1 /*
   2  * Copyright (c) 1994, 2011, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.
   3  * DO NOT ALTER OR REMOVE COPYRIGHT NOTICES OR THIS FILE HEADER.
   4  *
   5  * This code is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
   6  * under the terms of the GNU General Public License version 2 only, as
   7  * published by the Free Software Foundation.  Oracle designates this
   8  * particular file as subject to the "Classpath" exception as provided
   9  * by Oracle in the LICENSE file that accompanied this code.
  10  *
  11  * This code is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT
  12  * ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or
  13  * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the GNU General Public License
  14  * version 2 for more details (a copy is included in the LICENSE file that
  15  * accompanied this code).
  16  *
  17  * You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License version
  18  * 2 along with this work; if not, write to the Free Software Foundation,
  19  * Inc., 51 Franklin St, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA 02110-1301 USA.
  20  *
  21  * Please contact Oracle, 500 Oracle Parkway, Redwood Shores, CA 94065 USA
  22  * or visit www.oracle.com if you need additional information or have any
  23  * questions.
  24  */
  25 
  26 package java.lang;
  27 import  java.io.*;
  28 import  java.util.*;
  29 
  30 /**
  31  * The {@code Throwable} class is the superclass of all errors and
  32  * exceptions in the Java language. Only objects that are instances of this
  33  * class (or one of its subclasses) are thrown by the Java Virtual Machine or
  34  * can be thrown by the Java {@code throw} statement. Similarly, only
  35  * this class or one of its subclasses can be the argument type in a
  36  * {@code catch} clause.
  37  *
  38  * For the purposes of compile-time checking of exceptions, {@code
  39  * Throwable} and any subclass of {@code Throwable} that is not also a
  40  * subclass of either {@link RuntimeException} or {@link Error} are
  41  * regarded as checked exceptions.
  42  *
  43  * <p>Instances of two subclasses, {@link java.lang.Error} and
  44  * {@link java.lang.Exception}, are conventionally used to indicate
  45  * that exceptional situations have occurred. Typically, these instances
  46  * are freshly created in the context of the exceptional situation so
  47  * as to include relevant information (such as stack trace data).
  48  *
  49  * <p>A throwable contains a snapshot of the execution stack of its
  50  * thread at the time it was created. It can also contain a message
  51  * string that gives more information about the error. Over time, a
  52  * throwable can {@linkplain Throwable#addSuppressed suppress} other
  53  * throwables from being propagated.  Finally, the throwable can also
  54  * contain a <i>cause</i>: another throwable that caused this
  55  * throwable to be constructed.  The recording of this causal information
  56  * is referred to as the <i>chained exception</i> facility, as the
  57  * cause can, itself, have a cause, and so on, leading to a "chain" of
  58  * exceptions, each caused by another.
  59  *
  60  * <p>One reason that a throwable may have a cause is that the class that
  61  * throws it is built atop a lower layered abstraction, and an operation on
  62  * the upper layer fails due to a failure in the lower layer.  It would be bad
  63  * design to let the throwable thrown by the lower layer propagate outward, as
  64  * it is generally unrelated to the abstraction provided by the upper layer.
  65  * Further, doing so would tie the API of the upper layer to the details of
  66  * its implementation, assuming the lower layer's exception was a checked
  67  * exception.  Throwing a "wrapped exception" (i.e., an exception containing a
  68  * cause) allows the upper layer to communicate the details of the failure to
  69  * its caller without incurring either of these shortcomings.  It preserves
  70  * the flexibility to change the implementation of the upper layer without
  71  * changing its API (in particular, the set of exceptions thrown by its
  72  * methods).
  73  *
  74  * <p>A second reason that a throwable may have a cause is that the method
  75  * that throws it must conform to a general-purpose interface that does not
  76  * permit the method to throw the cause directly.  For example, suppose
  77  * a persistent collection conforms to the {@link java.util.Collection
  78  * Collection} interface, and that its persistence is implemented atop
  79  * {@code java.io}.  Suppose the internals of the {@code add} method
  80  * can throw an {@link java.io.IOException IOException}.  The implementation
  81  * can communicate the details of the {@code IOException} to its caller
  82  * while conforming to the {@code Collection} interface by wrapping the
  83  * {@code IOException} in an appropriate unchecked exception.  (The
  84  * specification for the persistent collection should indicate that it is
  85  * capable of throwing such exceptions.)
  86  *
  87  * <p>A cause can be associated with a throwable in two ways: via a
  88  * constructor that takes the cause as an argument, or via the
  89  * {@link #initCause(Throwable)} method.  New throwable classes that
  90  * wish to allow causes to be associated with them should provide constructors
  91  * that take a cause and delegate (perhaps indirectly) to one of the
  92  * {@code Throwable} constructors that takes a cause.
  93  *
  94  * Because the {@code initCause} method is public, it allows a cause to be
  95  * associated with any throwable, even a "legacy throwable" whose
  96  * implementation predates the addition of the exception chaining mechanism to
  97  * {@code Throwable}.
  98  *
  99  * <p>By convention, class {@code Throwable} and its subclasses have two
 100  * constructors, one that takes no arguments and one that takes a
 101  * {@code String} argument that can be used to produce a detail message.
 102  * Further, those subclasses that might likely have a cause associated with
 103  * them should have two more constructors, one that takes a
 104  * {@code Throwable} (the cause), and one that takes a
 105  * {@code String} (the detail message) and a {@code Throwable} (the
 106  * cause).
 107  *
 108  * @author  unascribed
 109  * @author  Josh Bloch (Added exception chaining and programmatic access to
 110  *          stack trace in 1.4.)
