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3 #
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6 # published by the Free Software Foundation. Oracle designates this
7 # particular file as subject to the "Classpath" exception as provided
8 # by Oracle in the LICENSE file that accompanied this code.
9 #
10 # This code is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT
11 # ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or
12 # FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU General Public License
13 # version 2 for more details (a copy is included in the LICENSE file that
14 # accompanied this code).
15 #
16 # You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License version
17 # 2 along with this work; if not, write to the Free Software Foundation,
18 # Inc., 51 Franklin St, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA 02110-1301 USA.
19 #
20 # Please contact Oracle, 500 Oracle Parkway, Redwood Shores, CA 94065 USA
21 # or visit www.oracle.com if you need additional information or have any
22 # questions.
23 #
24 # This file is in the public domain, so clarified as of
25 # 2009-05-17 by Arthur David Olson.
26
27 # This file is by no means authoritative; if you think you know better,
28 # go ahead and edit the file (and please send any changes to
29 # tz@iana.org for general use in the future). For more, please see
30 # the file CONTRIBUTING in the tz distribution.
31
32 # From Paul Eggert (2014-10-31):
33 #
34 # Unless otherwise specified, the source for data through 1990 is:
35 # Thomas G. Shanks and Rique Pottenger, The International Atlas (6th edition),
36 # San Diego: ACS Publications, Inc. (2003).
37 # Unfortunately this book contains many errors and cites no sources.
38 #
39 # Gwillim Law writes that a good source
40 # for recent time zone data is the International Air Transport
41 # Association's Standard Schedules Information Manual (IATA SSIM),
42 # published semiannually. Law sent in several helpful summaries
43 # of the IATA's data after 1990. Except where otherwise noted,
44 # IATA SSIM is the source for entries after 1990.
45 #
46 # A reliable and entertaining source about time zones is
47 # Derek Howse, Greenwich time and longitude, Philip Wilson Publishers (1997).
48 #
49 # Except where otherwise noted, Shanks & Pottenger is the source for
50 # entries through 1991, and IATA SSIM is the source for entries afterwards.
51 #
52 # Other sources occasionally used include:
53 #
54 # Edward W. Whitman, World Time Differences,
55 # Whitman Publishing Co, 2 Niagara Av, Ealing, London (undated),
56 # which I found in the UCLA library.
57 #
58 # William Willett, The Waste of Daylight, 19th edition
59 # <http://cs.ucla.edu/~eggert/The-Waste-of-Daylight-19th.pdf>
60 # [PDF] (1914-03)
61 #
62 # Milne J. Civil time. Geogr J. 1899 Feb;13(2):173-94
63 # <http://www.jstor.org/stable/1774359>. He writes:
64 # "It is requested that corrections and additions to these tables
65 # may be sent to Mr. John Milne, Royal Geographical Society,
66 # Savile Row, London." Nowadays please email them to tz@iana.org.
67 #
68 # Byalokoz EL. New Counting of Time in Russia since July 1, 1919.
69 # This Russian-language source was consulted by Vladimir Karpinsky; see
70 # http://mm.icann.org/pipermail/tz/2014-August/021320.html
71 # The full Russian citation is:
72 # Бялокоз, Евгений Людвигович. Новый счет времени в течении суток
73 # введенный декретом Совета народных комиссаров для всей России с 1-го
74 # июля 1919 г. / Изд. 2-е Междуведомственной комиссии. - Петроград:
75 # Десятая гос. тип., 1919.
76 # http://resolver.gpntb.ru/purl?docushare/dsweb/Get/Resource-2011/Byalokoz__E.L.__Novyy__schet__vremeni__v__techenie__sutok__izd__2(1).pdf
77 #
78 # Brazil's Divisão Serviço da Hora (DSHO),
79 # History of Summer Time
80 # <http://pcdsh01.on.br/HISTHV.htm>
81 # (1998-09-21, in Portuguese)
82
83 #
84 # I invented the abbreviations marked '*' in the following table;
85 # the rest are from earlier versions of this file, or from other sources.
86 # Corrections are welcome!
87 # std dst 2dst
88 # LMT Local Mean Time
89 # -4:00 AST ADT Atlantic
90 # -3:00 WGT WGST Western Greenland*
91 # -1:00 EGT EGST Eastern Greenland*
92 # 0:00 GMT BST BDST Greenwich, British Summer
93 # 0:00 GMT IST Greenwich, Irish Summer
94 # 0:00 WET WEST WEMT Western Europe
95 # 0:19:32.13 AMT NST Amsterdam, Netherlands Summer (1835-1937)*
96 # 0:20 NET NEST Netherlands (1937-1940)*
97 # 1:00 BST British Standard (1968-1971)
98 # 1:00 CET CEST CEMT Central Europe
99 # 1:00:14 SET Swedish (1879-1899)*
100 # 2:00 EET EEST Eastern Europe
101 # 3:00 MSK MSD Moscow
102
103 # From Peter Ilieve (1994-12-04),
104 # The original six [EU members]: Belgium, France, (West) Germany, Italy,
105 # Luxembourg, the Netherlands.
106 # Plus, from 1 Jan 73: Denmark, Ireland, United Kingdom.
107 # Plus, from 1 Jan 81: Greece.
108 # Plus, from 1 Jan 86: Spain, Portugal.
109 # Plus, from 1 Jan 95: Austria, Finland, Sweden. (Norway negotiated terms for
110 # entry but in a referendum on 28 Nov 94 the people voted No by 52.2% to 47.8%
111 # on a turnout of 88.6%. This was almost the same result as Norway's previous
112 # referendum in 1972, they are the only country to have said No twice.
113 # Referendums in the other three countries voted Yes.)
114 # ...
115 # Estonia ... uses EU dates but not at 01:00 GMT, they use midnight GMT.
116 # I don't think they know yet what they will do from 1996 onwards.
117 # ...
118 # There shouldn't be any [current members who are not using EU rules].
119 # A Directive has the force of law, member states are obliged to enact
120 # national law to implement it. The only contentious issue was the
121 # different end date for the UK and Ireland, and this was always allowed
122 # in the Directive.
123
124
125 ###############################################################################
126
127 # Britain (United Kingdom) and Ireland (Eire)
128
129 # From Peter Ilieve (1994-07-06):
130 #
131 # On 17 Jan 1994 the Independent, a UK quality newspaper, had a piece about
132 # historical vistas along the Thames in west London. There was a photo
133 # and a sketch map showing some of the sightlines involved. One paragraph
134 # of the text said:
135 #
136 # 'An old stone obelisk marking a forgotten terrestrial meridian stands
137 # beside the river at Kew. In the 18th century, before time and longitude
138 # was standardised by the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, scholars observed
139 # this stone and the movement of stars from Kew Observatory nearby. They
140 # made their calculations and set the time for the Horse Guards and Parliament,
141 # but now the stone is obscured by scrubwood and can only be seen by walking
142 # along the towpath within a few yards of it.'
143 #
144 # I have a one inch to one mile map of London and my estimate of the stone's
145 # position is 51 degrees 28' 30" N, 0 degrees 18' 45" W. The longitude should
146 # be within about +-2". The Ordnance Survey grid reference is TQ172761.
147 #
148 # [This yields GMTOFF = -0:01:15 for London LMT in the 18th century.]
149
150 # From Paul Eggert (1993-11-18):
151 #
152 # Howse writes that Britain was the first country to use standard time.
153 # The railways cared most about the inconsistencies of local mean time,
154 # and it was they who forced a uniform time on the country.
155 # The original idea was credited to Dr. William Hyde Wollaston (1766-1828)
156 # and was popularized by Abraham Follett Osler (1808-1903).
157 # The first railway to adopt London time was the Great Western Railway
158 # in November 1840; other railways followed suit, and by 1847 most
159 # (though not all) railways used London time. On 1847-09-22 the
160 # Railway Clearing House, an industry standards body, recommended that GMT be
161 # adopted at all stations as soon as the General Post Office permitted it.
162 # The transition occurred on 12-01 for the L&NW, the Caledonian,
163 # and presumably other railways; the January 1848 Bradshaw's lists many
164 # railways as using GMT. By 1855 the vast majority of public
165 # clocks in Britain were set to GMT (though some, like the great clock
166 # on Tom Tower at Christ Church, Oxford, were fitted with two minute hands,
167 # one for local time and one for GMT). The last major holdout was the legal
168 # system, which stubbornly stuck to local time for many years, leading
169 # to oddities like polls opening at 08:13 and closing at 16:13.
170 # The legal system finally switched to GMT when the Statutes (Definition
171 # of Time) Act took effect; it received the Royal Assent on 1880-08-02.
172 #
173 # In the tables below, we condense this complicated story into a single
174 # transition date for London, namely 1847-12-01. We don't know as much
175 # about Dublin, so we use 1880-08-02, the legal transition time.
176
177 # From Paul Eggert (2014-07-19):
178 # The ancients had no need for daylight saving, as they kept time
179 # informally or via hours whose length depended on the time of year.
180 # Daylight saving time in its modern sense was invented by the
181 # New Zealand entomologist George Vernon Hudson (1867-1946),
182 # whose day job as a postal clerk led him to value
183 # after-hours daylight in which to pursue his research.
184 # In 1895 he presented a paper to the Wellington Philosophical Society
185 # that proposed a two-hour daylight-saving shift. See:
186 # Hudson GV. On seasonal time-adjustment in countries south of lat. 30 deg.
187 # Transactions and Proceedings of the New Zealand Institute. 1895;28:734
188 # http://rsnz.natlib.govt.nz/volume/rsnz_28/rsnz_28_00_006110.html
189 # Although some interest was expressed in New Zealand, his proposal
190 # did not find its way into law and eventually it was almost forgotten.
191 #
192 # In England, DST was independently reinvented by William Willett (1857-1915),
193 # a London builder and member of the Royal Astronomical Society
194 # who circulated a pamphlet "The Waste of Daylight" (1907)
195 # that proposed advancing clocks 20 minutes on each of four Sundays in April,
196 # and retarding them by the same amount on four Sundays in September.
197 # A bill was drafted in 1909 and introduced in Parliament several times,
198 # but it met with ridicule and opposition, especially from farming interests.
199 # Later editions of the pamphlet proposed one-hour summer time, and
200 # it was eventually adopted as a wartime measure in 1916.
201 # See: Summer Time Arrives Early, The Times (2000-05-18).
202 # A monument to Willett was unveiled on 1927-05-21, in an open space in
203 # a 45-acre wood near Chislehurst, Kent that was purchased by popular
204 # subscription and open to the public. On the south face of the monolith,
205 # designed by G. W. Miller, is the William Willett Memorial Sundial,
206 # which is permanently set to Summer Time.
207
208 # From Winston Churchill (1934-04-28):
209 # It is one of the paradoxes of history that we should owe the boon of
210 # summer time, which gives every year to the people of this country
211 # between 160 and 170 hours more daylight leisure, to a war which
212 # plunged Europe into darkness for four years, and shook the
213 # foundations of civilization throughout the world.
214 # -- "A Silent Toast to William Willett", Pictorial Weekly;
215 # republished in Finest Hour (Spring 2002) 1(114):26
216 # http://www.winstonchurchill.org/images/finesthour/Vol.01%20No.114.pdf
217
218 # From Paul Eggert (2015-08-08):
219 # The OED Supplement says that the English originally said "Daylight Saving"
220 # when they were debating the adoption of DST in 1908; but by 1916 this
221 # term appears only in quotes taken from DST's opponents, whereas the
222 # proponents (who eventually won the argument) are quoted as using "Summer".
223 # The term "Summer Time" was introduced by Herbert Samuel, Home Secretary; see:
224 # Viscount Samuel. Leisure in a Democracy. Cambridge University Press
225 # ISBN 978-1-107-49471-8 (1949, reissued 2015), p 8.
226
227 # From Arthur David Olson (1989-01-19):
228 # A source at the British Information Office in New York avers that it's
229 # known as "British" Summer Time in all parts of the United Kingdom.
230
231 # Date: 4 Jan 89 08:57:25 GMT (Wed)
232 # From: Jonathan Leffler
233 # [British Summer Time] is fixed annually by Act of Parliament.
234 # If you can predict what Parliament will do, you should be in
235 # politics making a fortune, not computing.
236
237 # From Chris Carrier (1996-06-14):
238 # I remember reading in various wartime issues of the London Times the
239 # acronym BDST for British Double Summer Time. Look for the published
240 # time of sunrise and sunset in The Times, when BDST was in effect, and
241 # if you find a zone reference it will say, "All times B.D.S.T."
242
243 # From Joseph S. Myers (1999-09-02):
244 # ... some military cables (WO 219/4100 - this is a copy from the
245 # main SHAEF archives held in the US National Archives, SHAEF/5252/8/516)
246 # agree that the usage is BDST (this appears in a message dated 17 Feb 1945).
247
248 # From Joseph S. Myers (2000-10-03):
249 # On 18th April 1941, Sir Stephen Tallents of the BBC wrote to Sir
250 # Alexander Maxwell of the Home Office asking whether there was any
251 # official designation; the reply of the 21st was that there wasn't
252 # but he couldn't think of anything better than the "Double British
253 # Summer Time" that the BBC had been using informally.
254 # http://www.polyomino.org.uk/british-time/bbc-19410418.png
255 # http://www.polyomino.org.uk/british-time/ho-19410421.png
256
257 # From Sir Alexander Maxwell in the above-mentioned letter (1941-04-21):
258 # [N]o official designation has as far as I know been adopted for the time
259 # which is to be introduced in May....
260 # I cannot think of anything better than "Double British Summer Time"
261 # which could not be said to run counter to any official description.
262
263 # From Paul Eggert (2000-10-02):
264 # Howse writes (p 157) 'DBST' too, but 'BDST' seems to have been common
265 # and follows the more usual convention of putting the location name first,
266 # so we use 'BDST'.
267
268 # Peter Ilieve (1998-04-19) described at length
269 # the history of summer time legislation in the United Kingdom.
270 # Since 1998 Joseph S. Myers has been updating
271 # and extending this list, which can be found in
272 # http://www.polyomino.org.uk/british-time/
273
274 # From Joseph S. Myers (1998-01-06):
275 #
276 # The legal time in the UK outside of summer time is definitely GMT, not UTC;
277 # see Lord Tanlaw's speech
278 # http://www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/ld199798/ldhansrd/vo970611/text/70611-10.htm#70611-10_head0
279 # (Lords Hansard 11 June 1997 columns 964 to 976).
280
281 # From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):
282 #
283 # For lack of other data, follow Shanks & Pottenger for Eire in 1940-1948.
284 #
285 # Given Ilieve and Myers's data, the following claims by Shanks & Pottenger
286 # are incorrect:
287 # * Wales did not switch from GMT to daylight saving time until
288 # 1921 Apr 3, when they began to conform with the rest of Great Britain.
289 # Actually, Wales was identical after 1880.
290 # * Eire had two transitions on 1916 Oct 1.
291 # It actually just had one transition.
292 # * Northern Ireland used single daylight saving time throughout WW II.
293 # Actually, it conformed to Britain.
294 # * GB-Eire changed standard time to 1 hour ahead of GMT on 1968-02-18.
295 # Actually, that date saw the usual switch to summer time.
296 # Standard time was not changed until 1968-10-27 (the clocks didn't change).
297 #
298 # Here is another incorrect claim by Shanks & Pottenger:
299 # * Jersey, Guernsey, and the Isle of Man did not switch from GMT
300 # to daylight saving time until 1921 Apr 3, when they began to
301 # conform with Great Britain.
302 # S.R.&O. 1916, No. 382 and HO 45/10811/312364 (quoted above) say otherwise.
303 #
304 # The following claim by Shanks & Pottenger is possible though doubtful;
305 # we'll ignore it for now.
306 # * Dublin's 1971-10-31 switch was at 02:00, even though London's was 03:00.
307 #
308 #
309 # Whitman says Dublin Mean Time was -0:25:21, which is more precise than
310 # Shanks & Pottenger.
311 # Perhaps this was Dunsink Observatory Time, as Dunsink Observatory
312 # (8 km NW of Dublin's center) seemingly was to Dublin as Greenwich was
313 # to London. For example:
314 #
315 # "Timeball on the ballast office is down. Dunsink time."
316 # -- James Joyce, Ulysses
317
318 # "Countess Markievicz ... claimed that the [1916] abolition of Dublin Mean Time
319 # was among various actions undertaken by the 'English' government that
320 # would 'put the whole country into the SF (Sinn Féin) camp'. She claimed
321 # Irish 'public feeling (was) outraged by forcing of English time on us'."
322 # -- Parsons M. Dublin lost its time zone - and 25 minutes - after 1916 Rising.
323 # Irish Times 2014-10-27.
324 # http://www.irishtimes.com/news/politics/dublin-lost-its-time-zone-and-25-minutes-after-1916-rising-1.1977411
325
326 # From Joseph S. Myers (2005-01-26):
327 # Irish laws are available online at <http://www.irishstatutebook.ie>.
328 # These include various relating to legal time, for example:
329 #
330 # ZZA13Y1923.html ZZA12Y1924.html ZZA8Y1925.html ZZSIV20PG1267.html
331 #
332 # ZZSI71Y1947.html ZZSI128Y1948.html ZZSI23Y1949.html ZZSI41Y1950.html
333 # ZZSI27Y1951.html ZZSI73Y1952.html
334 #
335 # ZZSI11Y1961.html ZZSI232Y1961.html ZZSI182Y1962.html
336 # ZZSI167Y1963.html ZZSI257Y1964.html ZZSI198Y1967.html
337 # ZZA23Y1968.html ZZA17Y1971.html
338 #
339 # ZZSI67Y1981.html ZZSI212Y1982.html ZZSI45Y1986.html
340 # ZZSI264Y1988.html ZZSI52Y1990.html ZZSI371Y1992.html
341 # ZZSI395Y1994.html ZZSI484Y1997.html ZZSI506Y2001.html
342 #
343 # [These are all relative to the root, e.g., the first is
344 # <http://www.irishstatutebook.ie/ZZA13Y1923.html>.]
345 #
346 # (These are those I found, but there could be more. In any case these
347 # should allow various updates to the comments in the europe file to cover
348 # the laws applicable in Ireland.)
349 #
350 # (Note that the time in the Republic of Ireland since 1968 has been defined
351 # in terms of standard time being GMT+1 with a period of winter time when it
352 # is GMT, rather than standard time being GMT with a period of summer time
353 # being GMT+1.)
354
355 # From Paul Eggert (1999-03-28):
356 # Clive Feather (<news:859845706.26043.0@office.demon.net>, 1997-03-31)
357 # reports that Folkestone (Cheriton) Shuttle Terminal uses Concession Time
358 # (CT), equivalent to French civil time.
359 # Julian Hill (<news:36118128.5A14@virgin.net>, 1998-09-30) reports that
360 # trains between Dollands Moor (the freight facility next door)
361 # and Frethun run in CT.
362 # My admittedly uninformed guess is that the terminal has two authorities,
363 # the French concession operators and the British civil authorities,
364 # and that the time depends on who you're talking to.
365 # If, say, the British police were called to the station for some reason,
366 # I would expect the official police report to use GMT/BST and not CET/CEST.
367 # This is a borderline case, but for now let's stick to GMT/BST.
368
369 # From an anonymous contributor (1996-06-02):
370 # The law governing time in Ireland is under Statutory Instrument SI 395/94,
371 # which gives force to European Union 7th Council Directive No. 94/21/EC.
372 # Under this directive, the Minister for Justice in Ireland makes appropriate
373 # regulations. I spoke this morning with the Secretary of the Department of
374 # Justice (tel +353 1 678 9711) who confirmed to me that the correct name is
375 # "Irish Summer Time", abbreviated to "IST".
376
377 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
378 # Summer Time Act, 1916
379 Rule GB-Eire 1916 only - May 21 2:00s 1:00 BST
380 Rule GB-Eire 1916 only - Oct 1 2:00s 0 GMT
381 # S.R.&O. 1917, No. 358
382 Rule GB-Eire 1917 only - Apr 8 2:00s 1:00 BST
383 Rule GB-Eire 1917 only - Sep 17 2:00s 0 GMT
384 # S.R.&O. 1918, No. 274
385 Rule GB-Eire 1918 only - Mar 24 2:00s 1:00 BST
386 Rule GB-Eire 1918 only - Sep 30 2:00s 0 GMT
387 # S.R.&O. 1919, No. 297
388 Rule GB-Eire 1919 only - Mar 30 2:00s 1:00 BST
389 Rule GB-Eire 1919 only - Sep 29 2:00s 0 GMT
390 # S.R.&O. 1920, No. 458
391 Rule GB-Eire 1920 only - Mar 28 2:00s 1:00 BST
392 # S.R.&O. 1920, No. 1844
393 Rule GB-Eire 1920 only - Oct 25 2:00s 0 GMT
394 # S.R.&O. 1921, No. 363
395 Rule GB-Eire 1921 only - Apr 3 2:00s 1:00 BST
396 Rule GB-Eire 1921 only - Oct 3 2:00s 0 GMT
397 # S.R.&O. 1922, No. 264
398 Rule GB-Eire 1922 only - Mar 26 2:00s 1:00 BST
399 Rule GB-Eire 1922 only - Oct 8 2:00s 0 GMT
400 # The Summer Time Act, 1922
401 Rule GB-Eire 1923 only - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST
402 Rule GB-Eire 1923 1924 - Sep Sun>=16 2:00s 0 GMT
403 Rule GB-Eire 1924 only - Apr Sun>=9 2:00s 1:00 BST
404 Rule GB-Eire 1925 1926 - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST
405 # The Summer Time Act, 1925
406 Rule GB-Eire 1925 1938 - Oct Sun>=2 2:00s 0 GMT
407 Rule GB-Eire 1927 only - Apr Sun>=9 2:00s 1:00 BST
408 Rule GB-Eire 1928 1929 - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST
409 Rule GB-Eire 1930 only - Apr Sun>=9 2:00s 1:00 BST
410 Rule GB-Eire 1931 1932 - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST
411 Rule GB-Eire 1933 only - Apr Sun>=9 2:00s 1:00 BST
412 Rule GB-Eire 1934 only - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST
413 Rule GB-Eire 1935 only - Apr Sun>=9 2:00s 1:00 BST
414 Rule GB-Eire 1936 1937 - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST
415 Rule GB-Eire 1938 only - Apr Sun>=9 2:00s 1:00 BST
416 Rule GB-Eire 1939 only - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST
417 # S.R.&O. 1939, No. 1379
418 Rule GB-Eire 1939 only - Nov Sun>=16 2:00s 0 GMT
419 # S.R.&O. 1940, No. 172 and No. 1883
420 Rule GB-Eire 1940 only - Feb Sun>=23 2:00s 1:00 BST
421 # S.R.&O. 1941, No. 476
422 Rule GB-Eire 1941 only - May Sun>=2 1:00s 2:00 BDST
423 Rule GB-Eire 1941 1943 - Aug Sun>=9 1:00s 1:00 BST
424 # S.R.&O. 1942, No. 506
425 Rule GB-Eire 1942 1944 - Apr Sun>=2 1:00s 2:00 BDST
426 # S.R.&O. 1944, No. 932
427 Rule GB-Eire 1944 only - Sep Sun>=16 1:00s 1:00 BST
428 # S.R.&O. 1945, No. 312
429 Rule GB-Eire 1945 only - Apr Mon>=2 1:00s 2:00 BDST
430 Rule GB-Eire 1945 only - Jul Sun>=9 1:00s 1:00 BST
431 # S.R.&O. 1945, No. 1208
432 Rule GB-Eire 1945 1946 - Oct Sun>=2 2:00s 0 GMT
433 Rule GB-Eire 1946 only - Apr Sun>=9 2:00s 1:00 BST
434 # The Summer Time Act, 1947
435 Rule GB-Eire 1947 only - Mar 16 2:00s 1:00 BST
436 Rule GB-Eire 1947 only - Apr 13 1:00s 2:00 BDST
437 Rule GB-Eire 1947 only - Aug 10 1:00s 1:00 BST
438 Rule GB-Eire 1947 only - Nov 2 2:00s 0 GMT
439 # Summer Time Order, 1948 (S.I. 1948/495)
440 Rule GB-Eire 1948 only - Mar 14 2:00s 1:00 BST
441 Rule GB-Eire 1948 only - Oct 31 2:00s 0 GMT
442 # Summer Time Order, 1949 (S.I. 1949/373)
443 Rule GB-Eire 1949 only - Apr 3 2:00s 1:00 BST
444 Rule GB-Eire 1949 only - Oct 30 2:00s 0 GMT
445 # Summer Time Order, 1950 (S.I. 1950/518)
446 # Summer Time Order, 1951 (S.I. 1951/430)
447 # Summer Time Order, 1952 (S.I. 1952/451)
448 Rule GB-Eire 1950 1952 - Apr Sun>=14 2:00s 1:00 BST
449 Rule GB-Eire 1950 1952 - Oct Sun>=21 2:00s 0 GMT
450 # revert to the rules of the Summer Time Act, 1925
451 Rule GB-Eire 1953 only - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST
452 Rule GB-Eire 1953 1960 - Oct Sun>=2 2:00s 0 GMT
453 Rule GB-Eire 1954 only - Apr Sun>=9 2:00s 1:00 BST
454 Rule GB-Eire 1955 1956 - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST
455 Rule GB-Eire 1957 only - Apr Sun>=9 2:00s 1:00 BST
456 Rule GB-Eire 1958 1959 - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST
457 Rule GB-Eire 1960 only - Apr Sun>=9 2:00s 1:00 BST
458 # Summer Time Order, 1961 (S.I. 1961/71)
459 # Summer Time (1962) Order, 1961 (S.I. 1961/2465)
460 # Summer Time Order, 1963 (S.I. 1963/81)
461 Rule GB-Eire 1961 1963 - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 BST
462 Rule GB-Eire 1961 1968 - Oct Sun>=23 2:00s 0 GMT
463 # Summer Time (1964) Order, 1963 (S.I. 1963/2101)
464 # Summer Time Order, 1964 (S.I. 1964/1201)
465 # Summer Time Order, 1967 (S.I. 1967/1148)
466 Rule GB-Eire 1964 1967 - Mar Sun>=19 2:00s 1:00 BST
467 # Summer Time Order, 1968 (S.I. 1968/117)
468 Rule GB-Eire 1968 only - Feb 18 2:00s 1:00 BST
469 # The British Standard Time Act, 1968
470 # (no summer time)
471 # The Summer Time Act, 1972
472 Rule GB-Eire 1972 1980 - Mar Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST
473 Rule GB-Eire 1972 1980 - Oct Sun>=23 2:00s 0 GMT
474 # Summer Time Order, 1980 (S.I. 1980/1089)
475 # Summer Time Order, 1982 (S.I. 1982/1673)
476 # Summer Time Order, 1986 (S.I. 1986/223)
477 # Summer Time Order, 1988 (S.I. 1988/931)
478 Rule GB-Eire 1981 1995 - Mar lastSun 1:00u 1:00 BST
479 Rule GB-Eire 1981 1989 - Oct Sun>=23 1:00u 0 GMT
480 # Summer Time Order, 1989 (S.I. 1989/985)
481 # Summer Time Order, 1992 (S.I. 1992/1729)
482 # Summer Time Order 1994 (S.I. 1994/2798)
483 Rule GB-Eire 1990 1995 - Oct Sun>=22 1:00u 0 GMT
484 # Summer Time Order 1997 (S.I. 1997/2982)
485 # See EU for rules starting in 1996.
