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8 # by Oracle in the LICENSE file that accompanied this code.
9 #
10 # This code is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT
11 # ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or
12 # FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU General Public License
13 # version 2 for more details (a copy is included in the LICENSE file that
14 # accompanied this code).
15 #
16 # You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License version
17 # 2 along with this work; if not, write to the Free Software Foundation,
18 # Inc., 51 Franklin St, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA 02110-1301 USA.
19 #
20 # Please contact Oracle, 500 Oracle Parkway, Redwood Shores, CA 94065 USA
21 # or visit www.oracle.com if you need additional information or have any
22 # questions.
23 #
24 # This file is in the public domain, so clarified as of
25 # 2009-05-17 by Arthur David Olson.
26
27 # This file is by no means authoritative; if you think you know better,
28 # go ahead and edit the file (and please send any changes to
29 # tz@iana.org for general use in the future). For more, please see
30 # the file CONTRIBUTING in the tz distribution.
31
32 # From Paul Eggert (2017-02-10):
33 #
34 # Unless otherwise specified, the source for data through 1990 is:
35 # Thomas G. Shanks and Rique Pottenger, The International Atlas (6th edition),
36 # San Diego: ACS Publications, Inc. (2003).
37 # Unfortunately this book contains many errors and cites no sources.
38 #
39 # Many years ago Gwillim Law wrote that a good source
40 # for time zone data was the International Air Transport
41 # Association's Standard Schedules Information Manual (IATA SSIM),
42 # published semiannually. Law sent in several helpful summaries
43 # of the IATA's data after 1990. Except where otherwise noted,
44 # IATA SSIM is the source for entries after 1990.
45 #
46 # A reliable and entertaining source about time zones is
47 # Derek Howse, Greenwich time and longitude, Philip Wilson Publishers (1997).
48 #
49 # Except where otherwise noted, Shanks & Pottenger is the source for
50 # entries through 1991, and IATA SSIM is the source for entries afterwards.
51 #
52 # Other sources occasionally used include:
53 #
54 # Edward W. Whitman, World Time Differences,
55 # Whitman Publishing Co, 2 Niagara Av, Ealing, London (undated),
56 # which I found in the UCLA library.
57 #
58 # William Willett, The Waste of Daylight, 19th edition
59 # <http://cs.ucla.edu/~eggert/The-Waste-of-Daylight-19th.pdf>
60 # [PDF] (1914-03)
61 #
62 # Milne J. Civil time. Geogr J. 1899 Feb;13(2):173-94
63 # <https://www.jstor.org/stable/1774359>. He writes:
64 # "It is requested that corrections and additions to these tables
65 # may be sent to Mr. John Milne, Royal Geographical Society,
66 # Savile Row, London." Nowadays please email them to tz@iana.org.
67 #
68 # Byalokoz EL. New Counting of Time in Russia since July 1, 1919.
69 # This Russian-language source was consulted by Vladimir Karpinsky; see
70 # https://mm.icann.org/pipermail/tz/2014-August/021320.html
71 # The full Russian citation is:
72 # Бялокоз, Евгений Людвигович. Новый счет времени в течении суток
73 # введенный декретом Совета народных комиссаров для всей России с 1-го
74 # июля 1919 г. / Изд. 2-е Междуведомственной комиссии. - Петроград:
75 # Десятая гос. тип., 1919.
76 # http://resolver.gpntb.ru/purl?docushare/dsweb/Get/Resource-2011/Byalokoz__E.L.__Novyy__schet__vremeni__v__techenie__sutok__izd__2(1).pdf
77 #
78 # Brazil's Divisão Serviço da Hora (DSHO),
79 # History of Summer Time
80 # <http://pcdsh01.on.br/HISTHV.htm>
81 # (1998-09-21, in Portuguese)
82 #
83 # I invented the abbreviations marked '*' in the following table;
84 # the rest are variants of the "xMT" pattern for a city's mean time,
85 # or are from other sources. Corrections are welcome!
86 # std dst 2dst
87 # LMT Local Mean Time
88 # -4:00 AST ADT Atlantic
89 # 0:00 GMT BST BDST Greenwich, British Summer
90 # 0:00 GMT IST Greenwich, Irish Summer
91 # 0:00 WET WEST WEMT Western Europe
92 # 0:19:32.13 AMT* NST* Amsterdam, Netherlands Summer (1835-1937)
93 # 1:00 BST British Standard (1968-1971)
94 # 1:00 IST GMT Irish Standard (1968-) with winter DST
95 # 1:00 CET CEST CEMT Central Europe
96 # 1:00:14 SET Swedish (1879-1899)
97 # 1:36:34 RMT* LST* Riga, Latvian Summer (1880-1926)*
98 # 2:00 EET EEST Eastern Europe
99 # 3:00 MSK MSD MDST* Moscow
100
101 # From Peter Ilieve (1994-12-04), re EEC/EC/EU members:
102 # The original six: Belgium, France, (West) Germany, Italy,
103 # Luxembourg, the Netherlands.
104 # Plus, from 1 Jan 73: Denmark, Ireland, United Kingdom.
105 # Plus, from 1 Jan 81: Greece.
106 # Plus, from 1 Jan 86: Spain, Portugal.
107 # Plus, from 1 Jan 95: Austria, Finland, Sweden. (Norway negotiated terms for
108 # entry but in a referendum on 28 Nov 94 the people voted No by 52.2% to 47.8%
109 # on a turnout of 88.6%. This was almost the same result as Norway's previous
110 # referendum in 1972, they are the only country to have said No twice.
111 # Referendums in the other three countries voted Yes.)
112 # ...
113 # Estonia ... uses EU dates but not at 01:00 GMT, they use midnight GMT.
114 # I don't think they know yet what they will do from 1996 onwards.
115 # ...
116 # There shouldn't be any [current members who are not using EU rules].
117 # A Directive has the force of law, member states are obliged to enact
118 # national law to implement it. The only contentious issue was the
119 # different end date for the UK and Ireland, and this was always allowed
120 # in the Directive.
121
122
123 ###############################################################################
124
125 # Britain (United Kingdom) and Ireland (Eire)
126
127 # From Peter Ilieve (1994-07-06):
128 #
129 # On 17 Jan 1994 the Independent, a UK quality newspaper, had a piece about
130 # historical vistas along the Thames in west London. There was a photo
131 # and a sketch map showing some of the sightlines involved. One paragraph
132 # of the text said:
133 #
134 # 'An old stone obelisk marking a forgotten terrestrial meridian stands
135 # beside the river at Kew. In the 18th century, before time and longitude
136 # was standardised by the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, scholars observed
137 # this stone and the movement of stars from Kew Observatory nearby. They
138 # made their calculations and set the time for the Horse Guards and Parliament,
139 # but now the stone is obscured by scrubwood and can only be seen by walking
140 # along the towpath within a few yards of it.'
141 #
142 # I have a one inch to one mile map of London and my estimate of the stone's
143 # position is 51° 28' 30" N, 0° 18' 45" W. The longitude should
144 # be within about ±2". The Ordnance Survey grid reference is TQ172761.
145 #
146 # [This yields GMTOFF = -0:01:15 for London LMT in the 18th century.]
147
148 # From Paul Eggert (1993-11-18):
149 #
150 # Howse writes that Britain was the first country to use standard time.
151 # The railways cared most about the inconsistencies of local mean time,
152 # and it was they who forced a uniform time on the country.
153 # The original idea was credited to Dr. William Hyde Wollaston (1766-1828)
154 # and was popularized by Abraham Follett Osler (1808-1903).
155 # The first railway to adopt London time was the Great Western Railway
156 # in November 1840; other railways followed suit, and by 1847 most
157 # (though not all) railways used London time. On 1847-09-22 the
158 # Railway Clearing House, an industry standards body, recommended that GMT be
159 # adopted at all stations as soon as the General Post Office permitted it.
160 # The transition occurred on 12-01 for the L&NW, the Caledonian,
161 # and presumably other railways; the January 1848 Bradshaw's lists many
162 # railways as using GMT. By 1855 the vast majority of public
163 # clocks in Britain were set to GMT (though some, like the great clock
164 # on Tom Tower at Christ Church, Oxford, were fitted with two minute hands,
165 # one for local time and one for GMT). The last major holdout was the legal
166 # system, which stubbornly stuck to local time for many years, leading
167 # to oddities like polls opening at 08:13 and closing at 16:13.
168 # The legal system finally switched to GMT when the Statutes (Definition
169 # of Time) Act took effect; it received the Royal Assent on 1880-08-02.
170 #
171 # In the tables below, we condense this complicated story into a single
172 # transition date for London, namely 1847-12-01. We don't know as much
173 # about Dublin, so we use 1880-08-02, the legal transition time.
174
175 # From Paul Eggert (2014-07-19):
176 # The ancients had no need for daylight saving, as they kept time
177 # informally or via hours whose length depended on the time of year.
178 # Daylight saving time in its modern sense was invented by the
179 # New Zealand entomologist George Vernon Hudson (1867-1946),
180 # whose day job as a postal clerk led him to value
181 # after-hours daylight in which to pursue his research.
182 # In 1895 he presented a paper to the Wellington Philosophical Society
183 # that proposed a two-hour daylight-saving shift. See:
184 # Hudson GV. On seasonal time-adjustment in countries south of lat. 30°.
185 # Transactions and Proceedings of the New Zealand Institute. 1895;28:734
186 # http://rsnz.natlib.govt.nz/volume/rsnz_28/rsnz_28_00_006110.html
187 # Although some interest was expressed in New Zealand, his proposal
188 # did not find its way into law and eventually it was almost forgotten.
189 #
190 # In England, DST was independently reinvented by William Willett (1857-1915),
191 # a London builder and member of the Royal Astronomical Society
192 # who circulated a pamphlet "The Waste of Daylight" (1907)
193 # that proposed advancing clocks 20 minutes on each of four Sundays in April,
194 # and retarding them by the same amount on four Sundays in September.
195 # A bill was drafted in 1909 and introduced in Parliament several times,
196 # but it met with ridicule and opposition, especially from farming interests.
197 # Later editions of the pamphlet proposed one-hour summer time, and
198 # it was eventually adopted as a wartime measure in 1916.
199 # See: Summer Time Arrives Early, The Times (2000-05-18).
200 # A monument to Willett was unveiled on 1927-05-21, in an open space in
201 # a 45-acre wood near Chislehurst, Kent that was purchased by popular
202 # subscription and open to the public. On the south face of the monolith,
203 # designed by G. W. Miller, is the William Willett Memorial Sundial,
204 # which is permanently set to Summer Time.
205
206 # From Winston Churchill (1934-04-28):
207 # It is one of the paradoxes of history that we should owe the boon of
208 # summer time, which gives every year to the people of this country
209 # between 160 and 170 hours more daylight leisure, to a war which
210 # plunged Europe into darkness for four years, and shook the
211 # foundations of civilization throughout the world.
212 # -- "A Silent Toast to William Willett", Pictorial Weekly;
213 # republished in Finest Hour (Spring 2002) 1(114):26
214 # https://www.winstonchurchill.org/publications/finest-hour/finest-hour-114/a-silent-toast-to-william-willett-by-winston-s-churchill
215
216 # From Paul Eggert (2015-08-08):
217 # The OED Supplement says that the English originally said "Daylight Saving"
218 # when they were debating the adoption of DST in 1908; but by 1916 this
219 # term appears only in quotes taken from DST's opponents, whereas the
220 # proponents (who eventually won the argument) are quoted as using "Summer".
221 # The term "Summer Time" was introduced by Herbert Samuel, Home Secretary; see:
222 # Viscount Samuel. Leisure in a Democracy. Cambridge University Press
223 # ISBN 978-1-107-49471-8 (1949, reissued 2015), p 8.
224
225 # From Arthur David Olson (1989-01-19):
226 # A source at the British Information Office in New York avers that it's
227 # known as "British" Summer Time in all parts of the United Kingdom.
228
229 # Date: 4 Jan 89 08:57:25 GMT (Wed)
230 # From: Jonathan Leffler
231 # [British Summer Time] is fixed annually by Act of Parliament.
232 # If you can predict what Parliament will do, you should be in
233 # politics making a fortune, not computing.
234
235 # From Chris Carrier (1996-06-14):
236 # I remember reading in various wartime issues of the London Times the
237 # acronym BDST for British Double Summer Time. Look for the published
238 # time of sunrise and sunset in The Times, when BDST was in effect, and
239 # if you find a zone reference it will say, "All times B.D.S.T."
240
241 # From Joseph S. Myers (1999-09-02):
242 # ... some military cables (WO 219/4100 - this is a copy from the
243 # main SHAEF archives held in the US National Archives, SHAEF/5252/8/516)
244 # agree that the usage is BDST (this appears in a message dated 17 Feb 1945).
245
246 # From Joseph S. Myers (2000-10-03):
247 # On 18th April 1941, Sir Stephen Tallents of the BBC wrote to Sir
248 # Alexander Maxwell of the Home Office asking whether there was any
249 # official designation; the reply of the 21st was that there wasn't
250 # but he couldn't think of anything better than the "Double British
251 # Summer Time" that the BBC had been using informally.
252 # https://www.polyomino.org.uk/british-time/bbc-19410418.png
253 # https://www.polyomino.org.uk/british-time/ho-19410421.png
254
255 # From Sir Alexander Maxwell in the above-mentioned letter (1941-04-21):
256 # [N]o official designation has as far as I know been adopted for the time
257 # which is to be introduced in May....
258 # I cannot think of anything better than "Double British Summer Time"
259 # which could not be said to run counter to any official description.
260
261 # From Paul Eggert (2000-10-02):
262 # Howse writes (p 157) 'DBST' too, but 'BDST' seems to have been common
263 # and follows the more usual convention of putting the location name first,
264 # so we use 'BDST'.
265
266 # Peter Ilieve (1998-04-19) described at length
267 # the history of summer time legislation in the United Kingdom.
268 # Since 1998 Joseph S. Myers has been updating
269 # and extending this list, which can be found in
270 # https://www.polyomino.org.uk/british-time/
271
272 # From Joseph S. Myers (1998-01-06):
273 #
274 # The legal time in the UK outside of summer time is definitely GMT, not UTC;
275 # see Lord Tanlaw's speech
276 # https://www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/ld199798/ldhansrd/vo970611/text/70611-10.htm#70611-10_head0
277 # (Lords Hansard 11 June 1997 columns 964 to 976).
278
279 # From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):
280 #
281 # For lack of other data, follow Shanks & Pottenger for Eire in 1940-1948.
282 #
283 # Given Ilieve and Myers's data, the following claims by Shanks & Pottenger
284 # are incorrect:
285 # * Wales did not switch from GMT to daylight saving time until
286 # 1921 Apr 3, when they began to conform with the rest of Great Britain.
287 # Actually, Wales was identical after 1880.
288 # * Eire had two transitions on 1916 Oct 1.
289 # It actually just had one transition.
290 # * Northern Ireland used single daylight saving time throughout WW II.
291 # Actually, it conformed to Britain.
292 # * GB-Eire changed standard time to 1 hour ahead of GMT on 1968-02-18.
293 # Actually, that date saw the usual switch to summer time.
294 # Standard time was not changed until 1968-10-27 (the clocks didn't change).
295 #
296 # Here is another incorrect claim by Shanks & Pottenger:
297 # * Jersey, Guernsey, and the Isle of Man did not switch from GMT
298 # to daylight saving time until 1921 Apr 3, when they began to
299 # conform with Great Britain.
300 # S.R.&O. 1916, No. 382 and HO 45/10811/312364 (quoted above) say otherwise.
301 #
302 # The following claim by Shanks & Pottenger is possible though doubtful;
303 # we'll ignore it for now.
304 # * Dublin's 1971-10-31 switch was at 02:00, even though London's was 03:00.
305
306 # From Paul Eggert (2017-12-04):
307 #
308 # Dunsink Observatory (8 km NW of Dublin's center) was to Dublin as
309 # Greenwich was to London. For example:
310 #
311 # "Timeball on the ballast office is down. Dunsink time."
312 # -- James Joyce, Ulysses
313 #
314 # The abbreviation DMT stood for "Dublin Mean Time" or "Dunsink Mean Time";
315 # this being Ireland, opinions differed.
316 #
317 # Whitman says Dublin/Dunsink Mean Time was UT-00:25:21, which agrees
318 # with measurements of recent visitors to the Meridian Room of Dunsink
319 # Observatory; see Malone D. Dunsink and timekeeping. 2016-01-24.
320 # <https://www.maths.tcd.ie/~dwmalone/time/dunsink.html>. Malone
321 # writes that the Nautical Almanac listed UT-00:25:22 until 1896, when
322 # it moved to UT-00:25:21.1 (I confirmed that the 1893 edition used
323 # the former and the 1896 edition used the latter). Evidently the
324 # news of this change propagated slowly, as Milne 1899 still lists
325 # UT-00:25:22 and cites the International Telegraph Bureau. As it is
326 # not clear that there was any practical significance to the change
327 # from UT-00:25:22 to UT-00:25:21.1 in civil timekeeping, omit this
328 # transition for now and just use the latter value, omitting its
329 # fraction since our format cannot represent fractions.
330
331 # "Countess Markievicz ... claimed that the [1916] abolition of Dublin Mean Time
332 # was among various actions undertaken by the 'English' government that
333 # would 'put the whole country into the SF (Sinn Féin) camp'. She claimed
334 # Irish 'public feeling (was) outraged by forcing of English time on us'."
335 # -- Parsons M. Dublin lost its time zone - and 25 minutes - after 1916 Rising.
336 # Irish Times 2014-10-27.
337 # https://www.irishtimes.com/news/politics/dublin-lost-its-time-zone-and-25-minutes-after-1916-rising-1.1977411
338
339 # From Joseph S. Myers (2005-01-26):
340 # Irish laws are available online at <http://www.irishstatutebook.ie>.
341 # These include various relating to legal time, for example:
342 #
343 # ZZA13Y1923.html ZZA12Y1924.html ZZA8Y1925.html ZZSIV20PG1267.html
344 #
345 # ZZSI71Y1947.html ZZSI128Y1948.html ZZSI23Y1949.html ZZSI41Y1950.html
346 # ZZSI27Y1951.html ZZSI73Y1952.html
347 #
348 # ZZSI11Y1961.html ZZSI232Y1961.html ZZSI182Y1962.html
349 # ZZSI167Y1963.html ZZSI257Y1964.html ZZSI198Y1967.html
350 # ZZA23Y1968.html ZZA17Y1971.html
351 #
352 # ZZSI67Y1981.html ZZSI212Y1982.html ZZSI45Y1986.html
353 # ZZSI264Y1988.html ZZSI52Y1990.html ZZSI371Y1992.html
354 # ZZSI395Y1994.html ZZSI484Y1997.html ZZSI506Y2001.html
355 #
356 # [These are all relative to the root, e.g., the first is
357 # <http://www.irishstatutebook.ie/ZZA13Y1923.html>.]
358 #
359 # (These are those I found, but there could be more. In any case these
360 # should allow various updates to the comments in the europe file to cover
361 # the laws applicable in Ireland.)
362 #
363 # (Note that the time in the Republic of Ireland since 1968 has been defined
364 # in terms of standard time being GMT+1 with a period of winter time when it
365 # is GMT, rather than standard time being GMT with a period of summer time
366 # being GMT+1.)
367
368 # From Paul Eggert (1999-03-28):
369 # Clive Feather (<news:859845706.26043.0@office.demon.net>, 1997-03-31)
370 # reports that Folkestone (Cheriton) Shuttle Terminal uses Concession Time
371 # (CT), equivalent to French civil time.
372 # Julian Hill (<news:36118128.5A14@virgin.net>, 1998-09-30) reports that
373 # trains between Dollands Moor (the freight facility next door)
374 # and Frethun run in CT.
375 # My admittedly uninformed guess is that the terminal has two authorities,
376 # the French concession operators and the British civil authorities,
377 # and that the time depends on who you're talking to.
378 # If, say, the British police were called to the station for some reason,
379 # I would expect the official police report to use GMT/BST and not CET/CEST.
380 # This is a borderline case, but for now let's stick to GMT/BST.
381
382 # From an anonymous contributor (1996-06-02):
383 # The law governing time in Ireland is under Statutory Instrument SI 395/94,
384 # which gives force to European Union 7th Council Directive No. 94/21/EC.
385 # Under this directive, the Minister for Justice in Ireland makes appropriate
386 # regulations. I spoke this morning with the Secretary of the Department of
387 # Justice (tel +353 1 678 9711) who confirmed to me that the correct name is
388 # "Irish Summer Time", abbreviated to "IST".
389 #
390 # From Paul Eggert (2017-12-07):
391 # The 1996 anonymous contributor's goal was to determine the correct
392 # abbreviation for summer time in Dublin and so the contributor
393 # focused on the "IST", not on the "Irish Summer Time". Though the
394 # "IST" was correct, the "Irish Summer Time" appears to have been an
395 # error, as Ireland's Standard Time (Amendment) Act, 1971 states that
396 # standard time in Ireland remains at UT +01 and is observed in
397 # summer, and that Greenwich mean time is observed in winter. (Thanks
398 # to Derick Rethans for pointing out the error.) That is, when
399 # Ireland amended the 1968 act that established UT +01 as Irish
400 # Standard Time, it left standard time unchanged and established GMT
401 # as a negative daylight saving time in winter. So, in this database
402 # IST stands for Irish Summer Time for timestamps before 1968, and for
403 # Irish Standard Time after that. See:
404 # http://www.irishstatutebook.ie/eli/1971/act/17/enacted/en/print
405
406 # Michael Deckers (2017-06-01) gave the following URLs for Ireland's
407 # Summer Time Act, 1925 and Summer Time Orders, 1926 and 1947:
408 # http://www.irishstatutebook.ie/eli/1925/act/8/enacted/en/print
409 # http://www.irishstatutebook.ie/eli/1926/sro/919/made/en/print
410 # http://www.irishstatutebook.ie/eli/1947/sro/71/made/en/print
411
412 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
413 # Summer Time Act, 1916
414 Rule GB-Eire 1916 only - May 21 2:00s 1:00 BST
415 Rule GB-Eire 1916 only - Oct 1 2:00s 0 GMT
416 # S.R.&O. 1917, No. 358
417 Rule GB-Eire 1917 only - Apr 8 2:00s 1:00 BST
418 Rule GB-Eire 1917 only - Sep 17 2:00s 0 GMT
419 # S.R.&O. 1918, No. 274
420 Rule GB-Eire 1918 only - Mar 24 2:00s 1:00 BST
421 Rule GB-Eire 1918 only - Sep 30 2:00s 0 GMT
422 # S.R.&O. 1919, No. 297
423 Rule GB-Eire 1919 only - Mar 30 2:00s 1:00 BST
424 Rule GB-Eire 1919 only - Sep 29 2:00s 0 GMT
425 # S.R.&O. 1920, No. 458
426 Rule GB-Eire 1920 only - Mar 28 2:00s 1:00 BST
427 # S.R.&O. 1920, No. 1844
428 Rule GB-Eire 1920 only - Oct 25 2:00s 0 GMT
429 # S.R.&O. 1921, No. 363
430 Rule GB-Eire 1921 only - Apr 3 2:00s 1:00 BST
431 Rule GB-Eire 1921 only - Oct 3 2:00s 0 GMT
432 # S.R.&O. 1922, No. 264
433 Rule GB-Eire 1922 only - Mar 26 2:00s 1:00 BST
434 Rule GB-Eire 1922 only - Oct 8 2:00s 0 GMT
435 # The Summer Time Act, 1922
436 Rule GB-Eire 1923 only - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST
437 Rule GB-Eire 1923 1924 - Sep Sun>=16 2:00s 0 GMT
438 Rule GB-Eire 1924 only - Apr Sun>=9 2:00s 1:00 BST
439 Rule GB-Eire 1925 1926 - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST
440 # The Summer Time Act, 1925
441 Rule GB-Eire 1925 1938 - Oct Sun>=2 2:00s 0 GMT
442 Rule GB-Eire 1927 only - Apr Sun>=9 2:00s 1:00 BST
443 Rule GB-Eire 1928 1929 - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST
444 Rule GB-Eire 1930 only - Apr Sun>=9 2:00s 1:00 BST
445 Rule GB-Eire 1931 1932 - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST
446 Rule GB-Eire 1933 only - Apr Sun>=9 2:00s 1:00 BST
447 Rule GB-Eire 1934 only - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST
448 Rule GB-Eire 1935 only - Apr Sun>=9 2:00s 1:00 BST
449 Rule GB-Eire 1936 1937 - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST
450 Rule GB-Eire 1938 only - Apr Sun>=9 2:00s 1:00 BST
451 Rule GB-Eire 1939 only - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST
452 # S.R.&O. 1939, No. 1379
453 Rule GB-Eire 1939 only - Nov Sun>=16 2:00s 0 GMT
454 # S.R.&O. 1940, No. 172 and No. 1883
455 Rule GB-Eire 1940 only - Feb Sun>=23 2:00s 1:00 BST
456 # S.R.&O. 1941, No. 476
457 Rule GB-Eire 1941 only - May Sun>=2 1:00s 2:00 BDST
458 Rule GB-Eire 1941 1943 - Aug Sun>=9 1:00s 1:00 BST
459 # S.R.&O. 1942, No. 506
460 Rule GB-Eire 1942 1944 - Apr Sun>=2 1:00s 2:00 BDST
461 # S.R.&O. 1944, No. 932
462 Rule GB-Eire 1944 only - Sep Sun>=16 1:00s 1:00 BST
463 # S.R.&O. 1945, No. 312
464 Rule GB-Eire 1945 only - Apr Mon>=2 1:00s 2:00 BDST
465 Rule GB-Eire 1945 only - Jul Sun>=9 1:00s 1:00 BST
466 # S.R.&O. 1945, No. 1208
467 Rule GB-Eire 1945 1946 - Oct Sun>=2 2:00s 0 GMT
468 Rule GB-Eire 1946 only - Apr Sun>=9 2:00s 1:00 BST
469 # The Summer Time Act, 1947
470 Rule GB-Eire 1947 only - Mar 16 2:00s 1:00 BST
471 Rule GB-Eire 1947 only - Apr 13 1:00s 2:00 BDST
472 Rule GB-Eire 1947 only - Aug 10 1:00s 1:00 BST
473 Rule GB-Eire 1947 only - Nov 2 2:00s 0 GMT
474 # Summer Time Order, 1948 (S.I. 1948/495)
475 Rule GB-Eire 1948 only - Mar 14 2:00s 1:00 BST
476 Rule GB-Eire 1948 only - Oct 31 2:00s 0 GMT
477 # Summer Time Order, 1949 (S.I. 1949/373)
478 Rule GB-Eire 1949 only - Apr 3 2:00s 1:00 BST
479 Rule GB-Eire 1949 only - Oct 30 2:00s 0 GMT
480 # Summer Time Order, 1950 (S.I. 1950/518)
481 # Summer Time Order, 1951 (S.I. 1951/430)
482 # Summer Time Order, 1952 (S.I. 1952/451)
483 Rule GB-Eire 1950 1952 - Apr Sun>=14 2:00s 1:00 BST
484 Rule GB-Eire 1950 1952 - Oct Sun>=21 2:00s 0 GMT
485 # revert to the rules of the Summer Time Act, 1925
486 Rule GB-Eire 1953 only - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST
487 Rule GB-Eire 1953 1960 - Oct Sun>=2 2:00s 0 GMT
488 Rule GB-Eire 1954 only - Apr Sun>=9 2:00s 1:00 BST
489 Rule GB-Eire 1955 1956 - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST
490 Rule GB-Eire 1957 only - Apr Sun>=9 2:00s 1:00 BST
491 Rule GB-Eire 1958 1959 - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST
492 Rule GB-Eire 1960 only - Apr Sun>=9 2:00s 1:00 BST
493 # Summer Time Order, 1961 (S.I. 1961/71)
494 # Summer Time (1962) Order, 1961 (S.I. 1961/2465)
495 # Summer Time Order, 1963 (S.I. 1963/81)
496 Rule GB-Eire 1961 1963 - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 BST
497 Rule GB-Eire 1961 1968 - Oct Sun>=23 2:00s 0 GMT
498 # Summer Time (1964) Order, 1963 (S.I. 1963/2101)
499 # Summer Time Order, 1964 (S.I. 1964/1201)
500 # Summer Time Order, 1967 (S.I. 1967/1148)
501 Rule GB-Eire 1964 1967 - Mar Sun>=19 2:00s 1:00 BST
502 # Summer Time Order, 1968 (S.I. 1968/117)
503 Rule GB-Eire 1968 only - Feb 18 2:00s 1:00 BST
504 # The British Standard Time Act, 1968
505 # (no summer time)
506 # The Summer Time Act, 1972
507 Rule GB-Eire 1972 1980 - Mar Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST
508 Rule GB-Eire 1972 1980 - Oct Sun>=23 2:00s 0 GMT
509 # Summer Time Order, 1980 (S.I. 1980/1089)
510 # Summer Time Order, 1982 (S.I. 1982/1673)
511 # Summer Time Order, 1986 (S.I. 1986/223)
512 # Summer Time Order, 1988 (S.I. 1988/931)
513 Rule GB-Eire 1981 1995 - Mar lastSun 1:00u 1:00 BST
514 Rule GB-Eire 1981 1989 - Oct Sun>=23 1:00u 0 GMT
515 # Summer Time Order, 1989 (S.I. 1989/985)
516 # Summer Time Order, 1992 (S.I. 1992/1729)
517 # Summer Time Order 1994 (S.I. 1994/2798)
518 Rule GB-Eire 1990 1995 - Oct Sun>=22 1:00u 0 GMT
519 # Summer Time Order 1997 (S.I. 1997/2982)
520 # See EU for rules starting in 1996.