 111  * @jls 11.2 Compile-Time Checking of Exceptions
 112  * @since JDK1.0
 113  */
 114 public class Throwable implements Serializable {
 115     /** use serialVersionUID from JDK 1.0.2 for interoperability */
 116     private static final long serialVersionUID = -3042686055658047285L;
 117 
 118     /**
 119      * Native code saves some indication of the stack backtrace in this slot.
 120      */
 121     private transient Object backtrace;
 122 
 123     /**
 124      * Specific details about the Throwable.  For example, for
 125      * {@code FileNotFoundException}, this contains the name of
 126      * the file that could not be found.
 127      *
 128      * @serial
 129      */
 130     private String detailMessage;
 131 
 132 
 133     /**
 134      * Holder class to defer initializing sentinel objects only used
 135      * for serialization.
 136      */
 137     private static class SentinelHolder {
 138         /**
 139          * {@linkplain #setStackTrace(StackTraceElement[]) Setting the
 140          * stack trace} to a one-element array containing this sentinel
 141          * value indicates future attempts to set the stack trace will be
 142          * ignored.  The sentinal is equal to the result of calling:<br>
 143          * {@code new StackTraceElement("", "", null, Integer.MIN_VALUE)}
 144          */
 145         public static final StackTraceElement STACK_TRACE_ELEMENT_SENTINEL =
 146             new StackTraceElement("", "", null, Integer.MIN_VALUE);
 147 
 148         /**
 149          * Sentinel value used in the serial form to indicate an immutable
 150          * stack trace.
 151          */
 152         public static final StackTraceElement[] STACK_TRACE_SENTINEL =
 153             new StackTraceElement[] {STACK_TRACE_ELEMENT_SENTINEL};
 154     }
 155 
 156     /**
 157      * A shared value for an empty stack.
 158      */
 159     private static final StackTraceElement[] UNASSIGNED_STACK = new StackTraceElement[0];
 160 
 161     /*
 162      * To allow Throwable objects to be made immutable and safely
 163      * reused by the JVM, such as OutOfMemoryErrors, fields of
 164      * Throwable that are writable in response to user actions, cause,
 165      * stackTrace, and suppressedExceptions obey the following
 166      * protocol:
 167      *
 168      * 1) The fields are initialized to a non-null sentinel value
 169      * which indicates the value has logically not been set.
 170      *
 171      * 2) Writing a null to the field indicates further writes
 172      * are forbidden
 173      *
 174      * 3) The sentinel value may be replaced with another non-null
 175      * value.
 176      *
 177      * For example, implementations of the HotSpot JVM have
 178      * preallocated OutOfMemoryError objects to provide for better
 179      * diagnosability of that situation.  These objects are created
 180      * without calling the constructor for that class and the fields
 181      * in question are initialized to null.  To support this
 182      * capability, any new fields added to Throwable that require
 183      * being initialized to a non-null value require a coordinated JVM
 184      * change.
 185      */
 186 
 187     /**
 188      * The throwable that caused this throwable to get thrown, or null if this
 189      * throwable was not caused by another throwable, or if the causative
 190      * throwable is unknown.  If this field is equal to this throwable itself,
 191      * it indicates that the cause of this throwable has not yet been
 192      * initialized.
 193      *
 194      * @serial
 195      * @since 1.4
 196      */
 197     private Throwable cause = this;
 198 
 199     /**
 200      * The stack trace, as returned by {@link #getStackTrace()}.
 201      *
 202      * The field is initialized to a zero-length array.  A {@code
 203      * null} value of this field indicates subsequent calls to {@link
 204      * #setStackTrace(StackTraceElement[])} and {@link
 205      * #fillInStackTrace()} will be be no-ops.
 206      *
 207      * @serial
 208      * @since 1.4
 209      */
 210     private StackTraceElement[] stackTrace = UNASSIGNED_STACK;
 211 
 212     // Setting this static field introduces an acceptable
 213     // initialization dependency on a few java.util classes.
 214     private static final List<Throwable> SUPPRESSED_SENTINEL =
 215         Collections.unmodifiableList(new ArrayList<Throwable>(0));
 216 
 217     /**
 218      * The list of suppressed exceptions, as returned by {@link
 219      * #getSuppressed()}.  The list is initialized to a zero-element
 220      * unmodifiable sentinel list.  When a serialized Throwable is
 221      * read in, if the {@code suppressedExceptions} field points to a
 222      * zero-element list, the field is reset to the sentinel value.
 223      *
 224      * @serial
 225      * @since 1.7
 226      */
 227     private List<Throwable> suppressedExceptions = SUPPRESSED_SENTINEL;
 228 
 229     /** Message for trying to suppress a null exception. */
 230     private static final String NULL_CAUSE_MESSAGE = "Cannot suppress a null exception.";
 231 
 232     /** Message for trying to suppress oneself. */
 233     private static final String SELF_SUPPRESSION_MESSAGE = "Self-suppression not permitted";
 234 
 235     /** Caption  for labeling causative exception stack traces */
 236     private static final String CAUSE_CAPTION = "Caused by: ";
 237 
 238     /** Caption for labeling suppressed exception stack traces */
 239     private static final String SUPPRESSED_CAPTION = "Suppressed: ";
 240 
 241     /**
 242      * Constructs a new throwable with {@code null} as its detail message.
 243      * The cause is not initialized, and may subsequently be initialized by a
 244      * call to {@link #initCause}.
 245      *
 246      * <p>The {@link #fillInStackTrace()} method is called to initialize
 247      * the stack trace data in the newly created throwable.
 248      */
 249     public Throwable() {
 250         fillInStackTrace();
 251     }
 252 
 253     /**
 254      * Constructs a new throwable with the specified detail message.  The
 255      * cause is not initialized, and may subsequently be initialized by
 256      * a call to {@link #initCause}.