486 #
487 # Use Europe/London for Jersey, Guernsey, and the Isle of Man.
488
489 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
490 Zone Europe/London -0:01:15 - LMT 1847 Dec 1 0:00s
491 0:00 GB-Eire %s 1968 Oct 27
492 1:00 - BST 1971 Oct 31 2:00u
493 0:00 GB-Eire %s 1996
494 0:00 EU GMT/BST
495 Link Europe/London Europe/Jersey
496 Link Europe/London Europe/Guernsey
497 Link Europe/London Europe/Isle_of_Man
498
499 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
500 Zone Europe/Dublin -0:25:00 - LMT 1880 Aug 2
501 -0:25:21 - DMT 1916 May 21 2:00
502 -0:25:21 1:00 IST 1916 Oct 1 2:00s
503 0:00 GB-Eire %s 1921 Dec 6 # independence
504 0:00 GB-Eire GMT/IST 1940 Feb 25 2:00
505 0:00 1:00 IST 1946 Oct 6 2:00
506 0:00 - GMT 1947 Mar 16 2:00
507 0:00 1:00 IST 1947 Nov 2 2:00
508 0:00 - GMT 1948 Apr 18 2:00
509 0:00 GB-Eire GMT/IST 1968 Oct 27
510 1:00 - IST 1971 Oct 31 2:00u
511 0:00 GB-Eire GMT/IST 1996
512 0:00 EU GMT/IST
513
514 ###############################################################################
515
516 # Europe
517
518 # EU rules are for the European Union, previously known as the EC, EEC,
519 # Common Market, etc.
520
521 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
522 Rule EU 1977 1980 - Apr Sun>=1 1:00u 1:00 S
523 Rule EU 1977 only - Sep lastSun 1:00u 0 -
524 Rule EU 1978 only - Oct 1 1:00u 0 -
525 Rule EU 1979 1995 - Sep lastSun 1:00u 0 -
526 Rule EU 1981 max - Mar lastSun 1:00u 1:00 S
527 Rule EU 1996 max - Oct lastSun 1:00u 0 -
528 # The most recent directive covers the years starting in 2002. See:
529 # Directive 2000/84/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council
530 # of 19 January 2001 on summer-time arrangements.
531 # http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=CELEX:32000L0084:EN:NOT
532
533 # W-Eur differs from EU only in that W-Eur uses standard time.
534 Rule W-Eur 1977 1980 - Apr Sun>=1 1:00s 1:00 S
535 Rule W-Eur 1977 only - Sep lastSun 1:00s 0 -
536 Rule W-Eur 1978 only - Oct 1 1:00s 0 -
537 Rule W-Eur 1979 1995 - Sep lastSun 1:00s 0 -
538 Rule W-Eur 1981 max - Mar lastSun 1:00s 1:00 S
539 Rule W-Eur 1996 max - Oct lastSun 1:00s 0 -
540
541 # Older C-Eur rules are for convenience in the tables.
542 # From 1977 on, C-Eur differs from EU only in that C-Eur uses standard time.
543 Rule C-Eur 1916 only - Apr 30 23:00 1:00 S
544 Rule C-Eur 1916 only - Oct 1 1:00 0 -
545 Rule C-Eur 1917 1918 - Apr Mon>=15 2:00s 1:00 S
546 Rule C-Eur 1917 1918 - Sep Mon>=15 2:00s 0 -
547 Rule C-Eur 1940 only - Apr 1 2:00s 1:00 S
548 Rule C-Eur 1942 only - Nov 2 2:00s 0 -
549 Rule C-Eur 1943 only - Mar 29 2:00s 1:00 S
550 Rule C-Eur 1943 only - Oct 4 2:00s 0 -
551 Rule C-Eur 1944 1945 - Apr Mon>=1 2:00s 1:00 S
552 # Whitman gives 1944 Oct 7; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
553 Rule C-Eur 1944 only - Oct 2 2:00s 0 -
554 # From Jesper Nørgaard Welen (2008-07-13):
555 #
556 # I found what is probably a typo of 2:00 which should perhaps be 2:00s
557 # in the C-Eur rule from tz database version 2008d (this part was
558 # corrected in version 2008d). The circumstantial evidence is simply the
559 # tz database itself, as seen below:
560 #
561 # Zone Europe/Paris 0:09:21 - LMT 1891 Mar 15 0:01
562 # 0:00 France WE%sT 1945 Sep 16 3:00
563 #
564 # Zone Europe/Monaco 0:29:32 - LMT 1891 Mar 15
565 # 0:00 France WE%sT 1945 Sep 16 3:00
566 #
567 # Zone Europe/Belgrade 1:22:00 - LMT 1884
568 # 1:00 1:00 CEST 1945 Sep 16 2:00s
569 #
570 # Rule France 1945 only - Sep 16 3:00 0 -
571 # Rule Belgium 1945 only - Sep 16 2:00s 0 -
572 # Rule Neth 1945 only - Sep 16 2:00s 0 -
573 #
574 # The rule line to be changed is:
575 #
576 # Rule C-Eur 1945 only - Sep 16 2:00 0 -
577 #
578 # It seems that Paris, Monaco, Rule France, Rule Belgium all agree on
579 # 2:00 standard time, e.g. 3:00 local time. However there are no
580 # countries that use C-Eur rules in September 1945, so the only items
581 # affected are apparently these fictitious zones that translate acronyms
582 # CET and MET:
583 #
584 # Zone CET 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT
585 # Zone MET 1:00 C-Eur ME%sT
586 #
587 # It this is right then the corrected version would look like:
588 #
589 # Rule C-Eur 1945 only - Sep 16 2:00s 0 -
590 #
591 # A small step for mankind though 8-)
592 Rule C-Eur 1945 only - Sep 16 2:00s 0 -
593 Rule C-Eur 1977 1980 - Apr Sun>=1 2:00s 1:00 S
594 Rule C-Eur 1977 only - Sep lastSun 2:00s 0 -
595 Rule C-Eur 1978 only - Oct 1 2:00s 0 -
596 Rule C-Eur 1979 1995 - Sep lastSun 2:00s 0 -
597 Rule C-Eur 1981 max - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 S
598 Rule C-Eur 1996 max - Oct lastSun 2:00s 0 -
599
600 # E-Eur differs from EU only in that E-Eur switches at midnight local time.
601 Rule E-Eur 1977 1980 - Apr Sun>=1 0:00 1:00 S
602 Rule E-Eur 1977 only - Sep lastSun 0:00 0 -
603 Rule E-Eur 1978 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
604 Rule E-Eur 1979 1995 - Sep lastSun 0:00 0 -
605 Rule E-Eur 1981 max - Mar lastSun 0:00 1:00 S
606 Rule E-Eur 1996 max - Oct lastSun 0:00 0 -
607
608
609 # Daylight saving time for Russia and the Soviet Union
610 #
611 # The 1917-1921 decree URLs are from Alexander Belopolsky (2016-08-23).
612
613 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
614 Rule Russia 1917 only - Jul 1 23:00 1:00 MST # Moscow Summer Time
615 #
616 # Decree No. 142 (1917-12-22) http://istmat.info/node/28137
617 Rule Russia 1917 only - Dec 28 0:00 0 MMT # Moscow Mean Time
618 #
619 # Decree No. 497 (1918-05-30) http://istmat.info/node/30001
620 Rule Russia 1918 only - May 31 22:00 2:00 MDST # Moscow Double Summer Time
621 Rule Russia 1918 only - Sep 16 1:00 1:00 MST
622 #
623 # Decree No. 258 (1919-05-29) http://istmat.info/node/37949
624 Rule Russia 1919 only - May 31 23:00 2:00 MDST
625 #
626 Rule Russia 1919 only - Jul 1 0:00u 1:00 MSD
627 Rule Russia 1919 only - Aug 16 0:00 0 MSK
628 #
629 # Decree No. 63 (1921-02-03) http://istmat.info/node/45840
630 Rule Russia 1921 only - Feb 14 23:00 1:00 MSD
631 #
632 # Decree No. 121 (1921-03-07) http://istmat.info/node/45949
633 Rule Russia 1921 only - Mar 20 23:00 2:00 +05
634 #
635 Rule Russia 1921 only - Sep 1 0:00 1:00 MSD
636 Rule Russia 1921 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
637 # Act No. 925 of the Council of Ministers of the USSR (1980-10-24):
638 Rule Russia 1981 1984 - Apr 1 0:00 1:00 S
639 Rule Russia 1981 1983 - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
640 # Act No. 967 of the Council of Ministers of the USSR (1984-09-13), repeated in
641 # Act No. 227 of the Council of Ministers of the USSR (1989-03-14):
642 Rule Russia 1984 1995 - Sep lastSun 2:00s 0 -
643 Rule Russia 1985 2010 - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 S
644 #
645 Rule Russia 1996 2010 - Oct lastSun 2:00s 0 -
646 # As described below, Russia's 2014 change affects Zone data, not Rule data.
647
648 # From Stepan Golosunov (2016-03-07):
649 # Wikipedia and other sources refer to the Act of the Council of
650 # Ministers of the USSR from 1988-01-04 No. 5 and the Act of the
651 # Council of Ministers of the USSR from 1989-03-14 No. 227.
652 #
653 # I did not find full texts of these acts. For the 1989 one we have
654 # title at http://base.garant.ru/70754136/ :
655 # "About change in calculation of time on the territories of
656 # Lithuanian SSR, Latvian SSR and Estonian SSR, Astrakhan,
657 # Kaliningrad, Kirov, Kuybyshev, Ulyanovsk and Uralsk oblasts".
658 # And http://astrozet.net/files/Zones/DOC/RU/1980-925.txt appears to
659 # contain quotes from both acts: Since last Sunday of March 1988 rules
660 # of the second time belt are installed in Volgograd and Saratov
661 # oblasts. Since last Sunday of March 1989:
662 # a) Lithuanian SSR, Latvian SSR, Estonian SSR, Kaliningrad oblast:
663 # second time belt rules without extra hour (Moscow-1);
664 # b) Astrakhan, Kirov, Kuybyshev, Ulyanovsk oblasts: second time belt
665 # rules (Moscow time)
666 # c) Uralsk oblast: third time belt rules (Moscow+1).
667
668 # From Stepan Golosunov (2016-03-27):
669 # Unamended version of the act of the
670 # Government of the Russian Federation No. 23 from 08.01.1992
671 # http://pravo.gov.ru/proxy/ips/?docbody=&nd=102014034&rdk=0
672 # says that every year clocks were to be moved forward on last Sunday
673 # of March at 2 hours and moved backwards on last Sunday of September
674 # at 3 hours. It was amended in 1996 to replace September with October.
675
676 # From Alexander Krivenyshev (2011-06-14):
677 # According to Kremlin press service, Russian President Dmitry Medvedev
678 # signed a federal law "On calculation of time" on June 9, 2011.
679 # According to the law Russia is abolishing daylight saving time.
680 #
681 # Medvedev signed a law "On the Calculation of Time" (in russian):
682 # http://bmockbe.ru/events/?ID=7583
683 #
684 # Medvedev signed a law on the calculation of the time (in russian):
685 # http://www.regnum.ru/news/polit/1413906.html
686
687 # From Arthur David Olson (2011-06-15):
688 # Take "abolishing daylight saving time" to mean that time is now considered
689 # to be standard.
690
691 # These are for backward compatibility with older versions.
692
693 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
694 Zone WET 0:00 EU WE%sT
695 Zone CET 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT
696 Zone MET 1:00 C-Eur ME%sT
697 Zone EET 2:00 EU EE%sT
698
699 # Previous editions of this database used abbreviations like MET DST
700 # for Central European Summer Time, but this didn't agree with common usage.
701
702 # From Markus Kuhn (1996-07-12):
703 # The official German names ... are
704 #
705 # Mitteleuropäische Zeit (MEZ) = UTC+01:00
706 # Mitteleuropäische Sommerzeit (MESZ) = UTC+02:00
707 #
708 # as defined in the German Time Act (Gesetz über die Zeitbestimmung (ZeitG),
709 # 1978-07-25, Bundesgesetzblatt, Jahrgang 1978, Teil I, S. 1110-1111)....
710 # I wrote ... to the German Federal Physical-Technical Institution
711 #
712 # Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB)
713 # Laboratorium 4.41 "Zeiteinheit"
714 # Postfach 3345
715 # D-38023 Braunschweig
716 # phone: +49 531 592-0
717 #
718 # ... I received today an answer letter from Dr. Peter Hetzel, head of the PTB
719 # department for time and frequency transmission. He explained that the
720 # PTB translates MEZ and MESZ into English as
721 #
722 # Central European Time (CET) = UTC+01:00
723 # Central European Summer Time (CEST) = UTC+02:00
724
725
726 # Albania
727 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
728 Rule Albania 1940 only - Jun 16 0:00 1:00 S
729 Rule Albania 1942 only - Nov 2 3:00 0 -
730 Rule Albania 1943 only - Mar 29 2:00 1:00 S
731 Rule Albania 1943 only - Apr 10 3:00 0 -
732 Rule Albania 1974 only - May 4 0:00 1:00 S
733 Rule Albania 1974 only - Oct 2 0:00 0 -
734 Rule Albania 1975 only - May 1 0:00 1:00 S
735 Rule Albania 1975 only - Oct 2 0:00 0 -
736 Rule Albania 1976 only - May 2 0:00 1:00 S
737 Rule Albania 1976 only - Oct 3 0:00 0 -
738 Rule Albania 1977 only - May 8 0:00 1:00 S
739 Rule Albania 1977 only - Oct 2 0:00 0 -
740 Rule Albania 1978 only - May 6 0:00 1:00 S
741 Rule Albania 1978 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
742 Rule Albania 1979 only - May 5 0:00 1:00 S
743 Rule Albania 1979 only - Sep 30 0:00 0 -
744 Rule Albania 1980 only - May 3 0:00 1:00 S
745 Rule Albania 1980 only - Oct 4 0:00 0 -
746 Rule Albania 1981 only - Apr 26 0:00 1:00 S
747 Rule Albania 1981 only - Sep 27 0:00 0 -
748 Rule Albania 1982 only - May 2 0:00 1:00 S
749 Rule Albania 1982 only - Oct 3 0:00 0 -
750 Rule Albania 1983 only - Apr 18 0:00 1:00 S
751 Rule Albania 1983 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
752 Rule Albania 1984 only - Apr 1 0:00 1:00 S
753 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
754 Zone Europe/Tirane 1:19:20 - LMT 1914
755 1:00 - CET 1940 Jun 16
756 1:00 Albania CE%sT 1984 Jul
757 1:00 EU CE%sT
758
759 # Andorra
760 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
761 Zone Europe/Andorra 0:06:04 - LMT 1901
762 0:00 - WET 1946 Sep 30
763 1:00 - CET 1985 Mar 31 2:00
764 1:00 EU CE%sT
765
766 # Austria
767
768 # Milne says Vienna time was 1:05:21.
769
770 # From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22): Shanks & Pottenger give 1918-06-16 and
771 # 1945-11-18, but the Austrian Federal Office of Metrology and
772 # Surveying (BEV) gives 1918-09-16 and for Vienna gives the "alleged"
773 # date of 1945-04-12 with no time. For the 1980-04-06 transition
774 # Shanks & Pottenger give 02:00, the BEV 00:00. Go with the BEV,
775 # and guess 02:00 for 1945-04-12.
776
777 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
778 Rule Austria 1920 only - Apr 5 2:00s 1:00 S
779 Rule Austria 1920 only - Sep 13 2:00s 0 -
780 Rule Austria 1946 only - Apr 14 2:00s 1:00 S
781 Rule Austria 1946 1948 - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
782 Rule Austria 1947 only - Apr 6 2:00s 1:00 S
783 Rule Austria 1948 only - Apr 18 2:00s 1:00 S
784 Rule Austria 1980 only - Apr 6 0:00 1:00 S
785 Rule Austria 1980 only - Sep 28 0:00 0 -
786 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
787 Zone Europe/Vienna 1:05:21 - LMT 1893 Apr
788 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1920
789 1:00 Austria CE%sT 1940 Apr 1 2:00s
790 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 Apr 2 2:00s
791 1:00 1:00 CEST 1945 Apr 12 2:00s
792 1:00 - CET 1946
793 1:00 Austria CE%sT 1981
794 1:00 EU CE%sT
795
796 # Belarus
797 #
798 # From Stepan Golosunov (2016-07-02):
799 # http://www.lawbelarus.com/repub/sub30/texf9611.htm
800 # (Act of the Cabinet of Ministers of the Republic of Belarus from
801 # 1992-03-25 No. 157) ... says clocks were to be moved forward at 2:00
802 # on last Sunday of March and backward at 3:00 on last Sunday of September
803 # (the same as previous USSR and contemporary Russian regulations).
804 #
805 # From Yauhen Kharuzhy (2011-09-16):
806 # By latest Belarus government act Europe/Minsk timezone was changed to
807 # GMT+3 without DST (was GMT+2 with DST).
808 #
809 # Sources (Russian language):
810 # http://www.belta.by/ru/all_news/society/V-Belarusi-otmenjaetsja-perexod-na-sezonnoe-vremja_i_572952.html
811 # http://naviny.by/rubrics/society/2011/09/16/ic_articles_116_175144/
812 # http://news.tut.by/society/250578.html
813 #
814 # From Alexander Bokovoy (2014-10-09):
815 # Belarussian government decided against changing to winter time....
816 # http://eng.belta.by/all_news/society/Belarus-decides-against-adjusting-time-in-Russias-wake_i_76335.html
817 #
818 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
819 Zone Europe/Minsk 1:50:16 - LMT 1880
820 1:50 - MMT 1924 May 2 # Minsk Mean Time
821 2:00 - EET 1930 Jun 21
822 3:00 - MSK 1941 Jun 28
823 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Jul 3
824 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1990
825 3:00 - MSK 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
826 2:00 Russia EE%sT 2011 Mar 27 2:00s
827 3:00 - +03
828
829 # Belgium
830 #
831 # From Paul Eggert (1997-07-02):
832 # Entries from 1918 through 1991 are taken from:
833 # Annuaire de L'Observatoire Royal de Belgique,
834 # Avenue Circulaire, 3, B-1180 BRUXELLES, CLVIIe année, 1991
835 # (Imprimerie HAYEZ, s.p.r.l., Rue Fin, 4, 1080 BRUXELLES, MCMXC),
836 # pp 8-9.
837 # LMT before 1892 was 0:17:30, according to the official journal of Belgium:
838 # Moniteur Belge, Samedi 30 Avril 1892, N.121.
839 # Thanks to Pascal Delmoitie for these references.
840 # The 1918 rules are listed for completeness; they apply to unoccupied Belgium.
841 # Assume Brussels switched to WET in 1918 when the armistice took effect.
842 #
843 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
844 Rule Belgium 1918 only - Mar 9 0:00s 1:00 S
845 Rule Belgium 1918 1919 - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 -
846 Rule Belgium 1919 only - Mar 1 23:00s 1:00 S
847 Rule Belgium 1920 only - Feb 14 23:00s 1:00 S
848 Rule Belgium 1920 only - Oct 23 23:00s 0 -
849 Rule Belgium 1921 only - Mar 14 23:00s 1:00 S
850 Rule Belgium 1921 only - Oct 25 23:00s 0 -
851 Rule Belgium 1922 only - Mar 25 23:00s 1:00 S
852 Rule Belgium 1922 1927 - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 -
853 Rule Belgium 1923 only - Apr 21 23:00s 1:00 S
854 Rule Belgium 1924 only - Mar 29 23:00s 1:00 S
855 Rule Belgium 1925 only - Apr 4 23:00s 1:00 S
856 # DSH writes that a royal decree of 1926-02-22 specified the Sun following 3rd
857 # Sat in Apr (except if it's Easter, in which case it's one Sunday earlier),
858 # to Sun following 1st Sat in Oct, and that a royal decree of 1928-09-15
859 # changed the transition times to 02:00 GMT.
860 Rule Belgium 1926 only - Apr 17 23:00s 1:00 S
861 Rule Belgium 1927 only - Apr 9 23:00s 1:00 S
862 Rule Belgium 1928 only - Apr 14 23:00s 1:00 S
863 Rule Belgium 1928 1938 - Oct Sun>=2 2:00s 0 -
864 Rule Belgium 1929 only - Apr 21 2:00s 1:00 S
865 Rule Belgium 1930 only - Apr 13 2:00s 1:00 S
866 Rule Belgium 1931 only - Apr 19 2:00s 1:00 S
867 Rule Belgium 1932 only - Apr 3 2:00s 1:00 S
868 Rule Belgium 1933 only - Mar 26 2:00s 1:00 S
869 Rule Belgium 1934 only - Apr 8 2:00s 1:00 S
870 Rule Belgium 1935 only - Mar 31 2:00s 1:00 S
871 Rule Belgium 1936 only - Apr 19 2:00s 1:00 S
872 Rule Belgium 1937 only - Apr 4 2:00s 1:00 S
873 Rule Belgium 1938 only - Mar 27 2:00s 1:00 S
874 Rule Belgium 1939 only - Apr 16 2:00s 1:00 S
875 Rule Belgium 1939 only - Nov 19 2:00s 0 -
876 Rule Belgium 1940 only - Feb 25 2:00s 1:00 S
877 Rule Belgium 1944 only - Sep 17 2:00s 0 -
878 Rule Belgium 1945 only - Apr 2 2:00s 1:00 S
879 Rule Belgium 1945 only - Sep 16 2:00s 0 -
880 Rule Belgium 1946 only - May 19 2:00s 1:00 S
881 Rule Belgium 1946 only - Oct 7 2:00s 0 -
882 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
883 Zone Europe/Brussels 0:17:30 - LMT 1880
884 0:17:30 - BMT 1892 May 1 12:00 # Brussels MT
885 0:00 - WET 1914 Nov 8
886 1:00 - CET 1916 May 1 0:00
887 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1918 Nov 11 11:00u
888 0:00 Belgium WE%sT 1940 May 20 2:00s
889 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Sep 3
890 1:00 Belgium CE%sT 1977
891 1:00 EU CE%sT
892
893 # Bosnia and Herzegovina
894 # See Europe/Belgrade.
895
896 # Bulgaria
897 #
898 # From Plamen Simenov via Steffen Thorsen (1999-09-09):
899 # A document of Government of Bulgaria (No. 94/1997) says:
900 # EET -> EETDST is in 03:00 Local time in last Sunday of March ...
901 # EETDST -> EET is in 04:00 Local time in last Sunday of October
902 #
903 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
904 Rule Bulg 1979 only - Mar 31 23:00 1:00 S
905 Rule Bulg 1979 only - Oct 1 1:00 0 -
906 Rule Bulg 1980 1982 - Apr Sat>=1 23:00 1:00 S
907 Rule Bulg 1980 only - Sep 29 1:00 0 -
908 Rule Bulg 1981 only - Sep 27 2:00 0 -
909 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
910 Zone Europe/Sofia 1:33:16 - LMT 1880
911 1:56:56 - IMT 1894 Nov 30 # Istanbul MT?
912 2:00 - EET 1942 Nov 2 3:00
913 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945
914 1:00 - CET 1945 Apr 2 3:00
915 2:00 - EET 1979 Mar 31 23:00
916 2:00 Bulg EE%sT 1982 Sep 26 3:00
917 2:00 C-Eur EE%sT 1991
918 2:00 E-Eur EE%sT 1997
919 2:00 EU EE%sT
920
921 # Croatia
922 # See Europe/Belgrade.
923
924 # Cyprus
925 # Please see the 'asia' file for Asia/Nicosia.
926
927 # Czech Republic / Czechia
928 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
929 Rule Czech 1945 only - Apr 8 2:00s 1:00 S
930 Rule Czech 1945 only - Nov 18 2:00s 0 -
931 Rule Czech 1946 only - May 6 2:00s 1:00 S
932 Rule Czech 1946 1949 - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
933 Rule Czech 1947 only - Apr 20 2:00s 1:00 S
934 Rule Czech 1948 only - Apr 18 2:00s 1:00 S
935 Rule Czech 1949 only - Apr 9 2:00s 1:00 S
936 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
937 Zone Europe/Prague 0:57:44 - LMT 1850
938 0:57:44 - PMT 1891 Oct # Prague Mean Time
939 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Sep 17 2:00s
940 1:00 Czech CE%sT 1979
941 1:00 EU CE%sT
942 # Use Europe/Prague also for Slovakia.
943
944 # Denmark, Faroe Islands, and Greenland
945
946 # From Jesper Nørgaard Welen (2005-04-26):
947 # http://www.hum.aau.dk/~poe/tid/tine/DanskTid.htm says that the law
948 # [introducing standard time] was in effect from 1894-01-01....
949 # The page http://www.retsinfo.dk/_GETDOCI_/ACCN/A18930008330-REGL
950 # confirms this, and states that the law was put forth 1893-03-29.
951 #
952 # The EU treaty with effect from 1973:
953 # http://www.retsinfo.dk/_GETDOCI_/ACCN/A19722110030-REGL
954 #
955 # This provoked a new law from 1974 to make possible summer time changes
956 # in subsequent decrees with the law
957 # http://www.retsinfo.dk/_GETDOCI_/ACCN/A19740022330-REGL
958 #
959 # It seems however that no decree was set forward until 1980. I have
960 # not found any decree, but in another related law, the effecting DST
961 # changes are stated explicitly to be from 1980-04-06 at 02:00 to
962 # 1980-09-28 at 02:00. If this is true, this differs slightly from
963 # the EU rule in that DST runs to 02:00, not 03:00. We don't know
964 # when Denmark began using the EU rule correctly, but we have only
965 # confirmation of the 1980-time, so I presume it was correct in 1981:
966 # The law is about the management of the extra hour, concerning
967 # working hours reported and effect on obligatory-rest rules (which
968 # was suspended on that night):
969 # http://www.retsinfo.dk/_GETDOCI_/ACCN/C19801120554-REGL
970
971 # From Jesper Nørgaard Welen (2005-06-11):
972 # The Herning Folkeblad (1980-09-26) reported that the night between
973 # Saturday and Sunday the clock is set back from three to two.
