@code M2}.</li> 186 * <li>{@code M2} {@link Module#isOpen(String,Module) opens} the package 187 * containing the target class to at least {@code M1}.</li> 188 * </ul> 189 * </ul> 190 * <p> 191 * If any of the above checks is violated, this method fails with an 192 * exception. 193 * <p> 194 * Otherwise, if {@code M1} and {@code M2} are the same module, this method 195 * returns a {@code Lookup} on {@code targetClass} with full capabilities and 196 * {@code null} previous lookup class. 197 * <p> 198 * Otherwise, {@code M1} and {@code M2} are two different modules. This method 199 * returns a {@code Lookup} on {@code targetClass} that records 200 * the lookup class of the caller as the new previous lookup class and 201 * drops {@code MODULE} access from the full capabilities mode. 202 * 203 * @param targetClass the target class 204 * @param caller the caller lookup object 205 * @return a lookup object for the target class, with private access 206 * @throws IllegalArgumentException if {@code targetClass} is a primitive type or array class 207 * @throws NullPointerException if {@code targetClass} or {@code caller} is {@code null} 208 * @throws SecurityException if denied by the security manager 209 * @throws IllegalAccessException if any of the other access checks specified above fails 210 * @since 9 211 * @spec JPMS 212 * @see Lookup#dropLookupMode 213 * @see <a href="MethodHandles.Lookup.html#cross-module-lookup">Cross-module lookups</a> 214 */ 215 public static Lookup privateLookupIn(Class<?> targetClass, Lookup caller) throws IllegalAccessException { 216 SecurityManager sm = System.getSecurityManager(); 217 if (sm != null) sm.checkPermission(ACCESS_PERMISSION); 218 if (targetClass.isPrimitive()) 219 throw new IllegalArgumentException(targetClass + " is a primitive class"); 220 if (targetClass.isArray()) 221 throw new IllegalArgumentException(targetClass + " is an array class"); 222 // Ensure that we can reason accurately about private and module access. 223 if ((caller.lookupModes() & Lookup.PRIVATE) == 0) 224 throw new IllegalAccessException("caller does not have PRIVATE lookup mode"); 225 if ((caller.lookupModes() & Lookup.MODULE) == 0) 226 throw new IllegalAccessException("caller does not have MODULE lookup mode"); 227 228 // previous lookup class is never set if it has MODULE access 229 assert caller.previousLookupClass() == null; 230 231 Class<?> callerClass = caller.lookupClass(); 232 Module callerModule = callerClass.getModule(); // M1 233 Module targetModule = targetClass.getModule(); // M2 234 Class<?> newPreviousClass = null; 235 int newModes = Lookup.FULL_POWER_MODES; 236 237 if (targetModule != callerModule) { 238 if (!callerModule.canRead(targetModule)) 239 throw new IllegalAccessException(callerModule + " does not read " + targetModule); 240 if (targetModule.isNamed()) { 241 String pn = targetClass.getPackageName(); 242 assert !pn.isEmpty() : "unnamed package cannot be in named module"; 243 if (!targetModule.isOpen(pn, callerModule)) 244 throw new IllegalAccessException(targetModule + " does not open " + pn + " to " + callerModule); 245 } 246 247 // M2 != M1, set previous lookup class to M1 and drop MODULE access 248 newPreviousClass = callerClass; 249 newModes &= ~Lookup.MODULE; 250 } 251 252 if (!callerModule.isNamed() && targetModule.isNamed()) { 253 IllegalAccessLogger logger = IllegalAccessLogger.illegalAccessLogger(); 254 if (logger != null) { 255 logger.logIfOpenedForIllegalAccess(caller, targetClass); 256 } 257 } 258 return Lookup.newLookup(targetClass, newPreviousClass, newModes); 259 } 260 261 /** 262 * Performs an unchecked "crack" of a 263 * <a href="MethodHandleInfo.html#directmh">direct method handle</a>. 264 * The result is as if the user had obtained a lookup object capable enough 265 * to crack the target method handle, called 266 * {@link java.lang.invoke.MethodHandles.Lookup#revealDirect Lookup.revealDirect} 267 * on the target to obtain its symbolic reference, and then called 268 * {@link java.lang.invoke.MethodHandleInfo#reflectAs MethodHandleInfo.reflectAs} 269 * to resolve the symbolic reference to a member. 270 * <p> 271 * If there is a security manager, its {@code checkPermission} method 272 * is called with a {@code ReflectPermission("suppressAccessChecks")} permission. 273 * @param <T> the desired type of the result, either {@link Member} or a subtype 274 * @param target a direct method handle to crack into symbolic reference components 275 * @param expected a class object representing the desired result type {@code T} 276 * @return a reference to the method, constructor, or field object 277 * @exception SecurityException if the caller is not privileged to call {@code setAccessible} 278 * @exception NullPointerException if either argument is {@code null} 279 * @exception IllegalArgumentException if the target is not a direct method handle 280 * @exception ClassCastException if the member is not of the expected type 281 * @since 1.8 282 */ 283 public static <T extends Member> T 284 reflectAs(Class<T> expected, MethodHandle target) { 285 SecurityManager smgr = System.getSecurityManager(); 286 if (smgr != null) smgr.checkPermission(ACCESS_PERMISSION); 287 Lookup lookup = Lookup.IMPL_LOOKUP; // use maximally privileged lookup 288 return lookup.revealDirect(target).reflectAs(expected, lookup); 289 } 290 // Copied from AccessibleObject, as used by Method.setAccessible, etc.: 291 private static final java.security.Permission ACCESS_PERMISSION = 292 new ReflectPermission("suppressAccessChecks"); 293 294 /** 295 * A <em>lookup object</em> is a factory for creating method handles, 296 * when the creation requires access checking. 297 * Method handles do not perform 298 * access checks when they are called, but rather when they are created. 299 * Therefore, method handle access 300 * restrictions must be enforced when a method handle is created. 301 * The caller class against which those restrictions are enforced 302 * is known as the {@linkplain #lookupClass() lookup class}. 303 * <p> 304 * A lookup class which needs to create method handles will call 305 * {@link MethodHandles#lookup() MethodHandles.lookup} to create a factory for itself. 306 * When the {@code Lookup} factory object is created, the identity of the lookup class is 307 * determined, and securely stored in the {@code Lookup} object. 308 * The lookup class (or its delegates) may then use factory methods 309 * on the {@code Lookup} object to create method handles for access-checked members. 310 * This includes all methods, constructors, and fields which are allowed to the lookup class, 311 * even private ones. 312 * 313 * <h2><a id="lookups"></a>Lookup Factory Methods</h2> 314 * The factory methods on a {@code Lookup} object correspond to all major 315 * use cases for methods, constructors, and fields. 316 * Each method handle created by a factory method is the functional 317 * equivalent of a particular <em>bytecode behavior</em>. 318 * (Bytecode behaviors are described in section 5.4.3.5 of the Java Virtual Machine Specification.) 319 * Here is a summary of the correspondence between these factory methods and 320 * the behavior of the resulting method handles: 321 * <table class="striped"> 322 * <caption style="display:none">lookup method behaviors</caption> 323 * <thead> 324 * <tr> 325 * <th scope="col"><a id="equiv"></a>lookup expression</th> 326 * <th scope="col">member</th> 327 * <th scope="col">bytecode behavior</th> 328 * </tr> 329 * </thead> 330 * <tbody> 331 * <tr> 332 * <th scope="row">{@link java.lang.invoke.MethodHandles.Lookup#findGetter lookup.findGetter(C.class,"f",FT.class)}</th> 333 * <td>{@code FT f;}</td><td>{@code (T) this.f;}</td> 334 * </tr> 335 * <tr> 336 * <th scope="row">{@link java.lang.invoke.MethodHandles.Lookup#findStaticGetter lookup.findStaticGetter(C.class,"f",FT.class)}</th> 337 * <td>{@code static}<br>{@code FT f;}</td><td>{@code (T) C.f;}</td> 338 * </tr> 339 * <tr> 340 * <th scope="row">{@link java.lang.invoke.MethodHandles.Lookup#findSetter lookup.findSetter(C.class,"f",FT.class)}</th> 341 * <td>{@code FT f;}</td><td>{@code this.f = x;}</td> 342 * </tr> 343 * <tr> 344 * <th scope="row">{@link java.lang.invoke.MethodHandles.Lookup#findStaticSetter lookup.findStaticSetter(C.class,"f",FT.class)}</th> 345 * <td>{@code static}<br>{@code FT f;}</td><td>{@code C.f = arg;}</td> 346 * </tr> 347 * <tr> 348 * <th scope="row">{@link java.lang.invoke.MethodHandles.Lookup#findVirtual lookup.findVirtual(C.class,"m",MT)}</th> 349 * <td>{@code T m(A*);}</td><td>{@code (T) this.m(arg*);}</td> 350 * </tr> 351 * <tr> 352 * <th scope="row">{@link java.lang.invoke.MethodHandles.Lookup#findStatic lookup.findStatic(C.class,"m",MT)}</th> 353 * <td>{@code static}<br>{@code T m(A*);}</td><td>{@code (T) C.m(arg*);}</td> 354 * </tr> 355 * <tr> 356 * <th scope="row">{@link java.lang.invoke.MethodHandles.Lookup#findSpecial lookup.findSpecial(C.class,"m",MT,this.class)}</th> 357 * <td>{@code T m(A*);}</td><td>{@code (T) super.m(arg*);}</td> 358 * </tr> 359 * <tr> 360 * <th scope="row">{@link java.lang.invoke.MethodHandles.Lookup#findConstructor lookup.findConstructor(C.class,MT)}</th> 361 * <td>{@code C(A*);}</td><td>{@code new C(arg*);}</td> 362 * </tr> 363 * <tr> 364 * <th scope="row">{@link java.lang.invoke.MethodHandles.Lookup#unreflectGetter lookup.unreflectGetter(aField)}</th> 365 * <td>({@code static})?<br>{@code FT f;}</td><td>{@code (FT) aField.get(thisOrNull);}</td> 366 * </tr> 367 * <tr> 368 * <th scope="row">{@link java.lang.invoke.MethodHandles.Lookup#unreflectSetter lookup.unreflectSetter(aField)}</th> 369 * <td>({@code static})?<br>{@code FT f;}</td><td>{@code aField.set(thisOrNull, arg);}</td> 370 * </tr> 371 * <tr> 372 * <th scope="row">{@link java.lang.invoke.MethodHandles.Lookup#unreflect lookup.unreflect(aMethod)}</th> 373 * <td>({@code static})?<br>{@code T m(A*);}</td><td>{@code (T) aMethod.invoke(thisOrNull, arg*);}</td> 374 * </tr> 375 * <tr> 376 * <th scope="row">{@link java.lang.invoke.MethodHandles.Lookup#unreflectConstructor lookup.unreflectConstructor(aConstructor)}</th> 377 * <td>{@code C(A*);}</td><td>{@code (C) aConstructor.newInstance(arg*);}</td> 378 * </tr> 379 * <tr> 380 * <th scope="row">{@link java.lang.invoke.MethodHandles.Lookup#unreflect lookup.unreflect(aMethod)}</th> 381 * <td>({@code static})?<br>{@code T m(A*);}</td><td>{@code (T) aMethod.invoke(thisOrNull, arg*);}</td> 382 * </tr> 383 * <tr> 384 * <th scope="row">{@link java.lang.invoke.MethodHandles.Lookup#findClass lookup.findClass("C")}</th> 385 * <td>{@code class C { ... }}</td><td>{@code C.class;}</td> 386 * </tr> 387 * </tbody> 388 * </table> 389 * 390 * Here, the type {@code C} is the class or interface being searched for a member, 391 * documented as a parameter named {@code refc} in the lookup methods. 392 * The method type {@code MT} is composed from the return type {@code T} 393 * and the sequence of argument types {@code A*}. 394 * The constructor also has a sequence of argument types {@code A*} and 395 * is deemed to return the newly-created object of type {@code C}. 396 * Both {@code MT} and the field type {@code FT} are documented as a parameter named {@code type}. 397 * The formal parameter {@code this} stands for the self-reference of type {@code C}; 398 * if it is present, it is always the leading argument to the method handle invocation. 399 * (In the case of some {@code protected} members, {@code this} may be 400 * restricted in type to the lookup class; see below.) 401 * The name {@code arg} stands for all the other method handle arguments. 402 * In the code examples for the Core Reflection API, the name {@code thisOrNull} 403 * stands for a null reference if the accessed method or field is static, 404 * and {@code this} otherwise. 405 * The names {@code aMethod}, {@code aField}, and {@code aConstructor} stand 406 * for reflective objects corresponding to the given members. 407 * <p> 408 * The bytecode behavior for a {@code findClass} operation is a load of a constant class, 409 * as if by {@code ldc CONSTANT_Class}. 410 * The behavior is represented, not as a method handle, but directly as a {@code Class} constant. 411 * <p> 412 * In cases where the given member is of variable arity (i.e., a method or constructor) 413 * the returned method handle will also be of {@linkplain MethodHandle#asVarargsCollector variable arity}. 414 * In all other cases, the returned method handle will be of fixed arity. 415 * <p style="font-size:smaller;"> 416 * <em>Discussion:</em> 417 * The equivalence between looked-up method handles and underlying 418 * class members and bytecode behaviors 419 * can break down in a few ways: 420 * <ul style="font-size:smaller;"> 421 * <li>If {@code C} is not symbolically accessible from the lookup class's loader, 422 * the lookup can still succeed, even when there is no equivalent 423 * Java expression or bytecoded constant. 424 * <li>Likewise, if {@code T} or {@code MT} 425 * is not symbolically accessible from the lookup class's loader, 426 * the lookup can still succeed. 427 * For example, lookups for {@code MethodHandle.invokeExact} and 428 * {@code MethodHandle.invoke} will always succeed, regardless of requested type. 429 * <li>If there is a security manager installed, it can forbid the lookup 430 * on various grounds (<a href="MethodHandles.Lookup.html#secmgr">see below</a>). 431 * By contrast, the {@code ldc} instruction on a {@code CONSTANT_MethodHandle} 432 * constant is not subject to security manager checks. 433 * <li>If the looked-up method has a 434 * <a href="MethodHandle.html#maxarity">very large arity</a>, 435 * the method handle creation may fail with an 436 * {@code IllegalArgumentException}, due to the method handle type having 437 * <a href="MethodHandle.html#maxarity">too many parameters.</a> 438 * </ul> 439 * 440 * <h2><a id="access"></a>Access checking</h2> 441 * Access checks are applied in the factory methods of {@code Lookup}, 442 * when a method handle is created. 443 * This is a key difference from the Core Reflection API, since 444 * {@link java.lang.reflect.Method#invoke java.lang.reflect.Method.invoke} 445 * performs access checking against every caller, on every call. 446 * <p> 447 * All access checks start from a {@code Lookup} object, which 448 * compares its recorded lookup class against all requests to 449 * create method handles. 450 * A single {@code Lookup} object can be used to create any number 451 * of access-checked method handles, all checked against a single 452 * lookup class. 453 * <p> 454 * A {@code Lookup} object can be shared with other trusted code, 455 * such as a metaobject protocol. 456 * A shared {@code Lookup} object delegates the capability 457 * to create method handles on private members of the lookup class. 458 * Even if privileged code uses the {@code Lookup} object, 459 * the access checking is confined to the privileges of the 460 * original lookup class. 461 * <p> 462 * A lookup can fail, because 463 * the containing class is not accessible to the lookup class, or 464 * because the desired class member is missing, or because the 465 * desired class member is not accessible to the lookup class, or 466 * because the lookup object is not trusted enough to access the member. 467 * In the case of a field setter function on a {@code final} field, 468 * finality enforcement is treated as a kind of access control, 469 * and the lookup will fail, except in special cases of 470 * {@link Lookup#unreflectSetter Lookup.unreflectSetter}. 471 * In any of these cases, a {@code ReflectiveOperationException} will be 472 * thrown from the attempted lookup. The exact class will be one of 473 * the following: 474 * <ul> 475 * <li>NoSuchMethodException — if a method is requested but does not exist 476 * <li>NoSuchFieldException — if a field is requested but does not exist 477 * <li>IllegalAccessException — if the member exists but an access check fails 478 * </ul> 479 * <p> 480 * In general, the conditions under which a method handle may be 481 * looked up for a method {@code M} are no more restrictive than the conditions 482 * under which the lookup class could have compiled, verified, and resolved a call to {@code M}. 483 * Where the JVM would raise exceptions like {@code NoSuchMethodError}, 484 * a method handle lookup will generally raise a corresponding 485 * checked exception, such as {@code NoSuchMethodException}. 486 * And the effect of invoking the method handle resulting from the lookup 487 * is <a href="MethodHandles.Lookup.html#equiv">exactly equivalent</a> 488 * to executing the compiled, verified, and resolved call to {@code M}. 489 * The same point is true of fields and constructors. 490 * <p style="font-size:smaller;"> 491 * <em>Discussion:</em> 492 * Access checks only apply to named and reflected methods, 493 * constructors, and fields. 494 * Other method handle creation methods, such as 495 * {@link MethodHandle#asType MethodHandle.asType}, 496 * do not require any access checks, and are used 497 * independently of any {@code Lookup} object. 498 * <p> 499 * If the desired member is {@code protected}, the usual JVM rules apply, 500 * including the requirement that the lookup class must either be in the 501 * same package as the desired member, or must inherit that member. 502 * (See the Java Virtual Machine Specification, sections 4.9.2, 5.4.3.5, and 6.4.) 503 * In addition, if the desired member is a non-static field or method 504 * in a different package, the resulting method handle may only be applied 505 * to objects of the lookup class or one of its subclasses. 506 * This requirement is enforced by narrowing the type of the leading 507 * {@code this} parameter from {@code C} 508 * (which will necessarily be a superclass of the lookup class) 509 * to the lookup class itself. 510 * <p> 511 * The JVM imposes a similar requirement on {@code invokespecial} instruction, 512 * that the receiver argument must match both the resolved method <em>and</em> 513 * the current class. Again, this requirement is enforced by narrowing the 514 * type of the leading parameter to the resulting method handle. 515 * (See the Java Virtual Machine Specification, section 4.10.1.9.) 516 * <p> 517 * The JVM represents constructors and static initializer blocks as internal methods 518 * with special names ({@code "<init>"} and {@code "<clinit>"}). 519 * The internal syntax of invocation instructions allows them to refer to such internal 520 * methods as if they were normal methods, but the JVM bytecode verifier rejects them. 521 * A lookup of such an internal method will produce a {@code NoSuchMethodException}. 522 * <p> 523 * If the relationship between nested types is expressed directly through the 524 * {@code NestHost} and {@code NestMembers} attributes 525 * (see the Java Virtual Machine Specification, sections 4.7.28 and 4.7.29), 526 * then the associated {@code Lookup} object provides direct access to 527 * the lookup class and all of its nestmates 528 * (see {@link java.lang.Class#getNestHost Class.getNestHost}). 529 * Otherwise, access between nested classes is obtained by the Java compiler creating 530 * a wrapper method to access a private method of another class in the same nest. 531 * For example, a nested class {@code C.D} 532 * can access private members within other related classes such as 533 * {@code C}, {@code C.D.E}, or {@code C.B}, 534 * but the Java compiler may need to generate wrapper methods in 535 * those related classes. In such cases, a {@code Lookup} object on 536 * {@code C.E} would be unable to access those private members. 537 * A workaround for this limitation is the {@link Lookup#in Lookup.in} method, 538 * which can transform a lookup on {@code C.E} into one on any of those other 539 * classes, without special elevation of privilege. 540 * <p> 541 * The accesses permitted to a given lookup object may be limited, 542 * according to its set of {@link #lookupModes lookupModes}, 543 * to a subset of members normally accessible to the lookup class. 544 * For example, the {@link MethodHandles#publicLookup publicLookup} 545 * method produces a lookup object which is only allowed to access 546 * public members in public classes of exported packages. 547 * The caller sensitive method {@link MethodHandles#lookup lookup} 548 * produces a lookup object with full capabilities relative to 549 * its caller class, to emulate all supported bytecode behaviors. 550 * Also, the {@link Lookup#in Lookup.in} method may produce a lookup object 551 * with fewer access modes than the original lookup object. 552 * 553 * <p style="font-size:smaller;"> 554 * <a id="privacc"></a> 555 * <em>Discussion of private access:</em> 556 * We say that a lookup has <em>private access</em> 557 * if its {@linkplain #lookupModes lookup modes} 558 * include the possibility of accessing {@code private} members 559 * (which includes the private members of nestmates). 560 * As documented in the relevant methods elsewhere, 561 * only lookups with private access possess the following capabilities: 562 * <ul style="font-size:smaller;"> 563 * <li>access private fields, methods, and constructors of the lookup class and its nestmates 564 * <li>create method handles which invoke <a href="MethodHandles.Lookup.html#callsens">caller sensitive</a> methods, 565 * such as {@code Class.forName} 566 * <li>create method handles which {@link Lookup#findSpecial emulate invokespecial} instructions 567 * <li>avoid <a href="MethodHandles.Lookup.html#secmgr">package access checks</a> 568 * for classes accessible to the lookup class 569 * <li>create {@link Lookup#in delegated lookup objects} which have private access to other classes 570 * within the same package member 571 * </ul> 572 * <p style="font-size:smaller;"> 573 * Each of these permissions is a consequence of the fact that a lookup object 574 * with private access can be securely traced back to an originating class, 575 * whose <a href="MethodHandles.Lookup.html#equiv">bytecode behaviors</a> and Java language access permissions 576 * can be reliably determined and emulated by method handles. 577 * 578 * <h2><a id="cross-module-lookup"></a>Cross-module lookups</h2> 579 * When a lookup class in one module {@code M1} accesses a class in another module 580 * {@code M2}, extra access checking is performed beyond the access mode bits. 581 * A {@code Lookup} with {@link #PUBLIC} mode and a lookup class in {@code M1} 582 * can access public types in {@code M2} when {@code M2} is readable to {@code M1} 583 * and when the type is in a package of {@code M2} that is exported to 584 * at least {@code M1}. 585 * <p> 586 * A {@code Lookup} on {@code C} can also <em>teleport</em> to a target class 587 * via {@link #in(Class) Lookup.in} and {@link MethodHandles#privateLookupIn(Class, Lookup) 588 * MethodHandles.privateLookupIn} methods. 589 * Teleporting across modules will always record the original lookup class as 590 * the <em>{@linkplain #previousLookupClass() previous lookup class}</em> 591 * and drops {@link Lookup#MODULE MODULE} access. 592 * If the target class is in the same module as the lookup class {@code C}, 593 * then the target class becomes the new lookup class 594 * and there is no change to the previous lookup class. 595 * If the target class is in a different module from {@code M1} ({@code C}'s module), 596 * {@code C} becomes the new previous lookup class 597 * and the target class becomes the new lookup class. 598 * In that case, if there was already a previous lookup class in {@code M0}, 599 * and it differs from {@code M1} and {@code M2}, then the resulting lookup 600 * drops all privileges. 601 * For example, 602 * <blockquote><pre> 603 * {@code 604 * Lookup lookup = MethodHandles.lookup(); // in class C 605 * Lookup lookup2 = lookup.in(D.class); 606 * MethodHandle mh = lookup2.findStatic(E.class, "m", MT); 607 * }</pre></blockquote> 608 * <p> 609 * The {@link #lookup()} factory method produces a {@code Lookup} object 610 * with {@code null} previous lookup class. 611 * {@link Lookup#in lookup.in(D.class)} transforms the {@code lookup} on class {@code C} 612 * to class {@code D} without elevation of privileges. 613 * If {@code C} and {@code D} are in the same module, 614 * {@code lookup2} records {@code D} as the new lookup class and keeps the 615 * same previous lookup class as the original {@code lookup}, or 616 * {@code null} if not present. 617 * <p> 618 * When a {@code Lookup} teleports from a class 619 * in one nest to another nest, {@code PRIVATE} access is dropped. 620 * When a {@code Lookup} teleports from a class in one package to 621 * another package, {@code PACKAGE} access is dropped. 622 * When a {@code Lookup} teleports from a class in one module to another module, 623 * {@code MODULE} access is dropped. 624 * Teleporting across modules drops the ability to access non-exported classes 625 * in both the module of the new lookup class and the module of the old lookup class 626 * and the resulting {@code Lookup} remains only {@code PUBLIC} access. 627 * A {@code Lookup} can teleport back and forth to a class in the module of 628 * the lookup class and the module of the previous class lookup. 629 * Teleporting across modules can only decrease access but cannot increase it. 630 * Teleporting to some third module drops all accesses. 631 * <p> 632 * In the above example, if {@code C} and {@code D} are in different modules, 633 * {@code lookup2} records {@code D} as its lookup class and 634 * {@code C} as its previous lookup class and {@code lookup2} has only 635 * {@code PUBLIC} access. {@code lookup2} can teleport to other class in 636 * {@code C}'s module and {@code D}'s module. 637 * If class {@code E} is in a third module, {@code lookup2.in(E.class)} creates 638 * a {@code Lookup} on {@code E} with no access and {@code lookup2}'s lookup 639 * class {@code D} is recorded as its previous lookup class. 640 * <p> 641 * Teleporting across modules restricts access to the public types that 642 * both the lookup class and the previous lookup class can equally access 643 * (see below). 644 * <p> 645 * {@link MethodHandles#privateLookupIn(Class, Lookup) MethodHandles.privateLookupIn(T.class, lookup)} 646 * can be used to teleport a {@code lookup} from class {@code C} to class {@code T} 647 * and create a new {@code Lookup} with <a href="#privcc">private access</a> 648 * if the lookup class is allowed to do <em>deep reflection</em> on {@code T}. 649 * The {@code lookup} must have {@link #MODULE} and {@link #PRIVATE} access 650 * to call {@code privateLookupIn}. 651 * A {@code lookup} on {@code C} in module {@code M1} is allowed to do deep reflection 652 * on all classes in {@code M1}. If {@code T} is in {@code M1}, {@code privateLookupIn} 653 * produces a new {@code Lookup} on {@code T} with full capabilities. 654 * A {@code lookup} on {@code C} is also allowed 655 * to do deep reflection on {@code T} in another module {@code M2} if 656 * {@code M1} reads {@code M2} and {@code M2} {@link Module#isOpen(String,Module) opens} 657 * the package containing {@code T} to at least {@code M1}. 658 * {@code T} becomes the new lookup class and {@code C} becomes the new previous 659 * lookup class and {@code MODULE} access is dropped from the resulting {@code Lookup}. 660 * The resulting {@code Lookup} can be used to do member lookup or teleport 661 * to another lookup class by calling {@link #in Lookup::in}. But 662 * it cannot be used to obtain another private {@code Lookup} by calling 663 * {@link MethodHandles#privateLookupIn(Class, Lookup) privateLookupIn} 664 * because it has no {@code MODULE} access. 665 * 666 * <h2><a id="module-access-check"></a>Cross-module access checks</h2> 667 * 668 * A {@code Lookup} with {@link #PUBLIC} or with {@link #UNCONDITIONAL} mode 669 * allows cross-module access. The access checking is performed with respect 670 * to both the lookup class and the previous lookup class if present. 671 * <p> 672 * A {@code Lookup} with {@link #UNCONDITIONAL} mode can access public type 673 * in all modules when the type is in a package that is {@linkplain Module#isExported(String) 674 * exported unconditionally}. 675 * <p> 676 * If a {@code Lookup} on {@code LC} in {@code M1} has no previous lookup class, 677 * the lookup with {@link #PUBLIC} mode can access all public types in modules 678 * that are readable to {@code M1} and the type is in a package that is exported 679 * at least to {@code M1}. 680 * <p> 681 * If a {@code Lookup} on {@code LC} in {@code M1} has a previous lookup class 682 * {@code PLC} on {@code M0}, the lookup with {@link #PUBLIC} mode can access 683 * the intersection of all public types that are accessible to {@code M1} 684 * with all public types that are accessible to {@code M0}. {@code M0} 685 * reads {@code M1} and hence the set of accessible types includes: 686 * 687 * <table class="striped"> 688 * <caption style="display:none"> 689 * Public types in the following packages are accessible to the 690 * lookup class and the previous lookup class. 691 * </caption> 692 * <thead> 693 * <tr> 694 * <th scope="col">Equally accessible types to {@code M0} and {@code M1}</th> 695 * </tr> 696 * </thead> 697 * <tbody> 698 * <tr> 699 * <th scope="row" style="text-align:left">unconditional-exported packages from {@code M1}</th> 700 * </tr> 701 * <tr> 702 * <th scope="row" style="text-align:left">unconditional-exported packages from {@code M0} if {@code M1} reads {@code M0}</th> 703 * </tr> 704 * <tr> 705 * <th scope="row" style="text-align:left">unconditional-exported packages from a third module {@code M2} 706 * if both {@code M0} and {@code M1} read {@code M2}</th> 707 * </tr> 708 * <tr> 709 * <th scope="row" style="text-align:left">qualified-exported packages from {@code M1} to {@code M0}</th> 710 * </tr> 711 * <tr> 712 * <th scope="row" style="text-align:left">qualified-exported packages from {@code M0} to {@code M1} 713 * if {@code M1} reads {@code M0}</th> 714 * </tr> 715 * <tr> 716 * <th scope="row" style="text-align:left">qualified-exported packages from a third module {@code M2} to 717 * both {@code M0} and {@code M1} if both {@code M0} and {@code M1} read {@code M2}</th> 718 * </tr> 719 * </tbody> 720 * </table> 721 * 722 * <h2><a id="access-modes"></a>Access modes</h2> 723 * 724 * The table below shows the access modes of a {@code Lookup} produced by 725 * any of the following factory or transformation methods: 726 * <ul> 727 * <li>{@link #lookup() MethodHandles.lookup()}</li> 728 * <li>{@link #publicLookup() MethodHandles.publicLookup()}</li> 729 * <li>{@link #privateLookupIn(Class, Lookup) MethodHandles.privateLookupIn}</li> 730 * <li>{@link Lookup#in}</li> 731 * <li>{@link Lookup#dropLookupMode(int)}</li> 732 * </ul> 733 * 734 * <table class="striped"> 735 * <caption style="display:none"> 736 * Access mode summary 737 * </caption> 738 * <thead> 739 * <tr> 740 * <th scope="col">Lookup object</th> 741 * <th style="text-align:center">protected</th> 742 * <th style="text-align:center">private</th> 743 * <th style="text-align:center">package</th> 744 * <th style="text-align:center">module</th> 745 * <th style="text-align:center">public</th> 746 * </tr> 747 * </thead> 748 * <tbody> 749 * <tr> 750 * <th scope="row" style="text-align:left">{@code CL = MethodHandles.lookup()} in {@code C}</th> 751 * <td style="text-align:center">PRO</td> 752 * <td style="text-align:center">PRI</td> 753 * <td style="text-align:center">PAC</td> 754 * <td style="text-align:center">MOD</td> 755 * <td style="text-align:center">1R</td> 756 * </tr> 757 * <tr> 758 * <th scope="row" style="text-align:left">{@code CL.in(C1)} same package</th> 759 * <td></td> 760 * <td></td> 761 * <td style="text-align:center">PAC</td> 762 * <td style="text-align:center">MOD</td> 763 * <td style="text-align:center">1R</td> 764 * </tr> 765 * <tr> 766 * <th scope="row" style="text-align:left">{@code CL.in(C1)} same module</th> 767 * <td></td> 768 * <td></td> 769 * <td></td> 770 * <td style="text-align:center">MOD</td> 771 * <td style="text-align:center">1R</td> 772 * </tr> 773 * <tr> 774 * <th scope="row" style="text-align:left">{@code CL.in(D)} different module</th> 775 * <td></td> 776 * <td></td> 777 * <td></td> 778 * <td></td> 779 * <td style="text-align:center">2R</td> 780 * </tr> 781 * <tr> 782 * <td>{@code CL.in(D).in(C)} hop back to module</td> 783 * <td></td> 784 * <td></td> 785 * <td></td> 786 * <td></td> 787 * <td style="text-align:center">2R</td> 788 * </tr> 789 * <tr> 790 * <td>{@code PRI1 = privateLookupIn(C1,CL)}</td> 791 * <td style="text-align:center">PRO</td> 792 * <td style="text-align:center">PRI</td> 793 * <td style="text-align:center">PAC</td> 794 * <td style="text-align:center">MOD</td> 795 * <td style="text-align:center">1R</td> 796 * </tr> 797 * <tr> 798 * <td>{@code PRI1a = privateLookupIn(C,PRI1)}</td> 799 * <td style="text-align:center">PRO</td> 800 * <td style="text-align:center">PRI</td> 801 * <td style="text-align:center">PAC</td> 802 * <td style="text-align:center">MOD</td> 803 * <td style="text-align:center">1R</td> 804 * </tr> 805 * <tr> 806 * <td>{@code PRI1.in(C1)} same package</td> 807 * <td></td> 808 * <td></td> 809 * <td style="text-align:center">PAC</td> 810 * <td style="text-align:center">MOD</td> 811 * <td style="text-align:center">1R</td> 812 * </tr> 813 * <tr> 814 * <td>{@code PRI1.in(C1)} different package</td> 815 * <td></td> 816 * <td></td> 817 * <td></td> 818 * <td style="text-align:center">MOD</td> 819 * <td style="text-align:center">1R</td> 820 * </tr> 821 * <tr> 822 * <td>{@code PRI1.in(D)} different module</td> 823 * <td></td> 824 * <td></td> 825 * <td></td> 826 * <td></td> 827 * <td style="text-align:center">2R</td> 828 * </tr> 829 * <tr> 830 * <td>{@code PRI1.dropLookupMode(PROTECTED)}</td> 831 * <td></td> 832 * <td style="text-align:center">PRI</td> 833 * <td style="text-align:center">PAC</td> 834 * <td style="text-align:center">MOD</td> 835 * <td style="text-align:center">1R</td> 836 * </tr> 837 * <tr> 838 * <td>{@code PRI1.dropLookupMode(PRIVATE)}</td> 839 * <td></td> 840 * <td></td> 841 * <td style="text-align:center">PAC</td> 842 * <td style="text-align:center">MOD</td> 843 * <td style="text-align:center">1R</td> 844 * </tr> 845 * <tr> 846 * <td>{@code PRI1.dropLookupMode(PACKAGE)}</td> 847 * <td></td> 848 * <td></td> 849 * <td></td> 850 * <td style="text-align:center">MOD</td> 851 * <td style="text-align:center">1R</td> 852 * </tr> 853 * <tr> 854 * <td>{@code PRI1.dropLookupMode(MODULE)}</td> 855 * <td></td> 856 * <td></td> 857 * <td></td> 858 * <td></td> 859 * <td style="text-align:center">1R</td> 860 * </tr> 861 * <tr> 862 * <td>{@code PRI1.dropLookupMode(PUBLIC)}</td> 863 * <td></td> 864 * <td></td> 865 * <td></td> 866 * <td></td> 867 * <td style="text-align:center">none</td> 868 * <tr> 869 * <td>{@code PRI2 = privateLookupIn(D,CL)}</td> 870 * <td style="text-align:center">PRO</td> 871 * <td style="text-align:center">PRI</td> 872 * <td style="text-align:center">PAC</td> 873 * <td></td> 874 * <td style="text-align:center">2R</td> 875 * </tr> 876 * <tr> 877 * <td>{@code privateLookupIn(D,PRI1)}</td> 878 * <td style="text-align:center">PRO</td> 879 * <td style="text-align:center">PRI</td> 880 * <td style="text-align:center">PAC</td> 881 * <td></td> 882 * <td style="text-align:center">2R</td> 883 * </tr> 884 * <tr> 885 * <td>{@code privateLookupIn(C,PRI2)} fails</td> 886 * <td></td> 887 * <td></td> 888 * <td></td> 889 * <td></td> 890 * <td style="text-align:center">IAE</td> 891 * </tr> 892 * <tr> 893 * <td>{@code PRI2.in(D2)} same package</td> 894 * <td></td> 895 * <td></td> 896 * <td style="text-align:center">PAC</td> 897 * <td></td> 898 * <td style="text-align:center">2R</td> 899 * </tr> 900 * <tr> 901 * <td>{@code PRI2.in(D2)} different package</td> 902 * <td></td> 903 * <td></td> 904 * <td></td> 905 * <td></td> 906 * <td style="text-align:center">2R</td> 907 * </tr> 908 * <tr> 909 * <td>{@code PRI2.in(C1)} hop back to module</td> 910 * <td></td> 911 * <td></td> 912 * <td></td> 913 * <td></td> 914 * <td style="text-align:center">2R</td> 915 * </tr> 916 * <tr> 917 * <td>{@code PRI2.in(E)} hop to third module</td> 918 * <td></td> 919 * <td></td> 920 * <td></td> 921 * <td></td> 922 * <td style="text-align:center">none</td> 923 * </tr> 924 * <tr> 925 * <td>{@code PRI2.dropLookupMode(PROTECTED)}</td> 926 * <td></td> 927 * <td style="text-align:center">PRI</td> 928 * <td style="text-align:center">PAC</td> 929 * <td></td> 930 * <td style="text-align:center">2R</td> 931 * </tr> 932 * <tr> 933 * <td>{@code PRI2.dropLookupMode(PRIVATE)}</td> 934 * <td></td> 935 * <td></td> 936 * <td style="text-align:center">PAC</td> 937 * <td></td> 938 * <td style="text-align:center">2R</td> 939 * </tr> 940 * <tr> 941 * <td>{@code PRI2.dropLookupMode(PACKAGE)}</td> 942 * <td></td> 943 * <td></td> 944 * <td></td> 945 * <td></td> 946 * <td style="text-align:center">2R</td> 947 * </tr> 948 * <tr> 949 * <td>{@code PRI2.dropLookupMode(MODULE)}</td> 950 * <td></td> 951 * <td></td> 952 * <td></td> 953 * <td></td> 954 * <td style="text-align:center">2R</td> 955 * </tr> 956 * <tr> 957 * <td>{@code PRI2.dropLookupMode(PUBLIC)}</td> 958 * <td></td> 959 * <td></td> 960 * <td></td> 961 * <td></td> 962 * <td style="text-align:center">none</td> 963 * </tr> 964 * <tr> 965 * <td>{@code CL.dropLookupMode(PROTECTED)}</td> 966 * <td></td> 967 * <td style="text-align:center">PRI</td> 968 * <td style="text-align:center">PAC</td> 969 * <td style="text-align:center">MOD</td> 970 * <td style="text-align:center">1R</td> 971 * </tr> 972 * <tr> 973 * <td>{@code CL.dropLookupMode(PRIVATE)}</td> 974 * <td></td> 975 * <td></td> 976 * <td style="text-align:center">PAC</td> 977 * <td style="text-align:center">MOD</td> 978 * <td style="text-align:center">1R</td> 979 * </tr> 980 * <tr> 981 * <td>{@code CL.dropLookupMode(PACKAGE)}</td> 982 * <td></td> 983 * <td></td> 984 * <td></td> 985 * <td style="text-align:center">MOD</td> 986 * <td style="text-align:center">1R</td> 987 * </tr> 988 * <tr> 989 * <td>{@code CL.dropLookupMode(MODULE)}</td> 990 * <td></td> 991 * <td></td> 992 * <td></td> 993 * <td></td> 994 * <td style="text-align:center">1R</td> 995 * </tr> 996 * <tr> 997 * <td>{@code CL.dropLookupMode(PUBLIC)}</td> 998 * <td></td> 999 * <td></td> 1000 * <td></td> 1001 * <td></td> 1002 * <td style="text-align:center">none</td> 1003 * </tr> 1004 * <tr> 1005 * <td>{@code PUB = publicLookup()}</td> 1006 * <td></td> 1007 * <td></td> 1008 * <td></td> 1009 * <td></td> 1010 * <td style="text-align:center">U</td> 1011 * </tr> 1012 * <tr> 1013 * <td>{@code PUB.in(D)} different module</td> 1014 * <td></td> 1015 * <td></td> 1016 * <td></td> 1017 * <td></td> 1018 * <td style="text-align:center">U</td> 1019 * </tr> 1020 * <tr> 1021 * <td>{@code PUB.in(D).in(E)} third module</td> 1022 * <td></td> 1023 * <td></td> 1024 * <td></td> 1025 * <td></td> 1026 * <td style="text-align:center">U</td> 1027 * </tr> 1028 * <tr> 1029 * <td>{@code PUB.dropLookupMode(UNCONDITIONAL)}</td> 1030 * <td></td> 1031 * <td></td> 1032 * <td></td> 1033 * <td></td> 1034 * <td style="text-align:center">none</td> 1035 * </tr> 1036 * <tr> 1037 * <td>{@code privateLookupIn(C1,PUB)} fails</td> 1038 * <td></td> 1039 * <td></td> 1040 * <td></td> 1041 * <td></td> 1042 * <td style="text-align:center">IAE</td> 1043 * </tr> 1044 * <tr> 1045 * <td>{@code ANY.in(X)}, for inaccessible <code>X</code></td> 1046 * <td></td> 1047 * <td></td> 1048 * <td></td> 1049 * <td></td> 1050 * <td style="text-align:center">none</td> 1051 * </tr> 1052 * </tbody> 1053 * </table> 1054 * 1055 * <p> 1056 * Notes: 1057 * <ul> 1058 * <li>Class {@code C} and class {@code C1} are in module {@code M1}, 1059 * but {@code D} and {@code D2} are in module {@code M2}, and {@code E} 1060 * is in module {@code M3}. {@code X} stands for class which is inaccessible 1061 * to the lookup. {@code ANY} stands for any of the example lookups.</li> 1062 * <li>{@code PRO} indicates {@link #PROTECTED} bit set, 1063 * {@code PRI} indicates {@link #PRIVATE} bit set, 1064 * {@code PAC} indicates {@link #PACKAGE} bit set, 1065 * {@code MOD} indicates {@link #MODULE} bit set, 1066 * {@code 1R} and {@code 2R} indicate {@link #PUBLIC} bit set, 1067 * {@code U} indicates {@link #UNCONDITIONAL} bit set, 1068 * {@code IAE} indicates {@code IllegalAccessException} thrown.</li> 1069 * <li>Public access comes in three kinds: 1070 * <ul> 1071 * <li>unconditional ({@code U}): the lookup assumes readability. 1072 * The lookup has {@code null} previous lookup class. 1073 * <li>one-module-reads ({@code 1R}): the module access checking is 1074 * performed with respect to the lookup class. The lookup has {@code null} 1075 * previous lookup class. 1076 * <li>two-module-reads ({@code 2R}): the module access checking is 1077 * performed with respect to the lookup class and the previous lookup class. 1078 * The lookup has a non-null previous lookup class which is in a 1079 * different module from the current lookup class. 1080 * </ul> 1081 * <li>Any attempt to reach a third module loses all access.</li> 1082 * <li>If a target class {@code X} is not accessible to {@code Lookup::in} 1083 * all access modes are dropped.</li> 1084 * </ul> 1085 * 1086 * <h2><a id="secmgr"></a>Security manager interactions</h2> 1087 * Although bytecode instructions can only refer to classes in 1088 * a related class loader, this API can search for methods in any 1089 * class, as long as a reference to its {@code Class} object is 1090 * available. Such cross-loader references are also possible with the 1091 * Core Reflection API, and are impossible to bytecode instructions 1092 * such as {@code invokestatic} or {@code getfield}. 1093 * There is a {@linkplain java.lang.SecurityManager security manager API} 1094 * to allow applications to check such cross-loader references. 1095 * These checks apply to both the {@code MethodHandles.Lookup} API 1096 * and the Core Reflection API 1097 * (as found on {@link java.lang.Class Class}). 1098 * <p> 1099 * If a security manager is present, member and class lookups are subject to 1100 * additional checks. 1101 * From one to three calls are made to the security manager. 1102 * Any of these calls can refuse access by throwing a 1103 * {@link java.lang.SecurityException SecurityException}. 1104 * Define {@code smgr} as the security manager, 1105 * {@code lookc} as the lookup class of the current lookup object, 1106 * {@code refc} as the containing class in which the member 1107 * is being sought, and {@code defc} as the class in which the 1108 * member is actually defined. 1109 * (If a class or other type is being accessed, 1110 * the {@code refc} and {@code defc} values are the class itself.) 