 257      *
 258      * <p>The {@link #fillInStackTrace()} method is called to initialize
 259      * the stack trace data in the newly created throwable.
 260      *
 261      * @param   message   the detail message. The detail message is saved for
 262      *          later retrieval by the {@link #getMessage()} method.
 263      */
 264     public Throwable(String message) {
 265         fillInStackTrace();
 266         detailMessage = message;
 267     }
 268 
 269     /**
 270      * Constructs a new throwable with the specified detail message and
 271      * cause.  <p>Note that the detail message associated with
 272      * {@code cause} is <i>not</i> automatically incorporated in
 273      * this throwable's detail message.
 274      *
 275      * <p>The {@link #fillInStackTrace()} method is called to initialize
 276      * the stack trace data in the newly created throwable.
 277      *
 278      * @param  message the detail message (which is saved for later retrieval
 279      *         by the {@link #getMessage()} method).
 280      * @param  cause the cause (which is saved for later retrieval by the
 281      *         {@link #getCause()} method).  (A {@code null} value is
 282      *         permitted, and indicates that the cause is nonexistent or
 283      *         unknown.)
 284      * @since  1.4
 285      */
 286     public Throwable(String message, Throwable cause) {
 287         fillInStackTrace();
 288         detailMessage = message;
 289         this.cause = cause;
 290     }
 291 
 292     /**
 293      * Constructs a new throwable with the specified cause and a detail
 294      * message of {@code (cause==null ? null : cause.toString())} (which
 295      * typically contains the class and detail message of {@code cause}).
 296      * This constructor is useful for throwables that are little more than
 297      * wrappers for other throwables (for example, {@link
 298      * java.security.PrivilegedActionException}).
 299      *
 300      * <p>The {@link #fillInStackTrace()} method is called to initialize
 301      * the stack trace data in the newly created throwable.
 302      *
 303      * @param  cause the cause (which is saved for later retrieval by the
 304      *         {@link #getCause()} method).  (A {@code null} value is
 305      *         permitted, and indicates that the cause is nonexistent or
 306      *         unknown.)
 307      * @since  1.4
 308      */
 309     public Throwable(Throwable cause) {
 310         fillInStackTrace();
 311         detailMessage = (cause==null ? null : cause.toString());
 312         this.cause = cause;
 313     }
 314 
 315     /**
 316      * Constructs a new throwable with the specified detail message,
 317      * cause, {@linkplain #addSuppressed suppression} enabled or
 318      * disabled, and writable stack trace enabled or disabled.  If
 319      * suppression is disabled, {@link #getSuppressed} for this object
 320      * will return a zero-length array and calls to {@link
 321      * #addSuppressed} that would otherwise append an exception to the
 322      * suppressed list will have no effect.  If the writable stack
 323      * trace is false, this constructor will not call {@link
 324      * #fillInStackTrace()}, a {@code null} will be written to the
 325      * {@code stackTrace} field, and subsequent calls to {@code
 326      * fillInStackTrace} and {@link
 327      * #setStackTrace(StackTraceElement[])} will not set the stack
 328      * trace.  If the writable stack trace is false, {@link
 329      * #getStackTrace} will return a zero length array.
 330      *
 331      * <p>Note that the other constructors of {@code Throwable} treat
 332      * suppression as being enabled and the stack trace as being
 333      * writable.  Subclasses of {@code Throwable} should document any
 334      * conditions under which suppression is disabled and document
 335      * conditions under which the stack trace is not writable.
 336      * Disabling of suppression should only occur in exceptional
 337      * circumstances where special requirements exist, such as a
 338      * virtual machine reusing exception objects under low-memory
 339      * situations.  Circumstances where a given exception object is
 340      * repeatedly caught and rethrown, such as to implement control
 341      * flow between two sub-systems, is another situation where
 342      * immutable throwable objects would be appropriate.
 343      *
 344      * @param  message the detail message.
 345      * @param cause the cause.  (A {@code null} value is permitted,
 346      * and indicates that the cause is nonexistent or unknown.)
 347      * @param enableSuppression whether or not suppression is enabled or disabled
 348      * @param writableStackTrace whether or not the stack trace should be
 349      *                           writable
 350      *
 351      * @see OutOfMemoryError
 352      * @see NullPointerException
 353      * @see ArithmeticException
 354      * @since 1.7
 355      */
 356     protected Throwable(String message, Throwable cause,
 357                         boolean enableSuppression,
 358                         boolean writableStackTrace) {
 359         if (writableStackTrace) {
 360             fillInStackTrace();
 361         } else {
 362             stackTrace = null;
 363         }
 364         detailMessage = message;
 365         this.cause = cause;
 366         if (!enableSuppression)
 367             suppressedExceptions = null;
 368     }
 369 
 370     /**
 371      * Returns the detail message string of this throwable.
 372      *
 373      * @return  the detail message string of this {@code Throwable} instance
 374      *          (which may be {@code null}).
 375      */
 376     public String getMessage() {
 377         return detailMessage;
 378     }
 379 
 380     /**
 381      * Creates a localized description of this throwable.
 382      * Subclasses may override this method in order to produce a
 383      * locale-specific message.  For subclasses that do not override this
 384      * method, the default implementation returns the same result as
 385      * {@code getMessage()}.
 386      *
 387      * @return  The localized description of this throwable.
 388      * @since   JDK1.1
 389      */
 390     public String getLocalizedMessage() {
 391         return getMessage();
 392     }
 393 
 394     /**
 395      * Returns the cause of this throwable or {@code null} if the
 396      * cause is nonexistent or unknown.  (The cause is the throwable that
 397      * caused this throwable to get thrown.)