974
975 # From Paul Eggert (2005-06-11):
976 # Hence the "02:00" of the 1980 law refers to standard time, not
977 # wall-clock time, and so the EU rules were in effect in 1980.
978
979 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
980 Rule Denmark 1916 only - May 14 23:00 1:00 S
981 Rule Denmark 1916 only - Sep 30 23:00 0 -
982 Rule Denmark 1940 only - May 15 0:00 1:00 S
983 Rule Denmark 1945 only - Apr 2 2:00s 1:00 S
984 Rule Denmark 1945 only - Aug 15 2:00s 0 -
985 Rule Denmark 1946 only - May 1 2:00s 1:00 S
986 Rule Denmark 1946 only - Sep 1 2:00s 0 -
987 Rule Denmark 1947 only - May 4 2:00s 1:00 S
988 Rule Denmark 1947 only - Aug 10 2:00s 0 -
989 Rule Denmark 1948 only - May 9 2:00s 1:00 S
990 Rule Denmark 1948 only - Aug 8 2:00s 0 -
991 #
992 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
993 Zone Europe/Copenhagen 0:50:20 - LMT 1890
994 0:50:20 - CMT 1894 Jan 1 # Copenhagen MT
995 1:00 Denmark CE%sT 1942 Nov 2 2:00s
996 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 Apr 2 2:00
997 1:00 Denmark CE%sT 1980
998 1:00 EU CE%sT
999 Zone Atlantic/Faroe -0:27:04 - LMT 1908 Jan 11 # Tórshavn
1000 0:00 - WET 1981
1001 0:00 EU WE%sT
1002 #
1003 # From Paul Eggert (2004-10-31):
1004 # During World War II, Germany maintained secret manned weather stations in
1005 # East Greenland and Franz Josef Land, but we don't know their time zones.
1006 # My source for this is Wilhelm Dege's book mentioned under Svalbard.
1007 #
1008 # From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):
1009 # Greenland joined the EU as part of Denmark, obtained home rule on 1979-05-01,
1010 # and left the EU on 1985-02-01. It therefore should have been using EU
1011 # rules at least through 1984. Shanks & Pottenger say Scoresbysund and Godthåb
1012 # used C-Eur rules after 1980, but IATA SSIM (1991/1996) says they use EU
1013 # rules since at least 1991. Assume EU rules since 1980.
1014
1015 # From Gwillim Law (2001-06-06), citing
1016 # <http://www.statkart.no/efs/efshefter/2001/efs5-2001.pdf> (2001-03-15),
1017 # and with translations corrected by Steffen Thorsen:
1018 #
1019 # Greenland has four local times, and the relation to UTC
1020 # is according to the following time line:
1021 #
1022 # The military zone near Thule UTC-4
1023 # Standard Greenland time UTC-3
1024 # Scoresbysund UTC-1
1025 # Danmarkshavn UTC
1026 #
1027 # In the military area near Thule and in Danmarkshavn DST will not be
1028 # introduced.
1029
1030 # From Rives McDow (2001-11-01):
1031 #
1032 # I correspond regularly with the Dansk Polarcenter, and wrote them at
1033 # the time to clarify the situation in Thule. Unfortunately, I have
1034 # not heard back from them regarding my recent letter. [But I have
1035 # info from earlier correspondence.]
1036 #
1037 # According to the center, a very small local time zone around Thule
1038 # Air Base keeps the time according to UTC-4, implementing daylight
1039 # savings using North America rules, changing the time at 02:00 local time....
1040 #
1041 # The east coast of Greenland north of the community of Scoresbysund
1042 # uses UTC in the same way as in Iceland, year round, with no dst.
1043 # There are just a few stations on this coast, including the
1044 # Danmarkshavn ICAO weather station mentioned in your September 29th
1045 # email. The other stations are two sledge patrol stations in
1046 # Mestersvig and Daneborg, the air force base at Station Nord, and the
1047 # DPC research station at Zackenberg.
1048 #
1049 # Scoresbysund and two small villages nearby keep time UTC-1 and use
1050 # the same daylight savings time period as in West Greenland (Godthåb).
1051 #
1052 # The rest of Greenland, including Godthåb (this area, although it
1053 # includes central Greenland, is known as west Greenland), keeps time
1054 # UTC-3, with daylight savings methods according to European rules.
1055 #
1056 # It is common procedure to use UTC 0 in the wilderness of East and
1057 # North Greenland, because it is mainly Icelandic aircraft operators
1058 # maintaining traffic in these areas. However, the official status of
1059 # this area is that it sticks with Godthåb time. This area might be
1060 # considered a dual time zone in some respects because of this.
1061
1062 # From Rives McDow (2001-11-19):
1063 # I heard back from someone stationed at Thule; the time change took place
1064 # there at 2:00 AM.
1065
1066 # From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):
1067 # From 1997 on the CIA map shows Danmarkshavn on GMT;
1068 # the 1995 map as like Godthåb.
1069 # For lack of better info, assume they were like Godthåb before 1996.
1070 # startkart.no says Thule does not observe DST, but this is clearly an error,
1071 # so go with Shanks & Pottenger for Thule transitions until this year.
1072 # For 2007 on assume Thule will stay in sync with US DST rules.
1073
1074 # From J William Piggott (2016-02-20):
1075 # "Greenland north of the community of Scoresbysund" is officially named
1076 # "National Park" by Executive Order:
1077 # http://naalakkersuisut.gl/~/media/Nanoq/Files/Attached%20Files/Engelske-tekster/Legislation/Executive%20Order%20National%20Park.rtf
1078 # It is their only National Park.
1079 #
1080 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1081 Rule Thule 1991 1992 - Mar lastSun 2:00 1:00 D
1082 Rule Thule 1991 1992 - Sep lastSun 2:00 0 S
1083 Rule Thule 1993 2006 - Apr Sun>=1 2:00 1:00 D
1084 Rule Thule 1993 2006 - Oct lastSun 2:00 0 S
1085 Rule Thule 2007 max - Mar Sun>=8 2:00 1:00 D
1086 Rule Thule 2007 max - Nov Sun>=1 2:00 0 S
1087 #
1088 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1089 Zone America/Danmarkshavn -1:14:40 - LMT 1916 Jul 28
1090 -3:00 - WGT 1980 Apr 6 2:00
1091 -3:00 EU WG%sT 1996
1092 0:00 - GMT
1093 Zone America/Scoresbysund -1:27:52 - LMT 1916 Jul 28 # Ittoqqortoormiit
1094 -2:00 - CGT 1980 Apr 6 2:00
1095 -2:00 C-Eur CG%sT 1981 Mar 29
1096 -1:00 EU EG%sT
1097 Zone America/Godthab -3:26:56 - LMT 1916 Jul 28 # Nuuk
1098 -3:00 - WGT 1980 Apr 6 2:00
1099 -3:00 EU WG%sT
1100 Zone America/Thule -4:35:08 - LMT 1916 Jul 28 # Pituffik air base
1101 -4:00 Thule A%sT
1102
1103 # Estonia
1104 #
1105 # From Paul Eggert (2016-03-18):
1106 # The 1989 transition is from USSR act No. 227 (1989-03-14).
1107 #
1108 # From Peter Ilieve (1994-10-15):
1109 # A relative in Tallinn confirms the accuracy of the data for 1989 onwards
1110 # [through 1994] and gives the legal authority for it,
1111 # a regulation of the Government of Estonia, No. 111 of 1989....
1112 #
1113 # From Peter Ilieve (1996-10-28):
1114 # [IATA SSIM (1992/1996) claims that the Baltic republics switch at 01:00s,
1115 # but a relative confirms that Estonia still switches at 02:00s, writing:]
1116 # "I do not [know] exactly but there are some little different
1117 # (confusing) rules for International Air and Railway Transport Schedules
1118 # conversion in Sunday connected with end of summer time in Estonia....
1119 # A discussion is running about the summer time efficiency and effect on
1120 # human physiology. It seems that Estonia maybe will not change to
1121 # summer time next spring."
1122
1123 # From Peter Ilieve (1998-11-04), heavily edited:
1124 # The 1998-09-22 Estonian time law
1125 # http://trip.rk.ee/cgi-bin/thw?${BASE}=akt&${OOHTML}=rtd&TA=1998&TO=1&AN=1390
1126 # refers to the Eighth Directive and cites the association agreement between
1127 # the EU and Estonia, ratified by the Estonian law (RT II 1995, 22-27, 120).
1128 #
1129 # I also asked [my relative] whether they use any standard abbreviation
1130 # for their standard and summer times. He says no, they use "suveaeg"
1131 # (summer time) and "talveaeg" (winter time).
1132
1133 # From The Baltic Times <http://www.baltictimes.com/> (1999-09-09)
1134 # via Steffen Thorsen:
1135 # This year will mark the last time Estonia shifts to summer time,
1136 # a council of the ruling coalition announced Sept. 6....
1137 # But what this could mean for Estonia's chances of joining the European
1138 # Union are still unclear. In 1994, the EU declared summer time compulsory
1139 # for all member states until 2001. Brussels has yet to decide what to do
1140 # after that.
1141
1142 # From Mart Oruaas (2000-01-29):
1143 # Regulation No. 301 (1999-10-12) obsoletes previous regulation
1144 # No. 206 (1998-09-22) and thus sticks Estonia to +02:00 GMT for all
1145 # the year round. The regulation is effective 1999-11-01.
1146
1147 # From Toomas Soome (2002-02-21):
1148 # The Estonian government has changed once again timezone politics.
1149 # Now we are using again EU rules.
1150 #
1151 # From Urmet Jänes (2002-03-28):
1152 # The legislative reference is Government decree No. 84 on 2002-02-21.
1153
1154 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1155 Zone Europe/Tallinn 1:39:00 - LMT 1880
1156 1:39:00 - TMT 1918 Feb # Tallinn Mean Time
1157 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1919 Jul
1158 1:39:00 - TMT 1921 May
1159 2:00 - EET 1940 Aug 6
1160 3:00 - MSK 1941 Sep 15
1161 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Sep 22
1162 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1989 Mar 26 2:00s
1163 2:00 1:00 EEST 1989 Sep 24 2:00s
1164 2:00 C-Eur EE%sT 1998 Sep 22
1165 2:00 EU EE%sT 1999 Oct 31 4:00
1166 2:00 - EET 2002 Feb 21
1167 2:00 EU EE%sT
1168
1169 # Finland
1170
1171 # From Hannu Strang (1994-09-25 06:03:37 UTC):
1172 # Well, here in Helsinki we're just changing from summer time to regular one,
1173 # and it's supposed to change at 4am...
1174
1175 # From Janne Snabb (2010-07-15):
1176 #
1177 # I noticed that the Finland data is not accurate for years 1981 and 1982.
1178 # During these two first trial years the DST adjustment was made one hour
1179 # earlier than in forthcoming years. Starting 1983 the adjustment was made
1180 # according to the central European standards.
1181 #
1182 # This is documented in Heikki Oja: Aikakirja 2007, published by The Almanac
1183 # Office of University of Helsinki, ISBN 952-10-3221-9, available online (in
1184 # Finnish) at
1185 # http://almanakka.helsinki.fi/aikakirja/Aikakirja2007kokonaan.pdf
1186 #
1187 # Page 105 (56 in PDF version) has a handy table of all past daylight savings
1188 # transitions. It is easy enough to interpret without Finnish skills.
1189 #
1190 # This is also confirmed by Finnish Broadcasting Company's archive at:
1191 # http://www.yle.fi/elavaarkisto/?s=s&g=1&ag=5&t=&a=3401
1192 #
1193 # The news clip from 1981 says that "the time between 2 and 3 o'clock does not
1194 # exist tonight."
1195
1196 # From Konstantin Hyppönen (2014-06-13):
1197 # [Heikki Oja's book Aikakirja 2013]
1198 # http://almanakka.helsinki.fi/images/aikakirja/Aikakirja2013kokonaan.pdf
1199 # pages 104-105, including a scan from a newspaper published on Apr 2 1942
1200 # say that ... [o]n Apr 2 1942, 24 o'clock (which means Apr 3 1942,
1201 # 00:00), clocks were moved one hour forward. The newspaper
1202 # mentions "on the night from Thursday to Friday"....
1203 # On Oct 4 1942, clocks were moved at 1:00 one hour backwards.
1204 #
1205 # From Paul Eggert (2014-06-14):
1206 # Go with Oja over Shanks.
1207
1208 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1209 Rule Finland 1942 only - Apr 2 24:00 1:00 S
1210 Rule Finland 1942 only - Oct 4 1:00 0 -
1211 Rule Finland 1981 1982 - Mar lastSun 2:00 1:00 S
1212 Rule Finland 1981 1982 - Sep lastSun 3:00 0 -
1213
1214 # Milne says Helsinki (Helsingfors) time was 1:39:49.2 (official document);
1215 # round to nearest.
1216
1217 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1218 Zone Europe/Helsinki 1:39:49 - LMT 1878 May 31
1219 1:39:49 - HMT 1921 May # Helsinki Mean Time
1220 2:00 Finland EE%sT 1983
1221 2:00 EU EE%sT
1222
1223 # Åland Is
1224 Link Europe/Helsinki Europe/Mariehamn
1225
1226
1227 # France
1228
1229 # From Ciro Discepolo (2000-12-20):
1230 #
1231 # Henri Le Corre, Régimes horaires pour le monde entier, Éditions
1232 # Traditionnelles - Paris 2 books, 1993
1233 #
1234 # Gabriel, Traité de l'heure dans le monde, Guy Trédaniel,
1235 # Paris, 1991
1236 #
1237 # Françoise Gauquelin, Problèmes de l'heure résolus en astrologie,
1238 # Guy Trédaniel, Paris 1987
1239
1240
1241 #
1242 # Shank & Pottenger seem to use '24:00' ambiguously; resolve it with Whitman.
1243 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1244 Rule France 1916 only - Jun 14 23:00s 1:00 S
1245 Rule France 1916 1919 - Oct Sun>=1 23:00s 0 -
1246 Rule France 1917 only - Mar 24 23:00s 1:00 S
1247 Rule France 1918 only - Mar 9 23:00s 1:00 S
1248 Rule France 1919 only - Mar 1 23:00s 1:00 S
1249 Rule France 1920 only - Feb 14 23:00s 1:00 S
1250 Rule France 1920 only - Oct 23 23:00s 0 -
1251 Rule France 1921 only - Mar 14 23:00s 1:00 S
1252 Rule France 1921 only - Oct 25 23:00s 0 -
1253 Rule France 1922 only - Mar 25 23:00s 1:00 S
1254 # DSH writes that a law of 1923-05-24 specified 3rd Sat in Apr at 23:00 to 1st
1255 # Sat in Oct at 24:00; and that in 1930, because of Easter, the transitions
1256 # were Apr 12 and Oct 5. Go with Shanks & Pottenger.
1257 Rule France 1922 1938 - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 -
1258 Rule France 1923 only - May 26 23:00s 1:00 S
1259 Rule France 1924 only - Mar 29 23:00s 1:00 S
1260 Rule France 1925 only - Apr 4 23:00s 1:00 S
1261 Rule France 1926 only - Apr 17 23:00s 1:00 S
1262 Rule France 1927 only - Apr 9 23:00s 1:00 S
1263 Rule France 1928 only - Apr 14 23:00s 1:00 S
1264 Rule France 1929 only - Apr 20 23:00s 1:00 S
1265 Rule France 1930 only - Apr 12 23:00s 1:00 S
1266 Rule France 1931 only - Apr 18 23:00s 1:00 S
1267 Rule France 1932 only - Apr 2 23:00s 1:00 S
1268 Rule France 1933 only - Mar 25 23:00s 1:00 S
1269 Rule France 1934 only - Apr 7 23:00s 1:00 S
1270 Rule France 1935 only - Mar 30 23:00s 1:00 S
1271 Rule France 1936 only - Apr 18 23:00s 1:00 S
1272 Rule France 1937 only - Apr 3 23:00s 1:00 S
1273 Rule France 1938 only - Mar 26 23:00s 1:00 S
1274 Rule France 1939 only - Apr 15 23:00s 1:00 S
1275 Rule France 1939 only - Nov 18 23:00s 0 -
1276 Rule France 1940 only - Feb 25 2:00 1:00 S
1277 # The French rules for 1941-1944 were not used in Paris, but Shanks & Pottenger
1278 # write that they were used in Monaco and in many French locations.
1279 # Le Corre writes that the upper limit of the free zone was Arnéguy, Orthez,
1280 # Mont-de-Marsan, Bazas, Langon, Lamothe-Montravel, Marœuil, La
1281 # Rochefoucauld, Champagne-Mouton, La Roche-Posay, La Haye-Descartes,
1282 # Loches, Montrichard, Vierzon, Bourges, Moulins, Digoin,
1283 # Paray-le-Monial, Montceau-les-Mines, Chalon-sur-Saône, Arbois,
1284 # Dole, Morez, St-Claude, and Collonges (Haute-Savoie).
1285 Rule France 1941 only - May 5 0:00 2:00 M # Midsummer
1286 # Shanks & Pottenger say this transition occurred at Oct 6 1:00,
1287 # but go with Denis Excoffier (1997-12-12),
1288 # who quotes the Ephémérides astronomiques for 1998 from Bureau des Longitudes
1289 # as saying 5/10/41 22hUT.
1290 Rule France 1941 only - Oct 6 0:00 1:00 S
1291 Rule France 1942 only - Mar 9 0:00 2:00 M
1292 Rule France 1942 only - Nov 2 3:00 1:00 S
1293 Rule France 1943 only - Mar 29 2:00 2:00 M
1294 Rule France 1943 only - Oct 4 3:00 1:00 S
1295 Rule France 1944 only - Apr 3 2:00 2:00 M
1296 Rule France 1944 only - Oct 8 1:00 1:00 S
1297 Rule France 1945 only - Apr 2 2:00 2:00 M
1298 Rule France 1945 only - Sep 16 3:00 0 -
1299 # Shanks & Pottenger give Mar 28 2:00 and Sep 26 3:00;
1300 # go with Excoffier's 28/3/76 0hUT and 25/9/76 23hUT.
1301 Rule France 1976 only - Mar 28 1:00 1:00 S
1302 Rule France 1976 only - Sep 26 1:00 0 -
1303 # Shanks & Pottenger give 0:09:20 for Paris Mean Time, and Whitman 0:09:05,
1304 # but Howse quotes the actual French legislation as saying 0:09:21.
1305 # Go with Howse. Howse writes that the time in France was officially based
1306 # on PMT-0:09:21 until 1978-08-09, when the time base finally switched to UTC.
1307 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1308 Zone Europe/Paris 0:09:21 - LMT 1891 Mar 15 0:01
1309 0:09:21 - PMT 1911 Mar 11 0:01 # Paris MT
1310 # Shanks & Pottenger give 1940 Jun 14 0:00; go with Excoffier and Le Corre.
1311 0:00 France WE%sT 1940 Jun 14 23:00
1312 # Le Corre says Paris stuck with occupied-France time after the liberation;
1313 # go with Shanks & Pottenger.
1314 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Aug 25
1315 0:00 France WE%sT 1945 Sep 16 3:00
1316 1:00 France CE%sT 1977
1317 1:00 EU CE%sT
1318
1319 # Germany
1320
1321 # From Markus Kuhn (1998-09-29):
1322 # The German time zone web site by the Physikalisch-Technische
1323 # Bundesanstalt contains DST information back to 1916.
1324 # [See tz-link.htm for the URL.]
1325
1326 # From Jörg Schilling (2002-10-23):
1327 # In 1945, Berlin was switched to Moscow Summer time (GMT+4) by
1328 # http://www.dhm.de/lemo/html/biografien/BersarinNikolai/
1329 # General [Nikolai] Bersarin.
1330
1331 # From Paul Eggert (2003-03-08):
1332 # http://www.parlament-berlin.de/pds-fraktion.nsf/727459127c8b66ee8525662300459099/defc77cb784f180ac1256c2b0030274b/$FILE/bersarint.pdf
1333 # says that Bersarin issued an order to use Moscow time on May 20.
1334 # However, Moscow did not observe daylight saving in 1945, so
1335 # this was equivalent to UT +03, not +04.
1336
1337
1338 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1339 Rule Germany 1946 only - Apr 14 2:00s 1:00 S
1340 Rule Germany 1946 only - Oct 7 2:00s 0 -
1341 Rule Germany 1947 1949 - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
1342 # http://www.ptb.de/de/org/4/44/441/salt.htm says the following transition
1343 # occurred at 3:00 MEZ, not the 2:00 MEZ given in Shanks & Pottenger.
1344 # Go with the PTB.
1345 Rule Germany 1947 only - Apr 6 3:00s 1:00 S
1346 Rule Germany 1947 only - May 11 2:00s 2:00 M
1347 Rule Germany 1947 only - Jun 29 3:00 1:00 S
1348 Rule Germany 1948 only - Apr 18 2:00s 1:00 S
1349 Rule Germany 1949 only - Apr 10 2:00s 1:00 S
1350
1351 Rule SovietZone 1945 only - May 24 2:00 2:00 M # Midsummer
1352 Rule SovietZone 1945 only - Sep 24 3:00 1:00 S
1353 Rule SovietZone 1945 only - Nov 18 2:00s 0 -
1354
1355 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1356 Zone Europe/Berlin 0:53:28 - LMT 1893 Apr
1357 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 May 24 2:00
1358 1:00 SovietZone CE%sT 1946
1359 1:00 Germany CE%sT 1980
1360 1:00 EU CE%sT
1361
1362 # From Tobias Conradi (2011-09-12):
1363 # Büsingen <http://www.buesingen.de>, surrounded by the Swiss canton
1364 # Schaffhausen, did not start observing DST in 1980 as the rest of DE
1365 # (West Germany at that time) and DD (East Germany at that time) did.
1366 # DD merged into DE, the area is currently covered by code DE in ISO 3166-1,
1367 # which in turn is covered by the zone Europe/Berlin.
1368 #
1369 # Source for the time in Büsingen 1980:
1370 # http://www.srf.ch/player/video?id=c012c029-03b7-4c2b-9164-aa5902cd58d3
1371
1372 # From Arthur David Olson (2012-03-03):
1373 # Büsingen and Zurich have shared clocks since 1970.
1374
1375 Link Europe/Zurich Europe/Busingen
1376
1377 # Georgia
1378 # Please see the "asia" file for Asia/Tbilisi.
1379 # Herodotus (Histories, IV.45) says Georgia north of the Phasis (now Rioni)
1380 # is in Europe. Our reference location Tbilisi is in the Asian part.
1381
1382 # Gibraltar
1383 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1384 Zone Europe/Gibraltar -0:21:24 - LMT 1880 Aug 2 0:00s
1385 0:00 GB-Eire %s 1957 Apr 14 2:00
1386 1:00 - CET 1982
1387 1:00 EU CE%sT
1388
1389 # Greece
1390 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1391 # Whitman gives 1932 Jul 5 - Nov 1; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
1392 Rule Greece 1932 only - Jul 7 0:00 1:00 S
1393 Rule Greece 1932 only - Sep 1 0:00 0 -
1394 # Whitman gives 1941 Apr 25 - ?; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
1395 Rule Greece 1941 only - Apr 7 0:00 1:00 S
1396 # Whitman gives 1942 Feb 2 - ?; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
1397 Rule Greece 1942 only - Nov 2 3:00 0 -
1398 Rule Greece 1943 only - Mar 30 0:00 1:00 S
1399 Rule Greece 1943 only - Oct 4 0:00 0 -
1400 # Whitman gives 1944 Oct 3 - Oct 31; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
1401 Rule Greece 1952 only - Jul 1 0:00 1:00 S
1402 Rule Greece 1952 only - Nov 2 0:00 0 -
1403 Rule Greece 1975 only - Apr 12 0:00s 1:00 S
1404 Rule Greece 1975 only - Nov 26 0:00s 0 -
1405 Rule Greece 1976 only - Apr 11 2:00s 1:00 S
1406 Rule Greece 1976 only - Oct 10 2:00s 0 -
1407 Rule Greece 1977 1978 - Apr Sun>=1 2:00s 1:00 S
1408 Rule Greece 1977 only - Sep 26 2:00s 0 -
1409 Rule Greece 1978 only - Sep 24 4:00 0 -
1410 Rule Greece 1979 only - Apr 1 9:00 1:00 S
1411 Rule Greece 1979 only - Sep 29 2:00 0 -
1412 Rule Greece 1980 only - Apr 1 0:00 1:00 S
1413 Rule Greece 1980 only - Sep 28 0:00 0 -
1414 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1415 Zone Europe/Athens 1:34:52 - LMT 1895 Sep 14
1416 1:34:52 - AMT 1916 Jul 28 0:01 # Athens MT
1417 2:00 Greece EE%sT 1941 Apr 30
1418 1:00 Greece CE%sT 1944 Apr 4
1419 2:00 Greece EE%sT 1981
1420 # Shanks & Pottenger say it switched to C-Eur in 1981;
1421 # go with EU instead, since Greece joined it on Jan 1.
1422 2:00 EU EE%sT
1423
1424 # Hungary
1425 # From Paul Eggert (2014-07-15):
1426 # Dates for 1916-1945 are taken from:
1427 # Oross A. Jelen a múlt jövője: a nyári időszámítás Magyarországon 1916-1945.
1428 # National Archives of Hungary (2012-10-29).
1429 # http://mnl.gov.hu/a_het_dokumentuma/a_nyari_idoszamitas_magyarorszagon_19161945.html
1430 # This source does not always give times, which are taken from Shanks
1431 # & Pottenger (which disagree about the dates).
1432 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1433 Rule Hungary 1918 only - Apr 1 3:00 1:00 S
1434 Rule Hungary 1918 only - Sep 16 3:00 0 -
1435 Rule Hungary 1919 only - Apr 15 3:00 1:00 S
1436 Rule Hungary 1919 only - Nov 24 3:00 0 -
1437 Rule Hungary 1945 only - May 1 23:00 1:00 S
1438 Rule Hungary 1945 only - Nov 1 0:00 0 -
1439 Rule Hungary 1946 only - Mar 31 2:00s 1:00 S
1440 Rule Hungary 1946 1949 - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
1441 Rule Hungary 1947 1949 - Apr Sun>=4 2:00s 1:00 S
1442 Rule Hungary 1950 only - Apr 17 2:00s 1:00 S
1443 Rule Hungary 1950 only - Oct 23 2:00s 0 -
1444 Rule Hungary 1954 1955 - May 23 0:00 1:00 S
1445 Rule Hungary 1954 1955 - Oct 3 0:00 0 -
1446 Rule Hungary 1956 only - Jun Sun>=1 0:00 1:00 S
1447 Rule Hungary 1956 only - Sep lastSun 0:00 0 -
1448 Rule Hungary 1957 only - Jun Sun>=1 1:00 1:00 S
1449 Rule Hungary 1957 only - Sep lastSun 3:00 0 -
1450 Rule Hungary 1980 only - Apr 6 1:00 1:00 S
1451 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1452 Zone Europe/Budapest 1:16:20 - LMT 1890 Oct
1453 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1918
1454 1:00 Hungary CE%sT 1941 Apr 8
1455 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945
1456 1:00 Hungary CE%sT 1980 Sep 28 2:00s
1457 1:00 EU CE%sT
1458
1459 # Iceland
1460 #
1461 # From Adam David (1993-11-06):
1462 # The name of the timezone in Iceland for system / mail / news purposes is GMT.