1111 * The value {@code lookc} is defined as <em>not present</em> 1112 * if the current lookup object does not have 1113 * <a href="MethodHandles.Lookup.html#privacc">private access</a>. 1114 * The calls are made according to the following rules: 1115 * <ul> 1116 * <li><b>Step 1:</b> 1117 * If {@code lookc} is not present, or if its class loader is not 1118 * the same as or an ancestor of the class loader of {@code refc}, 1119 * then {@link SecurityManager#checkPackageAccess 1120 * smgr.checkPackageAccess(refcPkg)} is called, 1121 * where {@code refcPkg} is the package of {@code refc}. 1122 * <li><b>Step 2a:</b> 1123 * If the retrieved member is not public and 1124 * {@code lookc} is not present, then 1125 * {@link SecurityManager#checkPermission smgr.checkPermission} 1126 * with {@code RuntimePermission("accessDeclaredMembers")} is called. 1127 * <li><b>Step 2b:</b> 1128 * If the retrieved class has a {@code null} class loader, 1129 * and {@code lookc} is not present, then 1130 * {@link SecurityManager#checkPermission smgr.checkPermission} 1131 * with {@code RuntimePermission("getClassLoader")} is called. 1132 * <li><b>Step 3:</b> 1133 * If the retrieved member is not public, 1134 * and if {@code lookc} is not present, 1135 * and if {@code defc} and {@code refc} are different, 1136 * then {@link SecurityManager#checkPackageAccess 1137 * smgr.checkPackageAccess(defcPkg)} is called, 1138 * where {@code defcPkg} is the package of {@code defc}. 1139 * </ul> 1140 * Security checks are performed after other access checks have passed. 1141 * Therefore, the above rules presuppose a member or class that is public, 1142 * or else that is being accessed from a lookup class that has 1143 * rights to access the member or class. 1144 * 1145 * <h2><a id="callsens"></a>Caller sensitive methods</h2> 1146 * A small number of Java methods have a special property called caller sensitivity. 1147 * A <em>caller-sensitive</em> method can behave differently depending on the 1148 * identity of its immediate caller. 1149 * <p> 1150 * If a method handle for a caller-sensitive method is requested, 1151 * the general rules for <a href="MethodHandles.Lookup.html#equiv">bytecode behaviors</a> apply, 1152 * but they take account of the lookup class in a special way. 1153 * The resulting method handle behaves as if it were called 1154 * from an instruction contained in the lookup class, 1155 * so that the caller-sensitive method detects the lookup class. 1156 * (By contrast, the invoker of the method handle is disregarded.) 1157 * Thus, in the case of caller-sensitive methods, 1158 * different lookup classes may give rise to 1159 * differently behaving method handles. 1160 * <p> 1161 * In cases where the lookup object is 1162 * {@link MethodHandles#publicLookup() publicLookup()}, 1163 * or some other lookup object without 1164 * <a href="MethodHandles.Lookup.html#privacc">private access</a>, 1165 * the lookup class is disregarded. 1166 * In such cases, no caller-sensitive method handle can be created, 1167 * access is forbidden, and the lookup fails with an 1168 * {@code IllegalAccessException}. 1169 * <p style="font-size:smaller;"> 1170 * <em>Discussion:</em> 1171 * For example, the caller-sensitive method 1172 * {@link java.lang.Class#forName(String) Class.forName(x)} 1173 * can return varying classes or throw varying exceptions, 1174 * depending on the class loader of the class that calls it. 1175 * A public lookup of {@code Class.forName} will fail, because 1176 * there is no reasonable way to determine its bytecode behavior. 1177 * <p style="font-size:smaller;"> 1178 * If an application caches method handles for broad sharing, 1179 * it should use {@code publicLookup()} to create them. 1180 * If there is a lookup of {@code Class.forName}, it will fail, 1181 * and the application must take appropriate action in that case. 1182 * It may be that a later lookup, perhaps during the invocation of a 1183 * bootstrap method, can incorporate the specific identity 1184 * of the caller, making the method accessible. 1185 * <p style="font-size:smaller;"> 1186 * The function {@code MethodHandles.lookup} is caller sensitive 1187 * so that there can be a secure foundation for lookups. 1188 * Nearly all other methods in the JSR 292 API rely on lookup 1189 * objects to check access requests. 1190 * 1191 * @revised 9 1192 */ 1193 public static final 1194 class Lookup { 1195 /** The class on behalf of whom the lookup is being performed. */ 1196 private final Class<?> lookupClass; 1197 1198 /** previous lookup class */ 1199 private final Class<?> prevLookupClass; 1200 1201 /** The allowed sorts of members which may be looked up (PUBLIC, etc.). */ 1202 private final int allowedModes; 1203 1204 static { 1205 Reflection.registerFieldsToFilter(Lookup.class, Set.of("lookupClass", "allowedModes")); 1206 } 1207 1208 /** A single-bit mask representing {@code public} access, 1209 * which may contribute to the result of {@link #lookupModes lookupModes}. 1210 * The value, {@code 0x01}, happens to be the same as the value of the 1211 * {@code public} {@linkplain java.lang.reflect.Modifier#PUBLIC modifier bit}. 1212 * <p> 1213 * A {@code Lookup} with this lookup mode performs cross-module access check 1214 * with respect to the {@linkplain #lookupClass() lookup class} and 1215 * {@linkplain #previousLookupClass() previous lookup class} if present. 1216 */ 1217 public static final int PUBLIC = Modifier.PUBLIC; 1218 1219 /** A single-bit mask representing {@code private} access, 1220 * which may contribute to the result of {@link #lookupModes lookupModes}. 1221 * The value, {@code 0x02}, happens to be the same as the value of the 1222 * {@code private} {@linkplain java.lang.reflect.Modifier#PRIVATE modifier bit}. 1223 */ 1224 public static final int PRIVATE = Modifier.PRIVATE; 1225 1226 /** A single-bit mask representing {@code protected} access, 1227 * which may contribute to the result of {@link #lookupModes lookupModes}. 1228 * The value, {@code 0x04}, happens to be the same as the value of the 1229 * {@code protected} {@linkplain java.lang.reflect.Modifier#PROTECTED modifier bit}. 1230 */ 1231 public static final int PROTECTED = Modifier.PROTECTED; 1232 1233 /** A single-bit mask representing {@code package} access (default access), 1234 * which may contribute to the result of {@link #lookupModes lookupModes}. 1235 * The value is {@code 0x08}, which does not correspond meaningfully to 1236 * any particular {@linkplain java.lang.reflect.Modifier modifier bit}. 1237 */ 1238 public static final int PACKAGE = Modifier.STATIC; 1239 1240 /** A single-bit mask representing {@code module} access, 1241 * which may contribute to the result of {@link #lookupModes lookupModes}. 1242 * The value is {@code 0x10}, which does not correspond meaningfully to 1243 * any particular {@linkplain java.lang.reflect.Modifier modifier bit}. 1244 * In conjunction with the {@code PUBLIC} modifier bit, a {@code Lookup} 1245 * with this lookup mode can access all public types in the module of the 1246 * lookup class and public types in packages exported by other modules 1247 * to the module of the lookup class. 1248 * <p> 1249 * If this lookup mode is set, the {@linkplain #previousLookupClass() 1250 * previous lookup class} is always {@code null}. 1251 * 1252 * @since 9 1253 * @spec JPMS 1254 */ 1255 public static final int MODULE = PACKAGE << 1; 1256 1257 /** A single-bit mask representing {@code unconditional} access 1258 * which may contribute to the result of {@link #lookupModes lookupModes}. 1259 * The value is {@code 0x20}, which does not correspond meaningfully to 1260 * any particular {@linkplain java.lang.reflect.Modifier modifier bit}. 1261 * A {@code Lookup} with this lookup mode assumes {@linkplain 1262 * java.lang.Module#canRead(java.lang.Module) readability}. 1263 * This lookup mode can access all public members of public types 1264 * of all modules when the type is in a package that is {@link 1265 * java.lang.Module#isExported(String) exported unconditionally}. 1266 * 1267 * <p> 1268 * If this lookup mode is set, the {@linkplain #previousLookupClass() 1269 * previous lookup class} is always {@code null}. 1270 * 1271 * @since 9 1272 * @spec JPMS 1273 * @see #publicLookup() 1274 */ 1275 public static final int UNCONDITIONAL = PACKAGE << 2; 1276 1277 private static final int ALL_MODES = (PUBLIC | PRIVATE | PROTECTED | PACKAGE | MODULE | UNCONDITIONAL); 1278 private static final int FULL_POWER_MODES = (ALL_MODES & ~UNCONDITIONAL); 1279 private static final int TRUSTED = -1; 1280 1281 /* 1282 * Adjust PUBLIC => PUBLIC|MODULE|UNCONDITIONAL 1283 * Adjust 0 => PACKAGE 1284 */ 1285 private static int fixmods(int mods) { 1286 mods &= (ALL_MODES - PACKAGE - MODULE - UNCONDITIONAL); 1287 if (Modifier.isPublic(mods)) 1288 mods |= UNCONDITIONAL; 1289 return (mods != 0) ? mods : PACKAGE; 1290 } 1291 1292 /** Tells which class is performing the lookup. It is this class against 1293 * which checks are performed for visibility and access permissions. 1294 * <p> 1295 * If this lookup object has a {@linkplain #previousLookupClass() previous lookup class}, 1296 * access checks are performed against both the lookup class and the previous lookup class. 1297 * <p> 1298 * The class implies a maximum level of access permission, 1299 * but the permissions may be additionally limited by the bitmask 1300 * {@link #lookupModes lookupModes}, which controls whether non-public members 1301 * can be accessed. 1302 * @return the lookup class, on behalf of which this lookup object finds members 1303 * @see <a href="#cross-module-lookup">Cross-module lookups</a> 1304 */ 1305 public Class<?> lookupClass() { 1306 return lookupClass; 1307 } 1308 1309 /** Reports a lookup class in another module that this lookup object 1310 * was previously teleported from, or {@code null}. 1311 * <p> 1312 * A {@code Lookup} object produced by the factory methods, such as the 1313 * {@link #lookup() lookup()} and {@link #publicLookup() publicLookup()} method, 1314 * has {@code null} previous lookup class. 1315 * A {@code Lookup} object has a non-null previous lookup class 1316 * when this lookup was teleported from an old lookup class 1317 * in one module to a new lookup class in another module. 1318 * 1319 * @return the lookup class in another module that this lookup object was 1320 * previously teleported from, or {@code null} 1321 * @since 14 1322 * @see #in(Class) 1323 * @see MethodHandles#privateLookupIn(Class, Lookup) 1324 * @see <a href="#cross-module-lookup">Cross-module lookups</a> 1325 */ 1326 public Class<?> previousLookupClass() { 1327 return prevLookupClass; 1328 } 1329 1330 // This is just for calling out to MethodHandleImpl. 1331 private Class<?> lookupClassOrNull() { 1332 return (allowedModes == TRUSTED) ? null : lookupClass; 1333 } 1334 1335 /** Tells which access-protection classes of members this lookup object can produce. 1336 * The result is a bit-mask of the bits 1337 * {@linkplain #PUBLIC PUBLIC (0x01)}, 1338 * {@linkplain #PRIVATE PRIVATE (0x02)}, 1339 * {@linkplain #PROTECTED PROTECTED (0x04)}, 1340 * {@linkplain #PACKAGE PACKAGE (0x08)}, 1341 * {@linkplain #MODULE MODULE (0x10)}, 1342 * and {@linkplain #UNCONDITIONAL UNCONDITIONAL (0x20)}. 1343 * <p> 1344 * A freshly-created lookup object 1345 * on the {@linkplain java.lang.invoke.MethodHandles#lookup() caller's class} has 1346 * all possible bits set, except {@code UNCONDITIONAL}. 1347 * A lookup object on a new lookup class 1348 * {@linkplain java.lang.invoke.MethodHandles.Lookup#in created from a previous lookup object} 1349 * may have some mode bits set to zero. 1350 * Mode bits can also be 1351 * {@linkplain java.lang.invoke.MethodHandles.Lookup#dropLookupMode directly cleared}. 1352 * Once cleared, mode bits cannot be restored from the downgraded lookup object. 1353 * The purpose of this is to restrict access via the new lookup object, 1354 * so that it can access only names which can be reached by the original 1355 * lookup object, and also by the new lookup class. 1356 * @return the lookup modes, which limit the kinds of access performed by this lookup object 1357 * @see #in 1358 * @see #dropLookupMode 1359 * 1360 * @revised 9 1361 * @spec JPMS 1362 */ 1363 public int lookupModes() { 1364 return allowedModes & ALL_MODES; 1365 } 1366 1367 /** Embody the current class (the lookupClass) as a lookup class 1368 * for method handle creation. 1369 * Must be called by from a method in this package, 1370 * which in turn is called by a method not in this package. 1371 */ 1372 Lookup(Class<?> lookupClass) { 1373 this(lookupClass, null, FULL_POWER_MODES); 1374 // make sure we haven't accidentally picked up a privileged class: 1375 checkUnprivilegedlookupClass(lookupClass); 1376 } 1377 1378 private Lookup(Class<?> lookupClass, Class<?> prevLookupClass, int allowedModes) { 1379 assert prevLookupClass == null || ((allowedModes & MODULE) == 0 1380 && prevLookupClass.getModule() != lookupClass.getModule()); 1381 1382 this.lookupClass = lookupClass; 1383 this.prevLookupClass = prevLookupClass; 1384 this.allowedModes = allowedModes; 1385 } 1386 1387 private static Lookup newLookup(Class<?> lookupClass, Class<?> prevLookupClass, int allowedModes) { 1388 // make sure we haven't accidentally picked up a privileged class: 1389 checkUnprivilegedlookupClass(lookupClass); 1390 return new Lookup(lookupClass, prevLookupClass, allowedModes); 1391 } 1392 1393 /** 1394 * Creates a lookup on the specified new lookup class. 1395 * The resulting object will report the specified 1396 * class as its own {@link #lookupClass() lookupClass}. 1397 * 1398 * <p> 1399 * However, the resulting {@code Lookup} object is guaranteed 1400 * to have no more access capabilities than the original. 1401 * In particular, access capabilities can be lost as follows:<ul> 1402 * <li>If the new lookup class is in a different module from the old one, 1403 * i.e. {@link #MODULE MODULE} access is lost. 1404 * <li>If the new lookup class is in a different package 1405 * than the old one, protected and default (package) members will not be accessible, 1406 * i.e. {@link #PROTECTED PROTECTED} and {@link #PACKAGE PACKAGE} access are lost. 1407 * <li>If the new lookup class is not within the same package member 1408 * as the old one, private members will not be accessible, and protected members 1409 * will not be accessible by virtue of inheritance, 1410 * i.e. {@link #PRIVATE PRIVATE} access is lost. 1411 * (Protected members may continue to be accessible because of package sharing.) 1412 * <li>If the new lookup class is not 1413 * {@linkplain #accessClass(Class) accessible} to this lookup, 1414 * then no members, not even public members, will be accessible 1415 * i.e. all access modes are lost. 1416 * <li>If the new lookup class, the old lookup class and the previous lookup class 1417 * are all in different modules i.e. teleporting to a third module, 1418 * all access modes are lost. 1419 * </ul> 1420 * <p> 1421 * The new previous lookup class is chosen as follows: 1422 * <ul> 1423 * <li>If the new lookup object has {@link #UNCONDITIONAL UNCONDITIONAL} bit, 1424 * the new previous lookup class is {@code null}. 1425 * <li>If the new lookup class is in the same module as the old lookup class, 1426 * the new previous lookup class is the old previous lookup class. 1427 * <li>If the new lookup class is in a different module from the old lookup class, 1428 * the new previous lookup class is the the old lookup class. 1429 *</ul> 1430 * <p> 1431 * The resulting lookup's capabilities for loading classes 1432 * (used during {@link #findClass} invocations) 1433 * are determined by the lookup class' loader, 1434 * which may change due to this operation. 1435 * <p> 1436 * @param requestedLookupClass the desired lookup class for the new lookup object 1437 * @return a lookup object which reports the desired lookup class, or the same object 1438 * if there is no change 1439 * @throws NullPointerException if the argument is null 1440 * 1441 * @revised 9 1442 * @spec JPMS 1443 * @see #accessClass(Class) 1444 * @see <a href="#cross-module-lookup">Cross-module lookups</a> 1445 */ 1446 public Lookup in(Class<?> requestedLookupClass) { 1447 Objects.requireNonNull(requestedLookupClass); 1448 if (allowedModes == TRUSTED) // IMPL_LOOKUP can make any lookup at all 1449 return new Lookup(requestedLookupClass, null, FULL_POWER_MODES); 1450 if (requestedLookupClass == this.lookupClass) 1451 return this; // keep same capabilities 1452 int newModes = (allowedModes & FULL_POWER_MODES); 1453 Module fromModule = this.lookupClass.getModule(); 1454 Module targetModule = requestedLookupClass.getModule(); 1455 Class<?> plc = this.previousLookupClass(); 1456 if ((this.allowedModes & UNCONDITIONAL) != 0) { 1457 assert plc == null; 1458 newModes = UNCONDITIONAL; 1459 } else if (fromModule != targetModule) { 1460 if (plc != null && !VerifyAccess.isSameModule(plc, requestedLookupClass)) { 1461 // allow hopping back and forth between fromModule and plc's module 1462 // but not the third module 1463 newModes = 0; 1464 } 1465 // drop MODULE access 1466 newModes &= ~(MODULE|PACKAGE|PRIVATE|PROTECTED); 1467 // teleport from this lookup class 1468 plc = this.lookupClass; 1469 } 1470 if ((newModes & PACKAGE) != 0 1471 && !VerifyAccess.isSamePackage(this.lookupClass, requestedLookupClass)) { 1472 newModes &= ~(PACKAGE|PRIVATE|PROTECTED); 1473 } 1474 // Allow nestmate lookups to be created without special privilege: 1475 if ((newModes & PRIVATE) != 0 1476 && !VerifyAccess.isSamePackageMember(this.lookupClass, requestedLookupClass)) { 1477 newModes &= ~(PRIVATE|PROTECTED); 1478 } 1479 if ((newModes & (PUBLIC|UNCONDITIONAL)) != 0 1480 && !VerifyAccess.isClassAccessible(requestedLookupClass, this.lookupClass, this.prevLookupClass, allowedModes)) { 1481 // The requested class it not accessible from the lookup class. 1482 // No permissions. 1483 newModes = 0; 1484 } 1485 return newLookup(requestedLookupClass, plc, newModes); 1486 } 1487 1488 /** 1489 * Creates a lookup on the same lookup class which this lookup object 1490 * finds members, but with a lookup mode that has lost the given lookup mode. 1491 * The lookup mode to drop is one of {@link #PUBLIC PUBLIC}, {@link #MODULE 1492 * MODULE}, {@link #PACKAGE PACKAGE}, {@link #PROTECTED PROTECTED} or {@link #PRIVATE PRIVATE}. 1493 * {@link #PROTECTED PROTECTED} is always 1494 * dropped and so the resulting lookup mode will never have this access capability. 1495 * When dropping {@code PACKAGE} then the resulting lookup will not have {@code PACKAGE} 1496 * or {@code PRIVATE} access. When dropping {@code MODULE} then the resulting lookup will 1497 * not have {@code MODULE}, {@code PACKAGE}, or {@code PRIVATE} access. If {@code PUBLIC} 1498 * is dropped then the resulting lookup has no access. If {@code UNCONDITIONAL} 1499 * is dropped then the resulting lookup has no access. 1500 * 1501 * @apiNote 1502 * A lookup with {@code PACKAGE} but not {@code PRIVATE} mode can safely 1503 * delegate non-public access within the package of the lookup class without 1504 * conferring private access. A lookup with {@code MODULE} but not 1505 * {@code PACKAGE} mode can safely delegate {@code PUBLIC} access within 1506 * the module of the lookup class without conferring package access. 1507 * A lookup with a {@linkplain #previousLookupClass() previous lookup class} 1508 * (and {@code PUBLIC} but not {@code MODULE} mode) can safely delegate access 1509 * to public classes accessible to both the module of the lookup class 1510 * and the module of the previous lookup class. 1511 * 1512 * @param modeToDrop the lookup mode to drop 1513 * @return a lookup object which lacks the indicated mode, or the same object if there is no change 1514 * @throws IllegalArgumentException if {@code modeToDrop} is not one of {@code PUBLIC}, 1515 * {@code MODULE}, {@code PACKAGE}, {@code PROTECTED}, {@code PRIVATE} or {@code UNCONDITIONAL} 1516 * @see MethodHandles#privateLookupIn 1517 * @since 9 1518 */ 1519 public Lookup dropLookupMode(int modeToDrop) { 1520 int oldModes = lookupModes(); 1521 int newModes = oldModes & ~(modeToDrop | PROTECTED); 1522 switch (modeToDrop) { 1523 case PUBLIC: newModes &= ~(FULL_POWER_MODES); break; 1524 case MODULE: newModes &= ~(PACKAGE | PRIVATE); break; 1525 case PACKAGE: newModes &= ~(PRIVATE); break; 1526 case PROTECTED: 1527 case PRIVATE: 1528 case UNCONDITIONAL: break; 1529 default: throw new IllegalArgumentException(modeToDrop + " is not a valid mode to drop"); 1530 } 1531 if (newModes == oldModes) return this; // return self if no change 1532 return newLookup(lookupClass(), previousLookupClass(), newModes); 1533 } 1534 1535 /** 1536 * Defines a class to the same class loader and in the same runtime package and 1537 * {@linkplain java.security.ProtectionDomain protection domain} as this lookup's 1538 * {@linkplain #lookupClass() lookup class}. 1539 * 1540 * <p> The {@linkplain #lookupModes() lookup modes} for this lookup must include 1541 * {@link #PACKAGE PACKAGE} access as default (package) members will be 1542 * accessible to the class. The {@code PACKAGE} lookup mode serves to authenticate 1543 * that the lookup object was created by a caller in the runtime package (or derived 1544 * from a lookup originally created by suitably privileged code to a target class in 1545 * the runtime package). </p> 1546 * 1547 * <p> The {@code bytes} parameter is the class bytes of a valid class file (as defined 1548 * by the <em>The Java Virtual Machine Specification</em>) with a class name in the 1549 * same package as the lookup class. </p> 1550 * 1551 * <p> This method does not run the class initializer. The class initializer may 1552 * run at a later time, as detailed in section 12.4 of the <em>The Java Language 1553 * Specification</em>. </p> 1554 * 1555 * <p> If there is a security manager, its {@code checkPermission} method is first called 1556 * to check {@code RuntimePermission("defineClass")}. </p> 1557 * 1558 * @param bytes the class bytes 1559 * @return the {@code Class} object for the class 1560 * @throws IllegalArgumentException the bytes are for a class in a different package 1561 * to the lookup class 1562 * @throws IllegalAccessException if this lookup does not have {@code PACKAGE} access 1563 * @throws LinkageError if the class is malformed ({@code ClassFormatError}), cannot be 1564 * verified ({@code VerifyError}), is already defined, or another linkage error occurs 1565 * @throws SecurityException if denied by the security manager 1566 * @throws NullPointerException if {@code bytes} is {@code null} 1567 * @since 9 1568 * @spec JPMS 1569 * @see Lookup#privateLookupIn 1570 * @see Lookup#dropLookupMode 1571 * @see ClassLoader#defineClass(String,byte[],int,int,ProtectionDomain) 1572 */ 1573 public Class<?> defineClass(byte[] bytes) throws IllegalAccessException { 1574 SecurityManager sm = System.getSecurityManager(); 1575 if (sm != null) 1576 sm.checkPermission(new RuntimePermission("defineClass")); 1577 if ((lookupModes() & PACKAGE) == 0) 1578 throw new IllegalAccessException("Lookup does not have PACKAGE access"); 1579 assert (lookupModes() & (MODULE|PUBLIC)) != 0; 1580 1581 // parse class bytes to get class name (in internal form) 1582 bytes = bytes.clone(); 1583 String name; 1584 try { 1585 ClassReader reader = new ClassReader(bytes); 1586 name = reader.getClassName(); 1587 } catch (RuntimeException e) { 1588 // ASM exceptions are poorly specified 1589 ClassFormatError cfe = new ClassFormatError(); 1590 cfe.initCause(e); 1591 throw cfe; 1592 } 1593 1594 // get package and class name in binary form 1595 String cn, pn; 1596 int index = name.lastIndexOf('/'); 1597 if (index == -1) { 1598 cn = name; 1599 pn = ""; 1600 } else { 1601 cn = name.replace('/', '.'); 1602 pn = cn.substring(0, index); 1603 } 1604 if (!pn.equals(lookupClass.getPackageName())) { 1605 throw new IllegalArgumentException("Class not in same package as lookup class"); 1606 } 1607 1608 // invoke the class loader's defineClass method 1609 ClassLoader loader = lookupClass.getClassLoader(); 1610 ProtectionDomain pd = (loader != null) ? lookupClassProtectionDomain() : null; 1611 String source = "__Lookup_defineClass__"; 1612 Class<?> clazz = SharedSecrets.getJavaLangAccess().defineClass(loader, cn, bytes, pd, source); 1613 return clazz; 1614 } 1615 1616 private ProtectionDomain lookupClassProtectionDomain() { 1617 ProtectionDomain pd = cachedProtectionDomain; 1618 if (pd == null) { 1619 cachedProtectionDomain = pd = protectionDomain(lookupClass); 1620 } 1621 return pd; 1622 } 1623 1624 private ProtectionDomain protectionDomain(Class<?> clazz) { 1625 PrivilegedAction<ProtectionDomain> pa = clazz::getProtectionDomain; 1626 return AccessController.doPrivileged(pa); 1627 } 1628 1629 // cached protection domain 1630 private volatile ProtectionDomain cachedProtectionDomain; 1631 1632 1633 // Make sure outer class is initialized first. 1634 static { IMPL_NAMES.getClass(); } 1635 1636 /** Package-private version of lookup which is trusted. */ 1637 static final Lookup IMPL_LOOKUP = new Lookup(Object.class, null, TRUSTED); 1638 1639 /** Version of lookup which is trusted minimally. 1640 * It can only be used to create method handles to publicly accessible 1641 * members in packages that are exported unconditionally. 1642 */ 1643 static final Lookup PUBLIC_LOOKUP = new Lookup(Object.class, null, UNCONDITIONAL); 1644 1645 private static void checkUnprivilegedlookupClass(Class<?> lookupClass) { 1646 String name = lookupClass.getName(); 1647 if (name.startsWith("java.lang.invoke.")) 1648 throw newIllegalArgumentException("illegal lookupClass: "+lookupClass); 1649 } 1650 1651 /** 1652 * Displays the name of the class from which lookups are to be made. 1653 * followed with "/" and the name of the {@linkplain #previousLookupClass() 1654 * previous lookup class} if present. 1655 * (The name is the one reported by {@link java.lang.Class#getName() Class.getName}.) 1656 * If there are restrictions on the access permitted to this lookup, 1657 * this is indicated by adding a suffix to the class name, consisting 1658 * of a slash and a keyword. The keyword represents the strongest 1659 * allowed access, and is chosen as follows: 1660 * <ul> 1661 * <li>If no access is allowed, the suffix is "/noaccess". 1662 * <li>If only unconditional access is allowed, the suffix is "/publicLookup". 1663 * <li>If only public access to types in exported packages is allowed, the suffix is "/public". 1664 * <li>If only public and module access are allowed, the suffix is "/module". 1665 * <li>If public and package access are allowed, the suffix is "/package". 1666 * <li>If public, package, and private access are allowed, the suffix is "/private". 1667 * </ul> 1668 * If none of the above cases apply, it is the case that full access 1669 * (public, module, package, private, and protected) is allowed. 1670 * In this case, no suffix is added. 1671 * This is true only of an object obtained originally from 1672 * {@link java.lang.invoke.MethodHandles#lookup MethodHandles.lookup}. 1673 * Objects created by {@link java.lang.invoke.MethodHandles.Lookup#in Lookup.in} 1674 * always have restricted access, and will display a suffix. 1675 * <p> 1676 * (It may seem strange that protected access should be 1677 * stronger than private access. Viewed independently from 1678 * package access, protected access is the first to be lost, 1679 * because it requires a direct subclass relationship between 1680 * caller and callee.) 1681 * @see #in 1682 * 1683 * @revised 9 1684 * @spec JPMS 1685 */ 1686 @Override 1687 public String toString() { 1688 String cname = lookupClass.getName(); 1689 if (prevLookupClass != null) 1690 cname += "/" + prevLookupClass.getName(); 1691 switch (allowedModes) { 1692 case 0: // no privileges 1693 return cname + "/noaccess"; 1694 case UNCONDITIONAL: 1695 return cname + "/publicLookup"; 1696 case PUBLIC: 1697 return cname + "/public"; 1698 case PUBLIC|MODULE: 1699 return cname + "/module"; 1700 case PUBLIC|PACKAGE: 1701 case PUBLIC|MODULE|PACKAGE: 1702 return cname + "/package"; 1703 case FULL_POWER_MODES & (~PROTECTED): 1704 case FULL_POWER_MODES & ~(PROTECTED|MODULE): 1705 return cname + "/private"; 1706 case FULL_POWER_MODES: 1707 case FULL_POWER_MODES & (~MODULE): 1708 return cname; 1709 case TRUSTED: 1710 return "/trusted"; // internal only; not exported 1711 default: // Should not happen, but it's a bitfield... 1712 cname = cname + "/" + Integer.toHexString(allowedModes); 1713 assert(false) : cname; 1714 return cname; 1715 } 1716 } 1717 1718 /** 1719 * Produces a method handle for a static method. 1720 * The type of the method handle will be that of the method. 1721 * (Since static methods do not take receivers, there is no 1722 * additional receiver argument inserted into the method handle type, 1723 * as there would be with {@link #findVirtual findVirtual} or {@link #findSpecial findSpecial}.) 1724 * The method and all its argument types must be accessible to the lookup object. 1725 * <p> 1726 * The returned method handle will have 1727 * {@linkplain MethodHandle#asVarargsCollector variable arity} if and only if 1728 * the method's variable arity modifier bit ({@code 0x0080}) is set. 1729 * <p> 1730 * If the returned method handle is invoked, the method's class will 1731 * be initialized, if it has not already been initialized. 1732 * <p><b>Example:</b> 1733 * <blockquote><pre>{@code 1734 import static java.lang.invoke.MethodHandles.*; 1735 import static java.lang.invoke.MethodType.*; 1736 ... 1737 MethodHandle MH_asList = publicLookup().findStatic(Arrays.class, 1738 "asList", methodType(List.class, Object[].class)); 1739 assertEquals("[x, y]", MH_asList.invoke("x", "y").toString()); 1740 * }</pre></blockquote> 1741 * @param refc the class from which the method is accessed 1742 * @param name the name of the method 1743 * @param type the type of the method 1744 * @return the desired method handle 1745 * @throws NoSuchMethodException if the method does not exist 1746 * @throws IllegalAccessException if access checking fails, 1747 * or if the method is not {@code static}, 1748 * or if the method's variable arity modifier bit 1749 * is set and {@code asVarargsCollector} fails 1750 * @exception SecurityException if a security manager is present and it 1751 * <a href="MethodHandles.Lookup.html#secmgr">refuses access</a> 1752 * @throws NullPointerException if any argument is null 1753 */ 1754 public 1755 MethodHandle findStatic(Class<?> refc, String name, MethodType type) throws NoSuchMethodException, IllegalAccessException { 1756 MemberName method = resolveOrFail(REF_invokeStatic, refc, name, type); 1757 return getDirectMethod(REF_invokeStatic, refc, method, findBoundCallerClass(method)); 1758 } 1759 1760 /** 1761 * Produces a method handle for a virtual method. 1762 * The type of the method handle will be that of the method, 1763 * with the receiver type (usually {@code refc}) prepended. 1764 * The method and all its argument types must be accessible to the lookup object. 1765 * <p> 1766 * When called, the handle will treat the first argument as a receiver 1767 * and, for non-private methods, dispatch on the receiver's type to determine which method 1768 * implementation to enter. 1769 * For private methods the named method in {@code refc} will be invoked on the receiver. 1770 * (The dispatching action is identical with that performed by an 1771 * {@code invokevirtual} or {@code invokeinterface} instruction.) 1772 * <p> 1773 * The first argument will be of type {@code refc} if the lookup 1774 * class has full privileges to access the member. Otherwise 1775 * the member must be {@code protected} and the first argument 1776 * will be restricted in type to the lookup class. 1777 * <p> 1778 * The returned method handle will have 1779 * {@linkplain MethodHandle#asVarargsCollector variable arity} if and only if 1780 * the method's variable arity modifier bit ({@code 0x0080}) is set. 1781 * <p> 1782 * Because of the general <a href="MethodHandles.Lookup.html#equiv">equivalence</a> between {@code invokevirtual} 1783 * instructions and method handles produced by {@code findVirtual}, 1784 * if the class is {@code MethodHandle} and the name string is 1785 * {@code invokeExact} or {@code invoke}, the resulting 1786 * method handle is equivalent to one produced by 1787 * {@link java.lang.invoke.MethodHandles#exactInvoker MethodHandles.exactInvoker} or 1788 * {@link java.lang.invoke.MethodHandles#invoker MethodHandles.invoker} 1789 * with the same {@code type} argument. 1790 * <p> 1791 * If the class is {@code VarHandle} and the name string corresponds to 1792 * the name of a signature-polymorphic access mode method, the resulting 1793 * method handle is equivalent to one produced by 1794 * {@link java.lang.invoke.MethodHandles#varHandleInvoker} with 1795 * the access mode corresponding to the name string and with the same 1796 * {@code type} arguments. 1797 * <p> 1798 * <b>Example:</b> 1799 * <blockquote><pre>{@code 1800 import static java.lang.invoke.MethodHandles.*; 1801 import static java.lang.invoke.MethodType.*; 1802 ... 1803 MethodHandle MH_concat = publicLookup().findVirtual(String.class, 1804 "concat", methodType(String.class, String.class)); 1805 MethodHandle MH_hashCode = publicLookup().findVirtual(Object.class, 1806 "hashCode", methodType(int.class)); 1807 MethodHandle MH_hashCode_String = publicLookup().findVirtual(String.class, 1808 "hashCode", methodType(int.class)); 1809 assertEquals("xy", (String) MH_concat.invokeExact("x", "y")); 1810 assertEquals("xy".hashCode(), (int) MH_hashCode.invokeExact((Object)"xy")); 1811 assertEquals("xy".hashCode(), (int) MH_hashCode_String.invokeExact("xy")); 1812 // interface method: 1813 MethodHandle MH_subSequence = publicLookup().findVirtual(CharSequence.class, 1814 "subSequence", methodType(CharSequence.class, int.class, int.class)); 1815 assertEquals("def", MH_subSequence.invoke("abcdefghi", 3, 6).toString()); 1816 // constructor "internal method" must be accessed differently: 1817 MethodType MT_newString = methodType(void.class); //()V for new String() 1818 try { assertEquals("impossible", lookup() 1819 .findVirtual(String.class, "<init>", MT_newString)); 1820 } catch (NoSuchMethodException ex) { } // OK 1821 MethodHandle MH_newString = publicLookup() 1822 .findConstructor(String.class, MT_newString); 1823 assertEquals("", (String) MH_newString.invokeExact()); 1824 * }</pre></blockquote> 1825 * 1826 * @param refc the class or interface from which the method is accessed 1827 * @param name the name of the method 1828 * @param type the type of the method, with the receiver argument omitted 1829 * @return the desired method handle 1830 * @throws NoSuchMethodException if the method does not exist 1831 * @throws IllegalAccessException if access checking fails, 1832 * or if the method is {@code static}, 1833 * or if the method's variable arity modifier bit 1834 * is set and {@code asVarargsCollector} fails 1835 * @exception SecurityException if a security manager is present and it 1836 * <a href="MethodHandles.Lookup.html#secmgr">refuses access</a> 1837 * @throws NullPointerException if any argument is null 1838 */ 1839 public MethodHandle findVirtual(Class<?> refc, String name, MethodType type) throws NoSuchMethodException, IllegalAccessException { 1840 if (refc == MethodHandle.class) { 1841 MethodHandle mh = findVirtualForMH(name, type); 1842 if (mh != null) return mh; 1843 } else if (refc == VarHandle.class) { 1844 MethodHandle mh = findVirtualForVH(name, type); 1845 if (mh != null) return mh; 1846 } 1847 byte refKind = (refc.isInterface() ? REF_invokeInterface : REF_invokeVirtual); 1848 MemberName method = resolveOrFail(refKind, refc, name, type); 1849 return getDirectMethod(refKind, refc, method, findBoundCallerClass(method)); 1850 } 1851 private MethodHandle findVirtualForMH(String name, MethodType type) { 1852 // these names require special lookups because of the implicit MethodType argument 1853 if ("invoke".equals(name)) 1854 return invoker(type); 1855 if ("invokeExact".equals(name)) 1856 return exactInvoker(type); 1857 assert(!MemberName.isMethodHandleInvokeName(name)); 1858 return null; 1859 } 1860 private MethodHandle findVirtualForVH(String name, MethodType type) { 1861 try { 1862 return varHandleInvoker(VarHandle.AccessMode.valueFromMethodName(name), type); 1863 } catch (IllegalArgumentException e) { 1864 return null; 1865 } 1866 } 1867 1868 /** 1869 * Produces a method handle which creates an object and initializes it, using 1870 * the constructor of the specified type. 1871 * The parameter types of the method handle will be those of the constructor, 1872 * while the return type will be a reference to the constructor's class. 1873 * The constructor and all its argument types must be accessible to the lookup object. 1874 * <p> 1875 * The requested type must have a return type of {@code void}. 1876 * (This is consistent with the JVM's treatment of constructor type descriptors.) 1877 * <p> 1878 * The returned method handle will have 1879 * {@linkplain MethodHandle#asVarargsCollector variable arity} if and only if 1880 * the constructor's variable arity modifier bit ({@code 0x0080}) is set. 1881 * <p> 1882 * If the returned method handle is invoked, the constructor's class will 1883 * be initialized, if it has not already been initialized. 1884 * <p><b>Example:</b> 1885 * <blockquote><pre>{@code 1886 import static java.lang.invoke.MethodHandles.*; 1887 import static java.lang.invoke.MethodType.*; 1888 ... 1889 MethodHandle MH_newArrayList = publicLookup().findConstructor( 1890 ArrayList.class, methodType(void.class, Collection.class)); 1891 Collection orig = Arrays.asList("x", "y"); 1892 Collection copy = (ArrayList) MH_newArrayList.invokeExact(orig); 1893 assert(orig != copy); 1894 assertEquals(orig, copy); 1895 // a variable-arity constructor: 1896 MethodHandle MH_newProcessBuilder = publicLookup().findConstructor( 1897 ProcessBuilder.class, methodType(void.class, String[].class)); 1898 ProcessBuilder pb = (ProcessBuilder) 1899 MH_newProcessBuilder.invoke("x", "y", "z"); 1900 assertEquals("[x, y, z]", pb.command().toString()); 1901 * }</pre></blockquote> 1902 * @param refc the class or interface from which the method is accessed 1903 * @param type the type of the method, with the receiver argument omitted, and a void return type 1904 * @return the desired method handle 1905 * @throws NoSuchMethodException if the constructor does not exist 1906 * @throws IllegalAccessException if access checking fails 1907 * or if the method's variable arity modifier bit 1908 * is set and {@code asVarargsCollector} fails 1909 * @exception SecurityException if a security manager is present and it 1910 * <a href="MethodHandles.Lookup.html#secmgr">refuses access</a> 1911 * @throws NullPointerException if any argument is null 1912 */ 1913 public MethodHandle findConstructor(Class<?> refc, MethodType type) throws NoSuchMethodException, IllegalAccessException { 1914 if (refc.isArray()) { 1915 throw new NoSuchMethodException("no constructor for array class: " + refc.getName()); 1916 } 1917 String name = "<init>"; 1918 MemberName ctor = resolveOrFail(REF_newInvokeSpecial, refc, name, type); 1919 return getDirectConstructor(refc, ctor); 1920 } 1921 1922 /** 1923 * Looks up a class by name from the lookup context defined by this {@code Lookup} object. The static 1924 * initializer of the class is not run. 1925 * <p> 1926 * The lookup context here is determined by the {@linkplain #lookupClass() lookup class}, its class 1927 * loader, and the {@linkplain #lookupModes() lookup modes}. In particular, the method first attempts to 1928 * load the requested class, and then determines whether the class is accessible to this lookup object. 1929 * 1930 * @param targetName the fully qualified name of the class to be looked up. 1931 * @return the requested class. 1932 * @exception SecurityException if a security manager is present and it 1933 * <a href="MethodHandles.Lookup.html#secmgr">refuses access</a> 1934 * @throws LinkageError if the linkage fails 1935 * @throws ClassNotFoundException if the class cannot be loaded by the lookup class' loader. 1936 * @throws IllegalAccessException if the class is not accessible, using the allowed access 1937 * modes. 1938 * @exception SecurityException if a security manager is present and it 1939 * <a href="MethodHandles.Lookup.html#secmgr">refuses access</a> 1940 * @since 9 1941 */ 1942 public Class<?> findClass(String targetName) throws ClassNotFoundException, IllegalAccessException { 1943 Class<?> targetClass = Class.forName(targetName, false, lookupClass.getClassLoader()); 1944 return accessClass(targetClass); 1945 } 1946 1947 /** 1948 * Determines if a class can be accessed from the lookup context defined by 1949 * this {@code Lookup} object. The static initializer of the class is not run. 1950 * <p> 1951 * If the {@code targetClass} is in the same module as the lookup class, 1952 * the lookup class is {@code LC} in module {@code M1} and 1953 * the previous lookup class is in module {@code M0} or 1954 * {@code null} if not present, 1955 * {@code targetClass} is accessible if and only if one of the following is true: 1956 * <ul> 1957 * <li>If this lookup has {@link #PRIVATE} access, {@code targetClass} is 1958 * {@code LC} or other class in the same nest of {@code LC}.</li> 1959 * <li>If this lookup has {@link #PACKAGE} access, {@code targetClass} is 1960 * in the same runtime package of {@code LC}.</li> 1961 * <li>If this lookup has {@link #MODULE} access, {@code targetClass} is 1962 * a public type in {@code M1}.</li> 1963 * <li>If this lookup has {@link #PUBLIC} access, {@code targetClass} is 1964 * a public type in a package exported by {@code M1} to at least {@code M0} 1965 * if the previous lookup class is present; otherwise, {@code targetClass} 1966 * is a public type in a package exported by {@code M1} unconditionally.</li> 1967 * </ul> 1968 * 1969 * <p> 1970 * Otherwise, if this lookup has {@link #UNCONDITIONAL} access, this lookup 1971 * can access public types in all modules when the type is in a package 1972 * that is exported unconditionally. 1973 * <p> 1974 * Otherwise, the target class is in a different module from {@code lookupClass}, 1975 * and if this lookup does not have {@code PUBLIC} access, {@code lookupClass} 1976 * is inaccessible. 1977 * <p> 1978 * Otherwise, if this lookup has no {@linkplain #previousLookupClass() previous lookup class}, 1979 * {@code M1} is the module containing {@code lookupClass} and 1980 * {@code M2} is the module containing {@code targetClass}, 1981 * then {@code targetClass} is accessible if and only if 1982 * <ul> 1983 * <li>{@code M1} reads {@code M2}, and 1984 * <li>{@code targetClass} is public and in a package exported by 1985 * {@code M2} at least to {@code M1}. 