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  75 # Otherwise, these tables typically use numeric abbreviations like +03
  76 # and +0330 for integer hour and minute UT offsets.  Although earlier
  77 # editions invented alphabetic time zone abbreviations for every
  78 # offset, this did not reflect common practice.
  79 #
  80 # See the 'europe' file for Russia and Turkey in Asia.
  81 
  82 # From Guy Harris:
  83 # Incorporates data for Singapore from Robert Elz' asia 1.1, as well as
  84 # additional information from Tom Yap, Sun Microsystems Intercontinental
  85 # Technical Support (including a page from the Official Airline Guide -
  86 # Worldwide Edition).
  87 
  88 ###############################################################################
  89 
  90 # These rules are stolen from the 'europe' file.
  91 # Rule  NAME    FROM    TO      TYPE    IN      ON      AT      SAVE    LETTER/S
  92 Rule    EUAsia  1981    max     -       Mar     lastSun  1:00u  1:00    S
  93 Rule    EUAsia  1979    1995    -       Sep     lastSun  1:00u  0       -
  94 Rule    EUAsia  1996    max     -       Oct     lastSun  1:00u  0       -
  95 Rule E-EurAsia  1981    max     -       Mar     lastSun  0:00   1:00    S
  96 Rule E-EurAsia  1979    1995    -       Sep     lastSun  0:00   0       -
  97 Rule E-EurAsia  1996    max     -       Oct     lastSun  0:00   0       -
  98 Rule RussiaAsia 1981    1984    -       Apr     1        0:00   1:00    S
  99 Rule RussiaAsia 1981    1983    -       Oct     1        0:00   0       -
 100 Rule RussiaAsia 1984    1995    -       Sep     lastSun  2:00s  0       -
 101 Rule RussiaAsia 1985    2010    -       Mar     lastSun  2:00s  1:00    S
 102 Rule RussiaAsia 1996    2010    -       Oct     lastSun  2:00s  0       -
 103 
 104 # Afghanistan
 105 # Zone  NAME            GMTOFF  RULES   FORMAT  [UNTIL]
 106 Zone    Asia/Kabul      4:36:48 -       LMT     1890
 107                         4:00    -       +04     1945
 108                         4:30    -       +0430
 109 
 110 # Armenia
 111 # From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):
 112 # Shanks & Pottenger have Yerevan switching to 3:00 (with Russian DST)
 113 # in spring 1991, then to 4:00 with no DST in fall 1995, then
 114 # readopting Russian DST in 1997.  Go with Shanks & Pottenger, even
 115 # when they disagree with others.  Edgar Der-Danieliantz
 116 # reported (1996-05-04) that Yerevan probably wouldn't use DST
 117 # in 1996, though it did use DST in 1995.  IATA SSIM (1991/1998) reports that
 118 # Armenia switched from 3:00 to 4:00 in 1998 and observed DST after 1991,
 119 # but started switching at 3:00s in 1998.
 120 
 121 # From Arthur David Olson (2011-06-15):
 122 # While Russia abandoned DST in 2011, Armenia may choose to
 123 # follow Russia's "old" rules.
 124 
 125 # From Alexander Krivenyshev (2012-02-10):
 126 # According to News Armenia, on Feb 9, 2012,
 127 # http://newsarmenia.ru/society/20120209/42609695.html
 128 #
 129 # The Armenia National Assembly adopted final reading of Amendments to the
 130 # Law "On procedure of calculation time on the territory of the Republic of
 131 # Armenia" according to which Armenia [is] abolishing Daylight Saving Time.
 132 # or
 133 # (brief)
 134 # http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_armenia03.html
 135 # Rule  NAME    FROM    TO      TYPE    IN      ON      AT      SAVE    LETTER/S
 136 Rule Armenia    2011    only    -       Mar     lastSun  2:00s  1:00    S
 137 Rule Armenia    2011    only    -       Oct     lastSun  2:00s  0       -
 138 # Zone  NAME            GMTOFF  RULES   FORMAT  [UNTIL]
 139 Zone    Asia/Yerevan    2:58:00 -       LMT     1924 May  2
 140                         3:00    -       +03     1957 Mar
 141                         4:00 RussiaAsia +04/+05 1991 Mar 31  2:00s
 142                         3:00 RussiaAsia +03/+04 1995 Sep 24  2:00s
 143                         4:00    -       +04     1997
 144                         4:00 RussiaAsia +04/+05 2011
 145                         4:00    Armenia +04/+05
 146 
 147 # Azerbaijan
 148 
 149 # From Rustam Aliyev of the Azerbaijan Internet Forum (2005-10-23):
 150 # According to the resolution of Cabinet of Ministers, 1997
 151 # From Paul Eggert (2015-09-17): It was Resolution No. 21 (1997-03-17).
 152 # http://code.az/files/daylight_res.pdf
 153 
 154 # From Steffen Thorsen (2016-03-17):
 155 # ... the Azerbaijani Cabinet of Ministers has cancelled switching to
 156 # daylight saving time....
 157 # https://www.azernews.az/azerbaijan/94137.html
 158 # http://vestnikkavkaza.net/news/Azerbaijani-Cabinet-of-Ministers-cancels-daylight-saving-time.html
 159 # http://en.apa.az/xeber_azerbaijan_abolishes_daylight_savings_ti_240862.html
 160 
 161 # Rule  NAME    FROM    TO      TYPE    IN      ON      AT      SAVE    LETTER/S
 162 Rule    Azer    1997    2015    -       Mar     lastSun  4:00   1:00    S
 163 Rule    Azer    1997    2015    -       Oct     lastSun  5:00   0       -
 164 # Zone  NAME            GMTOFF  RULES   FORMAT  [UNTIL]
 165 Zone    Asia/Baku       3:19:24 -       LMT     1924 May  2
 166                         3:00    -       +03     1957 Mar
 167                         4:00 RussiaAsia +04/+05 1991 Mar 31  2:00s
 168                         3:00 RussiaAsia +03/+04 1992 Sep lastSun  2:00s
 169                         4:00    -       +04     1996
 170                         4:00    EUAsia  +04/+05 1997
 171                         4:00    Azer    +04/+05
 172 
 173 # Bahrain
 174 # See Asia/Qatar.
 175 
 176 # Bangladesh
 177 # From Alexander Krivenyshev (2009-05-13):
 178 # According to newspaper Asian Tribune (May 6, 2009) Bangladesh may introduce
 179 # Daylight Saving Time from June 16 to Sept 30
 180 #
 181 # Bangladesh to introduce daylight saving time likely from June 16
 182 # http://www.asiantribune.com/?q=node/17288


 229 # From Alexander Krivenyshev (2009-12-24):
 230 # According to Bangladesh newspaper "The Daily Star,"
 231 # Bangladesh will change its clock back to Standard Time on Dec 31, 2009.
 232 #
 233 # Clock goes back 1-hr on Dec 31 night.
 234 # http://www.thedailystar.net/newDesign/news-details.php?nid=119228
 235 # http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_bangladesh05.html
 236 #
 237 # "...The government yesterday decided to put the clock back by one hour
 238 # on December 31 midnight and the new time will continue until March 31,
 239 # 2010 midnight. The decision came at a cabinet meeting at the Prime
 240 # Minister's Office last night..."
 241 
 242 # From Alexander Krivenyshev (2010-03-22):
 243 # According to Bangladesh newspaper "The Daily Star,"
 244 # Cabinet cancels Daylight Saving Time
 245 # http://www.thedailystar.net/newDesign/latest_news.php?nid=22817
 246 # http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_bangladesh06.html
 247 
 248 # Rule  NAME    FROM    TO      TYPE    IN      ON      AT      SAVE    LETTER/S
 249 Rule    Dhaka   2009    only    -       Jun     19      23:00   1:00    S
 250 Rule    Dhaka   2009    only    -       Dec     31      24:00   0       -
 251 
 252 # Zone  NAME            GMTOFF  RULES   FORMAT  [UNTIL]
 253 Zone    Asia/Dhaka      6:01:40 -       LMT     1890
 254                         5:53:20 -       HMT     1941 Oct    # Howrah Mean Time?
 255                         6:30    -       +0630   1942 May 15
 256                         5:30    -       +0530   1942 Sep
 257                         6:30    -       +0630   1951 Sep 30
 258                         6:00    -       +06     2009
 259                         6:00    Dhaka   +06/+07
 260 
 261 # Bhutan
 262 # Zone  NAME            GMTOFF  RULES   FORMAT  [UNTIL]
 263 Zone    Asia/Thimphu    5:58:36 -       LMT     1947 Aug 15 # or Thimbu
 264                         5:30    -       +0530   1987 Oct
 265                         6:00    -       +06
 266 
 267 # British Indian Ocean Territory
 268 # Whitman and the 1995 CIA time zone map say 5:00, but the
 269 # 1997 and later maps say 6:00.  Assume the switch occurred in 1996.


 770                         8:00    -       CST     1937 Oct  1
 771                         9:00    -       JST     1945 Sep 21  1:00
 772                         8:00    Taiwan  C%sT
 773 
 774 # Macau (Macao, Aomen)
 775 # Rule  NAME    FROM    TO      TYPE    IN      ON      AT      SAVE    LETTER/S
 776 Rule    Macau   1961    1962    -       Mar     Sun>=16      3:30    1:00    D
 777 Rule    Macau   1961    1964    -       Nov     Sun>=1       3:30    0       S
 778 Rule    Macau   1963    only    -       Mar     Sun>=16      0:00    1:00    D
 779 Rule    Macau   1964    only    -       Mar     Sun>=16      3:30    1:00    D
 780 Rule    Macau   1965    only    -       Mar     Sun>=16      0:00    1:00    D
 781 Rule    Macau   1965    only    -       Oct     31      0:00    0       S
 782 Rule    Macau   1966    1971    -       Apr     Sun>=16      3:30    1:00    D
 783 Rule    Macau   1966    1971    -       Oct     Sun>=16      3:30    0       S
 784 Rule    Macau   1972    1974    -       Apr     Sun>=15      0:00    1:00    D
 785 Rule    Macau   1972    1973    -       Oct     Sun>=15      0:00    0       S
 786 Rule    Macau   1974    1977    -       Oct     Sun>=15      3:30    0       S
 787 Rule    Macau   1975    1977    -       Apr     Sun>=15      3:30    1:00    D
 788 Rule    Macau   1978    1980    -       Apr     Sun>=15      0:00    1:00    D
 789 Rule    Macau   1978    1980    -       Oct     Sun>=15      0:00    0       S

 790 # Zone  NAME            GMTOFF  RULES   FORMAT  [UNTIL]
 791 Zone    Asia/Macau      7:34:20 -       LMT     1912 Jan  1
 792                         8:00    Macau   C%sT
 793 
 794 
 795 ###############################################################################
 796 
 797 # Cyprus
 798 
 799 # Milne says the Eastern Telegraph Company used 2:14:00.  Stick with LMT.
 800 # IATA SSIM (1998-09) has Cyprus using EU rules for the first time.
 801 
 802 # From Paul Eggert (2016-09-09):
 803 # Yesterday's Cyprus Mail reports that Northern Cyprus followed Turkey's
 804 # lead and switched from +02/+03 to +03 year-round.
 805 # http://cyprus-mail.com/2016/09/08/two-time-zones-cyprus-turkey-will-not-turn-clocks-back-next-month/
 806 #
 807 # From Even Scharning (2016-10-31):
 808 # Looks like the time zone split in Cyprus went through last night.
 809 # http://cyprus-mail.com/2016/10/30/cyprus-new-division-two-time-zones-now-reality/
 810 
 811 # From Paul Eggert (2017-10-18):