1463 #
1464 # (1993-12-05):
1465 # This material is paraphrased from the 1988 edition of the University of
1466 # Iceland Almanak.
1467 #
1468 # From January 1st, 1908 the whole of Iceland was standardised at 1 hour
1469 # behind GMT. Previously, local mean solar time was used in different parts
1470 # of Iceland, the almanak had been based on Reykjavik mean solar time which
1471 # was 1 hour and 28 minutes behind GMT.
1472 #
1473 # "first day of winter" referred to [below] means the first day of the 26 weeks
1474 # of winter, according to the old icelandic calendar that dates back to the
1475 # time the norsemen first settled Iceland. The first day of winter is always
1476 # Saturday, but is not dependent on the Julian or Gregorian calendars.
1477 #
1478 # (1993-12-10):
1479 # I have a reference from the Oxford Icelandic-English dictionary for the
1480 # beginning of winter, which ties it to the ecclesiastical calendar (and thus
1481 # to the julian/gregorian calendar) over the period in question.
1482 # the winter begins on the Saturday next before St. Luke's day
1483 # (old style), or on St. Luke's day, if a Saturday.
1484 # St. Luke's day ought to be traceable from ecclesiastical sources. "old style"
1485 # might be a reference to the Julian calendar as opposed to Gregorian, or it
1486 # might mean something else (???).
1487 #
1488 # From Paul Eggert (2014-11-22):
1489 # The information below is taken from the 1988 Almanak; see
1490 # http://www.almanak.hi.is/klukkan.html
1491 #
1492 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1493 Rule Iceland 1917 1919 - Feb 19 23:00 1:00 S
1494 Rule Iceland 1917 only - Oct 21 1:00 0 -
1495 Rule Iceland 1918 1919 - Nov 16 1:00 0 -
1496 Rule Iceland 1921 only - Mar 19 23:00 1:00 S
1497 Rule Iceland 1921 only - Jun 23 1:00 0 -
1498 Rule Iceland 1939 only - Apr 29 23:00 1:00 S
1499 Rule Iceland 1939 only - Oct 29 2:00 0 -
1500 Rule Iceland 1940 only - Feb 25 2:00 1:00 S
1501 Rule Iceland 1940 1941 - Nov Sun>=2 1:00s 0 -
1502 Rule Iceland 1941 1942 - Mar Sun>=2 1:00s 1:00 S
1503 # 1943-1946 - first Sunday in March until first Sunday in winter
1504 Rule Iceland 1943 1946 - Mar Sun>=1 1:00s 1:00 S
1505 Rule Iceland 1942 1948 - Oct Sun>=22 1:00s 0 -
1506 # 1947-1967 - first Sunday in April until first Sunday in winter
1507 Rule Iceland 1947 1967 - Apr Sun>=1 1:00s 1:00 S
1508 # 1949 and 1967 Oct transitions delayed by 1 week
1509 Rule Iceland 1949 only - Oct 30 1:00s 0 -
1510 Rule Iceland 1950 1966 - Oct Sun>=22 1:00s 0 -
1511 Rule Iceland 1967 only - Oct 29 1:00s 0 -
1512 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1513 Zone Atlantic/Reykjavik -1:28 - LMT 1908
1514 -1:00 Iceland IS%sT 1968 Apr 7 1:00s
1515 0:00 - GMT
1516
1517 # Italy
1518 #
1519 # From Paul Eggert (2001-03-06):
1520 # Sicily and Sardinia each had their own time zones from 1866 to 1893,
1521 # called Palermo Time (+00:53:28) and Cagliari Time (+00:36:32).
1522 # During World War II, German-controlled Italy used German time.
1523 # But these events all occurred before the 1970 cutoff,
1524 # so record only the time in Rome.
1525 #
1526 # From Michael Deckers (2016-10-24):
1527 # http://www.ac-ilsestante.it/MERIDIANE/ora_legale quotes a law of 1893-08-10
1528 # ... [translated as] "The preceding dispositions will enter into
1529 # force at the instant at which, according to the time specified in
1530 # the 1st article, the 1st of November 1893 will begin...."
1531 #
1532 # From Pierpaolo Bernardi (2016-10-20):
1533 # The authoritative source for time in Italy is the national metrological
1534 # institute, which has a summary page of historical DST data at
1535 # http://www.inrim.it/res/tf/ora_legale_i.shtml
1536 # (2016-10-24):
1537 # http://www.renzobaldini.it/le-ore-legali-in-italia/
1538 # has still different data for 1944. It divides Italy in two, as
1539 # there were effectively two governments at the time, north of Gothic
1540 # Line German controlled territory, official government RSI, and south
1541 # of the Gothic Line, controlled by allied armies.
1542 #
1543 # From Brian Inglis (2016-10-23):
1544 # Viceregal LEGISLATIVE DECREE. 14 September 1944, no. 219.
1545 # Restoration of Standard Time. (044U0219) (OJ 62 of 30.9.1944) ...
1546 # Given the R. law decreed on 1944-03-29, no. 92, by which standard time is
1547 # advanced to sixty minutes later starting at hour two on 1944-04-02; ...
1548 # Starting at hour three on the date 1944-09-17 standard time will be resumed.
1549 #
1550 # From Paul Eggert (2016-10-27):
1551 # Go with INRiM for DST rules, except as corrected by Inglis for 1944
1552 # for the Kingdom of Italy. This is consistent with Renzo Baldini.
1553 # Model Rome's occupation by using using C-Eur rules from 1943-09-10
1554 # to 1944-06-04; although Rome was an open city during this period, it
1555 # was effectively controlled by Germany.
1556 #
1557 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1558 Rule Italy 1916 only - Jun 3 24:00 1:00 S
1559 Rule Italy 1916 1917 - Sep 30 24:00 0 -
1560 Rule Italy 1917 only - Mar 31 24:00 1:00 S
1561 Rule Italy 1918 only - Mar 9 24:00 1:00 S
1562 Rule Italy 1918 only - Oct 6 24:00 0 -
1563 Rule Italy 1919 only - Mar 1 24:00 1:00 S
1564 Rule Italy 1919 only - Oct 4 24:00 0 -
1565 Rule Italy 1920 only - Mar 20 24:00 1:00 S
1566 Rule Italy 1920 only - Sep 18 24:00 0 -
1567 Rule Italy 1940 only - Jun 14 24:00 1:00 S
1568 Rule Italy 1942 only - Nov 2 2:00s 0 -
1569 Rule Italy 1943 only - Mar 29 2:00s 1:00 S
1570 Rule Italy 1943 only - Oct 4 2:00s 0 -
1571 Rule Italy 1944 only - Apr 2 2:00s 1:00 S
1572 Rule Italy 1944 only - Sep 17 2:00s 0 -
1573 Rule Italy 1945 only - Apr 2 2:00 1:00 S
1574 Rule Italy 1945 only - Sep 15 1:00 0 -
1575 Rule Italy 1946 only - Mar 17 2:00s 1:00 S
1576 Rule Italy 1946 only - Oct 6 2:00s 0 -
1577 Rule Italy 1947 only - Mar 16 0:00s 1:00 S
1578 Rule Italy 1947 only - Oct 5 0:00s 0 -
1579 Rule Italy 1948 only - Feb 29 2:00s 1:00 S
1580 Rule Italy 1948 only - Oct 3 2:00s 0 -
1581 Rule Italy 1966 1968 - May Sun>=22 0:00s 1:00 S
1582 Rule Italy 1966 only - Sep 24 24:00 0 -
1583 Rule Italy 1967 1969 - Sep Sun>=22 0:00s 0 -
1584 Rule Italy 1969 only - Jun 1 0:00s 1:00 S
1585 Rule Italy 1970 only - May 31 0:00s 1:00 S
1586 Rule Italy 1970 only - Sep lastSun 0:00s 0 -
1587 Rule Italy 1971 1972 - May Sun>=22 0:00s 1:00 S
1588 Rule Italy 1971 only - Sep lastSun 0:00s 0 -
1589 Rule Italy 1972 only - Oct 1 0:00s 0 -
1590 Rule Italy 1973 only - Jun 3 0:00s 1:00 S
1591 Rule Italy 1973 1974 - Sep lastSun 0:00s 0 -
1592 Rule Italy 1974 only - May 26 0:00s 1:00 S
1593 Rule Italy 1975 only - Jun 1 0:00s 1:00 S
1594 Rule Italy 1975 1977 - Sep lastSun 0:00s 0 -
1595 Rule Italy 1976 only - May 30 0:00s 1:00 S
1596 Rule Italy 1977 1979 - May Sun>=22 0:00s 1:00 S
1597 Rule Italy 1978 only - Oct 1 0:00s 0 -
1598 Rule Italy 1979 only - Sep 30 0:00s 0 -
1599 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1600 Zone Europe/Rome 0:49:56 - LMT 1866 Sep 22
1601 0:49:56 - RMT 1893 Oct 31 23:49:56 # Rome Mean
1602 1:00 Italy CE%sT 1943 Sep 10
1603 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Jun 4
1604 1:00 Italy CE%sT 1980
1605 1:00 EU CE%sT
1606
1607 Link Europe/Rome Europe/Vatican
1608 Link Europe/Rome Europe/San_Marino
1609
1610 # Latvia
1611
1612 # From Liene Kanepe (1998-09-17):
1613
1614 # I asked about this matter Scientific Secretary of the Institute of Astronomy
1615 # of The University of Latvia Dr. paed Mr. Ilgonis Vilks. I also searched the
1616 # correct data in juridical acts and I found some juridical documents about
1617 # changes in the counting of time in Latvia from 1981....
1618 #
1619 # Act No. 35 of the Council of Ministers of Latvian SSR of 1981-01-22 ...
1620 # according to the Act No. 925 of the Council of Ministers of USSR of 1980-10-24
1621 # ...: all year round the time of 2nd time zone + 1 hour, in addition turning
1622 # the hands of the clock 1 hour forward on 1 April at 00:00 (GMT 31 March 21:00)
1623 # and 1 hour backward on the 1 October at 00:00 (GMT 30 September 20:00).
1624 #
1625 # Act No. 592 of the Council of Ministers of Latvian SSR of 1984-09-24 ...
1626 # according to the Act No. 967 of the Council of Ministers of USSR of 1984-09-13
1627 # ...: all year round the time of 2nd time zone + 1 hour, in addition turning
1628 # the hands of the clock 1 hour forward on the last Sunday of March at 02:00
1629 # (GMT 23:00 on the previous day) and 1 hour backward on the last Sunday of
1630 # September at 03:00 (GMT 23:00 on the previous day).
1631 #
1632 # Act No. 81 of the Council of Ministers of Latvian SSR of 1989-03-22 ...
1633 # according to the Act No. 227 of the Council of Ministers of USSR of 1989-03-14
1634 # ...: since the last Sunday of March 1989 in Lithuanian SSR, Latvian SSR,
1635 # Estonian SSR and Kaliningrad region of Russian Federation all year round the
1636 # time of 2nd time zone (Moscow time minus one hour). On the territory of Latvia
1637 # transition to summer time is performed on the last Sunday of March at 02:00
1638 # (GMT 00:00), turning the hands of the clock 1 hour forward. The end of
1639 # daylight saving time is performed on the last Sunday of September at 03:00
1640 # (GMT 00:00), turning the hands of the clock 1 hour backward. Exception is
1641 # 1989-03-26, when we must not turn the hands of the clock....
1642 #
1643 # The Regulations of the Cabinet of Ministers of the Republic of Latvia of
1644 # 1997-01-21 on transition to Summer time ... established the same order of
1645 # daylight savings time settings as in the States of the European Union.
1646
1647 # From Andrei Ivanov (2000-03-06):
1648 # This year Latvia will not switch to Daylight Savings Time (as specified in
1649 # The Regulations of the Cabinet of Ministers of the Rep. of Latvia of
1650 # 29-Feb-2000 (No. 79) <http://www.lv-laiks.lv/wwwraksti/2000/071072/vd4.htm>,
1651 # in Latvian for subscribers only).
1652
1653 # From RFE/RL Newsline
1654 # http://www.rferl.org/newsline/2001/01/3-CEE/cee-030101.html
1655 # (2001-01-03), noted after a heads-up by Rives McDow:
1656 # The Latvian government on 2 January decided that the country will
1657 # institute daylight-saving time this spring, LETA reported.
1658 # Last February the three Baltic states decided not to turn back their
1659 # clocks one hour in the spring....
1660 # Minister of Economy Aigars Kalvītis noted that Latvia had too few
1661 # daylight hours and thus decided to comply with a draft European
1662 # Commission directive that provides for instituting daylight-saving
1663 # time in EU countries between 2002 and 2006. The Latvian government
1664 # urged Lithuania and Estonia to adopt a similar time policy, but it
1665 # appears that they will not do so....
1666
1667 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1668 Rule Latvia 1989 1996 - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 S
1669 Rule Latvia 1989 1996 - Sep lastSun 2:00s 0 -
1670
1671 # Milne 1899 says Riga was 1:36:28 (Polytechnique House time).
1672 # Byalokoz 1919 says Latvia was 1:36:34.
1673 # Go with Byalokoz.
1674
1675 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1676 Zone Europe/Riga 1:36:34 - LMT 1880
1677 1:36:34 - RMT 1918 Apr 15 2:00 # Riga MT
1678 1:36:34 1:00 LST 1918 Sep 16 3:00 # Latvian ST
1679 1:36:34 - RMT 1919 Apr 1 2:00
1680 1:36:34 1:00 LST 1919 May 22 3:00
1681 1:36:34 - RMT 1926 May 11
1682 2:00 - EET 1940 Aug 5
1683 3:00 - MSK 1941 Jul
1684 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Oct 13
1685 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1989 Mar lastSun 2:00s
1686 2:00 1:00 EEST 1989 Sep lastSun 2:00s
1687 2:00 Latvia EE%sT 1997 Jan 21
1688 2:00 EU EE%sT 2000 Feb 29
1689 2:00 - EET 2001 Jan 2
1690 2:00 EU EE%sT
1691
1692 # Liechtenstein
1693
1694 # From Paul Eggert (2013-09-09):
1695 # Shanks & Pottenger say Vaduz is like Zurich.
1696
1697 # From Alois Treindl (2013-09-18):
1698 # http://www.eliechtensteinensia.li/LIJ/1978/1938-1978/1941.pdf
1699 # ... confirms on p. 6 that Liechtenstein followed Switzerland in 1941 and 1942.
1700 # I ... translate only the last two paragraphs:
1701 # ... during second world war, in the years 1941 and 1942, Liechtenstein
1702 # introduced daylight saving time, adapting to Switzerland. From 1943 on
1703 # central European time was in force throughout the year.
1704 # From a report of the duke's government to the high council,
1705 # regarding the introduction of a time law, of 31 May 1977.
1706
1707 Link Europe/Zurich Europe/Vaduz
1708
1709
1710 # Lithuania
1711
1712 # From Paul Eggert (2016-03-18):
1713 # The 1989 transition is from USSR act No. 227 (1989-03-14).
1714
1715 # From Paul Eggert (1996-11-22):
1716 # IATA SSIM (1992/1996) says Lithuania uses W-Eur rules, but since it is
1717 # known to be wrong about Estonia and Latvia, assume it's wrong here too.
1718
1719 # From Marius Gedminas (1998-08-07):
1720 # I would like to inform that in this year Lithuanian time zone
1721 # (Europe/Vilnius) was changed.
1722
1723 # From ELTA No. 972 (2582) (1999-09-29) <http://www.elta.lt/>,
1724 # via Steffen Thorsen:
1725 # Lithuania has shifted back to the second time zone (GMT plus two hours)
1726 # to be valid here starting from October 31,
1727 # as decided by the national government on Wednesday....
1728 # The Lithuanian government also announced plans to consider a
1729 # motion to give up shifting to summer time in spring, as it was
1730 # already done by Estonia.
1731
1732 # From the Fact File, Lithuanian State Department of Tourism
1733 # <http://www.tourism.lt/informa/ff.htm> (2000-03-27):
1734 # Local time is GMT+2 hours ..., no daylight saving.
1735
1736 # From a user via Klaus Marten (2003-02-07):
1737 # As a candidate for membership of the European Union, Lithuania will
1738 # observe Summer Time in 2003, changing its clocks at the times laid
1739 # down in EU Directive 2000/84 of 19.I.01 (i.e. at the same times as its
1740 # neighbour Latvia). The text of the Lithuanian government Order of
1741 # 7.XI.02 to this effect can be found at
1742 # http://www.lrvk.lt/nut/11/n1749.htm
1743
1744
1745 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1746 Zone Europe/Vilnius 1:41:16 - LMT 1880
1747 1:24:00 - WMT 1917 # Warsaw Mean Time
1748 1:35:36 - KMT 1919 Oct 10 # Kaunas Mean Time
1749 1:00 - CET 1920 Jul 12
1750 2:00 - EET 1920 Oct 9
1751 1:00 - CET 1940 Aug 3
1752 3:00 - MSK 1941 Jun 24
1753 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Aug
1754 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1989 Mar 26 2:00s
1755 2:00 Russia EE%sT 1991 Sep 29 2:00s
1756 2:00 C-Eur EE%sT 1998
1757 2:00 - EET 1998 Mar 29 1:00u
1758 1:00 EU CE%sT 1999 Oct 31 1:00u
1759 2:00 - EET 2003 Jan 1
1760 2:00 EU EE%sT
1761
1762 # Luxembourg
1763 # Whitman disagrees with most of these dates in minor ways;
1764 # go with Shanks & Pottenger.
1765 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1766 Rule Lux 1916 only - May 14 23:00 1:00 S
1767 Rule Lux 1916 only - Oct 1 1:00 0 -
1768 Rule Lux 1917 only - Apr 28 23:00 1:00 S
1769 Rule Lux 1917 only - Sep 17 1:00 0 -
1770 Rule Lux 1918 only - Apr Mon>=15 2:00s 1:00 S
1771 Rule Lux 1918 only - Sep Mon>=15 2:00s 0 -
1772 Rule Lux 1919 only - Mar 1 23:00 1:00 S
1773 Rule Lux 1919 only - Oct 5 3:00 0 -
1774 Rule Lux 1920 only - Feb 14 23:00 1:00 S
1775 Rule Lux 1920 only - Oct 24 2:00 0 -
1776 Rule Lux 1921 only - Mar 14 23:00 1:00 S
1777 Rule Lux 1921 only - Oct 26 2:00 0 -
1778 Rule Lux 1922 only - Mar 25 23:00 1:00 S
1779 Rule Lux 1922 only - Oct Sun>=2 1:00 0 -
1780 Rule Lux 1923 only - Apr 21 23:00 1:00 S
1781 Rule Lux 1923 only - Oct Sun>=2 2:00 0 -
1782 Rule Lux 1924 only - Mar 29 23:00 1:00 S
1783 Rule Lux 1924 1928 - Oct Sun>=2 1:00 0 -
1784 Rule Lux 1925 only - Apr 5 23:00 1:00 S
1785 Rule Lux 1926 only - Apr 17 23:00 1:00 S
1786 Rule Lux 1927 only - Apr 9 23:00 1:00 S
1787 Rule Lux 1928 only - Apr 14 23:00 1:00 S
1788 Rule Lux 1929 only - Apr 20 23:00 1:00 S
1789 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1790 Zone Europe/Luxembourg 0:24:36 - LMT 1904 Jun
1791 1:00 Lux CE%sT 1918 Nov 25
1792 0:00 Lux WE%sT 1929 Oct 6 2:00s
1793 0:00 Belgium WE%sT 1940 May 14 3:00
1794 1:00 C-Eur WE%sT 1944 Sep 18 3:00
1795 1:00 Belgium CE%sT 1977
1796 1:00 EU CE%sT
1797
1798 # Macedonia
1799 # See Europe/Belgrade.
1800
1801 # Malta
1802 #
1803 # From Paul Eggert (2016-10-21):
1804 # Assume 1900-1972 was like Rome, overriding Shanks.
1805 #
1806 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1807 Rule Malta 1973 only - Mar 31 0:00s 1:00 S
1808 Rule Malta 1973 only - Sep 29 0:00s 0 -
1809 Rule Malta 1974 only - Apr 21 0:00s 1:00 S
1810 Rule Malta 1974 only - Sep 16 0:00s 0 -
1811 Rule Malta 1975 1979 - Apr Sun>=15 2:00 1:00 S
1812 Rule Malta 1975 1980 - Sep Sun>=15 2:00 0 -
1813 Rule Malta 1980 only - Mar 31 2:00 1:00 S
1814 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1815 Zone Europe/Malta 0:58:04 - LMT 1893 Nov 2 0:00s # Valletta
1816 1:00 Italy CE%sT 1973 Mar 31
1817 1:00 Malta CE%sT 1981
1818 1:00 EU CE%sT
1819
1820 # Moldova
1821
1822 # From Stepan Golosunov (2016-03-07):
1823 # the act of the government of the Republic of Moldova Nr. 132 from 1990-05-04
1824 # http://lex.justice.md/viewdoc.php?action=view&view=doc&id=298782&lang=2
1825 # ... says that since 1990-05-06 on the territory of the Moldavian SSR
1826 # time would be calculated as the standard time of the second time belt
1827 # plus one hour of the "summer" time. To implement that clocks would be
1828 # adjusted one hour backwards at 1990-05-06 2:00. After that "summer"
1829 # time would be cancelled last Sunday of September at 3:00 and
1830 # reintroduced last Sunday of March at 2:00.
1831
1832 # From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):
1833 # A previous version of this database followed Shanks & Pottenger, who write
1834 # that Tiraspol switched to Moscow time on 1992-01-19 at 02:00.
1835 # However, this is most likely an error, as Moldova declared independence
1836 # on 1991-08-27 (the 1992-01-19 date is that of a Russian decree).
1837 # In early 1992 there was large-scale interethnic violence in the area
1838 # and it's possible that some Russophones continued to observe Moscow time.
1839 # But [two people] separately reported via
1840 # Jesper Nørgaard that as of 2001-01-24 Tiraspol was like Chisinau.
1841 # The Tiraspol entry has therefore been removed for now.
1842 #
1843 # From Alexander Krivenyshev (2011-10-17):
1844 # Pridnestrovian Moldavian Republic (PMR, also known as
1845 # "Pridnestrovie") has abolished seasonal clock change (no transition
1846 # to the Winter Time).
1847 #
1848 # News (in Russian):
1849 # http://www.kyivpost.ua/russia/news/pridnestrove-otkazalos-ot-perehoda-na-zimnee-vremya-30954.html
1850 # http://www.allmoldova.com/moldova-news/1249064116.html
1851 #
1852 # The substance of this change (reinstatement of the Tiraspol entry)
1853 # is from a patch from Petr Machata (2011-10-17)
1854 #
1855 # From Tim Parenti (2011-10-19)
1856 # In addition, being situated at +4651+2938 would give Tiraspol
1857 # a pre-1880 LMT offset of 1:58:32.
1858 #
1859 # (which agrees with the earlier entry that had been removed)
1860 #
1861 # From Alexander Krivenyshev (2011-10-26)
1862 # NO need to divide Moldova into two timezones at this point.
1863 # As of today, Transnistria (Pridnestrovie)- Tiraspol reversed its own
1864 # decision to abolish DST this winter.
1865 # Following Moldova and neighboring Ukraine- Transnistria (Pridnestrovie)-
1866 # Tiraspol will go back to winter time on October 30, 2011.
1867 # News from Moldova (in russian):
1868 # http://ru.publika.md/link_317061.html
1869
1870 # From Roman Tudos (2015-07-02):
1871 # http://lex.justice.md/index.php?action=view&view=doc&lang=1&id=355077
1872 # From Paul Eggert (2015-07-01):
1873 # The abovementioned official link to IGO1445-868/2014 states that
1874 # 2014-10-26's fallback transition occurred at 03:00 local time. Also,
1875 # http://www.trm.md/en/social/la-30-martie-vom-trece-la-ora-de-vara
1876 # says the 2014-03-30 spring-forward transition was at 02:00 local time.
1877 # Guess that since 1997 Moldova has switched one hour before the EU.
1878
1879 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1880 Rule Moldova 1997 max - Mar lastSun 2:00 1:00 S
1881 Rule Moldova 1997 max - Oct lastSun 3:00 0 -
1882
1883 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1884 Zone Europe/Chisinau 1:55:20 - LMT 1880
1885 1:55 - CMT 1918 Feb 15 # Chisinau MT
1886 1:44:24 - BMT 1931 Jul 24 # Bucharest MT
1887 2:00 Romania EE%sT 1940 Aug 15
1888 2:00 1:00 EEST 1941 Jul 17
1889 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Aug 24
1890 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1990 May 6 2:00
1891 2:00 Russia EE%sT 1992
1892 2:00 E-Eur EE%sT 1997
1893 # See Romania commentary for the guessed 1997 transition to EU rules.
1894 2:00 Moldova EE%sT
1895
1896 # Monaco
1897 # Shanks & Pottenger give 0:09:20 for Paris Mean Time; go with Howse's
1898 # more precise 0:09:21.
1899 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1900 Zone Europe/Monaco 0:29:32 - LMT 1891 Mar 15
1901 0:09:21 - PMT 1911 Mar 11 # Paris Mean Time
1902 0:00 France WE%sT 1945 Sep 16 3:00
1903 1:00 France CE%sT 1977
1904 1:00 EU CE%sT
1905
1906 # Montenegro
1907 # See Europe/Belgrade.
1908
1909 # Netherlands
1910
1911 # Howse writes that the Netherlands' railways used GMT between 1892 and 1940,
1912 # but for other purposes the Netherlands used Amsterdam mean time.
1913
1914 # However, Robert H. van Gent writes (2001-04-01):
1915 # Howse's statement is only correct up to 1909. From 1909-05-01 (00:00:00
1916 # Amsterdam mean time) onwards, the whole of the Netherlands (including
1917 # the Dutch railways) was required by law to observe Amsterdam mean time
1918 # (19 minutes 32.13 seconds ahead of GMT). This had already been the
1919 # common practice (except for the railways) for many decades but it was
1920 # not until 1909 when the Dutch government finally defined this by law.
