1 /*
   2  * Copyright (c) 1997, 2015, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.
   3  * DO NOT ALTER OR REMOVE COPYRIGHT NOTICES OR THIS FILE HEADER.
   4  *
   5  * This code is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
   6  * under the terms of the GNU General Public License version 2 only, as
   7  * published by the Free Software Foundation.
   8  *
   9  * This code is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT
  10  * ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or
  11  * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the GNU General Public License
  12  * version 2 for more details (a copy is included in the LICENSE file that
  13  * accompanied this code).
  14  *
  15  * You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License version
  16  * 2 along with this work; if not, write to the Free Software Foundation,
  17  * Inc., 51 Franklin St, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA 02110-1301 USA.
  18  *
  19  * Please contact Oracle, 500 Oracle Parkway, Redwood Shores, CA 94065 USA
  20  * or visit www.oracle.com if you need additional information or have any
  21  * questions.
  22  *
  23  */
  24 
  25 #include "precompiled.hpp"
  26 #include "classfile/classLoader.hpp"
  27 #include "classfile/classLoaderData.hpp"
  28 #include "classfile/javaClasses.hpp"
  29 #include "classfile/stringTable.hpp"
  30 #include "classfile/systemDictionary.hpp"
  31 #include "classfile/vmSymbols.hpp"
  32 #include "code/codeCache.hpp"
  33 #include "code/dependencies.hpp"
  34 #include "gc/shared/cardTableModRefBS.hpp"
  35 #include "gc/shared/collectedHeap.inline.hpp"
  36 #include "gc/shared/gcLocker.inline.hpp"
  37 #include "gc/shared/genCollectedHeap.hpp"
  38 #include "gc/shared/genRemSet.hpp"
  39 #include "gc/shared/generation.hpp"
  40 #include "gc/shared/space.hpp"
  41 #include "interpreter/interpreter.hpp"
  42 #include "memory/filemap.hpp"
  43 #include "memory/metadataFactory.hpp"
  44 #include "memory/metaspaceShared.hpp"
  45 #include "memory/oopFactory.hpp"
  46 #include "memory/universe.hpp"
  47 #include "memory/universe.inline.hpp"
  48 #include "oops/constantPool.hpp"
  49 #include "oops/instanceClassLoaderKlass.hpp"
  50 #include "oops/instanceKlass.hpp"
  51 #include "oops/instanceMirrorKlass.hpp"
  52 #include "oops/instanceRefKlass.hpp"
  53 #include "oops/objArrayOop.inline.hpp"
  54 #include "oops/oop.inline.hpp"
  55 #include "oops/typeArrayKlass.hpp"
  56 #include "prims/jvmtiRedefineClassesTrace.hpp"
  57 #include "runtime/arguments.hpp"
  58 #include "runtime/atomic.inline.hpp"
  59 #include "runtime/commandLineFlagConstraintList.hpp"
  60 #include "runtime/deoptimization.hpp"
  61 #include "runtime/fprofiler.hpp"
  62 #include "runtime/handles.inline.hpp"
  63 #include "runtime/init.hpp"
  64 #include "runtime/java.hpp"
  65 #include "runtime/javaCalls.hpp"
  66 #include "runtime/sharedRuntime.hpp"
  67 #include "runtime/synchronizer.hpp"
  68 #include "runtime/thread.inline.hpp"
  69 #include "runtime/timer.hpp"
  70 #include "runtime/vm_operations.hpp"
  71 #include "services/memoryService.hpp"
  72 #include "utilities/copy.hpp"
  73 #include "utilities/events.hpp"
  74 #include "utilities/hashtable.inline.hpp"
  75 #include "utilities/macros.hpp"
  76 #include "utilities/preserveException.hpp"
  77 #if INCLUDE_ALL_GCS
  78 #include "gc/shenandoah/shenandoahHeap.hpp"
  79 #include "gc/shenandoah/shenandoahCollectorPolicy.hpp"
  80 #include "gc/cms/cmsCollectorPolicy.hpp"
  81 #include "gc/g1/g1CollectedHeap.inline.hpp"
  82 #include "gc/g1/g1CollectorPolicy.hpp"
  83 #include "gc/parallel/parallelScavengeHeap.hpp"
  84 #include "gc/shared/adaptiveSizePolicy.hpp"
  85 #endif // INCLUDE_ALL_GCS
  86 #if INCLUDE_CDS
  87 #include "classfile/sharedClassUtil.hpp"
  88 #endif
  89 
  90 // Known objects
  91 Klass* Universe::_boolArrayKlassObj                 = NULL;
  92 Klass* Universe::_byteArrayKlassObj                 = NULL;
  93 Klass* Universe::_charArrayKlassObj                 = NULL;
  94 Klass* Universe::_intArrayKlassObj                  = NULL;
  95 Klass* Universe::_shortArrayKlassObj                = NULL;
  96 Klass* Universe::_longArrayKlassObj                 = NULL;
  97 Klass* Universe::_singleArrayKlassObj               = NULL;
  98 Klass* Universe::_doubleArrayKlassObj               = NULL;
  99 Klass* Universe::_typeArrayKlassObjs[T_VOID+1]      = { NULL /*, NULL...*/ };
 100 Klass* Universe::_objectArrayKlassObj               = NULL;
 101 oop Universe::_int_mirror                             = NULL;
 102 oop Universe::_float_mirror                           = NULL;
 103 oop Universe::_double_mirror                          = NULL;
 104 oop Universe::_byte_mirror                            = NULL;
 105 oop Universe::_bool_mirror                            = NULL;
 106 oop Universe::_char_mirror                            = NULL;
 107 oop Universe::_long_mirror                            = NULL;
 108 oop Universe::_short_mirror                           = NULL;
 109 oop Universe::_void_mirror                            = NULL;
 110 oop Universe::_mirrors[T_VOID+1]                      = { NULL /*, NULL...*/ };
 111 oop Universe::_main_thread_group                      = NULL;
 112 oop Universe::_system_thread_group                    = NULL;
 113 objArrayOop Universe::_the_empty_class_klass_array    = NULL;
 114 Array<Klass*>* Universe::_the_array_interfaces_array = NULL;
 115 oop Universe::_the_null_string                        = NULL;
 116 oop Universe::_the_min_jint_string                   = NULL;
 117 LatestMethodCache* Universe::_finalizer_register_cache = NULL;
 118 LatestMethodCache* Universe::_loader_addClass_cache    = NULL;
 119 LatestMethodCache* Universe::_pd_implies_cache         = NULL;
 120 LatestMethodCache* Universe::_throw_illegal_access_error_cache = NULL;
 121 oop Universe::_out_of_memory_error_java_heap          = NULL;
 122 oop Universe::_out_of_memory_error_metaspace          = NULL;
 123 oop Universe::_out_of_memory_error_class_metaspace    = NULL;
 124 oop Universe::_out_of_memory_error_array_size         = NULL;
 125 oop Universe::_out_of_memory_error_gc_overhead_limit  = NULL;
 126 oop Universe::_out_of_memory_error_realloc_objects    = NULL;
 127 objArrayOop Universe::_preallocated_out_of_memory_error_array = NULL;
 128 volatile jint Universe::_preallocated_out_of_memory_error_avail_count = 0;
 129 bool Universe::_verify_in_progress                    = false;
 130 oop Universe::_null_ptr_exception_instance            = NULL;
 131 oop Universe::_arithmetic_exception_instance          = NULL;
 132 oop Universe::_virtual_machine_error_instance         = NULL;
 133 oop Universe::_vm_exception                           = NULL;
 134 oop Universe::_allocation_context_notification_obj    = NULL;
 135 
 136 Array<int>* Universe::_the_empty_int_array            = NULL;
 137 Array<u2>* Universe::_the_empty_short_array           = NULL;
 138 Array<Klass*>* Universe::_the_empty_klass_array     = NULL;
 139 Array<Method*>* Universe::_the_empty_method_array   = NULL;
 140 
 141 // These variables are guarded by FullGCALot_lock.