1112 #
1113 # From Steffen Thorsen (2006-03-22):
1114 # Several of my users have reported that Iran will not observe DST anymore:
1115 # http://www.irna.ir/en/news/view/line-17/0603193812164948.htm
1116 #
1117 # From Reuters (2007-09-16), with a heads-up from Jesper Nørgaard Welen:
1118 # ... the Guardian Council ... approved a law on Sunday to re-introduce
1119 # daylight saving time ...
1120 # https://uk.reuters.com/article/oilRpt/idUKBLA65048420070916
1121 #
1122 # From Roozbeh Pournader (2007-11-05):
1123 # This is quoted from Official Gazette of the Islamic Republic of
1124 # Iran, Volume 63, No. 18242, dated Tuesday 1386/6/24
1125 # [2007-10-16]. I am doing the best translation I can:...
1126 # The official time of the country will be moved forward for one hour
1127 # on the 24 hours of the first day of the month of Farvardin and will
1128 # be changed back to its previous state on the 24 hours of the
1129 # thirtieth day of Shahrivar.
1130 #
1131 # Rule  NAME    FROM    TO      TYPE    IN      ON      AT      SAVE    LETTER/S
1132 Rule    Iran    1978    1980    -       Mar     21      0:00    1:00    D
1133 Rule    Iran    1978    only    -       Oct     21      0:00    0       S
1134 Rule    Iran    1979    only    -       Sep     19      0:00    0       S
1135 Rule    Iran    1980    only    -       Sep     23      0:00    0       S
1136 Rule    Iran    1991    only    -       May      3      0:00    1:00    D
1137 Rule    Iran    1992    1995    -       Mar     22      0:00    1:00    D
1138 Rule    Iran    1991    1995    -       Sep     22      0:00    0       S
1139 Rule    Iran    1996    only    -       Mar     21      0:00    1:00    D
1140 Rule    Iran    1996    only    -       Sep     21      0:00    0       S
1141 Rule    Iran    1997    1999    -       Mar     22      0:00    1:00    D
1142 Rule    Iran    1997    1999    -       Sep     22      0:00    0       S
1143 Rule    Iran    2000    only    -       Mar     21      0:00    1:00    D
1144 Rule    Iran    2000    only    -       Sep     21      0:00    0       S
1145 Rule    Iran    2001    2003    -       Mar     22      0:00    1:00    D
1146 Rule    Iran    2001    2003    -       Sep     22      0:00    0       S
1147 Rule    Iran    2004    only    -       Mar     21      0:00    1:00    D
1148 Rule    Iran    2004    only    -       Sep     21      0:00    0       S
1149 Rule    Iran    2005    only    -       Mar     22      0:00    1:00    D
1150 Rule    Iran    2005    only    -       Sep     22      0:00    0       S
1151 Rule    Iran    2008    only    -       Mar     21      0:00    1:00    D
1152 Rule    Iran    2008    only    -       Sep     21      0:00    0       S
1153 Rule    Iran    2009    2011    -       Mar     22      0:00    1:00    D
1154 Rule    Iran    2009    2011    -       Sep     22      0:00    0       S
1155 Rule    Iran    2012    only    -       Mar     21      0:00    1:00    D
1156 Rule    Iran    2012    only    -       Sep     21      0:00    0       S
1157 Rule    Iran    2013    2015    -       Mar     22      0:00    1:00    D
1158 Rule    Iran    2013    2015    -       Sep     22      0:00    0       S
1159 Rule    Iran    2016    only    -       Mar     21      0:00    1:00    D
1160 Rule    Iran    2016    only    -       Sep     21      0:00    0       S
1161 Rule    Iran    2017    2019    -       Mar     22      0:00    1:00    D
1162 Rule    Iran    2017    2019    -       Sep     22      0:00    0       S
1163 Rule    Iran    2020    only    -       Mar     21      0:00    1:00    D
1164 Rule    Iran    2020    only    -       Sep     21      0:00    0       S
1165 Rule    Iran    2021    2023    -       Mar     22      0:00    1:00    D
1166 Rule    Iran    2021    2023    -       Sep     22      0:00    0       S
1167 Rule    Iran    2024    only    -       Mar     21      0:00    1:00    D
1168 Rule    Iran    2024    only    -       Sep     21      0:00    0       S
1169 Rule    Iran    2025    2027    -       Mar     22      0:00    1:00    D
1170 Rule    Iran    2025    2027    -       Sep     22      0:00    0       S
1171 Rule    Iran    2028    2029    -       Mar     21      0:00    1:00    D
1172 Rule    Iran    2028    2029    -       Sep     21      0:00    0       S
1173 Rule    Iran    2030    2031    -       Mar     22      0:00    1:00    D
1174 Rule    Iran    2030    2031    -       Sep     22      0:00    0       S
1175 Rule    Iran    2032    2033    -       Mar     21      0:00    1:00    D
1176 Rule    Iran    2032    2033    -       Sep     21      0:00    0       S
1177 Rule    Iran    2034    2035    -       Mar     22      0:00    1:00    D
1178 Rule    Iran    2034    2035    -       Sep     22      0:00    0       S
1179 #
1180 # The following rules are approximations starting in the year 2038.
1181 # These are the best post-2037 approximations available, given the
1182 # restrictions of a single rule using a Gregorian-based data format.
1183 # At some point this table will need to be extended, though quite
1184 # possibly Iran will change the rules first.
1185 Rule    Iran    2036    max     -       Mar     21      0:00    1:00    D
1186 Rule    Iran    2036    max     -       Sep     21      0:00    0       S
1187 
1188 # Zone  NAME            GMTOFF  RULES   FORMAT  [UNTIL]
1189 Zone    Asia/Tehran     3:25:44 -       LMT     1916
1190                         3:25:44 -       TMT     1946     # Tehran Mean Time
1191                         3:30    -       +0330   1977 Nov
1192                         4:00    Iran    +04/+05 1979
1193                         3:30    Iran    +0330/+0430
1194 
1195 
1196 # Iraq
1197 #
1198 # From Jonathan Lennox (2000-06-12):
1199 # An article in this week's Economist ("Inside the Saddam-free zone", p. 50 in
1200 # the U.S. edition) on the Iraqi Kurds contains a paragraph:
1201 # "The three northern provinces ... switched their clocks this spring and
1202 # are an hour ahead of Baghdad."
1203 #
1204 # But Rives McDow (2000-06-18) quotes a contact in Iraqi-Kurdistan as follows:
1205 # In the past, some Kurdish nationalists, as a protest to the Iraqi
1206 # Government, did not adhere to daylight saving time.  They referred
1207 # to daylight saving as Saddam time.  But, as of today, the time zone
1208 # in Iraqi-Kurdistan is on standard time with Baghdad, Iraq.
1209 #
1210 # So we'll ignore the Economist's claim.
1211 
1212 # From Steffen Thorsen (2008-03-10):
1213 # The cabinet in Iraq abolished DST last week, according to the following
1214 # news sources (in Arabic):
1215 # http://www.aljeeran.net/wesima_articles/news-20080305-98602.html
1216 # http://www.aswataliraq.info/look/article.tpl?id=2047&IdLanguage=17&IdPublication=4&NrArticle=71743&NrIssue=1&NrSection=10
1217 #
1218 # We have published a short article in English about the change:
1219 # https://www.timeanddate.com/news/time/iraq-dumps-daylight-saving.html
1220 
1221 # Rule  NAME    FROM    TO      TYPE    IN      ON      AT      SAVE    LETTER/S
1222 Rule    Iraq    1982    only    -       May     1       0:00    1:00    D
1223 Rule    Iraq    1982    1984    -       Oct     1       0:00    0       S
1224 Rule    Iraq    1983    only    -       Mar     31      0:00    1:00    D
1225 Rule    Iraq    1984    1985    -       Apr     1       0:00    1:00    D
1226 Rule    Iraq    1985    1990    -       Sep     lastSun 1:00s   0       S
1227 Rule    Iraq    1986    1990    -       Mar     lastSun 1:00s   1:00    D
1228 # IATA SSIM (1991/1996) says Apr 1 12:01am UTC; guess the ':01' is a typo.
1229 # Shanks & Pottenger say Iraq did not observe DST 1992/1997; ignore this.
1230 #
1231 Rule    Iraq    1991    2007    -       Apr      1      3:00s   1:00    D
1232 Rule    Iraq    1991    2007    -       Oct      1      3:00s   0       S
1233 # Zone  NAME            GMTOFF  RULES   FORMAT  [UNTIL]
1234 Zone    Asia/Baghdad    2:57:40 -       LMT     1890
1235                         2:57:36 -       BMT     1918     # Baghdad Mean Time?
1236                         3:00    -       +03     1982 May
1237                         3:00    Iraq    +03/+04
1238 
1239 
1240 ###############################################################################
1241 
1242 # Israel
1243 
1244 # From Ephraim Silverberg (2001-01-11):
1245 #
1246 # I coined "IST/IDT" circa 1988.  Until then there were three
1247 # different abbreviations in use:
1248 #
1249 # JST  Jerusalem Standard Time [Danny Braniss, Hebrew University]
1250 # IZT  Israel Zonal (sic) Time [Prof. Haim Papo, Technion]
1251 # EEST Eastern Europe Standard Time [used by almost everyone else]
1252 #


1484 # deep hatred of the concept....  The Diet unceremoniously passed a bill to
1485 # dump the unpopular system in October 1951, less than a month after the San
1486 # Francisco Peace Treaty was signed.  (A government poll in 1951 showed 53%
1487 # of the Japanese wanted to scrap daylight-saving time, as opposed to 30% who
1488 # wanted to keep it.)
1489 
1490 # From Takayuki Nikai (2018-01-19):
1491 # The source of information is Japanese law.
1492 # http://www.shugiin.go.jp/internet/itdb_housei.nsf/html/houritsu/00219480428029.htm
1493 # http://www.shugiin.go.jp/internet/itdb_housei.nsf/html/houritsu/00719500331039.htm
1494 # ... In summary, it is written as follows.  From 24:00 on the first Saturday
1495 # in May, until 0:00 on the day after the second Saturday in September.
1496 # Rule  NAME    FROM    TO      TYPE    IN      ON      AT      SAVE    LETTER/S
1497 Rule    Japan   1948    only    -       May     Sat>=1       24:00   1:00    D
1498 Rule    Japan   1948    1951    -       Sep     Sun>=9        0:00   0       S
1499 Rule    Japan   1949    only    -       Apr     Sat>=1       24:00   1:00    D
1500 Rule    Japan   1950    1951    -       May     Sat>=1       24:00   1:00    D
1501 
1502 # From Hideyuki Suzuki (1998-11-09):
1503 # 'Tokyo' usually stands for the former location of Tokyo Astronomical
1504 # Observatory: 139 degrees 44' 40.90" E (9h 18m 58.727s),
1505 # 35 degrees 39' 16.0" N.
1506 # This data is from 'Rika Nenpyou (Chronological Scientific Tables) 1996'
1507 # edited by National Astronomical Observatory of Japan....
1508 # JST (Japan Standard Time) has been used since 1888-01-01 00:00 (JST).
1509 # The law is enacted on 1886-07-07.
1510 
1511 # From Hideyuki Suzuki (1998-11-16):
1512 # The ordinance No. 51 (1886) established "standard time" in Japan,
1513 # which stands for the time on 135 degrees E.
1514 # In the ordinance No. 167 (1895), "standard time" was renamed to "central
1515 # standard time".  And the same ordinance also established "western standard
1516 # time", which stands for the time on 120 degrees E....  But "western standard
1517 # time" was abolished in the ordinance No. 529 (1937).  In the ordinance No.
1518 # 167, there is no mention regarding for what place western standard time is
1519 # standard....
1520 #
1521 # I wrote "ordinance" above, but I don't know how to translate.
1522 # In Japanese it's "chokurei", which means ordinance from emperor.
1523 
1524 # From Yu-Cheng Chuang (2013-07-12):
1525 # ...the Meiji Emperor announced Ordinance No. 167 of Meiji Year 28 "The clause
1526 # about standard time" ... The adoption began from Jan 1, 1896.
1527 # https://ja.wikisource.org/wiki/標準時ニ關スル件_(公布時)
1528 #
1529 # ...the Showa Emperor announced Ordinance No. 529 of Showa Year 12 ... which
1530 # means the whole Japan territory, including later occupations, adopt Japan
1531 # Central Time (UT+9). The adoption began on Oct 1, 1937.
1532 # https://ja.wikisource.org/wiki/明治二十八年勅令第百六十七號標準時ニ關スル件中改正ノ件
1533 
1534 # Zone  NAME            GMTOFF  RULES   FORMAT  [UNTIL]
1535 Zone    Asia/Tokyo      9:18:59 -       LMT     1887 Dec 31 15:00u
1536                         9:00    Japan   J%sT