1921 # On 1937-07-01 this was changed to 20 minutes (exactly) ahead of GMT and
1922 # was generally known as Dutch Time ("Nederlandse Tijd").
1923 #
1924 # (2001-04-08):
1925 # 1892-05-01 was the date when the Dutch railways were by law required to
1926 # observe GMT while the remainder of the Netherlands adhered to the common
1927 # practice of following Amsterdam mean time.
1928 #
1929 # (2001-04-09):
1930 # In 1835 the authorities of the province of North Holland requested the
1931 # municipal authorities of the towns and cities in the province to observe
1932 # Amsterdam mean time but I do not know in how many cases this request was
1933 # actually followed.
1934 #
1935 # From 1852 onwards the Dutch telegraph offices were by law required to
1936 # observe Amsterdam mean time. As the time signals from the observatory of
1937 # Leiden were also distributed by the telegraph system, I assume that most
1938 # places linked up with the telegraph (and railway) system automatically
1939 # adopted Amsterdam mean time.
1940 #
1941 # Although the early Dutch railway companies initially observed a variety
1942 # of times, most of them had adopted Amsterdam mean time by 1858 but it
1943 # was not until 1866 when they were all required by law to observe
1944 # Amsterdam mean time.
1945
1946 # The data entries before 1945 are taken from
1947 # http://www.staff.science.uu.nl/~gent0113/wettijd/wettijd.htm
1948
1949 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1950 Rule Neth 1916 only - May 1 0:00 1:00 NST # Netherlands Summer Time
1951 Rule Neth 1916 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 AMT # Amsterdam Mean Time
1952 Rule Neth 1917 only - Apr 16 2:00s 1:00 NST
1953 Rule Neth 1917 only - Sep 17 2:00s 0 AMT
1954 Rule Neth 1918 1921 - Apr Mon>=1 2:00s 1:00 NST
1955 Rule Neth 1918 1921 - Sep lastMon 2:00s 0 AMT
1956 Rule Neth 1922 only - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 NST
1957 Rule Neth 1922 1936 - Oct Sun>=2 2:00s 0 AMT
1958 Rule Neth 1923 only - Jun Fri>=1 2:00s 1:00 NST
1959 Rule Neth 1924 only - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 NST
1960 Rule Neth 1925 only - Jun Fri>=1 2:00s 1:00 NST
1961 # From 1926 through 1939 DST began 05-15, except that it was delayed by a week
1962 # in years when 05-15 fell in the Pentecost weekend.
1963 Rule Neth 1926 1931 - May 15 2:00s 1:00 NST
1964 Rule Neth 1932 only - May 22 2:00s 1:00 NST
1965 Rule Neth 1933 1936 - May 15 2:00s 1:00 NST
1966 Rule Neth 1937 only - May 22 2:00s 1:00 NST
1967 Rule Neth 1937 only - Jul 1 0:00 1:00 S
1968 Rule Neth 1937 1939 - Oct Sun>=2 2:00s 0 -
1969 Rule Neth 1938 1939 - May 15 2:00s 1:00 S
1970 Rule Neth 1945 only - Apr 2 2:00s 1:00 S
1971 Rule Neth 1945 only - Sep 16 2:00s 0 -
1972 #
1973 # Amsterdam Mean Time was +00:19:32.13 exactly, but the .13 is omitted
1974 # below because the current format requires GMTOFF to be an integer.
1975 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1976 Zone Europe/Amsterdam 0:19:32 - LMT 1835
1977 0:19:32 Neth %s 1937 Jul 1
1978 0:20 Neth NE%sT 1940 May 16 0:00 # Dutch Time
1979 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 Apr 2 2:00
1980 1:00 Neth CE%sT 1977
1981 1:00 EU CE%sT
1982
1983 # Norway
1984 # http://met.no/met/met_lex/q_u/sommertid.html (2004-01) agrees with Shanks &
1985 # Pottenger.
1986 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1987 Rule Norway 1916 only - May 22 1:00 1:00 S
1988 Rule Norway 1916 only - Sep 30 0:00 0 -
1989 Rule Norway 1945 only - Apr 2 2:00s 1:00 S
1990 Rule Norway 1945 only - Oct 1 2:00s 0 -
1991 Rule Norway 1959 1964 - Mar Sun>=15 2:00s 1:00 S
1992 Rule Norway 1959 1965 - Sep Sun>=15 2:00s 0 -
1993 Rule Norway 1965 only - Apr 25 2:00s 1:00 S
1994 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1995 Zone Europe/Oslo 0:43:00 - LMT 1895 Jan 1
1996 1:00 Norway CE%sT 1940 Aug 10 23:00
1997 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 Apr 2 2:00
1998 1:00 Norway CE%sT 1980
1999 1:00 EU CE%sT
2000
2001 # Svalbard & Jan Mayen
2002
2003 # From Steffen Thorsen (2001-05-01):
2004 # Although I could not find it explicitly, it seems that Jan Mayen and
2005 # Svalbard have been using the same time as Norway at least since the
2006 # time they were declared as parts of Norway. Svalbard was declared
2007 # as a part of Norway by law of 1925-07-17 no 11, section 4 and Jan
2008 # Mayen by law of 1930-02-27 no 2, section 2. (From
2009 # <http://www.lovdata.no/all/nl-19250717-011.html> and
2010 # <http://www.lovdata.no/all/nl-19300227-002.html>). The law/regulation
2011 # for normal/standard time in Norway is from 1894-06-29 no 1 (came
2012 # into operation on 1895-01-01) and Svalbard/Jan Mayen seem to be a
2013 # part of this law since 1925/1930. (From
2014 # <http://www.lovdata.no/all/nl-18940629-001.html>) I have not been
2015 # able to find if Jan Mayen used a different time zone (e.g. -0100)
2016 # before 1930. Jan Mayen has only been "inhabited" since 1921 by
2017 # Norwegian meteorologists and maybe used the same time as Norway ever
2018 # since 1921. Svalbard (Arctic/Longyearbyen) has been inhabited since
2019 # before 1895, and therefore probably changed the local time somewhere
2020 # between 1895 and 1925 (inclusive).
2021
2022 # From Paul Eggert (2013-09-04):
2023 #
2024 # Actually, Jan Mayen was never occupied by Germany during World War II,
2025 # so it must have diverged from Oslo time during the war, as Oslo was
2026 # keeping Berlin time.
2027 #
2028 # <http://home.no.net/janmayen/history.htm> says that the meteorologists
2029 # burned down their station in 1940 and left the island, but returned in
2030 # 1941 with a small Norwegian garrison and continued operations despite
2031 # frequent air attacks from Germans. In 1943 the Americans established a
2032 # radiolocating station on the island, called "Atlantic City". Possibly
2033 # the UT offset changed during the war, but I think it unlikely that
2034 # Jan Mayen used German daylight-saving rules.
2035 #
2036 # Svalbard is more complicated, as it was raided in August 1941 by an
2037 # Allied party that evacuated the civilian population to England (says
2038 # <http://www.bartleby.com/65/sv/Svalbard.html>). The Svalbard FAQ
2039 # <http://www.svalbard.com/SvalbardFAQ.html> says that the Germans were
2040 # expelled on 1942-05-14. However, small parties of Germans did return,
2041 # and according to Wilhelm Dege's book "War North of 80" (1954)
2042 # http://www.ucalgary.ca/UofC/departments/UP/1-55238/1-55238-110-2.html
2043 # the German armed forces at the Svalbard weather station code-named
2044 # Haudegen did not surrender to the Allies until September 1945.
2045 #
2046 # All these events predate our cutoff date of 1970, so use Europe/Oslo
2047 # for these regions.
2048 Link Europe/Oslo Arctic/Longyearbyen
2049
2050 # Poland
2051
2052 # The 1919 dates and times can be found in Tygodnik Urzędowy nr 1 (1919-03-20),
2053 # <http://www.wbc.poznan.pl/publication/32156> pp 1-2.
2054
2055 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
2056 Rule Poland 1918 1919 - Sep 16 2:00s 0 -
2057 Rule Poland 1919 only - Apr 15 2:00s 1:00 S
2058 Rule Poland 1944 only - Apr 3 2:00s 1:00 S
2059 # Whitman gives 1944 Nov 30; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
2060 Rule Poland 1944 only - Oct 4 2:00 0 -
2061 # For 1944-1948 Whitman gives the previous day; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
2062 Rule Poland 1945 only - Apr 29 0:00 1:00 S
2063 Rule Poland 1945 only - Nov 1 0:00 0 -
2064 # For 1946 on the source is Kazimierz Borkowski,
2065 # Toruń Center for Astronomy, Dept. of Radio Astronomy, Nicolaus Copernicus U.,
2066 # http://www.astro.uni.torun.pl/~kb/Artykuly/U-PA/Czas2.htm#tth_tAb1
2067 # Thanks to Przemysław Augustyniak (2005-05-28) for this reference.
2068 # He also gives these further references:
2069 # Mon Pol nr 13, poz 162 (1995) <http://www.abc.com.pl/serwis/mp/1995/0162.htm>
2070 # Druk nr 2180 (2003) <http://www.senat.gov.pl/k5/dok/sejm/053/2180.pdf>
2071 Rule Poland 1946 only - Apr 14 0:00s 1:00 S
2072 Rule Poland 1946 only - Oct 7 2:00s 0 -
2073 Rule Poland 1947 only - May 4 2:00s 1:00 S
2074 Rule Poland 1947 1949 - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
2075 Rule Poland 1948 only - Apr 18 2:00s 1:00 S
2076 Rule Poland 1949 only - Apr 10 2:00s 1:00 S
2077 Rule Poland 1957 only - Jun 2 1:00s 1:00 S
2078 Rule Poland 1957 1958 - Sep lastSun 1:00s 0 -
2079 Rule Poland 1958 only - Mar 30 1:00s 1:00 S
2080 Rule Poland 1959 only - May 31 1:00s 1:00 S
2081 Rule Poland 1959 1961 - Oct Sun>=1 1:00s 0 -
2082 Rule Poland 1960 only - Apr 3 1:00s 1:00 S
2083 Rule Poland 1961 1964 - May lastSun 1:00s 1:00 S
2084 Rule Poland 1962 1964 - Sep lastSun 1:00s 0 -
2085 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
2086 Zone Europe/Warsaw 1:24:00 - LMT 1880
2087 1:24:00 - WMT 1915 Aug 5 # Warsaw Mean Time
2088 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1918 Sep 16 3:00
2089 2:00 Poland EE%sT 1922 Jun
2090 1:00 Poland CE%sT 1940 Jun 23 2:00
2091 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Oct
2092 1:00 Poland CE%sT 1977
2093 1:00 W-Eur CE%sT 1988
2094 1:00 EU CE%sT
2095
2096 # Portugal
2097 #
2098 # From Paul Eggert (2014-08-11), after a heads-up from Stephen Colebourne:
2099 # According to a Portuguese decree (1911-05-26)
2100 # http://dre.pt/pdf1sdip/1911/05/12500/23132313.pdf
2101 # Lisbon was at -0:36:44.68, but switched to GMT on 1912-01-01 at 00:00.
2102 # Round the old offset to -0:36:45. This agrees with Willett but disagrees
2103 # with Shanks, who says the transition occurred on 1911-05-24 at 00:00 for
2104 # Europe/Lisbon, Atlantic/Azores, and Atlantic/Madeira.
2105 #
2106 # From Rui Pedro Salgueiro (1992-11-12):
2107 # Portugal has recently (September, 27) changed timezone
2108 # (from WET to MET or CET) to harmonize with EEC.
2109 #
2110 # Martin Bruckmann (1996-02-29) reports via Peter Ilieve
2111 # that Portugal is reverting to 0:00 by not moving its clocks this spring.
2112 # The new Prime Minister was fed up with getting up in the dark in the winter.
2113 #
2114 # From Paul Eggert (1996-11-12):
2115 # IATA SSIM (1991-09) reports several 1991-09 and 1992-09 transitions
2116 # at 02:00u, not 01:00u. Assume that these are typos.
2117 # IATA SSIM (1991/1992) reports that the Azores were at -1:00.
2118 # IATA SSIM (1993-02) says +0:00; later issues (through 1996-09) say -1:00.
2119 # Guess that the Azores changed to EU rules in 1992 (since that's when Portugal
2120 # harmonized with the EU), and that they stayed +0:00 that winter.
2121 #
2122 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
2123 # DSH writes that despite Decree 1,469 (1915), the change to the clocks was not
2124 # done every year, depending on what Spain did, because of railroad schedules.
2125 # Go with Shanks & Pottenger.
2126 Rule Port 1916 only - Jun 17 23:00 1:00 S
2127 # Whitman gives 1916 Oct 31; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
2128 Rule Port 1916 only - Nov 1 1:00 0 -
2129 Rule Port 1917 only - Feb 28 23:00s 1:00 S
2130 Rule Port 1917 1921 - Oct 14 23:00s 0 -
2131 Rule Port 1918 only - Mar 1 23:00s 1:00 S
2132 Rule Port 1919 only - Feb 28 23:00s 1:00 S
2133 Rule Port 1920 only - Feb 29 23:00s 1:00 S
2134 Rule Port 1921 only - Feb 28 23:00s 1:00 S
2135 Rule Port 1924 only - Apr 16 23:00s 1:00 S
2136 Rule Port 1924 only - Oct 14 23:00s 0 -
2137 Rule Port 1926 only - Apr 17 23:00s 1:00 S
2138 Rule Port 1926 1929 - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 -
2139 Rule Port 1927 only - Apr 9 23:00s 1:00 S
2140 Rule Port 1928 only - Apr 14 23:00s 1:00 S
2141 Rule Port 1929 only - Apr 20 23:00s 1:00 S
2142 Rule Port 1931 only - Apr 18 23:00s 1:00 S
2143 # Whitman gives 1931 Oct 8; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
2144 Rule Port 1931 1932 - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 -
2145 Rule Port 1932 only - Apr 2 23:00s 1:00 S
2146 Rule Port 1934 only - Apr 7 23:00s 1:00 S
2147 # Whitman gives 1934 Oct 5; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
2148 Rule Port 1934 1938 - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 -
2149 # Shanks & Pottenger give 1935 Apr 30; go with Whitman.
2150 Rule Port 1935 only - Mar 30 23:00s 1:00 S
2151 Rule Port 1936 only - Apr 18 23:00s 1:00 S
2152 # Whitman gives 1937 Apr 2; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
2153 Rule Port 1937 only - Apr 3 23:00s 1:00 S
2154 Rule Port 1938 only - Mar 26 23:00s 1:00 S
2155 Rule Port 1939 only - Apr 15 23:00s 1:00 S
2156 # Whitman gives 1939 Oct 7; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
2157 Rule Port 1939 only - Nov 18 23:00s 0 -
2158 Rule Port 1940 only - Feb 24 23:00s 1:00 S
2159 # Shanks & Pottenger give 1940 Oct 7; go with Whitman.
2160 Rule Port 1940 1941 - Oct 5 23:00s 0 -
2161 Rule Port 1941 only - Apr 5 23:00s 1:00 S
2162 Rule Port 1942 1945 - Mar Sat>=8 23:00s 1:00 S
2163 Rule Port 1942 only - Apr 25 22:00s 2:00 M # Midsummer
2164 Rule Port 1942 only - Aug 15 22:00s 1:00 S
2165 Rule Port 1942 1945 - Oct Sat>=24 23:00s 0 -
2166 Rule Port 1943 only - Apr 17 22:00s 2:00 M
2167 Rule Port 1943 1945 - Aug Sat>=25 22:00s 1:00 S
2168 Rule Port 1944 1945 - Apr Sat>=21 22:00s 2:00 M
2169 Rule Port 1946 only - Apr Sat>=1 23:00s 1:00 S
2170 Rule Port 1946 only - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 -
2171 Rule Port 1947 1949 - Apr Sun>=1 2:00s 1:00 S
2172 Rule Port 1947 1949 - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
2173 # Shanks & Pottenger say DST was observed in 1950; go with Whitman.
2174 # Whitman gives Oct lastSun for 1952 on; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
2175 Rule Port 1951 1965 - Apr Sun>=1 2:00s 1:00 S
2176 Rule Port 1951 1965 - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
2177 Rule Port 1977 only - Mar 27 0:00s 1:00 S
2178 Rule Port 1977 only - Sep 25 0:00s 0 -
2179 Rule Port 1978 1979 - Apr Sun>=1 0:00s 1:00 S
2180 Rule Port 1978 only - Oct 1 0:00s 0 -
2181 Rule Port 1979 1982 - Sep lastSun 1:00s 0 -
2182 Rule Port 1980 only - Mar lastSun 0:00s 1:00 S
2183 Rule Port 1981 1982 - Mar lastSun 1:00s 1:00 S
2184 Rule Port 1983 only - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 S
2185 #
2186 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
2187 Zone Europe/Lisbon -0:36:45 - LMT 1884
2188 -0:36:45 - LMT 1912 Jan 1 # Lisbon Mean Time
2189 0:00 Port WE%sT 1966 Apr 3 2:00
2190 1:00 - CET 1976 Sep 26 1:00
2191 0:00 Port WE%sT 1983 Sep 25 1:00s
2192 0:00 W-Eur WE%sT 1992 Sep 27 1:00s
2193 1:00 EU CE%sT 1996 Mar 31 1:00u
2194 0:00 EU WE%sT
2195 Zone Atlantic/Azores -1:42:40 - LMT 1884 # Ponta Delgada
2196 -1:54:32 - HMT 1912 Jan 1 # Horta Mean Time
2197 -2:00 Port AZO%sT 1966 Apr 3 2:00 # Azores Time
2198 -1:00 Port AZO%sT 1983 Sep 25 1:00s
2199 -1:00 W-Eur AZO%sT 1992 Sep 27 1:00s
2200 0:00 EU WE%sT 1993 Mar 28 1:00u
2201 -1:00 EU AZO%sT
2202 Zone Atlantic/Madeira -1:07:36 - LMT 1884 # Funchal
2203 -1:07:36 - FMT 1912 Jan 1 # Funchal Mean Time
2204 -1:00 Port MAD%sT 1966 Apr 3 2:00 # Madeira Time
2205 0:00 Port WE%sT 1983 Sep 25 1:00s
2206 0:00 EU WE%sT
2207
2208 # Romania
2209 #
2210 # From Paul Eggert (1999-10-07):
2211 # Nine O'clock <http://www.nineoclock.ro/POL/1778pol.html>
2212 # (1998-10-23) reports that the switch occurred at
2213 # 04:00 local time in fall 1998. For lack of better info,
2214 # assume that Romania and Moldova switched to EU rules in 1997,
2215 # the same year as Bulgaria.
2216 #
2217 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
2218 Rule Romania 1932 only - May 21 0:00s 1:00 S
2219 Rule Romania 1932 1939 - Oct Sun>=1 0:00s 0 -
2220 Rule Romania 1933 1939 - Apr Sun>=2 0:00s 1:00 S
2221 Rule Romania 1979 only - May 27 0:00 1:00 S
2222 Rule Romania 1979 only - Sep lastSun 0:00 0 -
2223 Rule Romania 1980 only - Apr 5 23:00 1:00 S
2224 Rule Romania 1980 only - Sep lastSun 1:00 0 -
2225 Rule Romania 1991 1993 - Mar lastSun 0:00s 1:00 S
2226 Rule Romania 1991 1993 - Sep lastSun 0:00s 0 -
2227 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
2228 Zone Europe/Bucharest 1:44:24 - LMT 1891 Oct
2229 1:44:24 - BMT 1931 Jul 24 # Bucharest MT
2230 2:00 Romania EE%sT 1981 Mar 29 2:00s
2231 2:00 C-Eur EE%sT 1991
2232 2:00 Romania EE%sT 1994
2233 2:00 E-Eur EE%sT 1997
2234 2:00 EU EE%sT
2235
2236
2237 # Russia
2238
2239 # From Alexander Krivenyshev (2011-09-15):
2240 # Based on last Russian Government Decree No. 725 on August 31, 2011
2241 # (Government document
2242 # http://www.government.ru/gov/results/16355/print/
2243 # in Russian)
2244 # there are few corrections have to be made for some Russian time zones...
2245 # All updated Russian Time Zones were placed in table and translated to English
2246 # by WorldTimeZone.com at the link below:
2247 # http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_russia36.htm
2248
2249 # From Sanjeev Gupta (2011-09-27):
2250 # Scans of [Decree No. 23 of January 8, 1992] are available at:
2251 # http://government.consultant.ru/page.aspx?1223966
2252 # They are in Cyrillic letters (presumably Russian).
2253
2254 # From Arthur David Olson (2012-05-09):
2255 # Regarding the instant when clocks in time-zone-shifting parts of Russia
2256 # changed in September 2011:
2257 #
2258 # One source is
2259 # http://government.ru/gov/results/16355/
2260 # which, according to translate.google.com, begins "Decree of August 31,
2261 # 2011 No. 725" and contains no other dates or "effective date" information.
2262 #
2263 # Another source is
2264 # http://www.rg.ru/2011/09/06/chas-zona-dok.html
2265 # which, according to translate.google.com, begins "Resolution of the
2266 # Government of the Russian Federation on August 31, 2011 N 725" and also
2267 # contains "Date first official publication: September 6, 2011 Posted on:
2268 # in the 'RG' - Federal Issue No. 5573 September 6, 2011" but which
2269 # does not contain any "effective date" information.
2270 #
2271 # Another source is
2272 # http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oymyakonsky_District#cite_note-RuTime-7
2273 # which, in note 8, contains "Resolution No. 725 of August 31, 2011...
2274 # Effective as of after 7 days following the day of the official publication"
2275 # but which does not contain any reference to September 6, 2011.
2276 #
2277 # The Wikipedia article refers to
2278 # http://base.consultant.ru/cons/cgi/online.cgi?req=doc;base=LAW;n=118896
2279 # which seems to copy the text of the government.ru page.
2280 #
2281 # Tobias Conradi combines Wikipedia's
2282 # "as of after 7 days following the day of the official publication"
2283 # with www.rg.ru's "Date of first official publication: September 6, 2011" to
2284 # get September 13, 2011 as the cutover date (unusually, a Tuesday, as Tobias
2285 # Conradi notes).
2286 #
2287 # None of the sources indicates a time of day for changing clocks.
2288 #
2289 # Go with 2011-09-13 0:00s.
2290
2291 # From Alexander Krivenyshev (2014-07-01):
2292 # According to the Russian news (ITAR-TASS News Agency)
2293 # http://en.itar-tass.com/russia/738562
2294 # the State Duma has approved ... the draft bill on returning to
2295 # winter time standard and return Russia 11 time zones. The new
2296 # regulations will come into effect on October 26, 2014 at 02:00 ...
2297 # http://asozd2.duma.gov.ru/main.nsf/%28Spravka%29?OpenAgent&RN=431985-6&02
2298 # Here is a link where we put together table (based on approved Bill N
2299 # 431985-6) with proposed 11 Russian time zones and corresponding
2300 # areas/cities/administrative centers in the Russian Federation (in English):
2301 # http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_russia65.html
2302 #
2303 # From Alexander Krivenyshev (2014-07-22):
2304 # Putin signed the Federal Law 431985-6 ... (in Russian)
2305 # http://itar-tass.com/obschestvo/1333711
2306 # http://www.pravo.gov.ru:8080/page.aspx?111660
2307 # http://www.kremlin.ru/acts/46279
2308 # From October 26, 2014 the new Russian time zone map will looks like this:
2309 # http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_russia-map-2014-07.html
2310
2311 # From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):
2312 # Moscow time zone abbreviations after 1919-07-01, and Moscow rules after 1991,
2313 # are from Andrey A. Chernov. The rest is from Shanks & Pottenger,
2314 # except we follow Chernov's report that 1992 DST transitions were Sat
2315 # 23:00, not Sun 02:00s.
2316 #
2317 # From Stanislaw A. Kuzikowski (1994-06-29):
2318 # But now it is some months since Novosibirsk is 3 hours ahead of Moscow!
2319 # I do not know why they have decided to make this change;
2320 # as far as I remember it was done exactly during winter->summer switching
2321 # so we (Novosibirsk) simply did not switch.
2322 #
2323 # From Andrey A. Chernov (1996-10-04):
2324 # 'MSK' and 'MSD' were born and used initially on Moscow computers with
2325 # UNIX-like OSes by several developer groups (e.g. Demos group, Kiae group)....
2326 # The next step was the UUCP network, the Relcom predecessor
2327 # (used mainly for mail), and MSK/MSD was actively used there.
2328 #
2329 # From Chris Carrier (1996-10-30):
2330 # According to a friend of mine who rode the Trans-Siberian Railroad from
2331 # Moscow to Irkutsk in 1995, public air and rail transport in Russia ...
2332 # still follows Moscow time, no matter where in Russia it is located.
2333 #
2334 # For Grozny, Chechnya, we have the following story from
2335 # John Daniszewski, "Scavengers in the Rubble", Los Angeles Times (2001-02-07):
2336 # News - often false - is spread by word of mouth. A rumor that it was
2337 # time to move the clocks back put this whole city out of sync with
2338 # the rest of Russia for two weeks - even soldiers stationed here began
2339 # enforcing curfew at the wrong time.
2340 #
2341 # From Gwillim Law (2001-06-05):
2342 # There's considerable evidence that Sakhalin Island used to be in
2343 # UTC+11, and has changed to UTC+10, in this decade. I start with the
2344 # SSIM, which listed Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk in zone RU10 along with Magadan
2345 # until February 1997, and then in RU9 with Khabarovsk and Vladivostok
2346 # since September 1997.... Although the Kuril Islands are
2347 # administratively part of Sakhalin oblast', they appear to have
2348 # remained on UTC+11 along with Magadan.
2349
2350 # From Tim Parenti (2014-07-06):
2351 # The comments detailing the coverage of each Russian zone are meant to assist
2352 # with maintenance only and represent our best guesses as to which regions
2353 # are covered by each zone. They are not meant to be taken as an authoritative
2354 # listing. The region codes listed come from
2355 # http://en.wikipedia.org/w/?title=Federal_subjects_of_Russia&oldid=611810498
2356 # and are used for convenience only; no guarantees are made regarding their
2357 # future stability. ISO 3166-2:RU codes are also listed for first-level
2358 # divisions where available.
2359
2360 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
2361
2362
2363 # From Tim Parenti (2014-07-03):
2364 # Europe/Kaliningrad covers...
2365 # 39 RU-KGD Kaliningrad Oblast
2366
2367 # From Paul Eggert (2016-03-18):
2368 # The 1989 transition is from USSR act No. 227 (1989-03-14).