 142 debug_only(objArrayOop Universe::_fullgc_alot_dummy_array = NULL;)
 143 debug_only(int Universe::_fullgc_alot_dummy_next      = 0;)
 144 
 145 // Heap
 146 int             Universe::_verify_count = 0;
 147 
 148 int             Universe::_base_vtable_size = 0;
 149 bool            Universe::_bootstrapping = false;
 150 bool            Universe::_fully_initialized = false;
 151 
 152 size_t          Universe::_heap_capacity_at_last_gc;
 153 size_t          Universe::_heap_used_at_last_gc = 0;
 154 
 155 CollectedHeap*  Universe::_collectedHeap = NULL;
 156 
 157 NarrowPtrStruct Universe::_narrow_oop = { NULL, 0, true };
 158 NarrowPtrStruct Universe::_narrow_klass = { NULL, 0, true };
 159 address Universe::_narrow_ptrs_base;
 160 
 161 void Universe::basic_type_classes_do(void f(Klass*)) {
 162   f(boolArrayKlassObj());
 163   f(byteArrayKlassObj());
 164   f(charArrayKlassObj());
 165   f(intArrayKlassObj());
 166   f(shortArrayKlassObj());
 167   f(longArrayKlassObj());
 168   f(singleArrayKlassObj());
 169   f(doubleArrayKlassObj());
 170 }
 171 
 172 void Universe::oops_do(OopClosure* f, bool do_all) {
 173 
 174   f->do_oop((oop*) &_int_mirror);
 175   f->do_oop((oop*) &_float_mirror);
 176   f->do_oop((oop*) &_double_mirror);
 177   f->do_oop((oop*) &_byte_mirror);
 178   f->do_oop((oop*) &_bool_mirror);
 179   f->do_oop((oop*) &_char_mirror);
 180   f->do_oop((oop*) &_long_mirror);
 181   f->do_oop((oop*) &_short_mirror);
 182   f->do_oop((oop*) &_void_mirror);
 183 
 184   for (int i = T_BOOLEAN; i < T_VOID+1; i++) {
 185     f->do_oop((oop*) &_mirrors[i]);
 186   }
 187   assert(_mirrors[0] == NULL && _mirrors[T_BOOLEAN - 1] == NULL, "checking");
 188 
 189   f->do_oop((oop*)&_the_empty_class_klass_array);
 190   f->do_oop((oop*)&_the_null_string);
 191   f->do_oop((oop*)&_the_min_jint_string);
 192   f->do_oop((oop*)&_out_of_memory_error_java_heap);
 193   f->do_oop((oop*)&_out_of_memory_error_metaspace);
 194   f->do_oop((oop*)&_out_of_memory_error_class_metaspace);
 195   f->do_oop((oop*)&_out_of_memory_error_array_size);
 196   f->do_oop((oop*)&_out_of_memory_error_gc_overhead_limit);
 197   f->do_oop((oop*)&_out_of_memory_error_realloc_objects);
 198     f->do_oop((oop*)&_preallocated_out_of_memory_error_array);
 199   f->do_oop((oop*)&_null_ptr_exception_instance);
 200   f->do_oop((oop*)&_arithmetic_exception_instance);
 201   f->do_oop((oop*)&_virtual_machine_error_instance);
 202   f->do_oop((oop*)&_main_thread_group);
 203   f->do_oop((oop*)&_system_thread_group);
 204   f->do_oop((oop*)&_vm_exception);
 205   f->do_oop((oop*)&_allocation_context_notification_obj);
 206   debug_only(f->do_oop((oop*)&_fullgc_alot_dummy_array);)
 207 }
 208 
 209 // Serialize metadata in and out of CDS archive, not oops.
 210 void Universe::serialize(SerializeClosure* f, bool do_all) {
 211 
 212   f->do_ptr((void**)&_boolArrayKlassObj);
 213   f->do_ptr((void**)&_byteArrayKlassObj);
 214   f->do_ptr((void**)&_charArrayKlassObj);
 215   f->do_ptr((void**)&_intArrayKlassObj);
 216   f->do_ptr((void**)&_shortArrayKlassObj);
 217   f->do_ptr((void**)&_longArrayKlassObj);
 218   f->do_ptr((void**)&_singleArrayKlassObj);
 219   f->do_ptr((void**)&_doubleArrayKlassObj);
 220   f->do_ptr((void**)&_objectArrayKlassObj);
 221 
 222   {
 223     for (int i = 0; i < T_VOID+1; i++) {
 224       if (_typeArrayKlassObjs[i] != NULL) {
 225         assert(i >= T_BOOLEAN, "checking");
 226         f->do_ptr((void**)&_typeArrayKlassObjs[i]);
 227       } else if (do_all) {
 228         f->do_ptr((void**)&_typeArrayKlassObjs[i]);
 229       }
 230     }
 231   }
 232 
 233   f->do_ptr((void**)&_the_array_interfaces_array);
 234   f->do_ptr((void**)&_the_empty_int_array);
 235   f->do_ptr((void**)&_the_empty_short_array);
 236   f->do_ptr((void**)&_the_empty_method_array);
 237   f->do_ptr((void**)&_the_empty_klass_array);
 238   _finalizer_register_cache->serialize(f);
 239   _loader_addClass_cache->serialize(f);
 240   _pd_implies_cache->serialize(f);
 241   _throw_illegal_access_error_cache->serialize(f);
 242 }
 243 
 244 void Universe::check_alignment(uintx size, uintx alignment, const char* name) {
 245   if (size < alignment || size % alignment != 0) {
 246     vm_exit_during_initialization(
 247       err_msg("Size of %s (" UINTX_FORMAT " bytes) must be aligned to " UINTX_FORMAT " bytes", name, size, alignment));
 248   }
 249 }
 250 
 251 void initialize_basic_type_klass(Klass* k, TRAPS) {
 252   Klass* ok = SystemDictionary::Object_klass();
 253   if (UseSharedSpaces) {
 254     ClassLoaderData* loader_data = ClassLoaderData::the_null_class_loader_data();
 255     assert(k->super() == ok, "u3");
 256     k->restore_unshareable_info(loader_data, Handle(), CHECK);
 257   } else {
 258     k->initialize_supers(ok, CHECK);
 259   }
 260   k->append_to_sibling_list();
 261 }
 262 
 263 void Universe::genesis(TRAPS) {
 264   ResourceMark rm;
 265 
 266   { FlagSetting fs(_bootstrapping, true);
 267 
 268     { MutexLocker mc(Compile_lock);
 269 
 270       // determine base vtable size; without that we cannot create the array klasses
 271       compute_base_vtable_size();
 272 
 273       if (!UseSharedSpaces) {
 274         _boolArrayKlassObj      = TypeArrayKlass::create_klass(T_BOOLEAN, sizeof(jboolean), CHECK);
 275         _charArrayKlassObj      = TypeArrayKlass::create_klass(T_CHAR,    sizeof(jchar),    CHECK);
 276         _singleArrayKlassObj    = TypeArrayKlass::create_klass(T_FLOAT,   sizeof(jfloat),   CHECK);
 277         _doubleArrayKlassObj    = TypeArrayKlass::create_klass(T_DOUBLE,  sizeof(jdouble),  CHECK);
 278         _byteArrayKlassObj      = TypeArrayKlass::create_klass(T_BYTE,    sizeof(jbyte),    CHECK);
 279         _shortArrayKlassObj     = TypeArrayKlass::create_klass(T_SHORT,   sizeof(jshort),   CHECK);
 280         _intArrayKlassObj       = TypeArrayKlass::create_klass(T_INT,     sizeof(jint),     CHECK);
 281         _longArrayKlassObj      = TypeArrayKlass::create_klass(T_LONG,    sizeof(jlong),    CHECK);
 282 
 283         _typeArrayKlassObjs[T_BOOLEAN] = _boolArrayKlassObj;
 284         _typeArrayKlassObjs[T_CHAR]    = _charArrayKlassObj;
 285         _typeArrayKlassObjs[T_FLOAT]   = _singleArrayKlassObj;
 286         _typeArrayKlassObjs[T_DOUBLE]  = _doubleArrayKlassObj;
 287         _typeArrayKlassObjs[T_BYTE]    = _byteArrayKlassObj;
 288         _typeArrayKlassObjs[T_SHORT]   = _shortArrayKlassObj;
 289         _typeArrayKlassObjs[T_INT]     = _intArrayKlassObj;
 290         _typeArrayKlassObjs[T_LONG]    = _longArrayKlassObj;
 291 
 292         ClassLoaderData* null_cld = ClassLoaderData::the_null_class_loader_data();
 293 
 294         _the_array_interfaces_array = MetadataFactory::new_array<Klass*>(null_cld, 2, NULL, CHECK);
 295         _the_empty_int_array        = MetadataFactory::new_array<int>(null_cld, 0, CHECK);
 296         _the_empty_short_array      = MetadataFactory::new_array<u2>(null_cld, 0, CHECK);
 297         _the_empty_method_array     = MetadataFactory::new_array<Method*>(null_cld, 0, CHECK);
 298         _the_empty_klass_array      = MetadataFactory::new_array<Klass*>(null_cld, 0, CHECK);
 299       }
 300     }
 301 
 302     vmSymbols::initialize(CHECK);
 303 
 304     SystemDictionary::initialize(CHECK);
 305 
 306     Klass* ok = SystemDictionary::Object_klass();
 307 
 308     _the_null_string            = StringTable::intern("null", CHECK);
 309     _the_min_jint_string       = StringTable::intern("-2147483648", CHECK);
 310 
 311     if (UseSharedSpaces) {
 312       // Verify shared interfaces array.