1986 * </ul> 1987 * <p> 1988 * Otherwise, if this lookup has a {@linkplain #previousLookupClass() previous lookup class}, 1989 * {@code M1} and {@code M2} are as before, and {@code M0} is the module 1990 * containing the previous lookup class, then {@code targetClass} is accessible 1991 * if and only if one of the following is true: 1992 * <ul> 1993 * <li>{@code targetClass} is in {@code M0} and {@code M1} 1994 * {@linkplain Module#reads reads} {@code M0} and the type is 1995 * in a package that is exported to at least {@code M1}. 1996 * <li>{@code targetClass} is in {@code M1} and {@code M0} 1997 * {@linkplain Module#reads reads} {@code M1} and the type is 1998 * in a package that is exported to at least {@code M0}. 1999 * <li>{@code targetClass} is in a third module {@code M2} and both {@code M0} 2000 * and {@code M1} reads {@code M2} and the type is in a package 2001 * that is exported to at least both {@code M0} and {@code M2}. 2002 * </ul> 2003 * <p> 2004 * Otherwise, {@code targetClass} is not accessible. 2005 * 2006 * @param targetClass the class to be access-checked 2007 * @return the class that has been access-checked 2008 * @throws IllegalAccessException if the class is not accessible from the lookup class 2009 * and previous lookup class, if present, using the allowed access modes. 2010 * @exception SecurityException if a security manager is present and it 2011 * <a href="MethodHandles.Lookup.html#secmgr">refuses access</a> 2012 * @since 9 2013 * @see <a href="#cross-module-lookup">Cross-module lookups</a> 2014 */ 2015 public Class<?> accessClass(Class<?> targetClass) throws IllegalAccessException { 2016 if (!VerifyAccess.isClassAccessible(targetClass, lookupClass, prevLookupClass, allowedModes)) { 2017 throw new MemberName(targetClass).makeAccessException("access violation", this); 2018 } 2019 checkSecurityManager(targetClass, null); 2020 return targetClass; 2021 } 2022 2023 /** 2024 * Produces an early-bound method handle for a virtual method. 2025 * It will bypass checks for overriding methods on the receiver, 2026 * <a href="MethodHandles.Lookup.html#equiv">as if called</a> from an {@code invokespecial} 2027 * instruction from within the explicitly specified {@code specialCaller}. 2028 * The type of the method handle will be that of the method, 2029 * with a suitably restricted receiver type prepended. 2030 * (The receiver type will be {@code specialCaller} or a subtype.) 2031 * The method and all its argument types must be accessible 2032 * to the lookup object. 2033 * <p> 2034 * Before method resolution, 2035 * if the explicitly specified caller class is not identical with the 2036 * lookup class, or if this lookup object does not have 2037 * <a href="MethodHandles.Lookup.html#privacc">private access</a> 2038 * privileges, the access fails. 2039 * <p> 2040 * The returned method handle will have 2041 * {@linkplain MethodHandle#asVarargsCollector variable arity} if and only if 2042 * the method's variable arity modifier bit ({@code 0x0080}) is set. 2043 * <p style="font-size:smaller;"> 2044 * <em>(Note: JVM internal methods named {@code "<init>"} are not visible to this API, 2045 * even though the {@code invokespecial} instruction can refer to them 2046 * in special circumstances. Use {@link #findConstructor findConstructor} 2047 * to access instance initialization methods in a safe manner.)</em> 2048 * <p><b>Example:</b> 2049 * <blockquote><pre>{@code 2050 import static java.lang.invoke.MethodHandles.*; 2051 import static java.lang.invoke.MethodType.*; 2052 ... 2053 static class Listie extends ArrayList { 2054 public String toString() { return "[wee Listie]"; } 2055 static Lookup lookup() { return MethodHandles.lookup(); } 2056 } 2057 ... 2058 // no access to constructor via invokeSpecial: 2059 MethodHandle MH_newListie = Listie.lookup() 2060 .findConstructor(Listie.class, methodType(void.class)); 2061 Listie l = (Listie) MH_newListie.invokeExact(); 2062 try { assertEquals("impossible", Listie.lookup().findSpecial( 2063 Listie.class, "<init>", methodType(void.class), Listie.class)); 2064 } catch (NoSuchMethodException ex) { } // OK 2065 // access to super and self methods via invokeSpecial: 2066 MethodHandle MH_super = Listie.lookup().findSpecial( 2067 ArrayList.class, "toString" , methodType(String.class), Listie.class); 2068 MethodHandle MH_this = Listie.lookup().findSpecial( 2069 Listie.class, "toString" , methodType(String.class), Listie.class); 2070 MethodHandle MH_duper = Listie.lookup().findSpecial( 2071 Object.class, "toString" , methodType(String.class), Listie.class); 2072 assertEquals("[]", (String) MH_super.invokeExact(l)); 2073 assertEquals(""+l, (String) MH_this.invokeExact(l)); 2074 assertEquals("[]", (String) MH_duper.invokeExact(l)); // ArrayList method 2075 try { assertEquals("inaccessible", Listie.lookup().findSpecial( 2076 String.class, "toString", methodType(String.class), Listie.class)); 2077 } catch (IllegalAccessException ex) { } // OK 2078 Listie subl = new Listie() { public String toString() { return "[subclass]"; } }; 2079 assertEquals(""+l, (String) MH_this.invokeExact(subl)); // Listie method 2080 * }</pre></blockquote> 2081 * 2082 * @param refc the class or interface from which the method is accessed 2083 * @param name the name of the method (which must not be "<init>") 2084 * @param type the type of the method, with the receiver argument omitted 2085 * @param specialCaller the proposed calling class to perform the {@code invokespecial} 2086 * @return the desired method handle 2087 * @throws NoSuchMethodException if the method does not exist 2088 * @throws IllegalAccessException if access checking fails, 2089 * or if the method is {@code static}, 2090 * or if the method's variable arity modifier bit 2091 * is set and {@code asVarargsCollector} fails 2092 * @exception SecurityException if a security manager is present and it 2093 * <a href="MethodHandles.Lookup.html#secmgr">refuses access</a> 2094 * @throws NullPointerException if any argument is null 2095 */ 2096 public MethodHandle findSpecial(Class<?> refc, String name, MethodType type, 2097 Class<?> specialCaller) throws NoSuchMethodException, IllegalAccessException { 2098 checkSpecialCaller(specialCaller, refc); 2099 Lookup specialLookup = this.in(specialCaller); 2100 MemberName method = specialLookup.resolveOrFail(REF_invokeSpecial, refc, name, type); 2101 return specialLookup.getDirectMethod(REF_invokeSpecial, refc, method, findBoundCallerClass(method)); 2102 } 2103 2104 /** 2105 * Produces a method handle giving read access to a non-static field. 2106 * The type of the method handle will have a return type of the field's 2107 * value type. 2108 * The method handle's single argument will be the instance containing 2109 * the field. 2110 * Access checking is performed immediately on behalf of the lookup class. 2111 * @param refc the class or interface from which the method is accessed 2112 * @param name the field's name 2113 * @param type the field's type 2114 * @return a method handle which can load values from the field 2115 * @throws NoSuchFieldException if the field does not exist 2116 * @throws IllegalAccessException if access checking fails, or if the field is {@code static} 2117 * @exception SecurityException if a security manager is present and it 2118 * <a href="MethodHandles.Lookup.html#secmgr">refuses access</a> 2119 * @throws NullPointerException if any argument is null 2120 * @see #findVarHandle(Class, String, Class) 2121 */ 2122 public MethodHandle findGetter(Class<?> refc, String name, Class<?> type) throws NoSuchFieldException, IllegalAccessException { 2123 MemberName field = resolveOrFail(REF_getField, refc, name, type); 2124 return getDirectField(REF_getField, refc, field); 2125 } 2126 2127 /** 2128 * Produces a method handle giving write access to a non-static field. 2129 * The type of the method handle will have a void return type. 2130 * The method handle will take two arguments, the instance containing 2131 * the field, and the value to be stored. 2132 * The second argument will be of the field's value type. 2133 * Access checking is performed immediately on behalf of the lookup class. 2134 * @param refc the class or interface from which the method is accessed 2135 * @param name the field's name 2136 * @param type the field's type 2137 * @return a method handle which can store values into the field 2138 * @throws NoSuchFieldException if the field does not exist 2139 * @throws IllegalAccessException if access checking fails, or if the field is {@code static} 2140 * or {@code final} 2141 * @exception SecurityException if a security manager is present and it 2142 * <a href="MethodHandles.Lookup.html#secmgr">refuses access</a> 2143 * @throws NullPointerException if any argument is null 2144 * @see #findVarHandle(Class, String, Class) 2145 */ 2146 public MethodHandle findSetter(Class<?> refc, String name, Class<?> type) throws NoSuchFieldException, IllegalAccessException { 2147 MemberName field = resolveOrFail(REF_putField, refc, name, type); 2148 return getDirectField(REF_putField, refc, field); 2149 } 2150 2151 /** 2152 * Produces a VarHandle giving access to a non-static field {@code name} 2153 * of type {@code type} declared in a class of type {@code recv}. 2154 * The VarHandle's variable type is {@code type} and it has one 2155 * coordinate type, {@code recv}. 2156 * <p> 2157 * Access checking is performed immediately on behalf of the lookup 2158 * class. 2159 * <p> 2160 * Certain access modes of the returned VarHandle are unsupported under 2161 * the following conditions: 2162 * <ul> 2163 * <li>if the field is declared {@code final}, then the write, atomic 2164 * update, numeric atomic update, and bitwise atomic update access 2165 * modes are unsupported. 2166 * <li>if the field type is anything other than {@code byte}, 2167 * {@code short}, {@code char}, {@code int}, {@code long}, 2168 * {@code float}, or {@code double} then numeric atomic update 2169 * access modes are unsupported. 2170 * <li>if the field type is anything other than {@code boolean}, 2171 * {@code byte}, {@code short}, {@code char}, {@code int} or 2172 * {@code long} then bitwise atomic update access modes are 2173 * unsupported. 2174 * </ul> 2175 * <p> 2176 * If the field is declared {@code volatile} then the returned VarHandle 2177 * will override access to the field (effectively ignore the 2178 * {@code volatile} declaration) in accordance to its specified 2179 * access modes. 2180 * <p> 2181 * If the field type is {@code float} or {@code double} then numeric 2182 * and atomic update access modes compare values using their bitwise 2183 * representation (see {@link Float#floatToRawIntBits} and 2184 * {@link Double#doubleToRawLongBits}, respectively). 2185 * @apiNote 2186 * Bitwise comparison of {@code float} values or {@code double} values, 2187 * as performed by the numeric and atomic update access modes, differ 2188 * from the primitive {@code ==} operator and the {@link Float#equals} 2189 * and {@link Double#equals} methods, specifically with respect to 2190 * comparing NaN values or comparing {@code -0.0} with {@code +0.0}. 2191 * Care should be taken when performing a compare and set or a compare 2192 * and exchange operation with such values since the operation may 2193 * unexpectedly fail. 2194 * There are many possible NaN values that are considered to be 2195 * {@code NaN} in Java, although no IEEE 754 floating-point operation 2196 * provided by Java can distinguish between them. Operation failure can 2197 * occur if the expected or witness value is a NaN value and it is 2198 * transformed (perhaps in a platform specific manner) into another NaN 2199 * value, and thus has a different bitwise representation (see 2200 * {@link Float#intBitsToFloat} or {@link Double#longBitsToDouble} for more 2201 * details). 2202 * The values {@code -0.0} and {@code +0.0} have different bitwise 2203 * representations but are considered equal when using the primitive 2204 * {@code ==} operator. Operation failure can occur if, for example, a 2205 * numeric algorithm computes an expected value to be say {@code -0.0} 2206 * and previously computed the witness value to be say {@code +0.0}. 2207 * @param recv the receiver class, of type {@code R}, that declares the 2208 * non-static field 2209 * @param name the field's name 2210 * @param type the field's type, of type {@code T} 2211 * @return a VarHandle giving access to non-static fields. 2212 * @throws NoSuchFieldException if the field does not exist 2213 * @throws IllegalAccessException if access checking fails, or if the field is {@code static} 2214 * @exception SecurityException if a security manager is present and it 2215 * <a href="MethodHandles.Lookup.html#secmgr">refuses access</a> 2216 * @throws NullPointerException if any argument is null 2217 * @since 9 2218 */ 2219 public VarHandle findVarHandle(Class<?> recv, String name, Class<?> type) throws NoSuchFieldException, IllegalAccessException { 2220 MemberName getField = resolveOrFail(REF_getField, recv, name, type); 2221 MemberName putField = resolveOrFail(REF_putField, recv, name, type); 2222 return getFieldVarHandle(REF_getField, REF_putField, recv, getField, putField); 2223 } 2224 2225 /** 2226 * Produces a method handle giving read access to a static field. 2227 * The type of the method handle will have a return type of the field's 2228 * value type. 2229 * The method handle will take no arguments. 2230 * Access checking is performed immediately on behalf of the lookup class. 2231 * <p> 2232 * If the returned method handle is invoked, the field's class will 2233 * be initialized, if it has not already been initialized. 2234 * @param refc the class or interface from which the method is accessed 2235 * @param name the field's name 2236 * @param type the field's type 2237 * @return a method handle which can load values from the field 2238 * @throws NoSuchFieldException if the field does not exist 2239 * @throws IllegalAccessException if access checking fails, or if the field is not {@code static} 2240 * @exception SecurityException if a security manager is present and it 2241 * <a href="MethodHandles.Lookup.html#secmgr">refuses access</a> 2242 * @throws NullPointerException if any argument is null 2243 */ 2244 public MethodHandle findStaticGetter(Class<?> refc, String name, Class<?> type) throws NoSuchFieldException, IllegalAccessException { 2245 MemberName field = resolveOrFail(REF_getStatic, refc, name, type); 2246 return getDirectField(REF_getStatic, refc, field); 2247 } 2248 2249 /** 2250 * Produces a method handle giving write access to a static field. 2251 * The type of the method handle will have a void return type. 2252 * The method handle will take a single 2253 * argument, of the field's value type, the value to be stored. 2254 * Access checking is performed immediately on behalf of the lookup class. 2255 * <p> 2256 * If the returned method handle is invoked, the field's class will 2257 * be initialized, if it has not already been initialized. 2258 * @param refc the class or interface from which the method is accessed 2259 * @param name the field's name 2260 * @param type the field's type 2261 * @return a method handle which can store values into the field 2262 * @throws NoSuchFieldException if the field does not exist 2263 * @throws IllegalAccessException if access checking fails, or if the field is not {@code static} 2264 * or is {@code final} 2265 * @exception SecurityException if a security manager is present and it 2266 * <a href="MethodHandles.Lookup.html#secmgr">refuses access</a> 2267 * @throws NullPointerException if any argument is null 2268 */ 2269 public MethodHandle findStaticSetter(Class<?> refc, String name, Class<?> type) throws NoSuchFieldException, IllegalAccessException { 2270 MemberName field = resolveOrFail(REF_putStatic, refc, name, type); 2271 return getDirectField(REF_putStatic, refc, field); 2272 } 2273 2274 /** 2275 * Produces a VarHandle giving access to a static field {@code name} of 2276 * type {@code type} declared in a class of type {@code decl}. 2277 * The VarHandle's variable type is {@code type} and it has no 2278 * coordinate types. 2279 * <p> 2280 * Access checking is performed immediately on behalf of the lookup 2281 * class. 2282 * <p> 2283 * If the returned VarHandle is operated on, the declaring class will be 2284 * initialized, if it has not already been initialized. 2285 * <p> 2286 * Certain access modes of the returned VarHandle are unsupported under 2287 * the following conditions: 2288 * <ul> 2289 * <li>if the field is declared {@code final}, then the write, atomic 2290 * update, numeric atomic update, and bitwise atomic update access 2291 * modes are unsupported. 2292 * <li>if the field type is anything other than {@code byte}, 2293 * {@code short}, {@code char}, {@code int}, {@code long}, 2294 * {@code float}, or {@code double}, then numeric atomic update 2295 * access modes are unsupported. 2296 * <li>if the field type is anything other than {@code boolean}, 2297 * {@code byte}, {@code short}, {@code char}, {@code int} or 2298 * {@code long} then bitwise atomic update access modes are 2299 * unsupported. 2300 * </ul> 2301 * <p> 2302 * If the field is declared {@code volatile} then the returned VarHandle 2303 * will override access to the field (effectively ignore the 2304 * {@code volatile} declaration) in accordance to its specified 2305 * access modes. 2306 * <p> 2307 * If the field type is {@code float} or {@code double} then numeric 2308 * and atomic update access modes compare values using their bitwise 2309 * representation (see {@link Float#floatToRawIntBits} and 2310 * {@link Double#doubleToRawLongBits}, respectively). 2311 * @apiNote 2312 * Bitwise comparison of {@code float} values or {@code double} values, 2313 * as performed by the numeric and atomic update access modes, differ 2314 * from the primitive {@code ==} operator and the {@link Float#equals} 2315 * and {@link Double#equals} methods, specifically with respect to 2316 * comparing NaN values or comparing {@code -0.0} with {@code +0.0}. 2317 * Care should be taken when performing a compare and set or a compare 2318 * and exchange operation with such values since the operation may 2319 * unexpectedly fail. 2320 * There are many possible NaN values that are considered to be 2321 * {@code NaN} in Java, although no IEEE 754 floating-point operation 2322 * provided by Java can distinguish between them. Operation failure can 2323 * occur if the expected or witness value is a NaN value and it is 2324 * transformed (perhaps in a platform specific manner) into another NaN 2325 * value, and thus has a different bitwise representation (see 2326 * {@link Float#intBitsToFloat} or {@link Double#longBitsToDouble} for more 2327 * details). 2328 * The values {@code -0.0} and {@code +0.0} have different bitwise 2329 * representations but are considered equal when using the primitive 2330 * {@code ==} operator. Operation failure can occur if, for example, a 2331 * numeric algorithm computes an expected value to be say {@code -0.0} 2332 * and previously computed the witness value to be say {@code +0.0}. 2333 * @param decl the class that declares the static field 2334 * @param name the field's name 2335 * @param type the field's type, of type {@code T} 2336 * @return a VarHandle giving access to a static field 2337 * @throws NoSuchFieldException if the field does not exist 2338 * @throws IllegalAccessException if access checking fails, or if the field is not {@code static} 2339 * @exception SecurityException if a security manager is present and it 2340 * <a href="MethodHandles.Lookup.html#secmgr">refuses access</a> 2341 * @throws NullPointerException if any argument is null 2342 * @since 9 2343 */ 2344 public VarHandle findStaticVarHandle(Class<?> decl, String name, Class<?> type) throws NoSuchFieldException, IllegalAccessException { 2345 MemberName getField = resolveOrFail(REF_getStatic, decl, name, type); 2346 MemberName putField = resolveOrFail(REF_putStatic, decl, name, type); 2347 return getFieldVarHandle(REF_getStatic, REF_putStatic, decl, getField, putField); 2348 } 2349 2350 /** 2351 * Produces an early-bound method handle for a non-static method. 2352 * The receiver must have a supertype {@code defc} in which a method 2353 * of the given name and type is accessible to the lookup class. 2354 * The method and all its argument types must be accessible to the lookup object. 2355 * The type of the method handle will be that of the method, 2356 * without any insertion of an additional receiver parameter. 2357 * The given receiver will be bound into the method handle, 2358 * so that every call to the method handle will invoke the 2359 * requested method on the given receiver. 2360 * <p> 2361 * The returned method handle will have 2362 * {@linkplain MethodHandle#asVarargsCollector variable arity} if and only if 2363 * the method's variable arity modifier bit ({@code 0x0080}) is set 2364 * <em>and</em> the trailing array argument is not the only argument. 2365 * (If the trailing array argument is the only argument, 2366 * the given receiver value will be bound to it.) 2367 * <p> 2368 * This is almost equivalent to the following code, with some differences noted below: 2369 * <blockquote><pre>{@code 2370 import static java.lang.invoke.MethodHandles.*; 2371 import static java.lang.invoke.MethodType.*; 2372 ... 2373 MethodHandle mh0 = lookup().findVirtual(defc, name, type); 2374 MethodHandle mh1 = mh0.bindTo(receiver); 2375 mh1 = mh1.withVarargs(mh0.isVarargsCollector()); 2376 return mh1; 2377 * }</pre></blockquote> 2378 * where {@code defc} is either {@code receiver.getClass()} or a super 2379 * type of that class, in which the requested method is accessible 2380 * to the lookup class. 2381 * (Unlike {@code bind}, {@code bindTo} does not preserve variable arity. 2382 * Also, {@code bindTo} may throw a {@code ClassCastException} in instances where {@code bind} would 2383 * throw an {@code IllegalAccessException}, as in the case where the member is {@code protected} and 2384 * the receiver is restricted by {@code findVirtual} to the lookup class.) 2385 * @param receiver the object from which the method is accessed 2386 * @param name the name of the method 2387 * @param type the type of the method, with the receiver argument omitted 2388 * @return the desired method handle 2389 * @throws NoSuchMethodException if the method does not exist 2390 * @throws IllegalAccessException if access checking fails 2391 * or if the method's variable arity modifier bit 2392 * is set and {@code asVarargsCollector} fails 2393 * @exception SecurityException if a security manager is present and it 2394 * <a href="MethodHandles.Lookup.html#secmgr">refuses access</a> 2395 * @throws NullPointerException if any argument is null 2396 * @see MethodHandle#bindTo 2397 * @see #findVirtual 2398 */ 2399 public MethodHandle bind(Object receiver, String name, MethodType type) throws NoSuchMethodException, IllegalAccessException { 2400 Class<? extends Object> refc = receiver.getClass(); // may get NPE 2401 MemberName method = resolveOrFail(REF_invokeSpecial, refc, name, type); 2402 MethodHandle mh = getDirectMethodNoRestrictInvokeSpecial(refc, method, findBoundCallerClass(method)); 2403 if (!mh.type().leadingReferenceParameter().isAssignableFrom(receiver.getClass())) { 2404 throw new IllegalAccessException("The restricted defining class " + 2405 mh.type().leadingReferenceParameter().getName() + 2406 " is not assignable from receiver class " + 2407 receiver.getClass().getName()); 2408 } 2409 return mh.bindArgumentL(0, receiver).setVarargs(method); 2410 } 2411 2412 /** 2413 * Makes a <a href="MethodHandleInfo.html#directmh">direct method handle</a> 2414 * to <i>m</i>, if the lookup class has permission. 2415 * If <i>m</i> is non-static, the receiver argument is treated as an initial argument. 2416 * If <i>m</i> is virtual, overriding is respected on every call. 2417 * Unlike the Core Reflection API, exceptions are <em>not</em> wrapped. 2418 * The type of the method handle will be that of the method, 2419 * with the receiver type prepended (but only if it is non-static). 2420 * If the method's {@code accessible} flag is not set, 2421 * access checking is performed immediately on behalf of the lookup class. 2422 * If <i>m</i> is not public, do not share the resulting handle with untrusted parties. 2423 * <p> 2424 * The returned method handle will have 2425 * {@linkplain MethodHandle#asVarargsCollector variable arity} if and only if 2426 * the method's variable arity modifier bit ({@code 0x0080}) is set. 2427 * <p> 2428 * If <i>m</i> is static, and 2429 * if the returned method handle is invoked, the method's class will 2430 * be initialized, if it has not already been initialized. 2431 * @param m the reflected method 2432 * @return a method handle which can invoke the reflected method 2433 * @throws IllegalAccessException if access checking fails 2434 * or if the method's variable arity modifier bit 2435 * is set and {@code asVarargsCollector} fails 2436 * @throws NullPointerException if the argument is null 2437 */ 2438 public MethodHandle unreflect(Method m) throws IllegalAccessException { 2439 if (m.getDeclaringClass() == MethodHandle.class) { 2440 MethodHandle mh = unreflectForMH(m); 2441 if (mh != null) return mh; 2442 } 2443 if (m.getDeclaringClass() == VarHandle.class) { 2444 MethodHandle mh = unreflectForVH(m); 2445 if (mh != null) return mh; 2446 } 2447 MemberName method = new MemberName(m); 2448 byte refKind = method.getReferenceKind(); 2449 if (refKind == REF_invokeSpecial) 2450 refKind = REF_invokeVirtual; 2451 assert(method.isMethod()); 2452 @SuppressWarnings("deprecation") 2453 Lookup lookup = m.isAccessible() ? IMPL_LOOKUP : this; 2454 return lookup.getDirectMethodNoSecurityManager(refKind, method.getDeclaringClass(), method, findBoundCallerClass(method)); 2455 } 2456 private MethodHandle unreflectForMH(Method m) { 2457 // these names require special lookups because they throw UnsupportedOperationException 2458 if (MemberName.isMethodHandleInvokeName(m.getName())) 2459 return MethodHandleImpl.fakeMethodHandleInvoke(new MemberName(m)); 2460 return null; 2461 } 2462 private MethodHandle unreflectForVH(Method m) { 2463 // these names require special lookups because they throw UnsupportedOperationException 2464 if (MemberName.isVarHandleMethodInvokeName(m.getName())) 2465 return MethodHandleImpl.fakeVarHandleInvoke(new MemberName(m)); 2466 return null; 2467 } 2468 2469 /** 2470 * Produces a method handle for a reflected method. 2471 * It will bypass checks for overriding methods on the receiver, 2472 * <a href="MethodHandles.Lookup.html#equiv">as if called</a> from an {@code invokespecial} 2473 * instruction from within the explicitly specified {@code specialCaller}. 2474 * The type of the method handle will be that of the method, 2475 * with a suitably restricted receiver type prepended. 2476 * (The receiver type will be {@code specialCaller} or a subtype.) 2477 * If the method's {@code accessible} flag is not set, 2478 * access checking is performed immediately on behalf of the lookup class, 2479 * as if {@code invokespecial} instruction were being linked. 2480 * <p> 2481 * Before method resolution, 2482 * if the explicitly specified caller class is not identical with the 2483 * lookup class, or if this lookup object does not have 2484 * <a href="MethodHandles.Lookup.html#privacc">private access</a> 2485 * privileges, the access fails. 2486 * <p> 2487 * The returned method handle will have 2488 * {@linkplain MethodHandle#asVarargsCollector variable arity} if and only if 2489 * the method's variable arity modifier bit ({@code 0x0080}) is set. 2490 * @param m the reflected method 2491 * @param specialCaller the class nominally calling the method 2492 * @return a method handle which can invoke the reflected method 2493 * @throws IllegalAccessException if access checking fails, 2494 * or if the method is {@code static}, 2495 * or if the method's variable arity modifier bit 2496 * is set and {@code asVarargsCollector} fails 2497 * @throws NullPointerException if any argument is null 2498 */ 2499 public MethodHandle unreflectSpecial(Method m, Class<?> specialCaller) throws IllegalAccessException { 2500 checkSpecialCaller(specialCaller, m.getDeclaringClass()); 2501 Lookup specialLookup = this.in(specialCaller); 2502 MemberName method = new MemberName(m, true); 2503 assert(method.isMethod()); 2504 // ignore m.isAccessible: this is a new kind of access 2505 return specialLookup.getDirectMethodNoSecurityManager(REF_invokeSpecial, method.getDeclaringClass(), method, findBoundCallerClass(method)); 2506 } 2507 2508 /** 2509 * Produces a method handle for a reflected constructor. 2510 * The type of the method handle will be that of the constructor, 2511 * with the return type changed to the declaring class. 2512 * The method handle will perform a {@code newInstance} operation, 2513 * creating a new instance of the constructor's class on the 2514 * arguments passed to the method handle. 2515 * <p> 2516 * If the constructor's {@code accessible} flag is not set, 2517 * access checking is performed immediately on behalf of the lookup class. 2518 * <p> 2519 * The returned method handle will have 2520 * {@linkplain MethodHandle#asVarargsCollector variable arity} if and only if 2521 * the constructor's variable arity modifier bit ({@code 0x0080}) is set. 2522 * <p> 2523 * If the returned method handle is invoked, the constructor's class will 2524 * be initialized, if it has not already been initialized. 2525 * @param c the reflected constructor 2526 * @return a method handle which can invoke the reflected constructor 2527 * @throws IllegalAccessException if access checking fails 2528 * or if the method's variable arity modifier bit 2529 * is set and {@code asVarargsCollector} fails 2530 * @throws NullPointerException if the argument is null 2531 */ 2532 public MethodHandle unreflectConstructor(Constructor<?> c) throws IllegalAccessException { 2533 MemberName ctor = new MemberName(c); 2534 assert(ctor.isConstructor()); 2535 @SuppressWarnings("deprecation") 2536 Lookup lookup = c.isAccessible() ? IMPL_LOOKUP : this; 2537 return lookup.getDirectConstructorNoSecurityManager(ctor.getDeclaringClass(), ctor); 2538 } 2539 2540 /** 2541 * Produces a method handle giving read access to a reflected field. 2542 * The type of the method handle will have a return type of the field's 2543 * value type. 2544 * If the field is {@code static}, the method handle will take no arguments. 2545 * Otherwise, its single argument will be the instance containing 2546 * the field. 2547 * If the {@code Field} object's {@code accessible} flag is not set, 2548 * access checking is performed immediately on behalf of the lookup class. 2549 * <p> 2550 * If the field is static, and 2551 * if the returned method handle is invoked, the field's class will 2552 * be initialized, if it has not already been initialized. 2553 * @param f the reflected field 2554 * @return a method handle which can load values from the reflected field 2555 * @throws IllegalAccessException if access checking fails 2556 * @throws NullPointerException if the argument is null 2557 */ 2558 public MethodHandle unreflectGetter(Field f) throws IllegalAccessException { 2559 return unreflectField(f, false); 2560 } 2561 2562 /** 2563 * Produces a method handle giving write access to a reflected field. 2564 * The type of the method handle will have a void return type. 2565 * If the field is {@code static}, the method handle will take a single 2566 * argument, of the field's value type, the value to be stored. 2567 * Otherwise, the two arguments will be the instance containing 2568 * the field, and the value to be stored. 2569 * If the {@code Field} object's {@code accessible} flag is not set, 2570 * access checking is performed immediately on behalf of the lookup class. 2571 * <p> 2572 * If the field is {@code final}, write access will not be 2573 * allowed and access checking will fail, except under certain 2574 * narrow circumstances documented for {@link Field#set Field.set}. 2575 * A method handle is returned only if a corresponding call to 2576 * the {@code Field} object's {@code set} method could return 2577 * normally. In particular, fields which are both {@code static} 2578 * and {@code final} may never be set. 2579 * <p> 2580 * If the field is {@code static}, and 2581 * if the returned method handle is invoked, the field's class will 2582 * be initialized, if it has not already been initialized. 2583 * @param f the reflected field 2584 * @return a method handle which can store values into the reflected field 2585 * @throws IllegalAccessException if access checking fails, 2586 * or if the field is {@code final} and write access 2587 * is not enabled on the {@code Field} object 2588 * @throws NullPointerException if the argument is null 2589 */ 2590 public MethodHandle unreflectSetter(Field f) throws IllegalAccessException { 2591 return unreflectField(f, true); 2592 } 2593 2594 private MethodHandle unreflectField(Field f, boolean isSetter) throws IllegalAccessException { 2595 MemberName field = new MemberName(f, isSetter); 2596 if (isSetter && field.isStatic() && field.isFinal()) 2597 throw field.makeAccessException("static final field has no write access", this); 2598 assert(isSetter 2599 ? MethodHandleNatives.refKindIsSetter(field.getReferenceKind()) 2600 : MethodHandleNatives.refKindIsGetter(field.getReferenceKind())); 2601 @SuppressWarnings("deprecation") 2602 Lookup lookup = f.isAccessible() ? IMPL_LOOKUP : this; 2603 return lookup.getDirectFieldNoSecurityManager(field.getReferenceKind(), f.getDeclaringClass(), field); 2604 } 2605 2606 /** 2607 * Produces a VarHandle giving access to a reflected field {@code f} 2608 * of type {@code T} declared in a class of type {@code R}. 2609 * The VarHandle's variable type is {@code T}. 2610 * If the field is non-static the VarHandle has one coordinate type, 2611 * {@code R}. Otherwise, the field is static, and the VarHandle has no 2612 * coordinate types. 2613 * <p> 2614 * Access checking is performed immediately on behalf of the lookup 2615 * class, regardless of the value of the field's {@code accessible} 2616 * flag. 2617 * <p> 2618 * If the field is static, and if the returned VarHandle is operated 2619 * on, the field's declaring class will be initialized, if it has not 2620 * already been initialized. 2621 * <p> 2622 * Certain access modes of the returned VarHandle are unsupported under 2623 * the following conditions: 2624 * <ul> 2625 * <li>if the field is declared {@code final}, then the write, atomic 2626 * update, numeric atomic update, and bitwise atomic update access 2627 * modes are unsupported. 2628 * <li>if the field type is anything other than {@code byte}, 2629 * {@code short}, {@code char}, {@code int}, {@code long}, 2630 * {@code float}, or {@code double} then numeric atomic update 2631 * access modes are unsupported. 2632 * <li>if the field type is anything other than {@code boolean}, 2633 * {@code byte}, {@code short}, {@code char}, {@code int} or 2634 * {@code long} then bitwise atomic update access modes are 2635 * unsupported. 2636 * </ul> 2637 * <p> 2638 * If the field is declared {@code volatile} then the returned VarHandle 2639 * will override access to the field (effectively ignore the 2640 * {@code volatile} declaration) in accordance to its specified 2641 * access modes. 2642 * <p> 2643 * If the field type is {@code float} or {@code double} then numeric 2644 * and atomic update access modes compare values using their bitwise 2645 * representation (see {@link Float#floatToRawIntBits} and 2646 * {@link Double#doubleToRawLongBits}, respectively). 2647 * @apiNote 2648 * Bitwise comparison of {@code float} values or {@code double} values, 2649 * as performed by the numeric and atomic update access modes, differ 2650 * from the primitive {@code ==} operator and the {@link Float#equals} 2651 * and {@link Double#equals} methods, specifically with respect to 2652 * comparing NaN values or comparing {@code -0.0} with {@code +0.0}. 2653 * Care should be taken when performing a compare and set or a compare 2654 * and exchange operation with such values since the operation may 2655 * unexpectedly fail. 2656 * There are many possible NaN values that are considered to be 2657 * {@code NaN} in Java, although no IEEE 754 floating-point operation 2658 * provided by Java can distinguish between them. Operation failure can 2659 * occur if the expected or witness value is a NaN value and it is 2660 * transformed (perhaps in a platform specific manner) into another NaN 2661 * value, and thus has a different bitwise representation (see 2662 * {@link Float#intBitsToFloat} or {@link Double#longBitsToDouble} for more 2663 * details). 2664 * The values {@code -0.0} and {@code +0.0} have different bitwise 2665 * representations but are considered equal when using the primitive 2666 * {@code ==} operator. Operation failure can occur if, for example, a 2667 * numeric algorithm computes an expected value to be say {@code -0.0} 2668 * and previously computed the witness value to be say {@code +0.0}. 2669 * @param f the reflected field, with a field of type {@code T}, and 2670 * a declaring class of type {@code R} 2671 * @return a VarHandle giving access to non-static fields or a static 2672 * field 2673 * @throws IllegalAccessException if access checking fails 2674 * @throws NullPointerException if the argument is null 2675 * @since 9 2676 */ 2677 public VarHandle unreflectVarHandle(Field f) throws IllegalAccessException { 2678 MemberName getField = new MemberName(f, false); 2679 MemberName putField = new MemberName(f, true); 2680 return getFieldVarHandleNoSecurityManager(getField.getReferenceKind(), putField.getReferenceKind(), 2681 f.getDeclaringClass(), getField, putField); 2682 } 2683 2684 /** 2685 * Cracks a <a href="MethodHandleInfo.html#directmh">direct method handle</a> 2686 * created by this lookup object or a similar one. 2687 * Security and access checks are performed to ensure that this lookup object 2688 * is capable of reproducing the target method handle. 2689 * This means that the cracking may fail if target is a direct method handle 2690 * but was created by an unrelated lookup object. 2691 * This can happen if the method handle is <a href="MethodHandles.Lookup.html#callsens">caller sensitive</a> 2692 * and was created by a lookup object for a different class. 2693 * @param target a direct method handle to crack into symbolic reference components 2694 * @return a symbolic reference which can be used to reconstruct this method handle from this lookup object 2695 * @exception SecurityException if a security manager is present and it 2696 * <a href="MethodHandles.Lookup.html#secmgr">refuses access</a> 2697 * @throws IllegalArgumentException if the target is not a direct method handle or if access checking fails 2698 * @exception NullPointerException if the target is {@code null} 2699 * @see MethodHandleInfo 2700 * @since 1.8 2701 */ 2702 public MethodHandleInfo revealDirect(MethodHandle target) { 2703 MemberName member = target.internalMemberName(); 2704 if (member == null || (!member.isResolved() && 2705 !member.isMethodHandleInvoke() && 2706 !member.isVarHandleMethodInvoke())) 2707 throw newIllegalArgumentException("not a direct method handle"); 2708 Class<?> defc = member.getDeclaringClass(); 2709 byte refKind = member.getReferenceKind(); 2710 assert(MethodHandleNatives.refKindIsValid(refKind)); 2711 if (refKind == REF_invokeSpecial && !target.isInvokeSpecial()) 2712 // Devirtualized method invocation is usually formally virtual. 2713 // To avoid creating extra MemberName objects for this common case, 2714 // we encode this extra degree of freedom using MH.isInvokeSpecial. 2715 refKind = REF_invokeVirtual; 2716 if (refKind == REF_invokeVirtual && defc.isInterface()) 2717 // Symbolic reference is through interface but resolves to Object method (toString, etc.) 2718 refKind = REF_invokeInterface; 2719 // Check SM permissions and member access before cracking. 2720 try { 2721 checkAccess(refKind, defc, member); 2722 checkSecurityManager(defc, member); 2723 } catch (IllegalAccessException ex) { 2724 throw new IllegalArgumentException(ex); 2725 } 2726 if (allowedModes != TRUSTED && member.isCallerSensitive()) { 2727 Class<?> callerClass = target.internalCallerClass(); 2728 if (!hasPrivateAccess() || callerClass != lookupClass()) 2729 throw new IllegalArgumentException("method handle is caller sensitive: "+callerClass); 2730 } 2731 // Produce the handle to the results. 2732 return new InfoFromMemberName(this, member, refKind); 2733 } 2734 2735 /// Helper methods, all package-private. 2736 2737 MemberName resolveOrFail(byte refKind, Class<?> refc, String name, Class<?> type) throws NoSuchFieldException, IllegalAccessException { 2738 checkSymbolicClass(refc); // do this before attempting to resolve 2739 Objects.requireNonNull(name); 2740 Objects.requireNonNull(type); 2741 return IMPL_NAMES.resolveOrFail(refKind, new MemberName(refc, name, type, refKind), lookupClassOrNull(), 2742 NoSuchFieldException.class); 2743 } 2744 2745 MemberName resolveOrFail(byte refKind, Class<?> refc, String name, MethodType type) throws NoSuchMethodException, IllegalAccessException { 2746 checkSymbolicClass(refc); // do this before attempting to resolve 2747 Objects.requireNonNull(name); 2748 Objects.requireNonNull(type); 2749 checkMethodName(refKind, name); // NPE check on name 2750 return IMPL_NAMES.resolveOrFail(refKind, new MemberName(refc, name, type, refKind), lookupClassOrNull(), 2751 NoSuchMethodException.class); 2752 } 2753 2754 MemberName resolveOrFail(byte refKind, MemberName member) throws ReflectiveOperationException { 2755 checkSymbolicClass(member.getDeclaringClass()); // do this before attempting to resolve 2756 Objects.requireNonNull(member.getName()); 2757 Objects.requireNonNull(member.getType()); 2758 return IMPL_NAMES.resolveOrFail(refKind, member, lookupClassOrNull(), 2759 ReflectiveOperationException.class); 2760 } 2761 2762 MemberName resolveOrNull(byte refKind, MemberName member) { 2763 // do this before attempting to resolve 2764 if (!isClassAccessible(member.getDeclaringClass())) { 2765 return null; 2766 } 2767 Objects.requireNonNull(member.getName()); 2768 Objects.requireNonNull(member.getType()); 2769 return IMPL_NAMES.resolveOrNull(refKind, member, lookupClassOrNull()); 2770 } 2771 2772 void checkSymbolicClass(Class<?