521 #
522 # Use Europe/London for Jersey, Guernsey, and the Isle of Man.
523
524 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
525 Zone Europe/London -0:01:15 - LMT 1847 Dec 1 0:00s
526 0:00 GB-Eire %s 1968 Oct 27
527 1:00 - BST 1971 Oct 31 2:00u
528 0:00 GB-Eire %s 1996
529 0:00 EU GMT/BST
530 Link Europe/London Europe/Jersey
531 Link Europe/London Europe/Guernsey
532 Link Europe/London Europe/Isle_of_Man
533
534 # From Paul Eggert (2018-02-15):
535 # In January 2018 we discovered that the negative SAVE values in the
536 # Eire rules cause problems with tests for ICU:
537 # https://mm.icann.org/pipermail/tz/2018-January/025825.html
538 # and with tests for OpenJDK:
539 # https://mm.icann.org/pipermail/tz/2018-January/025822.html
540 #
541 # To work around this problem, the build procedure can translate the
542 # following data into two forms, one with negative SAVE values and the
543 # other form with a traditional approximation for Irish time stamps
544 # after 1971-10-31 02:00 UTC; although this approximation has tm_isdst
545 # flags that are reversed, its UTC offsets are correct and this often
546 # suffices. This source file currently uses only nonnegative SAVE
547 # values, but this is intended to change and downstream code should
548 # not rely on it.
549 #
550 # The following is like GB-Eire and EU, except with standard time in
551 # summer and negative daylight saving time in winter. It is for when
552 # negative SAVE values are used.
553 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
554 #Rule Eire 1971 only - Oct 31 2:00u -1:00 GMT
555 #Rule Eire 1972 1980 - Mar Sun>=16 2:00u 0 IST
556 #Rule Eire 1972 1980 - Oct Sun>=23 2:00u -1:00 GMT
557 #Rule Eire 1981 max - Mar lastSun 1:00u 0 IST
558 #Rule Eire 1981 1989 - Oct Sun>=23 1:00u -1:00 GMT
559 #Rule Eire 1990 1995 - Oct Sun>=22 1:00u -1:00 GMT
560 #Rule Eire 1996 max - Oct lastSun 1:00u -1:00 GMT
561
562 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
563 Zone Europe/Dublin -0:25:00 - LMT 1880 Aug 2
564 -0:25:21 - DMT 1916 May 21 2:00s
565 -0:25:21 1:00 IST 1916 Oct 1 2:00s
566 0:00 GB-Eire %s 1921 Dec 6 # independence
567 0:00 GB-Eire GMT/IST 1940 Feb 25 2:00s
568 0:00 1:00 IST 1946 Oct 6 2:00s
569 0:00 - GMT 1947 Mar 16 2:00s
570 0:00 1:00 IST 1947 Nov 2 2:00s
571 0:00 - GMT 1948 Apr 18 2:00s
572 0:00 GB-Eire GMT/IST 1968 Oct 27
573 # The next line is for when negative SAVE values are used.
574 # 1:00 Eire IST/GMT
575 # These three lines are for when SAVE values are always nonnegative.
576 1:00 - IST 1971 Oct 31 2:00u
577 0:00 GB-Eire GMT/IST 1996
578 0:00 EU GMT/IST
579
580
581 ###############################################################################
582
583 # Europe
584
585 # The following rules are for the European Union and for its
586 # predecessor organization, the European Communities.
587 # For brevity they are called "EU rules" elsewhere in this file.
588
589 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
590 Rule EU 1977 1980 - Apr Sun>=1 1:00u 1:00 S
591 Rule EU 1977 only - Sep lastSun 1:00u 0 -
592 Rule EU 1978 only - Oct 1 1:00u 0 -
593 Rule EU 1979 1995 - Sep lastSun 1:00u 0 -
594 Rule EU 1981 max - Mar lastSun 1:00u 1:00 S
595 Rule EU 1996 max - Oct lastSun 1:00u 0 -
596 # The most recent directive covers the years starting in 2002. See:
597 # Directive 2000/84/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council
598 # of 19 January 2001 on summer-time arrangements.
599 # http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=CELEX:32000L0084:EN:NOT
600
601 # W-Eur differs from EU only in that W-Eur uses standard time.
602 Rule W-Eur 1977 1980 - Apr Sun>=1 1:00s 1:00 S
603 Rule W-Eur 1977 only - Sep lastSun 1:00s 0 -
604 Rule W-Eur 1978 only - Oct 1 1:00s 0 -
605 Rule W-Eur 1979 1995 - Sep lastSun 1:00s 0 -
606 Rule W-Eur 1981 max - Mar lastSun 1:00s 1:00 S
607 Rule W-Eur 1996 max - Oct lastSun 1:00s 0 -
608
609 # Older C-Eur rules are for convenience in the tables.
610 # From 1977 on, C-Eur differs from EU only in that C-Eur uses standard time.
611 Rule C-Eur 1916 only - Apr 30 23:00 1:00 S
612 Rule C-Eur 1916 only - Oct 1 1:00 0 -
613 Rule C-Eur 1917 1918 - Apr Mon>=15 2:00s 1:00 S
614 Rule C-Eur 1917 1918 - Sep Mon>=15 2:00s 0 -
615 Rule C-Eur 1940 only - Apr 1 2:00s 1:00 S
616 Rule C-Eur 1942 only - Nov 2 2:00s 0 -
617 Rule C-Eur 1943 only - Mar 29 2:00s 1:00 S
618 Rule C-Eur 1943 only - Oct 4 2:00s 0 -
619 Rule C-Eur 1944 1945 - Apr Mon>=1 2:00s 1:00 S
620 # Whitman gives 1944 Oct 7; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
621 Rule C-Eur 1944 only - Oct 2 2:00s 0 -
622 # From Jesper Nørgaard Welen (2008-07-13):
623 #
624 # I found what is probably a typo of 2:00 which should perhaps be 2:00s
625 # in the C-Eur rule from tz database version 2008d (this part was
626 # corrected in version 2008d). The circumstantial evidence is simply the
627 # tz database itself, as seen below:
628 #
629 # Zone Europe/Paris 0:09:21 - LMT 1891 Mar 15 0:01
630 # 0:00 France WE%sT 1945 Sep 16 3:00
631 #
632 # Zone Europe/Monaco 0:29:32 - LMT 1891 Mar 15
633 # 0:00 France WE%sT 1945 Sep 16 3:00
634 #
635 # Zone Europe/Belgrade 1:22:00 - LMT 1884
636 # 1:00 1:00 CEST 1945 Sep 16 2:00s
637 #
638 # Rule France 1945 only - Sep 16 3:00 0 -
639 # Rule Belgium 1945 only - Sep 16 2:00s 0 -
640 # Rule Neth 1945 only - Sep 16 2:00s 0 -
641 #
642 # The rule line to be changed is:
643 #
644 # Rule C-Eur 1945 only - Sep 16 2:00 0 -
645 #
646 # It seems that Paris, Monaco, Rule France, Rule Belgium all agree on
647 # 2:00 standard time, e.g. 3:00 local time. However there are no
648 # countries that use C-Eur rules in September 1945, so the only items
649 # affected are apparently these fictitious zones that translate acronyms
650 # CET and MET:
651 #
652 # Zone CET 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT
653 # Zone MET 1:00 C-Eur ME%sT
654 #
655 # It this is right then the corrected version would look like:
656 #
657 # Rule C-Eur 1945 only - Sep 16 2:00s 0 -
658 #
659 # A small step for mankind though 8-)
660 Rule C-Eur 1945 only - Sep 16 2:00s 0 -
661 Rule C-Eur 1977 1980 - Apr Sun>=1 2:00s 1:00 S
662 Rule C-Eur 1977 only - Sep lastSun 2:00s 0 -
663 Rule C-Eur 1978 only - Oct 1 2:00s 0 -
664 Rule C-Eur 1979 1995 - Sep lastSun 2:00s 0 -
665 Rule C-Eur 1981 max - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 S
666 Rule C-Eur 1996 max - Oct lastSun 2:00s 0 -
667
668 # E-Eur differs from EU only in that E-Eur switches at midnight local time.
669 Rule E-Eur 1977 1980 - Apr Sun>=1 0:00 1:00 S
670 Rule E-Eur 1977 only - Sep lastSun 0:00 0 -
671 Rule E-Eur 1978 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
672 Rule E-Eur 1979 1995 - Sep lastSun 0:00 0 -
673 Rule E-Eur 1981 max - Mar lastSun 0:00 1:00 S
674 Rule E-Eur 1996 max - Oct lastSun 0:00 0 -
675
676
677 # Daylight saving time for Russia and the Soviet Union
678 #
679 # The 1917-1921 decree URLs are from Alexander Belopolsky (2016-08-23).
680
681 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
682 Rule Russia 1917 only - Jul 1 23:00 1:00 MST # Moscow Summer Time
683 #
684 # Decree No. 142 (1917-12-22) http://istmat.info/node/28137
685 Rule Russia 1917 only - Dec 28 0:00 0 MMT # Moscow Mean Time
686 #
687 # Decree No. 497 (1918-05-30) http://istmat.info/node/30001
688 Rule Russia 1918 only - May 31 22:00 2:00 MDST # Moscow Double Summer Time
689 Rule Russia 1918 only - Sep 16 1:00 1:00 MST
690 #
691 # Decree No. 258 (1919-05-29) http://istmat.info/node/37949
692 Rule Russia 1919 only - May 31 23:00 2:00 MDST
693 #
694 Rule Russia 1919 only - Jul 1 0:00u 1:00 MSD
695 Rule Russia 1919 only - Aug 16 0:00 0 MSK
696 #
697 # Decree No. 63 (1921-02-03) http://istmat.info/node/45840
698 Rule Russia 1921 only - Feb 14 23:00 1:00 MSD
699 #
700 # Decree No. 121 (1921-03-07) http://istmat.info/node/45949
701 Rule Russia 1921 only - Mar 20 23:00 2:00 +05
702 #
703 Rule Russia 1921 only - Sep 1 0:00 1:00 MSD
704 Rule Russia 1921 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
705 # Act No. 925 of the Council of Ministers of the USSR (1980-10-24):
706 Rule Russia 1981 1984 - Apr 1 0:00 1:00 S
707 Rule Russia 1981 1983 - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
708 # Act No. 967 of the Council of Ministers of the USSR (1984-09-13), repeated in
709 # Act No. 227 of the Council of Ministers of the USSR (1989-03-14):
710 Rule Russia 1984 1995 - Sep lastSun 2:00s 0 -
711 Rule Russia 1985 2010 - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 S
712 #
713 Rule Russia 1996 2010 - Oct lastSun 2:00s 0 -
714 # As described below, Russia's 2014 change affects Zone data, not Rule data.
715
716 # From Stepan Golosunov (2016-03-07):
717 # Wikipedia and other sources refer to the Act of the Council of
718 # Ministers of the USSR from 1988-01-04 No. 5 and the Act of the
719 # Council of Ministers of the USSR from 1989-03-14 No. 227.
720 #
721 # I did not find full texts of these acts. For the 1989 one we have
722 # title at https://base.garant.ru/70754136/ :
723 # "About change in calculation of time on the territories of
724 # Lithuanian SSR, Latvian SSR and Estonian SSR, Astrakhan,
725 # Kaliningrad, Kirov, Kuybyshev, Ulyanovsk and Uralsk oblasts".
726 # And http://astrozet.net/files/Zones/DOC/RU/1980-925.txt appears to
727 # contain quotes from both acts: Since last Sunday of March 1988 rules
728 # of the second time belt are installed in Volgograd and Saratov
729 # oblasts. Since last Sunday of March 1989:
730 # a) Lithuanian SSR, Latvian SSR, Estonian SSR, Kaliningrad oblast:
731 # second time belt rules without extra hour (Moscow-1);
732 # b) Astrakhan, Kirov, Kuybyshev, Ulyanovsk oblasts: second time belt
733 # rules (Moscow time)
734 # c) Uralsk oblast: third time belt rules (Moscow+1).
735
736 # From Stepan Golosunov (2016-03-27):
737 # Unamended version of the act of the
738 # Government of the Russian Federation No. 23 from 08.01.1992
739 # http://pravo.gov.ru/proxy/ips/?docbody=&nd=102014034&rdk=0
740 # says that every year clocks were to be moved forward on last Sunday
741 # of March at 2 hours and moved backwards on last Sunday of September
742 # at 3 hours. It was amended in 1996 to replace September with October.
743
744 # From Alexander Krivenyshev (2011-06-14):
745 # According to Kremlin press service, Russian President Dmitry Medvedev
746 # signed a federal law "On calculation of time" on June 9, 2011.
747 # According to the law Russia is abolishing daylight saving time.
748 #
749 # Medvedev signed a law "On the Calculation of Time" (in russian):
750 # http://bmockbe.ru/events/?ID=7583
751 #
752 # Medvedev signed a law on the calculation of the time (in russian):
753 # https://www.regnum.ru/news/polit/1413906.html
754
755 # From Arthur David Olson (2011-06-15):
756 # Take "abolishing daylight saving time" to mean that time is now considered
757 # to be standard.
758
759 # These are for backward compatibility with older versions.
760
761 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
762 Zone WET 0:00 EU WE%sT
763 Zone CET 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT
764 Zone MET 1:00 C-Eur ME%sT
765 Zone EET 2:00 EU EE%sT
766
767 # Previous editions of this database used abbreviations like MET DST
768 # for Central European Summer Time, but this didn't agree with common usage.
769
770 # From Markus Kuhn (1996-07-12):
771 # The official German names ... are
772 #
773 # Mitteleuropäische Zeit (MEZ) = UTC+01:00
774 # Mitteleuropäische Sommerzeit (MESZ) = UTC+02:00
775 #
776 # as defined in the German Time Act (Gesetz über die Zeitbestimmung (ZeitG),
777 # 1978-07-25, Bundesgesetzblatt, Jahrgang 1978, Teil I, S. 1110-1111)....
778 # I wrote ... to the German Federal Physical-Technical Institution
779 #
780 # Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB)
781 # Laboratorium 4.41 "Zeiteinheit"
782 # Postfach 3345
783 # D-38023 Braunschweig
784 # phone: +49 531 592-0
785 #
786 # ... I received today an answer letter from Dr. Peter Hetzel, head of the PTB
787 # department for time and frequency transmission. He explained that the
788 # PTB translates MEZ and MESZ into English as
789 #
790 # Central European Time (CET) = UTC+01:00
791 # Central European Summer Time (CEST) = UTC+02:00
792
793
794 # Albania
795 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
796 Rule Albania 1940 only - Jun 16 0:00 1:00 S
797 Rule Albania 1942 only - Nov 2 3:00 0 -
798 Rule Albania 1943 only - Mar 29 2:00 1:00 S
799 Rule Albania 1943 only - Apr 10 3:00 0 -
800 Rule Albania 1974 only - May 4 0:00 1:00 S
801 Rule Albania 1974 only - Oct 2 0:00 0 -
802 Rule Albania 1975 only - May 1 0:00 1:00 S
803 Rule Albania 1975 only - Oct 2 0:00 0 -
804 Rule Albania 1976 only - May 2 0:00 1:00 S
805 Rule Albania 1976 only - Oct 3 0:00 0 -
806 Rule Albania 1977 only - May 8 0:00 1:00 S
807 Rule Albania 1977 only - Oct 2 0:00 0 -
808 Rule Albania 1978 only - May 6 0:00 1:00 S
809 Rule Albania 1978 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
810 Rule Albania 1979 only - May 5 0:00 1:00 S
811 Rule Albania 1979 only - Sep 30 0:00 0 -
812 Rule Albania 1980 only - May 3 0:00 1:00 S
813 Rule Albania 1980 only - Oct 4 0:00 0 -
814 Rule Albania 1981 only - Apr 26 0:00 1:00 S
815 Rule Albania 1981 only - Sep 27 0:00 0 -
816 Rule Albania 1982 only - May 2 0:00 1:00 S
817 Rule Albania 1982 only - Oct 3 0:00 0 -
818 Rule Albania 1983 only - Apr 18 0:00 1:00 S
819 Rule Albania 1983 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
820 Rule Albania 1984 only - Apr 1 0:00 1:00 S
821 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
822 Zone Europe/Tirane 1:19:20 - LMT 1914
823 1:00 - CET 1940 Jun 16
824 1:00 Albania CE%sT 1984 Jul
825 1:00 EU CE%sT
826
827 # Andorra
828 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
829 Zone Europe/Andorra 0:06:04 - LMT 1901
830 0:00 - WET 1946 Sep 30
831 1:00 - CET 1985 Mar 31 2:00
832 1:00 EU CE%sT
833
834 # Austria
835
836 # Milne says Vienna time was 1:05:21.
837
838 # From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22): Shanks & Pottenger give 1918-06-16 and
839 # 1945-11-18, but the Austrian Federal Office of Metrology and
840 # Surveying (BEV) gives 1918-09-16 and for Vienna gives the "alleged"
841 # date of 1945-04-12 with no time. For the 1980-04-06 transition
842 # Shanks & Pottenger give 02:00, the BEV 00:00. Go with the BEV,
843 # and guess 02:00 for 1945-04-12.
844
845 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
846 Rule Austria 1920 only - Apr 5 2:00s 1:00 S
847 Rule Austria 1920 only - Sep 13 2:00s 0 -
848 Rule Austria 1946 only - Apr 14 2:00s 1:00 S
849 Rule Austria 1946 1948 - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
850 Rule Austria 1947 only - Apr 6 2:00s 1:00 S
851 Rule Austria 1948 only - Apr 18 2:00s 1:00 S
852 Rule Austria 1980 only - Apr 6 0:00 1:00 S
853 Rule Austria 1980 only - Sep 28 0:00 0 -
854 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
855 Zone Europe/Vienna 1:05:21 - LMT 1893 Apr
856 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1920
857 1:00 Austria CE%sT 1940 Apr 1 2:00s
858 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 Apr 2 2:00s
859 1:00 1:00 CEST 1945 Apr 12 2:00s
860 1:00 - CET 1946
861 1:00 Austria CE%sT 1981
862 1:00 EU CE%sT
863
864 # Belarus
865 #
866 # From Stepan Golosunov (2016-07-02):
867 # http://www.lawbelarus.com/repub/sub30/texf9611.htm
868 # (Act of the Cabinet of Ministers of the Republic of Belarus from
869 # 1992-03-25 No. 157) ... says clocks were to be moved forward at 2:00
870 # on last Sunday of March and backward at 3:00 on last Sunday of September
871 # (the same as previous USSR and contemporary Russian regulations).
872 #
873 # From Yauhen Kharuzhy (2011-09-16):
874 # By latest Belarus government act Europe/Minsk timezone was changed to
875 # GMT+3 without DST (was GMT+2 with DST).
876 #
877 # Sources (Russian language):
878 # http://www.belta.by/ru/all_news/society/V-Belarusi-otmenjaetsja-perexod-na-sezonnoe-vremja_i_572952.html
879 # http://naviny.by/rubrics/society/2011/09/16/ic_articles_116_175144/
880 # https://news.tut.by/society/250578.html
881 #
882 # From Alexander Bokovoy (2014-10-09):
883 # Belarussian government decided against changing to winter time....
884 # http://eng.belta.by/all_news/society/Belarus-decides-against-adjusting-time-in-Russias-wake_i_76335.html
885 #
886 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
887 Zone Europe/Minsk 1:50:16 - LMT 1880
888 1:50 - MMT 1924 May 2 # Minsk Mean Time
889 2:00 - EET 1930 Jun 21
890 3:00 - MSK 1941 Jun 28
891 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Jul 3
892 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1990
893 3:00 - MSK 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
894 2:00 Russia EE%sT 2011 Mar 27 2:00s
895 3:00 - +03
896
897 # Belgium
898 #
899 # From Paul Eggert (1997-07-02):
900 # Entries from 1918 through 1991 are taken from:
901 # Annuaire de L'Observatoire Royal de Belgique,
902 # Avenue Circulaire, 3, B-1180 BRUXELLES, CLVIIe année, 1991
903 # (Imprimerie HAYEZ, s.p.r.l., Rue Fin, 4, 1080 BRUXELLES, MCMXC),
904 # pp 8-9.
905 # LMT before 1892 was 0:17:30, according to the official journal of Belgium:
906 # Moniteur Belge, Samedi 30 Avril 1892, N.121.
907 # Thanks to Pascal Delmoitie for these references.
908 # The 1918 rules are listed for completeness; they apply to unoccupied Belgium.
909 # Assume Brussels switched to WET in 1918 when the armistice took effect.
910 #
911 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
912 Rule Belgium 1918 only - Mar 9 0:00s 1:00 S
913 Rule Belgium 1918 1919 - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 -
914 Rule Belgium 1919 only - Mar 1 23:00s 1:00 S
915 Rule Belgium 1920 only - Feb 14 23:00s 1:00 S
916 Rule Belgium 1920 only - Oct 23 23:00s 0 -
917 Rule Belgium 1921 only - Mar 14 23:00s 1:00 S
918 Rule Belgium 1921 only - Oct 25 23:00s 0 -
919 Rule Belgium 1922 only - Mar 25 23:00s 1:00 S
920 Rule Belgium 1922 1927 - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 -
921 Rule Belgium 1923 only - Apr 21 23:00s 1:00 S
922 Rule Belgium 1924 only - Mar 29 23:00s 1:00 S
923 Rule Belgium 1925 only - Apr 4 23:00s 1:00 S
924 # DSH writes that a royal decree of 1926-02-22 specified the Sun following 3rd
925 # Sat in Apr (except if it's Easter, in which case it's one Sunday earlier),
926 # to Sun following 1st Sat in Oct, and that a royal decree of 1928-09-15
927 # changed the transition times to 02:00 GMT.
928 Rule Belgium 1926 only - Apr 17 23:00s 1:00 S
929 Rule Belgium 1927 only - Apr 9 23:00s 1:00 S
930 Rule Belgium 1928 only - Apr 14 23:00s 1:00 S
931 Rule Belgium 1928 1938 - Oct Sun>=2 2:00s 0 -
932 Rule Belgium 1929 only - Apr 21 2:00s 1:00 S
933 Rule Belgium 1930 only - Apr 13 2:00s 1:00 S
934 Rule Belgium 1931 only - Apr 19 2:00s 1:00 S
935 Rule Belgium 1932 only - Apr 3 2:00s 1:00 S
936 Rule Belgium 1933 only - Mar 26 2:00s 1:00 S
937 Rule Belgium 1934 only - Apr 8 2:00s 1:00 S
938 Rule Belgium 1935 only - Mar 31 2:00s 1:00 S
939 Rule Belgium 1936 only - Apr 19 2:00s 1:00 S
940 Rule Belgium 1937 only - Apr 4 2:00s 1:00 S
941 Rule Belgium 1938 only - Mar 27 2:00s 1:00 S
942 Rule Belgium 1939 only - Apr 16 2:00s 1:00 S
943 Rule Belgium 1939 only - Nov 19 2:00s 0 -
944 Rule Belgium 1940 only - Feb 25 2:00s 1:00 S
945 Rule Belgium 1944 only - Sep 17 2:00s 0 -
946 Rule Belgium 1945 only - Apr 2 2:00s 1:00 S
947 Rule Belgium 1945 only - Sep 16 2:00s 0 -
948 Rule Belgium 1946 only - May 19 2:00s 1:00 S
949 Rule Belgium 1946 only - Oct 7 2:00s 0 -
950 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
951 Zone Europe/Brussels 0:17:30 - LMT 1880
952 0:17:30 - BMT 1892 May 1 12:00 # Brussels MT
953 0:00 - WET 1914 Nov 8
954 1:00 - CET 1916 May 1 0:00
955 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1918 Nov 11 11:00u
956 0:00 Belgium WE%sT 1940 May 20 2:00s
957 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Sep 3
958 1:00 Belgium CE%sT 1977
959 1:00 EU CE%sT
960
961 # Bosnia and Herzegovina
962 # See Europe/Belgrade.
963
964 # Bulgaria
965 #
966 # From Plamen Simenov via Steffen Thorsen (1999-09-09):
967 # A document of Government of Bulgaria (No. 94/1997) says:
968 # EET -> EETDST is in 03:00 Local time in last Sunday of March ...
969 # EETDST -> EET is in 04:00 Local time in last Sunday of October
970 #
971 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
972 Rule Bulg 1979 only - Mar 31 23:00 1:00 S
973 Rule Bulg 1979 only - Oct 1 1:00 0 -
974 Rule Bulg 1980 1982 - Apr Sat>=1 23:00 1:00 S
975 Rule Bulg 1980 only - Sep 29 1:00 0 -
976 Rule Bulg 1981 only - Sep 27 2:00 0 -
977 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
978 Zone Europe/Sofia 1:33:16 - LMT 1880
979 1:56:56 - IMT 1894 Nov 30 # Istanbul MT?
980 2:00 - EET 1942 Nov 2 3:00
981 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945
982 1:00 - CET 1945 Apr 2 3:00
983 2:00 - EET 1979 Mar 31 23:00
984 2:00 Bulg EE%sT 1982 Sep 26 3:00
985 2:00 C-Eur EE%sT 1991
986 2:00 E-Eur EE%sT 1997
987 2:00 EU EE%sT
988
989 # Croatia
990 # See Europe/Belgrade.
991
992 # Cyprus
993 # Please see the 'asia' file for Asia/Nicosia.
