123 ###############################################################################
124
125 # Britain (United Kingdom) and Ireland (Eire)
126
127 # From Peter Ilieve (1994-07-06):
128 #
129 # On 17 Jan 1994 the Independent, a UK quality newspaper, had a piece about
130 # historical vistas along the Thames in west London. There was a photo
131 # and a sketch map showing some of the sightlines involved. One paragraph
132 # of the text said:
133 #
134 # 'An old stone obelisk marking a forgotten terrestrial meridian stands
135 # beside the river at Kew. In the 18th century, before time and longitude
136 # was standardised by the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, scholars observed
137 # this stone and the movement of stars from Kew Observatory nearby. They
138 # made their calculations and set the time for the Horse Guards and Parliament,
139 # but now the stone is obscured by scrubwood and can only be seen by walking
140 # along the towpath within a few yards of it.'
141 #
142 # I have a one inch to one mile map of London and my estimate of the stone's
143 # position is 51 degrees 28' 30" N, 0 degrees 18' 45" W. The longitude should
144 # be within about +-2". The Ordnance Survey grid reference is TQ172761.
145 #
146 # [This yields GMTOFF = -0:01:15 for London LMT in the 18th century.]
147
148 # From Paul Eggert (1993-11-18):
149 #
150 # Howse writes that Britain was the first country to use standard time.
151 # The railways cared most about the inconsistencies of local mean time,
152 # and it was they who forced a uniform time on the country.
153 # The original idea was credited to Dr. William Hyde Wollaston (1766-1828)
154 # and was popularized by Abraham Follett Osler (1808-1903).
155 # The first railway to adopt London time was the Great Western Railway
156 # in November 1840; other railways followed suit, and by 1847 most
157 # (though not all) railways used London time. On 1847-09-22 the
158 # Railway Clearing House, an industry standards body, recommended that GMT be
159 # adopted at all stations as soon as the General Post Office permitted it.
160 # The transition occurred on 12-01 for the L&NW, the Caledonian,
161 # and presumably other railways; the January 1848 Bradshaw's lists many
162 # railways as using GMT. By 1855 the vast majority of public
163 # clocks in Britain were set to GMT (though some, like the great clock
164 # on Tom Tower at Christ Church, Oxford, were fitted with two minute hands,
165 # one for local time and one for GMT). The last major holdout was the legal
166 # system, which stubbornly stuck to local time for many years, leading
167 # to oddities like polls opening at 08:13 and closing at 16:13.
168 # The legal system finally switched to GMT when the Statutes (Definition
169 # of Time) Act took effect; it received the Royal Assent on 1880-08-02.
170 #
171 # In the tables below, we condense this complicated story into a single
172 # transition date for London, namely 1847-12-01. We don't know as much
173 # about Dublin, so we use 1880-08-02, the legal transition time.
174
175 # From Paul Eggert (2014-07-19):
176 # The ancients had no need for daylight saving, as they kept time
177 # informally or via hours whose length depended on the time of year.
178 # Daylight saving time in its modern sense was invented by the
179 # New Zealand entomologist George Vernon Hudson (1867-1946),
180 # whose day job as a postal clerk led him to value
181 # after-hours daylight in which to pursue his research.
182 # In 1895 he presented a paper to the Wellington Philosophical Society
183 # that proposed a two-hour daylight-saving shift. See:
184 # Hudson GV. On seasonal time-adjustment in countries south of lat. 30 deg.
185 # Transactions and Proceedings of the New Zealand Institute. 1895;28:734
186 # http://rsnz.natlib.govt.nz/volume/rsnz_28/rsnz_28_00_006110.html
187 # Although some interest was expressed in New Zealand, his proposal
188 # did not find its way into law and eventually it was almost forgotten.
189 #
190 # In England, DST was independently reinvented by William Willett (1857-1915),
191 # a London builder and member of the Royal Astronomical Society
192 # who circulated a pamphlet "The Waste of Daylight" (1907)
193 # that proposed advancing clocks 20 minutes on each of four Sundays in April,
194 # and retarding them by the same amount on four Sundays in September.