1909                         6:00    -       +06     1982 Apr  1
1910                         5:00 RussiaAsia +05/+06 1989 Mar 26  2:00s
1911                         4:00 RussiaAsia +04/+05 1992 Jan 19  2:00s
1912                         5:00 RussiaAsia +05/+06 1992 Mar 29  2:00s
1913                         4:00 RussiaAsia +04/+05 2004 Oct 31  2:00s
1914                         5:00    -       +05
1915 
1916 # Kyrgyzstan (Kirgizstan)
1917 # Transitions through 1991 are from Shanks & Pottenger.
1918 
1919 # From Paul Eggert (2005-08-15):
1920 # According to an article dated today in the Kyrgyzstan Development Gateway
1921 # http://eng.gateway.kg/cgi-bin/page.pl?id=1&story_name=doc9979.shtml
1922 # Kyrgyzstan is canceling the daylight saving time system.  I take the article
1923 # to mean that they will leave their clocks at 6 hours ahead of UTC.
1924 # From Malik Abdugaliev (2005-09-21):
1925 # Our government cancels daylight saving time 6th of August 2005.
1926 # From 2005-08-12 our GMT-offset is +6, w/o any daylight saving.
1927 
1928 # Rule  NAME    FROM    TO      TYPE    IN      ON      AT      SAVE    LETTER/S
1929 Rule    Kyrgyz  1992    1996    -       Apr     Sun>=7       0:00s   1:00    S
1930 Rule    Kyrgyz  1992    1996    -       Sep     lastSun 0:00    0       -
1931 Rule    Kyrgyz  1997    2005    -       Mar     lastSun 2:30    1:00    S
1932 Rule    Kyrgyz  1997    2004    -       Oct     lastSun 2:30    0       -
1933 # Zone  NAME            GMTOFF  RULES   FORMAT  [UNTIL]
1934 Zone    Asia/Bishkek    4:58:24 -       LMT     1924 May  2
1935                         5:00    -       +05     1930 Jun 21
1936                         6:00 RussiaAsia +06/+07 1991 Mar 31  2:00s
1937                         5:00 RussiaAsia +05/+06 1991 Aug 31  2:00
1938                         5:00    Kyrgyz  +05/+06 2005 Aug 12
1939                         6:00    -       +06
1940 
1941 ###############################################################################
1942 
1943 # Korea (North and South)
1944 
1945 # From Annie I. Bang (2006-07-10):
1946 # http://www.koreaherald.com/view.php?ud=200607100012
1947 # Korea ran a daylight saving program from 1949-61 but stopped it
1948 # during the 1950-53 Korean War.  The system was temporarily enforced
1949 # between 1987 and 1988 ...
1950 
1951 # From Sanghyuk Jung (2014-10-29):


2043 Rule    Lebanon 1972    only    -       Jun     22      0:00    1:00    S
2044 Rule    Lebanon 1972    1977    -       Oct     1       0:00    0       -
2045 Rule    Lebanon 1973    1977    -       May     1       0:00    1:00    S
2046 Rule    Lebanon 1978    only    -       Apr     30      0:00    1:00    S
2047 Rule    Lebanon 1978    only    -       Sep     30      0:00    0       -
2048 Rule    Lebanon 1984    1987    -       May     1       0:00    1:00    S
2049 Rule    Lebanon 1984    1991    -       Oct     16      0:00    0       -
2050 Rule    Lebanon 1988    only    -       Jun     1       0:00    1:00    S
2051 Rule    Lebanon 1989    only    -       May     10      0:00    1:00    S
2052 Rule    Lebanon 1990    1992    -       May     1       0:00    1:00    S
2053 Rule    Lebanon 1992    only    -       Oct     4       0:00    0       -
2054 Rule    Lebanon 1993    max     -       Mar     lastSun 0:00    1:00    S
2055 Rule    Lebanon 1993    1998    -       Sep     lastSun 0:00    0       -
2056 Rule    Lebanon 1999    max     -       Oct     lastSun 0:00    0       -
2057 # Zone  NAME            GMTOFF  RULES   FORMAT  [UNTIL]
2058 Zone    Asia/Beirut     2:22:00 -       LMT     1880
2059                         2:00    Lebanon EE%sT
2060 
2061 # Malaysia
2062 # Rule  NAME    FROM    TO      TYPE    IN      ON      AT      SAVE    LETTER/S
2063 Rule    NBorneo 1935    1941    -       Sep     14      0:00    0:20    TS # one-Third Summer
2064 Rule    NBorneo 1935    1941    -       Dec     14      0:00    0       -
2065 #
2066 # peninsular Malaysia
2067 # taken from Mok Ly Yng (2003-10-30)
2068 # http://www.math.nus.edu.sg/aslaksen/teaching/timezone.html
2069 # Zone  NAME            GMTOFF  RULES   FORMAT  [UNTIL]
2070 Zone Asia/Kuala_Lumpur  6:46:46 -       LMT     1901 Jan  1
2071                         6:55:25 -       SMT     1905 Jun  1 # Singapore M.T.
2072                         7:00    -       +07     1933 Jan  1
2073                         7:00    0:20    +0720   1936 Jan  1
2074                         7:20    -       +0720   1941 Sep  1
2075                         7:30    -       +0730   1942 Feb 16
2076                         9:00    -       +09     1945 Sep 12
2077                         7:30    -       +0730   1982 Jan  1
2078                         8:00    -       +08
2079 # Sabah & Sarawak
2080 # From Paul Eggert (2014-08-12):
2081 # The data entries here are mostly from Shanks & Pottenger, but the 1942, 1945
2082 # and 1982 transition dates are from Mok Ly Yng.
2083 # Zone  NAME            GMTOFF  RULES   FORMAT  [UNTIL]


2188 # about 1:35 - 1:50 hours later in local clock time, no matter the
2189 # direction, while Ulaanbaatar-Khovd takes 2 hours in the Eastern
2190 # direction and 3:35 back, which indicates that Ulaanbaatar and Khovd are
2191 # in different time zones (like we know about), while Choibalsan and
2192 # Ulaanbaatar are in the same time zone (correction needed).
2193 
2194 # From Arthur David Olson (2008-05-19):
2195 # Assume that Choibalsan is indeed offset by 8:00.
2196 # XXX--in the absence of better information, assume that transition
2197 # was at the start of 2008-03-31 (the day of Steffen Thorsen's report);
2198 # this is almost surely wrong.
2199 
2200 # From Ganbold Tsagaankhuu (2015-03-10):
2201 # It seems like yesterday Mongolian Government meeting has concluded to use
2202 # daylight saving time in Mongolia....  Starting at 2:00AM of last Saturday of
2203 # March 2015, daylight saving time starts.  And 00:00AM of last Saturday of
2204 # September daylight saving time ends.  Source:
2205 # http://zasag.mn/news/view/8969
2206 
2207 # Rule  NAME    FROM    TO      TYPE    IN      ON      AT      SAVE    LETTER/S
2208 Rule    Mongol  1983    1984    -       Apr     1       0:00    1:00    S
2209 Rule    Mongol  1983    only    -       Oct     1       0:00    0       -
2210 # Shanks & Pottenger and IATA SSIM say 1990s switches occurred at 00:00,
2211 # but McDow says the 2001 switches occurred at 02:00.  Also, IATA SSIM
2212 # (1996-09) says 1996-10-25.  Go with Shanks & Pottenger through 1998.
2213 #
2214 # Shanks & Pottenger say that the Sept. 1984 through Sept. 1990 switches
2215 # in Choibalsan (more precisely, in Dornod and Sükhbaatar) took place
2216 # at 02:00 standard time, not at 00:00 local time as in the rest of
2217 # the country.  That would be odd, and possibly is a result of their
2218 # correction of 02:00 (in the previous edition) not being done correctly
2219 # in the latest edition; so ignore it for now.
2220 
2221 # From Ganbold Tsagaankhuu (2017-02-09):
2222 # Mongolian Government meeting has concluded today to cancel daylight
2223 # saving time adoption in Mongolia.  Source: http://zasag.mn/news/view/16192
2224 
2225 Rule    Mongol  1985    1998    -       Mar     lastSun 0:00    1:00    S
2226 Rule    Mongol  1984    1998    -       Sep     lastSun 0:00    0       -
2227 # IATA SSIM (1999-09) says Mongolia no longer observes DST.
2228 Rule    Mongol  2001    only    -       Apr     lastSat 2:00    1:00    S
2229 Rule    Mongol  2001    2006    -       Sep     lastSat 2:00    0       -
2230 Rule    Mongol  2002    2006    -       Mar     lastSat 2:00    1:00    S
2231 Rule    Mongol  2015    2016    -       Mar     lastSat 2:00    1:00    S
2232 Rule    Mongol  2015    2016    -       Sep     lastSat 0:00    0       -
2233 
2234 # Zone  NAME            GMTOFF  RULES   FORMAT  [UNTIL]
2235 # Hovd, a.k.a. Chovd, Dund-Us, Dzhargalant, Khovd, Jirgalanta
2236 Zone    Asia/Hovd       6:06:36 -       LMT     1905 Aug
2237                         6:00    -       +06     1978
2238                         7:00    Mongol  +07/+08
2239 # Ulaanbaatar, a.k.a. Ulan Bataar, Ulan Bator, Urga
2240 Zone    Asia/Ulaanbaatar 7:07:32 -      LMT     1905 Aug
2241                         7:00    -       +07     1978
2242                         8:00    Mongol  +08/+09
2243 # Choibalsan, a.k.a. Bajan Tümen, Bajan Tumen, Chojbalsan,
2244 # Choybalsan, Sanbejse, Tchoibalsan
2245 Zone    Asia/Choibalsan 7:38:00 -       LMT     1905 Aug
2246                         7:00    -       +07     1978
2247                         8:00    -       +08     1983 Apr
2248                         9:00    Mongol  +09/+10 2008 Mar 31
2249                         8:00    Mongol  +08/+09
2250 
2251 # Nepal