> refc) throws IllegalAccessException { 2773 if (!isClassAccessible(refc)) { 2774 throw new MemberName(refc).makeAccessException("symbolic reference class is not accessible", this); 2775 } 2776 } 2777 2778 boolean isClassAccessible(Class<?> refc) { 2779 Objects.requireNonNull(refc); 2780 Class<?> caller = lookupClassOrNull(); 2781 return caller == null || VerifyAccess.isClassAccessible(refc, caller, prevLookupClass, allowedModes); 2782 } 2783 2784 /** Check name for an illegal leading "<" character. */ 2785 void checkMethodName(byte refKind, String name) throws NoSuchMethodException { 2786 if (name.startsWith("<") && refKind != REF_newInvokeSpecial) 2787 throw new NoSuchMethodException("illegal method name: "+name); 2788 } 2789 2790 2791 /** 2792 * Find my trustable caller class if m is a caller sensitive method. 2793 * If this lookup object has private access, then the caller class is the lookupClass. 2794 * Otherwise, if m is caller-sensitive, throw IllegalAccessException. 2795 */ 2796 Class<?> findBoundCallerClass(MemberName m) throws IllegalAccessException { 2797 Class<?> callerClass = null; 2798 if (MethodHandleNatives.isCallerSensitive(m)) { 2799 // Only lookups with private access are allowed to resolve caller-sensitive methods 2800 if (hasPrivateAccess()) { 2801 callerClass = lookupClass; 2802 } else { 2803 throw new IllegalAccessException("Attempt to lookup caller-sensitive method using restricted lookup object"); 2804 } 2805 } 2806 return callerClass; 2807 } 2808 2809 /** 2810 * Returns {@code true} if this lookup has {@code PRIVATE} access. 2811 * @return {@code true} if this lookup has {@code PRIVATE} access. 2812 * @since 9 2813 */ 2814 public boolean hasPrivateAccess() { 2815 return (allowedModes & PRIVATE) != 0; 2816 } 2817 2818 /** 2819 * Perform necessary <a href="MethodHandles.Lookup.html#secmgr">access checks</a>. 2820 * Determines a trustable caller class to compare with refc, the symbolic reference class. 2821 * If this lookup object has private access, then the caller class is the lookupClass. 2822 */ 2823 void checkSecurityManager(Class<?> refc, MemberName m) { 2824 SecurityManager smgr = System.getSecurityManager(); 2825 if (smgr == null) return; 2826 if (allowedModes == TRUSTED) return; 2827 2828 // Step 1: 2829 boolean fullPowerLookup = hasPrivateAccess(); 2830 if (!fullPowerLookup || 2831 !VerifyAccess.classLoaderIsAncestor(lookupClass, refc)) { 2832 ReflectUtil.checkPackageAccess(refc); 2833 } 2834 2835 if (m == null) { // findClass or accessClass 2836 // Step 2b: 2837 if (!fullPowerLookup) { 2838 smgr.checkPermission(SecurityConstants.GET_CLASSLOADER_PERMISSION); 2839 } 2840 return; 2841 } 2842 2843 // Step 2a: 2844 if (m.isPublic()) return; 2845 if (!fullPowerLookup) { 2846 smgr.checkPermission(SecurityConstants.CHECK_MEMBER_ACCESS_PERMISSION); 2847 } 2848 2849 // Step 3: 2850 Class<?> defc = m.getDeclaringClass(); 2851 if (!fullPowerLookup && defc != refc) { 2852 ReflectUtil.checkPackageAccess(defc); 2853 } 2854 } 2855 2856 void checkMethod(byte refKind, Class<?> refc, MemberName m) throws IllegalAccessException { 2857 boolean wantStatic = (refKind == REF_invokeStatic); 2858 String message; 2859 if (m.isConstructor()) 2860 message = "expected a method, not a constructor"; 2861 else if (!m.isMethod()) 2862 message = "expected a method"; 2863 else if (wantStatic != m.isStatic()) 2864 message = wantStatic ? "expected a static method" : "expected a non-static method"; 2865 else 2866 { checkAccess(refKind, refc, m); return; } 2867 throw m.makeAccessException(message, this); 2868 } 2869 2870 void checkField(byte refKind, Class<?> refc, MemberName m) throws IllegalAccessException { 2871 boolean wantStatic = !MethodHandleNatives.refKindHasReceiver(refKind); 2872 String message; 2873 if (wantStatic != m.isStatic()) 2874 message = wantStatic ? "expected a static field" : "expected a non-static field"; 2875 else 2876 { checkAccess(refKind, refc, m); return; } 2877 throw m.makeAccessException(message, this); 2878 } 2879 2880 /** Check public/protected/private bits on the symbolic reference class and its member. */ 2881 void checkAccess(byte refKind, Class<?> refc, MemberName m) throws IllegalAccessException { 2882 assert(m.referenceKindIsConsistentWith(refKind) && 2883 MethodHandleNatives.refKindIsValid(refKind) && 2884 (MethodHandleNatives.refKindIsField(refKind) == m.isField())); 2885 int allowedModes = this.allowedModes; 2886 if (allowedModes == TRUSTED) return; 2887 int mods = m.getModifiers(); 2888 if (Modifier.isProtected(mods) && 2889 refKind == REF_invokeVirtual && 2890 m.getDeclaringClass() == Object.class && 2891 m.getName().equals("clone") && 2892 refc.isArray()) { 2893 // The JVM does this hack also. 2894 // (See ClassVerifier::verify_invoke_instructions 2895 // and LinkResolver::check_method_accessability.) 2896 // Because the JVM does not allow separate methods on array types, 2897 // there is no separate method for int[].clone. 2898 // All arrays simply inherit Object.clone. 2899 // But for access checking logic, we make Object.clone 2900 // (normally protected) appear to be public. 2901 // Later on, when the DirectMethodHandle is created, 2902 // its leading argument will be restricted to the 2903 // requested array type. 2904 // N.B. The return type is not adjusted, because 2905 // that is *not* the bytecode behavior. 2906 mods ^= Modifier.PROTECTED | Modifier.PUBLIC; 2907 } 2908 if (Modifier.isProtected(mods) && refKind == REF_newInvokeSpecial) { 2909 // cannot "new" a protected ctor in a different package 2910 mods ^= Modifier.PROTECTED; 2911 } 2912 if (Modifier.isFinal(mods) && 2913 MethodHandleNatives.refKindIsSetter(refKind)) 2914 throw m.makeAccessException("unexpected set of a final field", this); 2915 int requestedModes = fixmods(mods); // adjust 0 => PACKAGE 2916 if ((requestedModes & allowedModes) != 0) { 2917 if (VerifyAccess.isMemberAccessible(refc, m.getDeclaringClass(), 2918 mods, lookupClass(), previousLookupClass(), allowedModes)) 2919 return; 2920 } else { 2921 // Protected members can also be checked as if they were package-private. 2922 if ((requestedModes & PROTECTED) != 0 && (allowedModes & PACKAGE) != 0 2923 && VerifyAccess.isSamePackage(m.getDeclaringClass(), lookupClass())) 2924 return; 2925 } 2926 throw m.makeAccessException(accessFailedMessage(refc, m), this); 2927 } 2928 2929 String accessFailedMessage(Class<?> refc, MemberName m) { 2930 Class<?> defc = m.getDeclaringClass(); 2931 int mods = m.getModifiers(); 2932 // check the class first: 2933 boolean classOK = (Modifier.isPublic(defc.getModifiers()) && 2934 (defc == refc || 2935 Modifier.isPublic(refc.getModifiers()))); 2936 if (!classOK && (allowedModes & PACKAGE) != 0) { 2937 // ignore previous lookup class to check if default package access 2938 classOK = (VerifyAccess.isClassAccessible(defc, lookupClass(), null, FULL_POWER_MODES) && 2939 (defc == refc || 2940 VerifyAccess.isClassAccessible(refc, lookupClass(), null, FULL_POWER_MODES))); 2941 } 2942 if (!classOK) 2943 return "class is not public"; 2944 if (Modifier.isPublic(mods)) 2945 return "access to public member failed"; // (how?, module not readable?) 2946 if (Modifier.isPrivate(mods)) 2947 return "member is private"; 2948 if (Modifier.isProtected(mods)) 2949 return "member is protected"; 2950 return "member is private to package"; 2951 } 2952 2953 private void checkSpecialCaller(Class<?> specialCaller, Class<?> refc) throws IllegalAccessException { 2954 int allowedModes = this.allowedModes; 2955 if (allowedModes == TRUSTED) return; 2956 if (!hasPrivateAccess() 2957 || (specialCaller != lookupClass() 2958 // ensure non-abstract methods in superinterfaces can be special-invoked 2959 && !(refc != null && refc.isInterface() && refc.isAssignableFrom(specialCaller)))) 2960 throw new MemberName(specialCaller). 2961 makeAccessException("no private access for invokespecial", this); 2962 } 2963 2964 private boolean restrictProtectedReceiver(MemberName method) { 2965 // The accessing class only has the right to use a protected member 2966 // on itself or a subclass. Enforce that restriction, from JVMS 5.4.4, etc. 2967 if (!method.isProtected() || method.isStatic() 2968 || allowedModes == TRUSTED 2969 || method.getDeclaringClass() == lookupClass() 2970 || VerifyAccess.isSamePackage(method.getDeclaringClass(), lookupClass())) 2971 return false; 2972 return true; 2973 } 2974 private MethodHandle restrictReceiver(MemberName method, DirectMethodHandle mh, Class<?> caller) throws IllegalAccessException { 2975 assert(!method.isStatic()); 2976 // receiver type of mh is too wide; narrow to caller 2977 if (!method.getDeclaringClass().isAssignableFrom(caller)) { 2978 throw method.makeAccessException("caller class must be a subclass below the method", caller); 2979 } 2980 MethodType rawType = mh.type(); 2981 if (caller.isAssignableFrom(rawType.parameterType(0))) return mh; // no need to restrict; already narrow 2982 MethodType narrowType = rawType.changeParameterType(0, caller); 2983 assert(!mh.isVarargsCollector()); // viewAsType will lose varargs-ness 2984 assert(mh.viewAsTypeChecks(narrowType, true)); 2985 return mh.copyWith(narrowType, mh.form); 2986 } 2987 2988 /** Check access and get the requested method. */ 2989 private MethodHandle getDirectMethod(byte refKind, Class<?> refc, MemberName method, Class<?> boundCallerClass) throws IllegalAccessException { 2990 final boolean doRestrict = true; 2991 final boolean checkSecurity = true; 2992 return getDirectMethodCommon(refKind, refc, method, checkSecurity, doRestrict, boundCallerClass); 2993 } 2994 /** Check access and get the requested method, for invokespecial with no restriction on the application of narrowing rules. */ 2995 private MethodHandle getDirectMethodNoRestrictInvokeSpecial(Class<?> refc, MemberName method, Class<?> boundCallerClass) throws IllegalAccessException { 2996 final boolean doRestrict = false; 2997 final boolean checkSecurity = true; 2998 return getDirectMethodCommon(REF_invokeSpecial, refc, method, checkSecurity, doRestrict, boundCallerClass); 2999 } 3000 /** Check access and get the requested method, eliding security manager checks. */ 3001 private MethodHandle getDirectMethodNoSecurityManager(byte refKind, Class<?> refc, MemberName method, Class<?> boundCallerClass) throws IllegalAccessException { 3002 final boolean doRestrict = true; 3003 final boolean checkSecurity = false; // not needed for reflection or for linking CONSTANT_MH constants 3004 return getDirectMethodCommon(refKind, refc, method, checkSecurity, doRestrict, boundCallerClass); 3005 } 3006 /** Common code for all methods; do not call directly except from immediately above. */ 3007 private MethodHandle getDirectMethodCommon(byte refKind, Class<?> refc, MemberName method, 3008 boolean checkSecurity, 3009 boolean doRestrict, Class<?> boundCallerClass) throws IllegalAccessException { 3010 3011 checkMethod(refKind, refc, method); 3012 // Optionally check with the security manager; this isn't needed for unreflect* calls. 3013 if (checkSecurity) 3014 checkSecurityManager(refc, method); 3015 assert(!method.isMethodHandleInvoke()); 3016 3017 if (refKind == REF_invokeSpecial && 3018 refc != lookupClass() && 3019 !refc.isInterface() && 3020 refc != lookupClass().getSuperclass() && 3021 refc.isAssignableFrom(lookupClass())) { 3022 assert(!method.getName().equals("<init>")); // not this code path 3023 3024 // Per JVMS 6.5, desc. of invokespecial instruction: 3025 // If the method is in a superclass of the LC, 3026 // and if our original search was above LC.super, 3027 // repeat the search (symbolic lookup) from LC.super 3028 // and continue with the direct superclass of that class, 3029 // and so forth, until a match is found or no further superclasses exist. 3030 // FIXME: MemberName.resolve should handle this instead. 3031 Class<?> refcAsSuper = lookupClass(); 3032 MemberName m2; 3033 do { 3034 refcAsSuper = refcAsSuper.getSuperclass(); 3035 m2 = new MemberName(refcAsSuper, 3036 method.getName(), 3037 method.getMethodType(), 3038 REF_invokeSpecial); 3039 m2 = IMPL_NAMES.resolveOrNull(refKind, m2, lookupClassOrNull()); 3040 } while (m2 == null && // no method is found yet 3041 refc != refcAsSuper); // search up to refc 3042 if (m2 == null) throw new InternalError(method.toString()); 3043 method = m2; 3044 refc = refcAsSuper; 3045 // redo basic checks 3046 checkMethod(refKind, refc, method); 3047 } 3048 3049 DirectMethodHandle dmh = DirectMethodHandle.make(refKind, refc, method, lookupClass()); 3050 MethodHandle mh = dmh; 3051 // Optionally narrow the receiver argument to lookupClass using restrictReceiver. 3052 if ((doRestrict && refKind == REF_invokeSpecial) || 3053 (MethodHandleNatives.refKindHasReceiver(refKind) && restrictProtectedReceiver(method))) { 3054 mh = restrictReceiver(method, dmh, lookupClass()); 3055 } 3056 mh = maybeBindCaller(method, mh, boundCallerClass); 3057 mh = mh.setVarargs(method); 3058 return mh; 3059 } 3060 private MethodHandle maybeBindCaller(MemberName method, MethodHandle mh, 3061 Class<?> boundCallerClass) 3062 throws IllegalAccessException { 3063 if (allowedModes == TRUSTED || !MethodHandleNatives.isCallerSensitive(method)) 3064 return mh; 3065 Class<?> hostClass = lookupClass; 3066 if (!hasPrivateAccess()) // caller must have private access 3067 hostClass = boundCallerClass; // boundCallerClass came from a security manager style stack walk 3068 MethodHandle cbmh = MethodHandleImpl.bindCaller(mh, hostClass); 3069 // Note: caller will apply varargs after this step happens. 3070 return cbmh; 3071 } 3072 /** Check access and get the requested field. */ 3073 private MethodHandle getDirectField(byte refKind, Class<?> refc, MemberName field) throws IllegalAccessException { 3074 final boolean checkSecurity = true; 3075 return getDirectFieldCommon(refKind, refc, field, checkSecurity); 3076 } 3077 /** Check access and get the requested field, eliding security manager checks. */ 3078 private MethodHandle getDirectFieldNoSecurityManager(byte refKind, Class<?> refc, MemberName field) throws IllegalAccessException { 3079 final boolean checkSecurity = false; // not needed for reflection or for linking CONSTANT_MH constants 3080 return getDirectFieldCommon(refKind, refc, field, checkSecurity); 3081 } 3082 /** Common code for all fields; do not call directly except from immediately above. */ 3083 private MethodHandle getDirectFieldCommon(byte refKind, Class<?> refc, MemberName field, 3084 boolean checkSecurity) throws IllegalAccessException { 3085 checkField(refKind, refc, field); 3086 // Optionally check with the security manager; this isn't needed for unreflect* calls. 3087 if (checkSecurity) 3088 checkSecurityManager(refc, field); 3089 DirectMethodHandle dmh = DirectMethodHandle.make(refc, field); 3090 boolean doRestrict = (MethodHandleNatives.refKindHasReceiver(refKind) && 3091 restrictProtectedReceiver(field)); 3092 if (doRestrict) 3093 return restrictReceiver(field, dmh, lookupClass()); 3094 return dmh; 3095 } 3096 private VarHandle getFieldVarHandle(byte getRefKind, byte putRefKind, 3097 Class<?> refc, MemberName getField, MemberName putField) 3098 throws IllegalAccessException { 3099 final boolean checkSecurity = true; 3100 return getFieldVarHandleCommon(getRefKind, putRefKind, refc, getField, putField, checkSecurity); 3101 } 3102 private VarHandle getFieldVarHandleNoSecurityManager(byte getRefKind, byte putRefKind, 3103 Class<?> refc, MemberName getField, MemberName putField) 3104 throws IllegalAccessException { 3105 final boolean checkSecurity = false; 3106 return getFieldVarHandleCommon(getRefKind, putRefKind, refc, getField, putField, checkSecurity); 3107 } 3108 private VarHandle getFieldVarHandleCommon(byte getRefKind, byte putRefKind, 3109 Class<?> refc, MemberName getField, MemberName putField, 3110 boolean checkSecurity) throws IllegalAccessException { 3111 assert getField.isStatic() == putField.isStatic(); 3112 assert getField.isGetter() && putField.isSetter(); 3113 assert MethodHandleNatives.refKindIsStatic(getRefKind) == MethodHandleNatives.refKindIsStatic(putRefKind); 3114 assert MethodHandleNatives.refKindIsGetter(getRefKind) && MethodHandleNatives.refKindIsSetter(putRefKind); 3115 3116 checkField(getRefKind, refc, getField); 3117 if (checkSecurity) 3118 checkSecurityManager(refc, getField); 3119 3120 if (!putField.isFinal()) { 3121 // A VarHandle does not support updates to final fields, any 3122 // such VarHandle to a final field will be read-only and 3123 // therefore the following write-based accessibility checks are 3124 // only required for non-final fields 3125 checkField(putRefKind, refc, putField); 3126 if (checkSecurity) 3127 checkSecurityManager(refc, putField); 3128 } 3129 3130 boolean doRestrict = (MethodHandleNatives.refKindHasReceiver(getRefKind) && 3131 restrictProtectedReceiver(getField)); 3132 if (doRestrict) { 3133 assert !getField.isStatic(); 3134 // receiver type of VarHandle is too wide; narrow to caller 3135 if (!getField.getDeclaringClass().isAssignableFrom(lookupClass())) { 3136 throw getField.makeAccessException("caller class must be a subclass below the method", lookupClass()); 3137 } 3138 refc = lookupClass(); 3139 } 3140 return VarHandles.makeFieldHandle(getField, refc, getField.getFieldType(), this.allowedModes == TRUSTED); 3141 } 3142 /** Check access and get the requested constructor. */ 3143 private MethodHandle getDirectConstructor(Class<?> refc, MemberName ctor) throws IllegalAccessException { 3144 final boolean checkSecurity = true; 3145 return getDirectConstructorCommon(refc, ctor, checkSecurity); 3146 } 3147 /** Check access and get the requested constructor, eliding security manager checks. */ 3148 private MethodHandle getDirectConstructorNoSecurityManager(Class<?> refc, MemberName ctor) throws IllegalAccessException { 3149 final boolean checkSecurity = false; // not needed for reflection or for linking CONSTANT_MH constants 3150 return getDirectConstructorCommon(refc, ctor, checkSecurity); 3151 } 3152 /** Common code for all constructors; do not call directly except from immediately above. */ 3153 private MethodHandle getDirectConstructorCommon(Class<?> refc, MemberName ctor, 3154 boolean checkSecurity) throws IllegalAccessException { 3155 assert(ctor.isConstructor()); 3156 checkAccess(REF_newInvokeSpecial, refc, ctor); 3157 // Optionally check with the security manager; this isn't needed for unreflect* calls. 3158 if (checkSecurity) 3159 checkSecurityManager(refc, ctor); 3160 assert(!MethodHandleNatives.isCallerSensitive(ctor)); // maybeBindCaller not relevant here 3161 return DirectMethodHandle.make(ctor).setVarargs(ctor); 3162 } 3163 3164 /** Hook called from the JVM (via MethodHandleNatives) to link MH constants: 3165 */ 3166 /*non-public*/ 3167 MethodHandle linkMethodHandleConstant(byte refKind, Class<?> defc, String name, Object type) throws ReflectiveOperationException { 3168 if (!(type instanceof Class || type instanceof MethodType)) 3169 throw new InternalError("unresolved MemberName"); 3170 MemberName member = new MemberName(refKind, defc, name, type); 3171 MethodHandle mh = LOOKASIDE_TABLE.get(member); 3172 if (mh != null) { 3173 checkSymbolicClass(defc); 3174 return mh; 3175 } 3176 if (defc == MethodHandle.class && refKind == REF_invokeVirtual) { 3177 // Treat MethodHandle.invoke and invokeExact specially. 3178 mh = findVirtualForMH(member.getName(), member.getMethodType()); 3179 if (mh != null) { 3180 return mh; 3181 } 3182 } else if (defc == VarHandle.class && refKind == REF_invokeVirtual) { 3183 // Treat signature-polymorphic methods on VarHandle specially. 3184 mh = findVirtualForVH(member.getName(), member.getMethodType()); 3185 if (mh != null) { 3186 return mh; 3187 } 3188 } 3189 MemberName resolved = resolveOrFail(refKind, member); 3190 mh = getDirectMethodForConstant(refKind, defc, resolved); 3191 if (mh instanceof DirectMethodHandle 3192 && canBeCached(refKind, defc, resolved)) { 3193 MemberName key = mh.internalMemberName(); 3194 if (key != null) { 3195 key = key.asNormalOriginal(); 3196 } 3197 if (member.equals(key)) { // better safe than sorry 3198 LOOKASIDE_TABLE.put(key, (DirectMethodHandle) mh); 3199 } 3200 } 3201 return mh; 3202 } 3203 private 3204 boolean canBeCached(byte refKind, Class<?> defc, MemberName member) { 3205 if (refKind == REF_invokeSpecial) { 3206 return false; 3207 } 3208 if (!Modifier.isPublic(defc.getModifiers()) || 3209 !Modifier.isPublic(member.getDeclaringClass().getModifiers()) || 3210 !member.isPublic() || 3211 member.isCallerSensitive()) { 3212 return false; 3213 } 3214 ClassLoader loader = defc.getClassLoader(); 3215 if (loader != null) { 3216 ClassLoader sysl = ClassLoader.getSystemClassLoader(); 3217 boolean found = false; 3218 while (sysl != null) { 3219 if (loader == sysl) { found = true; break; } 3220 sysl = sysl.getParent(); 3221 } 3222 if (!found) { 3223 return false; 3224 } 3225 } 3226 try { 3227 MemberName resolved2 = publicLookup().resolveOrNull(refKind, 3228 new MemberName(refKind, defc, member.getName(), member.getType())); 3229 if (resolved2 == null) { 3230 return false; 3231 } 3232 checkSecurityManager(defc, resolved2); 3233 } catch (SecurityException ex) { 3234 return false; 3235 } 3236 return true; 3237 } 3238 private 3239 MethodHandle getDirectMethodForConstant(byte refKind, Class<?> defc, MemberName member) 3240 throws ReflectiveOperationException { 3241 if (MethodHandleNatives.refKindIsField(refKind)) { 3242 return getDirectFieldNoSecurityManager(refKind, defc, member); 3243 } else if (MethodHandleNatives.refKindIsMethod(refKind)) { 3244 return getDirectMethodNoSecurityManager(refKind, defc, member, lookupClass); 3245 } else if (refKind == REF_newInvokeSpecial) { 3246 return getDirectConstructorNoSecurityManager(defc, member); 3247 } 3248 // oops 3249 throw newIllegalArgumentException("bad MethodHandle constant #"+member); 3250 } 3251 3252 static ConcurrentHashMap<MemberName, DirectMethodHandle> LOOKASIDE_TABLE = new ConcurrentHashMap<>(); 3253 } 3254 3255 /** 3256 * Produces a method handle constructing arrays of a desired type, 3257 * as if by the {@code anewarray} bytecode. 3258 * The return type of the method handle will be the array type. 3259 * The type of its sole argument will be {@code int}, which specifies the size of the array. 3260 * 3261 * <p> If the returned method handle is invoked with a negative 3262 * array size, a {@code NegativeArraySizeException} will be thrown. 3263 * 3264 * @param arrayClass an array type 3265 * @return a method handle which can create arrays of the given type 3266 * @throws NullPointerException if the argument is {@code null} 3267 * @throws IllegalArgumentException if {@code arrayClass} is not an array type 3268 * @see java.lang.reflect.Array#newInstance(Class, int) 3269 * @jvms 6.5 {@code anewarray} Instruction 3270 * @since 9 3271 */ 3272 public static 3273 MethodHandle arrayConstructor(Class<?> arrayClass) throws IllegalArgumentException { 3274 if (!arrayClass.isArray()) { 3275 throw newIllegalArgumentException("not an array class: " + arrayClass.getName()); 3276 } 3277 MethodHandle ani = MethodHandleImpl.getConstantHandle(MethodHandleImpl.MH_Array_newInstance). 3278 bindTo(arrayClass.getComponentType()); 3279 return ani.asType(ani.type().changeReturnType(arrayClass)); 3280 } 3281 3282 /** 3283 * Produces a method handle returning the length of an array, 3284 * as if by the {@code arraylength} bytecode. 3285 * The type of the method handle will have {@code int} as return type, 3286 * and its sole argument will be the array type. 3287 * 3288 * <p> If the returned method handle is invoked with a {@code null} 3289 * array reference, a {@code NullPointerException} will be thrown. 3290 * 3291 * @param arrayClass an array type 3292 * @return a method handle which can retrieve the length of an array of the given array type 3293 * @throws NullPointerException if the argument is {@code null} 3294 * @throws IllegalArgumentException if arrayClass is not an array type 3295 * @jvms 6.5 {@code arraylength} Instruction 3296 * @since 9 3297 */ 3298 public static 3299 MethodHandle arrayLength(Class<?> arrayClass) throws IllegalArgumentException { 3300 return MethodHandleImpl.makeArrayElementAccessor(arrayClass, MethodHandleImpl.ArrayAccess.LENGTH); 3301 } 3302 3303 /** 3304 * Produces a method handle giving read access to elements of an array, 3305 * as if by the {@code aaload} bytecode. 3306 * The type of the method handle will have a return type of the array's 3307 * element type. Its first argument will be the array type, 3308 * and the second will be {@code int}. 3309 * 3310 * <p> When the returned method handle is invoked, 3311 * the array reference and array index are checked. 3312 * A {@code NullPointerException} will be thrown if the array reference 3313 * is {@code null} and an {@code ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException} will be 3314 * thrown if the index is negative or if it is greater than or equal to 3315 * the length of the array. 3316 * 3317 * @param arrayClass an array type 3318 * @return a method handle which can load values from the given array type 3319 * @throws NullPointerException if the argument is null 3320 * @throws IllegalArgumentException if arrayClass is not an array type 3321 * @jvms 6.5 {@code aaload} Instruction 3322 */ 3323 public static 3324 MethodHandle arrayElementGetter(Class<?> arrayClass) throws IllegalArgumentException { 3325 return MethodHandleImpl.makeArrayElementAccessor(arrayClass, MethodHandleImpl.ArrayAccess.GET); 3326 } 3327 3328 /** 3329 * Produces a method handle giving write access to elements of an array, 3330 * as if by the {@code astore} bytecode. 3331 * The type of the method handle will have a void return type. 3332 * Its last argument will be the array's element type. 3333 * The first and second arguments will be the array type and int. 3334 * 3335 * <p> When the returned method handle is invoked, 3336 * the array reference and array index are checked. 3337 * A {@code NullPointerException} will be thrown if the array reference 3338 * is {@code null} and an {@code ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException} will be 3339 * thrown if the index is negative or if it is greater than or equal to 3340 * the length of the array. 3341 * 3342 * @param arrayClass the class of an array 3343 * @return a method handle which can store values into the array type 3344 * @throws NullPointerException if the argument is null 3345 * @throws IllegalArgumentException if arrayClass is not an array type 3346 * @jvms 6.5 {@code aastore} Instruction 3347 */ 3348 public static 3349 MethodHandle arrayElementSetter(Class<?> arrayClass) throws IllegalArgumentException { 3350 return MethodHandleImpl.makeArrayElementAccessor(arrayClass, MethodHandleImpl.ArrayAccess.SET); 3351 } 3352 3353 /** 3354 * Produces a VarHandle giving access to elements of an array of type 3355 * {@code arrayClass}. The VarHandle's variable type is the component type 3356 * of {@code arrayClass} and the list of coordinate types is 3357 * {@code (arrayClass, int)}, where the {@code int} coordinate type 3358 * corresponds to an argument that is an index into an array. 3359 * <p> 3360 * Certain access modes of the returned VarHandle are unsupported under 3361 * the following conditions: 3362 * <ul> 3363 * <li>if the component type is anything other than {@code byte}, 3364 * {@code short}, {@code char}, {@code int}, {@code long}, 3365 * {@code float}, or {@code double} then numeric atomic update access 3366 * modes are unsupported. 3367 * <li>if the field type is anything other than {@code boolean}, 3368 * {@code byte}, {@code short}, {@code char}, {@code int} or 3369 * {@code long} then bitwise atomic update access modes are 3370 * unsupported. 3371 * </ul> 3372 * <p> 3373 * If the component type is {@code float} or {@code double} then numeric 3374 * and atomic update access modes compare values using their bitwise 3375 * representation (see {@link Float#floatToRawIntBits} and 3376 * {@link Double#doubleToRawLongBits}, respectively). 3377 * 3378 * <p> When the returned {@code VarHandle} is invoked, 3379 * the array reference and array index are checked. 3380 * A {@code NullPointerException} will be thrown if the array reference 3381 * is {@code null} and an {@code ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException} will be 3382 * thrown if the index is negative or if it is greater than or equal to 3383 * the length of the array. 3384 * 3385 * @apiNote 3386 * Bitwise comparison of {@code float} values or {@code double} values, 3387 * as performed by the numeric and atomic update access modes, differ 3388 * from the primitive {@code ==} operator and the {@link Float#equals} 3389 * and {@link Double#equals} methods, specifically with respect to 3390 * comparing NaN values or comparing {@code -0.0} with {@code +0.0}. 3391 * Care should be taken when performing a compare and set or a compare 3392 * and exchange operation with such values since the operation may 3393 * unexpectedly fail. 3394 * There are many possible NaN values that are considered to be 3395 * {@code NaN} in Java, although no IEEE 754 floating-point operation 3396 * provided by Java can distinguish between them. Operation failure can 3397 * occur if the expected or witness value is a NaN value and it is 3398 * transformed (perhaps in a platform specific manner) into another NaN 3399 * value, and thus has a different bitwise representation (see 3400 * {@link Float#intBitsToFloat} or {@link Double#longBitsToDouble} for more 3401 * details). 3402 * The values {@code -0.0} and {@code +0.0} have different bitwise 3403 * representations but are considered equal when using the primitive 3404 * {@code ==} operator. Operation failure can occur if, for example, a 3405 * numeric algorithm computes an expected value to be say {@code -0.0} 3406 * and previously computed the witness value to be say {@code +0.0}. 3407 * @param arrayClass the class of an array, of type {@code T[]} 3408 * @return a VarHandle giving access to elements of an array 3409 * @throws NullPointerException if the arrayClass is null 3410 * @throws IllegalArgumentException if arrayClass is not an array type 3411 * @since 9 3412 */ 3413 public static 3414 VarHandle arrayElementVarHandle(Class<?> arrayClass) throws IllegalArgumentException { 3415 return VarHandles.makeArrayElementHandle(arrayClass); 3416 } 3417 3418 /** 3419 * Produces a VarHandle giving access to elements of a {@code byte[]} array 3420 * viewed as if it were a different primitive array type, such as 3421 * {@code int[]} or {@code long[]}. 3422 * The VarHandle's variable type is the component type of 3423 * {@code viewArrayClass} and the list of coordinate types is 3424 * {@code (byte[], int)}, where the {@code int} coordinate type 3425 * corresponds to an argument that is an index into a {@code byte[]} array. 3426 * The returned VarHandle accesses bytes at an index in a {@code byte[]} 3427 * array, composing bytes to or from a value of the component type of 3428 * {@code viewArrayClass} according to the given endianness. 3429 * <p> 3430 * The supported component types (variables types) are {@code short}, 3431 * {@code char}, {@code int}, {@code long}, {@code float} and 3432 * {@code double}. 3433 * <p> 3434 * Access of bytes at a given index will result in an 3435 * {@code IndexOutOfBoundsException} if the index is less than {@code 0} 3436 * or greater than the {@code byte[]} array length minus the size (in bytes) 3437 * of {@code T}. 3438 * <p> 3439 * Access of bytes at an index may be aligned or misaligned for {@code T}, 3440 * with respect to the underlying memory address, {@code A} say, associated 3441 * with the array and index. 3442 * If access is misaligned then access for anything other than the 3443 * {@code get} and {@code set} access modes will result in an 3444 * {@code IllegalStateException}. In such cases atomic access is only 3445 * guaranteed with respect to the largest power of two that divides the GCD 3446 * of {@code A} and the size (in bytes) of {@code T}. 3447 * If access is aligned then following access modes are supported and are 3448 * guaranteed to support atomic access: 3449 * <ul> 3450 * <li>read write access modes for all {@code T}, with the exception of 3451 * access modes {@code get} and {@code set} for {@code long} and 3452 * {@code double} on 32-bit platforms. 3453 * <li>atomic update access modes for {@code int}, {@code long}, 3454 * {@code float} or {@code double}. 3455 * (Future major platform releases of the JDK may support additional 3456 * types for certain currently unsupported access modes.) 3457 * <li>numeric atomic update access modes for {@code int} and {@code long}. 3458 * (Future major platform releases of the JDK may support additional 3459 * numeric types for certain currently unsupported access modes.) 3460 * <li>bitwise atomic update access modes for {@code int} and {@code long}. 3461 * (Future major platform releases of the JDK may support additional 3462 * numeric types for certain currently unsupported access modes.) 3463 * </ul> 3464 * <p> 3465 * Misaligned access, and therefore atomicity guarantees, may be determined 3466 * for {@code byte[]} arrays without operating on a specific array. Given 3467 * an {@code index}, {@code T} and it's corresponding boxed type, 3468 * {@code T_BOX}, misalignment may be determined as follows: 3469 * <pre>{@code 3470 * int sizeOfT = T_BOX.BYTES; // size in bytes of T 3471 * int misalignedAtZeroIndex = ByteBuffer.wrap(new byte[0]). 3472 * alignmentOffset(0, sizeOfT); 3473 * int misalignedAtIndex = (misalignedAtZeroIndex + index) % sizeOfT; 3474 * boolean isMisaligned = misalignedAtIndex != 0; 3475 * }</pre> 3476 * <p> 3477 * If the variable type is {@code float} or {@code double} then atomic 3478 * update access modes compare values using their bitwise representation 3479 * (see {@link Float#floatToRawIntBits} and 3480 * {@link Double#doubleToRawLongBits}, respectively). 3481 * @param viewArrayClass the view array class, with a component type of 3482 * type {@code T} 3483 * @param byteOrder the endianness of the view array elements, as 3484 * stored in the underlying {@code byte} array 3485 * @return a VarHandle giving access to elements of a {@code byte[]} array 3486 * viewed as if elements corresponding to the components type of the view 3487 * array class 3488 * @throws NullPointerException if viewArrayClass or byteOrder is null 3489 * @throws IllegalArgumentException if viewArrayClass is not an array type 3490 * @throws UnsupportedOperationException if the component type of 3491 * viewArrayClass is not supported as a variable type 3492 * @since 9 3493 */ 3494 public static 3495 VarHandle byteArrayViewVarHandle(Class<?> viewArrayClass, 3496 ByteOrder byteOrder) throws IllegalArgumentException { 3497 Objects.requireNonNull(byteOrder); 3498 return VarHandles.byteArrayViewHandle(viewArrayClass, 3499 byteOrder == ByteOrder.BIG_ENDIAN); 3500 } 3501 3502 /** 3503 * Produces a VarHandle giving access to elements of a {@code ByteBuffer} 3504 * viewed as if it were an array of elements of a different primitive 3505 * component type to that of {@code byte}, such as {@code int[]} or 3506 * {@code long[]}. 3507 * The VarHandle's variable type is the component type of 3508 * {@code viewArrayClass} and the list of coordinate types is 3509 * {@code (ByteBuffer, int)}, where the {@code int} coordinate type 3510 * corresponds to an argument that is an index into a {@code byte[]} array. 3511 * The returned VarHandle accesses bytes at an index in a 3512 * {@code ByteBuffer}, composing bytes to or from a value of the component 3513 * type of {@code viewArrayClass} according to the given endianness. 3514 * <p> 3515 * The supported component types (variables types) are {@code short}, 3516 * {@code char}, {@code int}, {@code long}, {@code float} and 3517 * {@code double}. 3518 * <p> 3519 * Access will result in a {@code ReadOnlyBufferException} for anything 3520 * other than the read access modes if the {@code ByteBuffer} is read-only. 3521 * <p> 3522 * Access of bytes at a given index will result in an 3523 * {@code IndexOutOfBoundsException} if the index is less than {@code 0} 3524 * or greater than the {@code ByteBuffer} limit minus the size (in bytes) of 3525 * {@code T}. 3526 * <p> 3527 * Access of bytes at an index may be aligned or misaligned for {@code T}, 3528 * with respect to the underlying memory address, {@code A} say, associated 3529 * with the {@code ByteBuffer} and index. 3530 * If access is misaligned then access for anything other than the 3531 * {@code get} and {@code set} access modes will result in an 3532 * {@code IllegalStateException}. In such cases atomic access is only 3533 * guaranteed with respect to the largest power of two that divides the GCD 3534 * of {@code A} and the size (in bytes) of {@code T}. 3535 * If access is aligned then following access modes are supported and are 3536 * guaranteed to support atomic access: 3537 * <ul> 3538 * <li>read write access modes for all {@code T}, with the exception of 3539 * access modes {@code get} and {@code set} for {@code long} and 3540 * {@code double} on 32-bit platforms. 3541 * <li>atomic update access modes for {@code int}, {@code long}, 3542 * {@code float} or {@code double}. 3543 * (Future major platform releases of the JDK may support additional 3544 * types for certain currently unsupported access modes.) 3545 * <li>numeric atomic update access modes for {@code int} and {@code long}. 3546 * (Future major platform releases of the JDK may support additional 3547 * numeric types for certain currently unsupported access modes.) 3548 * <li>bitwise atomic update access modes for {@code int} and {@code long}. 3549 * (Future major platform releases of the JDK may support additional 3550 * numeric types for certain currently unsupported access modes.) 3551 * </ul> 3552 * <p> 3553 * Misaligned access, and therefore atomicity guarantees, may be determined 3554 * for a {@code ByteBuffer}, {@code bb} (direct or otherwise), an 3555 * {@code index}, {@code T} and it's corresponding boxed type, 3556 * {@code T_BOX}, as follows: 3557 * <pre>{@code 3558 * int sizeOfT = T_BOX.BYTES; // size in bytes of T 3559 * ByteBuffer bb = ... 3560 * int misalignedAtIndex = bb.alignmentOffset(index, sizeOfT); 3561 * boolean isMisaligned = misalignedAtIndex != 0; 3562 * }</pre> 3563 * <p> 3564 * If the variable type is {@code float} or {@code double} then atomic 3565 * update access modes compare values using their bitwise representation 3566 * (see {@link Float#floatToRawIntBits} and 3567 * {@link Double#doubleToRawLongBits}, respectively). 3568 * @param viewArrayClass the view array class, with a component type of 3569 * type {@code T} 3570 * @param byteOrder the endianness of the view array elements, as 3571 * stored in the underlying {@code ByteBuffer} (Note this overrides the 3572 * endianness of a {@code ByteBuffer}) 3573 * @return a VarHandle giving access to elements of a {@code ByteBuffer} 3574 * viewed as if elements corresponding to the components type of the view 3575 * array class 3576 * @throws NullPointerException if viewArrayClass or byteOrder is null 3577 * @throws IllegalArgumentException if viewArrayClass is not an array type 3578 * @throws UnsupportedOperationException if the component type of 3579 * viewArrayClass is not supported as a variable type 3580 * @since 9 3581 */ 3582 public static 3583 VarHandle byteBufferViewVarHandle(Class<?> viewArrayClass, 3584 ByteOrder byteOrder) throws IllegalArgumentException { 3585 Objects.requireNonNull(byteOrder); 3586 return VarHandles.makeByteBufferViewHandle(viewArrayClass, 3587 byteOrder == ByteOrder.BIG_ENDIAN); 3588 } 3589 3590 3591 /// method handle invocation (reflective style) 3592 3593 /** 3594 * Produces a method handle which will invoke any method handle of the 3595 * given {@code type}, with a given number of trailing arguments replaced by 3596 * a single trailing {@code Object[]} array. 3597 * The resulting invoker will be a method handle with the following 3598 * arguments: 3599 * <ul> 3600 * <li>a single {@code MethodHandle} target 3601 * <li>zero or more leading values (counted by {@code leadingArgCount}) 3602 * <li>an {@code Object[]} array containing trailing arguments 3603 * </ul> 3604 * <p> 3605 * The invoker will invoke its target like a call to {@link MethodHandle#invoke invoke} with 3606 * the indicated {@code type}. 3607 * That is, if the target is exactly of the given {@code type}, it will behave 3608 * like {@code invokeExact}; otherwise it behave as if {@link MethodHandle#asType asType} 3609 * is used to convert the target to the required {@code type}. 3610 * <p> 3611 * The type of the returned invoker will not be the given {@code type}, but rather 3612 * will have all parameters except the first {@code leadingArgCount} 3613 * replaced by a single array of type {@code Object[]}, which will be 3614 * the final parameter. 3615 * <p> 3616 * Before invoking its target, the invoker will spread the final array, apply 3617 * reference casts as necessary, and unbox and widen primitive arguments. 3618 * If, when the invoker is called, the supplied array argument does 3619 * not have the correct number of elements, the invoker will throw 3620 * an {@link IllegalArgumentException} instead of invoking the target. 3621 * <p> 3622 * This method is equivalent to the following code (though it may be more efficient): 3623 * <blockquote><pre>{@code 3624 MethodHandle invoker = MethodHandles.invoker(type); 3625 int spreadArgCount = type.parameterCount() - leadingArgCount; 3626 invoker = invoker.asSpreader(Object[].class, spreadArgCount); 3627 return invoker; 3628 * }</pre></blockquote> 3629 * This method throws no reflective or security exceptions. 3630 * @param type the desired target type 3631 * @param leadingArgCount number of fixed arguments, to be passed unchanged to the target 3632 * @return a method handle suitable for invoking any method handle of the given type 3633 * @throws NullPointerException if {@code type} is null 3634 * @throws IllegalArgumentException if {@code leadingArgCount} is not in 3635 * the range from 0 to {@code type.parameterCount()} inclusive, 3636 * or if the resulting method handle's type would have 3637 * <a href="MethodHandle.html#maxarity">too many parameters</a> 3638 */ 3639 public static 3640 MethodHandle spreadInvoker(MethodType type, int leadingArgCount) { 3641 if (leadingArgCount < 0 || leadingArgCount > type.parameterCount()) 3642 throw newIllegalArgumentException("bad argument count", leadingArgCount); 3643 type = type.asSpreaderType(Object[].class, leadingArgCount, type.parameterCount() - leadingArgCount); 3644 return type.invokers().spreadInvoker(leadingArgCount); 3645 } 3646 3647 /** 3648 * Produces a special <em>invoker method handle</em> which can be used to 3649 * invoke any method handle of the given type, as if by {@link MethodHandle#invokeExact invokeExact}. 