 313       assert(_the_array_interfaces_array->at(0) ==
 314              SystemDictionary::Cloneable_klass(), "u3");
 315       assert(_the_array_interfaces_array->at(1) ==
 316              SystemDictionary::Serializable_klass(), "u3");
 317       MetaspaceShared::fixup_shared_string_regions();
 318     } else {
 319       // Set up shared interfaces array.  (Do this before supers are set up.)
 320       _the_array_interfaces_array->at_put(0, SystemDictionary::Cloneable_klass());
 321       _the_array_interfaces_array->at_put(1, SystemDictionary::Serializable_klass());
 322     }
 323 
 324     initialize_basic_type_klass(boolArrayKlassObj(), CHECK);
 325     initialize_basic_type_klass(charArrayKlassObj(), CHECK);
 326     initialize_basic_type_klass(singleArrayKlassObj(), CHECK);
 327     initialize_basic_type_klass(doubleArrayKlassObj(), CHECK);
 328     initialize_basic_type_klass(byteArrayKlassObj(), CHECK);
 329     initialize_basic_type_klass(shortArrayKlassObj(), CHECK);
 330     initialize_basic_type_klass(intArrayKlassObj(), CHECK);
 331     initialize_basic_type_klass(longArrayKlassObj(), CHECK);
 332   } // end of core bootstrapping
 333 
 334   // Maybe this could be lifted up now that object array can be initialized
 335   // during the bootstrapping.
 336 
 337   // OLD
 338   // Initialize _objectArrayKlass after core bootstraping to make
 339   // sure the super class is set up properly for _objectArrayKlass.
 340   // ---
 341   // NEW
 342   // Since some of the old system object arrays have been converted to
 343   // ordinary object arrays, _objectArrayKlass will be loaded when
 344   // SystemDictionary::initialize(CHECK); is run. See the extra check
 345   // for Object_klass_loaded in objArrayKlassKlass::allocate_objArray_klass_impl.
 346   _objectArrayKlassObj = InstanceKlass::
 347     cast(SystemDictionary::Object_klass())->array_klass(1, CHECK);
 348   // OLD
 349   // Add the class to the class hierarchy manually to make sure that
 350   // its vtable is initialized after core bootstrapping is completed.
 351   // ---
 352   // New
 353   // Have already been initialized.
 354   _objectArrayKlassObj->append_to_sibling_list();
 355 
 356   // Compute is_jdk version flags.
 357   // Only 1.3 or later has the java.lang.Shutdown class.
 358   // Only 1.4 or later has the java.lang.CharSequence interface.
 359   // Only 1.5 or later has the java.lang.management.MemoryUsage class.
 360   if (JDK_Version::is_partially_initialized()) {
 361     uint8_t jdk_version;
 362     Klass* k = SystemDictionary::resolve_or_null(
 363         vmSymbols::java_lang_management_MemoryUsage(), THREAD);
 364     CLEAR_PENDING_EXCEPTION; // ignore exceptions
 365     if (k == NULL) {
 366       k = SystemDictionary::resolve_or_null(
 367           vmSymbols::java_lang_CharSequence(), THREAD);
 368       CLEAR_PENDING_EXCEPTION; // ignore exceptions
 369       if (k == NULL) {
 370         k = SystemDictionary::resolve_or_null(
 371             vmSymbols::java_lang_Shutdown(), THREAD);
 372         CLEAR_PENDING_EXCEPTION; // ignore exceptions
 373         if (k == NULL) {
 374           jdk_version = 2;
 375         } else {
 376           jdk_version = 3;
 377         }
 378       } else {
 379         jdk_version = 4;
 380       }
 381     } else {
 382       jdk_version = 5;
 383     }
 384     JDK_Version::fully_initialize(jdk_version);
 385   }
 386 
 387   #ifdef ASSERT
 388   if (FullGCALot) {
 389     // Allocate an array of dummy objects.
 390     // We'd like these to be at the bottom of the old generation,
 391     // so that when we free one and then collect,
 392     // (almost) the whole heap moves
 393     // and we find out if we actually update all the oops correctly.
 394     // But we can't allocate directly in the old generation,
 395     // so we allocate wherever, and hope that the first collection
 396     // moves these objects to the bottom of the old generation.
 397     // We can allocate directly in the permanent generation, so we do.
 398     int size;
 399     if (UseConcMarkSweepGC) {
 400       warning("Using +FullGCALot with concurrent mark sweep gc "
 401               "will not force all objects to relocate");
 402       size = FullGCALotDummies;
 403     } else {
 404       size = FullGCALotDummies * 2;
 405     }
 406     objArrayOop    naked_array = oopFactory::new_objArray(SystemDictionary::Object_klass(), size, CHECK);
 407     objArrayHandle dummy_array(THREAD, naked_array);
 408     int i = 0;
 409     while (i < size) {
 410         // Allocate dummy in old generation
 411       oop dummy = InstanceKlass::cast(SystemDictionary::Object_klass())->allocate_instance(CHECK);
 412       dummy_array->obj_at_put(i++, dummy);
 413     }
 414     {
 415       // Only modify the global variable inside the mutex.
 416       // If we had a race to here, the other dummy_array instances
 417       // and their elements just get dropped on the floor, which is fine.
 418       MutexLocker ml(FullGCALot_lock);
 419       if (_fullgc_alot_dummy_array == NULL) {
 420         _fullgc_alot_dummy_array = dummy_array();
 421       }
 422     }
 423     assert(i == _fullgc_alot_dummy_array->length(), "just checking");
 424   }
 425   #endif
 426 
 427   // Initialize dependency array for null class loader
 428   ClassLoaderData::the_null_class_loader_data()->init_dependencies(CHECK);
 429 
 430 }
 431 
 432 // CDS support for patching vtables in metadata in the shared archive.
 433 // All types inherited from Metadata have vtables, but not types inherited
 434 // from MetaspaceObj, because the latter does not have virtual functions.
 435 // If the metadata type has a vtable, it cannot be shared in the read-only
 436 // section of the CDS archive, because the vtable pointer is patched.