2645 # This source in English, says "that winter time will go into effect
2646 # at midnight on Thursday in the West Bank and Gaza Strip":
2647 # http://english.wafa.ps/index.php?action=detail&id=23246
2648 # official source...:
2649 # http://www.palestinecabinet.gov.ps/ar/Views/ViewDetails.aspx?pid=1252
2650 
2651 # From Steffen Thorsen (2015-03-03):
2652 # Sources such as http://www.alquds.com/news/article/view/id/548257
2653 # and https://www.raya.ps/ar/news/890705.html say Palestine areas will
2654 # start DST on 2015-03-28 00:00 which is one day later than expected.
2655 #
2656 # From Paul Eggert (2015-03-03):
2657 # https://www.timeanddate.com/time/change/west-bank/ramallah?year=2014
2658 # says that the fall 2014 transition was Oct 23 at 24:00.
2659 
2660 # From Hannah Kreitem (2016-03-09):
2661 # http://www.palestinecabinet.gov.ps/WebSite/ar/ViewDetails?ID=31728
2662 # [Google translation]: "The Council also decided to start daylight
2663 # saving in Palestine as of one o'clock on Saturday morning,
2664 # 2016-03-26, to provide the clock 60 minutes ahead."
2665 #
2666 # From Paul Eggert (2016-03-12):
2667 # Predict spring transitions on March's last Saturday at 01:00 from now on.
2668 
2669 # From Sharef Mustafa (2016-10-19):
2670 # [T]he Palestinian cabinet decision (Mar 8th 2016) published on
2671 # http://www.palestinecabinet.gov.ps/WebSite/Upload/Decree/GOV_17/16032016134830.pdf
2672 # states that summer time will end on Oct 29th at 01:00.
2673 #
2674 # From Tim Parenti (2016-10-19):
2675 # Predict fall transitions on October's last Saturday at 01:00 from now on.
2676 # This is consistent with the 2016 transition as well as our spring
2677 # predictions.
2678 #
2679 # From Paul Eggert (2016-10-19):
2680 # It's also consistent with predictions in the following URLs today:
2681 # https://www.timeanddate.com/time/change/gaza-strip/gaza
2682 # https://www.timeanddate.com/time/change/west-bank/hebron
2683 










2684 # Rule  NAME    FROM    TO      TYPE    IN      ON      AT      SAVE    LETTER/S
2685 Rule EgyptAsia  1957    only    -       May     10      0:00    1:00    S
2686 Rule EgyptAsia  1957    1958    -       Oct      1      0:00    0       -
2687 Rule EgyptAsia  1958    only    -       May      1      0:00    1:00    S
2688 Rule EgyptAsia  1959    1967    -       May      1      1:00    1:00    S
2689 Rule EgyptAsia  1959    1965    -       Sep     30      3:00    0       -
2690 Rule EgyptAsia  1966    only    -       Oct      1      3:00    0       -
2691 
2692 Rule Palestine  1999    2005    -       Apr     Fri>=15      0:00    1:00    S
2693 Rule Palestine  1999    2003    -       Oct     Fri>=15      0:00    0       -
2694 Rule Palestine  2004    only    -       Oct      1      1:00    0       -
2695 Rule Palestine  2005    only    -       Oct      4      2:00    0       -
2696 Rule Palestine  2006    2007    -       Apr      1      0:00    1:00    S
2697 Rule Palestine  2006    only    -       Sep     22      0:00    0       -
2698 Rule Palestine  2007    only    -       Sep     Thu>=8       2:00    0       -
2699 Rule Palestine  2008    2009    -       Mar     lastFri 0:00    1:00    S
2700 Rule Palestine  2008    only    -       Sep      1      0:00    0       -
2701 Rule Palestine  2009    only    -       Sep     Fri>=1       1:00    0       -
2702 Rule Palestine  2010    only    -       Mar     26      0:00    1:00    S
2703 Rule Palestine  2010    only    -       Aug     11      0:00    0       -
2704 Rule Palestine  2011    only    -       Apr      1      0:01    1:00    S
2705 Rule Palestine  2011    only    -       Aug      1      0:00    0       -
2706 Rule Palestine  2011    only    -       Aug     30      0:00    1:00    S
2707 Rule Palestine  2011    only    -       Sep     30      0:00    0       -
2708 Rule Palestine  2012    2014    -       Mar     lastThu 24:00   1:00    S
2709 Rule Palestine  2012    only    -       Sep     21      1:00    0       -
2710 Rule Palestine  2013    only    -       Sep     Fri>=21      0:00    0       -
2711 Rule Palestine  2014    2015    -       Oct     Fri>=21      0:00    0       -
2712 Rule Palestine  2015    only    -       Mar     lastFri 24:00   1:00    S
2713 Rule Palestine  2016    max     -       Mar     lastSat 1:00    1:00    S
2714 Rule Palestine  2016    max     -       Oct     lastSat 1:00    0       -
2715 
2716 # Zone  NAME            GMTOFF  RULES   FORMAT  [UNTIL]
2717 Zone    Asia/Gaza       2:17:52 -       LMT     1900 Oct
2718                         2:00    Zion    EET/EEST 1948 May 15
2719                         2:00 EgyptAsia  EE%sT   1967 Jun  5
2720                         2:00    Zion    I%sT    1996
2721                         2:00    Jordan  EE%sT   1999
2722                         2:00 Palestine  EE%sT   2008 Aug 29  0:00
2723                         2:00    -       EET     2008 Sep
2724                         2:00 Palestine  EE%sT   2010
2725                         2:00    -       EET     2010 Mar 27  0:01
2726                         2:00 Palestine  EE%sT   2011 Aug  1
2727                         2:00    -       EET     2012
2728                         2:00 Palestine  EE%sT
2729 
2730 Zone    Asia/Hebron     2:20:23 -       LMT     1900 Oct
2731                         2:00    Zion    EET/EEST 1948 May 15
2732                         2:00 EgyptAsia  EE%sT   1967 Jun  5
2733                         2:00    Zion    I%sT    1996


2743 # be immediately followed by 1845-01-01; see R.H. van Gent's
2744 # History of the International Date Line
2745 # https://www.staff.science.uu.nl/~gent0113/idl/idl_philippines.htm
2746 # The rest of the data entries are from Shanks & Pottenger.
2747 
2748 # From Jesper Nørgaard Welen (2006-04-26):
2749 # ... claims that Philippines had DST last time in 1990:
2750 # http://story.philippinetimes.com/p.x/ct/9/id/145be20cc6b121c0/cid/3e5bbccc730d258c/
2751 # [a story dated 2006-04-25 by Cris Larano of Dow Jones Newswires,
2752 # but no details]
2753 
2754 # From Paul Eggert (2014-08-14):
2755 # The following source says DST may be instituted November-January and again
2756 # March-June, but this is not definite.  It also says DST was last proclaimed
2757 # during the Ramos administration (1992-1998); but again, no details.
2758 # Carcamo D. PNoy urged to declare use of daylight saving time.
2759 # Philippine Star 2014-08-05
2760 # http://www.philstar.com/headlines/2014/08/05/1354152/pnoy-urged-declare-use-daylight-saving-time
2761 
2762 # Rule  NAME    FROM    TO      TYPE    IN      ON      AT      SAVE    LETTER/S
2763 Rule    Phil    1936    only    -       Nov     1       0:00    1:00    S
2764 Rule    Phil    1937    only    -       Feb     1       0:00    0       -
2765 Rule    Phil    1954    only    -       Apr     12      0:00    1:00    S
2766 Rule    Phil    1954    only    -       Jul     1       0:00    0       -
2767 Rule    Phil    1978    only    -       Mar     22      0:00    1:00    S
2768 Rule    Phil    1978    only    -       Sep     21      0:00    0       -
2769 # Zone  NAME            GMTOFF  RULES   FORMAT  [UNTIL]
2770 Zone    Asia/Manila     -15:56:00 -     LMT     1844 Dec 31
2771                         8:04:00 -       LMT     1899 May 11
2772                         8:00    Phil    +08/+09 1942 May
2773                         9:00    -       +09     1944 Nov
2774                         8:00    Phil    +08/+09
2775 
2776 # Qatar
2777 # Zone  NAME            GMTOFF  RULES   FORMAT  [UNTIL]
2778 Zone    Asia/Qatar      3:26:08 -       LMT     1920     # Al Dawhah / Doha
2779                         4:00    -       +04     1972 Jun
2780                         3:00    -       +03
2781 Link Asia/Qatar Asia/Bahrain
2782 
2783 # Saudi Arabia
2784 #
2785 # From Paul Eggert (2014-07-15):
2786 # Time in Saudi Arabia and other countries in the Arabian peninsula was not
2787 # standardized until relatively recently; we don't know when, and possibly it


3103 # From Paul Eggert (2014-10-04):
3104 # Milne gives 7:16:56 for the meridian of Saigon in 1899, as being
3105 # used in Lower Laos, Cambodia, and Annam.  But this is quite a ways
3106 # from Saigon's location.  For now, ignore this and stick with Shanks
3107 # and Pottenger for LMT before 1906.
3108 
3109 # From Arthur David Olson (2008-03-18):
3110 # The English-language name of Vietnam's most populous city is "Ho Chi Minh
3111 # City"; use Ho_Chi_Minh below to avoid a name of more than 14 characters.
3112 
3113 # From Paul Eggert (2014-10-21) after a heads-up from Trần Ngọc Quân:
3114 # Trần Tiến Bình's authoritative book "Lịch Việt Nam: thế kỷ XX-XXI (1901-2100)"
3115 # (Nhà xuất bản Văn Hoá - Thông Tin, Hanoi, 2005), pp 49-50,
3116 # is quoted verbatim in:
3117 # http://www.thoigian.com.vn/?mPage=P80D01
3118 # is translated by Brian Inglis in:
3119 # https://mm.icann.org/pipermail/tz/2014-October/021654.html
3120 # and is the basis for the information below.
3121 #
3122 # The 1906 transition was effective July 1 and standardized Indochina to
3123 # Phù Liễn Observatory, legally 104 deg. 17'17" east of Paris.
3124 # It's unclear whether this meant legal Paris Mean Time (00:09:21) or
3125 # the Paris Meridian (2 deg. 20'14.03" E); the former yields 07:06:30.1333...
3126 # and the latter 07:06:29.333... so either way it rounds to 07:06:30,
3127 # which is used below even though the modern-day Phù Liễn Observatory
3128 # is closer to 07:06:31.  Abbreviate Phù Liễn Mean Time as PLMT.
3129 #
3130 # The following transitions occurred in Indochina in general (before 1954)
3131 # and in South Vietnam in particular (after 1954):
3132 # To 07:00 on 1911-05-01.
3133 # To 08:00 on 1942-12-31 at 23:00.
3134 # To 09:00 in 1945-03-14 at 23:00.
3135 # To 07:00 on 1945-09-02 in Vietnam.
3136 # To 08:00 on 1947-04-01 in French-controlled Indochina.
3137 # To 07:00 on 1955-07-01 in South Vietnam.
3138 # To 08:00 on 1959-12-31 at 23:00 in South Vietnam.
3139 # To 07:00 on 1975-06-13 in South Vietnam.
3140 #
3141 # Trần cites the following sources; it's unclear which supplied the info above.
3142 #
3143 # Hoàng Xuân Hãn: "Lịch và lịch Việt Nam". Tập san Khoa học Xã hội,
3144 # No. 9, Paris, February 1982.
3145 #