3650 * The resulting invoker will have a type which is 3651 * exactly equal to the desired type, except that it will accept 3652 * an additional leading argument of type {@code MethodHandle}. 3653 * <p> 3654 * This method is equivalent to the following code (though it may be more efficient): 3655 * {@code publicLookup().findVirtual(MethodHandle.class, "invokeExact", type)} 3656 * 3657 * <p style="font-size:smaller;"> 3658 * <em>Discussion:</em> 3659 * Invoker method handles can be useful when working with variable method handles 3660 * of unknown types. 3661 * For example, to emulate an {@code invokeExact} call to a variable method 3662 * handle {@code M}, extract its type {@code T}, 3663 * look up the invoker method {@code X} for {@code T}, 3664 * and call the invoker method, as {@code X.invoke(T, A...)}. 3665 * (It would not work to call {@code X.invokeExact}, since the type {@code T} 3666 * is unknown.) 3667 * If spreading, collecting, or other argument transformations are required, 3668 * they can be applied once to the invoker {@code X} and reused on many {@code M} 3669 * method handle values, as long as they are compatible with the type of {@code X}. 3670 * <p style="font-size:smaller;"> 3671 * <em>(Note: The invoker method is not available via the Core Reflection API. 3672 * An attempt to call {@linkplain java.lang.reflect.Method#invoke java.lang.reflect.Method.invoke} 3673 * on the declared {@code invokeExact} or {@code invoke} method will raise an 3674 * {@link java.lang.UnsupportedOperationException UnsupportedOperationException}.)</em> 3675 * <p> 3676 * This method throws no reflective or security exceptions. 3677 * @param type the desired target type 3678 * @return a method handle suitable for invoking any method handle of the given type 3679 * @throws IllegalArgumentException if the resulting method handle's type would have 3680 * <a href="MethodHandle.html#maxarity">too many parameters</a> 3681 */ 3682 public static 3683 MethodHandle exactInvoker(MethodType type) { 3684 return type.invokers().exactInvoker(); 3685 } 3686 3687 /** 3688 * Produces a special <em>invoker method handle</em> which can be used to 3689 * invoke any method handle compatible with the given type, as if by {@link MethodHandle#invoke invoke}. 3690 * The resulting invoker will have a type which is 3691 * exactly equal to the desired type, except that it will accept 3692 * an additional leading argument of type {@code MethodHandle}. 3693 * <p> 3694 * Before invoking its target, if the target differs from the expected type, 3695 * the invoker will apply reference casts as 3696 * necessary and box, unbox, or widen primitive values, as if by {@link MethodHandle#asType asType}. 3697 * Similarly, the return value will be converted as necessary. 3698 * If the target is a {@linkplain MethodHandle#asVarargsCollector variable arity method handle}, 3699 * the required arity conversion will be made, again as if by {@link MethodHandle#asType asType}. 3700 * <p> 3701 * This method is equivalent to the following code (though it may be more efficient): 3702 * {@code publicLookup().findVirtual(MethodHandle.class, "invoke", type)} 3703 * <p style="font-size:smaller;"> 3704 * <em>Discussion:</em> 3705 * A {@linkplain MethodType#genericMethodType general method type} is one which 3706 * mentions only {@code Object} arguments and return values. 3707 * An invoker for such a type is capable of calling any method handle 3708 * of the same arity as the general type. 3709 * <p style="font-size:smaller;"> 3710 * <em>(Note: The invoker method is not available via the Core Reflection API. 3711 * An attempt to call {@linkplain java.lang.reflect.Method#invoke java.lang.reflect.Method.invoke} 3712 * on the declared {@code invokeExact} or {@code invoke} method will raise an 3713 * {@link java.lang.UnsupportedOperationException UnsupportedOperationException}.)</em> 3714 * <p> 3715 * This method throws no reflective or security exceptions. 3716 * @param type the desired target type 3717 * @return a method handle suitable for invoking any method handle convertible to the given type 3718 * @throws IllegalArgumentException if the resulting method handle's type would have 3719 * <a href="MethodHandle.html#maxarity">too many parameters</a> 3720 */ 3721 public static 3722 MethodHandle invoker(MethodType type) { 3723 return type.invokers().genericInvoker(); 3724 } 3725 3726 /** 3727 * Produces a special <em>invoker method handle</em> which can be used to 3728 * invoke a signature-polymorphic access mode method on any VarHandle whose 3729 * associated access mode type is compatible with the given type. 3730 * The resulting invoker will have a type which is exactly equal to the 3731 * desired given type, except that it will accept an additional leading 3732 * argument of type {@code VarHandle}. 3733 * 3734 * @param accessMode the VarHandle access mode 3735 * @param type the desired target type 3736 * @return a method handle suitable for invoking an access mode method of 3737 * any VarHandle whose access mode type is of the given type. 3738 * @since 9 3739 */ 3740 static public 3741 MethodHandle varHandleExactInvoker(VarHandle.AccessMode accessMode, MethodType type) { 3742 return type.invokers().varHandleMethodExactInvoker(accessMode); 3743 } 3744 3745 /** 3746 * Produces a special <em>invoker method handle</em> which can be used to 3747 * invoke a signature-polymorphic access mode method on any VarHandle whose 3748 * associated access mode type is compatible with the given type. 3749 * The resulting invoker will have a type which is exactly equal to the 3750 * desired given type, except that it will accept an additional leading 3751 * argument of type {@code VarHandle}. 3752 * <p> 3753 * Before invoking its target, if the access mode type differs from the 3754 * desired given type, the invoker will apply reference casts as necessary 3755 * and box, unbox, or widen primitive values, as if by 3756 * {@link MethodHandle#asType asType}. Similarly, the return value will be 3757 * converted as necessary. 3758 * <p> 3759 * This method is equivalent to the following code (though it may be more 3760 * efficient): {@code publicLookup().findVirtual(VarHandle.class, accessMode.name(), type)} 3761 * 3762 * @param accessMode the VarHandle access mode 3763 * @param type the desired target type 3764 * @return a method handle suitable for invoking an access mode method of 3765 * any VarHandle whose access mode type is convertible to the given 3766 * type. 3767 * @since 9 3768 */ 3769 static public 3770 MethodHandle varHandleInvoker(VarHandle.AccessMode accessMode, MethodType type) { 3771 return type.invokers().varHandleMethodInvoker(accessMode); 3772 } 3773 3774 static /*non-public*/ 3775 MethodHandle basicInvoker(MethodType type) { 3776 return type.invokers().basicInvoker(); 3777 } 3778 3779 /// method handle modification (creation from other method handles) 3780 3781 /** 3782 * Produces a method handle which adapts the type of the 3783 * given method handle to a new type by pairwise argument and return type conversion. 3784 * The original type and new type must have the same number of arguments. 3785 * The resulting method handle is guaranteed to report a type 3786 * which is equal to the desired new type. 3787 * <p> 3788 * If the original type and new type are equal, returns target. 3789 * <p> 3790 * The same conversions are allowed as for {@link MethodHandle#asType MethodHandle.asType}, 3791 * and some additional conversions are also applied if those conversions fail. 3792 * Given types <em>T0</em>, <em>T1</em>, one of the following conversions is applied 3793 * if possible, before or instead of any conversions done by {@code asType}: 3794 * <ul> 3795 * <li>If <em>T0</em> and <em>T1</em> are references, and <em>T1</em> is an interface type, 3796 * then the value of type <em>T0</em> is passed as a <em>T1</em> without a cast. 3797 * (This treatment of interfaces follows the usage of the bytecode verifier.) 3798 * <li>If <em>T0</em> is boolean and <em>T1</em> is another primitive, 3799 * the boolean is converted to a byte value, 1 for true, 0 for false. 3800 * (This treatment follows the usage of the bytecode verifier.) 3801 * <li>If <em>T1</em> is boolean and <em>T0</em> is another primitive, 3802 * <em>T0</em> is converted to byte via Java casting conversion (JLS 5.5), 3803 * and the low order bit of the result is tested, as if by {@code (x & 1) != 0}. 3804 * <li>If <em>T0</em> and <em>T1</em> are primitives other than boolean, 3805 * then a Java casting conversion (JLS 5.5) is applied. 3806 * (Specifically, <em>T0</em> will convert to <em>T1</em> by 3807 * widening and/or narrowing.) 3808 * <li>If <em>T0</em> is a reference and <em>T1</em> a primitive, an unboxing 3809 * conversion will be applied at runtime, possibly followed 3810 * by a Java casting conversion (JLS 5.5) on the primitive value, 3811 * possibly followed by a conversion from byte to boolean by testing 3812 * the low-order bit. 3813 * <li>If <em>T0</em> is a reference and <em>T1</em> a primitive, 3814 * and if the reference is null at runtime, a zero value is introduced. 3815 * </ul> 3816 * @param target the method handle to invoke after arguments are retyped 3817 * @param newType the expected type of the new method handle 3818 * @return a method handle which delegates to the target after performing 3819 * any necessary argument conversions, and arranges for any 3820 * necessary return value conversions 3821 * @throws NullPointerException if either argument is null 3822 * @throws WrongMethodTypeException if the conversion cannot be made 3823 * @see MethodHandle#asType 3824 */ 3825 public static 3826 MethodHandle explicitCastArguments(MethodHandle target, MethodType newType) { 3827 explicitCastArgumentsChecks(target, newType); 3828 // use the asTypeCache when possible: 3829 MethodType oldType = target.type(); 3830 if (oldType == newType) return target; 3831 if (oldType.explicitCastEquivalentToAsType(newType)) { 3832 return target.asFixedArity().asType(newType); 3833 } 3834 return MethodHandleImpl.makePairwiseConvert(target, newType, false); 3835 } 3836 3837 private static void explicitCastArgumentsChecks(MethodHandle target, MethodType newType) { 3838 if (target.type().parameterCount() != newType.parameterCount()) { 3839 throw new WrongMethodTypeException("cannot explicitly cast " + target + " to " + newType); 3840 } 3841 } 3842 3843 /** 3844 * Produces a method handle which adapts the calling sequence of the 3845 * given method handle to a new type, by reordering the arguments. 3846 * The resulting method handle is guaranteed to report a type 3847 * which is equal to the desired new type. 3848 * <p> 3849 * The given array controls the reordering. 3850 * Call {@code #I} the number of incoming parameters (the value 3851 * {@code newType.parameterCount()}, and call {@code #O} the number 3852 * of outgoing parameters (the value {@code target.type().parameterCount()}). 3853 * Then the length of the reordering array must be {@code #O}, 3854 * and each element must be a non-negative number less than {@code #I}. 3855 * For every {@code N} less than {@code #O}, the {@code N}-th 3856 * outgoing argument will be taken from the {@code I}-th incoming 3857 * argument, where {@code I} is {@code reorder[N]}. 3858 * <p> 3859 * No argument or return value conversions are applied. 3860 * The type of each incoming argument, as determined by {@code newType}, 3861 * must be identical to the type of the corresponding outgoing parameter 3862 * or parameters in the target method handle. 3863 * The return type of {@code newType} must be identical to the return 3864 * type of the original target. 3865 * <p> 3866 * The reordering array need not specify an actual permutation. 3867 * An incoming argument will be duplicated if its index appears 3868 * more than once in the array, and an incoming argument will be dropped 3869 * if its index does not appear in the array. 3870 * As in the case of {@link #dropArguments(MethodHandle,int,List) dropArguments}, 3871 * incoming arguments which are not mentioned in the reordering array 3872 * may be of any type, as determined only by {@code newType}. 3873 * <blockquote><pre>{@code 3874 import static java.lang.invoke.MethodHandles.*; 3875 import static java.lang.invoke.MethodType.*; 3876 ... 3877 MethodType intfn1 = methodType(int.class, int.class); 3878 MethodType intfn2 = methodType(int.class, int.class, int.class); 3879 MethodHandle sub = ... (int x, int y) -> (x-y) ...; 3880 assert(sub.type().equals(intfn2)); 3881 MethodHandle sub1 = permuteArguments(sub, intfn2, 0, 1); 3882 MethodHandle rsub = permuteArguments(sub, intfn2, 1, 0); 3883 assert((int)rsub.invokeExact(1, 100) == 99); 3884 MethodHandle add = ... (int x, int y) -> (x+y) ...; 3885 assert(add.type().equals(intfn2)); 3886 MethodHandle twice = permuteArguments(add, intfn1, 0, 0); 3887 assert(twice.type().equals(intfn1)); 3888 assert((int)twice.invokeExact(21) == 42); 3889 * }</pre></blockquote> 3890 * <p> 3891 * <em>Note:</em> The resulting adapter is never a {@linkplain MethodHandle#asVarargsCollector 3892 * variable-arity method handle}, even if the original target method handle was. 3893 * @param target the method handle to invoke after arguments are reordered 3894 * @param newType the expected type of the new method handle 3895 * @param reorder an index array which controls the reordering 3896 * @return a method handle which delegates to the target after it 3897 * drops unused arguments and moves and/or duplicates the other arguments 3898 * @throws NullPointerException if any argument is null 3899 * @throws IllegalArgumentException if the index array length is not equal to 3900 * the arity of the target, or if any index array element 3901 * not a valid index for a parameter of {@code newType}, 3902 * or if two corresponding parameter types in 3903 * {@code target.type()} and {@code newType} are not identical, 3904 */ 3905 public static 3906 MethodHandle permuteArguments(MethodHandle target, MethodType newType, int... reorder) { 3907 reorder = reorder.clone(); // get a private copy 3908 MethodType oldType = target.type(); 3909 permuteArgumentChecks(reorder, newType, oldType); 3910 // first detect dropped arguments and handle them separately 3911 int[] originalReorder = reorder; 3912 BoundMethodHandle result = target.rebind(); 3913 LambdaForm form = result.form; 3914 int newArity = newType.parameterCount(); 3915 // Normalize the reordering into a real permutation, 3916 // by removing duplicates and adding dropped elements. 3917 // This somewhat improves lambda form caching, as well 3918 // as simplifying the transform by breaking it up into steps. 3919 for (int ddIdx; (ddIdx = findFirstDupOrDrop(reorder, newArity)) != 0; ) { 3920 if (ddIdx > 0) { 3921 // We found a duplicated entry at reorder[ddIdx]. 3922 // Example: (x,y,z)->asList(x,y,z) 3923 // permuted by [1*,0,1] => (a0,a1)=>asList(a1,a0,a1) 3924 // permuted by [0,1,0*] => (a0,a1)=>asList(a0,a1,a0) 3925 // The starred element corresponds to the argument 3926 // deleted by the dupArgumentForm transform. 3927 int srcPos = ddIdx, dstPos = srcPos, dupVal = reorder[srcPos]; 3928 boolean killFirst = false; 3929 for (int val; (val = reorder[--dstPos]) != dupVal; ) { 3930 // Set killFirst if the dup is larger than an intervening position. 3931 // This will remove at least one inversion from the permutation. 3932 if (dupVal > val) killFirst = true; 3933 } 3934 if (!killFirst) { 3935 srcPos = dstPos; 3936 dstPos = ddIdx; 3937 } 3938 form = form.editor().dupArgumentForm(1 + srcPos, 1 + dstPos); 3939 assert (reorder[srcPos] == reorder[dstPos]); 3940 oldType = oldType.dropParameterTypes(dstPos, dstPos + 1); 3941 // contract the reordering by removing the element at dstPos 3942 int tailPos = dstPos + 1; 3943 System.arraycopy(reorder, tailPos, reorder, dstPos, reorder.length - tailPos); 3944 reorder = Arrays.copyOf(reorder, reorder.length - 1); 3945 } else { 3946 int dropVal = ~ddIdx, insPos = 0; 3947 while (insPos < reorder.length && reorder[insPos] < dropVal) { 3948 // Find first element of reorder larger than dropVal. 3949 // This is where we will insert the dropVal. 3950 insPos += 1; 3951 } 3952 Class<?> ptype = newType.parameterType(dropVal); 3953 form = form.editor().addArgumentForm(1 + insPos, BasicType.basicType(ptype)); 3954 oldType = oldType.insertParameterTypes(insPos, ptype); 3955 // expand the reordering by inserting an element at insPos 3956 int tailPos = insPos + 1; 3957 reorder = Arrays.copyOf(reorder, reorder.length + 1); 3958 System.arraycopy(reorder, insPos, reorder, tailPos, reorder.length - tailPos); 3959 reorder[insPos] = dropVal; 3960 } 3961 assert (permuteArgumentChecks(reorder, newType, oldType)); 3962 } 3963 assert (reorder.length == newArity); // a perfect permutation 3964 // Note: This may cache too many distinct LFs. Consider backing off to varargs code. 3965 form = form.editor().permuteArgumentsForm(1, reorder); 3966 if (newType == result.type() && form == result.internalForm()) 3967 return result; 3968 return result.copyWith(newType, form); 3969 } 3970 3971 /** 3972 * Return an indication of any duplicate or omission in reorder. 3973 * If the reorder contains a duplicate entry, return the index of the second occurrence. 3974 * Otherwise, return ~(n), for the first n in [0..newArity-1] that is not present in reorder. 3975 * Otherwise, return zero. 3976 * If an element not in [0..newArity-1] is encountered, return reorder.length. 3977 */ 3978 private static int findFirstDupOrDrop(int[] reorder, int newArity) { 3979 final int BIT_LIMIT = 63; // max number of bits in bit mask 3980 if (newArity < BIT_LIMIT) { 3981 long mask = 0; 3982 for (int i = 0; i < reorder.length; i++) { 3983 int arg = reorder[i]; 3984 if (arg >= newArity) { 3985 return reorder.length; 3986 } 3987 long bit = 1L << arg; 3988 if ((mask & bit) != 0) { 3989 return i; // >0 indicates a dup 3990 } 3991 mask |= bit; 3992 } 3993 if (mask == (1L << newArity) - 1) { 3994 assert(Long.numberOfTrailingZeros(Long.lowestOneBit(~mask)) == newArity); 3995 return 0; 3996 } 3997 // find first zero 3998 long zeroBit = Long.lowestOneBit(~mask); 3999 int zeroPos = Long.numberOfTrailingZeros(zeroBit); 4000 assert(zeroPos <= newArity); 4001 if (zeroPos == newArity) { 4002 return 0; 4003 } 4004 return ~zeroPos; 4005 } else { 4006 // same algorithm, different bit set 4007 BitSet mask = new BitSet(newArity); 4008 for (int i = 0; i < reorder.length; i++) { 4009 int arg = reorder[i]; 4010 if (arg >= newArity) { 4011 return reorder.length; 4012 } 4013 if (mask.get(arg)) { 4014 return i; // >0 indicates a dup 4015 } 4016 mask.set(arg); 4017 } 4018 int zeroPos = mask.nextClearBit(0); 4019 assert(zeroPos <= newArity); 4020 if (zeroPos == newArity) { 4021 return 0; 4022 } 4023 return ~zeroPos; 4024 } 4025 } 4026 4027 private static boolean permuteArgumentChecks(int[] reorder, MethodType newType, MethodType oldType) { 4028 if (newType.returnType() != oldType.returnType()) 4029 throw newIllegalArgumentException("return types do not match", 4030 oldType, newType); 4031 if (reorder.length == oldType.parameterCount()) { 4032 int limit = newType.parameterCount(); 4033 boolean bad = false; 4034 for (int j = 0; j < reorder.length; j++) { 4035 int i = reorder[j]; 4036 if (i < 0 || i >= limit) { 4037 bad = true; break; 4038 } 4039 Class<?> src = newType.parameterType(i); 4040 Class<?> dst = oldType.parameterType(j); 4041 if (src != dst) 4042 throw newIllegalArgumentException("parameter types do not match after reorder", 4043 oldType, newType); 4044 } 4045 if (!bad) return true; 4046 } 4047 throw newIllegalArgumentException("bad reorder array: "+Arrays.toString(reorder)); 4048 } 4049 4050 /** 4051 * Produces a method handle of the requested return type which returns the given 4052 * constant value every time it is invoked. 4053 * <p> 4054 * Before the method handle is returned, the passed-in value is converted to the requested type. 4055 * If the requested type is primitive, widening primitive conversions are attempted, 4056 * else reference conversions are attempted. 4057 * <p>The returned method handle is equivalent to {@code identity(type).bindTo(value)}. 4058 * @param type the return type of the desired method handle 4059 * @param value the value to return 4060 * @return a method handle of the given return type and no arguments, which always returns the given value 4061 * @throws NullPointerException if the {@code type} argument is null 4062 * @throws ClassCastException if the value cannot be converted to the required return type 4063 * @throws IllegalArgumentException if the given type is {@code void.class} 4064 */ 4065 public static 4066 MethodHandle constant(Class<?> type, Object value) { 4067 if (type.isPrimitive()) { 4068 if (type == void.class) 4069 throw newIllegalArgumentException("void type"); 4070 Wrapper w = Wrapper.forPrimitiveType(type); 4071 value = w.convert(value, type); 4072 if (w.zero().equals(value)) 4073 return zero(w, type); 4074 return insertArguments(identity(type), 0, value); 4075 } else { 4076 if (value == null) 4077 return zero(Wrapper.OBJECT, type); 4078 return identity(type).bindTo(value); 4079 } 4080 } 4081 4082 /** 4083 * Produces a method handle which returns its sole argument when invoked. 4084 * @param type the type of the sole parameter and return value of the desired method handle 4085 * @return a unary method handle which accepts and returns the given type 4086 * @throws NullPointerException if the argument is null 4087 * @throws IllegalArgumentException if the given type is {@code void.class} 4088 */ 4089 public static 4090 MethodHandle identity(Class<?> type) { 4091 Wrapper btw = (type.isPrimitive() ? Wrapper.forPrimitiveType(type) : Wrapper.OBJECT); 4092 int pos = btw.ordinal(); 4093 MethodHandle ident = IDENTITY_MHS[pos]; 4094 if (ident == null) { 4095 ident = setCachedMethodHandle(IDENTITY_MHS, pos, makeIdentity(btw.primitiveType())); 4096 } 4097 if (ident.type().returnType() == type) 4098 return ident; 4099 // something like identity(Foo.class); do not bother to intern these 4100 assert (btw == Wrapper.OBJECT); 4101 return makeIdentity(type); 4102 } 4103 4104 /** 4105 * Produces a constant method handle of the requested return type which 4106 * returns the default value for that type every time it is invoked. 4107 * The resulting constant method handle will have no side effects. 4108 * <p>The returned method handle is equivalent to {@code empty(methodType(type))}. 4109 * It is also equivalent to {@code explicitCastArguments(constant(Object.class, null), methodType(type))}, 4110 * since {@code explicitCastArguments} converts {@code null} to default values. 4111 * @param type the expected return type of the desired method handle 4112 * @return a constant method handle that takes no arguments 4113 * and returns the default value of the given type (or void, if the type is void) 4114 * @throws NullPointerException if the argument is null 4115 * @see MethodHandles#constant 4116 * @see MethodHandles#empty 4117 * @see MethodHandles#explicitCastArguments 4118 * @since 9 4119 */ 4120 public static MethodHandle zero(Class<?> type) { 4121 Objects.requireNonNull(type); 4122 return type.isPrimitive() ? zero(Wrapper.forPrimitiveType(type), type) : zero(Wrapper.OBJECT, type); 4123 } 4124 4125 private static MethodHandle identityOrVoid(Class<?> type) { 4126 return type == void.class ? zero(type) : identity(type); 4127 } 4128 4129 /** 4130 * Produces a method handle of the requested type which ignores any arguments, does nothing, 4131 * and returns a suitable default depending on the return type. 4132 * That is, it returns a zero primitive value, a {@code null}, or {@code void}. 4133 * <p>The returned method handle is equivalent to 4134 * {@code dropArguments(zero(type.returnType()), 0, type.parameterList())}. 4135 * 4136 * @apiNote Given a predicate and target, a useful "if-then" construct can be produced as 4137 * {@code guardWithTest(pred, target, empty(target.type())}. 4138 * @param type the type of the desired method handle 4139 * @return a constant method handle of the given type, which returns a default value of the given return type 4140 * @throws NullPointerException if the argument is null 4141 * @see MethodHandles#zero 4142 * @see MethodHandles#constant 4143 * @since 9 4144 */ 4145 public static MethodHandle empty(MethodType type) { 4146 Objects.requireNonNull(type); 4147 return dropArguments(zero(type.returnType()), 0, type.parameterList()); 4148 } 4149 4150 private static final MethodHandle[] IDENTITY_MHS = new MethodHandle[Wrapper.COUNT]; 4151 private static MethodHandle makeIdentity(Class<?> ptype) { 4152 MethodType mtype = methodType(ptype, ptype); 4153 LambdaForm lform = LambdaForm.identityForm(BasicType.basicType(ptype)); 4154 return MethodHandleImpl.makeIntrinsic(mtype, lform, Intrinsic.IDENTITY); 4155 } 4156 4157 private static MethodHandle zero(Wrapper btw, Class<?> rtype) { 4158 int pos = btw.ordinal(); 4159 MethodHandle zero = ZERO_MHS[pos]; 4160 if (zero == null) { 4161 zero = setCachedMethodHandle(ZERO_MHS, pos, makeZero(btw.primitiveType())); 4162 } 4163 if (zero.type().returnType() == rtype) 4164 return zero; 4165 assert(btw == Wrapper.OBJECT); 4166 return makeZero(rtype); 4167 } 4168 private static final MethodHandle[] ZERO_MHS = new MethodHandle[Wrapper.COUNT]; 4169 private static MethodHandle makeZero(Class<?> rtype) { 4170 MethodType mtype = methodType(rtype); 4171 LambdaForm lform = LambdaForm.zeroForm(BasicType.basicType(rtype)); 4172 return MethodHandleImpl.makeIntrinsic(mtype, lform, Intrinsic.ZERO); 4173 } 4174 4175 private static synchronized MethodHandle setCachedMethodHandle(MethodHandle[] cache, int pos, MethodHandle value) { 4176 // Simulate a CAS, to avoid racy duplication of results. 4177 MethodHandle prev = cache[pos]; 4178 if (prev != null) return prev; 4179 return cache[pos] = value; 4180 } 4181 4182 /** 4183 * Provides a target method handle with one or more <em>bound arguments</em> 4184 * in advance of the method handle's invocation. 4185 * The formal parameters to the target corresponding to the bound 4186 * arguments are called <em>bound parameters</em>. 4187 * Returns a new method handle which saves away the bound arguments. 4188 * When it is invoked, it receives arguments for any non-bound parameters, 4189 * binds the saved arguments to their corresponding parameters, 4190 * and calls the original target. 4191 * <p> 4192 * The type of the new method handle will drop the types for the bound 4193 * parameters from the original target type, since the new method handle 4194 * will no longer require those arguments to be supplied by its callers. 4195 * <p> 4196 * Each given argument object must match the corresponding bound parameter type. 4197 * If a bound parameter type is a primitive, the argument object 4198 * must be a wrapper, and will be unboxed to produce the primitive value. 4199 * <p> 4200 * The {@code pos} argument selects which parameters are to be bound. 4201 * It may range between zero and <i>N-L</i> (inclusively), 4202 * where <i>N</i> is the arity of the target method handle 4203 * and <i>L</i> is the length of the values array. 4204 * <p> 4205 * <em>Note:</em> The resulting adapter is never a {@linkplain MethodHandle#asVarargsCollector 4206 * variable-arity method handle}, even if the original target method handle was. 4207 * @param target the method handle to invoke after the argument is inserted 4208 * @param pos where to insert the argument (zero for the first) 4209 * @param values the series of arguments to insert 4210 * @return a method handle which inserts an additional argument, 4211 * before calling the original method handle 4212 * @throws NullPointerException if the target or the {@code values} array is null 4213 * @throws IllegalArgumentException if (@code pos) is less than {@code 0} or greater than 4214 * {@code N - L} where {@code N} is the arity of the target method handle and {@code L} 4215 * is the length of the values array. 4216 * @throws ClassCastException if an argument does not match the corresponding bound parameter 4217 * type. 4218 * @see MethodHandle#bindTo 4219 */ 4220 public static 4221 MethodHandle insertArguments(MethodHandle target, int pos, Object... values) { 4222 int insCount = values.length; 4223 Class<?>[] ptypes = insertArgumentsChecks(target, insCount, pos); 4224 if (insCount == 0) return target; 4225 BoundMethodHandle result = target.rebind(); 4226 for (int i = 0; i < insCount; i++) { 4227 Object value = values[i]; 4228 Class<?> ptype = ptypes[pos+i]; 4229 if (ptype.isPrimitive()) { 4230 result = insertArgumentPrimitive(result, pos, ptype, value); 4231 } else { 4232 value = ptype.cast(value); // throw CCE if needed 4233 result = result.bindArgumentL(pos, value); 4234 } 4235 } 4236 return result; 4237 } 4238 4239 private static BoundMethodHandle insertArgumentPrimitive(BoundMethodHandle result, int pos, 4240 Class<?> ptype, Object value) { 4241 Wrapper w = Wrapper.forPrimitiveType(ptype); 4242 // perform unboxing and/or primitive conversion 4243 value = w.convert(value, ptype); 4244 switch (w) { 4245 case INT: return result.bindArgumentI(pos, (int)value); 4246 case LONG: return result.bindArgumentJ(pos, (long)value); 4247 case FLOAT: return result.bindArgumentF(pos, (float)value); 4248 case DOUBLE: return result.bindArgumentD(pos, (double)value); 4249 default: return result.bindArgumentI(pos, ValueConversions.widenSubword(value)); 4250 } 4251 } 4252 4253 private static Class<?>[] insertArgumentsChecks(MethodHandle target, int insCount, int pos) throws RuntimeException { 4254 MethodType oldType = target.type(); 4255 int outargs = oldType.parameterCount(); 4256 int inargs = outargs - insCount; 4257 if (inargs < 0) 4258 throw newIllegalArgumentException("too many values to insert"); 4259 if (pos < 0 || pos > inargs) 4260 throw newIllegalArgumentException("no argument type to append"); 4261 return oldType.ptypes(); 4262 } 4263 4264 /** 4265 * Produces a method handle which will discard some dummy arguments 4266 * before calling some other specified <i>target</i> method handle. 4267 * The type of the new method handle will be the same as the target's type, 4268 * except it will also include the dummy argument types, 4269 * at some given position. 4270 * <p> 4271 * The {@code pos} argument may range between zero and <i>N</i>, 4272 * where <i>N</i> is the arity of the target. 4273 * If {@code pos} is zero, the dummy arguments will precede 4274 * the target's real arguments; if {@code pos} is <i>N</i> 4275 * they will come after. 4276 * <p> 4277 * <b>Example:</b> 4278 * <blockquote><pre>{@code 4279 import static java.lang.invoke.MethodHandles.*; 4280 import static java.lang.invoke.MethodType.*; 4281 ... 4282 MethodHandle cat = lookup().findVirtual(String.class, 4283 "concat", methodType(String.class, String.class)); 4284 assertEquals("xy", (String) cat.invokeExact("x", "y")); 4285 MethodType bigType = cat.type().insertParameterTypes(0, int.class, String.class); 4286 MethodHandle d0 = dropArguments(cat, 0, bigType.parameterList().subList(0,2)); 4287 assertEquals(bigType, d0.type()); 4288 assertEquals("yz", (String) d0.invokeExact(123, "x", "y", "z")); 4289 * }</pre></blockquote> 4290 * <p> 4291 * This method is also equivalent to the following code: 4292 * <blockquote><pre> 4293 * {@link #dropArguments(MethodHandle,int,Class...) dropArguments}{@code (target, pos, valueTypes.toArray(new Class[0]))} 4294 * </pre></blockquote> 4295 * @param target the method handle to invoke after the arguments are dropped 4296 * @param valueTypes the type(s) of the argument(s) to drop 4297 * @param pos position of first argument to drop (zero for the leftmost) 4298 * @return a method handle which drops arguments of the given types, 4299 * before calling the original method handle 4300 * @throws NullPointerException if the target is null, 4301 * or if the {@code valueTypes} list or any of its elements is null 4302 * @throws IllegalArgumentException if any element of {@code valueTypes} is {@code void.class}, 4303 * or if {@code pos} is negative or greater than the arity of the target, 4304 * or if the new method handle's type would have too many parameters 4305 */ 4306 public static 4307 MethodHandle dropArguments(MethodHandle target, int pos, List<Class<?>> valueTypes) { 4308 return dropArguments0(target, pos, copyTypes(valueTypes.toArray())); 4309 } 4310 4311 private static List<Class<?>> copyTypes(Object[] array) { 4312 return Arrays.asList(Arrays.copyOf(array, array.length, Class[].class)); 4313 } 4314 4315 private static 4316 MethodHandle dropArguments0(MethodHandle target, int pos, List<Class<?>> valueTypes) { 4317 MethodType oldType = target.type(); // get NPE 4318 int dropped = dropArgumentChecks(oldType, pos, valueTypes); 4319 MethodType newType = oldType.insertParameterTypes(pos, valueTypes); 4320 if (dropped == 0) return target; 4321 BoundMethodHandle result = target.rebind(); 4322 LambdaForm lform = result.form; 4323 int insertFormArg = 1 + pos; 4324 for (Class<?> ptype : valueTypes) { 4325 lform = lform.editor().addArgumentForm(insertFormArg++, BasicType.basicType(ptype)); 4326 } 4327 result = result.copyWith(newType, lform); 4328 return result; 4329 } 4330 4331 private static int dropArgumentChecks(MethodType oldType, int pos, List<Class<?>> valueTypes) { 4332 int dropped = valueTypes.size(); 4333 MethodType.checkSlotCount(dropped); 4334 int outargs = oldType.parameterCount(); 4335 int inargs = outargs + dropped; 4336 if (pos < 0 || pos > outargs) 4337 throw newIllegalArgumentException("no argument type to remove" 4338 + Arrays.asList(oldType, pos, valueTypes, inargs, outargs) 4339 ); 4340 return dropped; 4341 } 4342 4343 /** 4344 * Produces a method handle which will discard some dummy arguments 4345 * before calling some other specified <i>target</i> method handle. 4346 * The type of the new method handle will be the same as the target's type, 4347 * except it will also include the dummy argument types, 4348 * at some given position. 4349 * <p> 4350 * The {@code pos} argument may range between zero and <i>N</i>, 4351 * where <i>N</i> is the arity of the target. 4352 * If {@code pos} is zero, the dummy arguments will precede 4353 * the target's real arguments; if {@code pos} is <i>N</i> 4354 * they will come after. 4355 * @apiNote 4356 * <blockquote><pre>{@code 4357 import static java.lang.invoke.MethodHandles.*; 4358 import static java.lang.invoke.MethodType.*; 4359 ... 4360 MethodHandle cat = lookup().findVirtual(String.class, 4361 "concat", methodType(String.class, String.class)); 4362 assertEquals("xy", (String) cat.invokeExact("x", "y")); 4363 MethodHandle d0 = dropArguments(cat, 0, String.class); 4364 assertEquals("yz", (String) d0.invokeExact("x", "y", "z")); 4365 MethodHandle d1 = dropArguments(cat, 1, String.class); 4366 assertEquals("xz", (String) d1.invokeExact("x", "y", "z")); 4367 MethodHandle d2 = dropArguments(cat, 2, String.class); 4368 assertEquals("xy", (String) d2.invokeExact("x", "y", "z")); 4369 MethodHandle d12 = dropArguments(cat, 1, int.class, boolean.class); 4370 assertEquals("xz", (String) d12.invokeExact("x", 12, true, "z")); 4371 * }</pre></blockquote> 4372 * <p> 4373 * This method is also equivalent to the following code: 4374 * <blockquote><pre> 4375 * {@link #dropArguments(MethodHandle,int,List) dropArguments}{@code (target, pos, Arrays.asList(valueTypes))} 4376 * </pre></blockquote> 4377 * @param target the method handle to invoke after the arguments are dropped 4378 * @param valueTypes the type(s) of the argument(s) to drop 4379 * @param pos position of first argument to drop (zero for the leftmost) 4380 * @return a method handle which drops arguments of the given types, 4381 * before calling the original method handle 4382 * @throws NullPointerException if the target is null, 4383 * or if the {@code valueTypes} array or any of its elements is null 4384 * @throws IllegalArgumentException if any element of {@code valueTypes} is {@code void.class}, 4385 * or if {@code pos} is negative or greater than the arity of the target, 4386 * or if the new method handle's type would have 4387 * <a href="MethodHandle.html#maxarity">too many parameters</a> 4388 */ 4389 public static 4390 MethodHandle dropArguments(MethodHandle target, int pos, Class<?>... valueTypes) { 4391 return dropArguments0(target, pos, copyTypes(valueTypes)); 4392 } 4393 4394 // private version which allows caller some freedom with error handling 4395 private static MethodHandle dropArgumentsToMatch(MethodHandle target, int skip, List<Class<?>> newTypes, int pos, 4396 boolean nullOnFailure) { 4397 newTypes = copyTypes(newTypes.toArray()); 4398 List<Class<?>> oldTypes = target.type().parameterList(); 4399 int match = oldTypes.size(); 4400 if (skip != 0) { 4401 if (skip < 0 || skip > match) { 4402 throw newIllegalArgumentException("illegal skip", skip, target); 4403 } 4404 oldTypes = oldTypes.subList(skip, match); 4405 match -= skip; 4406 } 4407 List<Class<?>> addTypes = newTypes; 4408 int add = addTypes.size(); 4409 if (pos != 0) { 4410 if (pos < 0 || pos > add) { 4411 throw newIllegalArgumentException("illegal pos", pos, newTypes); 4412 } 4413 addTypes = addTypes.subList(pos, add); 4414 add -= pos; 4415 assert(addTypes.size() == add); 4416 } 4417 // Do not add types which already match the existing arguments. 4418 if (match > add || !oldTypes.equals(addTypes.subList(0, match))) { 4419 if (nullOnFailure) { 4420 return null; 4421 } 4422 throw newIllegalArgumentException("argument lists do not match", oldTypes, newTypes); 4423 } 4424 addTypes = addTypes.subList(match, add); 4425 add -= match; 4426 assert(addTypes.size() == add); 4427 // newTypes: ( P*[pos], M*[match], A*[add] ) 4428 // target: ( S*[skip], M*[match] ) 4429 MethodHandle adapter = target; 4430 if (add > 0) { 4431 adapter = dropArguments0(adapter, skip+ match, addTypes); 4432 } 4433 // adapter: (S*[skip], M*[match], A*[add] ) 4434 if (pos > 0) { 4435 adapter = dropArguments0(adapter, skip, newTypes.subList(0, pos)); 4436 } 4437 // adapter: (S*[skip], P*[pos], M*[match], A*[add] ) 4438 return adapter; 4439 } 4440 4441 /** 4442 * Adapts a target method handle to match the given parameter type list. If necessary, adds dummy arguments. Some 4443 * leading parameters can be skipped before matching begins. The remaining types in the {@code target}'s parameter 4444 * type list must be a sub-list of the {@code newTypes} type list at the starting position {@code pos}. The 4445 * resulting handle will have the target handle's parameter type list, with any non-matching parameter types (before 4446 * or after the matching sub-list) inserted in corresponding positions of the target's original parameters, as if by 4447 * {@link #dropArguments(MethodHandle, int, Class[])}. 4448 * <p> 4449 * The resulting handle will have the same return type as the target handle. 4450 * <p> 4451 * In more formal terms, assume these two type lists:<ul> 4452 * <li>The target handle has the parameter type list {@code S..., M...}, with as many types in {@code S} as 4453 * indicated by {@code skip}. The {@code M} types are those that are supposed to match part of the given type list, 4454 * {@code newTypes}. 4455 * <li>The {@code newTypes} list contains types {@code P..., M..., A...}, with as many types in {@code P} as 4456 * indicated by {@code pos}. The {@code M} types are precisely those that the {@code M} types in the target handle's 4457 * parameter type list are supposed to match. The types in {@code A} are additional types found after the matching 4458 * sub-list. 4459 * </ul> 4460 * Given these assumptions, the result of an invocation of {@code dropArgumentsToMatch} will have the parameter type 4461 * list {@code S..., P..., M..., A...}, with the {@code P} and {@code A} types inserted as if by 4462 * {@link #dropArguments(MethodHandle, int, Class[])}. 4463 * 4464 * @apiNote 4465 * Two method handles whose argument lists are "effectively identical" (i.e., identical in a common prefix) may be 4466 * mutually converted to a common type by two calls to {@code dropArgumentsToMatch}, as follows: 4467 * <blockquote><pre>{@code 4468 import static java.lang.invoke.MethodHandles.*; 4469 import static java.lang.invoke.MethodType.*; 4470 ... 4471 ... 4472 MethodHandle h0 = constant(boolean.class, true); 4473 MethodHandle h1 = lookup().findVirtual(String.class, "concat", methodType(String.class, String.class)); 4474 MethodType bigType = h1.type().insertParameterTypes(1, String.class, int.class); 4475 MethodHandle h2 = dropArguments(h1, 0, bigType.parameterList()); 4476 if (h1.type().parameterCount() < h2.type().parameterCount()) 4477 h1 = dropArgumentsToMatch(h1, 0, h2.type().parameterList(), 0); // lengthen h1 4478 else 4479 h2 = dropArgumentsToMatch(h2, 0, h1.type().parameterList(), 0); // lengthen h2 4480 MethodHandle h3 = guardWithTest(h0, h1, h2); 4481 assertEquals("xy", h3.invoke("x", "y", 1, "a", "b", "c")); 4482 * }</pre></blockquote> 4483 * @param target the method handle to adapt 4484 * @param skip number of targets parameters to disregard (they will be unchanged) 4485 * @param newTypes the list of types to match {@code target}'s parameter type list to 4486 * @param pos place in {@code newTypes} where the non-skipped target parameters must occur 4487 * @return a possibly adapted method handle 4488 * @throws NullPointerException if either argument is null 4489 * @throws IllegalArgumentException if any element of {@code newTypes} is {@code void.class}, 4490 * or if {@code skip} is negative or greater than the arity of the target, 4491 * or if {@code pos} is negative or greater than the newTypes list size, 4492 * or if {@code newTypes} does not contain the {@code target}'s non-skipped parameter types at position 4493 * {@code pos}. 4494 * @since 9 4495 */ 4496 public static 4497 MethodHandle dropArgumentsToMatch(MethodHandle target, int skip, List<Class<?>> newTypes, int pos) { 4498 Objects.requireNonNull(target); 4499 Objects.requireNonNull(newTypes); 4500 return dropArgumentsToMatch(target, skip, newTypes, pos, false); 4501 } 4502 4503 /** 4504 * Adapts a target method handle by pre-processing 4505 * one or more of its arguments, each with its own unary filter function, 4506 * and then calling the target with each pre-processed argument 4507 * replaced by the result of its corresponding filter function. 