 437 static inline void add_vtable(void** list, int* n, void* o, int count) {
 438   guarantee((*n) < count, "vtable list too small");
 439   void* vtable = dereference_vptr(o);
 440   assert(*(void**)(vtable) != NULL, "invalid vtable");
 441   list[(*n)++] = vtable;
 442 }
 443 
 444 void Universe::init_self_patching_vtbl_list(void** list, int count) {
 445   int n = 0;
 446   { InstanceKlass o;          add_vtable(list, &n, &o, count); }
 447   { InstanceClassLoaderKlass o; add_vtable(list, &n, &o, count); }
 448   { InstanceMirrorKlass o;    add_vtable(list, &n, &o, count); }
 449   { InstanceRefKlass o;       add_vtable(list, &n, &o, count); }
 450   { TypeArrayKlass o;         add_vtable(list, &n, &o, count); }
 451   { ObjArrayKlass o;          add_vtable(list, &n, &o, count); }
 452   { Method o;                 add_vtable(list, &n, &o, count); }
 453   { ConstantPool o;           add_vtable(list, &n, &o, count); }
 454 }
 455 
 456 void Universe::initialize_basic_type_mirrors(TRAPS) {
 457     assert(_int_mirror==NULL, "basic type mirrors already initialized");
 458     _int_mirror     =
 459       java_lang_Class::create_basic_type_mirror("int",    T_INT, CHECK);
 460     _float_mirror   =
 461       java_lang_Class::create_basic_type_mirror("float",  T_FLOAT,   CHECK);
 462     _double_mirror  =
 463       java_lang_Class::create_basic_type_mirror("double", T_DOUBLE,  CHECK);
 464     _byte_mirror    =
 465       java_lang_Class::create_basic_type_mirror("byte",   T_BYTE, CHECK);
 466     _bool_mirror    =
 467       java_lang_Class::create_basic_type_mirror("boolean",T_BOOLEAN, CHECK);
 468     _char_mirror    =
 469       java_lang_Class::create_basic_type_mirror("char",   T_CHAR, CHECK);
 470     _long_mirror    =
 471       java_lang_Class::create_basic_type_mirror("long",   T_LONG, CHECK);
 472     _short_mirror   =
 473       java_lang_Class::create_basic_type_mirror("short",  T_SHORT,   CHECK);
 474     _void_mirror    =
 475       java_lang_Class::create_basic_type_mirror("void",   T_VOID, CHECK);
 476 
 477     _mirrors[T_INT]     = _int_mirror;
 478     _mirrors[T_FLOAT]   = _float_mirror;
 479     _mirrors[T_DOUBLE]  = _double_mirror;
 480     _mirrors[T_BYTE]    = _byte_mirror;
 481     _mirrors[T_BOOLEAN] = _bool_mirror;
 482     _mirrors[T_CHAR]    = _char_mirror;
 483     _mirrors[T_LONG]    = _long_mirror;
 484     _mirrors[T_SHORT]   = _short_mirror;
 485     _mirrors[T_VOID]    = _void_mirror;
 486   //_mirrors[T_OBJECT]  = InstanceKlass::cast(_object_klass)->java_mirror();
 487   //_mirrors[T_ARRAY]   = InstanceKlass::cast(_object_klass)->java_mirror();
 488 }
 489 
 490 void Universe::fixup_mirrors(TRAPS) {
 491   // Bootstrap problem: all classes gets a mirror (java.lang.Class instance) assigned eagerly,
 492   // but we cannot do that for classes created before java.lang.Class is loaded. Here we simply
 493   // walk over permanent objects created so far (mostly classes) and fixup their mirrors. Note
 494   // that the number of objects allocated at this point is very small.
 495   assert(SystemDictionary::Class_klass_loaded(), "java.lang.Class should be loaded");
 496   HandleMark hm(THREAD);
 497   // Cache the start of the static fields
 498   InstanceMirrorKlass::init_offset_of_static_fields();
 499 
 500   GrowableArray <Klass*>* list = java_lang_Class::fixup_mirror_list();
 501   int list_length = list->length();
 502   for (int i = 0; i < list_length; i++) {
 503     Klass* k = list->at(i);
 504     assert(k->is_klass(), "List should only hold classes");
 505     EXCEPTION_MARK;
 506     KlassHandle kh(THREAD, k);
 507     java_lang_Class::fixup_mirror(kh, CATCH);
 508 }
 509   delete java_lang_Class::fixup_mirror_list();
 510   java_lang_Class::set_fixup_mirror_list(NULL);
 511 }
 512 
 513 static bool has_run_finalizers_on_exit = false;
 514 
 515 void Universe::run_finalizers_on_exit() {
 516   if (has_run_finalizers_on_exit) return;
 517   has_run_finalizers_on_exit = true;
 518 
 519   // Called on VM exit. This ought to be run in a separate thread.
 520   if (TraceReferenceGC) tty->print_cr("Callback to run finalizers on exit");
 521   {
 522     PRESERVE_EXCEPTION_MARK;
 523     KlassHandle finalizer_klass(THREAD, SystemDictionary::Finalizer_klass());
 524     JavaValue result(T_VOID);
 525     JavaCalls::call_static(
 526       &result,
 527       finalizer_klass,
 528       vmSymbols::run_finalizers_on_exit_name(),
 529       vmSymbols::void_method_signature(),
 530       THREAD
 531     );
 532     // Ignore any pending exceptions
 533     CLEAR_PENDING_EXCEPTION;
 534   }
 535 }
 536 
 537 
 538 // initialize_vtable could cause gc if
 539 // 1) we specified true to initialize_vtable and
 540 // 2) this ran after gc was enabled
 541 // In case those ever change we use handles for oops
 542 void Universe::reinitialize_vtable_of(KlassHandle k_h, TRAPS) {
 543   // init vtable of k and all subclasses
 544   Klass* ko = k_h();
 545   klassVtable* vt = ko->vtable();
 546   if (vt) vt->initialize_vtable(false, CHECK);
 547   if (ko->oop_is_instance()) {
 548     InstanceKlass* ik = (InstanceKlass*)ko;
 549     for (KlassHandle s_h(THREAD, ik->subklass());
 550          s_h() != NULL;
 551          s_h = KlassHandle(THREAD, s_h()->next_sibling())) {
 552       reinitialize_vtable_of(s_h, CHECK);
 553     }
 554   }
 555 }
 556 
 557 
 558 void initialize_itable_for_klass(Klass* k, TRAPS) {
 559   InstanceKlass::cast(k)->itable()->initialize_itable(false, CHECK);
 560 }
 561 
 562 
 563 void Universe::reinitialize_itables(TRAPS) {
 564   SystemDictionary::classes_do(initialize_itable_for_klass, CHECK);
 565 
 566 }
 567 
 568 
 569 bool Universe::on_page_boundary(void* addr) {
 570   return ((uintptr_t) addr) % os::vm_page_size() == 0;
 571 }
 572 
 573 
 574 bool Universe::should_fill_in_stack_trace(Handle throwable) {
 575   // never attempt to fill in the stack trace of preallocated errors that do not have
 576   // backtrace. These errors are kept alive forever and may be "re-used" when all
 577   // preallocated errors with backtrace have been consumed. Also need to avoid
 578   // a potential loop which could happen if an out of memory occurs when attempting
 579   // to allocate the backtrace.
 580   return ((throwable() != Universe::_out_of_memory_error_java_heap) &&
 581           (throwable() != Universe::_out_of_memory_error_metaspace)  &&
 582           (throwable() != Universe::_out_of_memory_error_class_metaspace)  &&
 583           (throwable() != Universe::_out_of_memory_error_array_size) &&
 584           (throwable() != Universe::_out_of_memory_error_gc_overhead_limit) &&
 585           (throwable() != Universe::_out_of_memory_error_realloc_objects));
 586 }
 587 
 588 
 589 oop Universe::gen_out_of_memory_error(oop default_err) {
 590   // generate an out of memory error:
 591   // - if there is a preallocated error with backtrace available then return it wth
 592   //   a filled in stack trace.
 593   // - if there are no preallocated errors with backtrace available then return
 594   //   an error without backtrace.
 595   int next;
 596   if (_preallocated_out_of_memory_error_avail_count > 0) {
 597     next = (int)Atomic::add(-1, &_preallocated_out_of_memory_error_avail_count);
 598     assert(next < (int)PreallocatedOutOfMemoryErrorCount, "avail count is corrupt");
 599   } else {
 600     next = -1;
 601   }
 602   if (next < 0) {
 603     // all preallocated errors have been used.