2369
2370 # From Stepan Golosunov (2016-03-07):
2371 # http://www.rgo.ru/ru/kaliningradskoe-oblastnoe-otdelenie/ob-otdelenii/publikacii/kak-nam-zhilos-bez-letnego-vremeni
2372 # confirms that the 1989 change to Moscow-1 was implemented.
2373 # (The article, though, is misattributed to 1990 while saying that
2374 # summer->winter transition would be done on the 24 of September. But
2375 # 1990-09-24 was Monday, while 1989-09-24 was Sunday as expected.)
2376 # ...
2377 # http://www.kaliningradka.ru/site_pc/cherez/index.php?ELEMENT_ID=40091
2378 # says that Kaliningrad switched to Moscow-1 on 1989-03-26, avoided
2379 # at the last moment switch to Moscow-1 on 1991-03-31, switched to
2380 # Moscow on 1991-11-03, switched to Moscow-1 on 1992-01-19.
2381
2382 Zone Europe/Kaliningrad 1:22:00 - LMT 1893 Apr
2383 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945
2384 2:00 Poland CE%sT 1946
2385 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1989 Mar 26 2:00s
2386 2:00 Russia EE%sT 2011 Mar 27 2:00s
2387 3:00 - +03 2014 Oct 26 2:00s
2388 2:00 - EET
2389
2390
2391 # From Paul Eggert (2016-02-21), per Tim Parenti (2014-07-03) and
2392 # Oscar van Vlijmen (2001-08-25):
2393 # Europe/Moscow covers...
2394 # 01 RU-AD Adygea, Republic of
2395 # 05 RU-DA Dagestan, Republic of
2396 # 06 RU-IN Ingushetia, Republic of
2397 # 07 RU-KB Kabardino-Balkar Republic
2398 # 08 RU-KL Kalmykia, Republic of
2399 # 09 RU-KC Karachay-Cherkess Republic
2400 # 10 RU-KR Karelia, Republic of
2401 # 11 RU-KO Komi Republic
2402 # 12 RU-ME Mari El Republic
2403 # 13 RU-MO Mordovia, Republic of
2404 # 15 RU-SE North Ossetia-Alania, Republic of
2405 # 16 RU-TA Tatarstan, Republic of
2406 # 20 RU-CE Chechen Republic
2407 # 21 RU-CU Chuvash Republic
2408 # 23 RU-KDA Krasnodar Krai
2409 # 26 RU-STA Stavropol Krai
2410 # 29 RU-ARK Arkhangelsk Oblast
2411 # 31 RU-BEL Belgorod Oblast
2412 # 32 RU-BRY Bryansk Oblast
2413 # 33 RU-VLA Vladimir Oblast
2414 # 35 RU-VLG Vologda Oblast
2415 # 36 RU-VOR Voronezh Oblast
2416 # 37 RU-IVA Ivanovo Oblast
2417 # 40 RU-KLU Kaluga Oblast
2418 # 44 RU-KOS Kostroma Oblast
2419 # 46 RU-KRS Kursk Oblast
2420 # 47 RU-LEN Leningrad Oblast
2421 # 48 RU-LIP Lipetsk Oblast
2422 # 50 RU-MOS Moscow Oblast
2423 # 51 RU-MUR Murmansk Oblast
2424 # 52 RU-NIZ Nizhny Novgorod Oblast
2425 # 53 RU-NGR Novgorod Oblast
2426 # 57 RU-ORL Oryol Oblast
2427 # 58 RU-PNZ Penza Oblast
2428 # 60 RU-PSK Pskov Oblast
2429 # 61 RU-ROS Rostov Oblast
2430 # 62 RU-RYA Ryazan Oblast
2431 # 67 RU-SMO Smolensk Oblast
2432 # 68 RU-TAM Tambov Oblast
2433 # 69 RU-TVE Tver Oblast
2434 # 71 RU-TUL Tula Oblast
2435 # 76 RU-YAR Yaroslavl Oblast
2436 # 77 RU-MOW Moscow
2437 # 78 RU-SPE Saint Petersburg
2438 # 83 RU-NEN Nenets Autonomous Okrug
2439
2440 # From Paul Eggert (2016-08-23):
2441 # The Soviets switched to UT-based time in 1919. Decree No. 59
2442 # (1919-02-08) http://istmat.info/node/35567 established UT-based time
2443 # zones, and Decree No. 147 (1919-03-29) http://istmat.info/node/35854
2444 # specified a transition date of 1919-07-01, apparently at 00:00 UT.
2445 # No doubt only the Soviet-controlled regions switched on that date;
2446 # later transitions to UT-based time in other parts of Russia are
2447 # taken from what appear to be guesses by Shanks.
2448 # (Thanks to Alexander Belopolsky for pointers to the decrees.)
2449
2450 # From Stepan Golosunov (2016-03-07):
2451 # 11. Regions-violators, 1981-1982.
2452 # Wikipedia refers to
2453 # http://maps.monetonos.ru/maps/raznoe/Old_Maps/Old_Maps/Articles/022/3_1981.html
2454 # http://besp.narod.ru/nauka_1981_3.htm
2455 #
2456 # The second link provides two articles scanned from the Nauka i Zhizn
2457 # magazine No. 3, 1981 and a scan of the short article attributed to
2458 # the Trud newspaper from February 1982. The first link provides the
2459 # same Nauka i Zhizn articles converted to the text form (but misses
2460 # time belt changes map).
2461 #
2462 # The second Nauka i Zhizn article says that in addition to
2463 # introduction of summer time on 1981-04-01 there are some time belt
2464 # border changes on 1981-10-01, mostly affecting Nenets Autonomous
2465 # Okrug, Krasnoyarsk Krai, Yakutia, Magadan Oblast and Chukotka
2466 # according to the provided map (colored one). In addition to that
2467 # "time violators" (regions which were not using rules of the time
2468 # belts in which they were located) would not be moving off the DST on
2469 # 1981-10-01 to restore the decree time usage. (Komi ASSR was
2470 # supposed to repeat that move in October 1982 to account for the 2
2471 # hour difference.) Map depicting "time violators" before 1981-10-01
2472 # is also provided.
2473 #
2474 # The article from Trud says that 1981-10-01 changes caused problems
2475 # and some territories would be moved to pre-1981-10-01 time by not
2476 # moving to summer time on 1982-04-01. Namely: Dagestan,
2477 # Kabardino-Balkar, Kalmyk, Komi, Mari, Mordovian, North Ossetian,
2478 # Tatar, Chechen-Ingush and Chuvash ASSR, Krasnodar and Stavropol
2479 # krais, Arkhangelsk, Vladimir, Vologda, Voronezh, Gorky, Ivanovo,
2480 # Kostroma, Lipetsk, Penza, Rostov, Ryazan, Tambov, Tyumen and
2481 # Yaroslavl oblasts, Nenets and Evenk autonomous okrugs, Khatangsky
2482 # district of Taymyr Autonomous Okrug. As a result Evenk Autonomous
2483 # Okrug and Khatangsky district of Taymyr Autonomous Okrug would end
2484 # up on Moscow+4, Tyumen Oblast on Moscow+2 and the rest on Moscow
2485 # time.
2486 #
2487 # http://astrozet.net/files/Zones/DOC/RU/1980-925.txt
2488 # attributes the 1982 changes to the Act of the Council of Ministers
2489 # of the USSR No. 126 from 18.02.1982. 1980-925.txt also adds
2490 # Udmurtia to the list of affected territories and lists Khatangsky
2491 # district separately from Taymyr Autonomous Okrug. Probably erroneously.
2492 #
2493 # The affected territories are currently listed under Europe/Moscow,
2494 # Asia/Yekaterinburg and Asia/Krasnoyarsk.
2495 #
2496 # 12. Udmurtia
2497 # The fact that Udmurtia is depicted as a violator in the Nauka i
2498 # Zhizn article hints at Izhevsk being on different time from
2499 # Kuybyshev before 1981-10-01. Udmurtia is not mentioned in the 1989 act.
2500 # http://astrozet.net/files/Zones/DOC/RU/1980-925.txt
2501 # implies Udmurtia was on Moscow time after 1982-04-01.
2502 # Wikipedia implies Udmurtia being on Moscow+1 until 1991.
2503 #
2504 # ...
2505 #
2506 # All Russian zones are supposed to have by default a -1 change at
2507 # 1991-03-31 2:00 (cancellation of the decree time in the USSR) and a +1
2508 # change at 1992-01-19 2:00 (restoration of the decree time in Russia).
2509 #
2510 # There were some exceptions, though.
2511 # Wikipedia says newspapers listed Astrakhan, Saratov, Kirov, Volgograd,
2512 # Izhevsk, Grozny, Kazan and Samara as such exceptions for the 1992
2513 # change. (Different newspapers providing different lists. And some
2514 # lists found in the internet are quite wild.)
2515 #
2516 # And apparently some exceptions were reverted in the last moment.
2517 # http://www.kaliningradka.ru/site_pc/cherez/index.php?ELEMENT_ID=40091
2518 # says that Kaliningrad decided not to be an exception 2 days before the
2519 # 1991-03-31 switch and one person at
2520 # http://izhevsk.ru/forum_light_message/50/682597-m8369040.html
2521 # says he remembers that Samara opted out of the 1992-01-19 exception
2522 # 2 days before the switch.
2523 #
2524 #
2525 # From Paul Eggert (2016-03-18):
2526 # Given the above, we appear to be missing some Zone entries for the
2527 # chaotic early 1980s in Russia. It's not clear what these entries
2528 # should be. For now, sweep this under the rug and just document the
2529 # time in Moscow.
2530
2531 # From Vladimir Karpinsky (2014-07-08):
2532 # LMT in Moscow (before Jul 3, 1916) is 2:30:17, that was defined by Moscow
2533 # Observatory (coordinates: 55 deg. 45'29.70", 37 deg. 34'05.30")....
2534 # LMT in Moscow since Jul 3, 1916 is 2:31:01 as a result of new standard.
2535 # (The info is from the book by Byalokoz ... p. 18.)
2536 # The time in St. Petersburg as capital of Russia was defined by
2537 # Pulkov observatory, near St. Petersburg. In 1916 LMT Moscow
2538 # was synchronized with LMT St. Petersburg (+30 minutes), (Pulkov observatory
2539 # coordinates: 59 deg. 46'18.70", 30 deg. 19'40.70") so 30 deg. 19'40.70" >
2540 # 2h01m18.7s = 2:01:19. LMT Moscow = LMT St.Petersburg + 30m 2:01:19 + 0:30 =
2541 # 2:31:19 ...
2542 #
2543 # From Paul Eggert (2014-07-08):
2544 # Milne does not list Moscow, but suggests that its time might be listed in
2545 # Résumés mensuels et annuels des observations météorologiques (1895).
2546 # Presumably this is OCLC 85825704, a journal published with parallel text in
2547 # Russian and French. This source has not been located; go with Karpinsky.
2548
2549 Zone Europe/Moscow 2:30:17 - LMT 1880
2550 2:30:17 - MMT 1916 Jul 3 # Moscow Mean Time
2551 2:31:19 Russia %s 1919 Jul 1 0:00u
2552 3:00 Russia %s 1921 Oct
2553 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1922 Oct
2554 2:00 - EET 1930 Jun 21
2555 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2556 2:00 Russia EE%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
2557 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 2011 Mar 27 2:00s
2558 4:00 - MSK 2014 Oct 26 2:00s
2559 3:00 - MSK
2560
2561
2562 # From Tim Parenti (2014-07-03):
2563 # Europe/Simferopol covers...
2564 # ** **** Crimea, Republic of
2565 # ** **** Sevastopol
2566
2567 Zone Europe/Simferopol 2:16:24 - LMT 1880
2568 2:16 - SMT 1924 May 2 # Simferopol Mean T
2569 2:00 - EET 1930 Jun 21
2570 3:00 - MSK 1941 Nov
2571 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Apr 13
2572 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1990
2573 3:00 - MSK 1990 Jul 1 2:00
2574 2:00 - EET 1992
2575 # Central Crimea used Moscow time 1994/1997.
2576 #
2577 # From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):
2578 # The _Economist_ (1994-05-28, p 45) reports that central Crimea switched
2579 # from Kiev to Moscow time sometime after the January 1994 elections.
2580 # Shanks (1999) says "date of change uncertain", but implies that it happened
2581 # sometime between the 1994 DST switches. Shanks & Pottenger simply say
2582 # 1994-09-25 03:00, but that can't be right. For now, guess it
2583 # changed in May.
2584 2:00 E-Eur EE%sT 1994 May
2585 # From IATA SSIM (1994/1997), which also says that Kerch is still like Kiev.
2586 3:00 E-Eur MSK/MSD 1996 Mar 31 0:00s
2587 3:00 1:00 MSD 1996 Oct 27 3:00s
2588 # IATA SSIM (1997-09) says Crimea switched to EET/EEST.
2589 # Assume it happened in March by not changing the clocks.
2590 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1997
2591 3:00 - MSK 1997 Mar lastSun 1:00u
2592 # From Alexander Krivenyshev (2014-03-17):
2593 # time change at 2:00 (2am) on March 30, 2014
2594 # http://vz.ru/news/2014/3/17/677464.html
2595 # From Paul Eggert (2014-03-30):
2596 # Simferopol and Sevastopol reportedly changed their central town clocks
2597 # late the previous day, but this appears to have been ceremonial
2598 # and the discrepancies are small enough to not worry about.
2599 2:00 EU EE%sT 2014 Mar 30 2:00
2600 4:00 - MSK 2014 Oct 26 2:00s
2601 3:00 - MSK
2602
2603
2604 # From Paul Eggert (2016-03-18):
2605 # Europe/Astrakhan covers:
2606 # 30 RU-AST Astrakhan Oblast
2607 #
2608 # The 1989 transition is from USSR act No. 227 (1989-03-14).
2609
2610 # From Alexander Krivenyshev (2016-01-12):
2611 # On February 10, 2016 Astrakhan Oblast got approval by the Federation
2612 # Council to change its time zone to UTC+4 (from current UTC+3 Moscow time)....
2613 # This Federal Law shall enter into force on 27 March 2016 at 02:00.
2614 # From Matt Johnson (2016-03-09):
2615 # http://publication.pravo.gov.ru/Document/View/0001201602150056
2616
2617 Zone Europe/Astrakhan 3:12:12 - LMT 1924 May
2618 3:00 - +03 1930 Jun 21
2619 4:00 Russia +04/+05 1989 Mar 26 2:00s
2620 3:00 Russia +03/+04 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2621 4:00 - +04 1992 Mar 29 2:00s
2622 3:00 Russia +03/+04 2011 Mar 27 2:00s
2623 4:00 - +04 2014 Oct 26 2:00s
2624 3:00 - +03 2016 Mar 27 2:00s
2625 4:00 - +04
2626
2627 # From Paul Eggert (2016-11-11):
2628 # Europe/Volgograd covers:
2629 # 34 RU-VGG Volgograd Oblast
2630 # The 1988 transition is from USSR act No. 5 (1988-01-04).
2631
2632 Zone Europe/Volgograd 2:57:40 - LMT 1920 Jan 3
2633 3:00 - +03 1930 Jun 21
2634 4:00 - +04 1961 Nov 11
2635 4:00 Russia +04/+05 1988 Mar 27 2:00s
2636 3:00 Russia +03/+04 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2637 4:00 - +04 1992 Mar 29 2:00s
2638 3:00 Russia +03/+04 2011 Mar 27 2:00s
2639 4:00 - +04 2014 Oct 26 2:00s
2640 3:00 - +03
2641
2642 # From Paul Eggert (2016-11-11):
2643 # Europe/Saratov covers:
2644 # 64 RU-SAR Saratov Oblast
2645
2646 # From Yuri Konotopov (2016-11-11):
2647 # Dec 4, 2016 02:00 UTC+3.... Saratov Region's local time will be ... UTC+4.
2648 # From Stepan Golosunov (2016-11-11):
2649 # ... Byalokoz listed Saratov on 03:04:18.
2650 # From Stepan Golosunov (2016-11-22):
2651 # http://publication.pravo.gov.ru/Document/View/0001201611220031
2652
2653 Zone Europe/Saratov 3:04:18 - LMT 1919 Jul 1 0:00u
2654 3:00 - +03 1930 Jun 21
2655 4:00 Russia +04/+05 1988 Mar 27 2:00s
2656 3:00 Russia +03/+04 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2657 4:00 - +04 1992 Mar 29 2:00s
2658 3:00 Russia +03/+04 2011 Mar 27 2:00s
2659 4:00 - +04 2014 Oct 26 2:00s
2660 3:00 - +03 2016 Dec 4 2:00s
2661 4:00 - +04
2662
2663 # From Paul Eggert (2016-03-18):
2664 # Europe/Kirov covers:
2665 # 43 RU-KIR Kirov Oblast
2666 # The 1989 transition is from USSR act No. 227 (1989-03-14).
2667 #
2668 Zone Europe/Kirov 3:18:48 - LMT 1919 Jul 1 0:00u
2669 3:00 - +03 1930 Jun 21
2670 4:00 Russia +04/+05 1989 Mar 26 2:00s
2671 3:00 Russia +03/+04 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2672 4:00 - +04 1992 Mar 29 2:00s
2673 3:00 Russia +03/+04 2011 Mar 27 2:00s
2674 4:00 - +04 2014 Oct 26 2:00s
2675 3:00 - +03
2676
2677 # From Tim Parenti (2014-07-03), per Oscar van Vlijmen (2001-08-25):
2678 # Europe/Samara covers...
2679 # 18 RU-UD Udmurt Republic
2680 # 63 RU-SAM Samara Oblast
2681
2682 # From Paul Eggert (2016-03-18):
2683 # Byalokoz 1919 says Samara was 3:20:20.
2684 # The 1989 transition is from USSR act No. 227 (1989-03-14).
2685
2686 Zone Europe/Samara 3:20:20 - LMT 1919 Jul 1 0:00u
2687 3:00 - +03 1930 Jun 21
2688 4:00 - +04 1935 Jan 27
2689 4:00 Russia +04/+05 1989 Mar 26 2:00s
2690 3:00 Russia +03/+04 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2691 2:00 Russia +02/+03 1991 Sep 29 2:00s
2692 3:00 - +03 1991 Oct 20 3:00
2693 4:00 Russia +04/+05 2010 Mar 28 2:00s
2694 3:00 Russia +03/+04 2011 Mar 27 2:00s
2695 4:00 - +04
2696
2697 # From Paul Eggert (2016-03-18):
2698 # Europe/Ulyanovsk covers:
2699 # 73 RU-ULY Ulyanovsk Oblast
2700
2701 # The 1989 transition is from USSR act No. 227 (1989-03-14).
2702
2703 # From Alexander Krivenyshev (2016-02-17):
2704 # Ulyanovsk ... on their way to change time zones by March 27, 2016 at 2am.
2705 # Ulyanovsk Oblast ... from MSK to MSK+1 (UTC+3 to UTC+4) ...
2706 # 920582-6 ... 02/17/2016 The State Duma passed the bill in the first reading.
2707 # From Matt Johnson (2016-03-09):
2708 # http://publication.pravo.gov.ru/Document/View/0001201603090051
2709
2710 Zone Europe/Ulyanovsk 3:13:36 - LMT 1919 Jul 1 0:00u
2711 3:00 - +03 1930 Jun 21
2712 4:00 Russia +04/+05 1989 Mar 26 2:00s
2713 3:00 Russia +03/+04 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2714 2:00 Russia +02/+03 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
2715 3:00 Russia +03/+04 2011 Mar 27 2:00s
2716 4:00 - +04 2014 Oct 26 2:00s
2717 3:00 - +03 2016 Mar 27 2:00s
2718 4:00 - +04
2719
2720 # From Tim Parenti (2014-07-03), per Oscar van Vlijmen (2001-08-25):
2721 # Asia/Yekaterinburg covers...
2722 # 02 RU-BA Bashkortostan, Republic of
2723 # 90 RU-PER Perm Krai
2724 # 45 RU-KGN Kurgan Oblast
2725 # 56 RU-ORE Orenburg Oblast
2726 # 66 RU-SVE Sverdlovsk Oblast
2727 # 72 RU-TYU Tyumen Oblast
2728 # 74 RU-CHE Chelyabinsk Oblast
2729 # 86 RU-KHM Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug - Yugra
2730 # 89 RU-YAN Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug
2731 #
2732 # Note: Effective 2005-12-01, (59) Perm Oblast and (81) Komi-Permyak
2733 # Autonomous Okrug merged to form (90, RU-PER) Perm Krai.
2734
2735 # Milne says Yekaterinburg was 4:02:32.9; round to nearest.
2736 # Byalokoz 1919 says its provincial time was based on Perm, at 3:45:05.
2737 # Assume it switched on 1916-07-03, the time of the new standard.
2738 # The 1919 and 1930 transitions are from Shanks.
2739
2740 Zone Asia/Yekaterinburg 4:02:33 - LMT 1916 Jul 3
2741 3:45:05 - PMT 1919 Jul 15 4:00
2742 4:00 - +04 1930 Jun 21
2743 5:00 Russia +05/+06 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2744 4:00 Russia +04/+05 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
2745 5:00 Russia +05/+06 2011 Mar 27 2:00s
2746 6:00 - +06 2014 Oct 26 2:00s
2747 5:00 - +05
2748
2749
2750 # From Tim Parenti (2014-07-03), per Oscar van Vlijmen (2001-08-25):
2751 # Asia/Omsk covers...
2752 # 55 RU-OMS Omsk Oblast
2753
2754 # Byalokoz 1919 says Omsk was 4:53:30.
2755
2756 Zone Asia/Omsk 4:53:30 - LMT 1919 Nov 14
2757 5:00 - +05 1930 Jun 21
2758 6:00 Russia +06/+07 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2759 5:00 Russia +05/+06 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
2760 6:00 Russia +06/+07 2011 Mar 27 2:00s
2761 7:00 - +07 2014 Oct 26 2:00s
2762 6:00 - +06
2763
2764 # From Paul Eggert (2016-02-22):
2765 # Asia/Barnaul covers:
2766 # 04 RU-AL Altai Republic
2767 # 22 RU-ALT Altai Krai
2768
2769 # Data before 1991 are from Shanks & Pottenger.
2770
2771 # From Stepan Golosunov (2016-03-07):
2772 # Letter of Bank of Russia from 1995-05-25
2773 # http://www.bestpravo.ru/rossijskoje/lj-akty/y3a.htm
2774 # suggests that Altai Republic transitioned to Moscow+3 on
2775 # 1995-05-28.
2776 #
2777 # http://regnum.ru/news/society/1957270.html
2778 # has some historical data for Altai Krai:
2779 # before 1957: west part on UTC+6, east on UTC+7
2780 # after 1957: UTC+7
2781 # since 1995: UTC+6
2782 # http://barnaul.rusplt.ru/index/pochemu_altajskij_kraj_okazalsja_v_neprivychnom_chasovom_pojase-17648.html
2783 # confirms that and provides more details including 1995-05-28 transition date.
2784
2785 # From Alexander Krivenyshev (2016-02-17):
2786 # Altai Krai and Altai Republic on their way to change time zones
2787 # by March 27, 2016 at 2am....
2788 # Altai Republic / Gorno-Altaysk MSK+3 to MSK+4 (UTC+6 to UTC+7) ...
2789 # Altai Krai / Barnaul MSK+3 to MSK+4 (UTC+6 to UTC+7)
2790 # From Matt Johnson (2016-03-09):
2791 # http://publication.pravo.gov.ru/Document/View/0001201603090043
2792 # http://publication.pravo.gov.ru/Document/View/0001201603090038
2793
2794 Zone Asia/Barnaul 5:35:00 - LMT 1919 Dec 10
2795 6:00 - +06 1930 Jun 21
2796 7:00 Russia +07/+08 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2797 6:00 Russia +06/+07 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
2798 7:00 Russia +07/+08 1995 May 28
2799 6:00 Russia +06/+07 2011 Mar 27 2:00s
2800 7:00 - +07 2014 Oct 26 2:00s
2801 6:00 - +06 2016 Mar 27 2:00s
2802 7:00 - +07
2803
2804 # From Paul Eggert (2016-03-18):
2805 # Asia/Novosibirsk covers:
2806 # 54 RU-NVS Novosibirsk Oblast
2807
2808 # From Stepan Golosunov (2016-05-30):
2809 # http://asozd2.duma.gov.ru/main.nsf/(Spravka)?OpenAgent&RN=1085784-6
2810 # moves Novosibirsk oblast from UTC+6 to UTC+7.
2811 # From Stepan Golosunov (2016-07-04):
2812 # The law was signed yesterday and published today on
2813 # http://publication.pravo.gov.ru/Document/View/0001201607040064
2814
2815 Zone Asia/Novosibirsk 5:31:40 - LMT 1919 Dec 14 6:00
2816 6:00 - +06 1930 Jun 21
2817 7:00 Russia +07/+08 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2818 6:00 Russia +06/+07 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
2819 7:00 Russia +07/+08 1993 May 23 # say Shanks & P.
2820 6:00 Russia +06/+07 2011 Mar 27 2:00s
2821 7:00 - +07 2014 Oct 26 2:00s
2822 6:00 - +06 2016 Jul 24 2:00s
2823 7:00 - +07
2824
2825 # From Paul Eggert (2016-03-18):
2826 # Asia/Tomsk covers:
2827 # 70 RU-TOM Tomsk Oblast
2828
2829 # From Stepan Golosunov (2016-03-24):
2830 # Byalokoz listed Tomsk at 5:39:51.
2831
2832 # From Stanislaw A. Kuzikowski (1994-06-29):
2833 # Tomsk is still 4 hours ahead of Moscow.
2834
2835 # From Stepan Golosunov (2016-03-19):
2836 # http://pravo.gov.ru/proxy/ips/?docbody=&nd=102075743
2837 # (fifth time belt being UTC+5+1(decree time)
2838 # / UTC+5+1(decree time)+1(summer time)) ...
2839 # Note that time belts (numbered from 2 (Moscow) to 12 according to their
2840 # GMT/UTC offset and having too many exceptions like regions formally
2841 # belonging to one belt but using time from another) were replaced
2842 # with time zones in 2011 with different numbering (there was a
2843 # 2-hour gap between second and third zones in 2011-2014).
2844
2845 # From Stepan Golosunov (2016-04-12):
2846 # http://asozd2.duma.gov.ru/main.nsf/(SpravkaNew)?OpenAgent&RN=1006865-6
2847 # This bill was approved in the first reading today. It moves Tomsk oblast
2848 # from UTC+6 to UTC+7 and is supposed to come into effect on 2016-05-29 at
2849 # 2:00. The bill needs to be approved in the second and the third readings by
2850 # the State Duma, approved by the Federation Council, signed by the President
2851 # and published to become a law. Minor changes in the text are to be expected
2852 # before the second reading (references need to be updated to account for the
2853 # recent changes).