994
995 # Czech Republic / Czechia
996 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
997 Rule Czech 1945 only - Apr 8 2:00s 1:00 S
998 Rule Czech 1945 only - Nov 18 2:00s 0 -
999 Rule Czech 1946 only - May 6 2:00s 1:00 S
1000 Rule Czech 1946 1949 - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
1001 Rule Czech 1947 only - Apr 20 2:00s 1:00 S
1002 Rule Czech 1948 only - Apr 18 2:00s 1:00 S
1003 Rule Czech 1949 only - Apr 9 2:00s 1:00 S
1004 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1005 Zone Europe/Prague 0:57:44 - LMT 1850
1006 0:57:44 - PMT 1891 Oct # Prague Mean Time
1007 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Sep 17 2:00s
1008 1:00 Czech CE%sT 1979
1009 1:00 EU CE%sT
1010 # Use Europe/Prague also for Slovakia.
1011
1012 # Denmark, Faroe Islands, and Greenland
1013
1014 # From Jesper Nørgaard Welen (2005-04-26):
1015 # http://www.hum.aau.dk/~poe/tid/tine/DanskTid.htm says that the law
1016 # [introducing standard time] was in effect from 1894-01-01....
1017 # The page http://www.retsinfo.dk/_GETDOCI_/ACCN/A18930008330-REGL
1018 # confirms this, and states that the law was put forth 1893-03-29.
1019 #
1020 # The EU [actually, EEC and Euratom] treaty with effect from 1973:
1021 # http://www.retsinfo.dk/_GETDOCI_/ACCN/A19722110030-REGL
1022 #
1023 # This provoked a new law from 1974 to make possible summer time changes
1024 # in subsequent decrees with the law
1025 # http://www.retsinfo.dk/_GETDOCI_/ACCN/A19740022330-REGL
1026 #
1027 # It seems however that no decree was set forward until 1980. I have
1028 # not found any decree, but in another related law, the effecting DST
1029 # changes are stated explicitly to be from 1980-04-06 at 02:00 to
1030 # 1980-09-28 at 02:00. If this is true, this differs slightly from
1031 # the EU rule in that DST runs to 02:00, not 03:00. We don't know
1032 # when Denmark began using the EU rule correctly, but we have only
1033 # confirmation of the 1980-time, so I presume it was correct in 1981:
1034 # The law is about the management of the extra hour, concerning
1035 # working hours reported and effect on obligatory-rest rules (which
1036 # was suspended on that night):
1037 # http://www.retsinfo.dk/_GETDOCI_/ACCN/C19801120554-REGL
1038
1039 # From Jesper Nørgaard Welen (2005-06-11):
1040 # The Herning Folkeblad (1980-09-26) reported that the night between
1041 # Saturday and Sunday the clock is set back from three to two.
1042
1043 # From Paul Eggert (2005-06-11):
1044 # Hence the "02:00" of the 1980 law refers to standard time, not
1045 # wall-clock time, and so the EU rules were in effect in 1980.
1046
1047 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1048 Rule Denmark 1916 only - May 14 23:00 1:00 S
1049 Rule Denmark 1916 only - Sep 30 23:00 0 -
1050 Rule Denmark 1940 only - May 15 0:00 1:00 S
1051 Rule Denmark 1945 only - Apr 2 2:00s 1:00 S
1052 Rule Denmark 1945 only - Aug 15 2:00s 0 -
1053 Rule Denmark 1946 only - May 1 2:00s 1:00 S
1054 Rule Denmark 1946 only - Sep 1 2:00s 0 -
1055 Rule Denmark 1947 only - May 4 2:00s 1:00 S
1056 Rule Denmark 1947 only - Aug 10 2:00s 0 -
1057 Rule Denmark 1948 only - May 9 2:00s 1:00 S
1058 Rule Denmark 1948 only - Aug 8 2:00s 0 -
1059 #
1060 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1061 Zone Europe/Copenhagen 0:50:20 - LMT 1890
1062 0:50:20 - CMT 1894 Jan 1 # Copenhagen MT
1063 1:00 Denmark CE%sT 1942 Nov 2 2:00s
1064 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 Apr 2 2:00
1065 1:00 Denmark CE%sT 1980
1066 1:00 EU CE%sT
1067 Zone Atlantic/Faroe -0:27:04 - LMT 1908 Jan 11 # Tórshavn
1068 0:00 - WET 1981
1069 0:00 EU WE%sT
1070 #
1071 # From Paul Eggert (2004-10-31):
1072 # During World War II, Germany maintained secret manned weather stations in
1073 # East Greenland and Franz Josef Land, but we don't know their time zones.
1074 # My source for this is Wilhelm Dege's book mentioned under Svalbard.
1075 #
1076 # From Paul Eggert (2017-12-10):
1077 # Greenland joined the European Communities as part of Denmark,
1078 # obtained home rule on 1979-05-01, and left the European Communities
1079 # on 1985-02-01. It therefore should have been using EU
1080 # rules at least through 1984. Shanks & Pottenger say Scoresbysund and Godthåb
1081 # used C-Eur rules after 1980, but IATA SSIM (1991/1996) says they use EU
1082 # rules since at least 1991. Assume EU rules since 1980.
1083
1084 # From Gwillim Law (2001-06-06), citing
1085 # <http://www.statkart.no/efs/efshefter/2001/efs5-2001.pdf> (2001-03-15),
1086 # and with translations corrected by Steffen Thorsen:
1087 #
1088 # Greenland has four local times, and the relation to UTC
1089 # is according to the following time line:
1090 #
1091 # The military zone near Thule UTC-4
1092 # Standard Greenland time UTC-3
1093 # Scoresbysund UTC-1
1094 # Danmarkshavn UTC
1095 #
1096 # In the military area near Thule and in Danmarkshavn DST will not be
1097 # introduced.
1098
1099 # From Rives McDow (2001-11-01):
1100 #
1101 # I correspond regularly with the Dansk Polarcenter, and wrote them at
1102 # the time to clarify the situation in Thule. Unfortunately, I have
1103 # not heard back from them regarding my recent letter. [But I have
1104 # info from earlier correspondence.]
1105 #
1106 # According to the center, a very small local time zone around Thule
1107 # Air Base keeps the time according to UTC-4, implementing daylight
1108 # savings using North America rules, changing the time at 02:00 local time....
1109 #
1110 # The east coast of Greenland north of the community of Scoresbysund
1111 # uses UTC in the same way as in Iceland, year round, with no dst.
1112 # There are just a few stations on this coast, including the
1113 # Danmarkshavn ICAO weather station mentioned in your September 29th
1114 # email. The other stations are two sledge patrol stations in
1115 # Mestersvig and Daneborg, the air force base at Station Nord, and the
1116 # DPC research station at Zackenberg.
1117 #
1118 # Scoresbysund and two small villages nearby keep time UTC-1 and use
1119 # the same daylight savings time period as in West Greenland (Godthåb).
1120 #
1121 # The rest of Greenland, including Godthåb (this area, although it
1122 # includes central Greenland, is known as west Greenland), keeps time
1123 # UTC-3, with daylight savings methods according to European rules.
1124 #
1125 # It is common procedure to use UTC 0 in the wilderness of East and
1126 # North Greenland, because it is mainly Icelandic aircraft operators
1127 # maintaining traffic in these areas. However, the official status of
1128 # this area is that it sticks with Godthåb time. This area might be
1129 # considered a dual time zone in some respects because of this.
1130
1131 # From Rives McDow (2001-11-19):
1132 # I heard back from someone stationed at Thule; the time change took place
1133 # there at 2:00 AM.
1134
1135 # From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):
1136 # From 1997 on the CIA map shows Danmarkshavn on GMT;
1137 # the 1995 map as like Godthåb.
1138 # For lack of better info, assume they were like Godthåb before 1996.
1139 # startkart.no says Thule does not observe DST, but this is clearly an error,
1140 # so go with Shanks & Pottenger for Thule transitions until this year.
1141 # For 2007 on assume Thule will stay in sync with US DST rules.
1142
1143 # From J William Piggott (2016-02-20):
1144 # "Greenland north of the community of Scoresbysund" is officially named
1145 # "National Park" by Executive Order:
1146 # http://naalakkersuisut.gl/~/media/Nanoq/Files/Attached%20Files/Engelske-tekster/Legislation/Executive%20Order%20National%20Park.rtf
1147 # It is their only National Park.
1148 #
1149 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1150 Rule Thule 1991 1992 - Mar lastSun 2:00 1:00 D
1151 Rule Thule 1991 1992 - Sep lastSun 2:00 0 S
1152 Rule Thule 1993 2006 - Apr Sun>=1 2:00 1:00 D
1153 Rule Thule 1993 2006 - Oct lastSun 2:00 0 S
1154 Rule Thule 2007 max - Mar Sun>=8 2:00 1:00 D
1155 Rule Thule 2007 max - Nov Sun>=1 2:00 0 S
1156 #
1157 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1158 Zone America/Danmarkshavn -1:14:40 - LMT 1916 Jul 28
1159 -3:00 - -03 1980 Apr 6 2:00
1160 -3:00 EU -03/-02 1996
1161 0:00 - GMT
1162 Zone America/Scoresbysund -1:27:52 - LMT 1916 Jul 28 # Ittoqqortoormiit
1163 -2:00 - -02 1980 Apr 6 2:00
1164 -2:00 C-Eur -02/-01 1981 Mar 29
1165 -1:00 EU -01/+00
1166 Zone America/Godthab -3:26:56 - LMT 1916 Jul 28 # Nuuk
1167 -3:00 - -03 1980 Apr 6 2:00
1168 -3:00 EU -03/-02
1169 Zone America/Thule -4:35:08 - LMT 1916 Jul 28 # Pituffik air base
1170 -4:00 Thule A%sT
1171
1172 # Estonia
1173 #
1174 # From Paul Eggert (2016-03-18):
1175 # The 1989 transition is from USSR act No. 227 (1989-03-14).
1176 #
1177 # From Peter Ilieve (1994-10-15):
1178 # A relative in Tallinn confirms the accuracy of the data for 1989 onwards
1179 # [through 1994] and gives the legal authority for it,
1180 # a regulation of the Government of Estonia, No. 111 of 1989....
1181 #
1182 # From Peter Ilieve (1996-10-28):
1183 # [IATA SSIM (1992/1996) claims that the Baltic republics switch at 01:00s,
1184 # but a relative confirms that Estonia still switches at 02:00s, writing:]
1185 # "I do not [know] exactly but there are some little different
1186 # (confusing) rules for International Air and Railway Transport Schedules
1187 # conversion in Sunday connected with end of summer time in Estonia....
1188 # A discussion is running about the summer time efficiency and effect on
1189 # human physiology. It seems that Estonia maybe will not change to
1190 # summer time next spring."
1191
1192 # From Peter Ilieve (1998-11-04), heavily edited:
1193 # The 1998-09-22 Estonian time law
1194 # http://trip.rk.ee/cgi-bin/thw?${BASE}=akt&${OOHTML}=rtd&TA=1998&TO=1&AN=1390
1195 # refers to the Eighth Directive and cites the association agreement between
1196 # the EU and Estonia, ratified by the Estonian law (RT II 1995, 22-27, 120).
1197 #
1198 # I also asked [my relative] whether they use any standard abbreviation
1199 # for their standard and summer times. He says no, they use "suveaeg"
1200 # (summer time) and "talveaeg" (winter time).
1201
1202 # From The Baltic Times <https://www.baltictimes.com/> (1999-09-09)
1203 # via Steffen Thorsen:
1204 # This year will mark the last time Estonia shifts to summer time,
1205 # a council of the ruling coalition announced Sept. 6....
1206 # But what this could mean for Estonia's chances of joining the European
1207 # Union are still unclear. In 1994, the EU declared summer time compulsory
1208 # for all member states until 2001. Brussels has yet to decide what to do
1209 # after that.
1210
1211 # From Mart Oruaas (2000-01-29):
1212 # Regulation No. 301 (1999-10-12) obsoletes previous regulation
1213 # No. 206 (1998-09-22) and thus sticks Estonia to +02:00 GMT for all
1214 # the year round. The regulation is effective 1999-11-01.
1215
1216 # From Toomas Soome (2002-02-21):
1217 # The Estonian government has changed once again timezone politics.
1218 # Now we are using again EU rules.
1219 #
1220 # From Urmet Jänes (2002-03-28):
1221 # The legislative reference is Government decree No. 84 on 2002-02-21.
1222
1223 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1224 Zone Europe/Tallinn 1:39:00 - LMT 1880
1225 1:39:00 - TMT 1918 Feb # Tallinn Mean Time
1226 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1919 Jul
1227 1:39:00 - TMT 1921 May
1228 2:00 - EET 1940 Aug 6
1229 3:00 - MSK 1941 Sep 15
1230 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Sep 22
1231 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1989 Mar 26 2:00s
1232 2:00 1:00 EEST 1989 Sep 24 2:00s
1233 2:00 C-Eur EE%sT 1998 Sep 22
1234 2:00 EU EE%sT 1999 Oct 31 4:00
1235 2:00 - EET 2002 Feb 21
1236 2:00 EU EE%sT
1237
1238 # Finland
1239
1240 # From Hannu Strang (1994-09-25 06:03:37 UTC):
1241 # Well, here in Helsinki we're just changing from summer time to regular one,
1242 # and it's supposed to change at 4am...
1243
1244 # From Janne Snabb (2010-07-15):
1245 #
1246 # I noticed that the Finland data is not accurate for years 1981 and 1982.
1247 # During these two first trial years the DST adjustment was made one hour
1248 # earlier than in forthcoming years. Starting 1983 the adjustment was made
1249 # according to the central European standards.
1250 #
1251 # This is documented in Heikki Oja: Aikakirja 2007, published by The Almanac
1252 # Office of University of Helsinki, ISBN 952-10-3221-9, available online (in
1253 # Finnish) at
1254 # https://almanakka.helsinki.fi/aikakirja/Aikakirja2007kokonaan.pdf
1255 #
1256 # Page 105 (56 in PDF version) has a handy table of all past daylight savings
1257 # transitions. It is easy enough to interpret without Finnish skills.
1258 #
1259 # This is also confirmed by Finnish Broadcasting Company's archive at:
1260 # http://www.yle.fi/elavaarkisto/?s=s&g=1&ag=5&t=&a=3401
1261 #
1262 # The news clip from 1981 says that "the time between 2 and 3 o'clock does not
1263 # exist tonight."
1264
1265 # From Konstantin Hyppönen (2014-06-13):
1266 # [Heikki Oja's book Aikakirja 2013]
1267 # https://almanakka.helsinki.fi/images/aikakirja/Aikakirja2013kokonaan.pdf
1268 # pages 104-105, including a scan from a newspaper published on Apr 2 1942
1269 # say that ... [o]n Apr 2 1942, 24 o'clock (which means Apr 3 1942,
1270 # 00:00), clocks were moved one hour forward. The newspaper
1271 # mentions "on the night from Thursday to Friday"....
1272 # On Oct 4 1942, clocks were moved at 1:00 one hour backwards.
1273 #
1274 # From Paul Eggert (2014-06-14):
1275 # Go with Oja over Shanks.
1276
1277 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1278 Rule Finland 1942 only - Apr 2 24:00 1:00 S
1279 Rule Finland 1942 only - Oct 4 1:00 0 -
1280 Rule Finland 1981 1982 - Mar lastSun 2:00 1:00 S
1281 Rule Finland 1981 1982 - Sep lastSun 3:00 0 -
1282
1283 # Milne says Helsinki (Helsingfors) time was 1:39:49.2 (official document);
1284 # round to nearest.
1285
1286 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1287 Zone Europe/Helsinki 1:39:49 - LMT 1878 May 31
1288 1:39:49 - HMT 1921 May # Helsinki Mean Time
1289 2:00 Finland EE%sT 1983
1290 2:00 EU EE%sT
1291
1292 # Åland Is
1293 Link Europe/Helsinki Europe/Mariehamn
1294
1295
1296 # France
1297
1298 # From Ciro Discepolo (2000-12-20):
1299 #
1300 # Henri Le Corre, Régimes horaires pour le monde entier, Éditions
1301 # Traditionnelles - Paris 2 books, 1993
1302 #
1303 # Gabriel, Traité de l'heure dans le monde, Guy Trédaniel,
1304 # Paris, 1991
1305 #
1306 # Françoise Gauquelin, Problèmes de l'heure résolus en astrologie,
1307 # Guy Trédaniel, Paris 1987
1308
1309
1310 #
1311 # Shank & Pottenger seem to use '24:00' ambiguously; resolve it with Whitman.
1312 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1313 Rule France 1916 only - Jun 14 23:00s 1:00 S
1314 Rule France 1916 1919 - Oct Sun>=1 23:00s 0 -
1315 Rule France 1917 only - Mar 24 23:00s 1:00 S
1316 Rule France 1918 only - Mar 9 23:00s 1:00 S
1317 Rule France 1919 only - Mar 1 23:00s 1:00 S
1318 Rule France 1920 only - Feb 14 23:00s 1:00 S
1319 Rule France 1920 only - Oct 23 23:00s 0 -
1320 Rule France 1921 only - Mar 14 23:00s 1:00 S
1321 Rule France 1921 only - Oct 25 23:00s 0 -
1322 Rule France 1922 only - Mar 25 23:00s 1:00 S
1323 # DSH writes that a law of 1923-05-24 specified 3rd Sat in Apr at 23:00 to 1st
1324 # Sat in Oct at 24:00; and that in 1930, because of Easter, the transitions
1325 # were Apr 12 and Oct 5. Go with Shanks & Pottenger.
1326 Rule France 1922 1938 - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 -
1327 Rule France 1923 only - May 26 23:00s 1:00 S
1328 Rule France 1924 only - Mar 29 23:00s 1:00 S
1329 Rule France 1925 only - Apr 4 23:00s 1:00 S
1330 Rule France 1926 only - Apr 17 23:00s 1:00 S
1331 Rule France 1927 only - Apr 9 23:00s 1:00 S
1332 Rule France 1928 only - Apr 14 23:00s 1:00 S
1333 Rule France 1929 only - Apr 20 23:00s 1:00 S
1334 Rule France 1930 only - Apr 12 23:00s 1:00 S
1335 Rule France 1931 only - Apr 18 23:00s 1:00 S
1336 Rule France 1932 only - Apr 2 23:00s 1:00 S
1337 Rule France 1933 only - Mar 25 23:00s 1:00 S
1338 Rule France 1934 only - Apr 7 23:00s 1:00 S
1339 Rule France 1935 only - Mar 30 23:00s 1:00 S
1340 Rule France 1936 only - Apr 18 23:00s 1:00 S
1341 Rule France 1937 only - Apr 3 23:00s 1:00 S
1342 Rule France 1938 only - Mar 26 23:00s 1:00 S
1343 Rule France 1939 only - Apr 15 23:00s 1:00 S
1344 Rule France 1939 only - Nov 18 23:00s 0 -
1345 Rule France 1940 only - Feb 25 2:00 1:00 S
1346 # The French rules for 1941-1944 were not used in Paris, but Shanks & Pottenger
1347 # write that they were used in Monaco and in many French locations.
1348 # Le Corre writes that the upper limit of the free zone was Arnéguy, Orthez,
1349 # Mont-de-Marsan, Bazas, Langon, Lamothe-Montravel, Marœuil, La
1350 # Rochefoucauld, Champagne-Mouton, La Roche-Posay, La Haye-Descartes,
1351 # Loches, Montrichard, Vierzon, Bourges, Moulins, Digoin,
1352 # Paray-le-Monial, Montceau-les-Mines, Chalon-sur-Saône, Arbois,
1353 # Dole, Morez, St-Claude, and Collonges (Haute-Savoie).
1354 Rule France 1941 only - May 5 0:00 2:00 M # Midsummer
1355 # Shanks & Pottenger say this transition occurred at Oct 6 1:00,
1356 # but go with Denis Excoffier (1997-12-12),
1357 # who quotes the Ephémérides astronomiques for 1998 from Bureau des Longitudes
1358 # as saying 5/10/41 22hUT.
1359 Rule France 1941 only - Oct 6 0:00 1:00 S
1360 Rule France 1942 only - Mar 9 0:00 2:00 M
1361 Rule France 1942 only - Nov 2 3:00 1:00 S
1362 Rule France 1943 only - Mar 29 2:00 2:00 M
1363 Rule France 1943 only - Oct 4 3:00 1:00 S
1364 Rule France 1944 only - Apr 3 2:00 2:00 M
1365 Rule France 1944 only - Oct 8 1:00 1:00 S
1366 Rule France 1945 only - Apr 2 2:00 2:00 M
1367 Rule France 1945 only - Sep 16 3:00 0 -
1368 # Shanks & Pottenger give Mar 28 2:00 and Sep 26 3:00;
1369 # go with Excoffier's 28/3/76 0hUT and 25/9/76 23hUT.
1370 Rule France 1976 only - Mar 28 1:00 1:00 S
1371 Rule France 1976 only - Sep 26 1:00 0 -
1372 # Shanks & Pottenger give 0:09:20 for Paris Mean Time, and Whitman 0:09:05,
1373 # but Howse quotes the actual French legislation as saying 0:09:21.
1374 # Go with Howse. Howse writes that the time in France was officially based
1375 # on PMT-0:09:21 until 1978-08-09, when the time base finally switched to UTC.
1376 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1377 Zone Europe/Paris 0:09:21 - LMT 1891 Mar 15 0:01
1378 0:09:21 - PMT 1911 Mar 11 0:01 # Paris MT
1379 # Shanks & Pottenger give 1940 Jun 14 0:00; go with Excoffier and Le Corre.
1380 0:00 France WE%sT 1940 Jun 14 23:00
1381 # Le Corre says Paris stuck with occupied-France time after the liberation;
1382 # go with Shanks & Pottenger.
1383 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Aug 25
1384 0:00 France WE%sT 1945 Sep 16 3:00
1385 1:00 France CE%sT 1977
1386 1:00 EU CE%sT
1387
1388 # Germany
1389
1390 # From Markus Kuhn (1998-09-29):
1391 # The German time zone web site by the Physikalisch-Technische
1392 # Bundesanstalt contains DST information back to 1916.
1393 # [See tz-link.html for the URL.]
1394
1395 # From Jörg Schilling (2002-10-23):
1396 # In 1945, Berlin was switched to Moscow Summer time (GMT+4) by
1397 # https://www.dhm.de/lemo/html/biografien/BersarinNikolai/
1398 # General [Nikolai] Bersarin.
1399
1400 # From Paul Eggert (2003-03-08):
1401 # http://www.parlament-berlin.de/pds-fraktion.nsf/727459127c8b66ee8525662300459099/defc77cb784f180ac1256c2b0030274b/$FILE/bersarint.pdf
1402 # says that Bersarin issued an order to use Moscow time on May 20.
1403 # However, Moscow did not observe daylight saving in 1945, so
1404 # this was equivalent to UT +03, not +04.
1405
1406
1407 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1408 Rule Germany 1946 only - Apr 14 2:00s 1:00 S
1409 Rule Germany 1946 only - Oct 7 2:00s 0 -
1410 Rule Germany 1947 1949 - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
1411 # http://www.ptb.de/de/org/4/44/441/salt.htm says the following transition
1412 # occurred at 3:00 MEZ, not the 2:00 MEZ given in Shanks & Pottenger.
1413 # Go with the PTB.
1414 Rule Germany 1947 only - Apr 6 3:00s 1:00 S
1415 Rule Germany 1947 only - May 11 2:00s 2:00 M
1416 Rule Germany 1947 only - Jun 29 3:00 1:00 S
1417 Rule Germany 1948 only - Apr 18 2:00s 1:00 S
1418 Rule Germany 1949 only - Apr 10 2:00s 1:00 S
1419
1420 Rule SovietZone 1945 only - May 24 2:00 2:00 M # Midsummer
1421 Rule SovietZone 1945 only - Sep 24 3:00 1:00 S
1422 Rule SovietZone 1945 only - Nov 18 2:00s 0 -
1423
1424 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1425 Zone Europe/Berlin 0:53:28 - LMT 1893 Apr
1426 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 May 24 2:00
1427 1:00 SovietZone CE%sT 1946
1428 1:00 Germany CE%sT 1980
1429 1:00 EU CE%sT
1430
1431 # From Tobias Conradi (2011-09-12):
1432 # Büsingen <http://www.buesingen.de>, surrounded by the Swiss canton
1433 # Schaffhausen, did not start observing DST in 1980 as the rest of DE
1434 # (West Germany at that time) and DD (East Germany at that time) did.
1435 # DD merged into DE, the area is currently covered by code DE in ISO 3166-1,
1436 # which in turn is covered by the zone Europe/Berlin.
1437 #
1438 # Source for the time in Büsingen 1980:
1439 # http://www.srf.ch/player/video?id=c012c029-03b7-4c2b-9164-aa5902cd58d3
1440
1441 # From Arthur David Olson (2012-03-03):
1442 # Büsingen and Zurich have shared clocks since 1970.
1443
1444 Link Europe/Zurich Europe/Busingen
1445
1446 # Georgia
1447 # Please see the "asia" file for Asia/Tbilisi.
1448 # Herodotus (Histories, IV.45) says Georgia north of the Phasis (now Rioni)
1449 # is in Europe. Our reference location Tbilisi is in the Asian part.
1450
1451 # Gibraltar
1452 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1453 Zone Europe/Gibraltar -0:21:24 - LMT 1880 Aug 2 0:00s
1454 0:00 GB-Eire %s 1957 Apr 14 2:00
1455 1:00 - CET 1982
1456 1:00 EU CE%sT
1457
1458 # Greece
1459 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1460 # Whitman gives 1932 Jul 5 - Nov 1; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
1461 Rule Greece 1932 only - Jul 7 0:00 1:00 S
1462 Rule Greece 1932 only - Sep 1 0:00 0 -
1463 # Whitman gives 1941 Apr 25 - ?; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
1464 Rule Greece 1941 only - Apr 7 0:00 1:00 S
1465 # Whitman gives 1942 Feb 2 - ?; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
1466 Rule Greece 1942 only - Nov 2 3:00 0 -
1467 Rule Greece 1943 only - Mar 30 0:00 1:00 S
1468 Rule Greece 1943 only - Oct 4 0:00 0 -
1469 # Whitman gives 1944 Oct 3 - Oct 31; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
1470 Rule Greece 1952 only - Jul 1 0:00 1:00 S
1471 Rule Greece 1952 only - Nov 2 0:00 0 -
1472 Rule Greece 1975 only - Apr 12 0:00s 1:00 S
1473 Rule Greece 1975 only - Nov 26 0:00s 0 -
1474 Rule Greece 1976 only - Apr 11 2:00s 1:00 S
1475 Rule Greece 1976 only - Oct 10 2:00s 0 -
1476 Rule Greece 1977 1978 - Apr Sun>=1 2:00s 1:00 S
1477 Rule Greece 1977 only - Sep 26 2:00s 0 -
1478 Rule Greece 1978 only - Sep 24 4:00 0 -
1479 Rule Greece 1979 only - Apr 1 9:00 1:00 S
1480 Rule Greece 1979 only - Sep 29 2:00 0 -
1481 Rule Greece 1980 only - Apr 1 0:00 1:00 S
1482 Rule Greece 1980 only - Sep 28 0:00 0 -
1483 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1484 Zone Europe/Athens 1:34:52 - LMT 1895 Sep 14
1485 1:34:52 - AMT 1916 Jul 28 0:01 # Athens MT
1486 2:00 Greece EE%sT 1941 Apr 30
1487 1:00 Greece CE%sT 1944 Apr 4
1488 2:00 Greece EE%sT 1981
1489 # Shanks & Pottenger say it switched to C-Eur in 1981;
1490 # go with EU rules instead, since Greece joined Jan 1.
1491 2:00 EU EE%sT
1492
1493 # Hungary
1494 # From Paul Eggert (2014-07-15):
1495 # Dates for 1916-1945 are taken from:
1496 # Oross A. Jelen a múlt jövője: a nyári időszámítás Magyarországon 1916-1945.