 604     // return default
 605     return default_err;
 606   } else {
 607     // get the error object at the slot and set set it to NULL so that the
 608     // array isn't keeping it alive anymore.
 609     oop exc = preallocated_out_of_memory_errors()->obj_at(next);
 610     assert(exc != NULL, "slot has been used already");
 611     preallocated_out_of_memory_errors()->obj_at_put(next, NULL);
 612 
 613     // use the message from the default error
 614     oop msg = java_lang_Throwable::message(default_err);
 615     assert(msg != NULL, "no message");
 616     java_lang_Throwable::set_message(exc, msg);
 617 
 618     // populate the stack trace and return it.
 619     java_lang_Throwable::fill_in_stack_trace_of_preallocated_backtrace(exc);
 620     return exc;
 621   }
 622 }
 623 
 624 intptr_t Universe::_non_oop_bits = 0;
 625 
 626 void* Universe::non_oop_word() {
 627   // Neither the high bits nor the low bits of this value is allowed
 628   // to look like (respectively) the high or low bits of a real oop.
 629   //
 630   // High and low are CPU-specific notions, but low always includes
 631   // the low-order bit.  Since oops are always aligned at least mod 4,
 632   // setting the low-order bit will ensure that the low half of the
 633   // word will never look like that of a real oop.
 634   //
 635   // Using the OS-supplied non-memory-address word (usually 0 or -1)
 636   // will take care of the high bits, however many there are.
 637 
 638   if (_non_oop_bits == 0) {
 639     _non_oop_bits = (intptr_t)os::non_memory_address_word() | 1;
 640   }
 641 
 642   return (void*)_non_oop_bits;
 643 }
 644 
 645 jint universe_init() {
 646   assert(!Universe::_fully_initialized, "called after initialize_vtables");
 647   guarantee(1 << LogHeapWordSize == sizeof(HeapWord),
 648          "LogHeapWordSize is incorrect.");
 649   guarantee(sizeof(oop) >= sizeof(HeapWord), "HeapWord larger than oop?");
 650   guarantee(sizeof(oop) % sizeof(HeapWord) == 0,
 651             "oop size is not not a multiple of HeapWord size");
 652   TraceTime timer("Genesis", TraceStartupTime);
 653   JavaClasses::compute_hard_coded_offsets();
 654 
 655   jint status = Universe::initialize_heap();
 656   if (status != JNI_OK) {
 657     return status;
 658   }
 659 
 660   Metaspace::global_initialize();
 661 
 662   // Checks 'AfterMemoryInit' constraints.
 663   if (!CommandLineFlagConstraintList::check_constraints(CommandLineFlagConstraint::AfterMemoryInit)) {
 664     return JNI_EINVAL;
 665   }
 666 
 667   // Create memory for metadata.  Must be after initializing heap for
 668   // DumpSharedSpaces.
 669   ClassLoaderData::init_null_class_loader_data();
 670 
 671   // We have a heap so create the Method* caches before
 672   // Metaspace::initialize_shared_spaces() tries to populate them.
 673   Universe::_finalizer_register_cache = new LatestMethodCache();
 674   Universe::_loader_addClass_cache    = new LatestMethodCache();
 675   Universe::_pd_implies_cache         = new LatestMethodCache();
 676   Universe::_throw_illegal_access_error_cache = new LatestMethodCache();
 677 
 678   if (UseSharedSpaces) {
 679     // Read the data structures supporting the shared spaces (shared
 680     // system dictionary, symbol table, etc.).  After that, access to
 681     // the file (other than the mapped regions) is no longer needed, and
 682     // the file is closed. Closing the file does not affect the
 683     // currently mapped regions.
 684     MetaspaceShared::initialize_shared_spaces();
 685     StringTable::create_table();
 686   } else {
 687     SymbolTable::create_table();
 688     StringTable::create_table();
 689     ClassLoader::create_package_info_table();
 690 
 691     if (DumpSharedSpaces) {
 692       MetaspaceShared::prepare_for_dumping();
 693     }
 694   }
 695 
 696   return JNI_OK;
 697 }
 698 
 699 CollectedHeap* Universe::create_heap() {
 700   assert(_collectedHeap == NULL, "Heap already created");
 701 #if !INCLUDE_ALL_GCS
 702   if (UseParallelGC) {
 703     fatal("UseParallelGC not supported in this VM.");
 704   } else if (UseG1GC) {
 705     fatal("UseG1GC not supported in this VM.");
 706   } else if (UseConcMarkSweepGC) {
 707     fatal("UseConcMarkSweepGC not supported in this VM.");
 708   } else if (UseShenandoahGC) {
 709     fatal("UseShenandoahGC not supported in this VM.");
 710   }
 711 #else
 712   if (UseParallelGC) {
 713     return Universe::create_heap_with_policy<ParallelScavengeHeap, GenerationSizer>();
 714   } else if (UseG1GC) {
 715     return Universe::create_heap_with_policy<G1CollectedHeap, G1CollectorPolicy>();
 716   } else if (UseConcMarkSweepGC) {
 717     return Universe::create_heap_with_policy<GenCollectedHeap, ConcurrentMarkSweepPolicy>();
 718   } else if (UseShenandoahGC) {
 719     return Universe::create_heap_with_policy<ShenandoahHeap, ShenandoahCollectorPolicy>();
 720 #endif
 721   } else if (UseSerialGC) {
 722     return Universe::create_heap_with_policy<GenCollectedHeap, MarkSweepPolicy>();
 723   }
 724 
 725   ShouldNotReachHere();
 726   return NULL;
 727 }
 728 
 729 // Choose the heap base address and oop encoding mode
 730 // when compressed oops are used:
 731 // Unscaled  - Use 32-bits oops without encoding when
 732 //     NarrowOopHeapBaseMin + heap_size < 4Gb
 733 // ZeroBased - Use zero based compressed oops with encoding when
 734 //     NarrowOopHeapBaseMin + heap_size < 32Gb
 735 // HeapBased - Use compressed oops with heap base + encoding.
 736 
 737 jint Universe::initialize_heap() {
 738   jint status = JNI_ERR;
 739 
 740   _collectedHeap = create_heap_ext();
 741   if (_collectedHeap == NULL) {
 742     _collectedHeap = create_heap();
 743   }
 744 
 745   status = _collectedHeap->initialize();
 746   if (status != JNI_OK) {
 747     return status;
 748   }
 749 
 750   ThreadLocalAllocBuffer::set_max_size(Universe::heap()->max_tlab_size());
 751 
 752 #ifdef _LP64
 753   if (UseCompressedOops) {
 754     // Subtract a page because something can get allocated at heap base.
 755     // This also makes implicit null checking work, because the
 756     // memory+1 page below heap_base needs to cause a signal.
 757     // See needs_explicit_null_check.
 758     // Only set the heap base for compressed oops because it indicates
 759     // compressed oops for pstack code.
 760     if ((uint64_t)Universe::heap()->reserved_region().end() > UnscaledOopHeapMax) {
 761       // Didn't reserve heap below 4Gb.  Must shift.
 762       Universe::set_narrow_oop_shift(LogMinObjAlignmentInBytes);
 763     }
 764     if ((uint64_t)Universe::heap()->reserved_region().end() <= OopEncodingHeapMax) {
 765       // Did reserve heap below 32Gb. Can use base == 0;
 766       Universe::set_narrow_oop_base(0);
 767     }
 768 
 769     Universe::set_narrow_ptrs_base(Universe::narrow_oop_base());
 770 
 771     if (PrintCompressedOopsMode || (PrintMiscellaneous && Verbose)) {
 772       Universe::print_compressed_oops_mode(tty);
 773     }
 774 
 775     // Tell tests in which mode we run.
 776     Arguments::PropertyList_add(new SystemProperty("java.vm.compressedOopsMode",
 777                                                    narrow_oop_mode_to_string(narrow_oop_mode()),
 778                                                    false));
 779   }
 780   // Universe::narrow_oop_base() is one page below the heap.