4508 * <p> 4509 * The pre-processing is performed by one or more method handles, 4510 * specified in the elements of the {@code filters} array. 4511 * The first element of the filter array corresponds to the {@code pos} 4512 * argument of the target, and so on in sequence. 4513 * The filter functions are invoked in left to right order. 4514 * <p> 4515 * Null arguments in the array are treated as identity functions, 4516 * and the corresponding arguments left unchanged. 4517 * (If there are no non-null elements in the array, the original target is returned.) 4518 * Each filter is applied to the corresponding argument of the adapter. 4519 * <p> 4520 * If a filter {@code F} applies to the {@code N}th argument of 4521 * the target, then {@code F} must be a method handle which 4522 * takes exactly one argument. The type of {@code F}'s sole argument 4523 * replaces the corresponding argument type of the target 4524 * in the resulting adapted method handle. 4525 * The return type of {@code F} must be identical to the corresponding 4526 * parameter type of the target. 4527 * <p> 4528 * It is an error if there are elements of {@code filters} 4529 * (null or not) 4530 * which do not correspond to argument positions in the target. 4531 * <p><b>Example:</b> 4532 * <blockquote><pre>{@code 4533 import static java.lang.invoke.MethodHandles.*; 4534 import static java.lang.invoke.MethodType.*; 4535 ... 4536 MethodHandle cat = lookup().findVirtual(String.class, 4537 "concat", methodType(String.class, String.class)); 4538 MethodHandle upcase = lookup().findVirtual(String.class, 4539 "toUpperCase", methodType(String.class)); 4540 assertEquals("xy", (String) cat.invokeExact("x", "y")); 4541 MethodHandle f0 = filterArguments(cat, 0, upcase); 4542 assertEquals("Xy", (String) f0.invokeExact("x", "y")); // Xy 4543 MethodHandle f1 = filterArguments(cat, 1, upcase); 4544 assertEquals("xY", (String) f1.invokeExact("x", "y")); // xY 4545 MethodHandle f2 = filterArguments(cat, 0, upcase, upcase); 4546 assertEquals("XY", (String) f2.invokeExact("x", "y")); // XY 4547 * }</pre></blockquote> 4548 * <p>Here is pseudocode for the resulting adapter. In the code, {@code T} 4549 * denotes the return type of both the {@code target} and resulting adapter. 4550 * {@code P}/{@code p} and {@code B}/{@code b} represent the types and values 4551 * of the parameters and arguments that precede and follow the filter position 4552 * {@code pos}, respectively. {@code A[i]}/{@code a[i]} stand for the types and 4553 * values of the filtered parameters and arguments; they also represent the 4554 * return types of the {@code filter[i]} handles. The latter accept arguments 4555 * {@code v[i]} of type {@code V[i]}, which also appear in the signature of 4556 * the resulting adapter. 4557 * <blockquote><pre>{@code 4558 * T target(P... p, A[i]... a[i], B... b); 4559 * A[i] filter[i](V[i]); 4560 * T adapter(P... p, V[i]... v[i], B... b) { 4561 * return target(p..., filter[i](v[i])..., b...); 4562 * } 4563 * }</pre></blockquote> 4564 * <p> 4565 * <em>Note:</em> The resulting adapter is never a {@linkplain MethodHandle#asVarargsCollector 4566 * variable-arity method handle}, even if the original target method handle was. 4567 * 4568 * @param target the method handle to invoke after arguments are filtered 4569 * @param pos the position of the first argument to filter 4570 * @param filters method handles to call initially on filtered arguments 4571 * @return method handle which incorporates the specified argument filtering logic 4572 * @throws NullPointerException if the target is null 4573 * or if the {@code filters} array is null 4574 * @throws IllegalArgumentException if a non-null element of {@code filters} 4575 * does not match a corresponding argument type of target as described above, 4576 * or if the {@code pos+filters.length} is greater than {@code target.type().parameterCount()}, 4577 * or if the resulting method handle's type would have 4578 * <a href="MethodHandle.html#maxarity">too many parameters</a> 4579 */ 4580 public static 4581 MethodHandle filterArguments(MethodHandle target, int pos, MethodHandle... filters) { 4582 // In method types arguments start at index 0, while the LF 4583 // editor have the MH receiver at position 0 - adjust appropriately. 4584 final int MH_RECEIVER_OFFSET = 1; 4585 filterArgumentsCheckArity(target, pos, filters); 4586 MethodHandle adapter = target; 4587 4588 // keep track of currently matched filters, as to optimize repeated filters 4589 int index = 0; 4590 int[] positions = new int[filters.length]; 4591 MethodHandle filter = null; 4592 4593 // process filters in reverse order so that the invocation of 4594 // the resulting adapter will invoke the filters in left-to-right order 4595 for (int i = filters.length - 1; i >= 0; --i) { 4596 MethodHandle newFilter = filters[i]; 4597 if (newFilter == null) continue; // ignore null elements of filters 4598 4599 // flush changes on update 4600 if (filter != newFilter) { 4601 if (filter != null) { 4602 if (index > 1) { 4603 adapter = filterRepeatedArgument(adapter, filter, Arrays.copyOf(positions, index)); 4604 } else { 4605 adapter = filterArgument(adapter, positions[0] - 1, filter); 4606 } 4607 } 4608 filter = newFilter; 4609 index = 0; 4610 } 4611 4612 filterArgumentChecks(target, pos + i, newFilter); 4613 positions[index++] = pos + i + MH_RECEIVER_OFFSET; 4614 } 4615 if (index > 1) { 4616 adapter = filterRepeatedArgument(adapter, filter, Arrays.copyOf(positions, index)); 4617 } else if (index == 1) { 4618 adapter = filterArgument(adapter, positions[0] - 1, filter); 4619 } 4620 return adapter; 4621 } 4622 4623 private static MethodHandle filterRepeatedArgument(MethodHandle adapter, MethodHandle filter, int[] positions) { 4624 MethodType targetType = adapter.type(); 4625 MethodType filterType = filter.type(); 4626 BoundMethodHandle result = adapter.rebind(); 4627 Class<?> newParamType = filterType.parameterType(0); 4628 4629 Class<?>[] ptypes = targetType.ptypes().clone(); 4630 for (int pos : positions) { 4631 ptypes[pos - 1] = newParamType; 4632 } 4633 MethodType newType = MethodType.makeImpl(targetType.rtype(), ptypes, true); 4634 4635 LambdaForm lform = result.editor().filterRepeatedArgumentForm(BasicType.basicType(newParamType), positions); 4636 return result.copyWithExtendL(newType, lform, filter); 4637 } 4638 4639 /*non-public*/ static 4640 MethodHandle filterArgument(MethodHandle target, int pos, MethodHandle filter) { 4641 filterArgumentChecks(target, pos, filter); 4642 MethodType targetType = target.type(); 4643 MethodType filterType = filter.type(); 4644 BoundMethodHandle result = target.rebind(); 4645 Class<?> newParamType = filterType.parameterType(0); 4646 LambdaForm lform = result.editor().filterArgumentForm(1 + pos, BasicType.basicType(newParamType)); 4647 MethodType newType = targetType.changeParameterType(pos, newParamType); 4648 result = result.copyWithExtendL(newType, lform, filter); 4649 return result; 4650 } 4651 4652 private static void filterArgumentsCheckArity(MethodHandle target, int pos, MethodHandle[] filters) { 4653 MethodType targetType = target.type(); 4654 int maxPos = targetType.parameterCount(); 4655 if (pos + filters.length > maxPos) 4656 throw newIllegalArgumentException("too many filters"); 4657 } 4658 4659 private static void filterArgumentChecks(MethodHandle target, int pos, MethodHandle filter) throws RuntimeException { 4660 MethodType targetType = target.type(); 4661 MethodType filterType = filter.type(); 4662 if (filterType.parameterCount() != 1 4663 || filterType.returnType() != targetType.parameterType(pos)) 4664 throw newIllegalArgumentException("target and filter types do not match", targetType, filterType); 4665 } 4666 4667 /** 4668 * Adapts a target method handle by pre-processing 4669 * a sub-sequence of its arguments with a filter (another method handle). 4670 * The pre-processed arguments are replaced by the result (if any) of the 4671 * filter function. 4672 * The target is then called on the modified (usually shortened) argument list. 4673 * <p> 4674 * If the filter returns a value, the target must accept that value as 4675 * its argument in position {@code pos}, preceded and/or followed by 4676 * any arguments not passed to the filter. 4677 * If the filter returns void, the target must accept all arguments 4678 * not passed to the filter. 4679 * No arguments are reordered, and a result returned from the filter 4680 * replaces (in order) the whole subsequence of arguments originally 4681 * passed to the adapter. 4682 * <p> 4683 * The argument types (if any) of the filter 4684 * replace zero or one argument types of the target, at position {@code pos}, 4685 * in the resulting adapted method handle. 4686 * The return type of the filter (if any) must be identical to the 4687 * argument type of the target at position {@code pos}, and that target argument 4688 * is supplied by the return value of the filter. 4689 * <p> 4690 * In all cases, {@code pos} must be greater than or equal to zero, and 4691 * {@code pos} must also be less than or equal to the target's arity. 4692 * <p><b>Example:</b> 4693 * <blockquote><pre>{@code 4694 import static java.lang.invoke.MethodHandles.*; 4695 import static java.lang.invoke.MethodType.*; 4696 ... 4697 MethodHandle deepToString = publicLookup() 4698 .findStatic(Arrays.class, "deepToString", methodType(String.class, Object[].class)); 4699 4700 MethodHandle ts1 = deepToString.asCollector(String[].class, 1); 4701 assertEquals("[strange]", (String) ts1.invokeExact("strange")); 4702 4703 MethodHandle ts2 = deepToString.asCollector(String[].class, 2); 4704 assertEquals("[up, down]", (String) ts2.invokeExact("up", "down")); 4705 4706 MethodHandle ts3 = deepToString.asCollector(String[].class, 3); 4707 MethodHandle ts3_ts2 = collectArguments(ts3, 1, ts2); 4708 assertEquals("[top, [up, down], strange]", 4709 (String) ts3_ts2.invokeExact("top", "up", "down", "strange")); 4710 4711 MethodHandle ts3_ts2_ts1 = collectArguments(ts3_ts2, 3, ts1); 4712 assertEquals("[top, [up, down], [strange]]", 4713 (String) ts3_ts2_ts1.invokeExact("top", "up", "down", "strange")); 4714 4715 MethodHandle ts3_ts2_ts3 = collectArguments(ts3_ts2, 1, ts3); 4716 assertEquals("[top, [[up, down, strange], charm], bottom]", 4717 (String) ts3_ts2_ts3.invokeExact("top", "up", "down", "strange", "charm", "bottom")); 4718 * }</pre></blockquote> 4719 * <p>Here is pseudocode for the resulting adapter. In the code, {@code T} 4720 * represents the return type of the {@code target} and resulting adapter. 4721 * {@code V}/{@code v} stand for the return type and value of the 4722 * {@code filter}, which are also found in the signature and arguments of 4723 * the {@code target}, respectively, unless {@code V} is {@code void}. 4724 * {@code A}/{@code a} and {@code C}/{@code c} represent the parameter types 4725 * and values preceding and following the collection position, {@code pos}, 4726 * in the {@code target}'s signature. They also turn up in the resulting 4727 * adapter's signature and arguments, where they surround 4728 * {@code B}/{@code b}, which represent the parameter types and arguments 4729 * to the {@code filter} (if any). 4730 * <blockquote><pre>{@code 4731 * T target(A...,V,C...); 4732 * V filter(B...); 4733 * T adapter(A... a,B... b,C... c) { 4734 * V v = filter(b...); 4735 * return target(a...,v,c...); 4736 * } 4737 * // and if the filter has no arguments: 4738 * T target2(A...,V,C...); 4739 * V filter2(); 4740 * T adapter2(A... a,C... c) { 4741 * V v = filter2(); 4742 * return target2(a...,v,c...); 4743 * } 4744 * // and if the filter has a void return: 4745 * T target3(A...,C...); 4746 * void filter3(B...); 4747 * T adapter3(A... a,B... b,C... c) { 4748 * filter3(b...); 4749 * return target3(a...,c...); 4750 * } 4751 * }</pre></blockquote> 4752 * <p> 4753 * A collection adapter {@code collectArguments(mh, 0, coll)} is equivalent to 4754 * one which first "folds" the affected arguments, and then drops them, in separate 4755 * steps as follows: 4756 * <blockquote><pre>{@code 4757 * mh = MethodHandles.dropArguments(mh, 1, coll.type().parameterList()); //step 2 4758 * mh = MethodHandles.foldArguments(mh, coll); //step 1 4759 * }</pre></blockquote> 4760 * If the target method handle consumes no arguments besides than the result 4761 * (if any) of the filter {@code coll}, then {@code collectArguments(mh, 0, coll)} 4762 * is equivalent to {@code filterReturnValue(coll, mh)}. 4763 * If the filter method handle {@code coll} consumes one argument and produces 4764 * a non-void result, then {@code collectArguments(mh, N, coll)} 4765 * is equivalent to {@code filterArguments(mh, N, coll)}. 4766 * Other equivalences are possible but would require argument permutation. 4767 * <p> 4768 * <em>Note:</em> The resulting adapter is never a {@linkplain MethodHandle#asVarargsCollector 4769 * variable-arity method handle}, even if the original target method handle was. 4770 * 4771 * @param target the method handle to invoke after filtering the subsequence of arguments 4772 * @param pos the position of the first adapter argument to pass to the filter, 4773 * and/or the target argument which receives the result of the filter 4774 * @param filter method handle to call on the subsequence of arguments 4775 * @return method handle which incorporates the specified argument subsequence filtering logic 4776 * @throws NullPointerException if either argument is null 4777 * @throws IllegalArgumentException if the return type of {@code filter} 4778 * is non-void and is not the same as the {@code pos} argument of the target, 4779 * or if {@code pos} is not between 0 and the target's arity, inclusive, 4780 * or if the resulting method handle's type would have 4781 * <a href="MethodHandle.html#maxarity">too many parameters</a> 4782 * @see MethodHandles#foldArguments 4783 * @see MethodHandles#filterArguments 4784 * @see MethodHandles#filterReturnValue 4785 */ 4786 public static 4787 MethodHandle collectArguments(MethodHandle target, int pos, MethodHandle filter) { 4788 MethodType newType = collectArgumentsChecks(target, pos, filter); 4789 MethodType collectorType = filter.type(); 4790 BoundMethodHandle result = target.rebind(); 4791 LambdaForm lform; 4792 if (collectorType.returnType().isArray() && filter.intrinsicName() == Intrinsic.NEW_ARRAY) { 4793 lform = result.editor().collectArgumentArrayForm(1 + pos, filter); 4794 if (lform != null) { 4795 return result.copyWith(newType, lform); 4796 } 4797 } 4798 lform = result.editor().collectArgumentsForm(1 + pos, collectorType.basicType()); 4799 return result.copyWithExtendL(newType, lform, filter); 4800 } 4801 4802 private static MethodType collectArgumentsChecks(MethodHandle target, int pos, MethodHandle filter) throws RuntimeException { 4803 MethodType targetType = target.type(); 4804 MethodType filterType = filter.type(); 4805 Class<?> rtype = filterType.returnType(); 4806 List<Class<?>> filterArgs = filterType.parameterList(); 4807 if (rtype == void.class) { 4808 return targetType.insertParameterTypes(pos, filterArgs); 4809 } 4810 if (rtype != targetType.parameterType(pos)) { 4811 throw newIllegalArgumentException("target and filter types do not match", targetType, filterType); 4812 } 4813 return targetType.dropParameterTypes(pos, pos+1).insertParameterTypes(pos, filterArgs); 4814 } 4815 4816 /** 4817 * Adapts a target method handle by post-processing 4818 * its return value (if any) with a filter (another method handle). 4819 * The result of the filter is returned from the adapter. 4820 * <p> 4821 * If the target returns a value, the filter must accept that value as 4822 * its only argument. 4823 * If the target returns void, the filter must accept no arguments. 4824 * <p> 4825 * The return type of the filter 4826 * replaces the return type of the target 4827 * in the resulting adapted method handle. 4828 * The argument type of the filter (if any) must be identical to the 4829 * return type of the target. 4830 * <p><b>Example:</b> 4831 * <blockquote><pre>{@code 4832 import static java.lang.invoke.MethodHandles.*; 4833 import static java.lang.invoke.MethodType.*; 4834 ... 4835 MethodHandle cat = lookup().findVirtual(String.class, 4836 "concat", methodType(String.class, String.class)); 4837 MethodHandle length = lookup().findVirtual(String.class, 4838 "length", methodType(int.class)); 4839 System.out.println((String) cat.invokeExact("x", "y")); // xy 4840 MethodHandle f0 = filterReturnValue(cat, length); 4841 System.out.println((int) f0.invokeExact("x", "y")); // 2 4842 * }</pre></blockquote> 4843 * <p>Here is pseudocode for the resulting adapter. In the code, 4844 * {@code T}/{@code t} represent the result type and value of the 4845 * {@code target}; {@code V}, the result type of the {@code filter}; and 4846 * {@code A}/{@code a}, the types and values of the parameters and arguments 4847 * of the {@code target} as well as the resulting adapter. 4848 * <blockquote><pre>{@code 4849 * T target(A...); 4850 * V filter(T); 4851 * V adapter(A... a) { 4852 * T t = target(a...); 4853 * return filter(t); 4854 * } 4855 * // and if the target has a void return: 4856 * void target2(A...); 4857 * V filter2(); 4858 * V adapter2(A... a) { 4859 * target2(a...); 4860 * return filter2(); 4861 * } 4862 * // and if the filter has a void return: 4863 * T target3(A...); 4864 * void filter3(V); 4865 * void adapter3(A... a) { 4866 * T t = target3(a...); 4867 * filter3(t); 4868 * } 4869 * }</pre></blockquote> 4870 * <p> 4871 * <em>Note:</em> The resulting adapter is never a {@linkplain MethodHandle#asVarargsCollector 4872 * variable-arity method handle}, even if the original target method handle was. 4873 * @param target the method handle to invoke before filtering the return value 4874 * @param filter method handle to call on the return value 4875 * @return method handle which incorporates the specified return value filtering logic 4876 * @throws NullPointerException if either argument is null 4877 * @throws IllegalArgumentException if the argument list of {@code filter} 4878 * does not match the return type of target as described above 4879 */ 4880 public static 4881 MethodHandle filterReturnValue(MethodHandle target, MethodHandle filter) { 4882 MethodType targetType = target.type(); 4883 MethodType filterType = filter.type(); 4884 filterReturnValueChecks(targetType, filterType); 4885 BoundMethodHandle result = target.rebind(); 4886 BasicType rtype = BasicType.basicType(filterType.returnType()); 4887 LambdaForm lform = result.editor().filterReturnForm(rtype, false); 4888 MethodType newType = targetType.changeReturnType(filterType.returnType()); 4889 result = result.copyWithExtendL(newType, lform, filter); 4890 return result; 4891 } 4892 4893 private static void filterReturnValueChecks(MethodType targetType, MethodType filterType) throws RuntimeException { 4894 Class<?> rtype = targetType.returnType(); 4895 int filterValues = filterType.parameterCount(); 4896 if (filterValues == 0 4897 ? (rtype != void.class) 4898 : (rtype != filterType.parameterType(0) || filterValues != 1)) 4899 throw newIllegalArgumentException("target and filter types do not match", targetType, filterType); 4900 } 4901 4902 /** 4903 * Adapts a target method handle by pre-processing 4904 * some of its arguments, and then calling the target with 4905 * the result of the pre-processing, inserted into the original 4906 * sequence of arguments. 4907 * <p> 4908 * The pre-processing is performed by {@code combiner}, a second method handle. 4909 * Of the arguments passed to the adapter, the first {@code N} arguments 4910 * are copied to the combiner, which is then called. 4911 * (Here, {@code N} is defined as the parameter count of the combiner.) 4912 * After this, control passes to the target, with any result 4913 * from the combiner inserted before the original {@code N} incoming 4914 * arguments. 4915 * <p> 4916 * If the combiner returns a value, the first parameter type of the target 4917 * must be identical with the return type of the combiner, and the next 4918 * {@code N} parameter types of the target must exactly match the parameters 4919 * of the combiner. 4920 * <p> 4921 * If the combiner has a void return, no result will be inserted, 4922 * and the first {@code N} parameter types of the target 4923 * must exactly match the parameters of the combiner. 4924 * <p> 4925 * The resulting adapter is the same type as the target, except that the 4926 * first parameter type is dropped, 4927 * if it corresponds to the result of the combiner. 4928 * <p> 4929 * (Note that {@link #dropArguments(MethodHandle,int,List) dropArguments} can be used to remove any arguments 4930 * that either the combiner or the target does not wish to receive. 4931 * If some of the incoming arguments are destined only for the combiner, 4932 * consider using {@link MethodHandle#asCollector asCollector} instead, since those 4933 * arguments will not need to be live on the stack on entry to the 4934 * target.) 4935 * <p><b>Example:</b> 4936 * <blockquote><pre>{@code 4937 import static java.lang.invoke.MethodHandles.*; 4938 import static java.lang.invoke.MethodType.*; 4939 ... 4940 MethodHandle trace = publicLookup().findVirtual(java.io.PrintStream.class, 4941 "println", methodType(void.class, String.class)) 4942 .bindTo(System.out); 4943 MethodHandle cat = lookup().findVirtual(String.class, 4944 "concat", methodType(String.class, String.class)); 4945 assertEquals("boojum", (String) cat.invokeExact("boo", "jum")); 4946 MethodHandle catTrace = foldArguments(cat, trace); 4947 // also prints "boo": 4948 assertEquals("boojum", (String) catTrace.invokeExact("boo", "jum")); 4949 * }</pre></blockquote> 4950 * <p>Here is pseudocode for the resulting adapter. In the code, {@code T} 4951 * represents the result type of the {@code target} and resulting adapter. 4952 * {@code V}/{@code v} represent the type and value of the parameter and argument 4953 * of {@code target} that precedes the folding position; {@code V} also is 4954 * the result type of the {@code combiner}. {@code A}/{@code a} denote the 4955 * types and values of the {@code N} parameters and arguments at the folding 4956 * position. {@code B}/{@code b} represent the types and values of the 4957 * {@code target} parameters and arguments that follow the folded parameters 4958 * and arguments. 4959 * <blockquote><pre>{@code 4960 * // there are N arguments in A... 4961 * T target(V, A[N]..., B...); 4962 * V combiner(A...); 4963 * T adapter(A... a, B... b) { 4964 * V v = combiner(a...); 4965 * return target(v, a..., b...); 4966 * } 4967 * // and if the combiner has a void return: 4968 * T target2(A[N]..., B...); 4969 * void combiner2(A...); 4970 * T adapter2(A... a, B... b) { 4971 * combiner2(a...); 4972 * return target2(a..., b...); 4973 * } 4974 * }</pre></blockquote> 4975 * <p> 4976 * <em>Note:</em> The resulting adapter is never a {@linkplain MethodHandle#asVarargsCollector 4977 * variable-arity method handle}, even if the original target method handle was. 4978 * @param target the method handle to invoke after arguments are combined 4979 * @param combiner method handle to call initially on the incoming arguments 4980 * @return method handle which incorporates the specified argument folding logic 4981 * @throws NullPointerException if either argument is null 4982 * @throws IllegalArgumentException if {@code combiner}'s return type 4983 * is non-void and not the same as the first argument type of 4984 * the target, or if the initial {@code N} argument types 4985 * of the target 4986 * (skipping one matching the {@code combiner}'s return type) 4987 * are not identical with the argument types of {@code combiner} 4988 */ 4989 public static 4990 MethodHandle foldArguments(MethodHandle target, MethodHandle combiner) { 4991 return foldArguments(target, 0, combiner); 4992 } 4993 4994 /** 4995 * Adapts a target method handle by pre-processing some of its arguments, starting at a given position, and then 4996 * calling the target with the result of the pre-processing, inserted into the original sequence of arguments just 4997 * before the folded arguments. 4998 * <p> 4999 * This method is closely related to {@link #foldArguments(MethodHandle, MethodHandle)}, but allows to control the 5000 * position in the parameter list at which folding takes place. The argument controlling this, {@code pos}, is a 5001 * zero-based index. The aforementioned method {@link #foldArguments(MethodHandle, MethodHandle)} assumes position 5002 * 0. 5003 * 5004 * @apiNote Example: 5005 * <blockquote><pre>{@code 5006 import static java.lang.invoke.MethodHandles.*; 5007 import static java.lang.invoke.MethodType.*; 5008 ... 5009 MethodHandle trace = publicLookup().findVirtual(java.io.PrintStream.class, 5010 "println", methodType(void.class, String.class)) 5011 .bindTo(System.out); 5012 MethodHandle cat = lookup().findVirtual(String.class, 5013 "concat", methodType(String.class, String.class)); 5014 assertEquals("boojum", (String) cat.invokeExact("boo", "jum")); 5015 MethodHandle catTrace = foldArguments(cat, 1, trace); 5016 // also prints "jum": 5017 assertEquals("boojum", (String) catTrace.invokeExact("boo", "jum")); 5018 * }</pre></blockquote> 5019 * <p>Here is pseudocode for the resulting adapter. In the code, {@code T} 5020 * represents the result type of the {@code target} and resulting adapter. 5021 * {@code V}/{@code v} represent the type and value of the parameter and argument 5022 * of {@code target} that precedes the folding position; {@code V} also is 5023 * the result type of the {@code combiner}. {@code A}/{@code a} denote the 5024 * types and values of the {@code N} parameters and arguments at the folding 5025 * position. {@code Z}/{@code z} and {@code B}/{@code b} represent the types 5026 * and values of the {@code target} parameters and arguments that precede and 5027 * follow the folded parameters and arguments starting at {@code pos}, 5028 * respectively. 5029 * <blockquote><pre>{@code 5030 * // there are N arguments in A... 5031 * T target(Z..., V, A[N]..., B...); 5032 * V combiner(A...); 5033 * T adapter(Z... z, A... a, B... b) { 5034 * V v = combiner(a...); 5035 * return target(z..., v, a..., b...); 5036 * } 5037 * // and if the combiner has a void return: 5038 * T target2(Z..., A[N]..., B...); 5039 * void combiner2(A...); 5040 * T adapter2(Z... z, A... a, B... b) { 5041 * combiner2(a...); 5042 * return target2(z..., a..., b...); 5043 * } 5044 * }</pre></blockquote> 5045 * <p> 5046 * <em>Note:</em> The resulting adapter is never a {@linkplain MethodHandle#asVarargsCollector 5047 * variable-arity method handle}, even if the original target method handle was. 5048 * 5049 * @param target the method handle to invoke after arguments are combined 5050 * @param pos the position at which to start folding and at which to insert the folding result; if this is {@code 5051 * 0}, the effect is the same as for {@link #foldArguments(MethodHandle, MethodHandle)}. 5052 * @param combiner method handle to call initially on the incoming arguments 5053 * @return method handle which incorporates the specified argument folding logic 5054 * @throws NullPointerException if either argument is null 5055 * @throws IllegalArgumentException if either of the following two conditions holds: 5056 * (1) {@code combiner}'s return type is non-{@code void} and not the same as the argument type at position 5057 * {@code pos} of the target signature; 5058 * (2) the {@code N} argument types at position {@code pos} of the target signature (skipping one matching 5059 * the {@code combiner}'s return type) are not identical with the argument types of {@code combiner}. 5060 * 5061 * @see #foldArguments(MethodHandle, MethodHandle) 5062 * @since 9 5063 */ 5064 public static MethodHandle foldArguments(MethodHandle target, int pos, MethodHandle combiner) { 5065 MethodType targetType = target.type(); 5066 MethodType combinerType = combiner.type(); 5067 Class<?> rtype = foldArgumentChecks(pos, targetType, combinerType); 5068 BoundMethodHandle result = target.rebind(); 5069 boolean dropResult = rtype == void.class; 5070 LambdaForm lform = result.editor().foldArgumentsForm(1 + pos, dropResult, combinerType.basicType()); 5071 MethodType newType = targetType; 5072 if (!dropResult) { 5073 newType = newType.dropParameterTypes(pos, pos + 1); 5074 } 5075 result = result.copyWithExtendL(newType, lform, combiner); 5076 return result; 5077 } 5078 5079 private static Class<?> foldArgumentChecks(int foldPos, MethodType targetType, MethodType combinerType) { 5080 int foldArgs = combinerType.parameterCount(); 5081 Class<?> rtype = combinerType.returnType(); 5082 int foldVals = rtype == void.class ? 0 : 1; 5083 int afterInsertPos = foldPos + foldVals; 5084 boolean ok = (targetType.parameterCount() >= afterInsertPos + foldArgs); 5085 if (ok) { 5086 for (int i = 0; i < foldArgs; i++) { 5087 if (combinerType.parameterType(i) != targetType.parameterType(i + afterInsertPos)) { 5088 ok = false; 5089 break; 5090 } 5091 } 5092 } 5093 if (ok && foldVals != 0 && combinerType.returnType() != targetType.parameterType(foldPos)) 5094 ok = false; 5095 if (!ok) 5096 throw misMatchedTypes("target and combiner types", targetType, combinerType); 5097 return rtype; 5098 } 5099 5100 /** 5101 * Adapts a target method handle by pre-processing some of its arguments, then calling the target with the result 5102 * of the pre-processing replacing the argument at the given position. 5103 * 5104 * @param target the method handle to invoke after arguments are combined 5105 * @param position the position at which to start folding and at which to insert the folding result; if this is {@code 5106 * 0}, the effect is the same as for {@link #foldArguments(MethodHandle, MethodHandle)}. 5107 * @param combiner method handle to call initially on the incoming arguments 5108 * @param argPositions indexes of the target to pick arguments sent to the combiner from 5109 * @return method handle which incorporates the specified argument folding logic 5110 * @throws NullPointerException if either argument is null 5111 * @throws IllegalArgumentException if either of the following two conditions holds: 5112 * (1) {@code combiner}'s return type is not the same as the argument type at position 5113 * {@code pos} of the target signature; 5114 * (2) the {@code N} argument types at positions {@code argPositions[1...N]} of the target signature are 5115 * not identical with the argument types of {@code combiner}. 5116 */ 5117 /*non-public*/ static MethodHandle filterArgumentsWithCombiner(MethodHandle target, int position, MethodHandle combiner, int ... argPositions) { 5118 return argumentsWithCombiner(true, target, position, combiner, argPositions); 5119 } 5120 5121 /** 5122 * Adapts a target method handle by pre-processing some of its arguments, calling the target with the result of 5123 * the pre-processing inserted into the original sequence of arguments at the given position. 5124 * 5125 * @param target the method handle to invoke after arguments are combined 5126 * @param position the position at which to start folding and at which to insert the folding result; if this is {@code 5127 * 0}, the effect is the same as for {@link #foldArguments(MethodHandle, MethodHandle)}. 5128 * @param combiner method handle to call initially on the incoming arguments 5129 * @param argPositions indexes of the target to pick arguments sent to the combiner from 5130 * @return method handle which incorporates the specified argument folding logic 5131 * @throws NullPointerException if either argument is null 5132 * @throws IllegalArgumentException if either of the following two conditions holds: 5133 * (1) {@code combiner}'s return type is non-{@code void} and not the same as the argument type at position 5134 * {@code pos} of the target signature; 5135 * (2) the {@code N} argument types at positions {@code argPositions[1...N]} of the target signature 5136 * (skipping {@code position} where the {@code combiner}'s return will be folded in) are not identical 5137 * with the argument types of {@code combiner}. 5138 */ 5139 /*non-public*/ static MethodHandle foldArgumentsWithCombiner(MethodHandle target, int position, MethodHandle combiner, int ... argPositions) { 5140 return argumentsWithCombiner(false, target, position, combiner, argPositions); 5141 } 5142 5143 private static MethodHandle argumentsWithCombiner(boolean filter, MethodHandle target, int position, MethodHandle combiner, int ... argPositions) { 5144 MethodType targetType = target.type(); 5145 MethodType combinerType = combiner.type(); 5146 Class<?> rtype = argumentsWithCombinerChecks(position, filter, targetType, combinerType, argPositions); 5147 BoundMethodHandle result = target.rebind(); 5148 5149 MethodType newType = targetType; 5150 LambdaForm lform; 5151 if (filter) { 5152 lform = result.editor().filterArgumentsForm(1 + position, combinerType.basicType(), argPositions); 5153 } else { 5154 boolean dropResult = rtype == void.class; 5155 lform = result.editor().foldArgumentsForm(1 + position, dropResult, combinerType.basicType(), argPositions); 5156 if (!dropResult) { 5157 newType = newType.dropParameterTypes(position, position + 1); 5158 } 5159 } 5160 result = result.copyWithExtendL(newType, lform, combiner); 5161 return result; 5162 } 5163 5164 private static Class<?> argumentsWithCombinerChecks(int position, boolean filter, MethodType targetType, MethodType combinerType, int ... argPos) { 5165 int combinerArgs = combinerType.parameterCount(); 5166 if (argPos.length != combinerArgs) { 5167 throw newIllegalArgumentException("combiner and argument map must be equal size", combinerType, argPos.length); 5168 } 5169 Class<?> rtype = combinerType.returnType(); 5170 5171 for (int i = 0; i < combinerArgs; i++) { 5172 int arg = argPos[i]; 5173 if (arg < 0 || arg > targetType.parameterCount()) { 5174 throw newIllegalArgumentException("arg outside of target parameterRange", targetType, arg); 5175 } 5176 if (combinerType.parameterType(i) != targetType.parameterType(arg)) { 5177 throw newIllegalArgumentException("target argument type at position " + arg 5178 + " must match combiner argument type at index " + i + ": " + targetType 5179 + " -> " + combinerType + ", map: " + Arrays.toString(argPos)); 5180 } 5181 } 5182 if (filter && combinerType.returnType() != targetType.parameterType(position)) { 5183 throw misMatchedTypes("target and combiner types", targetType, combinerType); 5184 } 5185 return rtype; 5186 } 5187 5188 /** 5189 * Makes a method handle which adapts a target method handle, 5190 * by guarding it with a test, a boolean-valued method handle. 5191 * If the guard fails, a fallback handle is called instead. 5192 * All three method handles must have the same corresponding 5193 * argument and return types, except that the return type 5194 * of the test must be boolean, and the test is allowed 5195 * to have fewer arguments than the other two method handles. 5196 * <p> 5197 * Here is pseudocode for the resulting adapter. In the code, {@code T} 5198 * represents the uniform result type of the three involved handles; 5199 * {@code A}/{@code a}, the types and values of the {@code target} 5200 * parameters and arguments that are consumed by the {@code test}; and 5201 * {@code B}/{@code b}, those types and values of the {@code target} 5202 * parameters and arguments that are not consumed by the {@code test}. 5203 * <blockquote><pre>{@code 5204 * boolean test(A...); 5205 * T target(A...,B...); 5206 * T fallback(A...,B...); 5207 * T adapter(A... a,B... b) { 5208 * if (test(a...)) 5209 * return target(a..., b...); 5210 * else 5211 * return fallback(a..., b...); 5212 * } 5213 * }</pre></blockquote> 5214 * Note that the test arguments ({@code a...} in the pseudocode) cannot 5215 * be modified by execution of the test, and so are passed unchanged 5216 * from the caller to the target or fallback as appropriate. 5217 * @param test method handle used for test, must return boolean 5218 * @param target method handle to call if test passes 5219 * @param fallback method handle to call if test fails 5220 * @return method handle which incorporates the specified if/then/else logic 5221 * @throws NullPointerException if any argument is null 5222 * @throws IllegalArgumentException if {@code test} does not return boolean, 5223 * or if all three method types do not match (with the return 5224 * type of {@code test} changed to match that of the target). 5225 */ 5226 public static 5227 MethodHandle guardWithTest(MethodHandle test, 5228 MethodHandle target, 5229 MethodHandle fallback) { 5230 MethodType gtype = test.type(); 5231 MethodType ttype = target.type(); 5232 MethodType ftype = fallback.type(); 5233 if (!ttype.equals(ftype)) 5234 throw misMatchedTypes("target and fallback types", ttype, ftype); 5235 if (gtype.returnType() != boolean.class) 5236 throw newIllegalArgumentException("guard type is not a predicate "+gtype); 5237 List<Class<?>> targs = ttype.parameterList(); 5238 test = dropArgumentsToMatch(test, 0, targs, 0, true); 5239 if (test == null) { 5240 throw misMatchedTypes("target and test types", ttype, gtype); 5241 } 5242 return MethodHandleImpl.makeGuardWithTest(test, target, fallback); 5243 } 5244 5245 static <T> RuntimeException misMatchedTypes(String what, T t1, T t2) { 5246 return newIllegalArgumentException(what + " must match: " + t1 + " != " + t2); 5247 } 5248 5249 /** 5250 * Makes a method handle which adapts a target method handle, 5251 * by running it inside an exception handler. 5252 * If the target returns normally, the adapter returns that value. 5253 * If an exception matching the specified type is thrown, the fallback 5254 * handle is called instead on the exception, plus the original arguments. 5255 * <p> 5256 * The target and handler must have the same corresponding 5257 * argument and return types, except that handler may omit trailing arguments 5258 * (similarly to the predicate in {@link #guardWithTest guardWithTest}). 5259 * Also, the handler must have an extra leading parameter of {@code exType} or a supertype. 5260 * <p> 5261 * Here is pseudocode for the resulting adapter. In the code, {@code T} 5262 * represents the return type of the {@code target} and {@code handler}, 5263 * and correspondingly that of the resulting adapter; {@code A}/{@code a}, 5264 * the types and values of arguments to the resulting handle consumed by 5265 * {@code handler}; and {@code B}/{@code b}, those of arguments to the 5266 * resulting handle discarded by {@code handler}. 5267 * <blockquote><pre>{@code 5268 * T target(A..., B...); 5269 * T handler(ExType, A...); 5270 * T adapter(A... a, B... b) { 5271 * try { 5272 * return target(a..., b...); 5273 * } catch (ExType ex) { 5274 * return handler(ex, a...); 5275 * } 5276 * } 5277 * }</pre></blockquote> 5278 * Note that the saved arguments ({@code a...} in the pseudocode) cannot 5279 * be modified by execution of the target, and so are passed unchanged 5280 * from the caller to the handler, if the handler is invoked. 5281 * <p> 5282 * The target and handler must return the same type, even if the handler 5283 * always throws. (This might happen, for instance, because the handler 5284 * is simulating a {@code finally} clause). 5285 * To create such a throwing handler, compose the handler creation logic 5286 * with {@link #throwException throwException}, 5287 * in order to create a method handle of the correct return type. 5288 * @param target method handle to call 5289 * @param exType the type of exception which the handler will catch 5290 * @param handler method handle to call if a matching exception is thrown 5291 * @return method handle which incorporates the specified try/catch logic 5292 * @throws NullPointerException if any argument is null 5293 * @throws IllegalArgumentException if {@code handler} does not accept 5294 * the given exception type, or if the method handle types do 5295 * not match in their return types and their 5296 * corresponding parameters 5297 * @see MethodHandles#tryFinally(MethodHandle, MethodHandle) 5298 */ 5299 public static 5300 MethodHandle catchException(MethodHandle target, 5301 Class<? extends Throwable> exType, 5302 MethodHandle handler) { 5303 MethodType ttype = target.type(); 5304 MethodType htype = handler.type(); 5305 if (!Throwable.class.isAssignableFrom(exType)) 5306 throw new ClassCastException(exType.getName()); 5307 if (htype.parameterCount() < 1 || 5308 !htype.parameterType(0).isAssignableFrom(exType)) 5309 throw newIllegalArgumentException("handler does not accept exception type "+exType); 5310 if (htype.returnType() != ttype.returnType()) 5311 throw misMatchedTypes("target and handler return types", ttype, htype); 5312 handler = dropArgumentsToMatch(handler, 1, ttype.parameterList(), 0, true); 5313 if (handler == null) { 5314 throw misMatchedTypes("target and handler types", ttype, htype); 5315 } 5316 return MethodHandleImpl.makeGuardWithCatch(target, exType, handler); 5317 } 5318 5319 /** 5320 * Produces a method handle which will throw exceptions of the given {@code exType}. 5321 * The method handle will accept a single argument of {@code exType}, 5322 * and immediately throw it as an exception. 5323 * The method type will nominally specify a return of {@code returnType}. 5324 * The return type may be anything convenient: It doesn't matter to the 5325 * method handle's behavior, since it will never return normally. 5326 * @param returnType the return type of the desired method handle 5327 * @param exType the parameter type of the desired method handle 5328 * @return method handle which can throw the given exceptions 5329 * @throws NullPointerException if either argument is null 5330 */ 5331 public static 5332 MethodHandle throwException(Class<?> returnType, Class<? extends Throwable> exType) { 5333 if (!Throwable.class.isAssignableFrom(exType)) 5334 throw new ClassCastException(exType.getName()); 5335 return MethodHandleImpl.throwException(methodType(returnType, exType)); 5336 } 5337 5338 /** 5339 * Constructs a method handle representing a loop with several loop variables that are updated and checked upon each 5340 * iteration. Upon termination of the loop due to one of the predicates, a corresponding finalizer is run and 5341 * delivers the loop's result, which is the return value of the resulting handle. 5342 * <p> 5343 * Intuitively, every loop is formed by one or more "clauses", each specifying a local <em>iteration variable</em> and/or a loop 5344 * exit. Each iteration of the loop executes each clause in order. A clause can optionally update its iteration 5345 * variable; it can also optionally perform a test and conditional loop exit. In order to express this logic in 5346 * terms of method handles, each clause will specify up to four independent actions:<ul> 5347 * <li><em>init:</em> Before the loop executes, the initialization of an iteration variable {@code v} of type {@code V}. 