1 /* 2 * DO NOT ALTER OR REMOVE COPYRIGHT NOTICES OR THIS FILE HEADER. 3 * 4 * This code is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it 5 * under the terms of the GNU General Public License version 2 only, as 6 * published by the Free Software Foundation. Oracle designates this 7 * particular file as subject to the "Classpath" exception as provided 8 * by Oracle in the LICENSE file that accompanied this code. 9 * 10 * This code is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT 11 * ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or 12 * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU General Public License 13 * version 2 for more details (a copy is included in the LICENSE file that 14 * accompanied this code). 15 * 16 * You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License version 17 * 2 along with this work; if not, write to the Free Software Foundation, 18 * Inc., 51 Franklin St, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA 02110-1301 USA. 19 * 20 * Please contact Oracle, 500 Oracle Parkway, Redwood Shores, CA 94065 USA 21 * or visit www.oracle.com if you need additional information or have any 22 * questions. 23 */ 24 25 /* 26 * This file is available under and governed by the GNU General Public 27 * License version 2 only, as published by the Free Software Foundation. 28 * However, the following notice accompanied the original version of this 29 * file: 30 * 31 * Written by Doug Lea and Josh Bloch with assistance from members of 32 * JCP JSR-166 Expert Group and released to the public domain, as explained 33 * at http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/ 34 */ 35 36 package java.util; 37 38 /** 39 * A linear collection that supports element insertion and removal at 40 * both ends. The name <i>deque</i> is short for "double ended queue" 41 * and is usually pronounced "deck". Most <tt>Deque</tt> 42 * implementations place no fixed limits on the number of elements 43 * they may contain, but this interface supports capacity-restricted 44 * deques as well as those with no fixed size limit. 45 * 46 * <p>This interface defines methods to access the elements at both 47 * ends of the deque. Methods are provided to insert, remove, and 48 * examine the element. Each of these methods exists in two forms: 49 * one throws an exception if the operation fails, the other returns a 50 * special value (either <tt>null</tt> or <tt>false</tt>, depending on 51 * the operation). The latter form of the insert operation is 52 * designed specifically for use with capacity-restricted 53 * <tt>Deque</tt> implementations; in most implementations, insert 54 * operations cannot fail. 55 * 56 * <p>The twelve methods described above are summarized in the 57 * following table: 58 * 59 * <p> 60 * <table BORDER CELLPADDING=3 CELLSPACING=1> 61 * <tr> 62 * <td></td> 63 * <td ALIGN=CENTER COLSPAN = 2> <b>First Element (Head)</b></td> 64 * <td ALIGN=CENTER COLSPAN = 2> <b>Last Element (Tail)</b></td> 65 * </tr> 66 * <tr> 67 * <td></td> 68 * <td ALIGN=CENTER><em>Throws exception</em></td> 69 * <td ALIGN=CENTER><em>Special value</em></td> 70 * <td ALIGN=CENTER><em>Throws exception</em></td> 71 * <td ALIGN=CENTER><em>Special value</em></td> 72 * </tr> 73 * <tr> 74 * <td><b>Insert</b></td> 75 * <td>{@link #addFirst addFirst(e)}</td> 76 * <td>{@link #offerFirst offerFirst(e)}</td> 77 * <td>{@link #addLast addLast(e)}</td> 78 * <td>{@link #offerLast offerLast(e)}</td> 79 * </tr> 80 * <tr> 81 * <td><b>Remove</b></td> 82 * <td>{@link #removeFirst removeFirst()}</td> 83 * <td>{@link #pollFirst pollFirst()}</td> 84 * <td>{@link #removeLast removeLast()}</td> 85 * <td>{@link #pollLast pollLast()}</td> 86 * </tr> 87 * <tr> 88 * <td><b>Examine</b></td> 89 * <td>{@link #getFirst getFirst()}</td> 90 * <td>{@link #peekFirst peekFirst()}</td> 91 * <td>{@link #getLast getLast()}</td> 92 * <td>{@link #peekLast peekLast()}</td> 93 * </tr> 94 * </table> 95 * 96 * <p>This interface extends the {@link Queue} interface. When a deque is 97 * used as a queue, FIFO (First-In-First-Out) behavior results. Elements are 98 * added at the end of the deque and removed from the beginning. The methods 99 * inherited from the <tt>Queue</tt> interface are precisely equivalent to 100 * <tt>Deque</tt> methods as indicated in the following table: 101 * 102 * <p> 103 * <table BORDER CELLPADDING=3 CELLSPACING=1> 104 * <tr> 105 * <td ALIGN=CENTER> <b><tt>Queue</tt> Method</b></td> 106 * <td ALIGN=CENTER> <b>Equivalent <tt>Deque</tt> Method</b></td> 107 * </tr> 108 * <tr> 109 * <td>{@link java.util.Queue#add add(e)}</td> 110 * <td>{@link #addLast addLast(e)}</td> 111 * </tr> 112 * <tr> 113 * <td>{@link java.util.Queue#offer offer(e)}</td> 114 * <td>{@link #offerLast offerLast(e)}</td> 115 * </tr> 116 * <tr> 117 * <td>{@link java.util.Queue#remove remove()}</td> 118 * <td>{@link #removeFirst removeFirst()}</td> 119 * </tr> 120 * <tr> 121 * <td>{@link java.util.Queue#poll poll()}</td> 122 * <td>{@link #pollFirst pollFirst()}</td> 123 * </tr> 124 * <tr> 125 * <td>{@link java.util.Queue#element element()}</td> 126 * <td>{@link #getFirst getFirst()}</td> 127 * </tr> 128 * <tr> 129 * <td>{@link java.util.Queue#peek peek()}</td> 130 * <td>{@link #peek peekFirst()}</td> 131 * </tr> 132 * </table> 133 * 134 * <p>Deques can also be used as LIFO (Last-In-First-Out) stacks. This 135 * interface should be used in preference to the legacy {@link Stack} class. 