 781   assert((intptr_t)Universe::narrow_oop_base() <= (intptr_t)(Universe::heap()->base() -
 782          os::vm_page_size()) ||
 783          Universe::narrow_oop_base() == NULL, "invalid value");
 784   assert(Universe::narrow_oop_shift() == LogMinObjAlignmentInBytes ||
 785          Universe::narrow_oop_shift() == 0, "invalid value");
 786 #endif
 787 
 788   // We will never reach the CATCH below since Exceptions::_throw will cause
 789   // the VM to exit if an exception is thrown during initialization
 790 
 791   if (UseTLAB) {
 792     assert(Universe::heap()->supports_tlab_allocation(),
 793            "Should support thread-local allocation buffers");
 794     ThreadLocalAllocBuffer::startup_initialization();
 795   }
 796   return JNI_OK;
 797 }
 798 
 799 void Universe::print_compressed_oops_mode(outputStream* st) {
 800   st->print("heap address: " PTR_FORMAT ", size: " SIZE_FORMAT " MB",
 801               p2i(Universe::heap()->base()), Universe::heap()->reserved_region().byte_size()/M);
 802 
 803   st->print(", Compressed Oops mode: %s", narrow_oop_mode_to_string(narrow_oop_mode()));
 804 
 805   if (Universe::narrow_oop_base() != 0) {
 806     st->print(": " PTR_FORMAT, p2i(Universe::narrow_oop_base()));
 807   }
 808 
 809   if (Universe::narrow_oop_shift() != 0) {
 810     st->print(", Oop shift amount: %d", Universe::narrow_oop_shift());
 811   }
 812 
 813   if (!Universe::narrow_oop_use_implicit_null_checks()) {
 814     st->print(", no protected page in front of the heap");
 815   }
 816   st->cr();
 817 }
 818 
 819 ReservedSpace Universe::reserve_heap(size_t heap_size, size_t alignment) {
 820 
 821   assert(alignment <= Arguments::conservative_max_heap_alignment(),
 822       err_msg("actual alignment " SIZE_FORMAT " must be within maximum heap alignment " SIZE_FORMAT,
 823           alignment, Arguments::conservative_max_heap_alignment()));
 824 
 825   size_t total_reserved = align_size_up(heap_size, alignment);
 826   assert(!UseCompressedOops || (total_reserved <= (OopEncodingHeapMax - os::vm_page_size())),
 827       "heap size is too big for compressed oops");
 828 
 829   bool use_large_pages = UseLargePages && is_size_aligned(alignment, os::large_page_size());
 830   assert(!UseLargePages
 831       || UseParallelGC
 832       || use_large_pages, "Wrong alignment to use large pages");
 833 
 834   // Now create the space.
 835   ReservedHeapSpace total_rs(total_reserved, alignment, use_large_pages);
 836 
 837   if (total_rs.is_reserved()) {
 838     assert((total_reserved == total_rs.size()) && ((uintptr_t)total_rs.base() % alignment == 0),
 839            "must be exactly of required size and alignment");
 840     // We are good.
 841 
 842     if (UseCompressedOops) {
 843       // Universe::initialize_heap() will reset this to NULL if unscaled
 844       // or zero-based narrow oops are actually used.
 845       // Else heap start and base MUST differ, so that NULL can be encoded nonambigous.
 846       Universe::set_narrow_oop_base((address)total_rs.compressed_oop_base());
 847     }
 848 
 849     return total_rs;
 850   }
 851 
 852   vm_exit_during_initialization(
 853     err_msg("Could not reserve enough space for " SIZE_FORMAT "KB object heap",
 854             total_reserved/K));
 855 
 856   // satisfy compiler
 857   ShouldNotReachHere();
 858   return ReservedHeapSpace(0, 0, false);
 859 }
 860 
 861 
 862 // It's the caller's responsibility to ensure glitch-freedom
 863 // (if required).
 864 void Universe::update_heap_info_at_gc() {
 865   _heap_capacity_at_last_gc = heap()->capacity();
 866   _heap_used_at_last_gc     = heap()->used();
 867 }
 868 
 869 
 870 const char* Universe::narrow_oop_mode_to_string(Universe::NARROW_OOP_MODE mode) {
 871   switch (mode) {
 872     case UnscaledNarrowOop:
 873       return "32-bit";
 874     case ZeroBasedNarrowOop:
 875       return "Zero based";
 876     case DisjointBaseNarrowOop:
 877       return "Non-zero disjoint base";
 878     case HeapBasedNarrowOop:
 879       return "Non-zero based";
 880   }
 881 
 882   ShouldNotReachHere();
 883   return "";
 884 }
 885 
 886 
 887 Universe::NARROW_OOP_MODE Universe::narrow_oop_mode() {
 888   if (narrow_oop_base_disjoint()) {
 889     return DisjointBaseNarrowOop;
 890   }
 891 
 892   if (narrow_oop_base() != 0) {
 893     return HeapBasedNarrowOop;
 894   }
 895 
 896   if (narrow_oop_shift() != 0) {
 897     return ZeroBasedNarrowOop;
 898   }
 899 
 900   return UnscaledNarrowOop;
 901 }
 902 
 903 
 904 void universe2_init() {
 905   EXCEPTION_MARK;
 906   Universe::genesis(CATCH);
 907 }
 908 
 909 
 910 bool universe_post_init() {
 911   assert(!is_init_completed(), "Error: initialization not yet completed!");
 912   Universe::_fully_initialized = true;
 913   EXCEPTION_MARK;
 914   { ResourceMark rm;
 915     Interpreter::initialize();      // needed for interpreter entry points
 916     if (!UseSharedSpaces) {
 917       HandleMark hm(THREAD);
 918       KlassHandle ok_h(THREAD, SystemDictionary::Object_klass());
 919       Universe::reinitialize_vtable_of(ok_h, CHECK_false);
 920       Universe::reinitialize_itables(CHECK_false);
 921     }
 922   }
 923 
 924   HandleMark hm(THREAD);
 925   Klass* k;
 926   instanceKlassHandle k_h;
 927     // Setup preallocated empty java.lang.Class array
 928     Universe::_the_empty_class_klass_array = oopFactory::new_objArray(SystemDictionary::Class_klass(), 0, CHECK_false);
 929 
 930     // Setup preallocated OutOfMemoryError errors
 931     k = SystemDictionary::resolve_or_fail(vmSymbols::java_lang_OutOfMemoryError(), true, CHECK_false);
 932     k_h = instanceKlassHandle(THREAD, k);
 933     Universe::_out_of_memory_error_java_heap = k_h->allocate_instance(CHECK_false);
 934     Universe::_out_of_memory_error_metaspace = k_h->allocate_instance(CHECK_false);
 935     Universe::_out_of_memory_error_class_metaspace = k_h->allocate_instance(CHECK_false);
 936     Universe::_out_of_memory_error_array_size = k_h->allocate_instance(CHECK_false);
 937     Universe::_out_of_memory_error_gc_overhead_limit =
 938       k_h->allocate_instance(CHECK_false);
 939     Universe::_out_of_memory_error_realloc_objects = k_h->allocate_instance(CHECK_false);
 940 
 941     // Setup preallocated NullPointerException
 942     // (this is currently used for a cheap & dirty solution in compiler exception handling)
 943     k = SystemDictionary::resolve_or_fail(vmSymbols::java_lang_NullPointerException(), true, CHECK_false);
 944     Universe::_null_ptr_exception_instance = InstanceKlass::cast(k)->allocate_instance(CHECK_false);
 945     // Setup preallocated ArithmeticException
 946     // (this is currently used for a cheap & dirty solution in compiler exception handling)
 947     k = SystemDictionary::resolve_or_fail(vmSymbols::java_lang_ArithmeticException(), true, CHECK_false);
 948     Universe::_arithmetic_exception_instance = InstanceKlass::cast(k)->allocate_instance(CHECK_false);
 949     // Virtual Machine Error for when we get into a situation we can't resolve
 950     k = SystemDictionary::resolve_or_fail(
 951       vmSymbols::java_lang_VirtualMachineError(), true, CHECK_false);
 952     bool linked = InstanceKlass::cast(k)->link_class_or_fail(CHECK_false);
 953     if (!linked) {
 954       tty->print_cr("Unable to link/verify VirtualMachineError class");
 955       return false; // initialization failed
 956     }
 957     Universe::_virtual_machine_error_instance =
 958       InstanceKlass::cast(k)->allocate_instance(CHECK_false);
 959 
 960     Universe::_vm_exception = InstanceKlass::cast(k)->allocate_instance(CHECK_false);
 961 
 962   if (!DumpSharedSpaces) {
 963     // These are the only Java fields that are currently set during shared space dumping.