195 # A bill was drafted in 1909 and introduced in Parliament several times,
196 # but it met with ridicule and opposition, especially from farming interests.
197 # Later editions of the pamphlet proposed one-hour summer time, and
198 # it was eventually adopted as a wartime measure in 1916.
199 # See: Summer Time Arrives Early, The Times (2000-05-18).
200 # A monument to Willett was unveiled on 1927-05-21, in an open space in
201 # a 45-acre wood near Chislehurst, Kent that was purchased by popular
202 # subscription and open to the public. On the south face of the monolith,
203 # designed by G. W. Miller, is the William Willett Memorial Sundial,
204 # which is permanently set to Summer Time.
514 Rule GB-Eire 1981 1989 - Oct Sun>=23 1:00u 0 GMT
515 # Summer Time Order, 1989 (S.I. 1989/985)
516 # Summer Time Order, 1992 (S.I. 1992/1729)
517 # Summer Time Order 1994 (S.I. 1994/2798)
518 Rule GB-Eire 1990 1995 - Oct Sun>=22 1:00u 0 GMT
519 # Summer Time Order 1997 (S.I. 1997/2982)
520 # See EU for rules starting in 1996.
521 #
522 # Use Europe/London for Jersey, Guernsey, and the Isle of Man.
523
524 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
525 Zone Europe/London -0:01:15 - LMT 1847 Dec 1 0:00s
526 0:00 GB-Eire %s 1968 Oct 27
527 1:00 - BST 1971 Oct 31 2:00u
528 0:00 GB-Eire %s 1996
529 0:00 EU GMT/BST
530 Link Europe/London Europe/Jersey
531 Link Europe/London Europe/Guernsey
532 Link Europe/London Europe/Isle_of_Man
533
534 # From Paul Eggert (2018-01-19):
535 # The following is like GB-Eire and EU, except with standard time in
536 # summer and negative daylight saving time in winter.
537 # Although currently commented out, this will need to become uncommented
538 # once the ICU/OpenJDK workaround is removed; see below.
539 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
540 #Rule Eire 1971 only - Oct 31 2:00u -1:00 GMT
541 #Rule Eire 1972 1980 - Mar Sun>=16 2:00u 0 IST
542 #Rule Eire 1972 1980 - Oct Sun>=23 2:00u -1:00 GMT
543 #Rule Eire 1981 max - Mar lastSun 1:00u 0 IST
544 #Rule Eire 1981 1989 - Oct Sun>=23 1:00u -1:00 GMT
545 #Rule Eire 1990 1995 - Oct Sun>=22 1:00u -1:00 GMT
546 #Rule Eire 1996 max - Oct lastSun 1:00u -1:00 GMT
547
548 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
549 Zone Europe/Dublin -0:25:00 - LMT 1880 Aug 2
550 -0:25:21 - DMT 1916 May 21 2:00s
551 -0:25:21 1:00 IST 1916 Oct 1 2:00s
552 0:00 GB-Eire %s 1921 Dec 6 # independence
553 0:00 GB-Eire GMT/IST 1940 Feb 25 2:00s
554 0:00 1:00 IST 1946 Oct 6 2:00s
555 0:00 - GMT 1947 Mar 16 2:00s
556 0:00 1:00 IST 1947 Nov 2 2:00s
557 0:00 - GMT 1948 Apr 18 2:00s
558 0:00 GB-Eire GMT/IST 1968 Oct 27
559 # From Paul Eggert (2018-01-18):
560 # The next line should look like this:
561 # 1:00 Eire IST/GMT
562 # However, in January 2018 we discovered that the Eire rules cause
563 # problems with tests for ICU:
564 # https://mm.icann.org/pipermail/tz/2018-January/025825.html
565 # and with tests for OpenJDK:
566 # https://mm.icann.org/pipermail/tz/2018-January/025822.html
567 # To work around this problem, use a traditional approximation for
568 # time stamps after 1971-10-31 02:00 UTC, to give ICU and OpenJDK
569 # developers breathing room to fix bugs. This approximation has
570 # correct UTC offsets, but results in tm_isdst flags are the reverse
571 # of what they should be. This workaround is temporary and should be
572 # removed reasonably soon.