136 * When a deque is used as a stack, elements are pushed and popped from the 137 * beginning of the deque. Stack methods are precisely equivalent to 138 * <tt>Deque</tt> methods as indicated in the table below: 139 * 140 * <p> 141 * <table BORDER CELLPADDING=3 CELLSPACING=1> 142 * <tr> 143 * <td ALIGN=CENTER> <b>Stack Method</b></td> 144 * <td ALIGN=CENTER> <b>Equivalent <tt>Deque</tt> Method</b></td> 145 * </tr> 146 * <tr> 147 * <td>{@link #push push(e)}</td> 148 * <td>{@link #addFirst addFirst(e)}</td> 149 * </tr> 150 * <tr> 151 * <td>{@link #pop pop()}</td> 152 * <td>{@link #removeFirst removeFirst()}</td> 153 * </tr> 154 * <tr> 155 * <td>{@link #peek peek()}</td> 156 * <td>{@link #peekFirst peekFirst()}</td> 157 * </tr> 158 * </table> 159 * 160 * <p>Note that the {@link #peek peek} method works equally well when 161 * a deque is used as a queue or a stack; in either case, elements are 162 * drawn from the beginning of the deque. 163 * 164 * <p>This interface provides two methods to remove interior 165 * elements, {@link #removeFirstOccurrence removeFirstOccurrence} and 166 * {@link #removeLastOccurrence removeLastOccurrence}. 167 * 168 * <p>Unlike the {@link List} interface, this interface does not 169 * provide support for indexed access to elements. 170 * 171 * <p>While <tt>Deque</tt> implementations are not strictly required 172 * to prohibit the insertion of null elements, they are strongly 173 * encouraged to do so. Users of any <tt>Deque</tt> implementations 174 * that do allow null elements are strongly encouraged <i>not</i> to 175 * take advantage of the ability to insert nulls. This is so because 176 * <tt>null</tt> is used as a special return value by various methods 177 * to indicated that the deque is empty. 178 * 179 * <p><tt>Deque</tt> implementations generally do not define 180 * element-based versions of the <tt>equals</tt> and <tt>hashCode</tt> 181 * methods, but instead inherit the identity-based versions from class 182 * <tt>Object</tt>. 183 * 184 * <p>This interface is a member of the <a 185 * href="{@docRoot}/../technotes/guides/collections/index.html"> Java Collections 186 * Framework</a>. 187 * 188 * @author Doug Lea 189 * @author Josh Bloch 190 * @since 1.6 191 * @param <E> the type of elements held in this collection 192 */ 193 194 public interface Deque<E> extends Queue<E> { 195 /** 196 * Inserts the specified element at the front of this deque if it is 197 * possible to do so immediately without violating capacity restrictions. 198 * When using a capacity-restricted deque, it is generally preferable to 199 * use method {@link #offerFirst}. 200 * 201 * @param e the element to add 202 * @throws IllegalStateException if the element cannot be added at this 203 * time due to capacity restrictions 204 * @throws ClassCastException if the class of the specified element 205 * prevents it from being added to this deque 206 * @throws NullPointerException if the specified element is null and this 207 * deque does not permit null elements 208 * @throws IllegalArgumentException if some property of the specified 209 * element prevents it from being added to this deque 210 */ 211 void addFirst(E e); 212 213 /** 214 * Inserts the specified element at the end of this deque if it is 215 * possible to do so immediately without violating capacity restrictions. 216 * When using a capacity-restricted deque, it is generally preferable to 217 * use method {@link #offerLast}. 218 * 219 * <p>This method is equivalent to {@link #add}. 220 * 221 * @param e the element to add 222 * @throws IllegalStateException if the element cannot be added at this 223 * time due to capacity restrictions 224 * @throws ClassCastException if the class of the specified element 225 * prevents it from being added to this deque 226 * @throws NullPointerException if the specified element is null and this 227 * deque does not permit null elements 228 * @throws IllegalArgumentException if some property of the specified 229 * element prevents it from being added to this deque 230 */ 231 void addLast(E e); 232 233 /** 234 * Inserts the specified element at the front of this deque unless it would 235 * violate capacity restrictions. When using a capacity-restricted deque, 236 * this method is generally preferable to the {@link #addFirst} method, 237 * which can fail to insert an element only by throwing an exception. 