 964     // We prefer to not handle this generally, so we always reinitialize these detail messages.
 965     Handle msg = java_lang_String::create_from_str("Java heap space", CHECK_false);
 966     java_lang_Throwable::set_message(Universe::_out_of_memory_error_java_heap, msg());
 967 
 968     msg = java_lang_String::create_from_str("Metaspace", CHECK_false);
 969     java_lang_Throwable::set_message(Universe::_out_of_memory_error_metaspace, msg());
 970     msg = java_lang_String::create_from_str("Compressed class space", CHECK_false);
 971     java_lang_Throwable::set_message(Universe::_out_of_memory_error_class_metaspace, msg());
 972 
 973     msg = java_lang_String::create_from_str("Requested array size exceeds VM limit", CHECK_false);
 974     java_lang_Throwable::set_message(Universe::_out_of_memory_error_array_size, msg());
 975 
 976     msg = java_lang_String::create_from_str("GC overhead limit exceeded", CHECK_false);
 977     java_lang_Throwable::set_message(Universe::_out_of_memory_error_gc_overhead_limit, msg());
 978 
 979     msg = java_lang_String::create_from_str("Java heap space: failed reallocation of scalar replaced objects", CHECK_false);
 980     java_lang_Throwable::set_message(Universe::_out_of_memory_error_realloc_objects, msg());
 981 
 982     msg = java_lang_String::create_from_str("/ by zero", CHECK_false);
 983     java_lang_Throwable::set_message(Universe::_arithmetic_exception_instance, msg());
 984 
 985     // Setup the array of errors that have preallocated backtrace
 986     k = Universe::_out_of_memory_error_java_heap->klass();
 987     assert(k->name() == vmSymbols::java_lang_OutOfMemoryError(), "should be out of memory error");
 988     k_h = instanceKlassHandle(THREAD, k);
 989 
 990     int len = (StackTraceInThrowable) ? (int)PreallocatedOutOfMemoryErrorCount : 0;
 991     Universe::_preallocated_out_of_memory_error_array = oopFactory::new_objArray(k_h(), len, CHECK_false);
 992     for (int i=0; i<len; i++) {
 993       oop err = k_h->allocate_instance(CHECK_false);
 994       Handle err_h = Handle(THREAD, err);
 995       java_lang_Throwable::allocate_backtrace(err_h, CHECK_false);
 996       Universe::preallocated_out_of_memory_errors()->obj_at_put(i, err_h());
 997     }
 998     Universe::_preallocated_out_of_memory_error_avail_count = (jint)len;
 999   }
1000 
1001 
1002   // Setup static method for registering finalizers
1003   // The finalizer klass must be linked before looking up the method, in
1004   // case it needs to get rewritten.
1005   InstanceKlass::cast(SystemDictionary::Finalizer_klass())->link_class(CHECK_false);
1006   Method* m = InstanceKlass::cast(SystemDictionary::Finalizer_klass())->find_method(
1007                                   vmSymbols::register_method_name(),
1008                                   vmSymbols::register_method_signature());
1009   if (m == NULL || !m->is_static()) {
1010     tty->print_cr("Unable to link/verify Finalizer.register method");
1011     return false; // initialization failed (cannot throw exception yet)
1012   }
1013   Universe::_finalizer_register_cache->init(
1014     SystemDictionary::Finalizer_klass(), m);
1015 
1016   InstanceKlass::cast(SystemDictionary::misc_Unsafe_klass())->link_class(CHECK_false);
1017   m = InstanceKlass::cast(SystemDictionary::misc_Unsafe_klass())->find_method(
1018                                   vmSymbols::throwIllegalAccessError_name(),
1019                                   vmSymbols::void_method_signature());
1020   if (m != NULL && !m->is_static()) {
1021     // Note null is okay; this method is used in itables, and if it is null,
1022     // then AbstractMethodError is thrown instead.
1023     tty->print_cr("Unable to link/verify Unsafe.throwIllegalAccessError method");
1024     return false; // initialization failed (cannot throw exception yet)
1025   }
1026   Universe::_throw_illegal_access_error_cache->init(
1027     SystemDictionary::misc_Unsafe_klass(), m);
1028 
1029   // Setup method for registering loaded classes in class loader vector
1030   InstanceKlass::cast(SystemDictionary::ClassLoader_klass())->link_class(CHECK_false);
1031   m = InstanceKlass::cast(SystemDictionary::ClassLoader_klass())->find_method(vmSymbols::addClass_name(), vmSymbols::class_void_signature());
1032   if (m == NULL || m->is_static()) {
1033     tty->print_cr("Unable to link/verify ClassLoader.addClass method");
1034     return false; // initialization failed (cannot throw exception yet)
1035   }
1036   Universe::_loader_addClass_cache->init(
1037     SystemDictionary::ClassLoader_klass(), m);
1038 
1039   // Setup method for checking protection domain
1040   InstanceKlass::cast(SystemDictionary::ProtectionDomain_klass())->link_class(CHECK_false);
1041   m = InstanceKlass::cast(SystemDictionary::ProtectionDomain_klass())->
1042             find_method(vmSymbols::impliesCreateAccessControlContext_name(),
1043                         vmSymbols::void_boolean_signature());
1044   // Allow NULL which should only happen with bootstrapping.
1045   if (m != NULL) {
1046     if (m->is_static()) {
1047       // NoSuchMethodException doesn't actually work because it tries to run the
1048       // <init> function before java_lang_Class is linked. Print error and exit.
1049       tty->print_cr("ProtectionDomain.impliesCreateAccessControlContext() has the wrong linkage");
1050       return false; // initialization failed
1051     }
1052     Universe::_pd_implies_cache->init(
1053       SystemDictionary::ProtectionDomain_klass(), m);
1054   }
1055 
1056   // This needs to be done before the first scavenge/gc, since
1057   // it's an input to soft ref clearing policy.
1058   {
1059     MutexLocker x(Heap_lock);
1060     Universe::update_heap_info_at_gc();
1061   }
1062 
1063   // ("weak") refs processing infrastructure initialization
1064   Universe::heap()->post_initialize();
1065 
1066   // Initialize performance counters for metaspaces
1067   MetaspaceCounters::initialize_performance_counters();
1068   CompressedClassSpaceCounters::initialize_performance_counters();
1069 
1070   MemoryService::add_metaspace_memory_pools();
1071 
1072   MemoryService::set_universe_heap(Universe::heap());
1073 #if INCLUDE_CDS
1074   SharedClassUtil::initialize(CHECK_false);
1075 #endif
1076   return true;
1077 }
1078 
1079 
1080 void Universe::compute_base_vtable_size() {
1081   _base_vtable_size = ClassLoader::compute_Object_vtable();
1082 }
1083 
1084 
1085 void Universe::print() {
1086   print_on(gclog_or_tty);
1087 }
1088 
1089 void Universe::print_on(outputStream* st, bool extended) {
1090   st->print_cr("Heap");
1091   if (!extended) {
1092     heap()->print_on(st);
1093   } else {
1094     heap()->print_extended_on(st);
1095   }
1096 }
1097 
1098 void Universe::print_heap_at_SIGBREAK() {
1099   if (PrintHeapAtSIGBREAK) {
1100     MutexLocker hl(Heap_lock);
1101     print_on(tty);
1102     tty->cr();
1103     tty->flush();
1104   }
1105 }
1106 
1107 void Universe::print_heap_before_gc(outputStream* st, bool ignore_extended) {
1108   st->print_cr("{Heap before GC invocations=%u (full %u):",
1109                heap()->total_collections(),
1110                heap()->total_full_collections());
1111   if (!PrintHeapAtGCExtended || ignore_extended) {
1112     heap()->print_on(st);
1113   } else {
1114     heap()->print_extended_on(st);
1115   }
1116 }
1117 
1118 void Universe::print_heap_after_gc(outputStream* st, bool ignore_extended) {
1119   st->print_cr("Heap after GC invocations=%u (full %u):",
1120                heap()->total_collections(),
1121                heap()->total_full_collections());
1122   if (!PrintHeapAtGCExtended || ignore_extended) {
1123     heap()->print_on(st);
1124   } else {
1125     heap()->print_extended_on(st);
1126   }
1127   st->print_cr("}");
1128 }
1129 
1130 void Universe::verify(VerifyOption option, const char* prefix, bool silent) {
1131   // The use of _verify_in_progress is a temporary work around for
1132   // 6320749.  Don't bother with a creating a class to set and clear
1133   // it since it is only used in this method and the control flow is
1134   // straight forward.