573 1:00 - IST 1971 Oct 31 2:00u
574 0:00 GB-Eire GMT/IST 1996
575 0:00 EU GMT/IST
576 # End of workaround for ICU and OpenJDK bugs.
577
578
579 ###############################################################################
580
581 # Europe
582
583 # The following rules are for the European Union and for its
584 # predecessor organization, the European Communities.
585 # For brevity they are called "EU rules" elsewhere in this file.
586
587 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
588 Rule EU 1977 1980 - Apr Sun>=1 1:00u 1:00 S
589 Rule EU 1977 only - Sep lastSun 1:00u 0 -
590 Rule EU 1978 only - Oct 1 1:00u 0 -
591 Rule EU 1979 1995 - Sep lastSun 1:00u 0 -
592 Rule EU 1981 max - Mar lastSun 1:00u 1:00 S
593 Rule EU 1996 max - Oct lastSun 1:00u 0 -
594 # The most recent directive covers the years starting in 2002. See:
595 # Directive 2000/84/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council
596 # of 19 January 2001 on summer-time arrangements.
1540 # "first day of winter" referred to [below] means the first day of the 26 weeks
1541 # of winter, according to the old icelandic calendar that dates back to the
1542 # time the norsemen first settled Iceland. The first day of winter is always
1543 # Saturday, but is not dependent on the Julian or Gregorian calendars.
1544 #
1545 # (1993-12-10):
1546 # I have a reference from the Oxford Icelandic-English dictionary for the
1547 # beginning of winter, which ties it to the ecclesiastical calendar (and thus
1548 # to the julian/gregorian calendar) over the period in question.
1549 # the winter begins on the Saturday next before St. Luke's day
1550 # (old style), or on St. Luke's day, if a Saturday.
1551 # St. Luke's day ought to be traceable from ecclesiastical sources. "old style"
1552 # might be a reference to the Julian calendar as opposed to Gregorian, or it
1553 # might mean something else (???).
1554 #
1555 # From Paul Eggert (2014-11-22):
1556 # The information below is taken from the 1988 Almanak; see
1557 # http://www.almanak.hi.is/klukkan.html
1558 #
1559 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1560 Rule Iceland 1917 1919 - Feb 19 23:00 1:00 S
1561 Rule Iceland 1917 only - Oct 21 1:00 0 -
1562 Rule Iceland 1918 1919 - Nov 16 1:00 0 -
1563 Rule Iceland 1921 only - Mar 19 23:00 1:00 S
1564 Rule Iceland 1921 only - Jun 23 1:00 0 -
1565 Rule Iceland 1939 only - Apr 29 23:00 1:00 S
1566 Rule Iceland 1939 only - Oct 29 2:00 0 -
1567 Rule Iceland 1940 only - Feb 25 2:00 1:00 S
1568 Rule Iceland 1940 1941 - Nov Sun>=2 1:00s 0 -
1569 Rule Iceland 1941 1942 - Mar Sun>=2 1:00s 1:00 S
1570 # 1943-1946 - first Sunday in March until first Sunday in winter
1571 Rule Iceland 1943 1946 - Mar Sun>=1 1:00s 1:00 S
1572 Rule Iceland 1942 1948 - Oct Sun>=22 1:00s 0 -
1573 # 1947-1967 - first Sunday in April until first Sunday in winter
1574 Rule Iceland 1947 1967 - Apr Sun>=1 1:00s 1:00 S
1575 # 1949 and 1967 Oct transitions delayed by 1 week
1576 Rule Iceland 1949 only - Oct 30 1:00s 0 -
1577 Rule Iceland 1950 1966 - Oct Sun>=22 1:00s 0 -
1578 Rule Iceland 1967 only - Oct 29 1:00s 0 -
1579 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1580 Zone Atlantic/Reykjavik -1:28 - LMT 1908
1581 -1:00 Iceland -01/+00 1968 Apr 7 1:00s
1582 0:00 - GMT
1583
1584 # Italy
1585 #
1586 # From Paul Eggert (2001-03-06):
1587 # Sicily and Sardinia each had their own time zones from 1866 to 1893,
1588 # called Palermo Time (+00:53:28) and Cagliari Time (+00:36:32).