1497 # National Archives of Hungary (2012-10-29).
1498 # http://mnl.gov.hu/a_het_dokumentuma/a_nyari_idoszamitas_magyarorszagon_19161945.html
1499 # This source does not always give times, which are taken from Shanks
1500 # & Pottenger (which disagree about the dates).
1501 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1502 Rule Hungary 1918 only - Apr 1 3:00 1:00 S
1503 Rule Hungary 1918 only - Sep 16 3:00 0 -
1504 Rule Hungary 1919 only - Apr 15 3:00 1:00 S
1505 Rule Hungary 1919 only - Nov 24 3:00 0 -
1506 Rule Hungary 1945 only - May 1 23:00 1:00 S
1507 Rule Hungary 1945 only - Nov 1 0:00 0 -
1508 Rule Hungary 1946 only - Mar 31 2:00s 1:00 S
1509 Rule Hungary 1946 1949 - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
1510 Rule Hungary 1947 1949 - Apr Sun>=4 2:00s 1:00 S
1511 Rule Hungary 1950 only - Apr 17 2:00s 1:00 S
1512 Rule Hungary 1950 only - Oct 23 2:00s 0 -
1513 Rule Hungary 1954 1955 - May 23 0:00 1:00 S
1514 Rule Hungary 1954 1955 - Oct 3 0:00 0 -
1515 Rule Hungary 1956 only - Jun Sun>=1 0:00 1:00 S
1516 Rule Hungary 1956 only - Sep lastSun 0:00 0 -
1517 Rule Hungary 1957 only - Jun Sun>=1 1:00 1:00 S
1518 Rule Hungary 1957 only - Sep lastSun 3:00 0 -
1519 Rule Hungary 1980 only - Apr 6 1:00 1:00 S
1520 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1521 Zone Europe/Budapest 1:16:20 - LMT 1890 Oct
1522 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1918
1523 1:00 Hungary CE%sT 1941 Apr 8
1524 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945
1525 1:00 Hungary CE%sT 1980 Sep 28 2:00s
1526 1:00 EU CE%sT
1527
1528 # Iceland
1529 #
1530 # From Adam David (1993-11-06):
1531 # The name of the timezone in Iceland for system / mail / news purposes is GMT.
1532 #
1533 # (1993-12-05):
1534 # This material is paraphrased from the 1988 edition of the University of
1535 # Iceland Almanak.
1536 #
1537 # From January 1st, 1908 the whole of Iceland was standardised at 1 hour
1538 # behind GMT. Previously, local mean solar time was used in different parts
1539 # of Iceland, the almanak had been based on Reykjavik mean solar time which
1540 # was 1 hour and 28 minutes behind GMT.
1541 #
1542 # "first day of winter" referred to [below] means the first day of the 26 weeks
1543 # of winter, according to the old icelandic calendar that dates back to the
1544 # time the norsemen first settled Iceland. The first day of winter is always
1545 # Saturday, but is not dependent on the Julian or Gregorian calendars.
1546 #
1547 # (1993-12-10):
1548 # I have a reference from the Oxford Icelandic-English dictionary for the
1549 # beginning of winter, which ties it to the ecclesiastical calendar (and thus
1550 # to the julian/gregorian calendar) over the period in question.
1551 # the winter begins on the Saturday next before St. Luke's day
1552 # (old style), or on St. Luke's day, if a Saturday.
1553 # St. Luke's day ought to be traceable from ecclesiastical sources. "old style"
1554 # might be a reference to the Julian calendar as opposed to Gregorian, or it
1555 # might mean something else (???).
1556 #
1557 # From Paul Eggert (2014-11-22):
1558 # The information below is taken from the 1988 Almanak; see
1559 # http://www.almanak.hi.is/klukkan.html
1560 #
1561 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1562 Rule Iceland 1917 1919 - Feb 19 23:00 1:00 -
1563 Rule Iceland 1917 only - Oct 21 1:00 0 -
1564 Rule Iceland 1918 1919 - Nov 16 1:00 0 -
1565 Rule Iceland 1921 only - Mar 19 23:00 1:00 -
1566 Rule Iceland 1921 only - Jun 23 1:00 0 -
1567 Rule Iceland 1939 only - Apr 29 23:00 1:00 -
1568 Rule Iceland 1939 only - Oct 29 2:00 0 -
1569 Rule Iceland 1940 only - Feb 25 2:00 1:00 -
1570 Rule Iceland 1940 1941 - Nov Sun>=2 1:00s 0 -
1571 Rule Iceland 1941 1942 - Mar Sun>=2 1:00s 1:00 -
1572 # 1943-1946 - first Sunday in March until first Sunday in winter
1573 Rule Iceland 1943 1946 - Mar Sun>=1 1:00s 1:00 -
1574 Rule Iceland 1942 1948 - Oct Sun>=22 1:00s 0 -
1575 # 1947-1967 - first Sunday in April until first Sunday in winter
1576 Rule Iceland 1947 1967 - Apr Sun>=1 1:00s 1:00 -
1577 # 1949 and 1967 Oct transitions delayed by 1 week
1578 Rule Iceland 1949 only - Oct 30 1:00s 0 -
1579 Rule Iceland 1950 1966 - Oct Sun>=22 1:00s 0 -
1580 Rule Iceland 1967 only - Oct 29 1:00s 0 -
1581 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1582 Zone Atlantic/Reykjavik -1:28 - LMT 1908
1583 -1:00 Iceland -01/+00 1968 Apr 7 1:00s
1584 0:00 - GMT
1585
1586 # Italy
1587 #
1588 # From Paul Eggert (2001-03-06):
1589 # Sicily and Sardinia each had their own time zones from 1866 to 1893,
1590 # called Palermo Time (+00:53:28) and Cagliari Time (+00:36:32).
1591 # During World War II, German-controlled Italy used German time.
1592 # But these events all occurred before the 1970 cutoff,
1593 # so record only the time in Rome.
1594 #
1595 # From Michael Deckers (2016-10-24):
1596 # http://www.ac-ilsestante.it/MERIDIANE/ora_legale quotes a law of 1893-08-10
1597 # ... [translated as] "The preceding dispositions will enter into
1598 # force at the instant at which, according to the time specified in
1599 # the 1st article, the 1st of November 1893 will begin...."
1600 #
1601 # From Pierpaolo Bernardi (2016-10-20):
1602 # The authoritative source for time in Italy is the national metrological
1603 # institute, which has a summary page of historical DST data at
1604 # http://www.inrim.it/res/tf/ora_legale_i.shtml
1605 # (2016-10-24):
1606 # http://www.renzobaldini.it/le-ore-legali-in-italia/
1607 # has still different data for 1944. It divides Italy in two, as
1608 # there were effectively two governments at the time, north of Gothic
1609 # Line German controlled territory, official government RSI, and south
1610 # of the Gothic Line, controlled by allied armies.
1611 #
1612 # From Brian Inglis (2016-10-23):
1613 # Viceregal LEGISLATIVE DECREE. 14 September 1944, no. 219.
1614 # Restoration of Standard Time. (044U0219) (OJ 62 of 30.9.1944) ...
1615 # Given the R. law decreed on 1944-03-29, no. 92, by which standard time is
1616 # advanced to sixty minutes later starting at hour two on 1944-04-02; ...
1617 # Starting at hour three on the date 1944-09-17 standard time will be resumed.
1618 #
1619 # From Paul Eggert (2016-10-27):
1620 # Go with INRiM for DST rules, except as corrected by Inglis for 1944
1621 # for the Kingdom of Italy. This is consistent with Renzo Baldini.
1622 # Model Rome's occupation by using C-Eur rules from 1943-09-10
1623 # to 1944-06-04; although Rome was an open city during this period, it
1624 # was effectively controlled by Germany.
1625 #
1626 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1627 Rule Italy 1916 only - Jun 3 24:00 1:00 S
1628 Rule Italy 1916 1917 - Sep 30 24:00 0 -
1629 Rule Italy 1917 only - Mar 31 24:00 1:00 S
1630 Rule Italy 1918 only - Mar 9 24:00 1:00 S
1631 Rule Italy 1918 only - Oct 6 24:00 0 -
1632 Rule Italy 1919 only - Mar 1 24:00 1:00 S
1633 Rule Italy 1919 only - Oct 4 24:00 0 -
1634 Rule Italy 1920 only - Mar 20 24:00 1:00 S
1635 Rule Italy 1920 only - Sep 18 24:00 0 -
1636 Rule Italy 1940 only - Jun 14 24:00 1:00 S
1637 Rule Italy 1942 only - Nov 2 2:00s 0 -
1638 Rule Italy 1943 only - Mar 29 2:00s 1:00 S
1639 Rule Italy 1943 only - Oct 4 2:00s 0 -
1640 Rule Italy 1944 only - Apr 2 2:00s 1:00 S
1641 Rule Italy 1944 only - Sep 17 2:00s 0 -
1642 Rule Italy 1945 only - Apr 2 2:00 1:00 S
1643 Rule Italy 1945 only - Sep 15 1:00 0 -
1644 Rule Italy 1946 only - Mar 17 2:00s 1:00 S
1645 Rule Italy 1946 only - Oct 6 2:00s 0 -
1646 Rule Italy 1947 only - Mar 16 0:00s 1:00 S
1647 Rule Italy 1947 only - Oct 5 0:00s 0 -
1648 Rule Italy 1948 only - Feb 29 2:00s 1:00 S
1649 Rule Italy 1948 only - Oct 3 2:00s 0 -
1650 Rule Italy 1966 1968 - May Sun>=22 0:00s 1:00 S
1651 Rule Italy 1966 only - Sep 24 24:00 0 -
1652 Rule Italy 1967 1969 - Sep Sun>=22 0:00s 0 -
1653 Rule Italy 1969 only - Jun 1 0:00s 1:00 S
1654 Rule Italy 1970 only - May 31 0:00s 1:00 S
1655 Rule Italy 1970 only - Sep lastSun 0:00s 0 -
1656 Rule Italy 1971 1972 - May Sun>=22 0:00s 1:00 S
1657 Rule Italy 1971 only - Sep lastSun 0:00s 0 -
1658 Rule Italy 1972 only - Oct 1 0:00s 0 -
1659 Rule Italy 1973 only - Jun 3 0:00s 1:00 S
1660 Rule Italy 1973 1974 - Sep lastSun 0:00s 0 -
1661 Rule Italy 1974 only - May 26 0:00s 1:00 S
1662 Rule Italy 1975 only - Jun 1 0:00s 1:00 S
1663 Rule Italy 1975 1977 - Sep lastSun 0:00s 0 -
1664 Rule Italy 1976 only - May 30 0:00s 1:00 S
1665 Rule Italy 1977 1979 - May Sun>=22 0:00s 1:00 S
1666 Rule Italy 1978 only - Oct 1 0:00s 0 -
1667 Rule Italy 1979 only - Sep 30 0:00s 0 -
1668 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1669 Zone Europe/Rome 0:49:56 - LMT 1866 Sep 22
1670 0:49:56 - RMT 1893 Oct 31 23:49:56 # Rome Mean
1671 1:00 Italy CE%sT 1943 Sep 10
1672 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Jun 4
1673 1:00 Italy CE%sT 1980
1674 1:00 EU CE%sT
1675
1676 Link Europe/Rome Europe/Vatican
1677 Link Europe/Rome Europe/San_Marino
1678
1679 # Latvia
1680
1681 # From Liene Kanepe (1998-09-17):
1682
1683 # I asked about this matter Scientific Secretary of the Institute of Astronomy
1684 # of The University of Latvia Dr. paed Mr. Ilgonis Vilks. I also searched the
1685 # correct data in juridical acts and I found some juridical documents about
1686 # changes in the counting of time in Latvia from 1981....
1687 #
1688 # Act No. 35 of the Council of Ministers of Latvian SSR of 1981-01-22 ...
1689 # according to the Act No. 925 of the Council of Ministers of USSR of 1980-10-24
1690 # ...: all year round the time of 2nd time zone + 1 hour, in addition turning
1691 # the hands of the clock 1 hour forward on 1 April at 00:00 (GMT 31 March 21:00)
1692 # and 1 hour backward on the 1 October at 00:00 (GMT 30 September 20:00).
1693 #
1694 # Act No. 592 of the Council of Ministers of Latvian SSR of 1984-09-24 ...
1695 # according to the Act No. 967 of the Council of Ministers of USSR of 1984-09-13
1696 # ...: all year round the time of 2nd time zone + 1 hour, in addition turning
1697 # the hands of the clock 1 hour forward on the last Sunday of March at 02:00
1698 # (GMT 23:00 on the previous day) and 1 hour backward on the last Sunday of
1699 # September at 03:00 (GMT 23:00 on the previous day).
1700 #
1701 # Act No. 81 of the Council of Ministers of Latvian SSR of 1989-03-22 ...
1702 # according to the Act No. 227 of the Council of Ministers of USSR of 1989-03-14
1703 # ...: since the last Sunday of March 1989 in Lithuanian SSR, Latvian SSR,
1704 # Estonian SSR and Kaliningrad region of Russian Federation all year round the
1705 # time of 2nd time zone (Moscow time minus one hour). On the territory of Latvia
1706 # transition to summer time is performed on the last Sunday of March at 02:00
1707 # (GMT 00:00), turning the hands of the clock 1 hour forward. The end of
1708 # daylight saving time is performed on the last Sunday of September at 03:00
1709 # (GMT 00:00), turning the hands of the clock 1 hour backward. Exception is
1710 # 1989-03-26, when we must not turn the hands of the clock....
1711 #
1712 # The Regulations of the Cabinet of Ministers of the Republic of Latvia of
1713 # 1997-01-21 on transition to Summer time ... established the same order of
1714 # daylight savings time settings as in the States of the European Union.
1715
1716 # From Andrei Ivanov (2000-03-06):
1717 # This year Latvia will not switch to Daylight Savings Time (as specified in
1718 # The Regulations of the Cabinet of Ministers of the Rep. of Latvia of
1719 # 29-Feb-2000 (No. 79) <http://www.lv-laiks.lv/wwwraksti/2000/071072/vd4.htm>,
1720 # in Latvian for subscribers only).
1721
1722 # From RFE/RL Newsline
1723 # http://www.rferl.org/newsline/2001/01/3-CEE/cee-030101.html
1724 # (2001-01-03), noted after a heads-up by Rives McDow:
1725 # The Latvian government on 2 January decided that the country will
1726 # institute daylight-saving time this spring, LETA reported.
1727 # Last February the three Baltic states decided not to turn back their
1728 # clocks one hour in the spring....
1729 # Minister of Economy Aigars Kalvītis noted that Latvia had too few
1730 # daylight hours and thus decided to comply with a draft European
1731 # Commission directive that provides for instituting daylight-saving
1732 # time in EU countries between 2002 and 2006. The Latvian government
1733 # urged Lithuania and Estonia to adopt a similar time policy, but it
1734 # appears that they will not do so....
1735
1736 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1737 Rule Latvia 1989 1996 - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 S
1738 Rule Latvia 1989 1996 - Sep lastSun 2:00s 0 -
1739
1740 # Milne 1899 says Riga was 1:36:28 (Polytechnique House time).
1741 # Byalokoz 1919 says Latvia was 1:36:34.
1742 # Go with Byalokoz.
1743
1744 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1745 Zone Europe/Riga 1:36:34 - LMT 1880
1746 1:36:34 - RMT 1918 Apr 15 2:00 # Riga MT
1747 1:36:34 1:00 LST 1918 Sep 16 3:00 # Latvian ST
1748 1:36:34 - RMT 1919 Apr 1 2:00
1749 1:36:34 1:00 LST 1919 May 22 3:00
1750 1:36:34 - RMT 1926 May 11
1751 2:00 - EET 1940 Aug 5
1752 3:00 - MSK 1941 Jul
1753 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Oct 13
1754 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1989 Mar lastSun 2:00s
1755 2:00 1:00 EEST 1989 Sep lastSun 2:00s
1756 2:00 Latvia EE%sT 1997 Jan 21
1757 2:00 EU EE%sT 2000 Feb 29
1758 2:00 - EET 2001 Jan 2
1759 2:00 EU EE%sT
1760
1761 # Liechtenstein
1762
1763 # From Paul Eggert (2013-09-09):
1764 # Shanks & Pottenger say Vaduz is like Zurich.
1765
1766 # From Alois Treindl (2013-09-18):
1767 # http://www.eliechtensteinensia.li/LIJ/1978/1938-1978/1941.pdf
1768 # ... confirms on p. 6 that Liechtenstein followed Switzerland in 1941 and 1942.
1769 # I ... translate only the last two paragraphs:
1770 # ... during second world war, in the years 1941 and 1942, Liechtenstein
1771 # introduced daylight saving time, adapting to Switzerland. From 1943 on
1772 # central European time was in force throughout the year.
1773 # From a report of the duke's government to the high council,
1774 # regarding the introduction of a time law, of 31 May 1977.
1775
1776 Link Europe/Zurich Europe/Vaduz
1777
1778
1779 # Lithuania
1780
1781 # From Paul Eggert (2016-03-18):
1782 # The 1989 transition is from USSR act No. 227 (1989-03-14).
1783
1784 # From Paul Eggert (1996-11-22):
1785 # IATA SSIM (1992/1996) says Lithuania uses W-Eur rules, but since it is
1786 # known to be wrong about Estonia and Latvia, assume it's wrong here too.
1787
1788 # From Marius Gedminas (1998-08-07):
1789 # I would like to inform that in this year Lithuanian time zone
1790 # (Europe/Vilnius) was changed.
1791
1792 # From ELTA No. 972 (2582) (1999-09-29) <http://www.elta.lt/>,
1793 # via Steffen Thorsen:
1794 # Lithuania has shifted back to the second time zone (GMT plus two hours)
1795 # to be valid here starting from October 31,
1796 # as decided by the national government on Wednesday....
1797 # The Lithuanian government also announced plans to consider a
1798 # motion to give up shifting to summer time in spring, as it was
1799 # already done by Estonia.
1800
1801 # From the Fact File, Lithuanian State Department of Tourism
1802 # <http://www.tourism.lt/informa/ff.htm> (2000-03-27):
1803 # Local time is GMT+2 hours ..., no daylight saving.
1804
1805 # From a user via Klaus Marten (2003-02-07):
1806 # As a candidate for membership of the European Union, Lithuania will
1807 # observe Summer Time in 2003, changing its clocks at the times laid
1808 # down in EU Directive 2000/84 of 19.I.01 (i.e. at the same times as its
1809 # neighbour Latvia). The text of the Lithuanian government Order of
1810 # 7.XI.02 to this effect can be found at
1811 # http://www.lrvk.lt/nut/11/n1749.htm
1812
1813
1814 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1815 Zone Europe/Vilnius 1:41:16 - LMT 1880
1816 1:24:00 - WMT 1917 # Warsaw Mean Time
1817 1:35:36 - KMT 1919 Oct 10 # Kaunas Mean Time
1818 1:00 - CET 1920 Jul 12
1819 2:00 - EET 1920 Oct 9
1820 1:00 - CET 1940 Aug 3
1821 3:00 - MSK 1941 Jun 24
1822 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Aug
1823 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1989 Mar 26 2:00s
1824 2:00 Russia EE%sT 1991 Sep 29 2:00s
1825 2:00 C-Eur EE%sT 1998
1826 2:00 - EET 1998 Mar 29 1:00u
1827 1:00 EU CE%sT 1999 Oct 31 1:00u
1828 2:00 - EET 2003 Jan 1
1829 2:00 EU EE%sT
1830
1831 # Luxembourg
1832 # Whitman disagrees with most of these dates in minor ways;
1833 # go with Shanks & Pottenger.
1834 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1835 Rule Lux 1916 only - May 14 23:00 1:00 S
1836 Rule Lux 1916 only - Oct 1 1:00 0 -
1837 Rule Lux 1917 only - Apr 28 23:00 1:00 S
1838 Rule Lux 1917 only - Sep 17 1:00 0 -
1839 Rule Lux 1918 only - Apr Mon>=15 2:00s 1:00 S
1840 Rule Lux 1918 only - Sep Mon>=15 2:00s 0 -
1841 Rule Lux 1919 only - Mar 1 23:00 1:00 S
1842 Rule Lux 1919 only - Oct 5 3:00 0 -
1843 Rule Lux 1920 only - Feb 14 23:00 1:00 S
1844 Rule Lux 1920 only - Oct 24 2:00 0 -
1845 Rule Lux 1921 only - Mar 14 23:00 1:00 S
1846 Rule Lux 1921 only - Oct 26 2:00 0 -
1847 Rule Lux 1922 only - Mar 25 23:00 1:00 S
1848 Rule Lux 1922 only - Oct Sun>=2 1:00 0 -
1849 Rule Lux 1923 only - Apr 21 23:00 1:00 S
1850 Rule Lux 1923 only - Oct Sun>=2 2:00 0 -
1851 Rule Lux 1924 only - Mar 29 23:00 1:00 S
1852 Rule Lux 1924 1928 - Oct Sun>=2 1:00 0 -
1853 Rule Lux 1925 only - Apr 5 23:00 1:00 S
1854 Rule Lux 1926 only - Apr 17 23:00 1:00 S
1855 Rule Lux 1927 only - Apr 9 23:00 1:00 S
1856 Rule Lux 1928 only - Apr 14 23:00 1:00 S
1857 Rule Lux 1929 only - Apr 20 23:00 1:00 S
1858 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1859 Zone Europe/Luxembourg 0:24:36 - LMT 1904 Jun
1860 1:00 Lux CE%sT 1918 Nov 25
1861 0:00 Lux WE%sT 1929 Oct 6 2:00s
1862 0:00 Belgium WE%sT 1940 May 14 3:00
1863 1:00 C-Eur WE%sT 1944 Sep 18 3:00
1864 1:00 Belgium CE%sT 1977
1865 1:00 EU CE%sT
1866
1867 # Macedonia
1868 # See Europe/Belgrade.
1869
1870 # Malta
1871 #
1872 # From Paul Eggert (2016-10-21):
1873 # Assume 1900-1972 was like Rome, overriding Shanks.
1874 #
1875 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1876 Rule Malta 1973 only - Mar 31 0:00s 1:00 S
1877 Rule Malta 1973 only - Sep 29 0:00s 0 -
1878 Rule Malta 1974 only - Apr 21 0:00s 1:00 S
1879 Rule Malta 1974 only - Sep 16 0:00s 0 -
1880 Rule Malta 1975 1979 - Apr Sun>=15 2:00 1:00 S
1881 Rule Malta 1975 1980 - Sep Sun>=15 2:00 0 -
1882 Rule Malta 1980 only - Mar 31 2:00 1:00 S
1883 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1884 Zone Europe/Malta 0:58:04 - LMT 1893 Nov 2 0:00s # Valletta
1885 1:00 Italy CE%sT 1973 Mar 31
1886 1:00 Malta CE%sT 1981
1887 1:00 EU CE%sT
1888
1889 # Moldova
1890
1891 # From Stepan Golosunov (2016-03-07):
1892 # the act of the government of the Republic of Moldova Nr. 132 from 1990-05-04
1893 # http://lex.justice.md/viewdoc.php?action=view&view=doc&id=298782&lang=2
1894 # ... says that since 1990-05-06 on the territory of the Moldavian SSR
1895 # time would be calculated as the standard time of the second time belt
1896 # plus one hour of the "summer" time. To implement that clocks would be
1897 # adjusted one hour backwards at 1990-05-06 2:00. After that "summer"
1898 # time would be cancelled last Sunday of September at 3:00 and
1899 # reintroduced last Sunday of March at 2:00.
1900
1901 # From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):
1902 # A previous version of this database followed Shanks & Pottenger, who write
1903 # that Tiraspol switched to Moscow time on 1992-01-19 at 02:00.
1904 # However, this is most likely an error, as Moldova declared independence
1905 # on 1991-08-27 (the 1992-01-19 date is that of a Russian decree).
1906 # In early 1992 there was large-scale interethnic violence in the area
1907 # and it's possible that some Russophones continued to observe Moscow time.
1908 # But [two people] separately reported via
1909 # Jesper Nørgaard that as of 2001-01-24 Tiraspol was like Chisinau.
1910 # The Tiraspol entry has therefore been removed for now.
1911 #
1912 # From Alexander Krivenyshev (2011-10-17):
1913 # Pridnestrovian Moldavian Republic (PMR, also known as
1914 # "Pridnestrovie") has abolished seasonal clock change (no transition
1915 # to the Winter Time).
1916 #
1917 # News (in Russian):
1918 # http://www.kyivpost.ua/russia/news/pridnestrove-otkazalos-ot-perehoda-na-zimnee-vremya-30954.html
1919 # http://www.allmoldova.com/moldova-news/1249064116.html
1920 #
1921 # The substance of this change (reinstatement of the Tiraspol entry)
1922 # is from a patch from Petr Machata (2011-10-17)
1923 #
1924 # From Tim Parenti (2011-10-19)
1925 # In addition, being situated at +4651+2938 would give Tiraspol
1926 # a pre-1880 LMT offset of 1:58:32.
1927 #
1928 # (which agrees with the earlier entry that had been removed)
1929 #
1930 # From Alexander Krivenyshev (2011-10-26)
1931 # NO need to divide Moldova into two timezones at this point.
1932 # As of today, Transnistria (Pridnestrovie)- Tiraspol reversed its own
1933 # decision to abolish DST this winter.
1934 # Following Moldova and neighboring Ukraine- Transnistria (Pridnestrovie)-
1935 # Tiraspol will go back to winter time on October 30, 2011.
1936 # News from Moldova (in russian):
1937 # https://ru.publika.md/link_317061.html
1938
1939 # From Roman Tudos (2015-07-02):
1940 # http://lex.justice.md/index.php?action=view&view=doc&lang=1&id=355077
1941 # From Paul Eggert (2015-07-01):
1942 # The abovementioned official link to IGO1445-868/2014 states that
1943 # 2014-10-26's fallback transition occurred at 03:00 local time. Also,
1944 # https://www.trm.md/en/social/la-30-martie-vom-trece-la-ora-de-vara
1945 # says the 2014-03-30 spring-forward transition was at 02:00 local time.
1946 # Guess that since 1997 Moldova has switched one hour before the EU.
1947
1948 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1949 Rule Moldova 1997 max - Mar lastSun 2:00 1:00 S
1950 Rule Moldova 1997 max - Oct lastSun 3:00 0 -
1951
1952 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1953 Zone Europe/Chisinau 1:55:20 - LMT 1880
1954 1:55 - CMT 1918 Feb 15 # Chisinau MT
1955 1:44:24 - BMT 1931 Jul 24 # Bucharest MT
1956 2:00 Romania EE%sT 1940 Aug 15
1957 2:00 1:00 EEST 1941 Jul 17
1958 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Aug 24
1959 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1990 May 6 2:00
1960 2:00 Russia EE%sT 1992
1961 2:00 E-Eur EE%sT 1997
1962 # See Romania commentary for the guessed 1997 transition to EU rules.
1963 2:00 Moldova EE%sT
1964
1965 # Monaco
1966 # Shanks & Pottenger give 0:09:20 for Paris Mean Time; go with Howse's
1967 # more precise 0:09:21.
1968 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1969 Zone Europe/Monaco 0:29:32 - LMT 1891 Mar 15
1970 0:09:21 - PMT 1911 Mar 11 # Paris Mean Time
1971 0:00 France WE%sT 1945 Sep 16 3:00
1972 1:00 France CE%sT 1977
1973 1:00 EU CE%sT
1974
1975 # Montenegro
1976 # See Europe/Belgrade.
1977
1978 # Netherlands
1979
1980 # Howse writes that the Netherlands' railways used GMT between 1892 and 1940,
1981 # but for other purposes the Netherlands used Amsterdam mean time.