238 * 239 * @param e the element to add 240 * @return <tt>true</tt> if the element was added to this deque, else 241 * <tt>false</tt> 242 * @throws ClassCastException if the class of the specified element 243 * prevents it from being added to this deque 244 * @throws NullPointerException if the specified element is null and this 245 * deque does not permit null elements 246 * @throws IllegalArgumentException if some property of the specified 247 * element prevents it from being added to this deque 248 */ 249 boolean offerFirst(E e); 250 251 /** 252 * Inserts the specified element at the end of this deque unless it would 253 * violate capacity restrictions. When using a capacity-restricted deque, 254 * this method is generally preferable to the {@link #addLast} method, 255 * which can fail to insert an element only by throwing an exception. 256 * 257 * @param e the element to add 258 * @return <tt>true</tt> if the element was added to this deque, else 259 * <tt>false</tt> 260 * @throws ClassCastException if the class of the specified element 261 * prevents it from being added to this deque 262 * @throws NullPointerException if the specified element is null and this 263 * deque does not permit null elements 264 * @throws IllegalArgumentException if some property of the specified 265 * element prevents it from being added to this deque 266 */ 267 boolean offerLast(E e); 268 269 /** 270 * Retrieves and removes the first element of this deque. This method 271 * differs from {@link #pollFirst pollFirst} only in that it throws an 272 * exception if this deque is empty. 273 * 274 * @return the head of this deque 275 * @throws NoSuchElementException if this deque is empty 276 */ 277 E removeFirst(); 278 279 /** 280 * Retrieves and removes the last element of this deque. This method 281 * differs from {@link #pollLast pollLast} only in that it throws an 282 * exception if this deque is empty. 283 * 284 * @return the tail of this deque 285 * @throws NoSuchElementException if this deque is empty 286 */ 287 E removeLast(); 288 289 /** 290 * Retrieves and removes the first element of this deque, 291 * or returns <tt>null</tt> if this deque is empty. 292 * 293 * @return the head of this deque, or <tt>null</tt> if this deque is empty 294 */ 295 E pollFirst(); 296 297 /** 298 * Retrieves and removes the last element of this deque, 299 * or returns <tt>null</tt> if this deque is empty. 300 * 301 * @return the tail of this deque, or <tt>null</tt> if this deque is empty 302 */ 303 E pollLast(); 304 305 /** 306 * Retrieves, but does not remove, the first element of this deque. 307 * 308 * This method differs from {@link #peekFirst peekFirst} only in that it 309 * throws an exception if this deque is empty. 310 * 311 * @return the head of this deque 312 * @throws NoSuchElementException if this deque is empty 313 */ 314 E getFirst(); 315 316 /** 317 * Retrieves, but does not remove, the last element of this deque. 318 * This method differs from {@link #peekLast peekLast} only in that it 319 * throws an exception if this deque is empty. 320 * 321 * @return the tail of this deque 322 * @throws NoSuchElementException if this deque is empty 323 */ 324 E getLast(); 325 326 /** 327 * Retrieves, but does not remove, the first element of this deque, 328 * or returns <tt>null</tt> if this deque is empty. 329 * 330 * @return the head of this deque, or <tt>null</tt> if this deque is empty 331 */ 332 E peekFirst(); 333 334 /** 335 * Retrieves, but does not remove, the last element of this deque, 336 * or returns <tt>null</tt> if this deque is empty. 337 * 338 * @return the tail of this deque, or <tt>null</tt> if this deque is empty 339 */ 340 E peekLast(); 341 342 /** 343 * Removes the first occurrence of the specified element from this deque. 344 * If the deque does not contain the element, it is unchanged. 345 * More formally, removes the first element <tt>e</tt> such that 346 * <tt>(o==null ? e==null : o.equals(e))</tt> 347 * (if such an element exists). 348 * Returns <tt>true</tt> if this deque contained the specified element 349 * (or equivalently, if this deque changed as a result of the call). 