1589 # During World War II, German-controlled Italy used German time.
1590 # But these events all occurred before the 1970 cutoff,
1591 # so record only the time in Rome.
1592 #
1593 # From Michael Deckers (2016-10-24):
1594 # http://www.ac-ilsestante.it/MERIDIANE/ora_legale quotes a law of 1893-08-10
2144 Rule Poland 1957 only - Jun 2 1:00s 1:00 S
2145 Rule Poland 1957 1958 - Sep lastSun 1:00s 0 -
2146 Rule Poland 1958 only - Mar 30 1:00s 1:00 S
2147 Rule Poland 1959 only - May 31 1:00s 1:00 S
2148 Rule Poland 1959 1961 - Oct Sun>=1 1:00s 0 -
2149 Rule Poland 1960 only - Apr 3 1:00s 1:00 S
2150 Rule Poland 1961 1964 - May lastSun 1:00s 1:00 S
2151 Rule Poland 1962 1964 - Sep lastSun 1:00s 0 -
2152 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
2153 Zone Europe/Warsaw 1:24:00 - LMT 1880
2154 1:24:00 - WMT 1915 Aug 5 # Warsaw Mean Time
2155 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1918 Sep 16 3:00
2156 2:00 Poland EE%sT 1922 Jun
2157 1:00 Poland CE%sT 1940 Jun 23 2:00
2158 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Oct
2159 1:00 Poland CE%sT 1977
2160 1:00 W-Eur CE%sT 1988
2161 1:00 EU CE%sT
2162
2163 # Portugal
2164 #
2165 # From Paul Eggert (2014-08-11), after a heads-up from Stephen Colebourne:
2166 # According to a Portuguese decree (1911-05-26)
2167 # https://dre.pt/application/dir/pdf1sdip/1911/05/12500/23132313.pdf
2168 # Lisbon was at -0:36:44.68, but switched to GMT on 1912-01-01 at 00:00.
2169 # Round the old offset to -0:36:45. This agrees with Willett but disagrees
2170 # with Shanks, who says the transition occurred on 1911-05-24 at 00:00 for
2171 # Europe/Lisbon, Atlantic/Azores, and Atlantic/Madeira.
2172 #
2173 # From Rui Pedro Salgueiro (1992-11-12):
2174 # Portugal has recently (September, 27) changed timezone
2175 # (from WET to MET or CET) to harmonize with EEC.
2176 #
2177 # Martin Bruckmann (1996-02-29) reports via Peter Ilieve
2178 # that Portugal is reverting to 0:00 by not moving its clocks this spring.
2179 # The new Prime Minister was fed up with getting up in the dark in the winter.
2180 #
2181 # From Paul Eggert (1996-11-12):
2182 # IATA SSIM (1991-09) reports several 1991-09 and 1992-09 transitions
2183 # at 02:00u, not 01:00u. Assume that these are typos.
2184 # IATA SSIM (1991/1992) reports that the Azores were at -1:00.
2185 # IATA SSIM (1993-02) says +0:00; later issues (through 1996-09) say -1:00.
2186 # Guess that the Azores changed to EU rules in 1992 (since that's when Portugal
2187 # harmonized with EU rules), and that they stayed +0:00 that winter.
2188 #
2189 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
2190 # DSH writes that despite Decree 1,469 (1915), the change to the clocks was not
2191 # done every year, depending on what Spain did, because of railroad schedules.
2192 # Go with Shanks & Pottenger.
