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1506 # 1947-1967 - first Sunday in April until first Sunday in winter
1507 Rule    Iceland 1947    1967    -       Apr     Sun>=1        1:00s  1:00    S
1508 # 1949 and 1967 Oct transitions delayed by 1 week
1509 Rule    Iceland 1949    only    -       Oct     30       1:00s  0       -
1510 Rule    Iceland 1950    1966    -       Oct     Sun>=22       1:00s  0       -
1511 Rule    Iceland 1967    only    -       Oct     29       1:00s  0       -
1512 # Zone  NAME            GMTOFF  RULES   FORMAT  [UNTIL]
1513 Zone Atlantic/Reykjavik -1:28   -       LMT     1908
1514                         -1:00   Iceland IS%sT   1968 Apr  7  1:00s
1515                          0:00   -       GMT
1516 
1517 # Italy
1518 #
1519 # From Paul Eggert (2001-03-06):
1520 # Sicily and Sardinia each had their own time zones from 1866 to 1893,
1521 # called Palermo Time (+00:53:28) and Cagliari Time (+00:36:32).
1522 # During World War II, German-controlled Italy used German time.
1523 # But these events all occurred before the 1970 cutoff,
1524 # so record only the time in Rome.
1525 #
1526 # From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):
1527 # For Italian DST we have three sources: Shanks & Pottenger, Whitman, and
1528 # F. Pollastri
1529 # Day-light Saving Time in Italy (2006-02-03)
1530 # http://toi.iriti.cnr.it/uk/ienitlt.html
1531 # ('FP' below), taken from an Italian National Electrotechnical Institute
1532 # publication. When the three sources disagree, guess who's right, as follows:
1533 #
1534 # year  FP      Shanks&P. (S)       Whitman (W)     Go with:
1535 # 1916  06-03   06-03 24:00     06-03 00:00     FP & W
1536 #       09-30   09-30 24:00     09-30 01:00     FP; guess 24:00s
1537 # 1917  04-01   03-31 24:00     03-31 00:00     FP & S
1538 #       09-30   09-29 24:00     09-30 01:00     FP & W
1539 # 1918  03-09   03-09 24:00     03-09 00:00     FP & S
1540 #       10-06   10-05 24:00     10-06 01:00     FP & W
1541 # 1919  03-01   03-01 24:00     03-01 00:00     FP & S
1542 #       10-04   10-04 24:00     10-04 01:00     FP; guess 24:00s
1543 # 1920  03-20   03-20 24:00     03-20 00:00     FP & S
1544 #       09-18   09-18 24:00     10-01 01:00     FP; guess 24:00s
1545 # 1944  04-02   04-03 02:00                     S (see C-Eur)
1546 #       09-16   10-02 03:00                     FP; guess 24:00s
1547 # 1945  09-14   09-16 24:00                     FP; guess 24:00s
1548 # 1970  05-21   05-31 00:00                     S
1549 #       09-20   09-27 00:00                     S






1550 #
1551 # Rule  NAME    FROM    TO      TYPE    IN      ON      AT      SAVE    LETTER/S
1552 Rule    Italy   1916    only    -       Jun      3      0:00s   1:00    S
1553 Rule    Italy   1916    only    -       Oct      1      0:00s   0       -
1554 Rule    Italy   1917    only    -       Apr      1      0:00s   1:00    S
1555 Rule    Italy   1917    only    -       Sep     30      0:00s   0       -
1556 Rule    Italy   1918    only    -       Mar     10      0:00s   1:00    S
1557 Rule    Italy   1918    1919    -       Oct     Sun>=1       0:00s   0       -
1558 Rule    Italy   1919    only    -       Mar      2      0:00s   1:00    S
1559 Rule    Italy   1920    only    -       Mar     21      0:00s   1:00    S
1560 Rule    Italy   1920    only    -       Sep     19      0:00s   0       -
1561 Rule    Italy   1940    only    -       Jun     15      0:00s   1:00    S
1562 Rule    Italy   1944    only    -       Sep     17      0:00s   0       -




1563 Rule    Italy   1945    only    -       Apr      2      2:00    1:00    S
1564 Rule    Italy   1945    only    -       Sep     15      0:00s   0       -
1565 Rule    Italy   1946    only    -       Mar     17      2:00s   1:00    S
1566 Rule    Italy   1946    only    -       Oct      6      2:00s   0       -
1567 Rule    Italy   1947    only    -       Mar     16      0:00s   1:00    S
1568 Rule    Italy   1947    only    -       Oct      5      0:00s   0       -
1569 Rule    Italy   1948    only    -       Feb     29      2:00s   1:00    S
1570 Rule    Italy   1948    only    -       Oct      3      2:00s   0       -
1571 Rule    Italy   1966    1968    -       May     Sun>=22      0:00    1:00    S
1572 Rule    Italy   1966    1969    -       Sep     Sun>=22      0:00    0       -
1573 Rule    Italy   1969    only    -       Jun      1      0:00    1:00    S
1574 Rule    Italy   1970    only    -       May     31      0:00    1:00    S
1575 Rule    Italy   1970    only    -       Sep     lastSun 0:00    0       -
1576 Rule    Italy   1971    1972    -       May     Sun>=22      0:00    1:00    S
1577 Rule    Italy   1971    only    -       Sep     lastSun 1:00    0       -
1578 Rule    Italy   1972    only    -       Oct      1      0:00    0       -
1579 Rule    Italy   1973    only    -       Jun      3      0:00    1:00    S
1580 Rule    Italy   1973    1974    -       Sep     lastSun 0:00    0       -
1581 Rule    Italy   1974    only    -       May     26      0:00    1:00    S