 398      *
 399      * <p>This implementation returns the cause that was supplied via one of
 400      * the constructors requiring a {@code Throwable}, or that was set after
 401      * creation with the {@link #initCause(Throwable)} method.  While it is
 402      * typically unnecessary to override this method, a subclass can override
 403      * it to return a cause set by some other means.  This is appropriate for
 404      * a "legacy chained throwable" that predates the addition of chained
 405      * exceptions to {@code Throwable}.  Note that it is <i>not</i>
 406      * necessary to override any of the {@code PrintStackTrace} methods,
 407      * all of which invoke the {@code getCause} method to determine the
 408      * cause of a throwable.
 409      *
 410      * @return  the cause of this throwable or {@code null} if the
 411      *          cause is nonexistent or unknown.
 412      * @since 1.4
 413      */
 414     public synchronized Throwable getCause() {
 415         return (cause==this ? null : cause);
 416     }
 417 
 418     /**
 419      * Initializes the <i>cause</i> of this throwable to the specified value.
 420      * (The cause is the throwable that caused this throwable to get thrown.)
 421      *
 422      * <p>This method can be called at most once.  It is generally called from
 423      * within the constructor, or immediately after creating the
 424      * throwable.  If this throwable was created
 425      * with {@link #Throwable(Throwable)} or
 426      * {@link #Throwable(String,Throwable)}, this method cannot be called
 427      * even once.
 428      *
 429      * <p>An example of using this method on a legacy throwable type
 430      * without other support for setting the cause is:
 431      *
 432      * <pre>
 433      * try {
 434      *     lowLevelOp();
 435      * } catch (LowLevelException le) {
 436      *     throw (HighLevelException)
 437      *           new HighLevelException().initCause(le); // Legacy constructor
 438      * }
 439      * </pre>
 440      *
 441      * @param  cause the cause (which is saved for later retrieval by the
 442      *         {@link #getCause()} method).  (A {@code null} value is
 443      *         permitted, and indicates that the cause is nonexistent or
 444      *         unknown.)
 445      * @return  a reference to this {@code Throwable} instance.
 446      * @throws IllegalArgumentException if {@code cause} is this
 447      *         throwable.  (A throwable cannot be its own cause.)
 448      * @throws IllegalStateException if this throwable was
 449      *         created with {@link #Throwable(Throwable)} or
 450      *         {@link #Throwable(String,Throwable)}, or this method has already
 451      *         been called on this throwable.
 452      * @since  1.4
 453      */
 454     public synchronized Throwable initCause(Throwable cause) {
 455         if (this.cause != this)
 456             throw new IllegalStateException("Can't overwrite cause");
 457         if (cause == this)
 458             throw new IllegalArgumentException("Self-causation not permitted");
 459         this.cause = cause;
 460         return this;
 461     }
 462 
 463     /**
 464      * Returns a short description of this throwable.
 465      * The result is the concatenation of:
 466      * <ul>
 467      * <li> the {@linkplain Class#getName() name} of the class of this object
 468      * <li> ": " (a colon and a space)
 469      * <li> the result of invoking this object's {@link #getLocalizedMessage}
 470      *      method
 471      * </ul>
 472      * If {@code getLocalizedMessage} returns {@code null}, then just
 473      * the class name is returned.
 474      *
 475      * @return a string representation of this throwable.
 476      */
 477     public String toString() {
 478         String s = getClass().getName();
 479         String message = getLocalizedMessage();
 480         return (message != null) ? (s + ": " + message) : s;
 481     }
 482 
 483     /**
 484      * Prints this throwable and its backtrace to the
 485      * standard error stream. This method prints a stack trace for this
 486      * {@code Throwable} object on the error output stream that is
 487      * the value of the field {@code System.err}. The first line of
 488      * output contains the result of the {@link #toString()} method for
 489      * this object.  Remaining lines represent data previously recorded by
 490      * the method {@link #fillInStackTrace()}. The format of this
 491      * information depends on the implementation, but the following
 492      * example may be regarded as typical:
 493      * <blockquote><pre>
 494      * java.lang.NullPointerException
 495      *         at MyClass.mash(MyClass.java:9)
 496      *         at MyClass.crunch(MyClass.java:6)
 497      *         at MyClass.main(MyClass.java:3)
 498      * </pre></blockquote>
 499      * This example was produced by running the program:
 500      * <pre>
 501      * class MyClass {
 502      *     public static void main(String[] args) {
 503      *         crunch(null);
 504      *     }
 505      *     static void crunch(int[] a) {
 506      *         mash(a);
 507      *     }
 508      *     static void mash(int[] b) {
 509      *         System.out.println(b[0]);
 510      *     }
 511      * }
 512      * </pre>
 513      * The backtrace for a throwable with an initialized, non-null cause
 514      * should generally include the backtrace for the cause.  The format
 515      * of this information depends on the implementation, but the following
 516      * example may be regarded as typical:
 517      * <pre>
 518      * HighLevelException: MidLevelException: LowLevelException
 519      *         at Junk.a(Junk.java:13)
 520      *         at Junk.main(Junk.java:4)
 521      * Caused by: MidLevelException: LowLevelException
 522      *         at Junk.c(Junk.java:23)
 523      *         at Junk.b(Junk.java:17)
 524      *         at Junk.a(Junk.java:11)
 525      *         ... 1 more
 526      * Caused by: LowLevelException
 527      *         at Junk.e(Junk.java:30)
 528      *         at Junk.d(Junk.java:27)
 529      *         at Junk.c(Junk.java:21)
 530      *         ... 3 more
 531      * </pre>
 532      * Note the presence of lines containing the characters {@code "..."}.