5348 * <li><em>step:</em> When a clause executes, an update step for the iteration variable {@code v}. 5349 * <li><em>pred:</em> When a clause executes, a predicate execution to test for loop exit. 5350 * <li><em>fini:</em> If a clause causes a loop exit, a finalizer execution to compute the loop's return value. 5351 * </ul> 5352 * The full sequence of all iteration variable types, in clause order, will be notated as {@code (V...)}. 5353 * The values themselves will be {@code (v...)}. When we speak of "parameter lists", we will usually 5354 * be referring to types, but in some contexts (describing execution) the lists will be of actual values. 5355 * <p> 5356 * Some of these clause parts may be omitted according to certain rules, and useful default behavior is provided in 5357 * this case. See below for a detailed description. 5358 * <p> 5359 * <em>Parameters optional everywhere:</em> 5360 * Each clause function is allowed but not required to accept a parameter for each iteration variable {@code v}. 5361 * As an exception, the init functions cannot take any {@code v} parameters, 5362 * because those values are not yet computed when the init functions are executed. 5363 * Any clause function may neglect to take any trailing subsequence of parameters it is entitled to take. 5364 * In fact, any clause function may take no arguments at all. 5365 * <p> 5366 * <em>Loop parameters:</em> 5367 * A clause function may take all the iteration variable values it is entitled to, in which case 5368 * it may also take more trailing parameters. Such extra values are called <em>loop parameters</em>, 5369 * with their types and values notated as {@code (A...)} and {@code (a...)}. 5370 * These become the parameters of the resulting loop handle, to be supplied whenever the loop is executed. 5371 * (Since init functions do not accept iteration variables {@code v}, any parameter to an 5372 * init function is automatically a loop parameter {@code a}.) 5373 * As with iteration variables, clause functions are allowed but not required to accept loop parameters. 5374 * These loop parameters act as loop-invariant values visible across the whole loop. 5375 * <p> 5376 * <em>Parameters visible everywhere:</em> 5377 * Each non-init clause function is permitted to observe the entire loop state, because it can be passed the full 5378 * list {@code (v... a...)} of current iteration variable values and incoming loop parameters. 5379 * The init functions can observe initial pre-loop state, in the form {@code (a...)}. 5380 * Most clause functions will not need all of this information, but they will be formally connected to it 5381 * as if by {@link #dropArguments}. 5382 * <a id="astar"></a> 5383 * More specifically, we shall use the notation {@code (V*)} to express an arbitrary prefix of a full 5384 * sequence {@code (V...)} (and likewise for {@code (v*)}, {@code (A*)}, {@code (a*)}). 5385 * In that notation, the general form of an init function parameter list 5386 * is {@code (A*)}, and the general form of a non-init function parameter list is {@code (V*)} or {@code (V... A*)}. 5387 * <p> 5388 * <em>Checking clause structure:</em> 5389 * Given a set of clauses, there is a number of checks and adjustments performed to connect all the parts of the 5390 * loop. They are spelled out in detail in the steps below. In these steps, every occurrence of the word "must" 5391 * corresponds to a place where {@link IllegalArgumentException} will be thrown if the required constraint is not 5392 * met by the inputs to the loop combinator. 5393 * <p> 5394 * <em>Effectively identical sequences:</em> 5395 * <a id="effid"></a> 5396 * A parameter list {@code A} is defined to be <em>effectively identical</em> to another parameter list {@code B} 5397 * if {@code A} and {@code B} are identical, or if {@code A} is shorter and is identical with a proper prefix of {@code B}. 5398 * When speaking of an unordered set of parameter lists, we say they the set is "effectively identical" 5399 * as a whole if the set contains a longest list, and all members of the set are effectively identical to 5400 * that longest list. 5401 * For example, any set of type sequences of the form {@code (V*)} is effectively identical, 5402 * and the same is true if more sequences of the form {@code (V... A*)} are added. 5403 * <p> 5404 * <em>Step 0: Determine clause structure.</em><ol type="a"> 5405 * <li>The clause array (of type {@code MethodHandle[][]}) must be non-{@code null} and contain at least one element. 5406 * <li>The clause array may not contain {@code null}s or sub-arrays longer than four elements. 5407 * <li>Clauses shorter than four elements are treated as if they were padded by {@code null} elements to length 5408 * four. Padding takes place by appending elements to the array. 5409 * <li>Clauses with all {@code null}s are disregarded. 5410 * <li>Each clause is treated as a four-tuple of functions, called "init", "step", "pred", and "fini". 5411 * </ol> 5412 * <p> 5413 * <em>Step 1A: Determine iteration variable types {@code (V...)}.</em><ol type="a"> 5414 * <li>The iteration variable type for each clause is determined using the clause's init and step return types. 5415 * <li>If both functions are omitted, there is no iteration variable for the corresponding clause ({@code void} is 5416 * used as the type to indicate that). If one of them is omitted, the other's return type defines the clause's 5417 * iteration variable type. If both are given, the common return type (they must be identical) defines the clause's 5418 * iteration variable type. 5419 * <li>Form the list of return types (in clause order), omitting all occurrences of {@code void}. 5420 * <li>This list of types is called the "iteration variable types" ({@code (V...)}). 5421 * </ol> 5422 * <p> 5423 * <em>Step 1B: Determine loop parameters {@code (A...)}.</em><ul> 5424 * <li>Examine and collect init function parameter lists (which are of the form {@code (A*)}). 5425 * <li>Examine and collect the suffixes of the step, pred, and fini parameter lists, after removing the iteration variable types. 5426 * (They must have the form {@code (V... A*)}; collect the {@code (A*)} parts only.) 5427 * <li>Do not collect suffixes from step, pred, and fini parameter lists that do not begin with all the iteration variable types. 5428 * (These types will be checked in step 2, along with all the clause function types.) 5429 * <li>Omitted clause functions are ignored. (Equivalently, they are deemed to have empty parameter lists.) 5430 * <li>All of the collected parameter lists must be effectively identical. 5431 * <li>The longest parameter list (which is necessarily unique) is called the "external parameter list" ({@code (A...)}). 5432 * <li>If there is no such parameter list, the external parameter list is taken to be the empty sequence. 5433 * <li>The combined list consisting of iteration variable types followed by the external parameter types is called 5434 * the "internal parameter list". 5435 * </ul> 5436 * <p> 5437 * <em>Step 1C: Determine loop return type.</em><ol type="a"> 5438 * <li>Examine fini function return types, disregarding omitted fini functions. 5439 * <li>If there are no fini functions, the loop return type is {@code void}. 5440 * <li>Otherwise, the common return type {@code R} of the fini functions (their return types must be identical) defines the loop return 5441 * type. 5442 * </ol> 5443 * <p> 5444 * <em>Step 1D: Check other types.</em><ol type="a"> 5445 * <li>There must be at least one non-omitted pred function. 5446 * <li>Every non-omitted pred function must have a {@code boolean} return type. 5447 * </ol> 5448 * <p> 5449 * <em>Step 2: Determine parameter lists.</em><ol type="a"> 5450 * <li>The parameter list for the resulting loop handle will be the external parameter list {@code (A...)}. 5451 * <li>The parameter list for init functions will be adjusted to the external parameter list. 5452 * (Note that their parameter lists are already effectively identical to this list.) 5453 * <li>The parameter list for every non-omitted, non-init (step, pred, and fini) function must be 5454 * effectively identical to the internal parameter list {@code (V... A...)}. 5455 * </ol> 5456 * <p> 5457 * <em>Step 3: Fill in omitted functions.</em><ol type="a"> 5458 * <li>If an init function is omitted, use a {@linkplain #empty default value} for the clause's iteration variable 5459 * type. 5460 * <li>If a step function is omitted, use an {@linkplain #identity identity function} of the clause's iteration 5461 * variable type; insert dropped argument parameters before the identity function parameter for the non-{@code void} 5462 * iteration variables of preceding clauses. (This will turn the loop variable into a local loop invariant.) 5463 * <li>If a pred function is omitted, use a constant {@code true} function. (This will keep the loop going, as far 5464 * as this clause is concerned. Note that in such cases the corresponding fini function is unreachable.) 5465 * <li>If a fini function is omitted, use a {@linkplain #empty default value} for the 5466 * loop return type. 5467 * </ol> 5468 * <p> 5469 * <em>Step 4: Fill in missing parameter types.</em><ol type="a"> 5470 * <li>At this point, every init function parameter list is effectively identical to the external parameter list {@code (A...)}, 5471 * but some lists may be shorter. For every init function with a short parameter list, pad out the end of the list. 5472 * <li>At this point, every non-init function parameter list is effectively identical to the internal parameter 5473 * list {@code (V... A...)}, but some lists may be shorter. For every non-init function with a short parameter list, 5474 * pad out the end of the list. 5475 * <li>Argument lists are padded out by {@linkplain #dropArgumentsToMatch(MethodHandle, int, List, int) dropping unused trailing arguments}. 5476 * </ol> 5477 * <p> 5478 * <em>Final observations.</em><ol type="a"> 5479 * <li>After these steps, all clauses have been adjusted by supplying omitted functions and arguments. 5480 * <li>All init functions have a common parameter type list {@code (A...)}, which the final loop handle will also have. 5481 * <li>All fini functions have a common return type {@code R}, which the final loop handle will also have. 5482 * <li>All non-init functions have a common parameter type list {@code (V... A...)}, of 5483 * (non-{@code void}) iteration variables {@code V} followed by loop parameters. 5484 * <li>Each pair of init and step functions agrees in their return type {@code V}. 5485 * <li>Each non-init function will be able to observe the current values {@code (v...)} of all iteration variables. 5486 * <li>Every function will be able to observe the incoming values {@code (a...)} of all loop parameters. 5487 * </ol> 5488 * <p> 5489 * <em>Example.</em> As a consequence of step 1A above, the {@code loop} combinator has the following property: 5490 * <ul> 5491 * <li>Given {@code N} clauses {@code Cn = {null, Sn, Pn}} with {@code n = 1..N}. 5492 * <li>Suppose predicate handles {@code Pn} are either {@code null} or have no parameters. 5493 * (Only one {@code Pn} has to be non-{@code null}.) 5494 * <li>Suppose step handles {@code Sn} have signatures {@code (B1..BX)Rn}, for some constant {@code X>=N}. 5495 * <li>Suppose {@code Q} is the count of non-void types {@code Rn}, and {@code (V1...VQ)} is the sequence of those types. 5496 * <li>It must be that {@code Vn == Bn} for {@code n = 1..min(X,Q)}. 5497 * <li>The parameter types {@code Vn} will be interpreted as loop-local state elements {@code (V...)}. 5498 * <li>Any remaining types {@code BQ+1..BX} (if {@code Q<X}) will determine 5499 * the resulting loop handle's parameter types {@code (A...)}. 5500 * </ul> 5501 * In this example, the loop handle parameters {@code (A...)} were derived from the step functions, 5502 * which is natural if most of the loop computation happens in the steps. For some loops, 5503 * the burden of computation might be heaviest in the pred functions, and so the pred functions 5504 * might need to accept the loop parameter values. For loops with complex exit logic, the fini 5505 * functions might need to accept loop parameters, and likewise for loops with complex entry logic, 5506 * where the init functions will need the extra parameters. For such reasons, the rules for 5507 * determining these parameters are as symmetric as possible, across all clause parts. 5508 * In general, the loop parameters function as common invariant values across the whole 5509 * loop, while the iteration variables function as common variant values, or (if there is 5510 * no step function) as internal loop invariant temporaries. 5511 * <p> 5512 * <em>Loop execution.</em><ol type="a"> 5513 * <li>When the loop is called, the loop input values are saved in locals, to be passed to 5514 * every clause function. These locals are loop invariant. 5515 * <li>Each init function is executed in clause order (passing the external arguments {@code (a...)}) 5516 * and the non-{@code void} values are saved (as the iteration variables {@code (v...)}) into locals. 5517 * These locals will be loop varying (unless their steps behave as identity functions, as noted above). 5518 * <li>All function executions (except init functions) will be passed the internal parameter list, consisting of 5519 * the non-{@code void} iteration values {@code (v...)} (in clause order) and then the loop inputs {@code (a...)} 5520 * (in argument order). 5521 * <li>The step and pred functions are then executed, in clause order (step before pred), until a pred function 5522 * returns {@code false}. 5523 * <li>The non-{@code void} result from a step function call is used to update the corresponding value in the 5524 * sequence {@code (v...)} of loop variables. 5525 * The updated value is immediately visible to all subsequent function calls. 5526 * <li>If a pred function returns {@code false}, the corresponding fini function is called, and the resulting value 5527 * (of type {@code R}) is returned from the loop as a whole. 5528 * <li>If all the pred functions always return true, no fini function is ever invoked, and the loop cannot exit 5529 * except by throwing an exception. 5530 * </ol> 5531 * <p> 5532 * <em>Usage tips.</em> 5533 * <ul> 5534 * <li>Although each step function will receive the current values of <em>all</em> the loop variables, 5535 * sometimes a step function only needs to observe the current value of its own variable. 5536 * In that case, the step function may need to explicitly {@linkplain #dropArguments drop all preceding loop variables}. 5537 * This will require mentioning their types, in an expression like {@code dropArguments(step, 0, V0.class, ...)}. 5538 * <li>Loop variables are not required to vary; they can be loop invariant. A clause can create 5539 * a loop invariant by a suitable init function with no step, pred, or fini function. This may be 5540 * useful to "wire" an incoming loop argument into the step or pred function of an adjacent loop variable. 5541 * <li>If some of the clause functions are virtual methods on an instance, the instance 5542 * itself can be conveniently placed in an initial invariant loop "variable", using an initial clause 5543 * like {@code new MethodHandle[]{identity(ObjType.class)}}. In that case, the instance reference 5544 * will be the first iteration variable value, and it will be easy to use virtual 5545 * methods as clause parts, since all of them will take a leading instance reference matching that value. 5546 * </ul> 5547 * <p> 5548 * Here is pseudocode for the resulting loop handle. As above, {@code V} and {@code v} represent the types 5549 * and values of loop variables; {@code A} and {@code a} represent arguments passed to the whole loop; 5550 * and {@code R} is the common result type of all finalizers as well as of the resulting loop. 5551 * <blockquote><pre>{@code 5552 * V... init...(A...); 5553 * boolean pred...(V..., A...); 5554 * V... step...(V..., A...); 5555 * R fini...(V..., A...); 5556 * R loop(A... a) { 5557 * V... v... = init...(a...); 5558 * for (;;) { 5559 * for ((v, p, s, f) in (v..., pred..., step..., fini...)) { 5560 * v = s(v..., a...); 5561 * if (!p(v..., a...)) { 5562 * return f(v..., a...); 5563 * } 5564 * } 5565 * } 5566 * } 5567 * }</pre></blockquote> 5568 * Note that the parameter type lists {@code (V...)} and {@code (A...)} have been expanded 5569 * to their full length, even though individual clause functions may neglect to take them all. 5570 * As noted above, missing parameters are filled in as if by {@link #dropArgumentsToMatch(MethodHandle, int, List, int)}. 5571 * 5572 * @apiNote Example: 5573 * <blockquote><pre>{@code 5574 * // iterative implementation of the factorial function as a loop handle 5575 * static int one(int k) { return 1; } 5576 * static int inc(int i, int acc, int k) { return i + 1; } 5577 * static int mult(int i, int acc, int k) { return i * acc; } 5578 * static boolean pred(int i, int acc, int k) { return i < k; } 5579 * static int fin(int i, int acc, int k) { return acc; } 5580 * // assume MH_one, MH_inc, MH_mult, MH_pred, and MH_fin are handles to the above methods 5581 * // null initializer for counter, should initialize to 0 5582 * MethodHandle[] counterClause = new MethodHandle[]{null, MH_inc}; 5583 * MethodHandle[] accumulatorClause = new MethodHandle[]{MH_one, MH_mult, MH_pred, MH_fin}; 5584 * MethodHandle loop = MethodHandles.loop(counterClause, accumulatorClause); 5585 * assertEquals(120, loop.invoke(5)); 5586 * }</pre></blockquote> 5587 * The same example, dropping arguments and using combinators: 5588 * <blockquote><pre>{@code 5589 * // simplified implementation of the factorial function as a loop handle 5590 * static int inc(int i) { return i + 1; } // drop acc, k 5591 * static int mult(int i, int acc) { return i * acc; } //drop k 5592 * static boolean cmp(int i, int k) { return i < k; } 5593 * // assume MH_inc, MH_mult, and MH_cmp are handles to the above methods 5594 * // null initializer for counter, should initialize to 0 5595 * MethodHandle MH_one = MethodHandles.constant(int.class, 1); 5596 * MethodHandle MH_pred = MethodHandles.dropArguments(MH_cmp, 1, int.class); // drop acc 5597 * MethodHandle MH_fin = MethodHandles.dropArguments(MethodHandles.identity(int.class), 0, int.class); // drop i 5598 * MethodHandle[] counterClause = new MethodHandle[]{null, MH_inc}; 5599 * MethodHandle[] accumulatorClause = new MethodHandle[]{MH_one, MH_mult, MH_pred, MH_fin}; 5600 * MethodHandle loop = MethodHandles.loop(counterClause, accumulatorClause); 5601 * assertEquals(720, loop.invoke(6)); 5602 * }</pre></blockquote> 5603 * A similar example, using a helper object to hold a loop parameter: 5604 * <blockquote><pre>{@code 5605 * // instance-based implementation of the factorial function as a loop handle 5606 * static class FacLoop { 5607 * final int k; 5608 * FacLoop(int k) { this.k = k; } 5609 * int inc(int i) { return i + 1; } 5610 * int mult(int i, int acc) { return i * acc; } 5611 * boolean pred(int i) { return i < k; } 5612 * int fin(int i, int acc) { return acc; } 5613 * } 5614 * // assume MH_FacLoop is a handle to the constructor 5615 * // assume MH_inc, MH_mult, MH_pred, and MH_fin are handles to the above methods 5616 * // null initializer for counter, should initialize to 0 5617 * MethodHandle MH_one = MethodHandles.constant(int.class, 1); 5618 * MethodHandle[] instanceClause = new MethodHandle[]{MH_FacLoop}; 5619 * MethodHandle[] counterClause = new MethodHandle[]{null, MH_inc}; 5620 * MethodHandle[] accumulatorClause = new MethodHandle[]{MH_one, MH_mult, MH_pred, MH_fin}; 5621 * MethodHandle loop = MethodHandles.loop(instanceClause, counterClause, accumulatorClause); 5622 * assertEquals(5040, loop.invoke(7)); 5623 * }</pre></blockquote> 5624 * 5625 * @param clauses an array of arrays (4-tuples) of {@link MethodHandle}s adhering to the rules described above. 5626 * 5627 * @return a method handle embodying the looping behavior as defined by the arguments. 5628 * 5629 * @throws IllegalArgumentException in case any of the constraints described above is violated. 5630 * 5631 * @see MethodHandles#whileLoop(MethodHandle, MethodHandle, MethodHandle) 5632 * @see MethodHandles#doWhileLoop(MethodHandle, MethodHandle, MethodHandle) 5633 * @see MethodHandles#countedLoop(MethodHandle, MethodHandle, MethodHandle) 5634 * @see MethodHandles#iteratedLoop(MethodHandle, MethodHandle, MethodHandle) 5635 * @since 9 5636 */ 5637 public static MethodHandle loop(MethodHandle[]... clauses) { 5638 // Step 0: determine clause structure. 5639 loopChecks0(clauses); 5640 5641 List<MethodHandle> init = new ArrayList<>(); 5642 List<MethodHandle> step = new ArrayList<>(); 5643 List<MethodHandle> pred = new ArrayList<>(); 5644 List<MethodHandle> fini = new ArrayList<>(); 5645 5646 Stream.of(clauses).filter(c -> Stream.of(c).anyMatch(Objects::nonNull)).forEach(clause -> { 5647 init.add(clause[0]); // all clauses have at least length 1 5648 step.add(clause.length <= 1 ? null : clause[1]); 5649 pred.add(clause.length <= 2 ? null : clause[2]); 5650 fini.add(clause.length <= 3 ? null : clause[3]); 5651 }); 5652 5653 assert Stream.of(init, step, pred, fini).map(List::size).distinct().count() == 1; 5654 final int nclauses = init.size(); 5655 5656 // Step 1A: determine iteration variables (V...). 5657 final List<Class<?>> iterationVariableTypes = new ArrayList<>(); 5658 for (int i = 0; i < nclauses; ++i) { 5659 MethodHandle in = init.get(i); 5660 MethodHandle st = step.get(i); 5661 if (in == null && st == null) { 5662 iterationVariableTypes.add(void.class); 5663 } else if (in != null && st != null) { 5664 loopChecks1a(i, in, st); 5665 iterationVariableTypes.add(in.type().returnType()); 5666 } else { 5667 iterationVariableTypes.add(in == null ? st.type().returnType() : in.type().returnType()); 5668 } 5669 } 5670 final List<Class<?>> commonPrefix = iterationVariableTypes.stream().filter(t -> t != void.class). 5671 collect(Collectors.toList()); 5672 5673 // Step 1B: determine loop parameters (A...). 5674 final List<Class<?>> commonSuffix = buildCommonSuffix(init, step, pred, fini, commonPrefix.size()); 5675 loopChecks1b(init, commonSuffix); 5676 5677 // Step 1C: determine loop return type. 5678 // Step 1D: check other types. 5679 // local variable required here; see JDK-8223553 5680 Stream<Class<?>> cstream = fini.stream().filter(Objects::nonNull).map(MethodHandle::type) 5681 .map(MethodType::returnType); 5682 final Class<?> loopReturnType = cstream.findFirst().orElse(void.class); 5683 loopChecks1cd(pred, fini, loopReturnType); 5684 5685 // Step 2: determine parameter lists. 5686 final List<Class<?>> commonParameterSequence = new ArrayList<>(commonPrefix); 5687 commonParameterSequence.addAll(commonSuffix); 5688 loopChecks2(step, pred, fini, commonParameterSequence); 5689 5690 // Step 3: fill in omitted functions. 5691 for (int i = 0; i < nclauses; ++i) { 5692 Class<?> t = iterationVariableTypes.get(i); 5693 if (init.get(i) == null) { 5694 init.set(i, empty(methodType(t, commonSuffix))); 5695 } 5696 if (step.get(i) == null) { 5697 step.set(i, dropArgumentsToMatch(identityOrVoid(t), 0, commonParameterSequence, i)); 5698 } 5699 if (pred.get(i) == null) { 5700 pred.set(i, dropArguments0(constant(boolean.class, true), 0, commonParameterSequence)); 5701 } 5702 if (fini.get(i) == null) { 5703 fini.set(i, empty(methodType(t, commonParameterSequence))); 5704 } 5705 } 5706 5707 // Step 4: fill in missing parameter types. 5708 // Also convert all handles to fixed-arity handles. 5709 List<MethodHandle> finit = fixArities(fillParameterTypes(init, commonSuffix)); 5710 List<MethodHandle> fstep = fixArities(fillParameterTypes(step, commonParameterSequence)); 5711 List<MethodHandle> fpred = fixArities(fillParameterTypes(pred, commonParameterSequence)); 5712 List<MethodHandle> ffini = fixArities(fillParameterTypes(fini, commonParameterSequence)); 5713 5714 assert finit.stream().map(MethodHandle::type).map(MethodType::parameterList). 5715 allMatch(pl -> pl.equals(commonSuffix)); 5716 assert Stream.of(fstep, fpred, ffini).flatMap(List::stream).map(MethodHandle::type).map(MethodType::parameterList). 5717 allMatch(pl -> pl.equals(commonParameterSequence)); 5718 5719 return MethodHandleImpl.makeLoop(loopReturnType, commonSuffix, finit, fstep, fpred, ffini); 5720 } 5721 5722 private static void loopChecks0(MethodHandle[][] clauses) { 5723 if (clauses == null || clauses.length == 0) { 5724 throw newIllegalArgumentException("null or no clauses passed"); 5725 } 5726 if (Stream.of(clauses).anyMatch(Objects::isNull)) { 5727 throw newIllegalArgumentException("null clauses are not allowed"); 5728 } 5729 if (Stream.of(clauses).anyMatch(c -> c.length > 4)) { 5730 throw newIllegalArgumentException("All loop clauses must be represented as MethodHandle arrays with at most 4 elements."); 5731 } 5732 } 5733 5734 private static void loopChecks1a(int i, MethodHandle in, MethodHandle st) { 5735 if (in.type().returnType() != st.type().returnType()) { 5736 throw misMatchedTypes("clause " + i + ": init and step return types", in.type().returnType(), 5737 st.type().returnType()); 5738 } 5739 } 5740 5741 private static List<Class<?>> longestParameterList(Stream<MethodHandle> mhs, int skipSize) { 5742 final List<Class<?>> empty = List.of(); 5743 final List<Class<?>> longest = mhs.filter(Objects::nonNull). 5744 // take only those that can contribute to a common suffix because they are longer than the prefix 5745 map(MethodHandle::type). 5746 filter(t -> t.parameterCount() > skipSize). 5747 map(MethodType::parameterList). 5748 reduce((p, q) -> p.size() >= q.size() ? p : q).orElse(empty); 5749 return longest.size() == 0 ? empty : longest.subList(skipSize, longest.size()); 5750 } 5751 5752 private static List<Class<?>> longestParameterList(List<List<Class<?>>> lists) { 5753 final List<Class<?>> empty = List.of(); 5754 return lists.stream().reduce((p, q) -> p.size() >= q.size() ? p : q).orElse(empty); 5755 } 5756 5757 private static List<Class<?>> buildCommonSuffix(List<MethodHandle> init, List<MethodHandle> step, List<MethodHandle> pred, List<MethodHandle> fini, int cpSize) { 5758 final List<Class<?>> longest1 = longestParameterList(Stream.of(step, pred, fini).flatMap(List::stream), cpSize); 5759 final List<Class<?>> longest2 = longestParameterList(init.stream(), 0); 5760 return longestParameterList(Arrays.asList(longest1, longest2)); 5761 } 5762 5763 private static void loopChecks1b(List<MethodHandle> init, List<Class<?>> commonSuffix) { 5764 if (init.stream().filter(Objects::nonNull).map(MethodHandle::type). 5765 anyMatch(t -> !t.effectivelyIdenticalParameters(0, commonSuffix))) { 5766 throw newIllegalArgumentException("found non-effectively identical init parameter type lists: " + init + 5767 " (common suffix: " + commonSuffix + ")"); 5768 } 5769 } 5770 5771 private static void loopChecks1cd(List<MethodHandle> pred, List<MethodHandle> fini, Class<?> loopReturnType) { 5772 if (fini.stream().filter(Objects::nonNull).map(MethodHandle::type).map(MethodType::returnType). 5773 anyMatch(t -> t != loopReturnType)) { 5774 throw newIllegalArgumentException("found non-identical finalizer return types: " + fini + " (return type: " + 5775 loopReturnType + ")"); 5776 } 5777 5778 if (!pred.stream().filter(Objects::nonNull).findFirst().isPresent()) { 5779 throw newIllegalArgumentException("no predicate found", pred); 5780 } 5781 if (pred.stream().filter(Objects::nonNull).map(MethodHandle::type).map(MethodType::returnType). 5782 anyMatch(t -> t != boolean.class)) { 5783 throw newIllegalArgumentException("predicates must have boolean return type", pred); 5784 } 5785 } 5786 5787 private static void loopChecks2(List<MethodHandle> step, List<MethodHandle> pred, List<MethodHandle> fini, List<Class<?>> commonParameterSequence) { 5788 if (Stream.of(step, pred, fini).flatMap(List::stream).filter(Objects::nonNull).map(MethodHandle::type). 5789 anyMatch(t -> !t.effectivelyIdenticalParameters(0, commonParameterSequence))) { 5790 throw newIllegalArgumentException("found non-effectively identical parameter type lists:\nstep: " + step + 5791 "\npred: " + pred + "\nfini: " + fini + " (common parameter sequence: " + commonParameterSequence + ")"); 5792 } 5793 } 5794 5795 private static List<MethodHandle> fillParameterTypes(List<MethodHandle> hs, final List<Class<?>> targetParams) { 5796 return hs.stream().map(h -> { 5797 int pc = h.type().parameterCount(); 5798 int tpsize = targetParams.size(); 5799 return pc < tpsize ? dropArguments0(h, pc, targetParams.subList(pc, tpsize)) : h; 5800 }).collect(Collectors.toList()); 5801 } 5802 5803 private static List<MethodHandle> fixArities(List<MethodHandle> hs) { 5804 return hs.stream().map(MethodHandle::asFixedArity).collect(Collectors.toList()); 5805 } 5806 5807 /** 5808 * Constructs a {@code while} loop from an initializer, a body, and a predicate. 5809 * This is a convenience wrapper for the {@linkplain #loop(MethodHandle[][]) generic loop combinator}. 5810 * <p> 5811 * The {@code pred} handle describes the loop condition; and {@code body}, its body. The loop resulting from this 5812 * method will, in each iteration, first evaluate the predicate and then execute its body (if the predicate 5813 * evaluates to {@code true}). 5814 * The loop will terminate once the predicate evaluates to {@code false} (the body will not be executed in this case). 5815 * <p> 5816 * The {@code init} handle describes the initial value of an additional optional loop-local variable. 5817 * In each iteration, this loop-local variable, if present, will be passed to the {@code body} 5818 * and updated with the value returned from its invocation. The result of loop execution will be 5819 * the final value of the additional loop-local variable (if present). 5820 * <p> 5821 * The following rules hold for these argument handles:<ul> 5822 * <li>The {@code body} handle must not be {@code null}; its type must be of the form 5823 * {@code (V A...)V}, where {@code V} is non-{@code void}, or else {@code (A...)void}. 5824 * (In the {@code void} case, we assign the type {@code void} to the name {@code V}, 5825 * and we will write {@code (V A...)V} with the understanding that a {@code void} type {@code V} 5826 * is quietly dropped from the parameter list, leaving {@code (A...)V}.) 5827 * <li>The parameter list {@code (V A...)} of the body is called the <em>internal parameter list</em>. 5828 * It will constrain the parameter lists of the other loop parts. 5829 * <li>If the iteration variable type {@code V} is dropped from the internal parameter list, the resulting shorter 5830 * list {@code (A...)} is called the <em>external parameter list</em>. 5831 * <li>The body return type {@code V}, if non-{@code void}, determines the type of an 5832 * additional state variable of the loop. 5833 * The body must both accept and return a value of this type {@code V}. 5834 * <li>If {@code init} is non-{@code null}, it must have return type {@code V}. 5835 * Its parameter list (of some <a href="MethodHandles.html#astar">form {@code (A*)}</a>) must be 5836 * <a href="MethodHandles.html#effid">effectively identical</a> 5837 * to the external parameter list {@code (A...)}. 5838 * <li>If {@code init} is {@code null}, the loop variable will be initialized to its 5839 * {@linkplain #empty default value}. 5840 * <li>The {@code pred} handle must not be {@code null}. It must have {@code boolean} as its return type. 5841 * Its parameter list (either empty or of the form {@code (V A*)}) must be 5842 * effectively identical to the internal parameter list. 5843 * </ul> 5844 * <p> 5845 * The resulting loop handle's result type and parameter signature are determined as follows:<ul> 5846 * <li>The loop handle's result type is the result type {@code V} of the body. 5847 * <li>The loop handle's parameter types are the types {@code (A...)}, 5848 * from the external parameter list. 5849 * </ul> 5850 * <p> 5851 * Here is pseudocode for the resulting loop handle. In the code, {@code V}/{@code v} represent the type / value of 5852 * the sole loop variable as well as the result type of the loop; and {@code A}/{@code a}, that of the argument 5853 * passed to the loop. 5854 * <blockquote><pre>{@code 5855 * V init(A...); 5856 * boolean pred(V, A...); 5857 * V body(V, A...); 5858 * V whileLoop(A... a...) { 5859 * V v = init(a...); 5860 * while (pred(v, a...)) { 5861 * v = body(v, a...); 5862 * } 5863 * return v; 5864 * } 5865 * }</pre></blockquote> 5866 * 5867 * @apiNote Example: 5868 * <blockquote><pre>{@code 5869 * // implement the zip function for lists as a loop handle 5870 * static List<String> initZip(Iterator<String> a, Iterator<String> b) { return new ArrayList<>(); } 5871 * static boolean zipPred(List<String> zip, Iterator<String> a, Iterator<String> b) { return a.hasNext() && b.hasNext(); } 5872 * static List<String> zipStep(List<String> zip, Iterator<String> a, Iterator<String> b) { 5873 * zip.add(a.next()); 5874 * zip.add(b.next()); 5875 * return zip; 5876 * } 5877 * // assume MH_initZip, MH_zipPred, and MH_zipStep are handles to the above methods 5878 * MethodHandle loop = MethodHandles.whileLoop(MH_initZip, MH_zipPred, MH_zipStep); 5879 * List<String> a = Arrays.asList("a", "b", "c", "d"); 5880 * List<String> b = Arrays.asList("e", "f", "g", "h"); 5881 * List<String> zipped = Arrays.asList("a", "e", "b", "f", "c", "g", "d", "h"); 5882 * assertEquals(zipped, (List<String>) loop.invoke(a.iterator(), b.iterator())); 5883 * }</pre></blockquote> 5884 * 5885 * 5886 * @apiNote The implementation of this method can be expressed as follows: 5887 * <blockquote><pre>{@code 5888 * MethodHandle whileLoop(MethodHandle init, MethodHandle pred, MethodHandle body) { 5889 * MethodHandle fini = (body.type().returnType() == void.class 5890 * ? null : identity(body.type().returnType())); 5891 * MethodHandle[] 5892 * checkExit = { null, null, pred, fini }, 5893 * varBody = { init, body }; 5894 * return loop(checkExit, varBody); 5895 * } 5896 * }</pre></blockquote> 5897 * 5898 * @param init optional initializer, providing the initial value of the loop variable. 5899 * May be {@code null}, implying a default initial value. See above for other constraints. 5900 * @param pred condition for the loop, which may not be {@code null}. Its result type must be {@code boolean}. See 5901 * above for other constraints. 5902 * @param body body of the loop, which may not be {@code null}. It controls the loop parameters and result type. 5903 * See above for other constraints. 5904 * 5905 * @return a method handle implementing the {@code while} loop as described by the arguments. 5906 * @throws IllegalArgumentException if the rules for the arguments are violated. 5907 * @throws NullPointerException if {@code pred} or {@code body} are {@code null}. 5908 * 5909 * @see #loop(MethodHandle[][]) 5910 * @see #doWhileLoop(MethodHandle, MethodHandle, MethodHandle) 5911 * @since 9 5912 */ 5913 public static MethodHandle whileLoop(MethodHandle init, MethodHandle pred, MethodHandle body) { 5914 whileLoopChecks(init, pred, body); 5915 MethodHandle fini = identityOrVoid(body.type().returnType()); 5916 MethodHandle[] checkExit = { null, null, pred, fini }; 5917 MethodHandle[] varBody = { init, body }; 5918 return loop(checkExit, varBody); 5919 } 5920 5921 /** 5922 * Constructs a {@code do-while} loop from an initializer, a body, and a predicate. 5923 * This is a convenience wrapper for the {@linkplain #loop(MethodHandle[][]) generic loop combinator}. 5924 * <p> 5925 * The {@code pred} handle describes the loop condition; and {@code body}, its body. The loop resulting from this 5926 * method will, in each iteration, first execute its body and then evaluate the predicate. 5927 * The loop will terminate once the predicate evaluates to {@code false} after an execution of the body. 5928 * <p> 5929 * The {@code init} handle describes the initial value of an additional optional loop-local variable. 5930 * In each iteration, this loop-local variable, if present, will be passed to the {@code body} 5931 * and updated with the value returned from its invocation. The result of loop execution will be 5932 * the final value of the additional loop-local variable (if present). 5933 * <p> 5934 * The following rules hold for these argument handles:<ul> 5935 * <li>The {@code body} handle must not be {@code null}; its type must be of the form 5936 * {@code (V A...)V}, where {@code V} is non-{@code void}, or else {@code (A...)void}. 5937 * (In the {@code void} case, we assign the type {@code void} to the name {@code V}, 5938 * and we will write {@code (V A...)V} with the understanding that a {@code void} type {@code V} 5939 * is quietly dropped from the parameter list, leaving {@code (A...)V}.) 5940 * <li>The parameter list {@code (V A...)} of the body is called the <em>internal parameter list</em>. 5941 * It will constrain the parameter lists of the other loop parts. 5942 * <li>If the iteration variable type {@code V} is dropped from the internal parameter list, the resulting shorter 5943 * list {@code (A...)} is called the <em>external parameter list</em>. 5944 * <li>The body return type {@code V}, if non-{@code void}, determines the type of an 5945 * additional state variable of the loop. 5946 * The body must both accept and return a value of this type {@code V}. 5947 * <li>If {@code init} is non-{@code null}, it must have return type {@code V}. 5948 * Its parameter list (of some <a href="MethodHandles.html#astar">form {@code (A*)}</a>) must be 5949 * <a href="MethodHandles.html#effid">effectively identical</a> 5950 * to the external parameter list {@code (A...)}. 5951 * <li>If {@code init} is {@code null}, the loop variable will be initialized to its 5952 * {@linkplain #empty default value}. 5953 * <li>The {@code pred} handle must not be {@code null}. It must have {@code boolean} as its return type. 5954 * Its parameter list (either empty or of the form {@code (V A*)}) must be 5955 * effectively identical to the internal parameter list. 5956 * </ul> 5957 * <p> 5958 * The resulting loop handle's result type and parameter signature are determined as follows:<ul> 5959 * <li>The loop handle's result type is the result type {@code V} of the body. 5960 * <li>The loop handle's parameter types are the types {@code (A...)}, 5961 * from the external parameter list. 5962 * </ul> 5963 * <p> 5964 * Here is pseudocode for the resulting loop handle. In the code, {@code V}/{@code v} represent the type / value of 5965 * the sole loop variable as well as the result type of the loop; and {@code A}/{@code a}, that of the argument 5966 * passed to the loop. 5967 * <blockquote><pre>{@code 5968 * V init(A...); 5969 * boolean pred(V, A...); 5970 * V body(V, A...); 5971 * V doWhileLoop(A... a...) { 5972 * V v = init(a...); 5973 * do { 5974 * v = body(v, a...); 5975 * } while (pred(v, a...)); 5976 * return v; 5977 * } 5978 * }</pre></blockquote> 5979 * 5980 * @apiNote Example: 5981 * <blockquote><pre>{@code 5982 * // int i = 0; while (i < limit) { ++i; } return i; => limit 5983 * static int zero(int limit) { return 0; } 5984 * static int step(int i, int limit) { return i + 1; } 5985 * static boolean pred(int i, int limit) { return i < limit; } 5986 * // assume MH_zero, MH_step, and MH_pred are handles to the above methods 5987 * MethodHandle loop = MethodHandles.doWhileLoop(MH_zero, MH_step, MH_pred); 5988 * assertEquals(23, loop.invoke(23)); 5989 * }</pre></blockquote> 5990 * 5991 * 5992 * @apiNote The implementation of this method can be expressed as follows: 5993 * <blockquote><pre>{@code 5994 * MethodHandle doWhileLoop(MethodHandle init, MethodHandle body, MethodHandle pred) { 5995 * MethodHandle fini = (body.type().returnType() == void.class 5996 * ? null : identity(body.type().returnType())); 5997 * MethodHandle[] clause = { init, body, pred, fini }; 5998 * return loop(clause); 5999 * } 6000 * }</pre></blockquote> 6001 * 6002 * @param init optional initializer, providing the initial value of the loop variable. 6003 * May be {@code null}, implying a default initial value. See above for other constraints. 6004 * @param body body of the loop, which may not be {@code null}. It controls the loop parameters and result type. 6005 * See above for other constraints. 6006 * @param pred condition for the loop, which may not be {@code null}. Its result type must be {@code boolean}. See 6007 * above for other constraints. 6008 * 6009 * @return a method handle implementing the {@code while} loop as described by the arguments. 6010 * @throws IllegalArgumentException if the rules for the arguments are violated. 6011 * @throws NullPointerException if {@code pred} or {@code body} are {@code null}. 6012 * 6013 * @see #loop(MethodHandle[][]) 6014 * @see #whileLoop(MethodHandle, MethodHandle, MethodHandle) 6015 * @since 9 6016 */ 6017 public static MethodHandle doWhileLoop(MethodHandle init, MethodHandle body, MethodHandle pred) { 6018 whileLoopChecks(init, pred, body); 6019 MethodHandle fini = identityOrVoid(body.type().returnType()); 6020 MethodHandle[] clause = {init, body, pred, fini }; 6021 return loop(clause); 6022 } 6023 6024 private static void whileLoopChecks(MethodHandle init, MethodHandle pred, MethodHandle body) { 6025 Objects.requireNonNull(pred); 6026 Objects.requireNonNull(body); 6027 MethodType bodyType = body.type(); 6028 Class<?> returnType = bodyType.returnType(); 6029 List<Class<?>> innerList = bodyType.parameterList(); 6030 List<Class<?>> outerList = innerList; 6031 if (returnType == void.class) { 6032 // OK 6033 } else if (innerList.size() == 0 || innerList.get(0) != returnType) { 6034 // leading V argument missing => error 6035 MethodType expected = bodyType.insertParameterTypes(0, returnType); 6036 throw misMatchedTypes("body function", bodyType, expected); 6037 } else { 6038 outerList = innerList.subList(1, innerList.size()); 6039 } 6040 MethodType predType = pred.type(); 6041 if (predType.returnType() != boolean.class || 6042 !predType.effectivelyIdenticalParameters(0, innerList)) { 6043 throw misMatchedTypes("loop predicate", predType, methodType(boolean.class, innerList)); 6044 } 6045 if (init != null) { 6046 MethodType initType = init.type(); 6047 if (initType.returnType() != returnType || 6048 !initType.effectivelyIdenticalParameters(0, outerList)) { 6049 throw misMatchedTypes("loop initializer", initType, methodType(returnType, outerList)); 6050 } 6051 } 6052 } 6053 6054 /** 6055 * Constructs a loop that runs a given number of iterations. 