2854 #
2855 # Judging by the ultra-short one-day amendments period, recent similar laws,
2856 # the State Duma schedule and the Federation Council schedule
2857 # http://www.duma.gov.ru/legislative/planning/day-shedule/por_vesna_2016/
2858 # http://council.gov.ru/activity/meetings/schedule/63303
2859 # I speculate that the final text of the bill will be proposed tomorrow, the
2860 # bill will be approved in the second and the third readings on Friday,
2861 # approved by the Federation Council on 2016-04-20, signed by the President and
2862 # published as a law around 2016-04-26.
2863
2864 # From Matt Johnson (2016-04-26):
2865 # http://publication.pravo.gov.ru/Document/View/0001201604260048
2866
2867 Zone Asia/Tomsk 5:39:51 - LMT 1919 Dec 22
2868 6:00 - +06 1930 Jun 21
2869 7:00 Russia +07/+08 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2870 6:00 Russia +06/+07 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
2871 7:00 Russia +07/+08 2002 May 1 3:00
2872 6:00 Russia +06/+07 2011 Mar 27 2:00s
2873 7:00 - +07 2014 Oct 26 2:00s
2874 6:00 - +06 2016 May 29 2:00s
2875 7:00 - +07
2876
2877
2878 # From Tim Parenti (2014-07-03):
2879 # Asia/Novokuznetsk covers...
2880 # 42 RU-KEM Kemerovo Oblast
2881
2882 # From Alexander Krivenyshev (2009-10-13):
2883 # Kemerovo oblast' (Kemerovo region) in Russia will change current time zone on
2884 # March 28, 2010:
2885 # from current Russia Zone 6 - Krasnoyarsk Time Zone (KRA) UTC +0700
2886 # to Russia Zone 5 - Novosibirsk Time Zone (NOV) UTC +0600
2887 #
2888 # This is according to Government of Russia decree No. 740, on September
2889 # 14, 2009 "Application in the territory of the Kemerovo region the Fifth
2890 # time zone." ("Russia Zone 5" or old "USSR Zone 5" is GMT +0600)
2891 #
2892 # Russian Government web site (Russian language)
2893 # http://www.government.ru/content/governmentactivity/rfgovernmentdecisions/archive/2009/09/14/991633.htm
2894 # or Russian-English translation by WorldTimeZone.com with reference
2895 # map to local region and new Russia Time Zone map after March 28, 2010
2896 # http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_russia03.html
2897 #
2898 # Thus, when Russia will switch to DST on the night of March 28, 2010
2899 # Kemerovo region (Kemerovo oblast') will not change the clock.
2900
2901 # From Tim Parenti (2014-07-02), per Alexander Krivenyshev (2014-07-02):
2902 # The Kemerovo region will remain at UTC+7 through the 2014-10-26 change, thus
2903 # realigning itself with KRAT.
2904
2905 Zone Asia/Novokuznetsk 5:48:48 - LMT 1924 May 1
2906 6:00 - +06 1930 Jun 21
2907 7:00 Russia +07/+08 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2908 6:00 Russia +06/+07 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
2909 7:00 Russia +07/+08 2010 Mar 28 2:00s
2910 6:00 Russia +06/+07 2011 Mar 27 2:00s
2911 7:00 - +07
2912
2913 # From Tim Parenti (2014-07-03), per Oscar van Vlijmen (2001-08-25):
2914 # Asia/Krasnoyarsk covers...
2915 # 17 RU-TY Tuva Republic
2916 # 19 RU-KK Khakassia, Republic of
2917 # 24 RU-KYA Krasnoyarsk Krai
2918 #
2919 # Note: Effective 2007-01-01, (88) Evenk Autonomous Okrug and (84) Taymyr
2920 # Autonomous Okrug were merged into (24, RU-KYA) Krasnoyarsk Krai.
2921
2922 # Byalokoz 1919 says Krasnoyarsk was 6:11:26.
2923
2924 Zone Asia/Krasnoyarsk 6:11:26 - LMT 1920 Jan 6
2925 6:00 - +06 1930 Jun 21
2926 7:00 Russia +07/+08 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2927 6:00 Russia +06/+07 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
2928 7:00 Russia +07/+08 2011 Mar 27 2:00s
2929 8:00 - +08 2014 Oct 26 2:00s
2930 7:00 - +07
2931
2932
2933 # From Tim Parenti (2014-07-03), per Oscar van Vlijmen (2001-08-25):
2934 # Asia/Irkutsk covers...
2935 # 03 RU-BU Buryatia, Republic of
2936 # 38 RU-IRK Irkutsk Oblast
2937 #
2938 # Note: Effective 2008-01-01, (85) Ust-Orda Buryat Autonomous Okrug was
2939 # merged into (38, RU-IRK) Irkutsk Oblast.
2940
2941 # Milne 1899 says Irkutsk was 6:57:15.
2942 # Byalokoz 1919 says Irkutsk was 6:57:05.
2943 # Go with Byalokoz.
2944
2945 Zone Asia/Irkutsk 6:57:05 - LMT 1880
2946 6:57:05 - IMT 1920 Jan 25 # Irkutsk Mean Time
2947 7:00 - +07 1930 Jun 21
2948 8:00 Russia +08/+09 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2949 7:00 Russia +07/+08 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
2950 8:00 Russia +08/+09 2011 Mar 27 2:00s
2951 9:00 - +09 2014 Oct 26 2:00s
2952 8:00 - +08
2953
2954
2955 # From Tim Parenti (2014-07-06):
2956 # Asia/Chita covers...
2957 # 92 RU-ZAB Zabaykalsky Krai
2958 #
2959 # Note: Effective 2008-03-01, (75) Chita Oblast and (80) Agin-Buryat
2960 # Autonomous Okrug merged to form (92, RU-ZAB) Zabaykalsky Krai.
2961
2962 # From Alexander Krivenyshev (2016-01-02):
2963 # [The] time zone in the Trans-Baikal Territory (Zabaykalsky Krai) -
2964 # Asia/Chita [is changing] from UTC+8 to UTC+9. Effective date will
2965 # be March 27, 2016 at 2:00am....
2966 # http://publication.pravo.gov.ru/Document/View/0001201512300107
2967
2968 Zone Asia/Chita 7:33:52 - LMT 1919 Dec 15
2969 8:00 - +08 1930 Jun 21
2970 9:00 Russia +09/+10 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2971 8:00 Russia +08/+09 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
2972 9:00 Russia +09/+10 2011 Mar 27 2:00s
2973 10:00 - +10 2014 Oct 26 2:00s
2974 8:00 - +08 2016 Mar 27 2:00
2975 9:00 - +09
2976
2977
2978 # From Tim Parenti (2014-07-03), per Oscar van Vlijmen (2009-11-29):
2979 # Asia/Yakutsk covers...
2980 # 28 RU-AMU Amur Oblast
2981 #
2982 # ...and parts of (14, RU-SA) Sakha (Yakutia) Republic:
2983 # 14-02 **** Aldansky District
2984 # 14-04 **** Amginsky District
2985 # 14-05 **** Anabarsky District
2986 # 14-06 **** Bulunsky District
2987 # 14-07 **** Verkhnevilyuysky District
2988 # 14-10 **** Vilyuysky District
2989 # 14-11 **** Gorny District
2990 # 14-12 **** Zhigansky District
2991 # 14-13 **** Kobyaysky District
2992 # 14-14 **** Lensky District
2993 # 14-15 **** Megino-Kangalassky District
2994 # 14-16 **** Mirninsky District
2995 # 14-18 **** Namsky District
2996 # 14-19 **** Neryungrinsky District
2997 # 14-21 **** Nyurbinsky District
2998 # 14-23 **** Olenyoksky District
2999 # 14-24 **** Olyokminsky District
3000 # 14-26 **** Suntarsky District
3001 # 14-27 **** Tattinsky District
3002 # 14-29 **** Ust-Aldansky District
3003 # 14-32 **** Khangalassky District
3004 # 14-33 **** Churapchinsky District
3005 # 14-34 **** Eveno-Bytantaysky National District
3006
3007 # From Tim Parenti (2014-07-03):
3008 # Our commentary seems to have lost mention of (14-19) Neryungrinsky District.
3009 # Since the surrounding districts of Sakha are all YAKT, assume this is, too.
3010 # Also assume its history has been the same as the rest of Asia/Yakutsk.
3011
3012 # Byalokoz 1919 says Yakutsk was 8:38:58.
3013
3014 Zone Asia/Yakutsk 8:38:58 - LMT 1919 Dec 15
3015 8:00 - +08 1930 Jun 21
3016 9:00 Russia +09/+10 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
3017 8:00 Russia +08/+09 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
3018 9:00 Russia +09/+10 2011 Mar 27 2:00s
3019 10:00 - +10 2014 Oct 26 2:00s
3020 9:00 - +09
3021
3022
3023 # From Tim Parenti (2014-07-03), per Oscar van Vlijmen (2009-11-29):
3024 # Asia/Vladivostok covers...
3025 # 25 RU-PRI Primorsky Krai
3026 # 27 RU-KHA Khabarovsk Krai
3027 # 79 RU-YEV Jewish Autonomous Oblast
3028 #
3029 # ...and parts of (14, RU-SA) Sakha (Yakutia) Republic:
3030 # 14-09 **** Verkhoyansky District
3031 # 14-31 **** Ust-Yansky District
3032
3033 # Milne 1899 says Vladivostok was 8:47:33.5.
3034 # Byalokoz 1919 says Vladivostok was 8:47:31.
3035 # Go with Byalokoz.
3036
3037 Zone Asia/Vladivostok 8:47:31 - LMT 1922 Nov 15
3038 9:00 - +09 1930 Jun 21
3039 10:00 Russia +10/+11 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
3040 9:00 Russia +09/+10 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
3041 10:00 Russia +10/+11 2011 Mar 27 2:00s
3042 11:00 - +11 2014 Oct 26 2:00s
3043 10:00 - +10
3044
3045
3046 # From Tim Parenti (2014-07-03):
3047 # Asia/Khandyga covers parts of (14, RU-SA) Sakha (Yakutia) Republic:
3048 # 14-28 **** Tomponsky District
3049 # 14-30 **** Ust-Maysky District
3050
3051 # From Arthur David Olson (2012-05-09):
3052 # Tomponskij and Ust'-Majskij switched from Vladivostok time to Yakutsk time
3053 # in 2011.
3054
3055 # From Paul Eggert (2012-11-25):
3056 # Shanks and Pottenger (2003) has Khandyga on Yakutsk time.
3057 # Make a wild guess that it switched to Vladivostok time in 2004.
3058 # This transition is no doubt wrong, but we have no better info.
3059
3060 Zone Asia/Khandyga 9:02:13 - LMT 1919 Dec 15
3061 8:00 - +08 1930 Jun 21
3062 9:00 Russia +09/+10 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
3063 8:00 Russia +08/+09 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
3064 9:00 Russia +09/+10 2004
3065 10:00 Russia +10/+11 2011 Mar 27 2:00s
3066 11:00 - +11 2011 Sep 13 0:00s # Decree 725?
3067 10:00 - +10 2014 Oct 26 2:00s
3068 9:00 - +09
3069
3070
3071 # From Tim Parenti (2014-07-03):
3072 # Asia/Sakhalin covers...
3073 # 65 RU-SAK Sakhalin Oblast
3074 # ...with the exception of:
3075 # 65-11 **** Severo-Kurilsky District (North Kuril Islands)
3076
3077 # From Matt Johnson (2016-02-22):
3078 # Asia/Sakhalin is moving (in entirety) from UTC+10 to UTC+11 ...
3079 # (2016-03-09):
3080 # http://publication.pravo.gov.ru/Document/View/0001201603090044
3081
3082 # The Zone name should be Asia/Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk, but that's too long.
3083 Zone Asia/Sakhalin 9:30:48 - LMT 1905 Aug 23
3084 9:00 - +09 1945 Aug 25
3085 11:00 Russia +11/+12 1991 Mar 31 2:00s # Sakhalin T
3086 10:00 Russia +10/+11 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
3087 11:00 Russia +11/+12 1997 Mar lastSun 2:00s
3088 10:00 Russia +10/+11 2011 Mar 27 2:00s
3089 11:00 - +11 2014 Oct 26 2:00s
3090 10:00 - +10 2016 Mar 27 2:00s
3091 11:00 - +11
3092
3093
3094 # From Tim Parenti (2014-07-03), per Oscar van Vlijmen (2009-11-29):
3095 # Asia/Magadan covers...
3096 # 49 RU-MAG Magadan Oblast
3097
3098 # From Tim Parenti (2014-07-06), per Alexander Krivenyshev (2014-07-02):
3099 # Magadan Oblast is moving from UTC+12 to UTC+10 on 2014-10-26; however,
3100 # several districts of Sakha Republic as well as Severo-Kurilsky District of
3101 # the Sakhalin Oblast (also known as the North Kuril Islands), represented
3102 # until now by Asia/Magadan, will instead move to UTC+11. These regions will
3103 # need their own zone.
3104
3105 # From Alexander Krivenyshev (2016-03-27):
3106 # ... draft bill 948300-6 to change its time zone from UTC+10 to UTC+11 ...
3107 # will take ... effect ... on April 24, 2016 at 2 o'clock
3108 #
3109 # From Matt Johnson (2016-04-05):
3110 # ... signed by the President today ...
3111 # http://publication.pravo.gov.ru/Document/View/0001201604050038
3112
3113 Zone Asia/Magadan 10:03:12 - LMT 1924 May 2
3114 10:00 - +10 1930 Jun 21 # Magadan Time
3115 11:00 Russia +11/+12 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
3116 10:00 Russia +10/+11 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
3117 11:00 Russia +11/+12 2011 Mar 27 2:00s
3118 12:00 - +12 2014 Oct 26 2:00s
3119 10:00 - +10 2016 Apr 24 2:00s
3120 11:00 - +11
3121
3122
3123 # From Tim Parenti (2014-07-06):
3124 # Asia/Srednekolymsk covers parts of (14, RU-SA) Sakha (Yakutia) Republic:
3125 # 14-01 **** Abyysky District
3126 # 14-03 **** Allaikhovsky District
3127 # 14-08 **** Verkhnekolymsky District
3128 # 14-17 **** Momsky District
3129 # 14-20 **** Nizhnekolymsky District
3130 # 14-25 **** Srednekolymsky District
3131 #
3132 # ...and parts of (65, RU-SAK) Sakhalin Oblast:
3133 # 65-11 **** Severo-Kurilsky District (North Kuril Islands)
3134
3135 # From Tim Parenti (2014-07-02):
3136 # Oymyakonsky District of Sakha Republic (represented by Ust-Nera), along with
3137 # most of Sakhalin Oblast (represented by Sakhalin) will be moving to UTC+10 on
3138 # 2014-10-26 to stay aligned with VLAT/SAKT; however, Severo-Kurilsky District
3139 # of the Sakhalin Oblast (also known as the North Kuril Islands, represented by
3140 # Severo-Kurilsk) will remain on UTC+11.
3141
3142 # From Tim Parenti (2014-07-06):
3143 # Assume North Kuril Islands have history like Magadan before 2011-03-27.
3144 # There is a decent chance this is wrong, in which case a new zone
3145 # Asia/Severo-Kurilsk would become necessary.
3146 #
3147 # Srednekolymsk and Zyryanka are the most populous places amongst these
3148 # districts, but have very similar populations. In fact, Wikipedia currently
3149 # lists them both as having 3528 people, exactly 1668 males and 1860 females
3150 # each! (Yikes!)
3151 # http://en.wikipedia.org/w/?title=Srednekolymsky_District&oldid=603435276
3152 # http://en.wikipedia.org/w/?title=Verkhnekolymsky_District&oldid=594378493
3153 # Assume this is a mistake, albeit an amusing one.
3154 #
3155 # Looking at censuses, the populations of the two municipalities seem to have
3156 # fluctuated recently. Zyryanka was more populous than Srednekolymsk in the
3157 # 1989 and 2002 censuses, but Srednekolymsk was more populous in the most
3158 # recent (2010) census, 3525 to 3170. (See pages 195 and 197 of
3159 # http://www.gks.ru/free_doc/new_site/perepis2010/croc/Documents/Vol1/pub-01-05.pdf
3160 # in Russian.) In addition, Srednekolymsk appears to be a much older
3161 # settlement and the population of Zyryanka seems to be declining.
3162 # Go with Srednekolymsk.
3163
3164 Zone Asia/Srednekolymsk 10:14:52 - LMT 1924 May 2
3165 10:00 - +10 1930 Jun 21
3166 11:00 Russia +11/+12 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
3167 10:00 Russia +10/+11 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
3168 11:00 Russia +11/+12 2011 Mar 27 2:00s
3169 12:00 - +12 2014 Oct 26 2:00s
3170 11:00 - +11
3171
3172
3173 # From Tim Parenti (2014-07-03):
3174 # Asia/Ust-Nera covers parts of (14, RU-SA) Sakha (Yakutia) Republic:
3175 # 14-22 **** Oymyakonsky District
3176
3177 # From Arthur David Olson (2012-05-09):
3178 # Ojmyakonskij [and the Kuril Islands] switched from
3179 # Magadan time to Vladivostok time in 2011.
3180 #
3181 # From Tim Parenti (2014-07-06), per Alexander Krivenyshev (2014-07-02):
3182 # It's unlikely that any of the Kuril Islands were involved in such a switch,
3183 # as the South and Middle Kurils have been on UTC+11 (SAKT) with the rest of
3184 # Sakhalin Oblast since at least 2011-09, and the North Kurils have been on
3185 # UTC+12 since at least then, too.
3186
3187 Zone Asia/Ust-Nera 9:32:54 - LMT 1919 Dec 15
3188 8:00 - +08 1930 Jun 21
3189 9:00 Russia +09/+10 1981 Apr 1
3190 11:00 Russia +11/+12 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
3191 10:00 Russia +10/+11 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
3192 11:00 Russia +11/+12 2011 Mar 27 2:00s
3193 12:00 - +12 2011 Sep 13 0:00s # Decree 725?
3194 11:00 - +11 2014 Oct 26 2:00s
3195 10:00 - +10
3196
3197
3198 # From Tim Parenti (2014-07-03), per Oscar van Vlijmen (2001-08-25):
3199 # Asia/Kamchatka covers...
3200 # 91 RU-KAM Kamchatka Krai
3201 #
3202 # Note: Effective 2007-07-01, (41) Kamchatka Oblast and (82) Koryak
3203 # Autonomous Okrug merged to form (91, RU-KAM) Kamchatka Krai.
3204
3205 # The Zone name should be Asia/Petropavlovsk-Kamchatski or perhaps
3206 # Asia/Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky, but these are too long.
3207 Zone Asia/Kamchatka 10:34:36 - LMT 1922 Nov 10
3208 11:00 - +11 1930 Jun 21
3209 12:00 Russia +12/+13 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
3210 11:00 Russia +11/+12 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
3211 12:00 Russia +12/+13 2010 Mar 28 2:00s
3212 11:00 Russia +11/+12 2011 Mar 27 2:00s
3213 12:00 - +12
3214
3215
3216 # From Tim Parenti (2014-07-03):
3217 # Asia/Anadyr covers...
3218 # 87 RU-CHU Chukotka Autonomous Okrug
3219
3220 Zone Asia/Anadyr 11:49:56 - LMT 1924 May 2
3221 12:00 - +12 1930 Jun 21
3222 13:00 Russia +13/+14 1982 Apr 1 0:00s
3223 12:00 Russia +12/+13 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
3224 11:00 Russia +11/+12 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
3225 12:00 Russia +12/+13 2010 Mar 28 2:00s
3226 11:00 Russia +11/+12 2011 Mar 27 2:00s
3227 12:00 - +12
3228
3229
3230 # San Marino
3231 # See Europe/Rome.
3232
3233 # Serbia
3234 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
3235 Zone Europe/Belgrade 1:22:00 - LMT 1884
3236 1:00 - CET 1941 Apr 18 23:00
3237 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945
3238 1:00 - CET 1945 May 8 2:00s
3239 1:00 1:00 CEST 1945 Sep 16 2:00s
3240 # Metod Koželj reports that the legal date of
3241 # transition to EU rules was 1982-11-27, for all of Yugoslavia at the time.
3242 # Shanks & Pottenger don't give as much detail, so go with Koželj.
3243 1:00 - CET 1982 Nov 27
3244 1:00 EU CE%sT
3245 Link Europe/Belgrade Europe/Ljubljana # Slovenia
3246 Link Europe/Belgrade Europe/Podgorica # Montenegro
3247 Link Europe/Belgrade Europe/Sarajevo # Bosnia and Herzegovina
3248 Link Europe/Belgrade Europe/Skopje # Macedonia
3249 Link Europe/Belgrade Europe/Zagreb # Croatia
3250
3251 # Slovakia
3252 Link Europe/Prague Europe/Bratislava
3253
3254 # Slovenia
3255 # See Europe/Belgrade.
3256
3257 # Spain
3258 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
3259 # For 1917-1919 Whitman gives Apr Sat>=1 - Oct Sat>=1;
3260 # go with Shanks & Pottenger.
3261 Rule Spain 1917 only - May 5 23:00s 1:00 S
3262 Rule Spain 1917 1919 - Oct 6 23:00s 0 -
3263 Rule Spain 1918 only - Apr 15 23:00s 1:00 S
3264 Rule Spain 1919 only - Apr 5 23:00s 1:00 S
3265 # Whitman gives 1921 Feb 28 - Oct 14; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
3266 Rule Spain 1924 only - Apr 16 23:00s 1:00 S
3267 # Whitman gives 1924 Oct 14; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
3268 Rule Spain 1924 only - Oct 4 23:00s 0 -
3269 Rule Spain 1926 only - Apr 17 23:00s 1:00 S
3270 # Whitman says no DST in 1929; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
3271 Rule Spain 1926 1929 - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 -
3272 Rule Spain 1927 only - Apr 9 23:00s 1:00 S
3273 Rule Spain 1928 only - Apr 14 23:00s 1:00 S
3274 Rule Spain 1929 only - Apr 20 23:00s 1:00 S
3275 # Whitman gives 1937 Jun 16, 1938 Apr 16, 1940 Apr 13;
3276 # go with Shanks & Pottenger.
3277 Rule Spain 1937 only - May 22 23:00s 1:00 S
3278 Rule Spain 1937 1939 - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 -
3279 Rule Spain 1938 only - Mar 22 23:00s 1:00 S
3280 Rule Spain 1939 only - Apr 15 23:00s 1:00 S
3281 Rule Spain 1940 only - Mar 16 23:00s 1:00 S
3282 # Whitman says no DST 1942-1945; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
3283 Rule Spain 1942 only - May 2 22:00s 2:00 M # Midsummer
3284 Rule Spain 1942 only - Sep 1 22:00s 1:00 S
3285 Rule Spain 1943 1946 - Apr Sat>=13 22:00s 2:00 M
3286 Rule Spain 1943 only - Oct 3 22:00s 1:00 S
3287 Rule Spain 1944 only - Oct 10 22:00s 1:00 S
3288 Rule Spain 1945 only - Sep 30 1:00 1:00 S
3289 Rule Spain 1946 only - Sep 30 0:00 0 -
3290 Rule Spain 1949 only - Apr 30 23:00 1:00 S
3291 Rule Spain 1949 only - Sep 30 1:00 0 -
3292 Rule Spain 1974 1975 - Apr Sat>=13 23:00 1:00 S
3293 Rule Spain 1974 1975 - Oct Sun>=1 1:00 0 -
3294 Rule Spain 1976 only - Mar 27 23:00 1:00 S
3295 Rule Spain 1976 1977 - Sep lastSun 1:00 0 -
3296 Rule Spain 1977 1978 - Apr 2 23:00 1:00 S
3297 Rule Spain 1978 only - Oct 1 1:00 0 -
3298 # The following rules are copied from Morocco from 1967 through 1978.
3299 Rule SpainAfrica 1967 only - Jun 3 12:00 1:00 S
3300 Rule SpainAfrica 1967 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
3301 Rule SpainAfrica 1974 only - Jun 24 0:00 1:00 S
3302 Rule SpainAfrica 1974 only - Sep 1 0:00 0 -
3303 Rule SpainAfrica 1976 1977 - May 1 0:00 1:00 S
3304 Rule SpainAfrica 1976 only - Aug 1 0:00 0 -
3305 Rule SpainAfrica 1977 only - Sep 28 0:00 0 -
3306 Rule SpainAfrica 1978 only - Jun 1 0:00 1:00 S
3307 Rule SpainAfrica 1978 only - Aug 4 0:00 0 -
3308 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
3309 Zone Europe/Madrid -0:14:44 - LMT 1901 Jan 1 0:00s
3310 0:00 Spain WE%sT 1946 Sep 30
3311 1:00 Spain CE%sT 1979
3312 1:00 EU CE%sT
3313 Zone Africa/Ceuta -0:21:16 - LMT 1901
3314 0:00 - WET 1918 May 6 23:00
3315 0:00 1:00 WEST 1918 Oct 7 23:00
3316 0:00 - WET 1924
3317 0:00 Spain WE%sT 1929
3318 0:00 SpainAfrica WE%sT 1984 Mar 16
3319 1:00 - CET 1986
3320 1:00 EU CE%sT
3321 Zone Atlantic/Canary -1:01:36 - LMT 1922 Mar # Las Palmas de Gran C.
3322 -1:00 - CANT 1946 Sep 30 1:00 # Canaries T
3323 0:00 - WET 1980 Apr 6 0:00s
3324 0:00 1:00 WEST 1980 Sep 28 1:00u
3325 0:00 EU WE%sT
3326 # IATA SSIM (1996-09) says the Canaries switch at 2:00u, not 1:00u.
3327 # Ignore this for now, as the Canaries are part of the EU.
3328
3329 # Sweden
3330
3331 # From Ivan Nilsson (2001-04-13), superseding Shanks & Pottenger:
3332 #
3333 # The law "Svensk författningssamling 1878, no 14" about standard time in 1879:
3334 # From the beginning of 1879 (that is 01-01 00:00) the time for all
3335 # places in the country is "the mean solar time for the meridian at
3336 # three degrees, or twelve minutes of time, to the west of the
3337 # meridian of the Observatory of Stockholm". The law is dated 1878-05-31.
3338 #
3339 # The observatory at that time had the meridian 18 degrees 03' 30"
3340 # eastern longitude = 01:12:14 in time. Less 12 minutes gives the
3341 # national standard time as 01:00:14 ahead of GMT....