  75 # Otherwise, these tables typically use numeric abbreviations like +03
  76 # and +0330 for integer hour and minute UT offsets.  Although earlier
  77 # editions invented alphabetic time zone abbreviations for every
  78 # offset, this did not reflect common practice.
  79 #
  80 # See the 'europe' file for Russia and Turkey in Asia.
  81 
  82 # From Guy Harris:
  83 # Incorporates data for Singapore from Robert Elz' asia 1.1, as well as
  84 # additional information from Tom Yap, Sun Microsystems Intercontinental
  85 # Technical Support (including a page from the Official Airline Guide -
  86 # Worldwide Edition).
  87 
  88 ###############################################################################
  89 
  90 # These rules are stolen from the 'europe' file.
  91 # Rule  NAME    FROM    TO      TYPE    IN      ON      AT      SAVE    LETTER/S
  92 Rule    EUAsia  1981    max     -       Mar     lastSun  1:00u  1:00    S
  93 Rule    EUAsia  1979    1995    -       Sep     lastSun  1:00u  0       -
  94 Rule    EUAsia  1996    max     -       Oct     lastSun  1:00u  0       -
  95 Rule E-EurAsia  1981    max     -       Mar     lastSun  0:00   1:00    -
  96 Rule E-EurAsia  1979    1995    -       Sep     lastSun  0:00   0       -
  97 Rule E-EurAsia  1996    max     -       Oct     lastSun  0:00   0       -
  98 Rule RussiaAsia 1981    1984    -       Apr     1        0:00   1:00    -
  99 Rule RussiaAsia 1981    1983    -       Oct     1        0:00   0       -
 100 Rule RussiaAsia 1984    1995    -       Sep     lastSun  2:00s  0       -
 101 Rule RussiaAsia 1985    2010    -       Mar     lastSun  2:00s  1:00    -
 102 Rule RussiaAsia 1996    2010    -       Oct     lastSun  2:00s  0       -
 103 
 104 # Afghanistan
 105 # Zone  NAME            GMTOFF  RULES   FORMAT  [UNTIL]
 106 Zone    Asia/Kabul      4:36:48 -       LMT     1890
 107                         4:00    -       +04     1945
 108                         4:30    -       +0430
 109 
 110 # Armenia
 111 # From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):
 112 # Shanks & Pottenger have Yerevan switching to 3:00 (with Russian DST)
 113 # in spring 1991, then to 4:00 with no DST in fall 1995, then
 114 # readopting Russian DST in 1997.  Go with Shanks & Pottenger, even
 115 # when they disagree with others.  Edgar Der-Danieliantz
 116 # reported (1996-05-04) that Yerevan probably wouldn't use DST
 117 # in 1996, though it did use DST in 1995.  IATA SSIM (1991/1998) reports that
 118 # Armenia switched from 3:00 to 4:00 in 1998 and observed DST after 1991,
 119 # but started switching at 3:00s in 1998.
 120 
 121 # From Arthur David Olson (2011-06-15):
 122 # While Russia abandoned DST in 2011, Armenia may choose to
 123 # follow Russia's "old" rules.
 124 
 125 # From Alexander Krivenyshev (2012-02-10):
 126 # According to News Armenia, on Feb 9, 2012,
 127 # http://newsarmenia.ru/society/20120209/42609695.html
 128 #
 129 # The Armenia National Assembly adopted final reading of Amendments to the
 130 # Law "On procedure of calculation time on the territory of the Republic of
 131 # Armenia" according to which Armenia [is] abolishing Daylight Saving Time.
 132 # or
 133 # (brief)
 134 # http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_armenia03.html
 135 # Rule  NAME    FROM    TO      TYPE    IN      ON      AT      SAVE    LETTER/S
 136 Rule Armenia    2011    only    -       Mar     lastSun  2:00s  1:00    -
 137 Rule Armenia    2011    only    -       Oct     lastSun  2:00s  0       -
 138 # Zone  NAME            GMTOFF  RULES   FORMAT  [UNTIL]
 139 Zone    Asia/Yerevan    2:58:00 -       LMT     1924 May  2
 140                         3:00    -       +03     1957 Mar
 141                         4:00 RussiaAsia +04/+05 1991 Mar 31  2:00s
 142                         3:00 RussiaAsia +03/+04 1995 Sep 24  2:00s
 143                         4:00    -       +04     1997
 144                         4:00 RussiaAsia +04/+05 2011
 145                         4:00    Armenia +04/+05
 146 
 147 # Azerbaijan
 148 
 149 # From Rustam Aliyev of the Azerbaijan Internet Forum (2005-10-23):
 150 # According to the resolution of Cabinet of Ministers, 1997
 151 # From Paul Eggert (2015-09-17): It was Resolution No. 21 (1997-03-17).
 152 # http://code.az/files/daylight_res.pdf
 153 
 154 # From Steffen Thorsen (2016-03-17):
 155 # ... the Azerbaijani Cabinet of Ministers has cancelled switching to
 156 # daylight saving time....
 157 # https://www.azernews.az/azerbaijan/94137.html
 158 # http://vestnikkavkaza.net/news/Azerbaijani-Cabinet-of-Ministers-cancels-daylight-saving-time.html
 159 # http://en.apa.az/xeber_azerbaijan_abolishes_daylight_savings_ti_240862.html
 160 
 161 # Rule  NAME    FROM    TO      TYPE    IN      ON      AT      SAVE    LETTER/S
 162 Rule    Azer    1997    2015    -       Mar     lastSun  4:00   1:00    -
 163 Rule    Azer    1997    2015    -       Oct     lastSun  5:00   0       -
 164 # Zone  NAME            GMTOFF  RULES   FORMAT  [UNTIL]
 165 Zone    Asia/Baku       3:19:24 -       LMT     1924 May  2
 166                         3:00    -       +03     1957 Mar
 167                         4:00 RussiaAsia +04/+05 1991 Mar 31  2:00s
 168                         3:00 RussiaAsia +03/+04 1992 Sep lastSun  2:00s
 169                         4:00    -       +04     1996
 170                         4:00    EUAsia  +04/+05 1997
 171                         4:00    Azer    +04/+05
 172 
 173 # Bahrain
 174 # See Asia/Qatar.
 175 
 176 # Bangladesh
 177 # From Alexander Krivenyshev (2009-05-13):
 178 # According to newspaper Asian Tribune (May 6, 2009) Bangladesh may introduce
 179 # Daylight Saving Time from June 16 to Sept 30
 180 #
 181 # Bangladesh to introduce daylight saving time likely from June 16
 182 # http://www.asiantribune.com/?q=node/17288


 229 # From Alexander Krivenyshev (2009-12-24):
 230 # According to Bangladesh newspaper "The Daily Star,"
 231 # Bangladesh will change its clock back to Standard Time on Dec 31, 2009.
 232 #
 233 # Clock goes back 1-hr on Dec 31 night.
 234 # http://www.thedailystar.net/newDesign/news-details.php?nid=119228
 235 # http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_bangladesh05.html
 236 #
 237 # "...The government yesterday decided to put the clock back by one hour
 238 # on December 31 midnight and the new time will continue until March 31,
 239 # 2010 midnight. The decision came at a cabinet meeting at the Prime
 240 # Minister's Office last night..."
 241 
 242 # From Alexander Krivenyshev (2010-03-22):
 243 # According to Bangladesh newspaper "The Daily Star,"
 244 # Cabinet cancels Daylight Saving Time
 245 # http://www.thedailystar.net/newDesign/latest_news.php?nid=22817
 246 # http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_bangladesh06.html
 247 
 248 # Rule  NAME    FROM    TO      TYPE    IN      ON      AT      SAVE    LETTER/S
 249 Rule    Dhaka   2009    only    -       Jun     19      23:00   1:00    -
 250 Rule    Dhaka   2009    only    -       Dec     31      24:00   0       -
 251 
 252 # Zone  NAME            GMTOFF  RULES   FORMAT  [UNTIL]
 253 Zone    Asia/Dhaka      6:01:40 -       LMT     1890
 254                         5:53:20 -       HMT     1941 Oct    # Howrah Mean Time?
 255                         6:30    -       +0630   1942 May 15
 256                         5:30    -       +0530   1942 Sep
 257                         6:30    -       +0630   1951 Sep 30
 258                         6:00    -       +06     2009
 259                         6:00    Dhaka   +06/+07
 260 
 261 # Bhutan
 262 # Zone  NAME            GMTOFF  RULES   FORMAT  [UNTIL]
 263 Zone    Asia/Thimphu    5:58:36 -       LMT     1947 Aug 15 # or Thimbu
 264                         5:30    -       +0530   1987 Oct
 265                         6:00    -       +06
 266 
 267 # British Indian Ocean Territory
 268 # Whitman and the 1995 CIA time zone map say 5:00, but the
 269 # 1997 and later maps say 6:00.  Assume the switch occurred in 1996.


 770                         8:00    -       CST     1937 Oct  1
 771                         9:00    -       JST     1945 Sep 21  1:00
 772                         8:00    Taiwan  C%sT
 773 
 774 # Macau (Macao, Aomen)
 775 # Rule  NAME    FROM    TO      TYPE    IN      ON      AT      SAVE    LETTER/S
 776 Rule    Macau   1961    1962    -       Mar     Sun>=16      3:30    1:00    D
 777 Rule    Macau   1961    1964    -       Nov     Sun>=1       3:30    0       S
 778 Rule    Macau   1963    only    -       Mar     Sun>=16      0:00    1:00    D
 779 Rule    Macau   1964    only    -       Mar     Sun>=16      3:30    1:00    D
 780 Rule    Macau   1965    only    -       Mar     Sun>=16      0:00    1:00    D
 781 Rule    Macau   1965    only    -       Oct     31      0:00    0       S
 782 Rule    Macau   1966    1971    -       Apr     Sun>=16      3:30    1:00    D
 783 Rule    Macau   1966    1971    -       Oct     Sun>=16      3:30    0       S
 784 Rule    Macau   1972    1974    -       Apr     Sun>=15      0:00    1:00    D
 785 Rule    Macau   1972    1973    -       Oct     Sun>=15      0:00    0       S
 786 Rule    Macau   1974    1977    -       Oct     Sun>=15      3:30    0       S
 787 Rule    Macau   1975    1977    -       Apr     Sun>=15      3:30    1:00    D
 788 Rule    Macau   1978    1980    -       Apr     Sun>=15      0:00    1:00    D
 789 Rule    Macau   1978    1980    -       Oct     Sun>=15      0:00    0       S
 790 # See Europe/Lisbon for info about the 1912 transition.
 791 # Zone  NAME            GMTOFF  RULES   FORMAT  [UNTIL]
 792 Zone    Asia/Macau      7:34:20 -       LMT     1911 Dec 31 16:00u
 793                         8:00    Macau   C%sT
 794 
 795 
 796 ###############################################################################
 797 
 798 # Cyprus
 799 
 800 # Milne says the Eastern Telegraph Company used 2:14:00.  Stick with LMT.
 801 # IATA SSIM (1998-09) has Cyprus using EU rules for the first time.
 802 
 803 # From Paul Eggert (2016-09-09):
 804 # Yesterday's Cyprus Mail reports that Northern Cyprus followed Turkey's
 805 # lead and switched from +02/+03 to +03 year-round.
 806 # http://cyprus-mail.com/2016/09/08/two-time-zones-cyprus-turkey-will-not-turn-clocks-back-next-month/
 807 #
 808 # From Even Scharning (2016-10-31):
 809 # Looks like the time zone split in Cyprus went through last night.
 810 # http://cyprus-mail.com/2016/10/30/cyprus-new-division-two-time-zones-now-reality/
 811 
 812 # From Paul Eggert (2017-10-18):