 533      * These lines indicate that the remainder of the stack trace for this
 534      * exception matches the indicated number of frames from the bottom of the
 535      * stack trace of the exception that was caused by this exception (the
 536      * "enclosing" exception).  This shorthand can greatly reduce the length
 537      * of the output in the common case where a wrapped exception is thrown
 538      * from same method as the "causative exception" is caught.  The above
 539      * example was produced by running the program:
 540      * <pre>
 541      * public class Junk {
 542      *     public static void main(String args[]) {
 543      *         try {
 544      *             a();
 545      *         } catch(HighLevelException e) {
 546      *             e.printStackTrace();
 547      *         }
 548      *     }
 549      *     static void a() throws HighLevelException {
 550      *         try {
 551      *             b();
 552      *         } catch(MidLevelException e) {
 553      *             throw new HighLevelException(e);
 554      *         }
 555      *     }
 556      *     static void b() throws MidLevelException {
 557      *         c();
 558      *     }
 559      *     static void c() throws MidLevelException {
 560      *         try {
 561      *             d();
 562      *         } catch(LowLevelException e) {
 563      *             throw new MidLevelException(e);
 564      *         }
 565      *     }
 566      *     static void d() throws LowLevelException {
 567      *        e();
 568      *     }
 569      *     static void e() throws LowLevelException {
 570      *         throw new LowLevelException();
 571      *     }
 572      * }
 573      *
 574      * class HighLevelException extends Exception {
 575      *     HighLevelException(Throwable cause) { super(cause); }
 576      * }
 577      *
 578      * class MidLevelException extends Exception {
 579      *     MidLevelException(Throwable cause)  { super(cause); }
 580      * }
 581      *
 582      * class LowLevelException extends Exception {
 583      * }
 584      * </pre>
 585      * As of release 7, the platform supports the notion of
 586      * <i>suppressed exceptions</i> (in conjunction with the {@code
 587      * try}-with-resources statement). Any exceptions that were
 588      * suppressed in order to deliver an exception are printed out
 589      * beneath the stack trace.  The format of this information
 590      * depends on the implementation, but the following example may be
 591      * regarded as typical:
 592      *
 593      * <pre>
 594      * Exception in thread "main" java.lang.Exception: Something happened
 595      *  at Foo.bar(Foo.java:10)
 596      *  at Foo.main(Foo.java:5)
 597      *  Suppressed: Resource$CloseFailException: Resource ID = 0
 598      *          at Resource.close(Resource.java:26)
 599      *          at Foo.bar(Foo.java:9)
 600      *          ... 1 more
 601      * </pre>
 602      * Note that the "... n more" notation is used on suppressed exceptions
 603      * just at it is used on causes. Unlike causes, suppressed exceptions are
 604      * indented beyond their "containing exceptions."
 605      *
 606      * <p>An exception can have both a cause and one or more suppressed
 607      * exceptions:
 608      * <pre>
 609      * Exception in thread "main" java.lang.Exception: Main block
 610      *  at Foo3.main(Foo3.java:7)
 611      *  Suppressed: Resource$CloseFailException: Resource ID = 2
 612      *          at Resource.close(Resource.java:26)
 613      *          at Foo3.main(Foo3.java:5)
 614      *  Suppressed: Resource$CloseFailException: Resource ID = 1
 615      *          at Resource.close(Resource.java:26)
 616      *          at Foo3.main(Foo3.java:5)
 617      * Caused by: java.lang.Exception: I did it
 618      *  at Foo3.main(Foo3.java:8)
 619      * </pre>
 620      * Likewise, a suppressed exception can have a cause:
 621      * <pre>
 622      * Exception in thread "main" java.lang.Exception: Main block
 623      *  at Foo4.main(Foo4.java:6)
 624      *  Suppressed: Resource2$CloseFailException: Resource ID = 1
 625      *          at Resource2.close(Resource2.java:20)
 626      *          at Foo4.main(Foo4.java:5)
 627      *  Caused by: java.lang.Exception: Rats, you caught me
 628      *          at Resource2$CloseFailException.&lt;init&gt;(Resource2.java:45)
 629      *          ... 2 more
 630      * </pre>
 631      */
 632     public void printStackTrace() {
 633         printStackTrace(System.err);
 634     }
 635 
 636     /**
 637      * Prints this throwable and its backtrace to the specified print stream.
 638      *
 639      * @param s {@code PrintStream} to use for output
 640      */
 641     public void printStackTrace(PrintStream s) {
 642         printStackTrace(new WrappedPrintStream(s));
 643     }
 644 
 645     private void printStackTrace(PrintStreamOrWriter s) {
 646         // Guard against malicious overrides of Throwable.equals by
 647         // using a Set with identity equality semantics.
 648         Set<Throwable> dejaVu =
 649             Collections.newSetFromMap(new IdentityHashMap<Throwable, Boolean>());
 650         dejaVu.add(this);
 651 
 652         synchronized (s.lock()) {
 653             // Print our stack trace
 654             s.println(this);
 655             StackTraceElement[] trace = getOurStackTrace();
 656             for (StackTraceElement traceElement : trace)
 657                 s.println("\tat " + traceElement);
 658 
 659             // Print suppressed exceptions, if any
 660             for (Throwable se : getSuppressed())
 661                 se.printEnclosedStackTrace(s, trace, SUPPRESSED_CAPTION, "\t", dejaVu);
 662 
 663             // Print cause, if any
 664             Throwable ourCause = getCause();
 665             if (ourCause != null)
 666                 ourCause.printEnclosedStackTrace(s, trace, CAUSE_CAPTION, "", dejaVu);
 667         }
 668     }
 669 
 670     /**
 671      * Print our stack trace as an enclosed exception for the specified
 672      * stack trace.