3342 #
3343 # About the beginning of CET in Sweden. The lawtext ("Svensk
3344 # författningssamling 1899, no 44") states, that "from the beginning
3345 # of 1900... ... the same as the mean solar time for the meridian at
3346 # the distance of one hour of time from the meridian of the English
3347 # observatory at Greenwich, or at 12 minutes 14 seconds to the west
3348 # from the meridian of the Observatory of Stockholm". The law is dated
3349 # 1899-06-16. In short: At 1900-01-01 00:00:00 the new standard time
3350 # in Sweden is 01:00:00 ahead of GMT.
3351 #
3352 # 1916: The lawtext ("Svensk författningssamling 1916, no 124") states
3353 # that "1916-05-15 is considered to begin one hour earlier". It is
3354 # pretty obvious that at 05-14 23:00 the clocks are set to 05-15 00:00....
3355 # Further the law says, that "1916-09-30 is considered to end one hour later".
3356 #
3357 # The laws regulating [DST] are available on the site of the Swedish
3358 # Parliament beginning with 1985 - the laws regulating 1980/1984 are
3359 # not available on the site (to my knowledge they are only available
3360 # in Swedish): <http://www.riksdagen.se/english/work/sfst.asp> (type
3361 # "sommartid" without the quotes in the field "Fritext" and then click
3362 # the Sök-button).
3363 #
3364 # (2001-05-13):
3365 #
3366 # I have now found a newspaper stating that at 1916-10-01 01:00
3367 # summertime the church-clocks etc were set back one hour to show
3368 # 1916-10-01 00:00 standard time. The article also reports that some
3369 # people thought the switch to standard time would take place already
3370 # at 1916-10-01 00:00 summer time, but they had to wait for another
3371 # hour before the event took place.
3372 #
3373 # Source: The newspaper "Dagens Nyheter", 1916-10-01, page 7 upper left.
3374
3375 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
3376 Zone Europe/Stockholm 1:12:12 - LMT 1879 Jan 1
3377 1:00:14 - SET 1900 Jan 1 # Swedish Time
3378 1:00 - CET 1916 May 14 23:00
3379 1:00 1:00 CEST 1916 Oct 1 1:00
3380 1:00 - CET 1980
3381 1:00 EU CE%sT
3382
3383 # Switzerland
3384 # From Howse:
3385 # By the end of the 18th century clocks and watches became commonplace
3386 # and their performance improved enormously. Communities began to keep
3387 # mean time in preference to apparent time - Geneva from 1780 ....
3388 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
3389 # From Whitman (who writes "Midnight?"):
3390 # Rule Swiss 1940 only - Nov 2 0:00 1:00 S
3391 # Rule Swiss 1940 only - Dec 31 0:00 0 -
3392 # From Shanks & Pottenger:
3393 # Rule Swiss 1941 1942 - May Sun>=1 2:00 1:00 S
3394 # Rule Swiss 1941 1942 - Oct Sun>=1 0:00 0 -
3395
3396 # From Alois Treindl (2008-12-17):
3397 # I have researched the DST usage in Switzerland during the 1940ies.
3398 #
3399 # As I wrote in an earlier message, I suspected the current tzdata values
3400 # to be wrong. This is now verified.
3401 #
3402 # I have found copies of the original ruling by the Swiss Federal
3403 # government, in 'Eidgenössische Gesetzessammlung 1941 and 1942' (Swiss
3404 # federal law collection)...
3405 #
3406 # DST began on Monday 5 May 1941, 1:00 am by shifting the clocks to 2:00 am
3407 # DST ended on Monday 6 Oct 1941, 2:00 am by shifting the clocks to 1:00 am.
3408 #
3409 # DST began on Monday, 4 May 1942 at 01:00 am
3410 # DST ended on Monday, 5 Oct 1942 at 02:00 am
3411 #
3412 # There was no DST in 1940, I have checked the law collection carefully.
3413 # It is also indicated by the fact that the 1942 entry in the law
3414 # collection points back to 1941 as a reference, but no reference to any
3415 # other years are made.
3416 #
3417 # Newspaper articles I have read in the archives on 6 May 1941 reported
3418 # about the introduction of DST (Sommerzeit in German) during the previous
3419 # night as an absolute novelty, because this was the first time that such
3420 # a thing had happened in Switzerland.
3421 #
3422 # I have also checked 1916, because one book source (Gabriel, Traité de
3423 # l'heure dans le monde) claims that Switzerland had DST in 1916. This is
3424 # false, no official document could be found. Probably Gabriel got misled
3425 # by references to Germany, which introduced DST in 1916 for the first time.
3426 #
3427 # The tzdata rules for Switzerland must be changed to:
3428 # Rule Swiss 1941 1942 - May Mon>=1 1:00 1:00 S
3429 # Rule Swiss 1941 1942 - Oct Mon>=1 2:00 0 -
3430 #
3431 # The 1940 rules must be deleted.
3432 #
3433 # One further detail for Switzerland, which is probably out of scope for
3434 # most users of tzdata: The [Europe/Zurich zone] ...
3435 # describes all of Switzerland correctly, with the exception of
3436 # the Canton de Genève (Geneva, Genf). Between 1848 and 1894 Geneva did not
3437 # follow Bern Mean Time but kept its own local mean time.
3438 # To represent this, an extra zone would be needed.
3439 #
3440 # From Alois Treindl (2013-09-11):
3441 # The Federal regulations say
3442 # http://www.admin.ch/opc/de/classified-compilation/20071096/index.html
3443 # ... the meridian for Bern mean time ... is 7 degrees 26' 22.50".
3444 # Expressed in time, it is 0h29m45.5s.
3445
3446 # From Pierre-Yves Berger (2013-09-11):
3447 # the "Circulaire du conseil fédéral" (December 11 1893)
3448 # http://www.amtsdruckschriften.bar.admin.ch/viewOrigDoc.do?id=10071353
3449 # clearly states that the [1894-06-01] change should be done at midnight
3450 # but if no one is present after 11 at night, could be postponed until one
3451 # hour before the beginning of service.
3452
3453 # From Paul Eggert (2013-09-11):
3454 # Round BMT to the nearest even second, 0:29:46.
3455 #
3456 # We can find no reliable source for Shanks's assertion that all of Switzerland
3457 # except Geneva switched to Bern Mean Time at 00:00 on 1848-09-12. This book:
3458 #
3459 # Jakob Messerli. Gleichmässig, pünktlich, schnell. Zeiteinteilung und
3460 # Zeitgebrauch in der Schweiz im 19. Jahrhundert. Chronos, Zurich 1995,
3461 # ISBN 3-905311-68-2, OCLC 717570797.
3462 #
3463 # suggests that the transition was more gradual, and that the Swiss did not
3464 # agree about civil time during the transition. The timekeeping it gives the
3465 # most detail for is postal and telegraph time: here, federal legislation (the
3466 # "Bundesgesetz über die Erstellung von elektrischen Telegraphen") passed on
3467 # 1851-11-23, and an official implementation notice was published 1853-07-16
3468 # (Bundesblatt 1853, Bd. II, S. 859). On p 72 Messerli writes that in
3469 # practice since July 1853 Bernese time was used in "all postal and telegraph
3470 # offices in Switzerland from Geneva to St. Gallen and Basel to Chiasso"
3471 # (Google translation). For now, model this transition as occurring on
3472 # 1853-07-16, though it probably occurred at some other date in Zurich, and
3473 # legal civil time probably changed at still some other transition date.
3474
3475 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
3476 Rule Swiss 1941 1942 - May Mon>=1 1:00 1:00 S
3477 Rule Swiss 1941 1942 - Oct Mon>=1 2:00 0 -
3478 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
3479 Zone Europe/Zurich 0:34:08 - LMT 1853 Jul 16 # See above comment.
3480 0:29:46 - BMT 1894 Jun # Bern Mean Time
3481 1:00 Swiss CE%sT 1981
3482 1:00 EU CE%sT
3483
3484 # Turkey
3485
3486 # From Kıvanç Yazan (2016-09-25):
3487 # 1) For 1986-2006, DST started at 01:00 local and ended at 02:00 local, with
3488 # no exceptions.
3489 # 2) 1994's lastSun was overridden with Mar 20 ...
3490 # Here are official papers:
3491 # http://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/arsiv/19032.pdf - page 2 for 1986
3492 # http://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/arsiv/19400.pdf - page 4 for 1987
3493 # http://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/arsiv/19752.pdf - page 15 for 1988
3494 # http://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/arsiv/20102.pdf - page 6 for 1989
3495 # http://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/arsiv/20464.pdf - page 1 for 1990 - 1992
3496 # http://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/arsiv/21531.pdf - page 15 for 1993 - 1995
3497 # http://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/arsiv/21879.pdf - page 1 for overriding 1994
3498 # http://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/arsiv/22588.pdf - page 1 for 1996, 1997
3499 # http://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/arsiv/23286.pdf - page 10 for 1998 - 2000
3500 # http://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/eskiler/2001/03/20010324.htm#2 - for 2001
3501 # http://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/eskiler/2002/03/20020316.htm#2 - for 2002-2006
3502 # From Paul Eggert (2016-09-25):
3503 # Prefer the above sources to Shanks & Pottenger for time stamps after 1985.
3504
3505 # From Steffen Thorsen (2007-03-09):
3506 # Starting 2007 though, it seems that they are adopting EU's 1:00 UTC
3507 # start/end time, according to the following page (2007-03-07):
3508 # http://www.ntvmsnbc.com/news/402029.asp
3509 # The official document is located here - it is in Turkish...:
3510 # http://rega.basbakanlik.gov.tr/eskiler/2007/03/20070307-7.htm
3511 # I was able to locate the following seemingly official document
3512 # (on a non-government server though) describing dates between 2002 and 2006:
3513 # http://www.alomaliye.com/bkk_2002_3769.htm
3514
3515 # From Gökdeniz Karadağ (2011-03-10):
3516 # According to the articles linked below, Turkey will change into summer
3517 # time zone (GMT+3) on March 28, 2011 at 3:00 a.m. instead of March 27.
3518 # This change is due to a nationwide exam on 27th.
3519 # http://www.worldbulletin.net/?aType=haber&ArticleID=70872
3520 # Turkish:
3521 # http://www.hurriyet.com.tr/ekonomi/17230464.asp?gid=373
3522
3523 # From Faruk Pasin (2014-02-14):
3524 # The DST for Turkey has been changed for this year because of the
3525 # Turkish Local election....
3526 # http://www.sabah.com.tr/Ekonomi/2014/02/12/yaz-saatinde-onemli-degisiklik
3527 # ... so Turkey will move clocks forward one hour on March 31 at 3:00 a.m.
3528 # From Randal L. Schwartz (2014-04-15):
3529 # Having landed on a flight from the states to Istanbul (via AMS) on March 31,
3530 # I can tell you that NOBODY (even the airlines) respected this timezone DST
3531 # change delay. Maybe the word just didn't get out in time.
3532 # From Paul Eggert (2014-06-15):
3533 # The press reported massive confusion, as election officials obeyed the rule
3534 # change but cell phones (and airline baggage systems) did not. See:
3535 # Kostidis M. Eventful elections in Turkey. Balkan News Agency
3536 # http://www.balkaneu.com/eventful-elections-turkey/ 2014-03-30.
3537 # I guess the best we can do is document the official time.
3538
3539 # From Fatih (2015-09-29):
3540 # It's officially announced now by the Ministry of Energy.
3541 # Turkey delays winter time to 8th of November 04:00
3542 # http://www.aa.com.tr/tr/turkiye/yaz-saati-uygulamasi-8-kasimda-sona-erecek/362217
3543 #
3544 # From BBC News (2015-10-25):
3545 # Confused Turks are asking "what's the time?" after automatic clocks defied a
3546 # government decision ... "For the next two weeks #Turkey is on EEST... Erdogan
3547 # Engineered Standard Time," said Twitter user @aysekarahasan.
3548 # http://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-34631326
3549
3550 # From Burak AYDIN (2016-09-08):
3551 # Turkey will stay in Daylight Saving Time even in winter....
3552 # http://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/eskiler/2016/09/20160908-2.pdf
3553 #
3554 # From Paul Eggert (2016-09-07):
3555 # The change is permanent, so this is the new standard time in Turkey.
3556 # It takes effect today, which is not much notice.
3557
3558 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
3559 Rule Turkey 1916 only - May 1 0:00 1:00 S
3560 Rule Turkey 1916 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
3561 Rule Turkey 1920 only - Mar 28 0:00 1:00 S
3562 Rule Turkey 1920 only - Oct 25 0:00 0 -
3563 Rule Turkey 1921 only - Apr 3 0:00 1:00 S
3564 Rule Turkey 1921 only - Oct 3 0:00 0 -
3565 Rule Turkey 1922 only - Mar 26 0:00 1:00 S
3566 Rule Turkey 1922 only - Oct 8 0:00 0 -
3567 # Whitman gives 1923 Apr 28 - Sep 16 and no DST in 1924-1925;
3568 # go with Shanks & Pottenger.
3569 Rule Turkey 1924 only - May 13 0:00 1:00 S
3570 Rule Turkey 1924 1925 - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
3571 Rule Turkey 1925 only - May 1 0:00 1:00 S
3572 Rule Turkey 1940 only - Jun 30 0:00 1:00 S
3573 Rule Turkey 1940 only - Oct 5 0:00 0 -
3574 Rule Turkey 1940 only - Dec 1 0:00 1:00 S
3575 Rule Turkey 1941 only - Sep 21 0:00 0 -
3576 Rule Turkey 1942 only - Apr 1 0:00 1:00 S
3577 # Whitman omits the next two transition and gives 1945 Oct 1;
3578 # go with Shanks & Pottenger.
3579 Rule Turkey 1942 only - Nov 1 0:00 0 -
3580 Rule Turkey 1945 only - Apr 2 0:00 1:00 S
3581 Rule Turkey 1945 only - Oct 8 0:00 0 -
3582 Rule Turkey 1946 only - Jun 1 0:00 1:00 S
3583 Rule Turkey 1946 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
3584 Rule Turkey 1947 1948 - Apr Sun>=16 0:00 1:00 S
3585 Rule Turkey 1947 1950 - Oct Sun>=2 0:00 0 -
3586 Rule Turkey 1949 only - Apr 10 0:00 1:00 S
3587 Rule Turkey 1950 only - Apr 19 0:00 1:00 S
3588 Rule Turkey 1951 only - Apr 22 0:00 1:00 S
3589 Rule Turkey 1951 only - Oct 8 0:00 0 -
3590 Rule Turkey 1962 only - Jul 15 0:00 1:00 S
3591 Rule Turkey 1962 only - Oct 8 0:00 0 -
3592 Rule Turkey 1964 only - May 15 0:00 1:00 S
3593 Rule Turkey 1964 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
3594 Rule Turkey 1970 1972 - May Sun>=2 0:00 1:00 S
3595 Rule Turkey 1970 1972 - Oct Sun>=2 0:00 0 -
3596 Rule Turkey 1973 only - Jun 3 1:00 1:00 S
3597 Rule Turkey 1973 only - Nov 4 3:00 0 -
3598 Rule Turkey 1974 only - Mar 31 2:00 1:00 S
3599 Rule Turkey 1974 only - Nov 3 5:00 0 -
3600 Rule Turkey 1975 only - Mar 30 0:00 1:00 S
3601 Rule Turkey 1975 1976 - Oct lastSun 0:00 0 -
3602 Rule Turkey 1976 only - Jun 1 0:00 1:00 S
3603 Rule Turkey 1977 1978 - Apr Sun>=1 0:00 1:00 S
3604 Rule Turkey 1977 only - Oct 16 0:00 0 -
3605 Rule Turkey 1979 1980 - Apr Sun>=1 3:00 1:00 S
3606 Rule Turkey 1979 1982 - Oct Mon>=11 0:00 0 -
3607 Rule Turkey 1981 1982 - Mar lastSun 3:00 1:00 S
3608 Rule Turkey 1983 only - Jul 31 0:00 1:00 S
3609 Rule Turkey 1983 only - Oct 2 0:00 0 -
3610 Rule Turkey 1985 only - Apr 20 0:00 1:00 S
3611 Rule Turkey 1985 only - Sep 28 0:00 0 -
3612 Rule Turkey 1986 1993 - Mar lastSun 1:00s 1:00 S
3613 Rule Turkey 1986 1995 - Sep lastSun 1:00s 0 -
3614 Rule Turkey 1994 only - Mar 20 1:00s 1:00 S
3615 Rule Turkey 1995 2006 - Mar lastSun 1:00s 1:00 S
3616 Rule Turkey 1996 2006 - Oct lastSun 1:00s 0 -
3617 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
3618 Zone Europe/Istanbul 1:55:52 - LMT 1880
3619 1:56:56 - IMT 1910 Oct # Istanbul Mean Time?
3620 2:00 Turkey EE%sT 1978 Oct 15
3621 3:00 Turkey +03/+04 1985 Apr 20
3622 2:00 Turkey EE%sT 2007
3623 2:00 EU EE%sT 2011 Mar 27 1:00u
3624 2:00 - EET 2011 Mar 28 1:00u
3625 2:00 EU EE%sT 2014 Mar 30 1:00u
3626 2:00 - EET 2014 Mar 31 1:00u
3627 2:00 EU EE%sT 2015 Oct 25 1:00u
3628 2:00 1:00 EEST 2015 Nov 8 1:00u
3629 2:00 EU EE%sT 2016 Sep 7
3630 3:00 - +03
3631 Link Europe/Istanbul Asia/Istanbul # Istanbul is in both continents.
3632
3633 # Ukraine
3634 #
3635 # From Igor Karpov, who works for the Ukrainian Ministry of Justice,
3636 # via Garrett Wollman (2003-01-27):
3637 # BTW, I've found the official document on this matter. It's government
3638 # regulations No. 509, May 13, 1996. In my poor translation it says:
3639 # "Time in Ukraine is set to second timezone (Kiev time). Each last Sunday
3640 # of March at 3am the time is changing to 4am and each last Sunday of
3641 # October the time at 4am is changing to 3am"
3642
3643 # From Alexander Krivenyshev (2011-09-20):
3644 # On September 20, 2011 the deputies of the Verkhovna Rada agreed to
3645 # abolish the transfer clock to winter time.
3646 #
3647 # Bill No. 8330 of MP from the Party of Regions Oleg Nadoshi got
3648 # approval from 266 deputies.
3649 #
3650 # Ukraine abolishes transfer back to the winter time (in Russian)
3651 # http://news.mail.ru/politics/6861560/
3652 #
3653 # The Ukrainians will no longer change the clock (in Russian)
3654 # http://www.segodnya.ua/news/14290482.html
3655 #
3656 # Deputies cancelled the winter time (in Russian)
3657 # http://www.pravda.com.ua/rus/news/2011/09/20/6600616/
3658 #
3659 # From Philip Pizzey (2011-10-18):
3660 # Today my Ukrainian colleagues have informed me that the
3661 # Ukrainian parliament have decided that they will go to winter
3662 # time this year after all.
3663 #
3664 # From Udo Schwedt (2011-10-18):
3665 # As far as I understand, the recent change to the Ukrainian time zone
3666 # (Europe/Kiev) to introduce permanent daylight saving time (similar
3667 # to Russia) was reverted today:
3668 # http://portal.rada.gov.ua/rada/control/en/publish/article/info_left?art_id=287324&cat_id=105995
3669 #
3670 # Also reported by Alexander Bokovoy (2011-10-18) who also noted:
3671 # The law documents themselves are at
3672 # http://w1.c1.rada.gov.ua/pls/zweb_n/webproc4_1?id=&pf3511=41484
3673
3674 # From Vladimir in Moscow via Alois Treindl re Kiev time 1991/2 (2014-02-28):
3675 # First in Ukraine they changed Time zone from UTC+3 to UTC+2 with DST:
3676 # 03 25 1990 02:00 -03.00 1 Time Zone 3 with DST
3677 # 07 01 1990 02:00 -02.00 1 Time Zone 2 with DST
3678 # * Ukrainian Government's Resolution of 18.06.1990, No. 134.
3679 # http://search.ligazakon.ua/l_doc2.nsf/link1/T001500.html
3680 #
3681 # They did not end DST in September, 1990 (according to the law,
3682 # "summer time" was still in action):
3683 # 09 30 1990 03:00 -02.00 1 Time Zone 2 with DST
3684 # * Ukrainian Government's Resolution of 21.09.1990, No. 272.
3685 # http://search.ligazakon.ua/l_doc2.nsf/link1/KP900272.html
3686 #
3687 # Again no change in March, 1991 ("summer time" in action):
3688 # 03 31 1991 02:00 -02.00 1 Time Zone 2 with DST
3689 #
3690 # DST ended in September 1991 ("summer time" ended):
3691 # 09 29 1991 03:00 -02.00 0 Time Zone 2, no DST
3692 # * Ukrainian Government's Resolution of 25.09.1991, No. 225.
3693 # http://www.uazakon.com/documents/date_21/pg_iwgdoc.htm
3694 # This is an answer.
3695 #
3696 # Since 1992 they had normal DST procedure:
3697 # 03 29 1992 02:00 -02.00 1 DST started
3698 # 09 27 1992 03:00 -02.00 0 DST ended
3699 # * Ukrainian Government's Resolution of 20.03.1992, No. 139.
3700 # http://www.uazakon.com/documents/date_8u/pg_grcasa.htm
3701
3702 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
3703 # Most of Ukraine since 1970 has been like Kiev.
3704 # "Kyiv" is the transliteration of the Ukrainian name, but
3705 # "Kiev" is more common in English.
3706 Zone Europe/Kiev 2:02:04 - LMT 1880
3707 2:02:04 - KMT 1924 May 2 # Kiev Mean Time
3708 2:00 - EET 1930 Jun 21
3709 3:00 - MSK 1941 Sep 20
3710 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1943 Nov 6
3711 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1990 Jul 1 2:00
3712 2:00 1:00 EEST 1991 Sep 29 3:00
3713 2:00 E-Eur EE%sT 1995
3714 2:00 EU EE%sT
3715 # Ruthenia used CET 1990/1991.
3716 # "Uzhhorod" is the transliteration of the Rusyn/Ukrainian pronunciation, but
3717 # "Uzhgorod" is more common in English.
3718 Zone Europe/Uzhgorod 1:29:12 - LMT 1890 Oct
3719 1:00 - CET 1940
3720 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Oct
3721 1:00 1:00 CEST 1944 Oct 26
3722 1:00 - CET 1945 Jun 29
3723 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1990
3724 3:00 - MSK 1990 Jul 1 2:00
3725 1:00 - CET 1991 Mar 31 3:00
3726 2:00 - EET 1992
3727 2:00 E-Eur EE%sT 1995
3728 2:00 EU EE%sT
3729 # Zaporozh'ye and eastern Lugansk oblasts observed DST 1990/1991.
3730 # "Zaporizhia" is the transliteration of the Ukrainian name, but
3731 # "Zaporozh'ye" is more common in English. Use the common English
3732 # spelling, except omit the apostrophe as it is not allowed in
3733 # portable Posix file names.
3734 Zone Europe/Zaporozhye 2:20:40 - LMT 1880
3735 2:20 - CUT 1924 May 2 # Central Ukraine T
3736 2:00 - EET 1930 Jun 21
3737 3:00 - MSK 1941 Aug 25
3738 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1943 Oct 25
3739 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1991 Mar 31 2:00
3740 2:00 E-Eur EE%sT 1995
3741 2:00 EU EE%sT
3742
3743 # Vatican City
3744 # See Europe/Rome.
3745
3746 ###############################################################################
3747
3748 # One source shows that Bulgaria, Cyprus, Finland, and Greece observe DST from
3749 # the last Sunday in March to the last Sunday in September in 1986.
3750 # The source shows Romania changing a day later than everybody else.
3751 #
3752 # According to Bernard Sieloff's source, Poland is in the MET time zone but
3753 # uses the WE DST rules. The Western USSR uses EET+1 and ME DST rules.
3754 # Bernard Sieloff's source claims Romania switches on the same day, but at
3755 # 00:00 standard time (i.e., 01:00 DST). It also claims that Turkey
3756 # switches on the same day, but switches on at 01:00 standard time
3757 # and off at 00:00 standard time (i.e., 01:00 DST)
3758
3759 # ...
3760 # Date: Wed, 28 Jan 87 16:56:27 -0100
3761 # From: Tom Hofmann
3762 # ...
3763 #
3764 # ...the European time rules are...standardized since 1981, when
3765 # most European countries started DST. Before that year, only
3766 # a few countries (UK, France, Italy) had DST, each according
3767 # to own national rules. In 1981, however, DST started on
3768 # 'Apr firstSun', and not on 'Mar lastSun' as in the following
3769 # years...
3770 # But also since 1981 there are some more national exceptions
3771 # than listed in 'europe': Switzerland, for example, joined DST
3772 # one year later, Denmark ended DST on 'Oct 1' instead of 'Sep
3773 # lastSun' in 1981 - I don't know how they handle now.
3774 #
3775 # Finally, DST ist always from 'Apr 1' to 'Oct 1' in the
3776 # Soviet Union (as far as I know).
3777 #
3778 # Tom Hofmann, Scientific Computer Center, CIBA-GEIGY AG,
3779 # 4002 Basle, Switzerland
3780 # ...
3781
3782 # ...
3783 # Date: Wed, 4 Feb 87 22:35:22 +0100
3784 # From: Dik T. Winter
3785 # ...
3786 #
3787 # The information from Tom Hofmann is (as far as I know) not entirely correct.
3788 # After a request from chongo at amdahl I tried to retrieve all information
3789 # about DST in Europe. I was able to find all from about 1969.
3790 #
3791 # ...standardization on DST in Europe started in about 1977 with switches on
3792 # first Sunday in April and last Sunday in September...
3793 # In 1981 UK joined Europe insofar that
3794 # the starting day for both shifted to last Sunday in March. And from 1982
3795 # the whole of Europe used DST, with switch dates April 1 and October 1 in
3796 # the Sov[i]et Union. In 1985 the SU reverted to standard Europe[a]n switch
3797 # dates...
3798 #
3799 # It should also be remembered that time-zones are not constants; e.g.
3800 # Portugal switched in 1976 from MET (or CET) to WET with DST...
3801 # Note also that though there were rules for switch dates not
3802 # all countries abided to these dates, and many individual deviations
3803 # occurred, though not since 1982 I believe. Another note: it is always
3804 # assumed that DST is 1 hour ahead of normal time, this need not be the
3805 # case; at least in the Netherlands there have been times when DST was 2 hours
3806 # in advance of normal time.
3807 #
3808 # ...
3809 # dik t. winter, cwi, amsterdam, nederland
3810 # ...
3811
3812 # From Bob Devine (1988-01-28):
3813 # ...
3814 # Greece: Last Sunday in April to last Sunday in September (iffy on dates).
3815 # Since 1978. Change at midnight.
3816 # ...
3817 # Monaco: has same DST as France.
3818 # ...