1113 #
1114 # From Steffen Thorsen (2006-03-22):
1115 # Several of my users have reported that Iran will not observe DST anymore:
1116 # http://www.irna.ir/en/news/view/line-17/0603193812164948.htm
1117 #
1118 # From Reuters (2007-09-16), with a heads-up from Jesper Nørgaard Welen:
1119 # ... the Guardian Council ... approved a law on Sunday to re-introduce
1120 # daylight saving time ...
1121 # https://uk.reuters.com/article/oilRpt/idUKBLA65048420070916
1122 #
1123 # From Roozbeh Pournader (2007-11-05):
1124 # This is quoted from Official Gazette of the Islamic Republic of
1125 # Iran, Volume 63, No. 18242, dated Tuesday 1386/6/24
1126 # [2007-10-16]. I am doing the best translation I can:...
1127 # The official time of the country will be moved forward for one hour
1128 # on the 24 hours of the first day of the month of Farvardin and will
1129 # be changed back to its previous state on the 24 hours of the
1130 # thirtieth day of Shahrivar.
1131 #
1132 # Rule  NAME    FROM    TO      TYPE    IN      ON      AT      SAVE    LETTER/S
1133 Rule    Iran    1978    1980    -       Mar     21      0:00    1:00    -
1134 Rule    Iran    1978    only    -       Oct     21      0:00    0       -
1135 Rule    Iran    1979    only    -       Sep     19      0:00    0       -
1136 Rule    Iran    1980    only    -       Sep     23      0:00    0       -
1137 Rule    Iran    1991    only    -       May      3      0:00    1:00    -
1138 Rule    Iran    1992    1995    -       Mar     22      0:00    1:00    -
1139 Rule    Iran    1991    1995    -       Sep     22      0:00    0       -
1140 Rule    Iran    1996    only    -       Mar     21      0:00    1:00    -
1141 Rule    Iran    1996    only    -       Sep     21      0:00    0       -
1142 Rule    Iran    1997    1999    -       Mar     22      0:00    1:00    -
1143 Rule    Iran    1997    1999    -       Sep     22      0:00    0       -
1144 Rule    Iran    2000    only    -       Mar     21      0:00    1:00    -
1145 Rule    Iran    2000    only    -       Sep     21      0:00    0       -
1146 Rule    Iran    2001    2003    -       Mar     22      0:00    1:00    -
1147 Rule    Iran    2001    2003    -       Sep     22      0:00    0       -
1148 Rule    Iran    2004    only    -       Mar     21      0:00    1:00    -
1149 Rule    Iran    2004    only    -       Sep     21      0:00    0       -
1150 Rule    Iran    2005    only    -       Mar     22      0:00    1:00    -
1151 Rule    Iran    2005    only    -       Sep     22      0:00    0       -
1152 Rule    Iran    2008    only    -       Mar     21      0:00    1:00    -
1153 Rule    Iran    2008    only    -       Sep     21      0:00    0       -
1154 Rule    Iran    2009    2011    -       Mar     22      0:00    1:00    -
1155 Rule    Iran    2009    2011    -       Sep     22      0:00    0       -
1156 Rule    Iran    2012    only    -       Mar     21      0:00    1:00    -
1157 Rule    Iran    2012    only    -       Sep     21      0:00    0       -
1158 Rule    Iran    2013    2015    -       Mar     22      0:00    1:00    -
1159 Rule    Iran    2013    2015    -       Sep     22      0:00    0       -
1160 Rule    Iran    2016    only    -       Mar     21      0:00    1:00    -
1161 Rule    Iran    2016    only    -       Sep     21      0:00    0       -
1162 Rule    Iran    2017    2019    -       Mar     22      0:00    1:00    -
1163 Rule    Iran    2017    2019    -       Sep     22      0:00    0       -
1164 Rule    Iran    2020    only    -       Mar     21      0:00    1:00    -
1165 Rule    Iran    2020    only    -       Sep     21      0:00    0       -
1166 Rule    Iran    2021    2023    -       Mar     22      0:00    1:00    -
1167 Rule    Iran    2021    2023    -       Sep     22      0:00    0       -
1168 Rule    Iran    2024    only    -       Mar     21      0:00    1:00    -
1169 Rule    Iran    2024    only    -       Sep     21      0:00    0       -
1170 Rule    Iran    2025    2027    -       Mar     22      0:00    1:00    -
1171 Rule    Iran    2025    2027    -       Sep     22      0:00    0       -
1172 Rule    Iran    2028    2029    -       Mar     21      0:00    1:00    -
1173 Rule    Iran    2028    2029    -       Sep     21      0:00    0       -
1174 Rule    Iran    2030    2031    -       Mar     22      0:00    1:00    -
1175 Rule    Iran    2030    2031    -       Sep     22      0:00    0       -
1176 Rule    Iran    2032    2033    -       Mar     21      0:00    1:00    -
1177 Rule    Iran    2032    2033    -       Sep     21      0:00    0       -
1178 Rule    Iran    2034    2035    -       Mar     22      0:00    1:00    -
1179 Rule    Iran    2034    2035    -       Sep     22      0:00    0       -
1180 #
1181 # The following rules are approximations starting in the year 2038.
1182 # These are the best post-2037 approximations available, given the
1183 # restrictions of a single rule using a Gregorian-based data format.
1184 # At some point this table will need to be extended, though quite
1185 # possibly Iran will change the rules first.
1186 Rule    Iran    2036    max     -       Mar     21      0:00    1:00    -
1187 Rule    Iran    2036    max     -       Sep     21      0:00    0       -
1188 
1189 # Zone  NAME            GMTOFF  RULES   FORMAT  [UNTIL]
1190 Zone    Asia/Tehran     3:25:44 -       LMT     1916
1191                         3:25:44 -       TMT     1946     # Tehran Mean Time
1192                         3:30    -       +0330   1977 Nov
1193                         4:00    Iran    +04/+05 1979
1194                         3:30    Iran    +0330/+0430
1195 
1196 
1197 # Iraq
1198 #
1199 # From Jonathan Lennox (2000-06-12):
1200 # An article in this week's Economist ("Inside the Saddam-free zone", p. 50 in
1201 # the U.S. edition) on the Iraqi Kurds contains a paragraph:
1202 # "The three northern provinces ... switched their clocks this spring and
1203 # are an hour ahead of Baghdad."
1204 #
1205 # But Rives McDow (2000-06-18) quotes a contact in Iraqi-Kurdistan as follows:
1206 # In the past, some Kurdish nationalists, as a protest to the Iraqi
1207 # Government, did not adhere to daylight saving time.  They referred
1208 # to daylight saving as Saddam time.  But, as of today, the time zone
1209 # in Iraqi-Kurdistan is on standard time with Baghdad, Iraq.
1210 #
1211 # So we'll ignore the Economist's claim.
1212 
1213 # From Steffen Thorsen (2008-03-10):
1214 # The cabinet in Iraq abolished DST last week, according to the following
1215 # news sources (in Arabic):
1216 # http://www.aljeeran.net/wesima_articles/news-20080305-98602.html
1217 # http://www.aswataliraq.info/look/article.tpl?id=2047&IdLanguage=17&IdPublication=4&NrArticle=71743&NrIssue=1&NrSection=10
1218 #
1219 # We have published a short article in English about the change:
1220 # https://www.timeanddate.com/news/time/iraq-dumps-daylight-saving.html
1221 
1222 # Rule  NAME    FROM    TO      TYPE    IN      ON      AT      SAVE    LETTER/S
1223 Rule    Iraq    1982    only    -       May     1       0:00    1:00    -
1224 Rule    Iraq    1982    1984    -       Oct     1       0:00    0       -
1225 Rule    Iraq    1983    only    -       Mar     31      0:00    1:00    -
1226 Rule    Iraq    1984    1985    -       Apr     1       0:00    1:00    -
1227 Rule    Iraq    1985    1990    -       Sep     lastSun 1:00s   0       -
1228 Rule    Iraq    1986    1990    -       Mar     lastSun 1:00s   1:00    -
1229 # IATA SSIM (1991/1996) says Apr 1 12:01am UTC; guess the ':01' is a typo.
1230 # Shanks & Pottenger say Iraq did not observe DST 1992/1997; ignore this.
1231 #
1232 Rule    Iraq    1991    2007    -       Apr      1      3:00s   1:00    -
1233 Rule    Iraq    1991    2007    -       Oct      1      3:00s   0       -
1234 # Zone  NAME            GMTOFF  RULES   FORMAT  [UNTIL]
1235 Zone    Asia/Baghdad    2:57:40 -       LMT     1890
1236                         2:57:36 -       BMT     1918     # Baghdad Mean Time?
1237                         3:00    -       +03     1982 May
1238                         3:00    Iraq    +03/+04
1239 
1240 
1241 ###############################################################################
1242 
1243 # Israel
1244 
1245 # From Ephraim Silverberg (2001-01-11):
1246 #
1247 # I coined "IST/IDT" circa 1988.  Until then there were three
1248 # different abbreviations in use:
1249 #
1250 # JST  Jerusalem Standard Time [Danny Braniss, Hebrew University]
1251 # IZT  Israel Zonal (sic) Time [Prof. Haim Papo, Technion]
1252 # EEST Eastern Europe Standard Time [used by almost everyone else]
1253 #


1485 # deep hatred of the concept....  The Diet unceremoniously passed a bill to
1486 # dump the unpopular system in October 1951, less than a month after the San
1487 # Francisco Peace Treaty was signed.  (A government poll in 1951 showed 53%
1488 # of the Japanese wanted to scrap daylight-saving time, as opposed to 30% who
1489 # wanted to keep it.)
1490 
1491 # From Takayuki Nikai (2018-01-19):
1492 # The source of information is Japanese law.
1493 # http://www.shugiin.go.jp/internet/itdb_housei.nsf/html/houritsu/00219480428029.htm
1494 # http://www.shugiin.go.jp/internet/itdb_housei.nsf/html/houritsu/00719500331039.htm
1495 # ... In summary, it is written as follows.  From 24:00 on the first Saturday
1496 # in May, until 0:00 on the day after the second Saturday in September.
1497 # Rule  NAME    FROM    TO      TYPE    IN      ON      AT      SAVE    LETTER/S
1498 Rule    Japan   1948    only    -       May     Sat>=1       24:00   1:00    D
1499 Rule    Japan   1948    1951    -       Sep     Sun>=9        0:00   0       S
1500 Rule    Japan   1949    only    -       Apr     Sat>=1       24:00   1:00    D
1501 Rule    Japan   1950    1951    -       May     Sat>=1       24:00   1:00    D
1502 
1503 # From Hideyuki Suzuki (1998-11-09):
1504 # 'Tokyo' usually stands for the former location of Tokyo Astronomical
1505 # Observatory: 139° 44' 40.90" E (9h 18m 58.727s), 35° 39' 16.0" N.