 673      */
 674     private void printEnclosedStackTrace(PrintStreamOrWriter s,
 675                                          StackTraceElement[] enclosingTrace,
 676                                          String caption,
 677                                          String prefix,
 678                                          Set<Throwable> dejaVu) {
 679         assert Thread.holdsLock(s.lock());
 680         if (dejaVu.contains(this)) {
 681             s.println("\t[CIRCULAR REFERENCE:" + this + "]");
 682         } else {
 683             dejaVu.add(this);
 684             // Compute number of frames in common between this and enclosing trace
 685             StackTraceElement[] trace = getOurStackTrace();
 686             int m = trace.length - 1;
 687             int n = enclosingTrace.length - 1;
 688             while (m >= 0 && n >=0 && trace[m].equals(enclosingTrace[n])) {
 689                 m--; n--;
 690             }
 691             int framesInCommon = trace.length - 1 - m;
 692 
 693             // Print our stack trace
 694             s.println(prefix + caption + this);
 695             for (int i = 0; i <= m; i++)
 696                 s.println(prefix + "\tat " + trace[i]);
 697             if (framesInCommon != 0)
 698                 s.println(prefix + "\t... " + framesInCommon + " more");
 699 
 700             // Print suppressed exceptions, if any
 701             for (Throwable se : getSuppressed())
 702                 se.printEnclosedStackTrace(s, trace, SUPPRESSED_CAPTION,
 703                                            prefix +"\t", dejaVu);
 704 
 705             // Print cause, if any
 706             Throwable ourCause = getCause();
 707             if (ourCause != null)
 708                 ourCause.printEnclosedStackTrace(s, trace, CAUSE_CAPTION, prefix, dejaVu);
 709         }
 710     }
 711 
 712     /**
 713      * Prints this throwable and its backtrace to the specified
 714      * print writer.
 715      *
 716      * @param s {@code PrintWriter} to use for output
 717      * @since   JDK1.1
 718      */
 719     public void printStackTrace(PrintWriter s) {
 720         printStackTrace(new WrappedPrintWriter(s));
 721     }
 722 
 723     /**
 724      * Wrapper class for PrintStream and PrintWriter to enable a single
 725      * implementation of printStackTrace.
 726      */
 727     private abstract static class PrintStreamOrWriter {
 728         /** Returns the object to be locked when using this StreamOrWriter */
 729         abstract Object lock();
 730 
 731         /** Prints the specified string as a line on this StreamOrWriter */
 732         abstract void println(Object o);
 733     }
 734 
 735     private static class WrappedPrintStream extends PrintStreamOrWriter {
 736         private final PrintStream printStream;
 737 
 738         WrappedPrintStream(PrintStream printStream) {
 739             this.printStream = printStream;
 740         }
 741 
 742         Object lock() {
 743             return printStream;
 744         }
 745 
 746         void println(Object o) {
 747             printStream.println(o);
 748         }
 749     }
 750 
 751     private static class WrappedPrintWriter extends PrintStreamOrWriter {
 752         private final PrintWriter printWriter;
 753 
 754         WrappedPrintWriter(PrintWriter printWriter) {
 755             this.printWriter = printWriter;
 756         }
 757 
 758         Object lock() {
 759             return printWriter;
 760         }
 761 
 762         void println(Object o) {
 763             printWriter.println(o);
 764         }
 765     }
 766 
 767     /**
 768      * Fills in the execution stack trace. This method records within this
 769      * {@code Throwable} object information about the current state of
 770      * the stack frames for the current thread.
 771      *
 772      * <p>If the stack trace of this {@code Throwable} {@linkplain
 773      * Throwable#Throwable(String, Throwable, boolean, boolean) is not
 774      * writable}, calling this method has no effect.
 775      *
 776      * @return  a reference to this {@code Throwable} instance.
 777      * @see     java.lang.Throwable#printStackTrace()
 778      */
 779     public synchronized Throwable fillInStackTrace() {
 780         if (stackTrace != null ||
 781             backtrace != null /* Out of protocol state */ ) {
 782             fillInStackTrace(0);
 783             stackTrace = UNASSIGNED_STACK;
 784         }
 785         return this;
 786     }
 787 
 788     private native Throwable fillInStackTrace(int dummy);
 789 
 790     /**
 791      * Provides programmatic access to the stack trace information printed by
 792      * {@link #printStackTrace()}.  Returns an array of stack trace elements,
 793      * each representing one stack frame.  The zeroth element of the array
 794      * (assuming the array's length is non-zero) represents the top of the
 795      * stack, which is the last method invocation in the sequence.  Typically,
 796      * this is the point at which this throwable was created and thrown.
 797      * The last element of the array (assuming the array's length is non-zero)
 798      * represents the bottom of the stack, which is the first method invocation
 799      * in the sequence.
 800      *
 801      * <p>Some virtual machines may, under some circumstances, omit one
 802      * or more stack frames from the stack trace.  In the extreme case,
 803      * a virtual machine that has no stack trace information concerning
 804      * this throwable is permitted to return a zero-length array from this
 805      * method.  Generally speaking, the array returned by this method will
 806      * contain one element for every frame that would be printed by
 807      * {@code printStackTrace}.  Writes to the returned array do not
 808      * affect future calls to this method.
 809      *
 810      * @return an array of stack trace elements representing the stack trace
 811      *         pertaining to this throwable.