1582 Rule    Italy   1975    only    -       Jun      1      0:00s   1:00    S
1583 Rule    Italy   1975    1977    -       Sep     lastSun 0:00s   0       -
1584 Rule    Italy   1976    only    -       May     30      0:00s   1:00    S
1585 Rule    Italy   1977    1979    -       May     Sun>=22      0:00s   1:00    S
1586 Rule    Italy   1978    only    -       Oct      1      0:00s   0       -
1587 Rule    Italy   1979    only    -       Sep     30      0:00s   0       -
1588 # Zone  NAME            GMTOFF  RULES   FORMAT  [UNTIL]
1589 Zone    Europe/Rome     0:49:56 -       LMT     1866 Sep 22
1590                         0:49:56 -       RMT     1893 Nov  1  0:00s # Rome Mean
1591                         1:00    Italy   CE%sT   1942 Nov  2  2:00s
1592                         1:00    C-Eur   CE%sT   1944 Jul
1593                         1:00    Italy   CE%sT   1980
1594                         1:00    EU      CE%sT
1595 
1596 Link    Europe/Rome     Europe/Vatican
1597 Link    Europe/Rome     Europe/San_Marino
1598 
1599 # Latvia
1600 
1601 # From Liene Kanepe (1998-09-17):
1602 
1603 # I asked about this matter Scientific Secretary of the Institute of Astronomy
1604 # of The University of Latvia Dr. paed Mr. Ilgonis Vilks. I also searched the
1605 # correct data in juridical acts and I found some juridical documents about
1606 # changes in the counting of time in Latvia from 1981....
1607 #
1608 # Act No. 35 of the Council of Ministers of Latvian SSR of 1981-01-22 ...
1609 # according to the Act No. 925 of the Council of Ministers of USSR of 1980-10-24
1610 # ...: all year round the time of 2nd time zone + 1 hour, in addition turning
1611 # the hands of the clock 1 hour forward on 1 April at 00:00 (GMT 31 March 21:00)
1612 # and 1 hour backward on the 1 October at 00:00 (GMT 30 September 20:00).


1771 Rule    Lux     1924    only    -       Mar     29      23:00   1:00    S
1772 Rule    Lux     1924    1928    -       Oct     Sun>=2        1:00   0       -
1773 Rule    Lux     1925    only    -       Apr      5      23:00   1:00    S
1774 Rule    Lux     1926    only    -       Apr     17      23:00   1:00    S
1775 Rule    Lux     1927    only    -       Apr      9      23:00   1:00    S
1776 Rule    Lux     1928    only    -       Apr     14      23:00   1:00    S
1777 Rule    Lux     1929    only    -       Apr     20      23:00   1:00    S
1778 # Zone  NAME            GMTOFF  RULES   FORMAT  [UNTIL]
1779 Zone Europe/Luxembourg  0:24:36 -       LMT     1904 Jun
1780                         1:00    Lux     CE%sT   1918 Nov 25
1781                         0:00    Lux     WE%sT   1929 Oct  6  2:00s
1782                         0:00    Belgium WE%sT   1940 May 14  3:00
1783                         1:00    C-Eur   WE%sT   1944 Sep 18  3:00
1784                         1:00    Belgium CE%sT   1977
1785                         1:00    EU      CE%sT
1786 
1787 # Macedonia
1788 # See Europe/Belgrade.
1789 
1790 # Malta




1791 # Rule  NAME    FROM    TO      TYPE    IN      ON      AT      SAVE    LETTER/S
1792 Rule    Malta   1973    only    -       Mar     31      0:00s   1:00    S
1793 Rule    Malta   1973    only    -       Sep     29      0:00s   0       -
1794 Rule    Malta   1974    only    -       Apr     21      0:00s   1:00    S
1795 Rule    Malta   1974    only    -       Sep     16      0:00s   0       -
1796 Rule    Malta   1975    1979    -       Apr     Sun>=15      2:00    1:00    S
1797 Rule    Malta   1975    1980    -       Sep     Sun>=15      2:00    0       -
1798 Rule    Malta   1980    only    -       Mar     31      2:00    1:00    S
1799 # Zone  NAME            GMTOFF  RULES   FORMAT  [UNTIL]
1800 Zone    Europe/Malta    0:58:04 -       LMT     1893 Nov  2  0:00s # Valletta
1801                         1:00    Italy   CE%sT   1942 Nov  2  2:00s
1802                         1:00    C-Eur   CE%sT   1945 Apr  2  2:00s
1803                         1:00    Italy   CE%sT   1973 Mar 31
1804                         1:00    Malta   CE%sT   1981
1805                         1:00    EU      CE%sT
1806 
1807 # Moldova
1808 
1809 # From Stepan Golosunov (2016-03-07):
1810 # the act of the government of the Republic of Moldova Nr. 132 from 1990-05-04
1811 # http://lex.justice.md/viewdoc.php?action=view&view=doc&id=298782&lang=2
1812 # ... says that since 1990-05-06 on the territory of the Moldavian SSR
1813 # time would be calculated as the standard time of the second time belt
1814 # plus one hour of the "summer" time. To implement that clocks would be
1815 # adjusted one hour backwards at 1990-05-06 2:00. After that "summer"
1816 # time would be cancelled last Sunday of September at 3:00 and
1817 # reintroduced last Sunday of March at 2:00.
1818 
1819 # From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):
1820 # A previous version of this database followed Shanks & Pottenger, who write
1821 # that Tiraspol switched to Moscow time on 1992-01-19 at 02:00.
1822 # However, this is most likely an error, as Moldova declared independence