1506 # This data is from 'Rika Nenpyou (Chronological Scientific Tables) 1996'
1507 # edited by National Astronomical Observatory of Japan....
1508 # JST (Japan Standard Time) has been used since 1888-01-01 00:00 (JST).
1509 # The law is enacted on 1886-07-07.
1510 
1511 # From Hideyuki Suzuki (1998-11-16):
1512 # The ordinance No. 51 (1886) established "standard time" in Japan,
1513 # which stands for the time on 135° E.
1514 # In the ordinance No. 167 (1895), "standard time" was renamed to "central
1515 # standard time".  And the same ordinance also established "western standard
1516 # time", which stands for the time on 120° E....  But "western standard
1517 # time" was abolished in the ordinance No. 529 (1937).  In the ordinance No.
1518 # 167, there is no mention regarding for what place western standard time is
1519 # standard....
1520 #
1521 # I wrote "ordinance" above, but I don't know how to translate.
1522 # In Japanese it's "chokurei", which means ordinance from emperor.
1523 
1524 # From Yu-Cheng Chuang (2013-07-12):
1525 # ...the Meiji Emperor announced Ordinance No. 167 of Meiji Year 28 "The clause
1526 # about standard time" ... The adoption began from Jan 1, 1896.
1527 # https://ja.wikisource.org/wiki/標準時ニ關スル件_(公布時)
1528 #
1529 # ...the Showa Emperor announced Ordinance No. 529 of Showa Year 12 ... which
1530 # means the whole Japan territory, including later occupations, adopt Japan
1531 # Central Time (UT+9). The adoption began on Oct 1, 1937.
1532 # https://ja.wikisource.org/wiki/明治二十八年勅令第百六十七號標準時ニ關スル件中改正ノ件
1533 
1534 # Zone  NAME            GMTOFF  RULES   FORMAT  [UNTIL]
1535 Zone    Asia/Tokyo      9:18:59 -       LMT     1887 Dec 31 15:00u
1536                         9:00    Japan   J%sT


1909                         6:00    -       +06     1982 Apr  1
1910                         5:00 RussiaAsia +05/+06 1989 Mar 26  2:00s
1911                         4:00 RussiaAsia +04/+05 1992 Jan 19  2:00s
1912                         5:00 RussiaAsia +05/+06 1992 Mar 29  2:00s
1913                         4:00 RussiaAsia +04/+05 2004 Oct 31  2:00s
1914                         5:00    -       +05
1915 
1916 # Kyrgyzstan (Kirgizstan)
1917 # Transitions through 1991 are from Shanks & Pottenger.
1918 
1919 # From Paul Eggert (2005-08-15):
1920 # According to an article dated today in the Kyrgyzstan Development Gateway
1921 # http://eng.gateway.kg/cgi-bin/page.pl?id=1&story_name=doc9979.shtml
1922 # Kyrgyzstan is canceling the daylight saving time system.  I take the article
1923 # to mean that they will leave their clocks at 6 hours ahead of UTC.
1924 # From Malik Abdugaliev (2005-09-21):
1925 # Our government cancels daylight saving time 6th of August 2005.
1926 # From 2005-08-12 our GMT-offset is +6, w/o any daylight saving.
1927 
1928 # Rule  NAME    FROM    TO      TYPE    IN      ON      AT      SAVE    LETTER/S
1929 Rule    Kyrgyz  1992    1996    -       Apr     Sun>=7       0:00s   1:00    -
1930 Rule    Kyrgyz  1992    1996    -       Sep     lastSun 0:00    0       -
1931 Rule    Kyrgyz  1997    2005    -       Mar     lastSun 2:30    1:00    -
1932 Rule    Kyrgyz  1997    2004    -       Oct     lastSun 2:30    0       -
1933 # Zone  NAME            GMTOFF  RULES   FORMAT  [UNTIL]
1934 Zone    Asia/Bishkek    4:58:24 -       LMT     1924 May  2
1935                         5:00    -       +05     1930 Jun 21
1936                         6:00 RussiaAsia +06/+07 1991 Mar 31  2:00s
1937                         5:00 RussiaAsia +05/+06 1991 Aug 31  2:00
1938                         5:00    Kyrgyz  +05/+06 2005 Aug 12
1939                         6:00    -       +06
1940 
1941 ###############################################################################
1942 
1943 # Korea (North and South)
1944 
1945 # From Annie I. Bang (2006-07-10):
1946 # http://www.koreaherald.com/view.php?ud=200607100012
1947 # Korea ran a daylight saving program from 1949-61 but stopped it
1948 # during the 1950-53 Korean War.  The system was temporarily enforced
1949 # between 1987 and 1988 ...
1950 
1951 # From Sanghyuk Jung (2014-10-29):


2043 Rule    Lebanon 1972    only    -       Jun     22      0:00    1:00    S
2044 Rule    Lebanon 1972    1977    -       Oct     1       0:00    0       -
2045 Rule    Lebanon 1973    1977    -       May     1       0:00    1:00    S
2046 Rule    Lebanon 1978    only    -       Apr     30      0:00    1:00    S
2047 Rule    Lebanon 1978    only    -       Sep     30      0:00    0       -
2048 Rule    Lebanon 1984    1987    -       May     1       0:00    1:00    S
2049 Rule    Lebanon 1984    1991    -       Oct     16      0:00    0       -
2050 Rule    Lebanon 1988    only    -       Jun     1       0:00    1:00    S
2051 Rule    Lebanon 1989    only    -       May     10      0:00    1:00    S
2052 Rule    Lebanon 1990    1992    -       May     1       0:00    1:00    S
2053 Rule    Lebanon 1992    only    -       Oct     4       0:00    0       -
2054 Rule    Lebanon 1993    max     -       Mar     lastSun 0:00    1:00    S
2055 Rule    Lebanon 1993    1998    -       Sep     lastSun 0:00    0       -
2056 Rule    Lebanon 1999    max     -       Oct     lastSun 0:00    0       -
2057 # Zone  NAME            GMTOFF  RULES   FORMAT  [UNTIL]
2058 Zone    Asia/Beirut     2:22:00 -       LMT     1880
2059                         2:00    Lebanon EE%sT
2060 
2061 # Malaysia
2062 # Rule  NAME    FROM    TO      TYPE    IN      ON      AT      SAVE    LETTER/S
2063 Rule    NBorneo 1935    1941    -       Sep     14      0:00    0:20    -
2064 Rule    NBorneo 1935    1941    -       Dec     14      0:00    0       -
2065 #
2066 # peninsular Malaysia
2067 # taken from Mok Ly Yng (2003-10-30)
2068 # http://www.math.nus.edu.sg/aslaksen/teaching/timezone.html
2069 # Zone  NAME            GMTOFF  RULES   FORMAT  [UNTIL]
2070 Zone Asia/Kuala_Lumpur  6:46:46 -       LMT     1901 Jan  1
2071                         6:55:25 -       SMT     1905 Jun  1 # Singapore M.T.
2072                         7:00    -       +07     1933 Jan  1
2073                         7:00    0:20    +0720   1936 Jan  1
2074                         7:20    -       +0720   1941 Sep  1
2075                         7:30    -       +0730   1942 Feb 16
2076                         9:00    -       +09     1945 Sep 12
2077                         7:30    -       +0730   1982 Jan  1
2078                         8:00    -       +08
2079 # Sabah & Sarawak
2080 # From Paul Eggert (2014-08-12):
2081 # The data entries here are mostly from Shanks & Pottenger, but the 1942, 1945
2082 # and 1982 transition dates are from Mok Ly Yng.
2083 # Zone  NAME            GMTOFF  RULES   FORMAT  [UNTIL]


2188 # about 1:35 - 1:50 hours later in local clock time, no matter the
2189 # direction, while Ulaanbaatar-Khovd takes 2 hours in the Eastern
2190 # direction and 3:35 back, which indicates that Ulaanbaatar and Khovd are
2191 # in different time zones (like we know about), while Choibalsan and
2192 # Ulaanbaatar are in the same time zone (correction needed).
2193 
2194 # From Arthur David Olson (2008-05-19):
2195 # Assume that Choibalsan is indeed offset by 8:00.
2196 # XXX--in the absence of better information, assume that transition
2197 # was at the start of 2008-03-31 (the day of Steffen Thorsen's report);
2198 # this is almost surely wrong.
2199 
2200 # From Ganbold Tsagaankhuu (2015-03-10):
2201 # It seems like yesterday Mongolian Government meeting has concluded to use
2202 # daylight saving time in Mongolia....  Starting at 2:00AM of last Saturday of
2203 # March 2015, daylight saving time starts.  And 00:00AM of last Saturday of
2204 # September daylight saving time ends.  Source:
2205 # http://zasag.mn/news/view/8969
2206 
2207 # Rule  NAME    FROM    TO      TYPE    IN      ON      AT      SAVE    LETTER/S
2208 Rule    Mongol  1983    1984    -       Apr     1       0:00    1:00    -
2209 Rule    Mongol  1983    only    -       Oct     1       0:00    0       -
2210 # Shanks & Pottenger and IATA SSIM say 1990s switches occurred at 00:00,
2211 # but McDow says the 2001 switches occurred at 02:00.  Also, IATA SSIM
2212 # (1996-09) says 1996-10-25.  Go with Shanks & Pottenger through 1998.
2213 #
2214 # Shanks & Pottenger say that the Sept. 1984 through Sept. 1990 switches
2215 # in Choibalsan (more precisely, in Dornod and Sükhbaatar) took place
2216 # at 02:00 standard time, not at 00:00 local time as in the rest of
2217 # the country.  That would be odd, and possibly is a result of their
2218 # correction of 02:00 (in the previous edition) not being done correctly
2219 # in the latest edition; so ignore it for now.
2220 
2221 # From Ganbold Tsagaankhuu (2017-02-09):
2222 # Mongolian Government meeting has concluded today to cancel daylight
2223 # saving time adoption in Mongolia.  Source: http://zasag.mn/news/view/16192
2224 
2225 Rule    Mongol  1985    1998    -       Mar     lastSun 0:00    1:00    -
2226 Rule    Mongol  1984    1998    -       Sep     lastSun 0:00    0       -
2227 # IATA SSIM (1999-09) says Mongolia no longer observes DST.
2228 Rule    Mongol  2001    only    -       Apr     lastSat 2:00    1:00    -
2229 Rule    Mongol  2001    2006    -       Sep     lastSat 2:00    0       -
2230 Rule    Mongol  2002    2006    -       Mar     lastSat 2:00    1:00    -
2231 Rule    Mongol  2015    2016    -       Mar     lastSat 2:00    1:00    -
2232 Rule    Mongol  2015    2016    -       Sep     lastSat 0:00    0       -
2233 
2234 # Zone  NAME            GMTOFF  RULES   FORMAT  [UNTIL]
2235 # Hovd, a.k.a. Chovd, Dund-Us, Dzhargalant, Khovd, Jirgalanta
2236 Zone    Asia/Hovd       6:06:36 -       LMT     1905 Aug
2237                         6:00    -       +06     1978
2238                         7:00    Mongol  +07/+08
2239 # Ulaanbaatar, a.k.a. Ulan Bataar, Ulan Bator, Urga
2240 Zone    Asia/Ulaanbaatar 7:07:32 -      LMT     1905 Aug
2241                         7:00    -       +07     1978
2242                         8:00    Mongol  +08/+09
2243 # Choibalsan, a.k.a. Bajan Tümen, Bajan Tumen, Chojbalsan,
2244 # Choybalsan, Sanbejse, Tchoibalsan
2245 Zone    Asia/Choibalsan 7:38:00 -       LMT     1905 Aug
2246                         7:00    -       +07     1978
2247                         8:00    -       +08     1983 Apr
2248                         9:00    Mongol  +09/+10 2008 Mar 31
2249                         8:00    Mongol  +08/+09
2250 
2251 # Nepal


2645 # This source in English, says "that winter time will go into effect
2646 # at midnight on Thursday in the West Bank and Gaza Strip":
2647 # http://english.wafa.ps/index.php?action=detail&id=23246
2648 # official source...:
2649 # http://www.palestinecabinet.gov.ps/ar/Views/ViewDetails.aspx?pid=1252
2650 
2651 # From Steffen Thorsen (2015-03-03):
2652 # Sources such as http://www.alquds.com/news/article/view/id/548257
2653 # and https://www.raya.ps/ar/news/890705.html say Palestine areas will
2654 # start DST on 2015-03-28 00:00 which is one day later than expected.
2655 #
2656 # From Paul Eggert (2015-03-03):
2657 # https://www.timeanddate.com/time/change/west-bank/ramallah?year=2014
2658 # says that the fall 2014 transition was Oct 23 at 24:00.
2659 
2660 # From Hannah Kreitem (2016-03-09):
2661 # http://www.palestinecabinet.gov.ps/WebSite/ar/ViewDetails?ID=31728
2662 # [Google translation]: "The Council also decided to start daylight
2663 # saving in Palestine as of one o'clock on Saturday morning,
2664 # 2016-03-26, to provide the clock 60 minutes ahead."