 812      * @since  1.4
 813      */
 814     public StackTraceElement[] getStackTrace() {
 815         return getOurStackTrace().clone();
 816     }
 817 
 818     private synchronized StackTraceElement[] getOurStackTrace() {
 819         // Initialize stack trace field with information from
 820         // backtrace if this is the first call to this method
 821         if (stackTrace == UNASSIGNED_STACK ||
 822             (stackTrace == null && backtrace != null) /* Out of protocol state */) {
 823             int depth = getStackTraceDepth();
 824             stackTrace = new StackTraceElement[depth];
 825             for (int i=0; i < depth; i++)
 826                 stackTrace[i] = getStackTraceElement(i);
 827         } else if (stackTrace == null) {
 828             return UNASSIGNED_STACK;
 829         }
 830         return stackTrace;
 831     }
 832 
 833     /**
 834      * Sets the stack trace elements that will be returned by
 835      * {@link #getStackTrace()} and printed by {@link #printStackTrace()}
 836      * and related methods.
 837      *
 838      * This method, which is designed for use by RPC frameworks and other
 839      * advanced systems, allows the client to override the default
 840      * stack trace that is either generated by {@link #fillInStackTrace()}
 841      * when a throwable is constructed or deserialized when a throwable is
 842      * read from a serialization stream.
 843      *
 844      * <p>If the stack trace of this {@code Throwable} {@linkplain
 845      * Throwable#Throwable(String, Throwable, boolean, boolean) is not
 846      * writable}, calling this method has no effect other than
 847      * validating its argument.
 848      *
 849      * @param   stackTrace the stack trace elements to be associated with
 850      * this {@code Throwable}.  The specified array is copied by this
 851      * call; changes in the specified array after the method invocation
 852      * returns will have no affect on this {@code Throwable}'s stack
 853      * trace.
 854      *
 855      * @throws NullPointerException if {@code stackTrace} is
 856      *         {@code null} or if any of the elements of
 857      *         {@code stackTrace} are {@code null}
 858      *
 859      * @since  1.4
 860      */
 861     public void setStackTrace(StackTraceElement[] stackTrace) {
 862         // Validate argument
 863         StackTraceElement[] defensiveCopy = stackTrace.clone();
 864         for (int i = 0; i < defensiveCopy.length; i++) {
 865             if (defensiveCopy[i] == null)
 866                 throw new NullPointerException("stackTrace[" + i + "]");
 867         }
 868 
 869         synchronized (this) {
 870             if (this.stackTrace == null && // Immutable stack
 871                 backtrace == null) // Test for out of protocol state
 872                 return;
 873             this.stackTrace = defensiveCopy;
 874         }
 875     }
 876 
 877     /**
 878      * Returns the number of elements in the stack trace (or 0 if the stack
 879      * trace is unavailable).
 880      *
 881      * package-protection for use by SharedSecrets.
 882      */
 883     native int getStackTraceDepth();
 884 
 885     /**
 886      * Returns the specified element of the stack trace.
 887      *
 888      * package-protection for use by SharedSecrets.
 889      *
 890      * @param index index of the element to return.
 891      * @throws IndexOutOfBoundsException if {@code index < 0 ||
 892      *         index >= getStackTraceDepth() }
 893      */
 894     native StackTraceElement getStackTraceElement(int index);
 895 
 896     /**
 897      * Reads a {@code Throwable} from a stream, enforcing
 898      * well-formedness constraints on fields.  Null entries and
 899      * self-pointers are not allowed in the list of {@code
 900      * suppressedExceptions}.  Null entries are not allowed for stack
 901      * trace elements.  A null stack trace in the serial form results
 902      * in a zero-length stack element array. A single-element stack
 903      * trace whose entry is equal to {@code new StackTraceElement("",
 904      * "", null, Integer.MIN_VALUE)} results in a {@code null} {@code
 905      * stackTrace} field.
 906      *
 907      * Note that there are no constraints on the value the {@code
 908      * cause} field can hold; both {@code null} and {@code this} are
 909      * valid values for the field.
 910      */
 911     private void readObject(ObjectInputStream s)
 912         throws IOException, ClassNotFoundException {
 913         s.defaultReadObject();     // read in all fields
 914         if (suppressedExceptions != null) {
 915             List<Throwable> suppressed = null;
 916             if (suppressedExceptions.isEmpty()) {
 917                 // Use the sentinel for a zero-length list
 918                 suppressed = SUPPRESSED_SENTINEL;
 919             } else { // Copy Throwables to new list
 920                 suppressed = new ArrayList<>(1);
 921                 for (Throwable t : suppressedExceptions) {
 922                     // Enforce constraints on suppressed exceptions in
 923                     // case of corrupt or malicious stream.
 924                     if (t == null)
 925                         throw new NullPointerException(NULL_CAUSE_MESSAGE);
 926                     if (t == this)
 927                         throw new IllegalArgumentException(SELF_SUPPRESSION_MESSAGE);
 928                     suppressed.add(t);
 929                 }
 930             }
 931             suppressedExceptions = suppressed;
 932         } // else a null suppressedExceptions field remains null
 933 
 934         /*
 935          * For zero-length stack traces, use a clone of
 936          * UNASSIGNED_STACK rather than UNASSIGNED_STACK itself to
 937          * allow identity comparison against UNASSIGNED_STACK in
 938          * getOurStackTrace.  The identity of UNASSIGNED_STACK in
 939          * stackTrace indicates to the getOurStackTrace method that
 940          * the stackTrace needs to be constructed from the information
 941          * in backtrace.
 942          */
 943         if (stackTrace != null) {
 944             if (stackTrace.length == 0) {
 945                 stackTrace = UNASSIGNED_STACK.clone();
 946             }  else if (stackTrace.length == 1 &&
 947                         // Check for the marker of an immutable stack trace
 948                         SentinelHolder.STACK_TRACE_ELEMENT_SENTINEL.equals(stackTrace[0])) {
 949                 stackTrace = null;
 950             } else { // Verify stack trace elements are non-null.