1914 # practice of following Amsterdam mean time.
1915 #
1916 # (2001-04-09):
1917 # In 1835 the authorities of the province of North Holland requested the
1918 # municipal authorities of the towns and cities in the province to observe
1919 # Amsterdam mean time but I do not know in how many cases this request was
1920 # actually followed.
1921 #
1922 # From 1852 onwards the Dutch telegraph offices were by law required to
1923 # observe Amsterdam mean time. As the time signals from the observatory of
1924 # Leiden were also distributed by the telegraph system, I assume that most
1925 # places linked up with the telegraph (and railway) system automatically
1926 # adopted Amsterdam mean time.
1927 #
1928 # Although the early Dutch railway companies initially observed a variety
1929 # of times, most of them had adopted Amsterdam mean time by 1858 but it
1930 # was not until 1866 when they were all required by law to observe
1931 # Amsterdam mean time.
1932 
1933 # The data entries before 1945 are taken from
1934 # http://www.phys.uu.nl/~vgent/wettijd/wettijd.htm
1935 
1936 # Rule  NAME    FROM    TO      TYPE    IN      ON      AT      SAVE    LETTER/S
1937 Rule    Neth    1916    only    -       May      1      0:00    1:00    NST     # Netherlands Summer Time
1938 Rule    Neth    1916    only    -       Oct      1      0:00    0       AMT     # Amsterdam Mean Time
1939 Rule    Neth    1917    only    -       Apr     16      2:00s   1:00    NST
1940 Rule    Neth    1917    only    -       Sep     17      2:00s   0       AMT
1941 Rule    Neth    1918    1921    -       Apr     Mon>=1       2:00s   1:00    NST
1942 Rule    Neth    1918    1921    -       Sep     lastMon 2:00s   0       AMT
1943 Rule    Neth    1922    only    -       Mar     lastSun 2:00s   1:00    NST
1944 Rule    Neth    1922    1936    -       Oct     Sun>=2       2:00s   0       AMT
1945 Rule    Neth    1923    only    -       Jun     Fri>=1       2:00s   1:00    NST
1946 Rule    Neth    1924    only    -       Mar     lastSun 2:00s   1:00    NST
1947 Rule    Neth    1925    only    -       Jun     Fri>=1       2:00s   1:00    NST
1948 # From 1926 through 1939 DST began 05-15, except that it was delayed by a week
1949 # in years when 05-15 fell in the Pentecost weekend.
1950 Rule    Neth    1926    1931    -       May     15      2:00s   1:00    NST
1951 Rule    Neth    1932    only    -       May     22      2:00s   1:00    NST
1952 Rule    Neth    1933    1936    -       May     15      2:00s   1:00    NST
1953 Rule    Neth    1937    only    -       May     22      2:00s   1:00    NST
1954 Rule    Neth    1937    only    -       Jul      1      0:00    1:00    S


3433 # "Bundesgesetz über die Erstellung von elektrischen Telegraphen") passed on
3434 # 1851-11-23, and an official implementation notice was published 1853-07-16
3435 # (Bundesblatt 1853, Bd. II, S. 859).  On p 72 Messerli writes that in
3436 # practice since July 1853 Bernese time was used in "all postal and telegraph
3437 # offices in Switzerland from Geneva to St. Gallen and Basel to Chiasso"
3438 # (Google translation).  For now, model this transition as occurring on
3439 # 1853-07-16, though it probably occurred at some other date in Zurich, and
3440 # legal civil time probably changed at still some other transition date.
3441 
3442 # Rule  NAME    FROM    TO      TYPE    IN      ON      AT      SAVE    LETTER/S
3443 Rule    Swiss   1941    1942    -       May     Mon>=1       1:00    1:00    S
3444 Rule    Swiss   1941    1942    -       Oct     Mon>=1       2:00    0       -
3445 # Zone  NAME            GMTOFF  RULES   FORMAT  [UNTIL]
3446 Zone    Europe/Zurich   0:34:08 -       LMT     1853 Jul 16 # See above comment.
3447                         0:29:46 -       BMT     1894 Jun    # Bern Mean Time
3448                         1:00    Swiss   CE%sT   1981
3449                         1:00    EU      CE%sT
3450 
3451 # Turkey
3452 
3453 # From Amar Devegowda (2007-01-03):
3454 # The time zone rules for Istanbul, Turkey have not been changed for years now.
3455 # ... The latest rules are available at:
3456 # http://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/timezone.html?n=107
3457 # From Steffen Thorsen (2007-01-03):
3458 # I have been able to find press records back to 1996 which all say that
3459 # DST started 01:00 local time and end at 02:00 local time.  I am not sure
3460 # what happened before that.  One example for each year from 1996 to 2001:
3461 # http://newspot.byegm.gov.tr/arsiv/1996/21/N4.htm
3462 # http://www.byegm.gov.tr/YAYINLARIMIZ/CHR/ING97/03/97X03X25.TXT
3463 # http://www.byegm.gov.tr/YAYINLARIMIZ/CHR/ING98/03/98X03X02.HTM
3464 # http://www.byegm.gov.tr/YAYINLARIMIZ/CHR/ING99/10/99X10X26.HTM#%2016
3465 # http://www.byegm.gov.tr/YAYINLARIMIZ/CHR/ING2000/03/00X03X06.HTM#%2021
3466 # http://www.byegm.gov.tr/YAYINLARIMIZ/CHR/ING2001/03/23x03x01.HTM#%2027
3467 # From Paul Eggert (2007-01-03):
3468 # Prefer the above source to Shanks & Pottenger for time stamps after 1990.