350 * 351 * @param o element to be removed from this deque, if present 352 * @return <tt>true</tt> if an element was removed as a result of this call 353 * @throws ClassCastException if the class of the specified element 354 * is incompatible with this deque 355 * (<a href="Collection.html#optional-restrictions">optional</a>) 356 * @throws NullPointerException if the specified element is null and this 357 * deque does not permit null elements 358 * (<a href="Collection.html#optional-restrictions">optional</a>) 359 */ 360 boolean removeFirstOccurrence(Object o); 361 362 /** 363 * Removes the last occurrence of the specified element from this deque. 364 * If the deque does not contain the element, it is unchanged. 365 * More formally, removes the last element <tt>e</tt> such that 366 * <tt>(o==null ? e==null : o.equals(e))</tt> 367 * (if such an element exists). 368 * Returns <tt>true</tt> if this deque contained the specified element 369 * (or equivalently, if this deque changed as a result of the call). 370 * 371 * @param o element to be removed from this deque, if present 372 * @return <tt>true</tt> if an element was removed as a result of this call 373 * @throws ClassCastException if the class of the specified element 374 * is incompatible with this deque 375 * (<a href="Collection.html#optional-restrictions">optional</a>) 376 * @throws NullPointerException if the specified element is null and this 377 * deque does not permit null elements 378 * (<a href="Collection.html#optional-restrictions">optional</a>) 379 */ 380 boolean removeLastOccurrence(Object o); 381 382 // *** Queue methods *** 383 384 /** 385 * Inserts the specified element into the queue represented by this deque 386 * (in other words, at the tail of this deque) if it is possible to do so 387 * immediately without violating capacity restrictions, returning 388 * <tt>true</tt> upon success and throwing an 389 * <tt>IllegalStateException</tt> if no space is currently available. 390 * When using a capacity-restricted deque, it is generally preferable to 391 * use {@link #offer(Object) offer}. 392 * 393 * <p>This method is equivalent to {@link #addLast}. 394 * 395 * @param e the element to add 396 * @return <tt>true</tt> (as specified by {@link Collection#add}) 397 * @throws IllegalStateException if the element cannot be added at this 398 * time due to capacity restrictions 399 * @throws ClassCastException if the class of the specified element 400 * prevents it from being added to this deque 401 * @throws NullPointerException if the specified element is null and this 402 * deque does not permit null elements 403 * @throws IllegalArgumentException if some property of the specified 404 * element prevents it from being added to this deque 405 */ 406 boolean add(E e); 407 408 /** 409 * Inserts the specified element into the queue represented by this deque 410 * (in other words, at the tail of this deque) if it is possible to do so 411 * immediately without violating capacity restrictions, returning 412 * <tt>true</tt> upon success and <tt>false</tt> if no space is currently 413 * available. When using a capacity-restricted deque, this method is 414 * generally preferable to the {@link #add} method, which can fail to 415 * insert an element only by throwing an exception. 416 * 417 * <p>This method is equivalent to {@link #offerLast}. 418 * 419 * @param e the element to add 420 * @return <tt>true</tt> if the element was added to this deque, else 421 * <tt>false</tt> 422 * @throws ClassCastException if the class of the specified element 423 * prevents it from being added to this deque 424 * @throws NullPointerException if the specified element is null and this 425 * deque does not permit null elements 426 * @throws IllegalArgumentException if some property of the specified 427 * element prevents it from being added to this deque 428 */ 429 boolean offer(E e); 430 431 /** 432 * Retrieves and removes the head of the queue represented by this deque 433 * (in other words, the first element of this deque). 434 * This method differs from {@link #poll poll} only in that it throws an 435 * exception if this deque is empty. 436 * 437 * <p>This method is equivalent to {@link #removeFirst()}. 438 * 439 * @return the head of the queue represented by this deque 440 * @throws NoSuchElementException if this deque is empty 441 */ 442 E remove(); 443 444 /** 445 * Retrieves and removes the head of the queue represented by this deque 446 * (in other words, the first element of this deque), or returns 447 * <tt>null</tt> if this deque is empty. 448 * 449 * <p>This method is equivalent to {@link #pollFirst()}. 450 * 451 * @return the first element of this deque, or <tt>null</tt> if 452 * this deque is empty 453 */ 454 E poll(); 455 456 /** 457 * Retrieves, but does not remove, the head of the queue represented by 458 * this deque (in other words, the first element of this deque). 459 * This method differs from {@link #peek peek} only in that it throws an 460 * exception if this deque is empty. 