 951                 for(StackTraceElement ste : stackTrace) {
 952                     if (ste == null)
 953                         throw new NullPointerException("null StackTraceElement in serial stream. ");
 954                 }
 955             }
 956         } else {
 957             // A null stackTrace field in the serial form can result
 958             // from an exception serialized without that field in
 959             // older JDK releases; treat such exceptions as having
 960             // empty stack traces.
 961             stackTrace = UNASSIGNED_STACK.clone();
 962         }
 963     }
 964 
 965     /**
 966      * Write a {@code Throwable} object to a stream.
 967      *
 968      * A {@code null} stack trace field is represented in the serial
 969      * form as a one-element array whose element is equal to {@code
 970      * new StackTraceElement("", "", null, Integer.MIN_VALUE)}.
 971      */
 972     private synchronized void writeObject(ObjectOutputStream s)
 973         throws IOException {
 974         // Ensure that the stackTrace field is initialized to a
 975         // non-null value, if appropriate.  As of JDK 7, a null stack
 976         // trace field is a valid value indicating the stack trace
 977         // should not be set.
 978         getOurStackTrace();
 979 
 980         StackTraceElement[] oldStackTrace = stackTrace;
 981         try {
 982             if (stackTrace == null)
 983                 stackTrace = SentinelHolder.STACK_TRACE_SENTINEL;
 984             s.defaultWriteObject();
 985         } finally {
 986             stackTrace = oldStackTrace;
 987         }
 988     }
 989 
 990     /**
 991      * Appends the specified exception to the exceptions that were
 992      * suppressed in order to deliver this exception. This method is
 993      * thread-safe and typically called (automatically and implicitly)
 994      * by the {@code try}-with-resources statement.
 995      *
 996      * <p>The suppression behavior is enabled <em>unless</em> disabled
 997      * {@linkplain #Throwable(String, Throwable, boolean, boolean) via
 998      * a constructor}.  When suppression is disabled, this method does
 999      * nothing other than to validate its argument.
1000      *
1001      * <p>Note that when one exception {@linkplain
1002      * #initCause(Throwable) causes} another exception, the first
1003      * exception is usually caught and then the second exception is
1004      * thrown in response.  In other words, there is a causal
1005      * connection between the two exceptions.
1006      *
1007      * In contrast, there are situations where two independent
1008      * exceptions can be thrown in sibling code blocks, in particular
1009      * in the {@code try} block of a {@code try}-with-resources
1010      * statement and the compiler-generated {@code finally} block
1011      * which closes the resource.
1012      *
1013      * In these situations, only one of the thrown exceptions can be
1014      * propagated.  In the {@code try}-with-resources statement, when
1015      * there are two such exceptions, the exception originating from
1016      * the {@code try} block is propagated and the exception from the
1017      * {@code finally} block is added to the list of exceptions
1018      * suppressed by the exception from the {@code try} block.  As an
1019      * exception unwinds the stack, it can accumulate multiple
1020      * suppressed exceptions.
1021      *
1022      * <p>An exception may have suppressed exceptions while also being
1023      * caused by another exception.  Whether or not an exception has a
1024      * cause is semantically known at the time of its creation, unlike
1025      * whether or not an exception will suppress other exceptions
1026      * which is typically only determined after an exception is
1027      * thrown.
1028      *
1029      * <p>Note that programmer written code is also able to take
1030      * advantage of calling this method in situations where there are
1031      * multiple sibling exceptions and only one can be propagated.
1032      *
1033      * @param exception the exception to be added to the list of
1034      *        suppressed exceptions
1035      * @throws IllegalArgumentException if {@code exception} is this
1036      *         throwable; a throwable cannot suppress itself.
1037      * @throws NullPointerException if {@code exception} is {@code null}
1038      * @since 1.7
1039      */
1040     public final synchronized void addSuppressed(Throwable exception) {
1041         if (exception == this)
1042             throw new IllegalArgumentException(SELF_SUPPRESSION_MESSAGE);
1043 
1044         if (exception == null)
1045             throw new NullPointerException(NULL_CAUSE_MESSAGE);
1046 
1047         if (suppressedExceptions == null) // Suppressed exceptions not recorded
1048             return;
1049 
1050         if (suppressedExceptions == SUPPRESSED_SENTINEL)
1051             suppressedExceptions = new ArrayList<>(1);
1052 
1053         suppressedExceptions.add(exception);
1054     }
1055 
1056     private static final Throwable[] EMPTY_THROWABLE_ARRAY = new Throwable[0];
1057 
1058     /**
1059      * Returns an array containing all of the exceptions that were
1060      * suppressed, typically by the {@code try}-with-resources
1061      * statement, in order to deliver this exception.
1062      *
1063      * If no exceptions were suppressed or {@linkplain
1064      * #Throwable(String, Throwable, boolean, boolean) suppression is
1065      * disabled}, an empty array is returned.  This method is
1066      * thread-safe.  Writes to the returned array do not affect future
1067      * calls to this method.
1068      *
1069      * @return an array containing all of the exceptions that were
1070      *         suppressed to deliver this exception.
1071      * @since 1.7
1072      */
1073     public final synchronized Throwable[] getSuppressed() {
1074         if (suppressedExceptions == SUPPRESSED_SENTINEL ||
1075             suppressedExceptions == null)
1076             return EMPTY_THROWABLE_ARRAY;
1077         else
1078             return suppressedExceptions.toArray(EMPTY_THROWABLE_ARRAY);
1079     }
1080 }