1135   _verify_in_progress = true;
1136 
1137   COMPILER2_PRESENT(
1138     assert(!DerivedPointerTable::is_active(),
1139          "DPT should not be active during verification "
1140          "(of thread stacks below)");
1141   )
1142 
1143   ResourceMark rm;
1144   HandleMark hm;  // Handles created during verification can be zapped
1145   _verify_count++;
1146 
1147   if (!silent) gclog_or_tty->print("%s", prefix);
1148   if (!silent) gclog_or_tty->print("[Verifying ");
1149   if (!silent) gclog_or_tty->print("threads ");
1150   Threads::verify();
1151   if (!silent) gclog_or_tty->print("heap ");
1152   heap()->verify(silent, option);
1153   if (!silent) gclog_or_tty->print("syms ");
1154   SymbolTable::verify();
1155   if (!silent) gclog_or_tty->print("strs ");
1156   StringTable::verify();
1157   {
1158     MutexLockerEx mu(CodeCache_lock, Mutex::_no_safepoint_check_flag);
1159     if (!silent) gclog_or_tty->print("zone ");
1160     CodeCache::verify();
1161   }
1162   if (!silent) gclog_or_tty->print("dict ");
1163   SystemDictionary::verify();
1164 #ifndef PRODUCT
1165   if (!silent) gclog_or_tty->print("cldg ");
1166   ClassLoaderDataGraph::verify();
1167 #endif
1168   if (!silent) gclog_or_tty->print("metaspace chunks ");
1169   MetaspaceAux::verify_free_chunks();
1170   if (!silent) gclog_or_tty->print("hand ");
1171   JNIHandles::verify();
1172   if (!silent) gclog_or_tty->print("C-heap ");
1173   os::check_heap();
1174   if (!silent) gclog_or_tty->print("code cache ");
1175   CodeCache::verify_oops();
1176   if (!silent) gclog_or_tty->print_cr("]");
1177 
1178   _verify_in_progress = false;
1179 }
1180 
1181 // Oop verification (see MacroAssembler::verify_oop)
1182 
1183 static uintptr_t _verify_oop_data[2]   = {0, (uintptr_t)-1};
1184 static uintptr_t _verify_klass_data[2] = {0, (uintptr_t)-1};
1185 
1186 
1187 #ifndef PRODUCT
1188 
1189 static void calculate_verify_data(uintptr_t verify_data[2],
1190                                   HeapWord* low_boundary,
1191                                   HeapWord* high_boundary) {
1192   assert(low_boundary < high_boundary, "bad interval");
1193 
1194   // decide which low-order bits we require to be clear:
1195   size_t alignSize = MinObjAlignmentInBytes;
1196   size_t min_object_size = CollectedHeap::min_fill_size();
1197 
1198   // make an inclusive limit:
1199   uintptr_t max = (uintptr_t)high_boundary - min_object_size*wordSize;
1200   uintptr_t min = (uintptr_t)low_boundary;
1201   assert(min < max, "bad interval");
1202   uintptr_t diff = max ^ min;
1203 
1204   // throw away enough low-order bits to make the diff vanish
1205   uintptr_t mask = (uintptr_t)(-1);
1206   while ((mask & diff) != 0)
1207     mask <<= 1;
1208   uintptr_t bits = (min & mask);
1209   assert(bits == (max & mask), "correct mask");
1210   // check an intermediate value between min and max, just to make sure:
1211   assert(bits == ((min + (max-min)/2) & mask), "correct mask");
1212 
1213   // require address alignment, too:
1214   mask |= (alignSize - 1);
1215 
1216   if (!(verify_data[0] == 0 && verify_data[1] == (uintptr_t)-1)) {
1217     assert(verify_data[0] == mask && verify_data[1] == bits, "mask stability");
1218   }
1219   verify_data[0] = mask;
1220   verify_data[1] = bits;
1221 }
1222 
1223 // Oop verification (see MacroAssembler::verify_oop)
1224 
1225 uintptr_t Universe::verify_oop_mask() {
1226   MemRegion m = heap()->reserved_region();
1227   calculate_verify_data(_verify_oop_data,
1228                         m.start(),
1229                         m.end());
1230   return _verify_oop_data[0];
1231 }
1232 
1233 
1234 
1235 uintptr_t Universe::verify_oop_bits() {
1236   verify_oop_mask();
1237   return _verify_oop_data[1];
1238 }
1239 
1240 uintptr_t Universe::verify_mark_mask() {
1241   return markOopDesc::lock_mask_in_place;
1242 }
1243 
1244 uintptr_t Universe::verify_mark_bits() {
1245   intptr_t mask = verify_mark_mask();
1246   intptr_t bits = (intptr_t)markOopDesc::prototype();
1247   assert((bits & ~mask) == 0, "no stray header bits");
1248   return bits;
1249 }
1250 #endif // PRODUCT
1251 
1252 
1253 void Universe::compute_verify_oop_data() {
1254   verify_oop_mask();
1255   verify_oop_bits();
1256   verify_mark_mask();
1257   verify_mark_bits();
1258 }
1259 
1260 
1261 void LatestMethodCache::init(Klass* k, Method* m) {
1262   if (!UseSharedSpaces) {
1263     _klass = k;
1264   }
1265 #ifndef PRODUCT
1266   else {
1267     // sharing initilization should have already set up _klass
1268     assert(_klass != NULL, "just checking");
1269   }
1270 #endif
1271 
1272   _method_idnum = m->method_idnum();
1273   assert(_method_idnum >= 0, "sanity check");
1274 }
1275 
1276 
1277 Method* LatestMethodCache::get_method() {
1278   if (klass() == NULL) return NULL;
1279   InstanceKlass* ik = InstanceKlass::cast(klass());
1280   Method* m = ik->method_with_idnum(method_idnum());
1281   assert(m != NULL, "sanity check");
1282   return m;
1283 }
1284 
1285 
1286 #ifdef ASSERT
1287 // Release dummy object(s) at bottom of heap
1288 bool Universe::release_fullgc_alot_dummy() {
1289   MutexLocker ml(FullGCALot_lock);
1290   if (_fullgc_alot_dummy_array != NULL) {
1291     if (_fullgc_alot_dummy_next >= _fullgc_alot_dummy_array->length()) {
1292       // No more dummies to release, release entire array instead
1293       _fullgc_alot_dummy_array = NULL;
1294       return false;
1295     }
1296     if (!UseConcMarkSweepGC) {
1297       // Release dummy at bottom of old generation
1298       _fullgc_alot_dummy_array->obj_at_put(_fullgc_alot_dummy_next++, NULL);
1299     }
1300     // Release dummy at bottom of permanent generation
1301     _fullgc_alot_dummy_array->obj_at_put(_fullgc_alot_dummy_next++, NULL);
1302   }
1303   return true;
1304 }
1305 
1306 #endif // ASSERT