6056 * This is a convenience wrapper for the {@linkplain #loop(MethodHandle[][]) generic loop combinator}. 6057 * <p> 6058 * The number of iterations is determined by the {@code iterations} handle evaluation result. 6059 * The loop counter {@code i} is an extra loop iteration variable of type {@code int}. 6060 * It will be initialized to 0 and incremented by 1 in each iteration. 6061 * <p> 6062 * If the {@code body} handle returns a non-{@code void} type {@code V}, a leading loop iteration variable 6063 * of that type is also present. This variable is initialized using the optional {@code init} handle, 6064 * or to the {@linkplain #empty default value} of type {@code V} if that handle is {@code null}. 6065 * <p> 6066 * In each iteration, the iteration variables are passed to an invocation of the {@code body} handle. 6067 * A non-{@code void} value returned from the body (of type {@code V}) updates the leading 6068 * iteration variable. 6069 * The result of the loop handle execution will be the final {@code V} value of that variable 6070 * (or {@code void} if there is no {@code V} variable). 6071 * <p> 6072 * The following rules hold for the argument handles:<ul> 6073 * <li>The {@code iterations} handle must not be {@code null}, and must return 6074 * the type {@code int}, referred to here as {@code I} in parameter type lists. 6075 * <li>The {@code body} handle must not be {@code null}; its type must be of the form 6076 * {@code (V I A...)V}, where {@code V} is non-{@code void}, or else {@code (I A...)void}. 6077 * (In the {@code void} case, we assign the type {@code void} to the name {@code V}, 6078 * and we will write {@code (V I A...)V} with the understanding that a {@code void} type {@code V} 6079 * is quietly dropped from the parameter list, leaving {@code (I A...)V}.) 6080 * <li>The parameter list {@code (V I A...)} of the body contributes to a list 6081 * of types called the <em>internal parameter list</em>. 6082 * It will constrain the parameter lists of the other loop parts. 6083 * <li>As a special case, if the body contributes only {@code V} and {@code I} types, 6084 * with no additional {@code A} types, then the internal parameter list is extended by 6085 * the argument types {@code A...} of the {@code iterations} handle. 6086 * <li>If the iteration variable types {@code (V I)} are dropped from the internal parameter list, the resulting shorter 6087 * list {@code (A...)} is called the <em>external parameter list</em>. 6088 * <li>The body return type {@code V}, if non-{@code void}, determines the type of an 6089 * additional state variable of the loop. 6090 * The body must both accept a leading parameter and return a value of this type {@code V}. 6091 * <li>If {@code init} is non-{@code null}, it must have return type {@code V}. 6092 * Its parameter list (of some <a href="MethodHandles.html#astar">form {@code (A*)}</a>) must be 6093 * <a href="MethodHandles.html#effid">effectively identical</a> 6094 * to the external parameter list {@code (A...)}. 6095 * <li>If {@code init} is {@code null}, the loop variable will be initialized to its 6096 * {@linkplain #empty default value}. 6097 * <li>The parameter list of {@code iterations} (of some form {@code (A*)}) must be 6098 * effectively identical to the external parameter list {@code (A...)}. 6099 * </ul> 6100 * <p> 6101 * The resulting loop handle's result type and parameter signature are determined as follows:<ul> 6102 * <li>The loop handle's result type is the result type {@code V} of the body. 6103 * <li>The loop handle's parameter types are the types {@code (A...)}, 6104 * from the external parameter list. 6105 * </ul> 6106 * <p> 6107 * Here is pseudocode for the resulting loop handle. In the code, {@code V}/{@code v} represent the type / value of 6108 * the second loop variable as well as the result type of the loop; and {@code A...}/{@code a...} represent 6109 * arguments passed to the loop. 6110 * <blockquote><pre>{@code 6111 * int iterations(A...); 6112 * V init(A...); 6113 * V body(V, int, A...); 6114 * V countedLoop(A... a...) { 6115 * int end = iterations(a...); 6116 * V v = init(a...); 6117 * for (int i = 0; i < end; ++i) { 6118 * v = body(v, i, a...); 6119 * } 6120 * return v; 6121 * } 6122 * }</pre></blockquote> 6123 * 6124 * @apiNote Example with a fully conformant body method: 6125 * <blockquote><pre>{@code 6126 * // String s = "Lambdaman!"; for (int i = 0; i < 13; ++i) { s = "na " + s; } return s; 6127 * // => a variation on a well known theme 6128 * static String step(String v, int counter, String init) { return "na " + v; } 6129 * // assume MH_step is a handle to the method above 6130 * MethodHandle fit13 = MethodHandles.constant(int.class, 13); 6131 * MethodHandle start = MethodHandles.identity(String.class); 6132 * MethodHandle loop = MethodHandles.countedLoop(fit13, start, MH_step); 6133 * assertEquals("na na na na na na na na na na na na na Lambdaman!", loop.invoke("Lambdaman!")); 6134 * }</pre></blockquote> 6135 * 6136 * @apiNote Example with the simplest possible body method type, 6137 * and passing the number of iterations to the loop invocation: 6138 * <blockquote><pre>{@code 6139 * // String s = "Lambdaman!"; for (int i = 0; i < 13; ++i) { s = "na " + s; } return s; 6140 * // => a variation on a well known theme 6141 * static String step(String v, int counter ) { return "na " + v; } 6142 * // assume MH_step is a handle to the method above 6143 * MethodHandle count = MethodHandles.dropArguments(MethodHandles.identity(int.class), 1, String.class); 6144 * MethodHandle start = MethodHandles.dropArguments(MethodHandles.identity(String.class), 0, int.class); 6145 * MethodHandle loop = MethodHandles.countedLoop(count, start, MH_step); // (v, i) -> "na " + v 6146 * assertEquals("na na na na na na na na na na na na na Lambdaman!", loop.invoke(13, "Lambdaman!")); 6147 * }</pre></blockquote> 6148 * 6149 * @apiNote Example that treats the number of iterations, string to append to, and string to append 6150 * as loop parameters: 6151 * <blockquote><pre>{@code 6152 * // String s = "Lambdaman!", t = "na"; for (int i = 0; i < 13; ++i) { s = t + " " + s; } return s; 6153 * // => a variation on a well known theme 6154 * static String step(String v, int counter, int iterations_, String pre, String start_) { return pre + " " + v; } 6155 * // assume MH_step is a handle to the method above 6156 * MethodHandle count = MethodHandles.identity(int.class); 6157 * MethodHandle start = MethodHandles.dropArguments(MethodHandles.identity(String.class), 0, int.class, String.class); 6158 * MethodHandle loop = MethodHandles.countedLoop(count, start, MH_step); // (v, i, _, pre, _) -> pre + " " + v 6159 * assertEquals("na na na na na na na na na na na na na Lambdaman!", loop.invoke(13, "na", "Lambdaman!")); 6160 * }</pre></blockquote> 6161 * 6162 * @apiNote Example that illustrates the usage of {@link #dropArgumentsToMatch(MethodHandle, int, List, int)} 6163 * to enforce a loop type: 6164 * <blockquote><pre>{@code 6165 * // String s = "Lambdaman!", t = "na"; for (int i = 0; i < 13; ++i) { s = t + " " + s; } return s; 6166 * // => a variation on a well known theme 6167 * static String step(String v, int counter, String pre) { return pre + " " + v; } 6168 * // assume MH_step is a handle to the method above 6169 * MethodType loopType = methodType(String.class, String.class, int.class, String.class); 6170 * MethodHandle count = MethodHandles.dropArgumentsToMatch(MethodHandles.identity(int.class), 0, loopType.parameterList(), 1); 6171 * MethodHandle start = MethodHandles.dropArgumentsToMatch(MethodHandles.identity(String.class), 0, loopType.parameterList(), 2); 6172 * MethodHandle body = MethodHandles.dropArgumentsToMatch(MH_step, 2, loopType.parameterList(), 0); 6173 * MethodHandle loop = MethodHandles.countedLoop(count, start, body); // (v, i, pre, _, _) -> pre + " " + v 6174 * assertEquals("na na na na na na na na na na na na na Lambdaman!", loop.invoke("na", 13, "Lambdaman!")); 6175 * }</pre></blockquote> 6176 * 6177 * @apiNote The implementation of this method can be expressed as follows: 6178 * <blockquote><pre>{@code 6179 * MethodHandle countedLoop(MethodHandle iterations, MethodHandle init, MethodHandle body) { 6180 * return countedLoop(empty(iterations.type()), iterations, init, body); 6181 * } 6182 * }</pre></blockquote> 6183 * 6184 * @param iterations a non-{@code null} handle to return the number of iterations this loop should run. The handle's 6185 * result type must be {@code int}. See above for other constraints. 6186 * @param init optional initializer, providing the initial value of the loop variable. 6187 * May be {@code null}, implying a default initial value. See above for other constraints. 6188 * @param body body of the loop, which may not be {@code null}. 6189 * It controls the loop parameters and result type in the standard case (see above for details). 6190 * It must accept its own return type (if non-void) plus an {@code int} parameter (for the counter), 6191 * and may accept any number of additional types. 6192 * See above for other constraints. 6193 * 6194 * @return a method handle representing the loop. 6195 * @throws NullPointerException if either of the {@code iterations} or {@code body} handles is {@code null}. 6196 * @throws IllegalArgumentException if any argument violates the rules formulated above. 6197 * 6198 * @see #countedLoop(MethodHandle, MethodHandle, MethodHandle, MethodHandle) 6199 * @since 9 6200 */ 6201 public static MethodHandle countedLoop(MethodHandle iterations, MethodHandle init, MethodHandle body) { 6202 return countedLoop(empty(iterations.type()), iterations, init, body); 6203 } 6204 6205 /** 6206 * Constructs a loop that counts over a range of numbers. 6207 * This is a convenience wrapper for the {@linkplain #loop(MethodHandle[][]) generic loop combinator}. 6208 * <p> 6209 * The loop counter {@code i} is a loop iteration variable of type {@code int}. 6210 * The {@code start} and {@code end} handles determine the start (inclusive) and end (exclusive) 6211 * values of the loop counter. 6212 * The loop counter will be initialized to the {@code int} value returned from the evaluation of the 6213 * {@code start} handle and run to the value returned from {@code end} (exclusively) with a step width of 1. 6214 * <p> 6215 * If the {@code body} handle returns a non-{@code void} type {@code V}, a leading loop iteration variable 6216 * of that type is also present. This variable is initialized using the optional {@code init} handle, 6217 * or to the {@linkplain #empty default value} of type {@code V} if that handle is {@code null}. 6218 * <p> 6219 * In each iteration, the iteration variables are passed to an invocation of the {@code body} handle. 6220 * A non-{@code void} value returned from the body (of type {@code V}) updates the leading 6221 * iteration variable. 6222 * The result of the loop handle execution will be the final {@code V} value of that variable 6223 * (or {@code void} if there is no {@code V} variable). 6224 * <p> 6225 * The following rules hold for the argument handles:<ul> 6226 * <li>The {@code start} and {@code end} handles must not be {@code null}, and must both return 6227 * the common type {@code int}, referred to here as {@code I} in parameter type lists. 6228 * <li>The {@code body} handle must not be {@code null}; its type must be of the form 6229 * {@code (V I A...)V}, where {@code V} is non-{@code void}, or else {@code (I A...)void}. 6230 * (In the {@code void} case, we assign the type {@code void} to the name {@code V}, 6231 * and we will write {@code (V I A...)V} with the understanding that a {@code void} type {@code V} 6232 * is quietly dropped from the parameter list, leaving {@code (I A...)V}.) 6233 * <li>The parameter list {@code (V I A...)} of the body contributes to a list 6234 * of types called the <em>internal parameter list</em>. 6235 * It will constrain the parameter lists of the other loop parts. 6236 * <li>As a special case, if the body contributes only {@code V} and {@code I} types, 6237 * with no additional {@code A} types, then the internal parameter list is extended by 6238 * the argument types {@code A...} of the {@code end} handle. 6239 * <li>If the iteration variable types {@code (V I)} are dropped from the internal parameter list, the resulting shorter 6240 * list {@code (A...)} is called the <em>external parameter list</em>. 6241 * <li>The body return type {@code V}, if non-{@code void}, determines the type of an 6242 * additional state variable of the loop. 6243 * The body must both accept a leading parameter and return a value of this type {@code V}. 6244 * <li>If {@code init} is non-{@code null}, it must have return type {@code V}. 6245 * Its parameter list (of some <a href="MethodHandles.html#astar">form {@code (A*)}</a>) must be 6246 * <a href="MethodHandles.html#effid">effectively identical</a> 6247 * to the external parameter list {@code (A...)}. 6248 * <li>If {@code init} is {@code null}, the loop variable will be initialized to its 6249 * {@linkplain #empty default value}. 6250 * <li>The parameter list of {@code start} (of some form {@code (A*)}) must be 6251 * effectively identical to the external parameter list {@code (A...)}. 6252 * <li>Likewise, the parameter list of {@code end} must be effectively identical 6253 * to the external parameter list. 6254 * </ul> 6255 * <p> 6256 * The resulting loop handle's result type and parameter signature are determined as follows:<ul> 6257 * <li>The loop handle's result type is the result type {@code V} of the body. 6258 * <li>The loop handle's parameter types are the types {@code (A...)}, 6259 * from the external parameter list. 6260 * </ul> 6261 * <p> 6262 * Here is pseudocode for the resulting loop handle. In the code, {@code V}/{@code v} represent the type / value of 6263 * the second loop variable as well as the result type of the loop; and {@code A...}/{@code a...} represent 6264 * arguments passed to the loop. 6265 * <blockquote><pre>{@code 6266 * int start(A...); 6267 * int end(A...); 6268 * V init(A...); 6269 * V body(V, int, A...); 6270 * V countedLoop(A... a...) { 6271 * int e = end(a...); 6272 * int s = start(a...); 6273 * V v = init(a...); 6274 * for (int i = s; i < e; ++i) { 6275 * v = body(v, i, a...); 6276 * } 6277 * return v; 6278 * } 6279 * }</pre></blockquote> 6280 * 6281 * @apiNote The implementation of this method can be expressed as follows: 6282 * <blockquote><pre>{@code 6283 * MethodHandle countedLoop(MethodHandle start, MethodHandle end, MethodHandle init, MethodHandle body) { 6284 * MethodHandle returnVar = dropArguments(identity(init.type().returnType()), 0, int.class, int.class); 6285 * // assume MH_increment and MH_predicate are handles to implementation-internal methods with 6286 * // the following semantics: 6287 * // MH_increment: (int limit, int counter) -> counter + 1 6288 * // MH_predicate: (int limit, int counter) -> counter < limit 6289 * Class<?> counterType = start.type().returnType(); // int 6290 * Class<?> returnType = body.type().returnType(); 6291 * MethodHandle incr = MH_increment, pred = MH_predicate, retv = null; 6292 * if (returnType != void.class) { // ignore the V variable 6293 * incr = dropArguments(incr, 1, returnType); // (limit, v, i) => (limit, i) 6294 * pred = dropArguments(pred, 1, returnType); // ditto 6295 * retv = dropArguments(identity(returnType), 0, counterType); // ignore limit 6296 * } 6297 * body = dropArguments(body, 0, counterType); // ignore the limit variable 6298 * MethodHandle[] 6299 * loopLimit = { end, null, pred, retv }, // limit = end(); i < limit || return v 6300 * bodyClause = { init, body }, // v = init(); v = body(v, i) 6301 * indexVar = { start, incr }; // i = start(); i = i + 1 6302 * return loop(loopLimit, bodyClause, indexVar); 6303 * } 6304 * }</pre></blockquote> 6305 * 6306 * @param start a non-{@code null} handle to return the start value of the loop counter, which must be {@code int}. 6307 * See above for other constraints. 6308 * @param end a non-{@code null} handle to return the end value of the loop counter (the loop will run to 6309 * {@code end-1}). The result type must be {@code int}. See above for other constraints. 6310 * @param init optional initializer, providing the initial value of the loop variable. 6311 * May be {@code null}, implying a default initial value. See above for other constraints. 6312 * @param body body of the loop, which may not be {@code null}. 6313 * It controls the loop parameters and result type in the standard case (see above for details). 6314 * It must accept its own return type (if non-void) plus an {@code int} parameter (for the counter), 6315 * and may accept any number of additional types. 6316 * See above for other constraints. 6317 * 6318 * @return a method handle representing the loop. 6319 * @throws NullPointerException if any of the {@code start}, {@code end}, or {@code body} handles is {@code null}. 6320 * @throws IllegalArgumentException if any argument violates the rules formulated above. 6321 * 6322 * @see #countedLoop(MethodHandle, MethodHandle, MethodHandle) 6323 * @since 9 6324 */ 6325 public static MethodHandle countedLoop(MethodHandle start, MethodHandle end, MethodHandle init, MethodHandle body) { 6326 countedLoopChecks(start, end, init, body); 6327 Class<?> counterType = start.type().returnType(); // int, but who's counting? 6328 Class<?> limitType = end.type().returnType(); // yes, int again 6329 Class<?> returnType = body.type().returnType(); 6330 MethodHandle incr = MethodHandleImpl.getConstantHandle(MethodHandleImpl.MH_countedLoopStep); 6331 MethodHandle pred = MethodHandleImpl.getConstantHandle(MethodHandleImpl.MH_countedLoopPred); 6332 MethodHandle retv = null; 6333 if (returnType != void.class) { 6334 incr = dropArguments(incr, 1, returnType); // (limit, v, i) => (limit, i) 6335 pred = dropArguments(pred, 1, returnType); // ditto 6336 retv = dropArguments(identity(returnType), 0, counterType); 6337 } 6338 body = dropArguments(body, 0, counterType); // ignore the limit variable 6339 MethodHandle[] 6340 loopLimit = { end, null, pred, retv }, // limit = end(); i < limit || return v 6341 bodyClause = { init, body }, // v = init(); v = body(v, i) 6342 indexVar = { start, incr }; // i = start(); i = i + 1 6343 return loop(loopLimit, bodyClause, indexVar); 6344 } 6345 6346 private static void countedLoopChecks(MethodHandle start, MethodHandle end, MethodHandle init, MethodHandle body) { 6347 Objects.requireNonNull(start); 6348 Objects.requireNonNull(end); 6349 Objects.requireNonNull(body); 6350 Class<?> counterType = start.type().returnType(); 6351 if (counterType != int.class) { 6352 MethodType expected = start.type().changeReturnType(int.class); 6353 throw misMatchedTypes("start function", start.type(), expected); 6354 } else if (end.type().returnType() != counterType) { 6355 MethodType expected = end.type().changeReturnType(counterType); 6356 throw misMatchedTypes("end function", end.type(), expected); 6357 } 6358 MethodType bodyType = body.type(); 6359 Class<?> returnType = bodyType.returnType(); 6360 List<Class<?>> innerList = bodyType.parameterList(); 6361 // strip leading V value if present 6362 int vsize = (returnType == void.class ? 0 : 1); 6363 if (vsize != 0 && (innerList.size() == 0 || innerList.get(0) != returnType)) { 6364 // argument list has no "V" => error 6365 MethodType expected = bodyType.insertParameterTypes(0, returnType); 6366 throw misMatchedTypes("body function", bodyType, expected); 6367 } else if (innerList.size() <= vsize || innerList.get(vsize) != counterType) { 6368 // missing I type => error 6369 MethodType expected = bodyType.insertParameterTypes(vsize, counterType); 6370 throw misMatchedTypes("body function", bodyType, expected); 6371 } 6372 List<Class<?>> outerList = innerList.subList(vsize + 1, innerList.size()); 6373 if (outerList.isEmpty()) { 6374 // special case; take lists from end handle 6375 outerList = end.type().parameterList(); 6376 innerList = bodyType.insertParameterTypes(vsize + 1, outerList).parameterList(); 6377 } 6378 MethodType expected = methodType(counterType, outerList); 6379 if (!start.type().effectivelyIdenticalParameters(0, outerList)) { 6380 throw misMatchedTypes("start parameter types", start.type(), expected); 6381 } 6382 if (end.type() != start.type() && 6383 !end.type().effectivelyIdenticalParameters(0, outerList)) { 6384 throw misMatchedTypes("end parameter types", end.type(), expected); 6385 } 6386 if (init != null) { 6387 MethodType initType = init.type(); 6388 if (initType.returnType() != returnType || 6389 !initType.effectivelyIdenticalParameters(0, outerList)) { 6390 throw misMatchedTypes("loop initializer", initType, methodType(returnType, outerList)); 6391 } 6392 } 6393 } 6394 6395 /** 6396 * Constructs a loop that ranges over the values produced by an {@code Iterator<T>}. 6397 * This is a convenience wrapper for the {@linkplain #loop(MethodHandle[][]) generic loop combinator}. 6398 * <p> 6399 * The iterator itself will be determined by the evaluation of the {@code iterator} handle. 6400 * Each value it produces will be stored in a loop iteration variable of type {@code T}. 6401 * <p> 6402 * If the {@code body} handle returns a non-{@code void} type {@code V}, a leading loop iteration variable 6403 * of that type is also present. This variable is initialized using the optional {@code init} handle, 6404 * or to the {@linkplain #empty default value} of type {@code V} if that handle is {@code null}. 6405 * <p> 6406 * In each iteration, the iteration variables are passed to an invocation of the {@code body} handle. 6407 * A non-{@code void} value returned from the body (of type {@code V}) updates the leading 6408 * iteration variable. 6409 * The result of the loop handle execution will be the final {@code V} value of that variable 6410 * (or {@code void} if there is no {@code V} variable). 6411 * <p> 6412 * The following rules hold for the argument handles:<ul> 6413 * <li>The {@code body} handle must not be {@code null}; its type must be of the form 6414 * {@code (V T A...)V}, where {@code V} is non-{@code void}, or else {@code (T A...)void}. 6415 * (In the {@code void} case, we assign the type {@code void} to the name {@code V}, 6416 * and we will write {@code (V T A...)V} with the understanding that a {@code void} type {@code V} 6417 * is quietly dropped from the parameter list, leaving {@code (T A...)V}.) 6418 * <li>The parameter list {@code (V T A...)} of the body contributes to a list 6419 * of types called the <em>internal parameter list</em>. 6420 * It will constrain the parameter lists of the other loop parts. 6421 * <li>As a special case, if the body contributes only {@code V} and {@code T} types, 6422 * with no additional {@code A} types, then the internal parameter list is extended by 6423 * the argument types {@code A...} of the {@code iterator} handle; if it is {@code null} the 6424 * single type {@code Iterable} is added and constitutes the {@code A...} list. 6425 * <li>If the iteration variable types {@code (V T)} are dropped from the internal parameter list, the resulting shorter 6426 * list {@code (A...)} is called the <em>external parameter list</em>. 6427 * <li>The body return type {@code V}, if non-{@code void}, determines the type of an 6428 * additional state variable of the loop. 6429 * The body must both accept a leading parameter and return a value of this type {@code V}. 6430 * <li>If {@code init} is non-{@code null}, it must have return type {@code V}. 6431 * Its parameter list (of some <a href="MethodHandles.html#astar">form {@code (A*)}</a>) must be 6432 * <a href="MethodHandles.html#effid">effectively identical</a> 6433 * to the external parameter list {@code (A...)}. 6434 * <li>If {@code init} is {@code null}, the loop variable will be initialized to its 6435 * {@linkplain #empty default value}. 6436 * <li>If the {@code iterator} handle is non-{@code null}, it must have the return 6437 * type {@code java.util.Iterator} or a subtype thereof. 6438 * The iterator it produces when the loop is executed will be assumed 6439 * to yield values which can be converted to type {@code T}. 6440 * <li>The parameter list of an {@code iterator} that is non-{@code null} (of some form {@code (A*)}) must be 6441 * effectively identical to the external parameter list {@code (A...)}. 6442 * <li>If {@code iterator} is {@code null} it defaults to a method handle which behaves 6443 * like {@link java.lang.Iterable#iterator()}. In that case, the internal parameter list 6444 * {@code (V T A...)} must have at least one {@code A} type, and the default iterator 6445 * handle parameter is adjusted to accept the leading {@code A} type, as if by 6446 * the {@link MethodHandle#asType asType} conversion method. 6447 * The leading {@code A} type must be {@code Iterable} or a subtype thereof. 6448 * This conversion step, done at loop construction time, must not throw a {@code WrongMethodTypeException}. 6449 * </ul> 6450 * <p> 6451 * The type {@code T} may be either a primitive or reference. 6452 * Since type {@code Iterator<T>} is erased in the method handle representation to the raw type {@code Iterator}, 6453 * the {@code iteratedLoop} combinator adjusts the leading argument type for {@code body} to {@code Object} 6454 * as if by the {@link MethodHandle#asType asType} conversion method. 6455 * Therefore, if an iterator of the wrong type appears as the loop is executed, runtime exceptions may occur 6456 * as the result of dynamic conversions performed by {@link MethodHandle#asType(MethodType)}. 6457 * <p> 6458 * The resulting loop handle's result type and parameter signature are determined as follows:<ul> 6459 * <li>The loop handle's result type is the result type {@code V} of the body. 6460 * <li>The loop handle's parameter types are the types {@code (A...)}, 6461 * from the external parameter list. 6462 * </ul> 6463 * <p> 6464 * Here is pseudocode for the resulting loop handle. In the code, {@code V}/{@code v} represent the type / value of 6465 * the loop variable as well as the result type of the loop; {@code T}/{@code t}, that of the elements of the 6466 * structure the loop iterates over, and {@code A...}/{@code a...} represent arguments passed to the loop. 6467 * <blockquote><pre>{@code 6468 * Iterator<T> iterator(A...); // defaults to Iterable::iterator 6469 * V init(A...); 6470 * V body(V,T,A...); 6471 * V iteratedLoop(A... a...) { 6472 * Iterator<T> it = iterator(a...); 6473 * V v = init(a...); 6474 * while (it.hasNext()) { 6475 * T t = it.next(); 6476 * v = body(v, t, a...); 6477 * } 6478 * return v; 6479 * } 6480 * }</pre></blockquote> 6481 * 6482 * @apiNote Example: 6483 * <blockquote><pre>{@code 6484 * // get an iterator from a list 6485 * static List<String> reverseStep(List<String> r, String e) { 6486 * r.add(0, e); 6487 * return r; 6488 * } 6489 * static List<String> newArrayList() { return new ArrayList<>(); } 6490 * // assume MH_reverseStep and MH_newArrayList are handles to the above methods 6491 * MethodHandle loop = MethodHandles.iteratedLoop(null, MH_newArrayList, MH_reverseStep); 6492 * List<String> list = Arrays.asList("a", "b", "c", "d", "e"); 6493 * List<String> reversedList = Arrays.asList("e", "d", "c", "b", "a"); 6494 * assertEquals(reversedList, (List<String>) loop.invoke(list)); 6495 * }</pre></blockquote> 6496 * 6497 * @apiNote The implementation of this method can be expressed approximately as follows: 6498 * <blockquote><pre>{@code 6499 * MethodHandle iteratedLoop(MethodHandle iterator, MethodHandle init, MethodHandle body) { 6500 * // assume MH_next, MH_hasNext, MH_startIter are handles to methods of Iterator/Iterable 6501 * Class<?> returnType = body.type().returnType(); 6502 * Class<?> ttype = body.type().parameterType(returnType == void.class ? 0 : 1); 6503 * MethodHandle nextVal = MH_next.asType(MH_next.type().changeReturnType(ttype)); 6504 * MethodHandle retv = null, step = body, startIter = iterator; 6505 * if (returnType != void.class) { 6506 * // the simple thing first: in (I V A...), drop the I to get V 6507 * retv = dropArguments(identity(returnType), 0, Iterator.class); 6508 * // body type signature (V T A...), internal loop types (I V A...) 6509 * step = swapArguments(body, 0, 1); // swap V <-> T 6510 * } 6511 * if (startIter == null) startIter = MH_getIter; 6512 * MethodHandle[] 6513 * iterVar = { startIter, null, MH_hasNext, retv }, // it = iterator; while (it.hasNext()) 6514 * bodyClause = { init, filterArguments(step, 0, nextVal) }; // v = body(v, t, a) 6515 * return loop(iterVar, bodyClause); 6516 * } 6517 * }</pre></blockquote> 6518 * 6519 * @param iterator an optional handle to return the iterator to start the loop. 6520 * If non-{@code null}, the handle must return {@link java.util.Iterator} or a subtype. 6521 * See above for other constraints. 6522 * @param init optional initializer, providing the initial value of the loop variable. 6523 * May be {@code null}, implying a default initial value. See above for other constraints. 6524 * @param body body of the loop, which may not be {@code null}. 6525 * It controls the loop parameters and result type in the standard case (see above for details). 6526 * It must accept its own return type (if non-void) plus a {@code T} parameter (for the iterated values), 6527 * and may accept any number of additional types. 6528 * See above for other constraints. 6529 * 6530 * @return a method handle embodying the iteration loop functionality. 6531 * @throws NullPointerException if the {@code body} handle is {@code null}. 6532 * @throws IllegalArgumentException if any argument violates the above requirements. 6533 * 6534 * @since 9 6535 */ 6536 public static MethodHandle iteratedLoop(MethodHandle iterator, MethodHandle init, MethodHandle body) { 6537 Class<?> iterableType = iteratedLoopChecks(iterator, init, body); 6538 Class<?> returnType = body.type().returnType(); 6539 MethodHandle hasNext = MethodHandleImpl.getConstantHandle(MethodHandleImpl.MH_iteratePred); 6540 MethodHandle nextRaw = MethodHandleImpl.getConstantHandle(MethodHandleImpl.MH_iterateNext); 6541 MethodHandle startIter; 6542 MethodHandle nextVal; 6543 { 6544 MethodType iteratorType; 6545 if (iterator == null) { 6546 // derive argument type from body, if available, else use Iterable 6547 startIter = MethodHandleImpl.getConstantHandle(MethodHandleImpl.MH_initIterator); 6548 iteratorType = startIter.type().changeParameterType(0, iterableType); 6549 } else { 6550 // force return type to the internal iterator class 6551 iteratorType = iterator.type().changeReturnType(Iterator.class); 6552 startIter = iterator; 6553 } 6554 Class<?> ttype = body.type().parameterType(returnType == void.class ? 0 : 1); 6555 MethodType nextValType = nextRaw.type().changeReturnType(ttype); 6556 6557 // perform the asType transforms under an exception transformer, as per spec.: 6558 try { 6559 startIter = startIter.asType(iteratorType); 6560 nextVal = nextRaw.asType(nextValType); 6561 } catch (WrongMethodTypeException ex) { 6562 throw new IllegalArgumentException(ex); 6563 } 6564 } 6565 6566 MethodHandle retv = null, step = body; 6567 if (returnType != void.class) { 6568 // the simple thing first: in (I V A...), drop the I to get V 6569 retv = dropArguments(identity(returnType), 0, Iterator.class); 6570 // body type signature (V T A...), internal loop types (I V A...) 6571 step = swapArguments(body, 0, 1); // swap V <-> T 6572 } 6573 6574 MethodHandle[] 6575 iterVar = { startIter, null, hasNext, retv }, 6576 bodyClause = { init, filterArgument(step, 0, nextVal) }; 6577 return loop(iterVar, bodyClause); 6578 } 6579 6580 private static Class<?> iteratedLoopChecks(MethodHandle iterator, MethodHandle init, MethodHandle body) { 6581 Objects.requireNonNull(body); 6582 MethodType bodyType = body.type(); 6583 Class<?> returnType = bodyType.returnType(); 6584 List<Class<?>> internalParamList = bodyType.parameterList(); 6585 // strip leading V value if present 6586 int vsize = (returnType == void.class ? 0 : 1); 6587 if (vsize != 0 && (internalParamList.size() == 0 || internalParamList.get(0) != returnType)) { 6588 // argument list has no "V" => error 6589 MethodType expected = bodyType.insertParameterTypes(0, returnType); 6590 throw misMatchedTypes("body function", bodyType, expected); 6591 } else if (internalParamList.size() <= vsize) { 6592 // missing T type => error 6593 MethodType expected = bodyType.insertParameterTypes(vsize, Object.class); 6594 throw misMatchedTypes("body function", bodyType, expected); 6595 } 6596 List<Class<?>> externalParamList = internalParamList.subList(vsize + 1, internalParamList.size()); 6597 Class<?> iterableType = null; 6598 if (iterator != null) { 6599 // special case; if the body handle only declares V and T then 6600 // the external parameter list is obtained from iterator handle 6601 if (externalParamList.isEmpty()) { 6602 externalParamList = iterator.type().parameterList(); 6603 } 6604 MethodType itype = iterator.type(); 6605 if (!Iterator.class.isAssignableFrom(itype.returnType())) { 6606 throw newIllegalArgumentException("iteratedLoop first argument must have Iterator return type"); 6607 } 6608 if (!itype.effectivelyIdenticalParameters(0, externalParamList)) { 6609 MethodType expected = methodType(itype.returnType(), externalParamList); 6610 throw misMatchedTypes("iterator parameters", itype, expected); 6611 } 6612 } else { 6613 if (externalParamList.isEmpty()) { 6614 // special case; if the iterator handle is null and the body handle 6615 // only declares V and T then the external parameter list consists 6616 // of Iterable 6617 externalParamList = Arrays.asList(Iterable.class); 6618 iterableType = Iterable.class; 6619 } else { 6620 // special case; if the iterator handle is null and the external 6621 // parameter list is not empty then the first parameter must be 6622 // assignable to Iterable 6623 iterableType = externalParamList.get(0); 6624 if (!Iterable.class.isAssignableFrom(iterableType)) { 6625 throw newIllegalArgumentException( 6626 "inferred first loop argument must inherit from Iterable: " + iterableType); 6627 } 6628 } 6629 } 6630 if (init != null) { 6631 MethodType initType = init.type(); 6632 if (initType.returnType() != returnType || 6633 !initType.effectivelyIdenticalParameters(0, externalParamList)) { 6634 throw misMatchedTypes("loop initializer", initType, methodType(returnType, externalParamList)); 6635 } 6636 } 6637 return iterableType; // help the caller a bit 6638 } 6639 6640 /*non-public*/ static MethodHandle swapArguments(MethodHandle mh, int i, int j) { 6641 // there should be a better way to uncross my wires 6642 int arity = mh.type().parameterCount(); 6643 int[] order = new int[arity]; 6644 for (int k = 0; k < arity; k++) order[k] = k; 6645 order[i] = j; order[j] = i; 6646 Class<?>[] types = mh.type().parameterArray(); 6647 Class<?> ti = types[i]; types[i] = types[j]; types[j] = ti; 6648 MethodType swapType = methodType(mh.type().returnType(), types); 6649 return permuteArguments(mh, swapType, order); 6650 } 6651 6652 /** 6653 * Makes a method handle that adapts a {@code target} method handle by wrapping it in a {@code try-finally} block. 6654 * Another method handle, {@code cleanup}, represents the functionality of the {@code finally} block. Any exception 6655 * thrown during the execution of the {@code target} handle will be passed to the {@code cleanup} handle. The 6656 * exception will be rethrown, unless {@code cleanup} handle throws an exception first. The 6657 * value returned from the {@code cleanup} handle's execution will be the result of the execution of the 6658 * {@code try-finally} handle. 6659 * <p> 6660 * The {@code cleanup} handle will be passed one or two additional leading arguments. 6661 * The first is the exception thrown during the 6662 * execution of the {@code target} handle, or {@code null} if no exception was thrown. 6663 * The second is the result of the execution of the {@code target} handle, or, if it throws an exception, 6664 * a {@code null}, zero, or {@code false} value of the required type is supplied as a placeholder. 6665 * The second argument is not present if the {@code target} handle has a {@code void} return type. 6666 * (Note that, except for argument type conversions, combinators represent {@code void} values in parameter lists 6667 * by omitting the corresponding paradoxical arguments, not by inserting {@code null} or zero values.) 6668 * <p> 6669 * The {@code target} and {@code cleanup} handles must have the same corresponding argument and return types, except 6670 * that the {@code cleanup} handle may omit trailing arguments. Also, the {@code cleanup} handle must have one or 6671 * two extra leading parameters:<ul> 6672 * <li>a {@code Throwable}, which will carry the exception thrown by the {@code target} handle (if any); and 6673 * <li>a parameter of the same type as the return type of both {@code target} and {@code cleanup}, which will carry 6674 * the result from the execution of the {@code target} handle. 6675 * This parameter is not present if the {@code target} returns {@code void}. 6676 * </ul> 6677 * <p> 6678 * The pseudocode for the resulting adapter looks as follows. In the code, {@code V} represents the result type of 6679 * the {@code try/finally} construct; {@code A}/{@code a}, the types and values of arguments to the resulting 6680 * handle consumed by the cleanup; and {@code B}/{@code b}, those of arguments to the resulting handle discarded by 6681 * the cleanup. 6682 * <blockquote><pre>{@code 6683 * V target(A..., B...); 6684 * V cleanup(Throwable, V, A...); 6685 * V adapter(A... a, B... b) { 6686 * V result = (zero value for V); 6687 * Throwable throwable = null; 6688 * try { 6689 * result = target(a..., b...); 6690 * } catch (Throwable t) { 6691 * throwable = t; 6692 * throw t; 6693 * } finally { 6694 * result = cleanup(throwable, result, a...); 6695 * } 6696 * return result; 6697 * } 6698 * }</pre></blockquote> 6699 * <p> 6700 * Note that the saved arguments ({@code a...} in the pseudocode) cannot 6701 * be modified by execution of the target, and so are passed unchanged 6702 * from the caller to the cleanup, if it is invoked. 6703 * <p> 6704 * The target and cleanup must return the same type, even if the cleanup 6705 * always throws. 6706 * To create such a throwing cleanup, compose the cleanup logic 6707 * with {@link #throwException throwException}, 6708 * in order to create a method handle of the correct return type. 6709 * <p> 6710 * Note that {@code tryFinally} never converts exceptions into normal returns. 6711 * In rare cases where exceptions must be converted in that way, first wrap 6712 * the target with {@link #catchException(MethodHandle, Class, MethodHandle)} 6713 * to capture an outgoing exception, and then wrap with {@code tryFinally}. 6714 * <p> 6715 * It is recommended that the first parameter type of {@code cleanup} be 6716 * declared {@code Throwable} rather than a narrower subtype. This ensures 6717 * {@code cleanup} will always be invoked with whatever exception that 6718 * {@code target} throws. Declaring a narrower type may result in a 6719 * {@code ClassCastException} being thrown by the {@code try-finally} 6720 * handle if the type of the exception thrown by {@code target} is not 6721 * assignable to the first parameter type of {@code cleanup}. Note that 6722 * various exception types of {@code VirtualMachineError}, 6723 * {@code LinkageError}, and {@code RuntimeException} can in principle be 6724 * thrown by almost any kind of Java code, and a finally clause that 6725 * catches (say) only {@code IOException} would mask any of the others 6726 * behind a {@code ClassCastException}. 6727 * 6728 * @param target the handle whose execution is to be wrapped in a {@code try} block. 6729 * @param cleanup the handle that is invoked in the finally block. 6730 * 6731 * @return a method handle embodying the {@code try-finally} block composed of the two arguments. 6732 * @throws NullPointerException if any argument is null 6733 * @throws IllegalArgumentException if {@code cleanup} does not accept 6734 * the required leading arguments, or if the method handle types do 6735 * not match in their return types and their 6736 * corresponding trailing parameters 6737 * 6738 * @see MethodHandles#catchException(MethodHandle, Class, MethodHandle) 6739 * @since 9 6740 */ 6741 public static MethodHandle tryFinally(MethodHandle target, MethodHandle cleanup) { 6742 List<Class<?>> targetParamTypes = target.type().parameterList(); 6743 Class<?> rtype = target.type().returnType(); 6744 6745 tryFinallyChecks(target, cleanup); 6746 6747 // Match parameter lists: if the cleanup has a shorter parameter list than the target, add ignored arguments. 6748 // The cleanup parameter list (minus the leading Throwable and result parameters) must be a sublist of the 6749 // target parameter list. 6750 cleanup = dropArgumentsToMatch(cleanup, (rtype == void.class ? 1 : 2), targetParamTypes, 0); 6751 6752 // Ensure that the intrinsic type checks the instance thrown by the 6753 // target against the first parameter of cleanup 6754 cleanup = cleanup.asType(cleanup.type().changeParameterType(0, Throwable.class)); 6755 6756 // Use asFixedArity() to avoid unnecessary boxing of last argument for VarargsCollector case. 6757 return MethodHandleImpl.makeTryFinally(target.asFixedArity(), cleanup.asFixedArity(), rtype, targetParamTypes); 6758 } 6759 6760 private static void tryFinallyChecks(MethodHandle target, MethodHandle cleanup) { 6761 Class<?> rtype = target.type().returnType(); 6762 if (rtype != cleanup.type().returnType()) { 6763 throw misMatchedTypes("target and return types", cleanup.type().returnType(), rtype); 6764 } 6765 MethodType cleanupType = cleanup.type(); 6766 if (!Throwable.class.isAssignableFrom(cleanupType.parameterType(0))) { 6767 throw misMatchedTypes("cleanup first argument and Throwable", cleanup.type(), Throwable.class); 6768 } 6769 if (rtype != void.class && cleanupType.parameterType(1) != rtype) { 6770 throw misMatchedTypes("cleanup second argument and target return type", cleanup.type(), rtype); 6771 } 6772 // The cleanup parameter list (minus the leading Throwable and result parameters) must be a sublist of the 6773 // target parameter list. 6774 int cleanupArgIndex = rtype == void.class ? 1 : 2; 6775 if (!cleanupType.effectivelyIdenticalParameters(cleanupArgIndex, target.type().parameterList())) { 6776 throw misMatchedTypes("cleanup parameters after (Throwable,result) and target parameter list prefix", 6777 cleanup.type(), target.type()); 6778 } 6779 } 6780 6781 }