3469 
3470 # From Steffen Thorsen (2007-03-09):
3471 # Starting 2007 though, it seems that they are adopting EU's 1:00 UTC
3472 # start/end time, according to the following page (2007-03-07):
3473 # http://www.ntvmsnbc.com/news/402029.asp
3474 # The official document is located here - it is in Turkish...:
3475 # http://rega.basbakanlik.gov.tr/eskiler/2007/03/20070307-7.htm
3476 # I was able to locate the following seemingly official document
3477 # (on a non-government server though) describing dates between 2002 and 2006:
3478 # http://www.alomaliye.com/bkk_2002_3769.htm
3479 
3480 # From Gökdeniz Karadağ (2011-03-10):
3481 # According to the articles linked below, Turkey will change into summer
3482 # time zone (GMT+3) on March 28, 2011 at 3:00 a.m. instead of March 27.
3483 # This change is due to a nationwide exam on 27th.
3484 # http://www.worldbulletin.net/?aType=haber&ArticleID=70872
3485 # Turkish:
3486 # http://www.hurriyet.com.tr/ekonomi/17230464.asp?gid=373
3487 
3488 # From Faruk Pasin (2014-02-14):


3557 Rule    Turkey  1964    only    -       May     15      0:00    1:00    S
3558 Rule    Turkey  1964    only    -       Oct      1      0:00    0       -
3559 Rule    Turkey  1970    1972    -       May     Sun>=2       0:00    1:00    S
3560 Rule    Turkey  1970    1972    -       Oct     Sun>=2       0:00    0       -
3561 Rule    Turkey  1973    only    -       Jun      3      1:00    1:00    S
3562 Rule    Turkey  1973    only    -       Nov      4      3:00    0       -
3563 Rule    Turkey  1974    only    -       Mar     31      2:00    1:00    S
3564 Rule    Turkey  1974    only    -       Nov      3      5:00    0       -
3565 Rule    Turkey  1975    only    -       Mar     30      0:00    1:00    S
3566 Rule    Turkey  1975    1976    -       Oct     lastSun 0:00    0       -
3567 Rule    Turkey  1976    only    -       Jun      1      0:00    1:00    S
3568 Rule    Turkey  1977    1978    -       Apr     Sun>=1       0:00    1:00    S
3569 Rule    Turkey  1977    only    -       Oct     16      0:00    0       -
3570 Rule    Turkey  1979    1980    -       Apr     Sun>=1       3:00    1:00    S
3571 Rule    Turkey  1979    1982    -       Oct     Mon>=11      0:00    0       -
3572 Rule    Turkey  1981    1982    -       Mar     lastSun 3:00    1:00    S
3573 Rule    Turkey  1983    only    -       Jul     31      0:00    1:00    S
3574 Rule    Turkey  1983    only    -       Oct      2      0:00    0       -
3575 Rule    Turkey  1985    only    -       Apr     20      0:00    1:00    S
3576 Rule    Turkey  1985    only    -       Sep     28      0:00    0       -
3577 Rule    Turkey  1986    1990    -       Mar     lastSun 2:00s   1:00    S
3578 Rule    Turkey  1986    1990    -       Sep     lastSun 2:00s   0       -
3579 Rule    Turkey  1991    2006    -       Mar     lastSun 1:00s   1:00    S
3580 Rule    Turkey  1991    1995    -       Sep     lastSun 1:00s   0       -
3581 Rule    Turkey  1996    2006    -       Oct     lastSun 1:00s   0       -
3582 # Zone  NAME            GMTOFF  RULES   FORMAT  [UNTIL]
3583 Zone    Europe/Istanbul 1:55:52 -       LMT     1880
3584                         1:56:56 -       IMT     1910 Oct # Istanbul Mean Time?
3585                         2:00    Turkey  EE%sT   1978 Oct 15
3586                         3:00    Turkey  +03/+04 1985 Apr 20
3587                         2:00    Turkey  EE%sT   2007
3588                         2:00    EU      EE%sT   2011 Mar 27  1:00u
3589                         2:00    -       EET     2011 Mar 28  1:00u
3590                         2:00    EU      EE%sT   2014 Mar 30  1:00u
3591                         2:00    -       EET     2014 Mar 31  1:00u
3592                         2:00    EU      EE%sT   2015 Oct 25  1:00u
3593                         2:00    1:00    EEST    2015 Nov  8  1:00u
3594                         2:00    EU      EE%sT   2016 Sep  7
3595                         3:00    -       +03
3596 Link    Europe/Istanbul Asia/Istanbul   # Istanbul is in both continents.
3597 
3598 # Ukraine
3599 #
3600 # From Igor Karpov, who works for the Ukrainian Ministry of Justice,