1982
1983 # However, Robert H. van Gent writes (2001-04-01):
1984 # Howse's statement is only correct up to 1909. From 1909-05-01 (00:00:00
1985 # Amsterdam mean time) onwards, the whole of the Netherlands (including
1986 # the Dutch railways) was required by law to observe Amsterdam mean time
1987 # (19 minutes 32.13 seconds ahead of GMT). This had already been the
1988 # common practice (except for the railways) for many decades but it was
1989 # not until 1909 when the Dutch government finally defined this by law.
1990 # On 1937-07-01 this was changed to 20 minutes (exactly) ahead of GMT and
1991 # was generally known as Dutch Time ("Nederlandse Tijd").
1992 #
1993 # (2001-04-08):
1994 # 1892-05-01 was the date when the Dutch railways were by law required to
1995 # observe GMT while the remainder of the Netherlands adhered to the common
1996 # practice of following Amsterdam mean time.
1997 #
1998 # (2001-04-09):
1999 # In 1835 the authorities of the province of North Holland requested the
2000 # municipal authorities of the towns and cities in the province to observe
2001 # Amsterdam mean time but I do not know in how many cases this request was
2002 # actually followed.
2003 #
2004 # From 1852 onwards the Dutch telegraph offices were by law required to
2005 # observe Amsterdam mean time. As the time signals from the observatory of
2006 # Leiden were also distributed by the telegraph system, I assume that most
2007 # places linked up with the telegraph (and railway) system automatically
2008 # adopted Amsterdam mean time.
2009 #
2010 # Although the early Dutch railway companies initially observed a variety
2011 # of times, most of them had adopted Amsterdam mean time by 1858 but it
2012 # was not until 1866 when they were all required by law to observe
2013 # Amsterdam mean time.
2014
2015 # The data entries before 1945 are taken from
2016 # https://www.staff.science.uu.nl/~gent0113/wettijd/wettijd.htm
2017
2018 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
2019 Rule Neth 1916 only - May 1 0:00 1:00 NST # Netherlands Summer Time
2020 Rule Neth 1916 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 AMT # Amsterdam Mean Time
2021 Rule Neth 1917 only - Apr 16 2:00s 1:00 NST
2022 Rule Neth 1917 only - Sep 17 2:00s 0 AMT
2023 Rule Neth 1918 1921 - Apr Mon>=1 2:00s 1:00 NST
2024 Rule Neth 1918 1921 - Sep lastMon 2:00s 0 AMT
2025 Rule Neth 1922 only - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 NST
2026 Rule Neth 1922 1936 - Oct Sun>=2 2:00s 0 AMT
2027 Rule Neth 1923 only - Jun Fri>=1 2:00s 1:00 NST
2028 Rule Neth 1924 only - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 NST
2029 Rule Neth 1925 only - Jun Fri>=1 2:00s 1:00 NST
2030 # From 1926 through 1939 DST began 05-15, except that it was delayed by a week
2031 # in years when 05-15 fell in the Pentecost weekend.
2032 Rule Neth 1926 1931 - May 15 2:00s 1:00 NST
2033 Rule Neth 1932 only - May 22 2:00s 1:00 NST
2034 Rule Neth 1933 1936 - May 15 2:00s 1:00 NST
2035 Rule Neth 1937 only - May 22 2:00s 1:00 NST
2036 Rule Neth 1937 only - Jul 1 0:00 1:00 S
2037 Rule Neth 1937 1939 - Oct Sun>=2 2:00s 0 -
2038 Rule Neth 1938 1939 - May 15 2:00s 1:00 S
2039 Rule Neth 1945 only - Apr 2 2:00s 1:00 S
2040 Rule Neth 1945 only - Sep 16 2:00s 0 -
2041 #
2042 # Amsterdam Mean Time was +00:19:32.13 exactly, but the .13 is omitted
2043 # below because the current format requires GMTOFF to be an integer.
2044 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
2045 Zone Europe/Amsterdam 0:19:32 - LMT 1835
2046 0:19:32 Neth %s 1937 Jul 1
2047 0:20 Neth +0020/+0120 1940 May 16 0:00
2048 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 Apr 2 2:00
2049 1:00 Neth CE%sT 1977
2050 1:00 EU CE%sT
2051
2052 # Norway
2053 # http://met.no/met/met_lex/q_u/sommertid.html (2004-01) agrees with Shanks &
2054 # Pottenger.
2055 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
2056 Rule Norway 1916 only - May 22 1:00 1:00 S
2057 Rule Norway 1916 only - Sep 30 0:00 0 -
2058 Rule Norway 1945 only - Apr 2 2:00s 1:00 S
2059 Rule Norway 1945 only - Oct 1 2:00s 0 -
2060 Rule Norway 1959 1964 - Mar Sun>=15 2:00s 1:00 S
2061 Rule Norway 1959 1965 - Sep Sun>=15 2:00s 0 -
2062 Rule Norway 1965 only - Apr 25 2:00s 1:00 S
2063 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
2064 Zone Europe/Oslo 0:43:00 - LMT 1895 Jan 1
2065 1:00 Norway CE%sT 1940 Aug 10 23:00
2066 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 Apr 2 2:00
2067 1:00 Norway CE%sT 1980
2068 1:00 EU CE%sT
2069
2070 # Svalbard & Jan Mayen
2071
2072 # From Steffen Thorsen (2001-05-01):
2073 # Although I could not find it explicitly, it seems that Jan Mayen and
2074 # Svalbard have been using the same time as Norway at least since the
2075 # time they were declared as parts of Norway. Svalbard was declared
2076 # as a part of Norway by law of 1925-07-17 no 11, section 4 and Jan
2077 # Mayen by law of 1930-02-27 no 2, section 2. (From
2078 # <http://www.lovdata.no/all/nl-19250717-011.html> and
2079 # <http://www.lovdata.no/all/nl-19300227-002.html>). The law/regulation
2080 # for normal/standard time in Norway is from 1894-06-29 no 1 (came
2081 # into operation on 1895-01-01) and Svalbard/Jan Mayen seem to be a
2082 # part of this law since 1925/1930. (From
2083 # <http://www.lovdata.no/all/nl-18940629-001.html>) I have not been
2084 # able to find if Jan Mayen used a different time zone (e.g. -0100)
2085 # before 1930. Jan Mayen has only been "inhabited" since 1921 by
2086 # Norwegian meteorologists and maybe used the same time as Norway ever
2087 # since 1921. Svalbard (Arctic/Longyearbyen) has been inhabited since
2088 # before 1895, and therefore probably changed the local time somewhere
2089 # between 1895 and 1925 (inclusive).
2090
2091 # From Paul Eggert (2013-09-04):
2092 #
2093 # Actually, Jan Mayen was never occupied by Germany during World War II,
2094 # so it must have diverged from Oslo time during the war, as Oslo was
2095 # keeping Berlin time.
2096 #
2097 # <https://www.jan-mayen.no/history.htm> says that the meteorologists
2098 # burned down their station in 1940 and left the island, but returned in
2099 # 1941 with a small Norwegian garrison and continued operations despite
2100 # frequent air attacks from Germans. In 1943 the Americans established a
2101 # radiolocating station on the island, called "Atlantic City". Possibly
2102 # the UT offset changed during the war, but I think it unlikely that
2103 # Jan Mayen used German daylight-saving rules.
2104 #
2105 # Svalbard is more complicated, as it was raided in August 1941 by an
2106 # Allied party that evacuated the civilian population to England (says
2107 # <http://www.bartleby.com/65/sv/Svalbard.html>). The Svalbard FAQ
2108 # <http://www.svalbard.com/SvalbardFAQ.html> says that the Germans were
2109 # expelled on 1942-05-14. However, small parties of Germans did return,
2110 # and according to Wilhelm Dege's book "War North of 80" (1954)
2111 # http://www.ucalgary.ca/UofC/departments/UP/1-55238/1-55238-110-2.html
2112 # the German armed forces at the Svalbard weather station code-named
2113 # Haudegen did not surrender to the Allies until September 1945.
2114 #
2115 # All these events predate our cutoff date of 1970, so use Europe/Oslo
2116 # for these regions.
2117 Link Europe/Oslo Arctic/Longyearbyen
2118
2119 # Poland
2120
2121 # The 1919 dates and times can be found in Tygodnik Urzędowy nr 1 (1919-03-20),
2122 # <http://www.wbc.poznan.pl/publication/32156> pp 1-2.
2123
2124 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
2125 Rule Poland 1918 1919 - Sep 16 2:00s 0 -
2126 Rule Poland 1919 only - Apr 15 2:00s 1:00 S
2127 Rule Poland 1944 only - Apr 3 2:00s 1:00 S
2128 # Whitman gives 1944 Nov 30; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
2129 Rule Poland 1944 only - Oct 4 2:00 0 -
2130 # For 1944-1948 Whitman gives the previous day; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
2131 Rule Poland 1945 only - Apr 29 0:00 1:00 S
2132 Rule Poland 1945 only - Nov 1 0:00 0 -
2133 # For 1946 on the source is Kazimierz Borkowski,
2134 # Toruń Center for Astronomy, Dept. of Radio Astronomy, Nicolaus Copernicus U.,
2135 # https://www.astro.uni.torun.pl/~kb/Artykuly/U-PA/Czas2.htm#tth_tAb1
2136 # Thanks to Przemysław Augustyniak (2005-05-28) for this reference.
2137 # He also gives these further references:
2138 # Mon Pol nr 13, poz 162 (1995) <http://www.abc.com.pl/serwis/mp/1995/0162.htm>
2139 # Druk nr 2180 (2003) <http://www.senat.gov.pl/k5/dok/sejm/053/2180.pdf>
2140 Rule Poland 1946 only - Apr 14 0:00s 1:00 S
2141 Rule Poland 1946 only - Oct 7 2:00s 0 -
2142 Rule Poland 1947 only - May 4 2:00s 1:00 S
2143 Rule Poland 1947 1949 - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
2144 Rule Poland 1948 only - Apr 18 2:00s 1:00 S
2145 Rule Poland 1949 only - Apr 10 2:00s 1:00 S
2146 Rule Poland 1957 only - Jun 2 1:00s 1:00 S
2147 Rule Poland 1957 1958 - Sep lastSun 1:00s 0 -
2148 Rule Poland 1958 only - Mar 30 1:00s 1:00 S
2149 Rule Poland 1959 only - May 31 1:00s 1:00 S
2150 Rule Poland 1959 1961 - Oct Sun>=1 1:00s 0 -
2151 Rule Poland 1960 only - Apr 3 1:00s 1:00 S
2152 Rule Poland 1961 1964 - May lastSun 1:00s 1:00 S
2153 Rule Poland 1962 1964 - Sep lastSun 1:00s 0 -
2154 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
2155 Zone Europe/Warsaw 1:24:00 - LMT 1880
2156 1:24:00 - WMT 1915 Aug 5 # Warsaw Mean Time
2157 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1918 Sep 16 3:00
2158 2:00 Poland EE%sT 1922 Jun
2159 1:00 Poland CE%sT 1940 Jun 23 2:00
2160 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Oct
2161 1:00 Poland CE%sT 1977
2162 1:00 W-Eur CE%sT 1988
2163 1:00 EU CE%sT
2164
2165 # Portugal
2166
2167 # From Paul Eggert (2014-08-11), after a heads-up from Stephen Colebourne:
2168 # According to a Portuguese decree (1911-05-26)
2169 # https://dre.pt/application/dir/pdf1sdip/1911/05/12500/23132313.pdf
2170 # Lisbon was at -0:36:44.68, but switched to GMT on 1912-01-01 at 00:00.
2171 # Round the old offset to -0:36:45. This agrees with Willett....
2172 #
2173 # From Michael Deckers (2018-02-15):
2174 # article 5 [of the 1911 decree; Deckers's translation] ...:
2175 # These dispositions shall enter into force at the instant at which,
2176 # according to the 2nd article, the civil day January 1, 1912 begins,
2177 # all clocks therefore having to be advanced or set back correspondingly ...
2178
2179 # From Rui Pedro Salgueiro (1992-11-12):
2180 # Portugal has recently (September, 27) changed timezone
2181 # (from WET to MET or CET) to harmonize with EEC.
2182 #
2183 # Martin Bruckmann (1996-02-29) reports via Peter Ilieve
2184 # that Portugal is reverting to 0:00 by not moving its clocks this spring.
2185 # The new Prime Minister was fed up with getting up in the dark in the winter.
2186 #
2187 # From Paul Eggert (1996-11-12):
2188 # IATA SSIM (1991-09) reports several 1991-09 and 1992-09 transitions
2189 # at 02:00u, not 01:00u. Assume that these are typos.
2190 # IATA SSIM (1991/1992) reports that the Azores were at -1:00.
2191 # IATA SSIM (1993-02) says +0:00; later issues (through 1996-09) say -1:00.
2192 # Guess that the Azores changed to EU rules in 1992 (since that's when Portugal
2193 # harmonized with EU rules), and that they stayed +0:00 that winter.
2194 #
2195 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
2196 # DSH writes that despite Decree 1,469 (1915), the change to the clocks was not
2197 # done every year, depending on what Spain did, because of railroad schedules.
2198 # Go with Shanks & Pottenger.
2199 Rule Port 1916 only - Jun 17 23:00 1:00 S
2200 # Whitman gives 1916 Oct 31; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
2201 Rule Port 1916 only - Nov 1 1:00 0 -
2202 Rule Port 1917 only - Feb 28 23:00s 1:00 S
2203 Rule Port 1917 1921 - Oct 14 23:00s 0 -
2204 Rule Port 1918 only - Mar 1 23:00s 1:00 S
2205 Rule Port 1919 only - Feb 28 23:00s 1:00 S
2206 Rule Port 1920 only - Feb 29 23:00s 1:00 S
2207 Rule Port 1921 only - Feb 28 23:00s 1:00 S
2208 Rule Port 1924 only - Apr 16 23:00s 1:00 S
2209 Rule Port 1924 only - Oct 14 23:00s 0 -
2210 Rule Port 1926 only - Apr 17 23:00s 1:00 S
2211 Rule Port 1926 1929 - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 -
2212 Rule Port 1927 only - Apr 9 23:00s 1:00 S
2213 Rule Port 1928 only - Apr 14 23:00s 1:00 S
2214 Rule Port 1929 only - Apr 20 23:00s 1:00 S
2215 Rule Port 1931 only - Apr 18 23:00s 1:00 S
2216 # Whitman gives 1931 Oct 8; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
2217 Rule Port 1931 1932 - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 -
2218 Rule Port 1932 only - Apr 2 23:00s 1:00 S
2219 Rule Port 1934 only - Apr 7 23:00s 1:00 S
2220 # Whitman gives 1934 Oct 5; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
2221 Rule Port 1934 1938 - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 -
2222 # Shanks & Pottenger give 1935 Apr 30; go with Whitman.
2223 Rule Port 1935 only - Mar 30 23:00s 1:00 S
2224 Rule Port 1936 only - Apr 18 23:00s 1:00 S
2225 # Whitman gives 1937 Apr 2; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
2226 Rule Port 1937 only - Apr 3 23:00s 1:00 S
2227 Rule Port 1938 only - Mar 26 23:00s 1:00 S
2228 Rule Port 1939 only - Apr 15 23:00s 1:00 S
2229 # Whitman gives 1939 Oct 7; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
2230 Rule Port 1939 only - Nov 18 23:00s 0 -
2231 Rule Port 1940 only - Feb 24 23:00s 1:00 S
2232 # Shanks & Pottenger give 1940 Oct 7; go with Whitman.
2233 Rule Port 1940 1941 - Oct 5 23:00s 0 -
2234 Rule Port 1941 only - Apr 5 23:00s 1:00 S
2235 Rule Port 1942 1945 - Mar Sat>=8 23:00s 1:00 S
2236 Rule Port 1942 only - Apr 25 22:00s 2:00 M # Midsummer
2237 Rule Port 1942 only - Aug 15 22:00s 1:00 S
2238 Rule Port 1942 1945 - Oct Sat>=24 23:00s 0 -
2239 Rule Port 1943 only - Apr 17 22:00s 2:00 M
2240 Rule Port 1943 1945 - Aug Sat>=25 22:00s 1:00 S
2241 Rule Port 1944 1945 - Apr Sat>=21 22:00s 2:00 M
2242 Rule Port 1946 only - Apr Sat>=1 23:00s 1:00 S
2243 Rule Port 1946 only - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 -
2244 Rule Port 1947 1949 - Apr Sun>=1 2:00s 1:00 S
2245 Rule Port 1947 1949 - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
2246 # Shanks & Pottenger say DST was observed in 1950; go with Whitman.
2247 # Whitman gives Oct lastSun for 1952 on; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
2248 Rule Port 1951 1965 - Apr Sun>=1 2:00s 1:00 S
2249 Rule Port 1951 1965 - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
2250 Rule Port 1977 only - Mar 27 0:00s 1:00 S
2251 Rule Port 1977 only - Sep 25 0:00s 0 -
2252 Rule Port 1978 1979 - Apr Sun>=1 0:00s 1:00 S
2253 Rule Port 1978 only - Oct 1 0:00s 0 -
2254 Rule Port 1979 1982 - Sep lastSun 1:00s 0 -
2255 Rule Port 1980 only - Mar lastSun 0:00s 1:00 S
2256 Rule Port 1981 1982 - Mar lastSun 1:00s 1:00 S
2257 Rule Port 1983 only - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 S
2258 #
2259 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
2260 Zone Europe/Lisbon -0:36:45 - LMT 1884
2261 -0:36:45 - LMT 1912 Jan 1 0:00u # Lisbon MT
2262 0:00 Port WE%sT 1966 Apr 3 2:00
2263 1:00 - CET 1976 Sep 26 1:00
2264 0:00 Port WE%sT 1983 Sep 25 1:00s
2265 0:00 W-Eur WE%sT 1992 Sep 27 1:00s
2266 1:00 EU CE%sT 1996 Mar 31 1:00u
2267 0:00 EU WE%sT
2268 # This Zone can be simplified once we assume zic %z.
2269 Zone Atlantic/Azores -1:42:40 - LMT 1884 # Ponta Delgada
2270 -1:54:32 - HMT 1912 Jan 1 2:00u # Horta MT
2271 -2:00 Port -02/-01 1942 Apr 25 22:00s
2272 -2:00 Port +00 1942 Aug 15 22:00s
2273 -2:00 Port -02/-01 1943 Apr 17 22:00s
2274 -2:00 Port +00 1943 Aug 28 22:00s
2275 -2:00 Port -02/-01 1944 Apr 22 22:00s
2276 -2:00 Port +00 1944 Aug 26 22:00s
2277 -2:00 Port -02/-01 1945 Apr 21 22:00s
2278 -2:00 Port +00 1945 Aug 25 22:00s
2279 -2:00 Port -02/-01 1966 Apr 3 2:00
2280 -1:00 Port -01/+00 1983 Sep 25 1:00s
2281 -1:00 W-Eur -01/+00 1992 Sep 27 1:00s
2282 0:00 EU WE%sT 1993 Mar 28 1:00u
2283 -1:00 EU -01/+00
2284 # This Zone can be simplified once we assume zic %z.
2285 Zone Atlantic/Madeira -1:07:36 - LMT 1884 # Funchal
2286 -1:07:36 - FMT 1912 Jan 1 1:00u # Funchal MT
2287 -1:00 Port -01/+00 1942 Apr 25 22:00s
2288 -1:00 Port +01 1942 Aug 15 22:00s
2289 -1:00 Port -01/+00 1943 Apr 17 22:00s
2290 -1:00 Port +01 1943 Aug 28 22:00s
2291 -1:00 Port -01/+00 1944 Apr 22 22:00s
2292 -1:00 Port +01 1944 Aug 26 22:00s
2293 -1:00 Port -01/+00 1945 Apr 21 22:00s
2294 -1:00 Port +01 1945 Aug 25 22:00s
2295 -1:00 Port -01/+00 1966 Apr 3 2:00
2296 0:00 Port WE%sT 1983 Sep 25 1:00s
2297 0:00 EU WE%sT
2298
2299 # Romania
2300 #
2301 # From Paul Eggert (1999-10-07):
2302 # Nine O'clock <http://www.nineoclock.ro/POL/1778pol.html>
2303 # (1998-10-23) reports that the switch occurred at
2304 # 04:00 local time in fall 1998. For lack of better info,
2305 # assume that Romania and Moldova switched to EU rules in 1997,
2306 # the same year as Bulgaria.
2307 #
2308 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
2309 Rule Romania 1932 only - May 21 0:00s 1:00 S
2310 Rule Romania 1932 1939 - Oct Sun>=1 0:00s 0 -
2311 Rule Romania 1933 1939 - Apr Sun>=2 0:00s 1:00 S
2312 Rule Romania 1979 only - May 27 0:00 1:00 S
2313 Rule Romania 1979 only - Sep lastSun 0:00 0 -
2314 Rule Romania 1980 only - Apr 5 23:00 1:00 S
2315 Rule Romania 1980 only - Sep lastSun 1:00 0 -
2316 Rule Romania 1991 1993 - Mar lastSun 0:00s 1:00 S
2317 Rule Romania 1991 1993 - Sep lastSun 0:00s 0 -
2318 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
2319 Zone Europe/Bucharest 1:44:24 - LMT 1891 Oct
2320 1:44:24 - BMT 1931 Jul 24 # Bucharest MT
2321 2:00 Romania EE%sT 1981 Mar 29 2:00s
2322 2:00 C-Eur EE%sT 1991
2323 2:00 Romania EE%sT 1994
2324 2:00 E-Eur EE%sT 1997
2325 2:00 EU EE%sT
2326
2327
2328 # Russia
2329
2330 # From Alexander Krivenyshev (2011-09-15):
2331 # Based on last Russian Government Decree No. 725 on August 31, 2011
2332 # (Government document
2333 # http://www.government.ru/gov/results/16355/print/
2334 # in Russian)
2335 # there are few corrections have to be made for some Russian time zones...
2336 # All updated Russian Time Zones were placed in table and translated to English
2337 # by WorldTimeZone.com at the link below:
2338 # http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_russia36.htm
2339
2340 # From Sanjeev Gupta (2011-09-27):
2341 # Scans of [Decree No. 23 of January 8, 1992] are available at:
2342 # http://government.consultant.ru/page.aspx?1223966
2343 # They are in Cyrillic letters (presumably Russian).
2344
2345 # From Arthur David Olson (2012-05-09):
2346 # Regarding the instant when clocks in time-zone-shifting parts of Russia
2347 # changed in September 2011:
2348 #
2349 # One source is
2350 # http://government.ru/gov/results/16355/
2351 # which, according to translate.google.com, begins "Decree of August 31,
2352 # 2011 No. 725" and contains no other dates or "effective date" information.
2353 #
2354 # Another source is
2355 # https://rg.ru/2011/09/06/chas-zona-dok.html
2356 # which, according to translate.google.com, begins "Resolution of the
2357 # Government of the Russian Federation on August 31, 2011 N 725" and also
2358 # contains "Date first official publication: September 6, 2011 Posted on:
2359 # in the 'RG' - Federal Issue No. 5573 September 6, 2011" but which
2360 # does not contain any "effective date" information.
2361 #
2362 # Another source is
2363 # https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oymyakonsky_District#cite_note-RuTime-7
2364 # which, in note 8, contains "Resolution No. 725 of August 31, 2011...
2365 # Effective as of after 7 days following the day of the official publication"
2366 # but which does not contain any reference to September 6, 2011.
2367 #
2368 # The Wikipedia article refers to
2369 # http://base.consultant.ru/cons/cgi/online.cgi?req=doc;base=LAW;n=118896
2370 # which seems to copy the text of the government.ru page.
2371 #
2372 # Tobias Conradi combines Wikipedia's
2373 # "as of after 7 days following the day of the official publication"
2374 # with www.rg.ru's "Date of first official publication: September 6, 2011" to
2375 # get September 13, 2011 as the cutover date (unusually, a Tuesday, as Tobias
2376 # Conradi notes).
2377 #
2378 # None of the sources indicates a time of day for changing clocks.
2379 #
2380 # Go with 2011-09-13 0:00s.
2381
2382 # From Alexander Krivenyshev (2014-07-01):
2383 # According to the Russian news (ITAR-TASS News Agency)
2384 # http://en.itar-tass.com/russia/738562
2385 # the State Duma has approved ... the draft bill on returning to
2386 # winter time standard and return Russia 11 time zones. The new
2387 # regulations will come into effect on October 26, 2014 at 02:00 ...
2388 # http://asozd2.duma.gov.ru/main.nsf/%28Spravka%29?OpenAgent&RN=431985-6&02
2389 # Here is a link where we put together table (based on approved Bill N
2390 # 431985-6) with proposed 11 Russian time zones and corresponding
2391 # areas/cities/administrative centers in the Russian Federation (in English):
2392 # http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_russia65.html
2393 #
2394 # From Alexander Krivenyshev (2014-07-22):
2395 # Putin signed the Federal Law 431985-6 ... (in Russian)
2396 # http://itar-tass.com/obschestvo/1333711
2397 # http://www.pravo.gov.ru:8080/page.aspx?111660
2398 # http://www.kremlin.ru/acts/46279
2399 # From October 26, 2014 the new Russian time zone map will look like this:
2400 # http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_russia-map-2014-07.html
2401
2402 # From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):
2403 # Moscow time zone abbreviations after 1919-07-01, and Moscow rules after 1991,
2404 # are from Andrey A. Chernov. The rest is from Shanks & Pottenger,
2405 # except we follow Chernov's report that 1992 DST transitions were Sat
2406 # 23:00, not Sun 02:00s.
2407 #
2408 # From Stanislaw A. Kuzikowski (1994-06-29):
2409 # But now it is some months since Novosibirsk is 3 hours ahead of Moscow!
2410 # I do not know why they have decided to make this change;
2411 # as far as I remember it was done exactly during winter->summer switching
2412 # so we (Novosibirsk) simply did not switch.
2413 #
2414 # From Andrey A. Chernov (1996-10-04):
2415 # 'MSK' and 'MSD' were born and used initially on Moscow computers with
2416 # UNIX-like OSes by several developer groups (e.g. Demos group, Kiae group)....
2417 # The next step was the UUCP network, the Relcom predecessor
2418 # (used mainly for mail), and MSK/MSD was actively used there.
2419 #
2420 # From Chris Carrier (1996-10-30):
2421 # According to a friend of mine who rode the Trans-Siberian Railroad from
2422 # Moscow to Irkutsk in 1995, public air and rail transport in Russia ...
2423 # still follows Moscow time, no matter where in Russia it is located.
2424 #
2425 # For Grozny, Chechnya, we have the following story from
2426 # John Daniszewski, "Scavengers in the Rubble", Los Angeles Times (2001-02-07):
2427 # News - often false - is spread by word of mouth. A rumor that it was
2428 # time to move the clocks back put this whole city out of sync with
2429 # the rest of Russia for two weeks - even soldiers stationed here began
2430 # enforcing curfew at the wrong time.
2431 #
2432 # From Gwillim Law (2001-06-05):
2433 # There's considerable evidence that Sakhalin Island used to be in
2434 # UTC+11, and has changed to UTC+10, in this decade. I start with the
2435 # SSIM, which listed Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk in zone RU10 along with Magadan
2436 # until February 1997, and then in RU9 with Khabarovsk and Vladivostok
2437 # since September 1997.... Although the Kuril Islands are
2438 # administratively part of Sakhalin oblast', they appear to have
2439 # remained on UTC+11 along with Magadan.