461 * 462 * <p>This method is equivalent to {@link #getFirst()}. 463 * 464 * @return the head of the queue represented by this deque 465 * @throws NoSuchElementException if this deque is empty 466 */ 467 E element(); 468 469 /** 470 * Retrieves, but does not remove, the head of the queue represented by 471 * this deque (in other words, the first element of this deque), or 472 * returns <tt>null</tt> if this deque is empty. 473 * 474 * <p>This method is equivalent to {@link #peekFirst()}. 475 * 476 * @return the head of the queue represented by this deque, or 477 * <tt>null</tt> if this deque is empty 478 */ 479 E peek(); 480 481 482 // *** Stack methods *** 483 484 /** 485 * Pushes an element onto the stack represented by this deque (in other 486 * words, at the head of this deque) if it is possible to do so 487 * immediately without violating capacity restrictions, returning 488 * <tt>true</tt> upon success and throwing an 489 * <tt>IllegalStateException</tt> if no space is currently available. 490 * 491 * <p>This method is equivalent to {@link #addFirst}. 492 * 493 * @param e the element to push 494 * @throws IllegalStateException if the element cannot be added at this 495 * time due to capacity restrictions 496 * @throws ClassCastException if the class of the specified element 497 * prevents it from being added to this deque 498 * @throws NullPointerException if the specified element is null and this 499 * deque does not permit null elements 500 * @throws IllegalArgumentException if some property of the specified 501 * element prevents it from being added to this deque 502 */ 503 void push(E e); 504 505 /** 506 * Pops an element from the stack represented by this deque. In other 507 * words, removes and returns the first element of this deque. 508 * 509 * <p>This method is equivalent to {@link #removeFirst()}. 510 * 511 * @return the element at the front of this deque (which is the top 512 * of the stack represented by this deque) 513 * @throws NoSuchElementException if this deque is empty 514 */ 515 E pop(); 516 517 518 // *** Collection methods *** 519 520 /** 521 * Removes the first occurrence of the specified element from this deque. 522 * If the deque does not contain the element, it is unchanged. 523 * More formally, removes the first element <tt>e</tt> such that 524 * <tt>(o==null ? e==null : o.equals(e))</tt> 525 * (if such an element exists). 526 * Returns <tt>true</tt> if this deque contained the specified element 527 * (or equivalently, if this deque changed as a result of the call). 528 * 529 * <p>This method is equivalent to {@link #removeFirstOccurrence}. 530 * 531 * @param o element to be removed from this deque, if present 532 * @return <tt>true</tt> if an element was removed as a result of this call 533 * @throws ClassCastException if the class of the specified element 534 * is incompatible with this deque 535 * (<a href="Collection.html#optional-restrictions">optional</a>) 536 * @throws NullPointerException if the specified element is null and this 537 * deque does not permit null elements 538 * (<a href="Collection.html#optional-restrictions">optional</a>) 539 */ 540 boolean remove(Object o); 541 542 /** 543 * Returns <tt>true</tt> if this deque contains the specified element. 544 * More formally, returns <tt>true</tt> if and only if this deque contains 545 * at least one element <tt>e</tt> such that 546 * <tt>(o==null ? e==null : o.equals(e))</tt>. 547 * 548 * @param o element whose presence in this deque is to be tested 549 * @return <tt>true</tt> if this deque contains the specified element 550 * @throws ClassCastException if the type of the specified element 551 * is incompatible with this deque 552 * (<a href="Collection.html#optional-restrictions">optional</a>) 553 * @throws NullPointerException if the specified element is null and this 554 * deque does not permit null elements 555 * (<a href="Collection.html#optional-restrictions">optional</a>) 556 */ 557 boolean contains(Object o); 558 559 /** 560 * Returns the number of elements in this deque. 561 * 562 * @return the number of elements in this deque 563 */ 564 public int size(); 565 566 /** 567 * Returns an iterator over the elements in this deque in proper sequence. 568 * The elements will be returned in order from first (head) to last (tail). 569 * 570 * @return an iterator over the elements in this deque in proper sequence 571 */ 572 Iterator<E> iterator(); 573 574 /** 575 * Returns an iterator over the elements in this deque in reverse 576 * sequential order. The elements will be returned in order from 577 * last (tail) to first (head). 578 * 579 * @return an iterator over the elements in this deque in reverse 580 * sequence 581 */ 582 Iterator<E> descendingIterator(); 583 584 }