1506 # 1947-1967 - first Sunday in April until first Sunday in winter
1507 Rule    Iceland 1947    1967    -       Apr     Sun>=1        1:00s  1:00    S
1508 # 1949 and 1967 Oct transitions delayed by 1 week
1509 Rule    Iceland 1949    only    -       Oct     30       1:00s  0       -
1510 Rule    Iceland 1950    1966    -       Oct     Sun>=22       1:00s  0       -
1511 Rule    Iceland 1967    only    -       Oct     29       1:00s  0       -
1512 # Zone  NAME            GMTOFF  RULES   FORMAT  [UNTIL]
1513 Zone Atlantic/Reykjavik -1:28   -       LMT     1908
1514                         -1:00   Iceland IS%sT   1968 Apr  7  1:00s
1515                          0:00   -       GMT
1516 
1517 # Italy
1518 #
1519 # From Paul Eggert (2001-03-06):
1520 # Sicily and Sardinia each had their own time zones from 1866 to 1893,
1521 # called Palermo Time (+00:53:28) and Cagliari Time (+00:36:32).
1522 # During World War II, German-controlled Italy used German time.
1523 # But these events all occurred before the 1970 cutoff,
1524 # so record only the time in Rome.
1525 #
1526 # From Michael Deckers (2016-10-24):
1527 # http://www.ac-ilsestante.it/MERIDIANE/ora_legale quotes a law of 1893-08-10
1528 # ... [translated as] "The preceding dispositions will enter into
1529 # force at the instant at which, according to the time specified in
1530 # the 1st article, the 1st of November 1893 will begin...."
1531 #
1532 # From Pierpaolo Bernardi (2016-10-20):
1533 # The authoritative source for time in Italy is the national metrological
1534 # institute, which has a summary page of historical DST data at
1535 # http://www.inrim.it/res/tf/ora_legale_i.shtml
1536 # (2016-10-24):
1537 # http://www.renzobaldini.it/le-ore-legali-in-italia/
1538 # has still different data for 1944.  It divides Italy in two, as
1539 # there were effectively two governments at the time, north of Gothic
1540 # Line German controlled territory, official government RSI, and south
1541 # of the Gothic Line, controlled by allied armies.
1542 #
1543 # From Brian Inglis (2016-10-23):
1544 # Viceregal LEGISLATIVE DECREE. 14 September 1944, no. 219.
1545 # Restoration of Standard Time. (044U0219) (OJ 62 of 30.9.1944) ...
1546 # Given the R. law decreed on 1944-03-29, no. 92, by which standard time is
1547 # advanced to sixty minutes later starting at hour two on 1944-04-02; ...
1548 # Starting at hour three on the date 1944-09-17 standard time will be resumed.
1549 #
1550 # From Paul Eggert (2016-10-27):
1551 # Go with INRiM for DST rules, except as corrected by Inglis for 1944
1552 # for the Kingdom of Italy.  This is consistent with Renzo Baldini.
1553 # Model Rome's occupation by using using C-Eur rules from 1943-09-10
1554 # to 1944-06-04; although Rome was an open city during this period, it
1555 # was effectively controlled by Germany.
1556 #
1557 # Rule  NAME    FROM    TO      TYPE    IN      ON      AT      SAVE    LETTER/S
1558 Rule    Italy   1916    only    -       Jun      3      24:00   1:00    S
1559 Rule    Italy   1916    1917    -       Sep     30      24:00   0       -
1560 Rule    Italy   1917    only    -       Mar     31      24:00   1:00    S
1561 Rule    Italy   1918    only    -       Mar      9      24:00   1:00    S
1562 Rule    Italy   1918    only    -       Oct      6      24:00   0       -
1563 Rule    Italy   1919    only    -       Mar      1      24:00   1:00    S
1564 Rule    Italy   1919    only    -       Oct      4      24:00   0       -
1565 Rule    Italy   1920    only    -       Mar     20      24:00   1:00    S
1566 Rule    Italy   1920    only    -       Sep     18      24:00   0       -
1567 Rule    Italy   1940    only    -       Jun     14      24:00   1:00    S
1568 Rule    Italy   1942    only    -       Nov      2       2:00s  0       -
1569 Rule    Italy   1943    only    -       Mar     29       2:00s  1:00    S
1570 Rule    Italy   1943    only    -       Oct      4       2:00s  0       -
1571 Rule    Italy   1944    only    -       Apr      2       2:00s  1:00    S
1572 Rule    Italy   1944    only    -       Sep     17       2:00s  0       -
1573 Rule    Italy   1945    only    -       Apr      2       2:00   1:00    S
1574 Rule    Italy   1945    only    -       Sep     15       1:00   0       -
1575 Rule    Italy   1946    only    -       Mar     17       2:00s  1:00    S
1576 Rule    Italy   1946    only    -       Oct      6       2:00s  0       -
1577 Rule    Italy   1947    only    -       Mar     16       0:00s  1:00    S
1578 Rule    Italy   1947    only    -       Oct      5       0:00s  0       -
1579 Rule    Italy   1948    only    -       Feb     29       2:00s  1:00    S
1580 Rule    Italy   1948    only    -       Oct      3       2:00s  0       -
1581 Rule    Italy   1966    1968    -       May     Sun>=22       0:00s  1:00    S
1582 Rule    Italy   1966    only    -       Sep     24      24:00   0       -
1583 Rule    Italy   1967    1969    -       Sep     Sun>=22       0:00s  0       -
1584 Rule    Italy   1969    only    -       Jun      1       0:00s  1:00    S
1585 Rule    Italy   1970    only    -       May     31       0:00s  1:00    S
1586 Rule    Italy   1970    only    -       Sep     lastSun  0:00s  0       -
1587 Rule    Italy   1971    1972    -       May     Sun>=22       0:00s  1:00    S
1588 Rule    Italy   1971    only    -       Sep     lastSun  0:00s  0       -
1589 Rule    Italy   1972    only    -       Oct      1       0:00s  0       -
1590 Rule    Italy   1973    only    -       Jun      3       0:00s  1:00    S
1591 Rule    Italy   1973    1974    -       Sep     lastSun  0:00s  0       -
1592 Rule    Italy   1974    only    -       May     26       0:00s  1:00    S
1593 Rule    Italy   1975    only    -       Jun      1       0:00s  1:00    S
1594 Rule    Italy   1975    1977    -       Sep     lastSun  0:00s  0       -
1595 Rule    Italy   1976    only    -       May     30       0:00s  1:00    S
1596 Rule    Italy   1977    1979    -       May     Sun>=22       0:00s  1:00    S
1597 Rule    Italy   1978    only    -       Oct      1       0:00s  0       -
1598 Rule    Italy   1979    only    -       Sep     30       0:00s  0       -
1599 # Zone  NAME            GMTOFF  RULES   FORMAT  [UNTIL]
1600 Zone    Europe/Rome     0:49:56 -       LMT     1866 Sep 22
1601                         0:49:56 -       RMT     1893 Oct 31 23:49:56 # Rome Mean
1602                         1:00    Italy   CE%sT   1943 Sep 10
1603                         1:00    C-Eur   CE%sT   1944 Jun  4
1604                         1:00    Italy   CE%sT   1980
1605                         1:00    EU      CE%sT
1606 
1607 Link    Europe/Rome     Europe/Vatican
1608 Link    Europe/Rome     Europe/San_Marino
1609 
1610 # Latvia
1611 
1612 # From Liene Kanepe (1998-09-17):
1613 
1614 # I asked about this matter Scientific Secretary of the Institute of Astronomy
1615 # of The University of Latvia Dr. paed Mr. Ilgonis Vilks. I also searched the
1616 # correct data in juridical acts and I found some juridical documents about
1617 # changes in the counting of time in Latvia from 1981....
1618 #
1619 # Act No. 35 of the Council of Ministers of Latvian SSR of 1981-01-22 ...
1620 # according to the Act No. 925 of the Council of Ministers of USSR of 1980-10-24
1621 # ...: all year round the time of 2nd time zone + 1 hour, in addition turning
1622 # the hands of the clock 1 hour forward on 1 April at 00:00 (GMT 31 March 21:00)
1623 # and 1 hour backward on the 1 October at 00:00 (GMT 30 September 20:00).