2235 Rule Port 1944 1945 - Apr Sat>=21 22:00s 2:00 M
2236 Rule Port 1946 only - Apr Sat>=1 23:00s 1:00 S
2237 Rule Port 1946 only - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 -
2238 Rule Port 1947 1949 - Apr Sun>=1 2:00s 1:00 S
2239 Rule Port 1947 1949 - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
2240 # Shanks & Pottenger say DST was observed in 1950; go with Whitman.
2241 # Whitman gives Oct lastSun for 1952 on; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
2242 Rule Port 1951 1965 - Apr Sun>=1 2:00s 1:00 S
2243 Rule Port 1951 1965 - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
2244 Rule Port 1977 only - Mar 27 0:00s 1:00 S
2245 Rule Port 1977 only - Sep 25 0:00s 0 -
2246 Rule Port 1978 1979 - Apr Sun>=1 0:00s 1:00 S
2247 Rule Port 1978 only - Oct 1 0:00s 0 -
2248 Rule Port 1979 1982 - Sep lastSun 1:00s 0 -
2249 Rule Port 1980 only - Mar lastSun 0:00s 1:00 S
2250 Rule Port 1981 1982 - Mar lastSun 1:00s 1:00 S
2251 Rule Port 1983 only - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 S
2252 #
2253 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
2254 Zone Europe/Lisbon -0:36:45 - LMT 1884
2255 -0:36:45 - LMT 1912 Jan 1 # Lisbon Mean Time
2256 0:00 Port WE%sT 1966 Apr 3 2:00
2257 1:00 - CET 1976 Sep 26 1:00
2258 0:00 Port WE%sT 1983 Sep 25 1:00s
2259 0:00 W-Eur WE%sT 1992 Sep 27 1:00s
2260 1:00 EU CE%sT 1996 Mar 31 1:00u
2261 0:00 EU WE%sT
2262 # This Zone can be simplified once we assume zic %z.
2263 Zone Atlantic/Azores -1:42:40 - LMT 1884 # Ponta Delgada
2264 -1:54:32 - HMT 1912 Jan 1 # Horta Mean Time
2265 -2:00 Port -02/-01 1942 Apr 25 22:00s
2266 -2:00 Port +00 1942 Aug 15 22:00s
2267 -2:00 Port -02/-01 1943 Apr 17 22:00s
2268 -2:00 Port +00 1943 Aug 28 22:00s
2269 -2:00 Port -02/-01 1944 Apr 22 22:00s
2270 -2:00 Port +00 1944 Aug 26 22:00s
2271 -2:00 Port -02/-01 1945 Apr 21 22:00s
2272 -2:00 Port +00 1945 Aug 25 22:00s
2273 -2:00 Port -02/-01 1966 Apr 3 2:00
2274 -1:00 Port -01/+00 1983 Sep 25 1:00s
2275 -1:00 W-Eur -01/+00 1992 Sep 27 1:00s
2276 0:00 EU WE%sT 1993 Mar 28 1:00u
2277 -1:00 EU -01/+00
2278 # This Zone can be simplified once we assume zic %z.
2279 Zone Atlantic/Madeira -1:07:36 - LMT 1884 # Funchal
2280 -1:07:36 - FMT 1912 Jan 1 # Funchal Mean Time
2281 -1:00 Port -01/+00 1942 Apr 25 22:00s
2282 -1:00 Port +01 1942 Aug 15 22:00s
2283 -1:00 Port -01/+00 1943 Apr 17 22:00s
2284 -1:00 Port +01 1943 Aug 28 22:00s
2285 -1:00 Port -01/+00 1944 Apr 22 22:00s
2286 -1:00 Port +01 1944 Aug 26 22:00s
2287 -1:00 Port -01/+00 1945 Apr 21 22:00s
2288 -1:00 Port +01 1945 Aug 25 22:00s
2289 -1:00 Port -01/+00 1966 Apr 3 2:00
2290 0:00 Port WE%sT 1983 Sep 25 1:00s
2291 0:00 EU WE%sT
2292
2293 # Romania
2294 #
2295 # From Paul Eggert (1999-10-07):
2296 # Nine O'clock <http://www.nineoclock.ro/POL/1778pol.html>
2297 # (1998-10-23) reports that the switch occurred at
2298 # 04:00 local time in fall 1998. For lack of better info,
2299 # assume that Romania and Moldova switched to EU rules in 1997,
2300 # the same year as Bulgaria.