2440
2441 # From Tim Parenti (2014-07-06):
2442 # The comments detailing the coverage of each Russian zone are meant to assist
2443 # with maintenance only and represent our best guesses as to which regions
2444 # are covered by each zone. They are not meant to be taken as an authoritative
2445 # listing. The region codes listed come from
2446 # https://en.wikipedia.org/w/?title=Federal_subjects_of_Russia&oldid=611810498
2447 # and are used for convenience only; no guarantees are made regarding their
2448 # future stability. ISO 3166-2:RU codes are also listed for first-level
2449 # divisions where available.
2450
2451 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
2452
2453
2454 # From Tim Parenti (2014-07-03):
2455 # Europe/Kaliningrad covers...
2456 # 39 RU-KGD Kaliningrad Oblast
2457
2458 # From Paul Eggert (2016-03-18):
2459 # The 1989 transition is from USSR act No. 227 (1989-03-14).
2460
2461 # From Stepan Golosunov (2016-03-07):
2462 # http://www.rgo.ru/ru/kaliningradskoe-oblastnoe-otdelenie/ob-otdelenii/publikacii/kak-nam-zhilos-bez-letnego-vremeni
2463 # confirms that the 1989 change to Moscow-1 was implemented.
2464 # (The article, though, is misattributed to 1990 while saying that
2465 # summer->winter transition would be done on the 24 of September. But
2466 # 1990-09-24 was Monday, while 1989-09-24 was Sunday as expected.)
2467 # ...
2468 # http://www.kaliningradka.ru/site_pc/cherez/index.php?ELEMENT_ID=40091
2469 # says that Kaliningrad switched to Moscow-1 on 1989-03-26, avoided
2470 # at the last moment switch to Moscow-1 on 1991-03-31, switched to
2471 # Moscow on 1991-11-03, switched to Moscow-1 on 1992-01-19.
2472
2473 Zone Europe/Kaliningrad 1:22:00 - LMT 1893 Apr
2474 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945
2475 2:00 Poland CE%sT 1946
2476 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1989 Mar 26 2:00s
2477 2:00 Russia EE%sT 2011 Mar 27 2:00s
2478 3:00 - +03 2014 Oct 26 2:00s
2479 2:00 - EET
2480
2481
2482 # From Paul Eggert (2016-02-21), per Tim Parenti (2014-07-03) and
2483 # Oscar van Vlijmen (2001-08-25):
2484 # Europe/Moscow covers...
2485 # 01 RU-AD Adygea, Republic of
2486 # 05 RU-DA Dagestan, Republic of
2487 # 06 RU-IN Ingushetia, Republic of
2488 # 07 RU-KB Kabardino-Balkar Republic
2489 # 08 RU-KL Kalmykia, Republic of
2490 # 09 RU-KC Karachay-Cherkess Republic
2491 # 10 RU-KR Karelia, Republic of
2492 # 11 RU-KO Komi Republic
2493 # 12 RU-ME Mari El Republic
2494 # 13 RU-MO Mordovia, Republic of
2495 # 15 RU-SE North Ossetia-Alania, Republic of
2496 # 16 RU-TA Tatarstan, Republic of
2497 # 20 RU-CE Chechen Republic
2498 # 21 RU-CU Chuvash Republic
2499 # 23 RU-KDA Krasnodar Krai
2500 # 26 RU-STA Stavropol Krai
2501 # 29 RU-ARK Arkhangelsk Oblast
2502 # 31 RU-BEL Belgorod Oblast
2503 # 32 RU-BRY Bryansk Oblast
2504 # 33 RU-VLA Vladimir Oblast
2505 # 35 RU-VLG Vologda Oblast
2506 # 36 RU-VOR Voronezh Oblast
2507 # 37 RU-IVA Ivanovo Oblast
2508 # 40 RU-KLU Kaluga Oblast
2509 # 44 RU-KOS Kostroma Oblast
2510 # 46 RU-KRS Kursk Oblast
2511 # 47 RU-LEN Leningrad Oblast
2512 # 48 RU-LIP Lipetsk Oblast
2513 # 50 RU-MOS Moscow Oblast
2514 # 51 RU-MUR Murmansk Oblast
2515 # 52 RU-NIZ Nizhny Novgorod Oblast
2516 # 53 RU-NGR Novgorod Oblast
2517 # 57 RU-ORL Oryol Oblast
2518 # 58 RU-PNZ Penza Oblast
2519 # 60 RU-PSK Pskov Oblast
2520 # 61 RU-ROS Rostov Oblast
2521 # 62 RU-RYA Ryazan Oblast
2522 # 67 RU-SMO Smolensk Oblast
2523 # 68 RU-TAM Tambov Oblast
2524 # 69 RU-TVE Tver Oblast
2525 # 71 RU-TUL Tula Oblast
2526 # 76 RU-YAR Yaroslavl Oblast
2527 # 77 RU-MOW Moscow
2528 # 78 RU-SPE Saint Petersburg
2529 # 83 RU-NEN Nenets Autonomous Okrug
2530
2531 # From Paul Eggert (2016-08-23):
2532 # The Soviets switched to UT-based time in 1919. Decree No. 59
2533 # (1919-02-08) http://istmat.info/node/35567 established UT-based time
2534 # zones, and Decree No. 147 (1919-03-29) http://istmat.info/node/35854
2535 # specified a transition date of 1919-07-01, apparently at 00:00 UT.
2536 # No doubt only the Soviet-controlled regions switched on that date;
2537 # later transitions to UT-based time in other parts of Russia are
2538 # taken from what appear to be guesses by Shanks.
2539 # (Thanks to Alexander Belopolsky for pointers to the decrees.)
2540
2541 # From Stepan Golosunov (2016-03-07):
2542 # 11. Regions-violators, 1981-1982.
2543 # Wikipedia refers to
2544 # http://maps.monetonos.ru/maps/raznoe/Old_Maps/Old_Maps/Articles/022/3_1981.html
2545 # http://besp.narod.ru/nauka_1981_3.htm
2546 #
2547 # The second link provides two articles scanned from the Nauka i Zhizn
2548 # magazine No. 3, 1981 and a scan of the short article attributed to
2549 # the Trud newspaper from February 1982. The first link provides the
2550 # same Nauka i Zhizn articles converted to the text form (but misses
2551 # time belt changes map).
2552 #
2553 # The second Nauka i Zhizn article says that in addition to
2554 # introduction of summer time on 1981-04-01 there are some time belt
2555 # border changes on 1981-10-01, mostly affecting Nenets Autonomous
2556 # Okrug, Krasnoyarsk Krai, Yakutia, Magadan Oblast and Chukotka
2557 # according to the provided map (colored one). In addition to that
2558 # "time violators" (regions which were not using rules of the time
2559 # belts in which they were located) would not be moving off the DST on
2560 # 1981-10-01 to restore the decree time usage. (Komi ASSR was
2561 # supposed to repeat that move in October 1982 to account for the 2
2562 # hour difference.) Map depicting "time violators" before 1981-10-01
2563 # is also provided.
2564 #
2565 # The article from Trud says that 1981-10-01 changes caused problems
2566 # and some territories would be moved to pre-1981-10-01 time by not
2567 # moving to summer time on 1982-04-01. Namely: Dagestan,
2568 # Kabardino-Balkar, Kalmyk, Komi, Mari, Mordovian, North Ossetian,
2569 # Tatar, Chechen-Ingush and Chuvash ASSR, Krasnodar and Stavropol
2570 # krais, Arkhangelsk, Vladimir, Vologda, Voronezh, Gorky, Ivanovo,
2571 # Kostroma, Lipetsk, Penza, Rostov, Ryazan, Tambov, Tyumen and
2572 # Yaroslavl oblasts, Nenets and Evenk autonomous okrugs, Khatangsky
2573 # district of Taymyr Autonomous Okrug. As a result Evenk Autonomous
2574 # Okrug and Khatangsky district of Taymyr Autonomous Okrug would end
2575 # up on Moscow+4, Tyumen Oblast on Moscow+2 and the rest on Moscow
2576 # time.
2577 #
2578 # http://astrozet.net/files/Zones/DOC/RU/1980-925.txt
2579 # attributes the 1982 changes to the Act of the Council of Ministers
2580 # of the USSR No. 126 from 18.02.1982. 1980-925.txt also adds
2581 # Udmurtia to the list of affected territories and lists Khatangsky
2582 # district separately from Taymyr Autonomous Okrug. Probably erroneously.
2583 #
2584 # The affected territories are currently listed under Europe/Moscow,
2585 # Asia/Yekaterinburg and Asia/Krasnoyarsk.
2586 #
2587 # 12. Udmurtia
2588 # The fact that Udmurtia is depicted as a violator in the Nauka i
2589 # Zhizn article hints at Izhevsk being on different time from
2590 # Kuybyshev before 1981-10-01. Udmurtia is not mentioned in the 1989 act.
2591 # http://astrozet.net/files/Zones/DOC/RU/1980-925.txt
2592 # implies Udmurtia was on Moscow time after 1982-04-01.
2593 # Wikipedia implies Udmurtia being on Moscow+1 until 1991.
2594 #
2595 # ...
2596 #
2597 # All Russian zones are supposed to have by default a -1 change at
2598 # 1991-03-31 2:00 (cancellation of the decree time in the USSR) and a +1
2599 # change at 1992-01-19 2:00 (restoration of the decree time in Russia).
2600 #
2601 # There were some exceptions, though.
2602 # Wikipedia says newspapers listed Astrakhan, Saratov, Kirov, Volgograd,
2603 # Izhevsk, Grozny, Kazan and Samara as such exceptions for the 1992
2604 # change. (Different newspapers providing different lists. And some
2605 # lists found in the internet are quite wild.)
2606 #
2607 # And apparently some exceptions were reverted in the last moment.
2608 # http://www.kaliningradka.ru/site_pc/cherez/index.php?ELEMENT_ID=40091
2609 # says that Kaliningrad decided not to be an exception 2 days before the
2610 # 1991-03-31 switch and one person at
2611 # https://izhevsk.ru/forum_light_message/50/682597-m8369040.html
2612 # says he remembers that Samara opted out of the 1992-01-19 exception
2613 # 2 days before the switch.
2614 #
2615 #
2616 # From Paul Eggert (2016-03-18):
2617 # Given the above, we appear to be missing some Zone entries for the
2618 # chaotic early 1980s in Russia. It's not clear what these entries
2619 # should be. For now, sweep this under the rug and just document the
2620 # time in Moscow.
2621
2622 # From Vladimir Karpinsky (2014-07-08):
2623 # LMT in Moscow (before Jul 3, 1916) is 2:30:17, that was defined by Moscow
2624 # Observatory (coordinates: 55° 45' 29.70", 37° 34' 05.30")....
2625 # LMT in Moscow since Jul 3, 1916 is 2:31:01 as a result of new standard.
2626 # (The info is from the book by Byalokoz ... p. 18.)
2627 # The time in St. Petersburg as capital of Russia was defined by
2628 # Pulkov observatory, near St. Petersburg. In 1916 LMT Moscow
2629 # was synchronized with LMT St. Petersburg (+30 minutes), (Pulkov observatory
2630 # coordinates: 59° 46' 18.70", 30° 19' 40.70") so 30° 19' 40.70" >
2631 # 2h01m18.7s = 2:01:19. LMT Moscow = LMT St.Petersburg + 30m 2:01:19 + 0:30 =
2632 # 2:31:19 ...
2633 #
2634 # From Paul Eggert (2014-07-08):
2635 # Milne does not list Moscow, but suggests that its time might be listed in
2636 # Résumés mensuels et annuels des observations météorologiques (1895).
2637 # Presumably this is OCLC 85825704, a journal published with parallel text in
2638 # Russian and French. This source has not been located; go with Karpinsky.
2639
2640 Zone Europe/Moscow 2:30:17 - LMT 1880
2641 2:30:17 - MMT 1916 Jul 3 # Moscow Mean Time
2642 2:31:19 Russia %s 1919 Jul 1 0:00u
2643 3:00 Russia %s 1921 Oct
2644 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1922 Oct
2645 2:00 - EET 1930 Jun 21
2646 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2647 2:00 Russia EE%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
2648 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 2011 Mar 27 2:00s
2649 4:00 - MSK 2014 Oct 26 2:00s
2650 3:00 - MSK
2651
2652
2653 # From Paul Eggert (2016-12-06):
2654 # Europe/Simferopol covers Crimea.
2655
2656 Zone Europe/Simferopol 2:16:24 - LMT 1880
2657 2:16 - SMT 1924 May 2 # Simferopol Mean T
2658 2:00 - EET 1930 Jun 21
2659 3:00 - MSK 1941 Nov
2660 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Apr 13
2661 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1990
2662 3:00 - MSK 1990 Jul 1 2:00
2663 2:00 - EET 1992
2664 # Central Crimea used Moscow time 1994/1997.
2665 #
2666 # From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):
2667 # The _Economist_ (1994-05-28, p 45) reports that central Crimea switched
2668 # from Kiev to Moscow time sometime after the January 1994 elections.
2669 # Shanks (1999) says "date of change uncertain", but implies that it happened
2670 # sometime between the 1994 DST switches. Shanks & Pottenger simply say
2671 # 1994-09-25 03:00, but that can't be right. For now, guess it
2672 # changed in May.
2673 2:00 E-Eur EE%sT 1994 May
2674 # From IATA SSIM (1994/1997), which also says that Kerch is still like Kiev.
2675 3:00 E-Eur MSK/MSD 1996 Mar 31 0:00s
2676 3:00 1:00 MSD 1996 Oct 27 3:00s
2677 # IATA SSIM (1997-09) says Crimea switched to EET/EEST.
2678 # Assume it happened in March by not changing the clocks.
2679 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1997
2680 3:00 - MSK 1997 Mar lastSun 1:00u
2681 # From Alexander Krivenyshev (2014-03-17):
2682 # time change at 2:00 (2am) on March 30, 2014
2683 # https://vz.ru/news/2014/3/17/677464.html
2684 # From Paul Eggert (2014-03-30):
2685 # Simferopol and Sevastopol reportedly changed their central town clocks
2686 # late the previous day, but this appears to have been ceremonial
2687 # and the discrepancies are small enough to not worry about.
2688 2:00 EU EE%sT 2014 Mar 30 2:00
2689 4:00 - MSK 2014 Oct 26 2:00s
2690 3:00 - MSK
2691
2692
2693 # From Paul Eggert (2016-03-18):
2694 # Europe/Astrakhan covers:
2695 # 30 RU-AST Astrakhan Oblast
2696 #
2697 # The 1989 transition is from USSR act No. 227 (1989-03-14).
2698
2699 # From Alexander Krivenyshev (2016-01-12):
2700 # On February 10, 2016 Astrakhan Oblast got approval by the Federation
2701 # Council to change its time zone to UTC+4 (from current UTC+3 Moscow time)....
2702 # This Federal Law shall enter into force on 27 March 2016 at 02:00.
2703 # From Matt Johnson (2016-03-09):
2704 # http://publication.pravo.gov.ru/Document/View/0001201602150056
2705
2706 Zone Europe/Astrakhan 3:12:12 - LMT 1924 May
2707 3:00 - +03 1930 Jun 21
2708 4:00 Russia +04/+05 1989 Mar 26 2:00s
2709 3:00 Russia +03/+04 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2710 4:00 - +04 1992 Mar 29 2:00s
2711 3:00 Russia +03/+04 2011 Mar 27 2:00s
2712 4:00 - +04 2014 Oct 26 2:00s
2713 3:00 - +03 2016 Mar 27 2:00s
2714 4:00 - +04
2715
2716 # From Paul Eggert (2016-11-11):
2717 # Europe/Volgograd covers:
2718 # 34 RU-VGG Volgograd Oblast
2719 # The 1988 transition is from USSR act No. 5 (1988-01-04).
2720
2721 Zone Europe/Volgograd 2:57:40 - LMT 1920 Jan 3
2722 3:00 - +03 1930 Jun 21
2723 4:00 - +04 1961 Nov 11
2724 4:00 Russia +04/+05 1988 Mar 27 2:00s
2725 3:00 Russia +03/+04 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2726 4:00 - +04 1992 Mar 29 2:00s
2727 3:00 Russia +03/+04 2011 Mar 27 2:00s
2728 4:00 - +04 2014 Oct 26 2:00s
2729 3:00 - +03
2730
2731 # From Paul Eggert (2016-11-11):
2732 # Europe/Saratov covers:
2733 # 64 RU-SAR Saratov Oblast
2734
2735 # From Yuri Konotopov (2016-11-11):
2736 # Dec 4, 2016 02:00 UTC+3.... Saratov Region's local time will be ... UTC+4.
2737 # From Stepan Golosunov (2016-11-11):
2738 # ... Byalokoz listed Saratov on 03:04:18.
2739 # From Stepan Golosunov (2016-11-22):
2740 # http://publication.pravo.gov.ru/Document/View/0001201611220031
2741
2742 Zone Europe/Saratov 3:04:18 - LMT 1919 Jul 1 0:00u
2743 3:00 - +03 1930 Jun 21
2744 4:00 Russia +04/+05 1988 Mar 27 2:00s
2745 3:00 Russia +03/+04 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2746 4:00 - +04 1992 Mar 29 2:00s
2747 3:00 Russia +03/+04 2011 Mar 27 2:00s
2748 4:00 - +04 2014 Oct 26 2:00s
2749 3:00 - +03 2016 Dec 4 2:00s
2750 4:00 - +04
2751
2752 # From Paul Eggert (2016-03-18):
2753 # Europe/Kirov covers:
2754 # 43 RU-KIR Kirov Oblast
2755 # The 1989 transition is from USSR act No. 227 (1989-03-14).
2756 #
2757 Zone Europe/Kirov 3:18:48 - LMT 1919 Jul 1 0:00u
2758 3:00 - +03 1930 Jun 21
2759 4:00 Russia +04/+05 1989 Mar 26 2:00s
2760 3:00 Russia +03/+04 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2761 4:00 - +04 1992 Mar 29 2:00s
2762 3:00 Russia +03/+04 2011 Mar 27 2:00s
2763 4:00 - +04 2014 Oct 26 2:00s
2764 3:00 - +03
2765
2766 # From Tim Parenti (2014-07-03), per Oscar van Vlijmen (2001-08-25):
2767 # Europe/Samara covers...
2768 # 18 RU-UD Udmurt Republic
2769 # 63 RU-SAM Samara Oblast
2770
2771 # From Paul Eggert (2016-03-18):
2772 # Byalokoz 1919 says Samara was 3:20:20.
2773 # The 1989 transition is from USSR act No. 227 (1989-03-14).
2774
2775 Zone Europe/Samara 3:20:20 - LMT 1919 Jul 1 0:00u
2776 3:00 - +03 1930 Jun 21
2777 4:00 - +04 1935 Jan 27
2778 4:00 Russia +04/+05 1989 Mar 26 2:00s
2779 3:00 Russia +03/+04 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2780 2:00 Russia +02/+03 1991 Sep 29 2:00s
2781 3:00 - +03 1991 Oct 20 3:00
2782 4:00 Russia +04/+05 2010 Mar 28 2:00s
2783 3:00 Russia +03/+04 2011 Mar 27 2:00s
2784 4:00 - +04
2785
2786 # From Paul Eggert (2016-03-18):
2787 # Europe/Ulyanovsk covers:
2788 # 73 RU-ULY Ulyanovsk Oblast
2789
2790 # The 1989 transition is from USSR act No. 227 (1989-03-14).
2791
2792 # From Alexander Krivenyshev (2016-02-17):
2793 # Ulyanovsk ... on their way to change time zones by March 27, 2016 at 2am.
2794 # Ulyanovsk Oblast ... from MSK to MSK+1 (UTC+3 to UTC+4) ...
2795 # 920582-6 ... 02/17/2016 The State Duma passed the bill in the first reading.
2796 # From Matt Johnson (2016-03-09):
2797 # http://publication.pravo.gov.ru/Document/View/0001201603090051
2798
2799 Zone Europe/Ulyanovsk 3:13:36 - LMT 1919 Jul 1 0:00u
2800 3:00 - +03 1930 Jun 21
2801 4:00 Russia +04/+05 1989 Mar 26 2:00s
2802 3:00 Russia +03/+04 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2803 2:00 Russia +02/+03 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
2804 3:00 Russia +03/+04 2011 Mar 27 2:00s
2805 4:00 - +04 2014 Oct 26 2:00s
2806 3:00 - +03 2016 Mar 27 2:00s
2807 4:00 - +04
2808
2809 # From Tim Parenti (2014-07-03), per Oscar van Vlijmen (2001-08-25):
2810 # Asia/Yekaterinburg covers...
2811 # 02 RU-BA Bashkortostan, Republic of
2812 # 90 RU-PER Perm Krai
2813 # 45 RU-KGN Kurgan Oblast
2814 # 56 RU-ORE Orenburg Oblast
2815 # 66 RU-SVE Sverdlovsk Oblast
2816 # 72 RU-TYU Tyumen Oblast
2817 # 74 RU-CHE Chelyabinsk Oblast
2818 # 86 RU-KHM Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug - Yugra
2819 # 89 RU-YAN Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug
2820 #
2821 # Note: Effective 2005-12-01, (59) Perm Oblast and (81) Komi-Permyak
2822 # Autonomous Okrug merged to form (90, RU-PER) Perm Krai.
2823
2824 # Milne says Yekaterinburg was 4:02:32.9; round to nearest.
2825 # Byalokoz 1919 says its provincial time was based on Perm, at 3:45:05.
2826 # Assume it switched on 1916-07-03, the time of the new standard.
2827 # The 1919 and 1930 transitions are from Shanks.
2828
2829 Zone Asia/Yekaterinburg 4:02:33 - LMT 1916 Jul 3
2830 3:45:05 - PMT 1919 Jul 15 4:00
2831 4:00 - +04 1930 Jun 21
2832 5:00 Russia +05/+06 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2833 4:00 Russia +04/+05 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
2834 5:00 Russia +05/+06 2011 Mar 27 2:00s
2835 6:00 - +06 2014 Oct 26 2:00s
2836 5:00 - +05
2837
2838
2839 # From Tim Parenti (2014-07-03), per Oscar van Vlijmen (2001-08-25):
2840 # Asia/Omsk covers...
2841 # 55 RU-OMS Omsk Oblast
2842
2843 # Byalokoz 1919 says Omsk was 4:53:30.
2844
2845 Zone Asia/Omsk 4:53:30 - LMT 1919 Nov 14
2846 5:00 - +05 1930 Jun 21
2847 6:00 Russia +06/+07 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2848 5:00 Russia +05/+06 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
2849 6:00 Russia +06/+07 2011 Mar 27 2:00s
2850 7:00 - +07 2014 Oct 26 2:00s
2851 6:00 - +06
2852
2853 # From Paul Eggert (2016-02-22):
2854 # Asia/Barnaul covers:
2855 # 04 RU-AL Altai Republic
2856 # 22 RU-ALT Altai Krai
2857
2858 # Data before 1991 are from Shanks & Pottenger.
2859
2860 # From Stepan Golosunov (2016-03-07):
2861 # Letter of Bank of Russia from 1995-05-25
2862 # http://www.bestpravo.ru/rossijskoje/lj-akty/y3a.htm
2863 # suggests that Altai Republic transitioned to Moscow+3 on
2864 # 1995-05-28.
2865 #
2866 # https://regnum.ru/news/society/1957270.html
2867 # has some historical data for Altai Krai:
2868 # before 1957: west part on UT+6, east on UT+7
2869 # after 1957: UT+7
2870 # since 1995: UT+6
2871 # http://barnaul.rusplt.ru/index/pochemu_altajskij_kraj_okazalsja_v_neprivychnom_chasovom_pojase-17648.html
2872 # confirms that and provides more details including 1995-05-28 transition date.
2873
2874 # From Alexander Krivenyshev (2016-02-17):
2875 # Altai Krai and Altai Republic on their way to change time zones
2876 # by March 27, 2016 at 2am....
2877 # Altai Republic / Gorno-Altaysk MSK+3 to MSK+4 (UTC+6 to UTC+7) ...
2878 # Altai Krai / Barnaul MSK+3 to MSK+4 (UTC+6 to UTC+7)
2879 # From Matt Johnson (2016-03-09):
2880 # http://publication.pravo.gov.ru/Document/View/0001201603090043
2881 # http://publication.pravo.gov.ru/Document/View/0001201603090038
2882
2883 Zone Asia/Barnaul 5:35:00 - LMT 1919 Dec 10
2884 6:00 - +06 1930 Jun 21
2885 7:00 Russia +07/+08 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2886 6:00 Russia +06/+07 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
2887 7:00 Russia +07/+08 1995 May 28
2888 6:00 Russia +06/+07 2011 Mar 27 2:00s
2889 7:00 - +07 2014 Oct 26 2:00s
2890 6:00 - +06 2016 Mar 27 2:00s
2891 7:00 - +07
2892
2893 # From Paul Eggert (2016-03-18):
2894 # Asia/Novosibirsk covers:
2895 # 54 RU-NVS Novosibirsk Oblast
2896
2897 # From Stepan Golosunov (2016-05-30):
2898 # http://asozd2.duma.gov.ru/main.nsf/(Spravka)?OpenAgent&RN=1085784-6
2899 # moves Novosibirsk oblast from UTC+6 to UTC+7.
2900 # From Stepan Golosunov (2016-07-04):
2901 # The law was signed yesterday and published today on
2902 # http://publication.pravo.gov.ru/Document/View/0001201607040064
2903
2904 Zone Asia/Novosibirsk 5:31:40 - LMT 1919 Dec 14 6:00
2905 6:00 - +06 1930 Jun 21
2906 7:00 Russia +07/+08 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2907 6:00 Russia +06/+07 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
2908 7:00 Russia +07/+08 1993 May 23 # say Shanks & P.
2909 6:00 Russia +06/+07 2011 Mar 27 2:00s
2910 7:00 - +07 2014 Oct 26 2:00s
2911 6:00 - +06 2016 Jul 24 2:00s
2912 7:00 - +07
2913
2914 # From Paul Eggert (2016-03-18):
2915 # Asia/Tomsk covers:
2916 # 70 RU-TOM Tomsk Oblast
2917
2918 # From Stepan Golosunov (2016-03-24):
2919 # Byalokoz listed Tomsk at 5:39:51.
2920
2921 # From Stanislaw A. Kuzikowski (1994-06-29):
2922 # Tomsk is still 4 hours ahead of Moscow.
2923
2924 # From Stepan Golosunov (2016-03-19):
2925 # http://pravo.gov.ru/proxy/ips/?docbody=&nd=102075743
2926 # (fifth time belt being UTC+5+1(decree time)
2927 # / UTC+5+1(decree time)+1(summer time)) ...
2928 # Note that time belts (numbered from 2 (Moscow) to 12 according to their
2929 # GMT/UTC offset and having too many exceptions like regions formally
2930 # belonging to one belt but using time from another) were replaced
2931 # with time zones in 2011 with different numbering (there was a
2932 # 2-hour gap between second and third zones in 2011-2014).
2933
2934 # From Stepan Golosunov (2016-04-12):
2935 # http://asozd2.duma.gov.ru/main.nsf/(SpravkaNew)?OpenAgent&RN=1006865-6
2936 # This bill was approved in the first reading today. It moves Tomsk oblast
2937 # from UTC+6 to UTC+7 and is supposed to come into effect on 2016-05-29 at
2938 # 2:00. The bill needs to be approved in the second and the third readings by
2939 # the State Duma, approved by the Federation Council, signed by the President
2940 # and published to become a law. Minor changes in the text are to be expected
2941 # before the second reading (references need to be updated to account for the
2942 # recent changes).
2943 #
2944 # Judging by the ultra-short one-day amendments period, recent similar laws,
2945 # the State Duma schedule and the Federation Council schedule
2946 # http://www.duma.gov.ru/legislative/planning/day-shedule/por_vesna_2016/
2947 # http://council.gov.ru/activity/meetings/schedule/63303
2948 # I speculate that the final text of the bill will be proposed tomorrow, the
2949 # bill will be approved in the second and the third readings on Friday,
2950 # approved by the Federation Council on 2016-04-20, signed by the President and
2951 # published as a law around 2016-04-26.