1782 Rule    Lux     1924    only    -       Mar     29      23:00   1:00    S
1783 Rule    Lux     1924    1928    -       Oct     Sun>=2        1:00   0       -
1784 Rule    Lux     1925    only    -       Apr      5      23:00   1:00    S
1785 Rule    Lux     1926    only    -       Apr     17      23:00   1:00    S
1786 Rule    Lux     1927    only    -       Apr      9      23:00   1:00    S
1787 Rule    Lux     1928    only    -       Apr     14      23:00   1:00    S
1788 Rule    Lux     1929    only    -       Apr     20      23:00   1:00    S
1789 # Zone  NAME            GMTOFF  RULES   FORMAT  [UNTIL]
1790 Zone Europe/Luxembourg  0:24:36 -       LMT     1904 Jun
1791                         1:00    Lux     CE%sT   1918 Nov 25
1792                         0:00    Lux     WE%sT   1929 Oct  6  2:00s
1793                         0:00    Belgium WE%sT   1940 May 14  3:00
1794                         1:00    C-Eur   WE%sT   1944 Sep 18  3:00
1795                         1:00    Belgium CE%sT   1977
1796                         1:00    EU      CE%sT
1797 
1798 # Macedonia
1799 # See Europe/Belgrade.
1800 
1801 # Malta
1802 #
1803 # From Paul Eggert (2016-10-21):
1804 # Assume 1900-1972 was like Rome, overriding Shanks.
1805 #
1806 # Rule  NAME    FROM    TO      TYPE    IN      ON      AT      SAVE    LETTER/S
1807 Rule    Malta   1973    only    -       Mar     31      0:00s   1:00    S
1808 Rule    Malta   1973    only    -       Sep     29      0:00s   0       -
1809 Rule    Malta   1974    only    -       Apr     21      0:00s   1:00    S
1810 Rule    Malta   1974    only    -       Sep     16      0:00s   0       -
1811 Rule    Malta   1975    1979    -       Apr     Sun>=15      2:00    1:00    S
1812 Rule    Malta   1975    1980    -       Sep     Sun>=15      2:00    0       -
1813 Rule    Malta   1980    only    -       Mar     31      2:00    1:00    S
1814 # Zone  NAME            GMTOFF  RULES   FORMAT  [UNTIL]
1815 Zone    Europe/Malta    0:58:04 -       LMT     1893 Nov  2  0:00s # Valletta