2665 
2666 # From Sharef Mustafa (2016-10-19):
2667 # [T]he Palestinian cabinet decision (Mar 8th 2016) published on
2668 # http://www.palestinecabinet.gov.ps/WebSite/Upload/Decree/GOV_17/16032016134830.pdf
2669 # states that summer time will end on Oct 29th at 01:00.
2670 #
2671 # From Tim Parenti (2016-10-19):
2672 # Predict fall transitions on October's last Saturday at 01:00 from now on.
2673 # This is consistent with the 2016 transition as well as our spring
2674 # predictions.
2675 #
2676 # From Paul Eggert (2016-10-19):
2677 # It's also consistent with predictions in the following URLs today:
2678 # https://www.timeanddate.com/time/change/gaza-strip/gaza
2679 # https://www.timeanddate.com/time/change/west-bank/hebron
2680 
2681 # From Sharef Mustafa (2018-03-16):
2682 # Palestine summer time will start on Mar 24th 2018 by advancing the
2683 # clock by 60 minutes as per Palestinian cabinet decision published on
2684 # the offical website, though the decree did not specify the exact
2685 # time of the time shift.
2686 # http://www.palestinecabinet.gov.ps/Website/AR/NDecrees/ViewFile.ashx?ID=e7a42ab7-ee23-435a-b9c8-a4f7e81f3817
2687 #
2688 # From Paul Eggert (2018-03-16):
2689 # For 2016 on, predict spring transitions on March's fourth Saturday at 01:00.
2690 
2691 # Rule  NAME    FROM    TO      TYPE    IN      ON      AT      SAVE    LETTER/S
2692 Rule EgyptAsia  1957    only    -       May     10      0:00    1:00    S
2693 Rule EgyptAsia  1957    1958    -       Oct      1      0:00    0       -
2694 Rule EgyptAsia  1958    only    -       May      1      0:00    1:00    S
2695 Rule EgyptAsia  1959    1967    -       May      1      1:00    1:00    S
2696 Rule EgyptAsia  1959    1965    -       Sep     30      3:00    0       -
2697 Rule EgyptAsia  1966    only    -       Oct      1      3:00    0       -
2698 
2699 Rule Palestine  1999    2005    -       Apr     Fri>=15      0:00    1:00    S
2700 Rule Palestine  1999    2003    -       Oct     Fri>=15      0:00    0       -
2701 Rule Palestine  2004    only    -       Oct      1      1:00    0       -
2702 Rule Palestine  2005    only    -       Oct      4      2:00    0       -
2703 Rule Palestine  2006    2007    -       Apr      1      0:00    1:00    S
2704 Rule Palestine  2006    only    -       Sep     22      0:00    0       -
2705 Rule Palestine  2007    only    -       Sep     Thu>=8       2:00    0       -
2706 Rule Palestine  2008    2009    -       Mar     lastFri 0:00    1:00    S
2707 Rule Palestine  2008    only    -       Sep      1      0:00    0       -
2708 Rule Palestine  2009    only    -       Sep     Fri>=1       1:00    0       -
2709 Rule Palestine  2010    only    -       Mar     26      0:00    1:00    S
2710 Rule Palestine  2010    only    -       Aug     11      0:00    0       -
2711 Rule Palestine  2011    only    -       Apr      1      0:01    1:00    S
2712 Rule Palestine  2011    only    -       Aug      1      0:00    0       -
2713 Rule Palestine  2011    only    -       Aug     30      0:00    1:00    S
2714 Rule Palestine  2011    only    -       Sep     30      0:00    0       -
2715 Rule Palestine  2012    2014    -       Mar     lastThu 24:00   1:00    S
2716 Rule Palestine  2012    only    -       Sep     21      1:00    0       -
2717 Rule Palestine  2013    only    -       Sep     Fri>=21      0:00    0       -
2718 Rule Palestine  2014    2015    -       Oct     Fri>=21      0:00    0       -
2719 Rule Palestine  2015    only    -       Mar     lastFri 24:00   1:00    S
2720 Rule Palestine  2016    max     -       Mar     Sat>=22      1:00    1:00    S
2721 Rule Palestine  2016    max     -       Oct     lastSat 1:00    0       -
2722 
2723 # Zone  NAME            GMTOFF  RULES   FORMAT  [UNTIL]
2724 Zone    Asia/Gaza       2:17:52 -       LMT     1900 Oct
2725                         2:00    Zion    EET/EEST 1948 May 15
2726                         2:00 EgyptAsia  EE%sT   1967 Jun  5
2727                         2:00    Zion    I%sT    1996
2728                         2:00    Jordan  EE%sT   1999
2729                         2:00 Palestine  EE%sT   2008 Aug 29  0:00
2730                         2:00    -       EET     2008 Sep
2731                         2:00 Palestine  EE%sT   2010
2732                         2:00    -       EET     2010 Mar 27  0:01
2733                         2:00 Palestine  EE%sT   2011 Aug  1
2734                         2:00    -       EET     2012
2735                         2:00 Palestine  EE%sT
2736 
2737 Zone    Asia/Hebron     2:20:23 -       LMT     1900 Oct
2738                         2:00    Zion    EET/EEST 1948 May 15
2739                         2:00 EgyptAsia  EE%sT   1967 Jun  5
2740                         2:00    Zion    I%sT    1996


2750 # be immediately followed by 1845-01-01; see R.H. van Gent's
2751 # History of the International Date Line
2752 # https://www.staff.science.uu.nl/~gent0113/idl/idl_philippines.htm
2753 # The rest of the data entries are from Shanks & Pottenger.
2754 
2755 # From Jesper Nørgaard Welen (2006-04-26):
2756 # ... claims that Philippines had DST last time in 1990:
2757 # http://story.philippinetimes.com/p.x/ct/9/id/145be20cc6b121c0/cid/3e5bbccc730d258c/
2758 # [a story dated 2006-04-25 by Cris Larano of Dow Jones Newswires,
2759 # but no details]
2760 
2761 # From Paul Eggert (2014-08-14):
2762 # The following source says DST may be instituted November-January and again
2763 # March-June, but this is not definite.  It also says DST was last proclaimed
2764 # during the Ramos administration (1992-1998); but again, no details.
2765 # Carcamo D. PNoy urged to declare use of daylight saving time.
2766 # Philippine Star 2014-08-05
2767 # http://www.philstar.com/headlines/2014/08/05/1354152/pnoy-urged-declare-use-daylight-saving-time
2768 
2769 # Rule  NAME    FROM    TO      TYPE    IN      ON      AT      SAVE    LETTER/S
2770 Rule    Phil    1936    only    -       Nov     1       0:00    1:00    -
2771 Rule    Phil    1937    only    -       Feb     1       0:00    0       -
2772 Rule    Phil    1954    only    -       Apr     12      0:00    1:00    -
2773 Rule    Phil    1954    only    -       Jul     1       0:00    0       -
2774 Rule    Phil    1978    only    -       Mar     22      0:00    1:00    -
2775 Rule    Phil    1978    only    -       Sep     21      0:00    0       -
2776 # Zone  NAME            GMTOFF  RULES   FORMAT  [UNTIL]
2777 Zone    Asia/Manila     -15:56:00 -     LMT     1844 Dec 31
2778                         8:04:00 -       LMT     1899 May 11
2779                         8:00    Phil    +08/+09 1942 May
2780                         9:00    -       +09     1944 Nov
2781                         8:00    Phil    +08/+09
2782 
2783 # Qatar
2784 # Zone  NAME            GMTOFF  RULES   FORMAT  [UNTIL]
2785 Zone    Asia/Qatar      3:26:08 -       LMT     1920     # Al Dawhah / Doha
2786                         4:00    -       +04     1972 Jun
2787                         3:00    -       +03
2788 Link Asia/Qatar Asia/Bahrain
2789 
2790 # Saudi Arabia
2791 #
2792 # From Paul Eggert (2014-07-15):
2793 # Time in Saudi Arabia and other countries in the Arabian peninsula was not
2794 # standardized until relatively recently; we don't know when, and possibly it


3110 # From Paul Eggert (2014-10-04):
3111 # Milne gives 7:16:56 for the meridian of Saigon in 1899, as being
3112 # used in Lower Laos, Cambodia, and Annam.  But this is quite a ways
3113 # from Saigon's location.  For now, ignore this and stick with Shanks
3114 # and Pottenger for LMT before 1906.
3115 
3116 # From Arthur David Olson (2008-03-18):
3117 # The English-language name of Vietnam's most populous city is "Ho Chi Minh
3118 # City"; use Ho_Chi_Minh below to avoid a name of more than 14 characters.
3119 
3120 # From Paul Eggert (2014-10-21) after a heads-up from Trần Ngọc Quân:
3121 # Trần Tiến Bình's authoritative book "Lịch Việt Nam: thế kỷ XX-XXI (1901-2100)"
3122 # (Nhà xuất bản Văn Hoá - Thông Tin, Hanoi, 2005), pp 49-50,
3123 # is quoted verbatim in:
3124 # http://www.thoigian.com.vn/?mPage=P80D01
3125 # is translated by Brian Inglis in:
3126 # https://mm.icann.org/pipermail/tz/2014-October/021654.html
3127 # and is the basis for the information below.
3128 #
3129 # The 1906 transition was effective July 1 and standardized Indochina to
3130 # Phù Liễn Observatory, legally 104° 17' 17" east of Paris.
3131 # It's unclear whether this meant legal Paris Mean Time (00:09:21) or
3132 # the Paris Meridian (2° 20' 14.03" E); the former yields 07:06:30.1333...
3133 # and the latter 07:06:29.333... so either way it rounds to 07:06:30,
3134 # which is used below even though the modern-day Phù Liễn Observatory
3135 # is closer to 07:06:31.  Abbreviate Phù Liễn Mean Time as PLMT.
3136 #
3137 # The following transitions occurred in Indochina in general (before 1954)
3138 # and in South Vietnam in particular (after 1954):
3139 # To 07:00 on 1911-05-01.
3140 # To 08:00 on 1942-12-31 at 23:00.
3141 # To 09:00 in 1945-03-14 at 23:00.
3142 # To 07:00 on 1945-09-02 in Vietnam.
3143 # To 08:00 on 1947-04-01 in French-controlled Indochina.
3144 # To 07:00 on 1955-07-01 in South Vietnam.
3145 # To 08:00 on 1959-12-31 at 23:00 in South Vietnam.
3146 # To 07:00 on 1975-06-13 in South Vietnam.
3147 #
3148 # Trần cites the following sources; it's unclear which supplied the info above.
3149 #
3150 # Hoàng Xuân Hãn: "Lịch và lịch Việt Nam". Tập san Khoa học Xã hội,
3151 # No. 9, Paris, February 1982.
3152 #
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