2952
2953 # From Matt Johnson (2016-04-26):
2954 # http://publication.pravo.gov.ru/Document/View/0001201604260048
2955
2956 Zone Asia/Tomsk 5:39:51 - LMT 1919 Dec 22
2957 6:00 - +06 1930 Jun 21
2958 7:00 Russia +07/+08 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2959 6:00 Russia +06/+07 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
2960 7:00 Russia +07/+08 2002 May 1 3:00
2961 6:00 Russia +06/+07 2011 Mar 27 2:00s
2962 7:00 - +07 2014 Oct 26 2:00s
2963 6:00 - +06 2016 May 29 2:00s
2964 7:00 - +07
2965
2966
2967 # From Tim Parenti (2014-07-03):
2968 # Asia/Novokuznetsk covers...
2969 # 42 RU-KEM Kemerovo Oblast
2970
2971 # From Alexander Krivenyshev (2009-10-13):
2972 # Kemerovo oblast' (Kemerovo region) in Russia will change current time zone on
2973 # March 28, 2010:
2974 # from current Russia Zone 6 - Krasnoyarsk Time Zone (KRA) UTC +0700
2975 # to Russia Zone 5 - Novosibirsk Time Zone (NOV) UTC +0600
2976 #
2977 # This is according to Government of Russia decree No. 740, on September
2978 # 14, 2009 "Application in the territory of the Kemerovo region the Fifth
2979 # time zone." ("Russia Zone 5" or old "USSR Zone 5" is GMT +0600)
2980 #
2981 # Russian Government web site (Russian language)
2982 # http://www.government.ru/content/governmentactivity/rfgovernmentdecisions/archive/2009/09/14/991633.htm
2983 # or Russian-English translation by WorldTimeZone.com with reference
2984 # map to local region and new Russia Time Zone map after March 28, 2010
2985 # http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_russia03.html
2986 #
2987 # Thus, when Russia will switch to DST on the night of March 28, 2010
2988 # Kemerovo region (Kemerovo oblast') will not change the clock.
2989
2990 # From Tim Parenti (2014-07-02), per Alexander Krivenyshev (2014-07-02):
2991 # The Kemerovo region will remain at UTC+7 through the 2014-10-26 change, thus
2992 # realigning itself with KRAT.
2993
2994 Zone Asia/Novokuznetsk 5:48:48 - LMT 1924 May 1
2995 6:00 - +06 1930 Jun 21
2996 7:00 Russia +07/+08 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2997 6:00 Russia +06/+07 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
2998 7:00 Russia +07/+08 2010 Mar 28 2:00s
2999 6:00 Russia +06/+07 2011 Mar 27 2:00s
3000 7:00 - +07
3001
3002 # From Tim Parenti (2014-07-03), per Oscar van Vlijmen (2001-08-25):
3003 # Asia/Krasnoyarsk covers...
3004 # 17 RU-TY Tuva Republic
3005 # 19 RU-KK Khakassia, Republic of
3006 # 24 RU-KYA Krasnoyarsk Krai
3007 #
3008 # Note: Effective 2007-01-01, (88) Evenk Autonomous Okrug and (84) Taymyr
3009 # Autonomous Okrug were merged into (24, RU-KYA) Krasnoyarsk Krai.
3010
3011 # Byalokoz 1919 says Krasnoyarsk was 6:11:26.
3012
3013 Zone Asia/Krasnoyarsk 6:11:26 - LMT 1920 Jan 6
3014 6:00 - +06 1930 Jun 21
3015 7:00 Russia +07/+08 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
3016 6:00 Russia +06/+07 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
3017 7:00 Russia +07/+08 2011 Mar 27 2:00s
3018 8:00 - +08 2014 Oct 26 2:00s
3019 7:00 - +07
3020
3021
3022 # From Tim Parenti (2014-07-03), per Oscar van Vlijmen (2001-08-25):
3023 # Asia/Irkutsk covers...
3024 # 03 RU-BU Buryatia, Republic of
3025 # 38 RU-IRK Irkutsk Oblast
3026 #
3027 # Note: Effective 2008-01-01, (85) Ust-Orda Buryat Autonomous Okrug was
3028 # merged into (38, RU-IRK) Irkutsk Oblast.
3029
3030 # Milne 1899 says Irkutsk was 6:57:15.
3031 # Byalokoz 1919 says Irkutsk was 6:57:05.
3032 # Go with Byalokoz.
3033
3034 Zone Asia/Irkutsk 6:57:05 - LMT 1880
3035 6:57:05 - IMT 1920 Jan 25 # Irkutsk Mean Time
3036 7:00 - +07 1930 Jun 21
3037 8:00 Russia +08/+09 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
3038 7:00 Russia +07/+08 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
3039 8:00 Russia +08/+09 2011 Mar 27 2:00s
3040 9:00 - +09 2014 Oct 26 2:00s
3041 8:00 - +08
3042
3043
3044 # From Tim Parenti (2014-07-06):
3045 # Asia/Chita covers...
3046 # 92 RU-ZAB Zabaykalsky Krai
3047 #
3048 # Note: Effective 2008-03-01, (75) Chita Oblast and (80) Agin-Buryat
3049 # Autonomous Okrug merged to form (92, RU-ZAB) Zabaykalsky Krai.
3050
3051 # From Alexander Krivenyshev (2016-01-02):
3052 # [The] time zone in the Trans-Baikal Territory (Zabaykalsky Krai) -
3053 # Asia/Chita [is changing] from UTC+8 to UTC+9. Effective date will
3054 # be March 27, 2016 at 2:00am....
3055 # http://publication.pravo.gov.ru/Document/View/0001201512300107
3056
3057 Zone Asia/Chita 7:33:52 - LMT 1919 Dec 15
3058 8:00 - +08 1930 Jun 21
3059 9:00 Russia +09/+10 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
3060 8:00 Russia +08/+09 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
3061 9:00 Russia +09/+10 2011 Mar 27 2:00s
3062 10:00 - +10 2014 Oct 26 2:00s
3063 8:00 - +08 2016 Mar 27 2:00
3064 9:00 - +09
3065
3066
3067 # From Tim Parenti (2014-07-03), per Oscar van Vlijmen (2009-11-29):
3068 # Asia/Yakutsk covers...
3069 # 28 RU-AMU Amur Oblast
3070 #
3071 # ...and parts of (14, RU-SA) Sakha (Yakutia) Republic:
3072 # 14-02 **** Aldansky District
3073 # 14-04 **** Amginsky District
3074 # 14-05 **** Anabarsky District
3075 # 14-06 **** Bulunsky District
3076 # 14-07 **** Verkhnevilyuysky District
3077 # 14-10 **** Vilyuysky District
3078 # 14-11 **** Gorny District
3079 # 14-12 **** Zhigansky District
3080 # 14-13 **** Kobyaysky District
3081 # 14-14 **** Lensky District
3082 # 14-15 **** Megino-Kangalassky District
3083 # 14-16 **** Mirninsky District
3084 # 14-18 **** Namsky District
3085 # 14-19 **** Neryungrinsky District
3086 # 14-21 **** Nyurbinsky District
3087 # 14-23 **** Olenyoksky District
3088 # 14-24 **** Olyokminsky District
3089 # 14-26 **** Suntarsky District
3090 # 14-27 **** Tattinsky District
3091 # 14-29 **** Ust-Aldansky District
3092 # 14-32 **** Khangalassky District
3093 # 14-33 **** Churapchinsky District
3094 # 14-34 **** Eveno-Bytantaysky National District
3095
3096 # From Tim Parenti (2014-07-03):
3097 # Our commentary seems to have lost mention of (14-19) Neryungrinsky District.
3098 # Since the surrounding districts of Sakha are all YAKT, assume this is, too.
3099 # Also assume its history has been the same as the rest of Asia/Yakutsk.
3100
3101 # Byalokoz 1919 says Yakutsk was 8:38:58.
3102
3103 Zone Asia/Yakutsk 8:38:58 - LMT 1919 Dec 15
3104 8:00 - +08 1930 Jun 21
3105 9:00 Russia +09/+10 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
3106 8:00 Russia +08/+09 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
3107 9:00 Russia +09/+10 2011 Mar 27 2:00s
3108 10:00 - +10 2014 Oct 26 2:00s
3109 9:00 - +09
3110
3111
3112 # From Tim Parenti (2014-07-03), per Oscar van Vlijmen (2009-11-29):
3113 # Asia/Vladivostok covers...
3114 # 25 RU-PRI Primorsky Krai
3115 # 27 RU-KHA Khabarovsk Krai
3116 # 79 RU-YEV Jewish Autonomous Oblast
3117 #
3118 # ...and parts of (14, RU-SA) Sakha (Yakutia) Republic:
3119 # 14-09 **** Verkhoyansky District
3120 # 14-31 **** Ust-Yansky District
3121
3122 # Milne 1899 says Vladivostok was 8:47:33.5.
3123 # Byalokoz 1919 says Vladivostok was 8:47:31.
3124 # Go with Byalokoz.
3125
3126 Zone Asia/Vladivostok 8:47:31 - LMT 1922 Nov 15
3127 9:00 - +09 1930 Jun 21
3128 10:00 Russia +10/+11 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
3129 9:00 Russia +09/+10 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
3130 10:00 Russia +10/+11 2011 Mar 27 2:00s
3131 11:00 - +11 2014 Oct 26 2:00s
3132 10:00 - +10
3133
3134
3135 # From Tim Parenti (2014-07-03):
3136 # Asia/Khandyga covers parts of (14, RU-SA) Sakha (Yakutia) Republic:
3137 # 14-28 **** Tomponsky District
3138 # 14-30 **** Ust-Maysky District
3139
3140 # From Arthur David Olson (2012-05-09):
3141 # Tomponskij and Ust'-Majskij switched from Vladivostok time to Yakutsk time
3142 # in 2011.
3143
3144 # From Paul Eggert (2012-11-25):
3145 # Shanks and Pottenger (2003) has Khandyga on Yakutsk time.
3146 # Make a wild guess that it switched to Vladivostok time in 2004.
3147 # This transition is no doubt wrong, but we have no better info.
3148
3149 Zone Asia/Khandyga 9:02:13 - LMT 1919 Dec 15
3150 8:00 - +08 1930 Jun 21
3151 9:00 Russia +09/+10 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
3152 8:00 Russia +08/+09 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
3153 9:00 Russia +09/+10 2004
3154 10:00 Russia +10/+11 2011 Mar 27 2:00s
3155 11:00 - +11 2011 Sep 13 0:00s # Decree 725?
3156 10:00 - +10 2014 Oct 26 2:00s
3157 9:00 - +09
3158
3159
3160 # From Tim Parenti (2014-07-03):
3161 # Asia/Sakhalin covers...
3162 # 65 RU-SAK Sakhalin Oblast
3163 # ...with the exception of:
3164 # 65-11 **** Severo-Kurilsky District (North Kuril Islands)
3165
3166 # From Matt Johnson (2016-02-22):
3167 # Asia/Sakhalin is moving (in entirety) from UTC+10 to UTC+11 ...
3168 # (2016-03-09):
3169 # http://publication.pravo.gov.ru/Document/View/0001201603090044
3170
3171 # The Zone name should be Asia/Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk, but that's too long.
3172 Zone Asia/Sakhalin 9:30:48 - LMT 1905 Aug 23
3173 9:00 - +09 1945 Aug 25
3174 11:00 Russia +11/+12 1991 Mar 31 2:00s # Sakhalin T
3175 10:00 Russia +10/+11 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
3176 11:00 Russia +11/+12 1997 Mar lastSun 2:00s
3177 10:00 Russia +10/+11 2011 Mar 27 2:00s
3178 11:00 - +11 2014 Oct 26 2:00s
3179 10:00 - +10 2016 Mar 27 2:00s
3180 11:00 - +11
3181
3182
3183 # From Tim Parenti (2014-07-03), per Oscar van Vlijmen (2009-11-29):
3184 # Asia/Magadan covers...
3185 # 49 RU-MAG Magadan Oblast
3186
3187 # From Tim Parenti (2014-07-06), per Alexander Krivenyshev (2014-07-02):
3188 # Magadan Oblast is moving from UTC+12 to UTC+10 on 2014-10-26; however,
3189 # several districts of Sakha Republic as well as Severo-Kurilsky District of
3190 # the Sakhalin Oblast (also known as the North Kuril Islands), represented
3191 # until now by Asia/Magadan, will instead move to UTC+11. These regions will
3192 # need their own zone.
3193
3194 # From Alexander Krivenyshev (2016-03-27):
3195 # ... draft bill 948300-6 to change its time zone from UTC+10 to UTC+11 ...
3196 # will take ... effect ... on April 24, 2016 at 2 o'clock
3197 #
3198 # From Matt Johnson (2016-04-05):
3199 # ... signed by the President today ...
3200 # http://publication.pravo.gov.ru/Document/View/0001201604050038
3201
3202 Zone Asia/Magadan 10:03:12 - LMT 1924 May 2
3203 10:00 - +10 1930 Jun 21 # Magadan Time
3204 11:00 Russia +11/+12 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
3205 10:00 Russia +10/+11 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
3206 11:00 Russia +11/+12 2011 Mar 27 2:00s
3207 12:00 - +12 2014 Oct 26 2:00s
3208 10:00 - +10 2016 Apr 24 2:00s
3209 11:00 - +11
3210
3211
3212 # From Tim Parenti (2014-07-06):
3213 # Asia/Srednekolymsk covers parts of (14, RU-SA) Sakha (Yakutia) Republic:
3214 # 14-01 **** Abyysky District
3215 # 14-03 **** Allaikhovsky District
3216 # 14-08 **** Verkhnekolymsky District
3217 # 14-17 **** Momsky District
3218 # 14-20 **** Nizhnekolymsky District
3219 # 14-25 **** Srednekolymsky District
3220 #
3221 # ...and parts of (65, RU-SAK) Sakhalin Oblast:
3222 # 65-11 **** Severo-Kurilsky District (North Kuril Islands)
3223
3224 # From Tim Parenti (2014-07-02):
3225 # Oymyakonsky District of Sakha Republic (represented by Ust-Nera), along with
3226 # most of Sakhalin Oblast (represented by Sakhalin) will be moving to UTC+10 on
3227 # 2014-10-26 to stay aligned with VLAT/SAKT; however, Severo-Kurilsky District
3228 # of the Sakhalin Oblast (also known as the North Kuril Islands, represented by
3229 # Severo-Kurilsk) will remain on UTC+11.
3230
3231 # From Tim Parenti (2014-07-06):
3232 # Assume North Kuril Islands have history like Magadan before 2011-03-27.
3233 # There is a decent chance this is wrong, in which case a new zone
3234 # Asia/Severo-Kurilsk would become necessary.
3235 #
3236 # Srednekolymsk and Zyryanka are the most populous places amongst these
3237 # districts, but have very similar populations. In fact, Wikipedia currently
3238 # lists them both as having 3528 people, exactly 1668 males and 1860 females
3239 # each! (Yikes!)
3240 # https://en.wikipedia.org/w/?title=Srednekolymsky_District&oldid=603435276
3241 # https://en.wikipedia.org/w/?title=Verkhnekolymsky_District&oldid=594378493
3242 # Assume this is a mistake, albeit an amusing one.
3243 #
3244 # Looking at censuses, the populations of the two municipalities seem to have
3245 # fluctuated recently. Zyryanka was more populous than Srednekolymsk in the
3246 # 1989 and 2002 censuses, but Srednekolymsk was more populous in the most
3247 # recent (2010) census, 3525 to 3170. (See pages 195 and 197 of
3248 # http://www.gks.ru/free_doc/new_site/perepis2010/croc/Documents/Vol1/pub-01-05.pdf
3249 # in Russian.) In addition, Srednekolymsk appears to be a much older
3250 # settlement and the population of Zyryanka seems to be declining.
3251 # Go with Srednekolymsk.
3252
3253 Zone Asia/Srednekolymsk 10:14:52 - LMT 1924 May 2
3254 10:00 - +10 1930 Jun 21
3255 11:00 Russia +11/+12 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
3256 10:00 Russia +10/+11 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
3257 11:00 Russia +11/+12 2011 Mar 27 2:00s
3258 12:00 - +12 2014 Oct 26 2:00s
3259 11:00 - +11
3260
3261
3262 # From Tim Parenti (2014-07-03):
3263 # Asia/Ust-Nera covers parts of (14, RU-SA) Sakha (Yakutia) Republic:
3264 # 14-22 **** Oymyakonsky District
3265
3266 # From Arthur David Olson (2012-05-09):
3267 # Ojmyakonskij [and the Kuril Islands] switched from
3268 # Magadan time to Vladivostok time in 2011.
3269 #
3270 # From Tim Parenti (2014-07-06), per Alexander Krivenyshev (2014-07-02):
3271 # It's unlikely that any of the Kuril Islands were involved in such a switch,
3272 # as the South and Middle Kurils have been on UTC+11 (SAKT) with the rest of
3273 # Sakhalin Oblast since at least 2011-09, and the North Kurils have been on
3274 # UTC+12 since at least then, too.
3275
3276 Zone Asia/Ust-Nera 9:32:54 - LMT 1919 Dec 15
3277 8:00 - +08 1930 Jun 21
3278 9:00 Russia +09/+10 1981 Apr 1
3279 11:00 Russia +11/+12 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
3280 10:00 Russia +10/+11 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
3281 11:00 Russia +11/+12 2011 Mar 27 2:00s
3282 12:00 - +12 2011 Sep 13 0:00s # Decree 725?
3283 11:00 - +11 2014 Oct 26 2:00s
3284 10:00 - +10
3285
3286
3287 # From Tim Parenti (2014-07-03), per Oscar van Vlijmen (2001-08-25):
3288 # Asia/Kamchatka covers...
3289 # 91 RU-KAM Kamchatka Krai
3290 #
3291 # Note: Effective 2007-07-01, (41) Kamchatka Oblast and (82) Koryak
3292 # Autonomous Okrug merged to form (91, RU-KAM) Kamchatka Krai.
3293
3294 # The Zone name should be Asia/Petropavlovsk-Kamchatski or perhaps
3295 # Asia/Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky, but these are too long.
3296 Zone Asia/Kamchatka 10:34:36 - LMT 1922 Nov 10
3297 11:00 - +11 1930 Jun 21
3298 12:00 Russia +12/+13 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
3299 11:00 Russia +11/+12 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
3300 12:00 Russia +12/+13 2010 Mar 28 2:00s
3301 11:00 Russia +11/+12 2011 Mar 27 2:00s
3302 12:00 - +12
3303
3304
3305 # From Tim Parenti (2014-07-03):
3306 # Asia/Anadyr covers...
3307 # 87 RU-CHU Chukotka Autonomous Okrug
3308
3309 Zone Asia/Anadyr 11:49:56 - LMT 1924 May 2
3310 12:00 - +12 1930 Jun 21
3311 13:00 Russia +13/+14 1982 Apr 1 0:00s
3312 12:00 Russia +12/+13 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
3313 11:00 Russia +11/+12 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
3314 12:00 Russia +12/+13 2010 Mar 28 2:00s
3315 11:00 Russia +11/+12 2011 Mar 27 2:00s
3316 12:00 - +12
3317
3318
3319 # San Marino
3320 # See Europe/Rome.
3321
3322 # Serbia
3323 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
3324 Zone Europe/Belgrade 1:22:00 - LMT 1884
3325 1:00 - CET 1941 Apr 18 23:00
3326 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945
3327 1:00 - CET 1945 May 8 2:00s
3328 1:00 1:00 CEST 1945 Sep 16 2:00s
3329 # Metod Koželj reports that the legal date of
3330 # transition to EU rules was 1982-11-27, for all of Yugoslavia at the time.
3331 # Shanks & Pottenger don't give as much detail, so go with Koželj.
3332 1:00 - CET 1982 Nov 27
3333 1:00 EU CE%sT
3334 Link Europe/Belgrade Europe/Ljubljana # Slovenia
3335 Link Europe/Belgrade Europe/Podgorica # Montenegro
3336 Link Europe/Belgrade Europe/Sarajevo # Bosnia and Herzegovina
3337 Link Europe/Belgrade Europe/Skopje # Macedonia
3338 Link Europe/Belgrade Europe/Zagreb # Croatia
3339
3340 # Slovakia
3341 Link Europe/Prague Europe/Bratislava
3342
3343 # Slovenia
3344 # See Europe/Belgrade.
3345
3346 # Spain
3347 #
3348 # From Paul Eggert (2016-12-14):
3349 #
3350 # The source for Europe/Madrid before 2013 is:
3351 # Planesas P. La hora oficial en España y sus cambios.
3352 # Anuario del Observatorio Astronómico de Madrid (2013, in Spanish).
3353 # http://astronomia.ign.es/rknowsys-theme/images/webAstro/paginas/documentos/Anuario/lahoraoficialenespana.pdf
3354 # As this source says that historical time in the Canaries is obscure,
3355 # and it does not discuss Ceuta, stick with Shanks for now for that data.
3356 #
3357 # In the 1918 and 1919 fallback transitions in Spain, the clock for
3358 # the hour-longer day officially kept going after midnight, so that
3359 # the repeated instances of that day's 00:00 hour were 24 hours apart,
3360 # with a fallback transition from the second occurrence of 00:59... to
3361 # the next day's 00:00. Our data format cannot represent this
3362 # directly, and instead repeats the first hour of the next day, with a
3363 # fallback transition from the next day's 00:59... to 00:00.
3364
3365 # From Michael Deckers (2016-12-15):
3366 # The Royal Decree of 1900-06-26 quoted by Planesas, online at
3367 # https://www.boe.es/datos/pdfs/BOE//1900/209/A00383-00384.pdf
3368 # says in its article 5 (my translation):
3369 # These dispositions will enter into force beginning with the
3370 # instant at which, according to the time indicated in article 1,
3371 # the 1st day of January of 1901 will begin.
3372
3373 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
3374 Rule Spain 1918 only - Apr 15 23:00 1:00 S
3375 Rule Spain 1918 1919 - Oct 6 24:00s 0 -
3376 Rule Spain 1919 only - Apr 6 23:00 1:00 S
3377 Rule Spain 1924 only - Apr 16 23:00 1:00 S
3378 Rule Spain 1924 only - Oct 4 24:00s 0 -
3379 Rule Spain 1926 only - Apr 17 23:00 1:00 S
3380 Rule Spain 1926 1929 - Oct Sat>=1 24:00s 0 -
3381 Rule Spain 1927 only - Apr 9 23:00 1:00 S
3382 Rule Spain 1928 only - Apr 15 0:00 1:00 S
3383 Rule Spain 1929 only - Apr 20 23:00 1:00 S
3384 # Republican Spain during the civil war; it controlled Madrid until 1939-03-28.
3385 Rule Spain 1937 only - Jun 16 23:00 1:00 S
3386 Rule Spain 1937 only - Oct 2 24:00s 0 -
3387 Rule Spain 1938 only - Apr 2 23:00 1:00 S
3388 Rule Spain 1938 only - Apr 30 23:00 2:00 M
3389 Rule Spain 1938 only - Oct 2 24:00 1:00 S
3390 # The following rules are for unified Spain again.
3391 #
3392 # Planesas does not say what happened in Madrid between its fall on
3393 # 1939-03-28 and the Nationalist spring-forward transition on
3394 # 1939-04-15. For lack of better info, assume Madrid's clocks did not
3395 # change during that period.
3396 #
3397 # The first rule is commented out, as it is redundant for Republican Spain.
3398 #Rule Spain 1939 only - Apr 15 23:00 1:00 S
3399 Rule Spain 1939 only - Oct 7 24:00s 0 -
3400 Rule Spain 1942 only - May 2 23:00 1:00 S
3401 Rule Spain 1942 only - Sep 1 1:00 0 -
3402 Rule Spain 1943 1946 - Apr Sat>=13 23:00 1:00 S
3403 Rule Spain 1943 1944 - Oct Sun>=1 1:00 0 -
3404 Rule Spain 1945 1946 - Sep lastSun 1:00 0 -
3405 Rule Spain 1949 only - Apr 30 23:00 1:00 S
3406 Rule Spain 1949 only - Oct 2 1:00 0 -
3407 Rule Spain 1974 1975 - Apr Sat>=12 23:00 1:00 S
3408 Rule Spain 1974 1975 - Oct Sun>=1 1:00 0 -
3409 Rule Spain 1976 only - Mar 27 23:00 1:00 S
3410 Rule Spain 1976 1977 - Sep lastSun 1:00 0 -
3411 Rule Spain 1977 only - Apr 2 23:00 1:00 S
3412 Rule Spain 1978 only - Apr 2 2:00s 1:00 S
3413 Rule Spain 1978 only - Oct 1 2:00s 0 -
3414 # Nationalist Spain during the civil war
3415 #Rule NatSpain 1937 only - May 22 23:00 1:00 S
3416 #Rule NatSpain 1937 1938 - Oct Sat>=1 24:00s 0 -
3417 #Rule NatSpain 1938 only - Mar 26 23:00 1:00 S
3418 # The following rules are copied from Morocco from 1967 through 1978.
3419 Rule SpainAfrica 1967 only - Jun 3 12:00 1:00 S
3420 Rule SpainAfrica 1967 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
3421 Rule SpainAfrica 1974 only - Jun 24 0:00 1:00 S
3422 Rule SpainAfrica 1974 only - Sep 1 0:00 0 -
3423 Rule SpainAfrica 1976 1977 - May 1 0:00 1:00 S
3424 Rule SpainAfrica 1976 only - Aug 1 0:00 0 -
3425 Rule SpainAfrica 1977 only - Sep 28 0:00 0 -
3426 Rule SpainAfrica 1978 only - Jun 1 0:00 1:00 S
3427 Rule SpainAfrica 1978 only - Aug 4 0:00 0 -
3428 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
3429 Zone Europe/Madrid -0:14:44 - LMT 1900 Dec 31 23:45:16
3430 0:00 Spain WE%sT 1940 Mar 16 23:00
3431 1:00 Spain CE%sT 1979
3432 1:00 EU CE%sT
3433 Zone Africa/Ceuta -0:21:16 - LMT 1900 Dec 31 23:38:44
3434 0:00 - WET 1918 May 6 23:00
3435 0:00 1:00 WEST 1918 Oct 7 23:00
3436 0:00 - WET 1924
3437 0:00 Spain WE%sT 1929
3438 0:00 SpainAfrica WE%sT 1984 Mar 16
3439 1:00 - CET 1986
3440 1:00 EU CE%sT
3441 Zone Atlantic/Canary -1:01:36 - LMT 1922 Mar # Las Palmas de Gran C.
3442 -1:00 - -01 1946 Sep 30 1:00
3443 0:00 - WET 1980 Apr 6 0:00s
3444 0:00 1:00 WEST 1980 Sep 28 1:00u
3445 0:00 EU WE%sT
3446 # IATA SSIM (1996-09) says the Canaries switch at 2:00u, not 1:00u.
3447 # Ignore this for now, as the Canaries are part of the EU.
3448
3449 # Sweden
3450
3451 # From Ivan Nilsson (2001-04-13), superseding Shanks & Pottenger:
3452 #
3453 # The law "Svensk författningssamling 1878, no 14" about standard time in 1879:
3454 # From the beginning of 1879 (that is 01-01 00:00) the time for all
3455 # places in the country is "the mean solar time for the meridian at
3456 # three degrees, or twelve minutes of time, to the west of the
3457 # meridian of the Observatory of Stockholm". The law is dated 1878-05-31.