1816                         1:00    Italy   CE%sT   1973 Mar 31
1817                         1:00    Malta   CE%sT   1981
1818                         1:00    EU      CE%sT
1819 
1820 # Moldova
1821 
1822 # From Stepan Golosunov (2016-03-07):
1823 # the act of the government of the Republic of Moldova Nr. 132 from 1990-05-04
1824 # http://lex.justice.md/viewdoc.php?action=view&view=doc&id=298782&lang=2
1825 # ... says that since 1990-05-06 on the territory of the Moldavian SSR
1826 # time would be calculated as the standard time of the second time belt
1827 # plus one hour of the "summer" time. To implement that clocks would be
1828 # adjusted one hour backwards at 1990-05-06 2:00. After that "summer"
1829 # time would be cancelled last Sunday of September at 3:00 and
1830 # reintroduced last Sunday of March at 2:00.
1831 
1832 # From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):
1833 # A previous version of this database followed Shanks & Pottenger, who write
1834 # that Tiraspol switched to Moscow time on 1992-01-19 at 02:00.
1835 # However, this is most likely an error, as Moldova declared independence


1927 # practice of following Amsterdam mean time.
1928 #
1929 # (2001-04-09):
1930 # In 1835 the authorities of the province of North Holland requested the
1931 # municipal authorities of the towns and cities in the province to observe
1932 # Amsterdam mean time but I do not know in how many cases this request was
1933 # actually followed.
1934 #
1935 # From 1852 onwards the Dutch telegraph offices were by law required to
1936 # observe Amsterdam mean time. As the time signals from the observatory of
1937 # Leiden were also distributed by the telegraph system, I assume that most
1938 # places linked up with the telegraph (and railway) system automatically
1939 # adopted Amsterdam mean time.
1940 #
1941 # Although the early Dutch railway companies initially observed a variety
1942 # of times, most of them had adopted Amsterdam mean time by 1858 but it
1943 # was not until 1866 when they were all required by law to observe
1944 # Amsterdam mean time.
1945 
1946 # The data entries before 1945 are taken from
1947 # http://www.staff.science.uu.nl/~gent0113/wettijd/wettijd.htm
1948 
1949 # Rule  NAME    FROM    TO      TYPE    IN      ON      AT      SAVE    LETTER/S
1950 Rule    Neth    1916    only    -       May      1      0:00    1:00    NST     # Netherlands Summer Time
1951 Rule    Neth    1916    only    -       Oct      1      0:00    0       AMT     # Amsterdam Mean Time
1952 Rule    Neth    1917    only    -       Apr     16      2:00s   1:00    NST
1953 Rule    Neth    1917    only    -       Sep     17      2:00s   0       AMT
1954 Rule    Neth    1918    1921    -       Apr     Mon>=1       2:00s   1:00    NST
1955 Rule    Neth    1918    1921    -       Sep     lastMon 2:00s   0       AMT
1956 Rule    Neth    1922    only    -       Mar     lastSun 2:00s   1:00    NST
1957 Rule    Neth    1922    1936    -       Oct     Sun>=2       2:00s   0       AMT
1958 Rule    Neth    1923    only    -       Jun     Fri>=1       2:00s   1:00    NST
1959 Rule    Neth    1924    only    -       Mar     lastSun 2:00s   1:00    NST
1960 Rule    Neth    1925    only    -       Jun     Fri>=1       2:00s   1:00    NST
1961 # From 1926 through 1939 DST began 05-15, except that it was delayed by a week
1962 # in years when 05-15 fell in the Pentecost weekend.
1963 Rule    Neth    1926    1931    -       May     15      2:00s   1:00    NST
1964 Rule    Neth    1932    only    -       May     22      2:00s   1:00    NST
1965 Rule    Neth    1933    1936    -       May     15      2:00s   1:00    NST
1966 Rule    Neth    1937    only    -       May     22      2:00s   1:00    NST
1967 Rule    Neth    1937    only    -       Jul      1      0:00    1:00    S


3446 # "Bundesgesetz über die Erstellung von elektrischen Telegraphen") passed on
3447 # 1851-11-23, and an official implementation notice was published 1853-07-16
3448 # (Bundesblatt 1853, Bd. II, S. 859).  On p 72 Messerli writes that in
3449 # practice since July 1853 Bernese time was used in "all postal and telegraph
3450 # offices in Switzerland from Geneva to St. Gallen and Basel to Chiasso"
3451 # (Google translation).  For now, model this transition as occurring on
3452 # 1853-07-16, though it probably occurred at some other date in Zurich, and
3453 # legal civil time probably changed at still some other transition date.
3454 
3455 # Rule  NAME    FROM    TO      TYPE    IN      ON      AT      SAVE    LETTER/S
3456 Rule    Swiss   1941    1942    -       May     Mon>=1       1:00    1:00    S
3457 Rule    Swiss   1941    1942    -       Oct     Mon>=1       2:00    0       -
3458 # Zone  NAME            GMTOFF  RULES   FORMAT  [UNTIL]
3459 Zone    Europe/Zurich   0:34:08 -       LMT     1853 Jul 16 # See above comment.
3460                         0:29:46 -       BMT     1894 Jun    # Bern Mean Time
3461                         1:00    Swiss   CE%sT   1981
3462                         1:00    EU      CE%sT
3463 
3464 # Turkey
3465 
3466 # From Kıvanç Yazan (2016-09-25):
3467 # 1) For 1986-2006, DST started at 01:00 local and ended at 02:00 local, with
3468 #    no exceptions.
3469 # 2) 1994's lastSun was overridden with Mar 20 ...
3470 # Here are official papers:
3471 # http://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/arsiv/19032.pdf  - page 2 for 1986
3472 # http://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/arsiv/19400.pdf  - page 4 for 1987
3473 # http://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/arsiv/19752.pdf  - page 15 for 1988
3474 # http://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/arsiv/20102.pdf  - page 6 for 1989
3475 # http://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/arsiv/20464.pdf  - page 1 for 1990 - 1992
3476 # http://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/arsiv/21531.pdf  - page 15 for 1993 - 1995
3477 # http://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/arsiv/21879.pdf  - page 1 for overriding 1994
3478 # http://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/arsiv/22588.pdf  - page 1 for 1996, 1997
3479 # http://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/arsiv/23286.pdf  - page 10 for 1998 - 2000
3480 # http://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/eskiler/2001/03/20010324.htm#2  - for 2001
3481 # http://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/eskiler/2002/03/20020316.htm#2  - for 2002-2006
3482 # From Paul Eggert (2016-09-25):
3483 # Prefer the above sources to Shanks & Pottenger for time stamps after 1985.
3484 
3485 # From Steffen Thorsen (2007-03-09):
3486 # Starting 2007 though, it seems that they are adopting EU's 1:00 UTC
3487 # start/end time, according to the following page (2007-03-07):
3488 # http://www.ntvmsnbc.com/news/402029.asp
3489 # The official document is located here - it is in Turkish...:
3490 # http://rega.basbakanlik.gov.tr/eskiler/2007/03/20070307-7.htm
3491 # I was able to locate the following seemingly official document
3492 # (on a non-government server though) describing dates between 2002 and 2006:
3493 # http://www.alomaliye.com/bkk_2002_3769.htm
3494 
3495 # From Gökdeniz Karadağ (2011-03-10):
3496 # According to the articles linked below, Turkey will change into summer
3497 # time zone (GMT+3) on March 28, 2011 at 3:00 a.m. instead of March 27.
3498 # This change is due to a nationwide exam on 27th.
3499 # http://www.worldbulletin.net/?aType=haber&ArticleID=70872
3500 # Turkish:
3501 # http://www.hurriyet.com.tr/ekonomi/17230464.asp?gid=373
3502 
3503 # From Faruk Pasin (2014-02-14):