3458 #
3459 # The observatory at that time had the meridian 18° 03' 30"
3460 # eastern longitude = 01:12:14 in time. Less 12 minutes gives the
3461 # national standard time as 01:00:14 ahead of GMT....
3462 #
3463 # About the beginning of CET in Sweden. The lawtext ("Svensk
3464 # författningssamling 1899, no 44") states, that "from the beginning
3465 # of 1900... ... the same as the mean solar time for the meridian at
3466 # the distance of one hour of time from the meridian of the English
3467 # observatory at Greenwich, or at 12 minutes 14 seconds to the west
3468 # from the meridian of the Observatory of Stockholm". The law is dated
3469 # 1899-06-16. In short: At 1900-01-01 00:00:00 the new standard time
3470 # in Sweden is 01:00:00 ahead of GMT.
3471 #
3472 # 1916: The lawtext ("Svensk författningssamling 1916, no 124") states
3473 # that "1916-05-15 is considered to begin one hour earlier". It is
3474 # pretty obvious that at 05-14 23:00 the clocks are set to 05-15 00:00....
3475 # Further the law says, that "1916-09-30 is considered to end one hour later".
3476 #
3477 # The laws regulating [DST] are available on the site of the Swedish
3478 # Parliament beginning with 1985 - the laws regulating 1980/1984 are
3479 # not available on the site (to my knowledge they are only available
3480 # in Swedish): <http://www.riksdagen.se/english/work/sfst.asp> (type
3481 # "sommartid" without the quotes in the field "Fritext" and then click
3482 # the Sök-button).
3483 #
3484 # (2001-05-13):
3485 #
3486 # I have now found a newspaper stating that at 1916-10-01 01:00
3487 # summertime the church-clocks etc were set back one hour to show
3488 # 1916-10-01 00:00 standard time. The article also reports that some
3489 # people thought the switch to standard time would take place already
3490 # at 1916-10-01 00:00 summer time, but they had to wait for another
3491 # hour before the event took place.
3492 #
3493 # Source: The newspaper "Dagens Nyheter", 1916-10-01, page 7 upper left.
3494
3495 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
3496 Zone Europe/Stockholm 1:12:12 - LMT 1879 Jan 1
3497 1:00:14 - SET 1900 Jan 1 # Swedish Time
3498 1:00 - CET 1916 May 14 23:00
3499 1:00 1:00 CEST 1916 Oct 1 1:00
3500 1:00 - CET 1980
3501 1:00 EU CE%sT
3502
3503 # Switzerland
3504 # From Howse:
3505 # By the end of the 18th century clocks and watches became commonplace
3506 # and their performance improved enormously. Communities began to keep
3507 # mean time in preference to apparent time - Geneva from 1780 ....
3508 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
3509 # From Whitman (who writes "Midnight?"):
3510 # Rule Swiss 1940 only - Nov 2 0:00 1:00 S
3511 # Rule Swiss 1940 only - Dec 31 0:00 0 -
3512 # From Shanks & Pottenger:
3513 # Rule Swiss 1941 1942 - May Sun>=1 2:00 1:00 S
3514 # Rule Swiss 1941 1942 - Oct Sun>=1 0:00 0 -
3515
3516 # From Alois Treindl (2008-12-17):
3517 # I have researched the DST usage in Switzerland during the 1940ies.
3518 #
3519 # As I wrote in an earlier message, I suspected the current tzdata values
3520 # to be wrong. This is now verified.
3521 #
3522 # I have found copies of the original ruling by the Swiss Federal
3523 # government, in 'Eidgenössische Gesetzessammlung 1941 and 1942' (Swiss
3524 # federal law collection)...
3525 #
3526 # DST began on Monday 5 May 1941, 1:00 am by shifting the clocks to 2:00 am
3527 # DST ended on Monday 6 Oct 1941, 2:00 am by shifting the clocks to 1:00 am.
3528 #
3529 # DST began on Monday, 4 May 1942 at 01:00 am
3530 # DST ended on Monday, 5 Oct 1942 at 02:00 am
3531 #
3532 # There was no DST in 1940, I have checked the law collection carefully.
3533 # It is also indicated by the fact that the 1942 entry in the law
3534 # collection points back to 1941 as a reference, but no reference to any
3535 # other years are made.
3536 #
3537 # Newspaper articles I have read in the archives on 6 May 1941 reported
3538 # about the introduction of DST (Sommerzeit in German) during the previous
3539 # night as an absolute novelty, because this was the first time that such
3540 # a thing had happened in Switzerland.
3541 #
3542 # I have also checked 1916, because one book source (Gabriel, Traité de
3543 # l'heure dans le monde) claims that Switzerland had DST in 1916. This is
3544 # false, no official document could be found. Probably Gabriel got misled
3545 # by references to Germany, which introduced DST in 1916 for the first time.
3546 #
3547 # The tzdata rules for Switzerland must be changed to:
3548 # Rule Swiss 1941 1942 - May Mon>=1 1:00 1:00 S
3549 # Rule Swiss 1941 1942 - Oct Mon>=1 2:00 0 -
3550 #
3551 # The 1940 rules must be deleted.
3552 #
3553 # One further detail for Switzerland, which is probably out of scope for
3554 # most users of tzdata: The [Europe/Zurich zone] ...
3555 # describes all of Switzerland correctly, with the exception of
3556 # the Canton de Genève (Geneva, Genf). Between 1848 and 1894 Geneva did not
3557 # follow Bern Mean Time but kept its own local mean time.
3558 # To represent this, an extra zone would be needed.
3559 #
3560 # From Alois Treindl (2013-09-11):
3561 # The Federal regulations say
3562 # https://www.admin.ch/opc/de/classified-compilation/20071096/index.html
3563 # ... the meridian for Bern mean time ... is 7° 26' 22.50".
3564 # Expressed in time, it is 0h29m45.5s.
3565
3566 # From Pierre-Yves Berger (2013-09-11):
3567 # the "Circulaire du conseil fédéral" (December 11 1893)
3568 # http://www.amtsdruckschriften.bar.admin.ch/viewOrigDoc.do?id=10071353
3569 # clearly states that the [1894-06-01] change should be done at midnight
3570 # but if no one is present after 11 at night, could be postponed until one
3571 # hour before the beginning of service.
3572
3573 # From Paul Eggert (2013-09-11):
3574 # Round BMT to the nearest even second, 0:29:46.
3575 #
3576 # We can find no reliable source for Shanks's assertion that all of Switzerland
3577 # except Geneva switched to Bern Mean Time at 00:00 on 1848-09-12. This book:
3578 #
3579 # Jakob Messerli. Gleichmässig, pünktlich, schnell. Zeiteinteilung und
3580 # Zeitgebrauch in der Schweiz im 19. Jahrhundert. Chronos, Zurich 1995,
3581 # ISBN 3-905311-68-2, OCLC 717570797.
3582 #
3583 # suggests that the transition was more gradual, and that the Swiss did not
3584 # agree about civil time during the transition. The timekeeping it gives the
3585 # most detail for is postal and telegraph time: here, federal legislation (the
3586 # "Bundesgesetz über die Erstellung von elektrischen Telegraphen") passed on
3587 # 1851-11-23, and an official implementation notice was published 1853-07-16
3588 # (Bundesblatt 1853, Bd. II, S. 859). On p 72 Messerli writes that in
3589 # practice since July 1853 Bernese time was used in "all postal and telegraph
3590 # offices in Switzerland from Geneva to St. Gallen and Basel to Chiasso"
3591 # (Google translation). For now, model this transition as occurring on
3592 # 1853-07-16, though it probably occurred at some other date in Zurich, and
3593 # legal civil time probably changed at still some other transition date.
3594
3595 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
3596 Rule Swiss 1941 1942 - May Mon>=1 1:00 1:00 S
3597 Rule Swiss 1941 1942 - Oct Mon>=1 2:00 0 -
3598 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
3599 Zone Europe/Zurich 0:34:08 - LMT 1853 Jul 16 # See above comment.
3600 0:29:46 - BMT 1894 Jun # Bern Mean Time
3601 1:00 Swiss CE%sT 1981
3602 1:00 EU CE%sT
3603
3604 # Turkey
3605
3606 # From Kıvanç Yazan (2016-09-25):
3607 # 1) For 1986-2006, DST started at 01:00 local and ended at 02:00 local, with
3608 # no exceptions.
3609 # 2) 1994's lastSun was overridden with Mar 20 ...
3610 # Here are official papers:
3611 # http://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/arsiv/19032.pdf - page 2 for 1986
3612 # http://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/arsiv/19400.pdf - page 4 for 1987
3613 # http://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/arsiv/19752.pdf - page 15 for 1988
3614 # http://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/arsiv/20102.pdf - page 6 for 1989
3615 # http://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/arsiv/20464.pdf - page 1 for 1990 - 1992
3616 # http://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/arsiv/21531.pdf - page 15 for 1993 - 1995
3617 # http://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/arsiv/21879.pdf - page 1 for overriding 1994
3618 # http://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/arsiv/22588.pdf - page 1 for 1996, 1997
3619 # http://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/arsiv/23286.pdf - page 10 for 1998 - 2000
3620 # http://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/eskiler/2001/03/20010324.htm#2 - for 2001
3621 # http://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/eskiler/2002/03/20020316.htm#2 - for 2002-2006
3622 # From Paul Eggert (2016-09-25):
3623 # Prefer the above sources to Shanks & Pottenger for time stamps after 1985.
3624
3625 # From Steffen Thorsen (2007-03-09):
3626 # Starting 2007 though, it seems that they are adopting EU's 1:00 UTC
3627 # start/end time, according to the following page (2007-03-07):
3628 # http://www.ntvmsnbc.com/news/402029.asp
3629 # The official document is located here - it is in Turkish...:
3630 # http://rega.basbakanlik.gov.tr/eskiler/2007/03/20070307-7.htm
3631 # I was able to locate the following seemingly official document
3632 # (on a non-government server though) describing dates between 2002 and 2006:
3633 # http://www.alomaliye.com/bkk_2002_3769.htm
3634
3635 # From Gökdeniz Karadağ (2011-03-10):
3636 # According to the articles linked below, Turkey will change into summer
3637 # time zone (GMT+3) on March 28, 2011 at 3:00 a.m. instead of March 27.
3638 # This change is due to a nationwide exam on 27th.
3639 # https://www.worldbulletin.net/?aType=haber&ArticleID=70872
3640 # Turkish:
3641 # https://www.hurriyet.com.tr/yaz-saati-uygulamasi-bir-gun-ileri-alindi-17230464
3642
3643 # From Faruk Pasin (2014-02-14):
3644 # The DST for Turkey has been changed for this year because of the
3645 # Turkish Local election....
3646 # http://www.sabah.com.tr/Ekonomi/2014/02/12/yaz-saatinde-onemli-degisiklik
3647 # ... so Turkey will move clocks forward one hour on March 31 at 3:00 a.m.
3648 # From Randal L. Schwartz (2014-04-15):
3649 # Having landed on a flight from the states to Istanbul (via AMS) on March 31,
3650 # I can tell you that NOBODY (even the airlines) respected this timezone DST
3651 # change delay. Maybe the word just didn't get out in time.
3652 # From Paul Eggert (2014-06-15):
3653 # The press reported massive confusion, as election officials obeyed the rule
3654 # change but cell phones (and airline baggage systems) did not. See:
3655 # Kostidis M. Eventful elections in Turkey. Balkan News Agency
3656 # http://www.balkaneu.com/eventful-elections-turkey/ 2014-03-30.
3657 # I guess the best we can do is document the official time.
3658
3659 # From Fatih (2015-09-29):
3660 # It's officially announced now by the Ministry of Energy.
3661 # Turkey delays winter time to 8th of November 04:00
3662 # http://www.aa.com.tr/tr/turkiye/yaz-saati-uygulamasi-8-kasimda-sona-erecek/362217
3663 #
3664 # From BBC News (2015-10-25):
3665 # Confused Turks are asking "what's the time?" after automatic clocks defied a
3666 # government decision ... "For the next two weeks #Turkey is on EEST... Erdogan
3667 # Engineered Standard Time," said Twitter user @aysekarahasan.
3668 # http://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-34631326
3669
3670 # From Burak AYDIN (2016-09-08):
3671 # Turkey will stay in Daylight Saving Time even in winter....
3672 # http://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/eskiler/2016/09/20160908-2.pdf
3673 #
3674 # From Paul Eggert (2016-09-07):
3675 # The change is permanent, so this is the new standard time in Turkey.
3676 # It takes effect today, which is not much notice.
3677
3678 # From Kıvanç Yazan (2017-10-28):
3679 # Turkey will go back to Daylight Saving Time starting 2018-10.
3680 # http://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/eskiler/2017/10/20171028-5.pdf
3681 #
3682 # From Even Scharning (2017-11-08):
3683 # ... today it was announced that the DST will become "continuous":
3684 # http://www.hurriyet.com.tr/son-dakika-yaz-saati-uygulamasi-surekli-hale-geldi-40637482
3685 # From Paul Eggert (2017-11-08):
3686 # Although Google Translate misfires on that source, it looks like
3687 # Turkey reversed last month's decision, and so will stay at +03.
3688
3689 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
3690 Rule Turkey 1916 only - May 1 0:00 1:00 S
3691 Rule Turkey 1916 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
3692 Rule Turkey 1920 only - Mar 28 0:00 1:00 S
3693 Rule Turkey 1920 only - Oct 25 0:00 0 -
3694 Rule Turkey 1921 only - Apr 3 0:00 1:00 S
3695 Rule Turkey 1921 only - Oct 3 0:00 0 -
3696 Rule Turkey 1922 only - Mar 26 0:00 1:00 S
3697 Rule Turkey 1922 only - Oct 8 0:00 0 -
3698 # Whitman gives 1923 Apr 28 - Sep 16 and no DST in 1924-1925;
3699 # go with Shanks & Pottenger.
3700 Rule Turkey 1924 only - May 13 0:00 1:00 S
3701 Rule Turkey 1924 1925 - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
3702 Rule Turkey 1925 only - May 1 0:00 1:00 S
3703 Rule Turkey 1940 only - Jun 30 0:00 1:00 S
3704 Rule Turkey 1940 only - Oct 5 0:00 0 -
3705 Rule Turkey 1940 only - Dec 1 0:00 1:00 S
3706 Rule Turkey 1941 only - Sep 21 0:00 0 -
3707 Rule Turkey 1942 only - Apr 1 0:00 1:00 S
3708 # Whitman omits the next two transition and gives 1945 Oct 1;
3709 # go with Shanks & Pottenger.
3710 Rule Turkey 1942 only - Nov 1 0:00 0 -
3711 Rule Turkey 1945 only - Apr 2 0:00 1:00 S
3712 Rule Turkey 1945 only - Oct 8 0:00 0 -
3713 Rule Turkey 1946 only - Jun 1 0:00 1:00 S
3714 Rule Turkey 1946 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
3715 Rule Turkey 1947 1948 - Apr Sun>=16 0:00 1:00 S
3716 Rule Turkey 1947 1950 - Oct Sun>=2 0:00 0 -
3717 Rule Turkey 1949 only - Apr 10 0:00 1:00 S
3718 Rule Turkey 1950 only - Apr 19 0:00 1:00 S
3719 Rule Turkey 1951 only - Apr 22 0:00 1:00 S
3720 Rule Turkey 1951 only - Oct 8 0:00 0 -
3721 Rule Turkey 1962 only - Jul 15 0:00 1:00 S
3722 Rule Turkey 1962 only - Oct 8 0:00 0 -
3723 Rule Turkey 1964 only - May 15 0:00 1:00 S
3724 Rule Turkey 1964 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
3725 Rule Turkey 1970 1972 - May Sun>=2 0:00 1:00 S
3726 Rule Turkey 1970 1972 - Oct Sun>=2 0:00 0 -
3727 Rule Turkey 1973 only - Jun 3 1:00 1:00 S
3728 Rule Turkey 1973 only - Nov 4 3:00 0 -
3729 Rule Turkey 1974 only - Mar 31 2:00 1:00 S
3730 Rule Turkey 1974 only - Nov 3 5:00 0 -
3731 Rule Turkey 1975 only - Mar 30 0:00 1:00 S
3732 Rule Turkey 1975 1976 - Oct lastSun 0:00 0 -
3733 Rule Turkey 1976 only - Jun 1 0:00 1:00 S
3734 Rule Turkey 1977 1978 - Apr Sun>=1 0:00 1:00 S
3735 Rule Turkey 1977 only - Oct 16 0:00 0 -
3736 Rule Turkey 1979 1980 - Apr Sun>=1 3:00 1:00 S
3737 Rule Turkey 1979 1982 - Oct Mon>=11 0:00 0 -
3738 Rule Turkey 1981 1982 - Mar lastSun 3:00 1:00 S
3739 Rule Turkey 1983 only - Jul 31 0:00 1:00 S
3740 Rule Turkey 1983 only - Oct 2 0:00 0 -
3741 Rule Turkey 1985 only - Apr 20 0:00 1:00 S
3742 Rule Turkey 1985 only - Sep 28 0:00 0 -
3743 Rule Turkey 1986 1993 - Mar lastSun 1:00s 1:00 S
3744 Rule Turkey 1986 1995 - Sep lastSun 1:00s 0 -
3745 Rule Turkey 1994 only - Mar 20 1:00s 1:00 S
3746 Rule Turkey 1995 2006 - Mar lastSun 1:00s 1:00 S
3747 Rule Turkey 1996 2006 - Oct lastSun 1:00s 0 -
3748 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
3749 Zone Europe/Istanbul 1:55:52 - LMT 1880
3750 1:56:56 - IMT 1910 Oct # Istanbul Mean Time?
3751 2:00 Turkey EE%sT 1978 Oct 15
3752 3:00 Turkey +03/+04 1985 Apr 20
3753 2:00 Turkey EE%sT 2007
3754 2:00 EU EE%sT 2011 Mar 27 1:00u
3755 2:00 - EET 2011 Mar 28 1:00u
3756 2:00 EU EE%sT 2014 Mar 30 1:00u
3757 2:00 - EET 2014 Mar 31 1:00u
3758 2:00 EU EE%sT 2015 Oct 25 1:00u
3759 2:00 1:00 EEST 2015 Nov 8 1:00u
3760 2:00 EU EE%sT 2016 Sep 7
3761 3:00 - +03
3762 Link Europe/Istanbul Asia/Istanbul # Istanbul is in both continents.
3763
3764 # Ukraine
3765 #
3766 # From Igor Karpov, who works for the Ukrainian Ministry of Justice,
3767 # via Garrett Wollman (2003-01-27):
3768 # BTW, I've found the official document on this matter. It's government
3769 # regulations No. 509, May 13, 1996. In my poor translation it says:
3770 # "Time in Ukraine is set to second timezone (Kiev time). Each last Sunday
3771 # of March at 3am the time is changing to 4am and each last Sunday of
3772 # October the time at 4am is changing to 3am"
3773
3774 # From Alexander Krivenyshev (2011-09-20):
3775 # On September 20, 2011 the deputies of the Verkhovna Rada agreed to
3776 # abolish the transfer clock to winter time.
3777 #
3778 # Bill No. 8330 of MP from the Party of Regions Oleg Nadoshi got
3779 # approval from 266 deputies.
3780 #
3781 # Ukraine abolishes transfer back to the winter time (in Russian)
3782 # http://news.mail.ru/politics/6861560/
3783 #
3784 # The Ukrainians will no longer change the clock (in Russian)
3785 # http://www.segodnya.ua/news/14290482.html
3786 #
3787 # Deputies cancelled the winter time (in Russian)
3788 # https://www.pravda.com.ua/rus/news/2011/09/20/6600616/
3789 #
3790 # From Philip Pizzey (2011-10-18):
3791 # Today my Ukrainian colleagues have informed me that the
3792 # Ukrainian parliament have decided that they will go to winter
3793 # time this year after all.
3794 #
3795 # From Udo Schwedt (2011-10-18):
3796 # As far as I understand, the recent change to the Ukrainian time zone
3797 # (Europe/Kiev) to introduce permanent daylight saving time (similar
3798 # to Russia) was reverted today:
3799 # http://portal.rada.gov.ua/rada/control/en/publish/article/info_left?art_id=287324&cat_id=105995
3800 #
3801 # Also reported by Alexander Bokovoy (2011-10-18) who also noted:
3802 # The law documents themselves are at
3803 # http://w1.c1.rada.gov.ua/pls/zweb_n/webproc4_1?id=&pf3511=41484
3804
3805 # From Vladimir in Moscow via Alois Treindl re Kiev time 1991/2 (2014-02-28):
3806 # First in Ukraine they changed Time zone from UTC+3 to UTC+2 with DST:
3807 # 03 25 1990 02:00 -03.00 1 Time Zone 3 with DST
3808 # 07 01 1990 02:00 -02.00 1 Time Zone 2 with DST
3809 # * Ukrainian Government's Resolution of 18.06.1990, No. 134.
3810 # http://search.ligazakon.ua/l_doc2.nsf/link1/T001500.html
3811 #
3812 # They did not end DST in September, 1990 (according to the law,
3813 # "summer time" was still in action):
3814 # 09 30 1990 03:00 -02.00 1 Time Zone 2 with DST
3815 # * Ukrainian Government's Resolution of 21.09.1990, No. 272.
3816 # http://search.ligazakon.ua/l_doc2.nsf/link1/KP900272.html
3817 #
3818 # Again no change in March, 1991 ("summer time" in action):
3819 # 03 31 1991 02:00 -02.00 1 Time Zone 2 with DST
3820 #
3821 # DST ended in September 1991 ("summer time" ended):
3822 # 09 29 1991 03:00 -02.00 0 Time Zone 2, no DST
3823 # * Ukrainian Government's Resolution of 25.09.1991, No. 225.
3824 # http://www.uazakon.com/documents/date_21/pg_iwgdoc.htm
3825 # This is an answer.
3826 #
3827 # Since 1992 they had normal DST procedure:
3828 # 03 29 1992 02:00 -02.00 1 DST started
3829 # 09 27 1992 03:00 -02.00 0 DST ended
3830 # * Ukrainian Government's Resolution of 20.03.1992, No. 139.
3831 # http://www.uazakon.com/documents/date_8u/pg_grcasa.htm
3832
3833 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
3834 # Most of Ukraine since 1970 has been like Kiev.
3835 # "Kyiv" is the transliteration of the Ukrainian name, but
3836 # "Kiev" is more common in English.
3837 Zone Europe/Kiev 2:02:04 - LMT 1880
3838 2:02:04 - KMT 1924 May 2 # Kiev Mean Time
3839 2:00 - EET 1930 Jun 21
3840 3:00 - MSK 1941 Sep 20
3841 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1943 Nov 6
3842 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1990 Jul 1 2:00
3843 2:00 1:00 EEST 1991 Sep 29 3:00
3844 2:00 E-Eur EE%sT 1995
3845 2:00 EU EE%sT
3846 # Ruthenia used CET 1990/1991.
3847 # "Uzhhorod" is the transliteration of the Rusyn/Ukrainian pronunciation, but
3848 # "Uzhgorod" is more common in English.
3849 Zone Europe/Uzhgorod 1:29:12 - LMT 1890 Oct
3850 1:00 - CET 1940
3851 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Oct
3852 1:00 1:00 CEST 1944 Oct 26
3853 1:00 - CET 1945 Jun 29
3854 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1990
3855 3:00 - MSK 1990 Jul 1 2:00
3856 1:00 - CET 1991 Mar 31 3:00
3857 2:00 - EET 1992
3858 2:00 E-Eur EE%sT 1995
3859 2:00 EU EE%sT
3860 # Zaporozh'ye and eastern Lugansk oblasts observed DST 1990/1991.
3861 # "Zaporizhia" is the transliteration of the Ukrainian name, but
3862 # "Zaporozh'ye" is more common in English. Use the common English
3863 # spelling, except omit the apostrophe as it is not allowed in
3864 # portable Posix file names.
3865 Zone Europe/Zaporozhye 2:20:40 - LMT 1880
3866 2:20 - +0220 1924 May 2
3867 2:00 - EET 1930 Jun 21
3868 3:00 - MSK 1941 Aug 25
3869 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1943 Oct 25
3870 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1991 Mar 31 2:00
3871 2:00 E-Eur EE%sT 1995
3872 2:00 EU EE%sT
3873
3874 # Vatican City
3875 # See Europe/Rome.
3876
3877 ###############################################################################
3878
3879 # One source shows that Bulgaria, Cyprus, Finland, and Greece observe DST from
3880 # the last Sunday in March to the last Sunday in September in 1986.
3881 # The source shows Romania changing a day later than everybody else.
3882 #
3883 # According to Bernard Sieloff's source, Poland is in the MET time zone but
3884 # uses the WE DST rules. The Western USSR uses EET+1 and ME DST rules.
3885 # Bernard Sieloff's source claims Romania switches on the same day, but at
3886 # 00:00 standard time (i.e., 01:00 DST). It also claims that Turkey
3887 # switches on the same day, but switches on at 01:00 standard time
3888 # and off at 00:00 standard time (i.e., 01:00 DST)
3889
3890 # ...
3891 # Date: Wed, 28 Jan 87 16:56:27 -0100
3892 # From: Tom Hofmann
3893 # ...
3894 #
3895 # ...the European time rules are...standardized since 1981, when
3896 # most European countries started DST. Before that year, only
3897 # a few countries (UK, France, Italy) had DST, each according
3898 # to own national rules. In 1981, however, DST started on
3899 # 'Apr firstSun', and not on 'Mar lastSun' as in the following
3900 # years...
3901 # But also since 1981 there are some more national exceptions
3902 # than listed in 'europe': Switzerland, for example, joined DST
3903 # one year later, Denmark ended DST on 'Oct 1' instead of 'Sep
3904 # lastSun' in 1981 - I don't know how they handle now.
3905 #
3906 # Finally, DST ist always from 'Apr 1' to 'Oct 1' in the
3907 # Soviet Union (as far as I know).
3908 #
3909 # Tom Hofmann, Scientific Computer Center, CIBA-GEIGY AG,
3910 # 4002 Basle, Switzerland
3911 # ...
3912
3913 # ...
3914 # Date: Wed, 4 Feb 87 22:35:22 +0100
3915 # From: Dik T. Winter
3916 # ...
3917 #
3918 # The information from Tom Hofmann is (as far as I know) not entirely correct.
3919 # After a request from chongo at amdahl I tried to retrieve all information
3920 # about DST in Europe. I was able to find all from about 1969.
3921 #
3922 # ...standardization on DST in Europe started in about 1977 with switches on
3923 # first Sunday in April and last Sunday in September...
3924 # In 1981 UK joined Europe insofar that
3925 # the starting day for both shifted to last Sunday in March. And from 1982
3926 # the whole of Europe used DST, with switch dates April 1 and October 1 in
3927 # the Sov[i]et Union. In 1985 the SU reverted to standard Europe[a]n switch
3928 # dates...
3929 #
3930 # It should also be remembered that time-zones are not constants; e.g.
3931 # Portugal switched in 1976 from MET (or CET) to WET with DST...
3932 # Note also that though there were rules for switch dates not
3933 # all countries abided to these dates, and many individual deviations
3934 # occurred, though not since 1982 I believe. Another note: it is always
3935 # assumed that DST is 1 hour ahead of normal time, this need not be the
3936 # case; at least in the Netherlands there have been times when DST was 2 hours
3937 # in advance of normal time.
3938 #
3939 # ...
3940 # dik t. winter, cwi, amsterdam, nederland
3941 # ...
3942
3943 # From Bob Devine (1988-01-28):
3944 # ...
3945 # Greece: Last Sunday in April to last Sunday in September (iffy on dates).
3946 # Since 1978. Change at midnight.
3947 # ...
3948 # Monaco: has same DST as France.
3949 # ...