3572 Rule    Turkey  1964    only    -       May     15      0:00    1:00    S
3573 Rule    Turkey  1964    only    -       Oct      1      0:00    0       -
3574 Rule    Turkey  1970    1972    -       May     Sun>=2       0:00    1:00    S
3575 Rule    Turkey  1970    1972    -       Oct     Sun>=2       0:00    0       -
3576 Rule    Turkey  1973    only    -       Jun      3      1:00    1:00    S
3577 Rule    Turkey  1973    only    -       Nov      4      3:00    0       -
3578 Rule    Turkey  1974    only    -       Mar     31      2:00    1:00    S
3579 Rule    Turkey  1974    only    -       Nov      3      5:00    0       -
3580 Rule    Turkey  1975    only    -       Mar     30      0:00    1:00    S
3581 Rule    Turkey  1975    1976    -       Oct     lastSun 0:00    0       -
3582 Rule    Turkey  1976    only    -       Jun      1      0:00    1:00    S
3583 Rule    Turkey  1977    1978    -       Apr     Sun>=1       0:00    1:00    S
3584 Rule    Turkey  1977    only    -       Oct     16      0:00    0       -
3585 Rule    Turkey  1979    1980    -       Apr     Sun>=1       3:00    1:00    S
3586 Rule    Turkey  1979    1982    -       Oct     Mon>=11      0:00    0       -
3587 Rule    Turkey  1981    1982    -       Mar     lastSun 3:00    1:00    S
3588 Rule    Turkey  1983    only    -       Jul     31      0:00    1:00    S
3589 Rule    Turkey  1983    only    -       Oct      2      0:00    0       -
3590 Rule    Turkey  1985    only    -       Apr     20      0:00    1:00    S
3591 Rule    Turkey  1985    only    -       Sep     28      0:00    0       -
3592 Rule    Turkey  1986    1993    -       Mar     lastSun 1:00s   1:00    S
3593 Rule    Turkey  1986    1995    -       Sep     lastSun 1:00s   0       -
3594 Rule    Turkey  1994    only    -       Mar     20      1:00s   1:00    S
3595 Rule    Turkey  1995    2006    -       Mar     lastSun 1:00s   1:00    S
3596 Rule    Turkey  1996    2006    -       Oct     lastSun 1:00s   0       -
3597 # Zone  NAME            GMTOFF  RULES   FORMAT  [UNTIL]
3598 Zone    Europe/Istanbul 1:55:52 -       LMT     1880
3599                         1:56:56 -       IMT     1910 Oct # Istanbul Mean Time?
3600                         2:00    Turkey  EE%sT   1978 Oct 15
3601                         3:00    Turkey  +03/+04 1985 Apr 20
3602                         2:00    Turkey  EE%sT   2007
3603                         2:00    EU      EE%sT   2011 Mar 27  1:00u
3604                         2:00    -       EET     2011 Mar 28  1:00u
3605                         2:00    EU      EE%sT   2014 Mar 30  1:00u
3606                         2:00    -       EET     2014 Mar 31  1:00u
3607                         2:00    EU      EE%sT   2015 Oct 25  1:00u
3608                         2:00    1:00    EEST    2015 Nov  8  1:00u
3609                         2:00    EU      EE%sT   2016 Sep  7
3610                         3:00    -       +03
3611 Link    Europe/Istanbul Asia/Istanbul   # Istanbul is in both continents.
3612 
3613 # Ukraine
3614 #
3615 # From Igor Karpov, who works for the Ukrainian Ministry of Justice,


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