2598 # change. (Different newspapers providing different lists. And some
2599 # lists found in the internet are quite wild.)
2600 #
2601 # And apparently some exceptions were reverted in the last moment.
2602 # http://www.kaliningradka.ru/site_pc/cherez/index.php?ELEMENT_ID=40091
2603 # says that Kaliningrad decided not to be an exception 2 days before the
2604 # 1991-03-31 switch and one person at
2605 # https://izhevsk.ru/forum_light_message/50/682597-m8369040.html
2606 # says he remembers that Samara opted out of the 1992-01-19 exception
2607 # 2 days before the switch.
2608 #
2609 #
2610 # From Paul Eggert (2016-03-18):
2611 # Given the above, we appear to be missing some Zone entries for the
2612 # chaotic early 1980s in Russia. It's not clear what these entries
2613 # should be. For now, sweep this under the rug and just document the
2614 # time in Moscow.
2615
2616 # From Vladimir Karpinsky (2014-07-08):
2617 # LMT in Moscow (before Jul 3, 1916) is 2:30:17, that was defined by Moscow
2618 # Observatory (coordinates: 55 deg. 45'29.70", 37 deg. 34'05.30")....
2619 # LMT in Moscow since Jul 3, 1916 is 2:31:01 as a result of new standard.
2620 # (The info is from the book by Byalokoz ... p. 18.)
2621 # The time in St. Petersburg as capital of Russia was defined by
2622 # Pulkov observatory, near St. Petersburg. In 1916 LMT Moscow
2623 # was synchronized with LMT St. Petersburg (+30 minutes), (Pulkov observatory
2624 # coordinates: 59 deg. 46'18.70", 30 deg. 19'40.70") so 30 deg. 19'40.70" >
2625 # 2h01m18.7s = 2:01:19. LMT Moscow = LMT St.Petersburg + 30m 2:01:19 + 0:30 =
2626 # 2:31:19 ...
2627 #
2628 # From Paul Eggert (2014-07-08):
2629 # Milne does not list Moscow, but suggests that its time might be listed in
2630 # Résumés mensuels et annuels des observations météorologiques (1895).
2631 # Presumably this is OCLC 85825704, a journal published with parallel text in
2632 # Russian and French. This source has not been located; go with Karpinsky.
2633
2634 Zone Europe/Moscow 2:30:17 - LMT 1880
2635 2:30:17 - MMT 1916 Jul 3 # Moscow Mean Time
2636 2:31:19 Russia %s 1919 Jul 1 0:00u
2637 3:00 Russia %s 1921 Oct
2638 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1922 Oct
2639 2:00 - EET 1930 Jun 21
2640 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2641 2:00 Russia EE%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
2642 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 2011 Mar 27 2:00s
2643 4:00 - MSK 2014 Oct 26 2:00s
2644 3:00 - MSK
3433 1:00 - CET 1986
3434 1:00 EU CE%sT
3435 Zone Atlantic/Canary -1:01:36 - LMT 1922 Mar # Las Palmas de Gran C.
3436 -1:00 - -01 1946 Sep 30 1:00
3437 0:00 - WET 1980 Apr 6 0:00s
3438 0:00 1:00 WEST 1980 Sep 28 1:00u
3439 0:00 EU WE%sT
3440 # IATA SSIM (1996-09) says the Canaries switch at 2:00u, not 1:00u.
3441 # Ignore this for now, as the Canaries are part of the EU.
3442
3443 # Sweden
3444
3445 # From Ivan Nilsson (2001-04-13), superseding Shanks & Pottenger:
3446 #
3447 # The law "Svensk författningssamling 1878, no 14" about standard time in 1879:
3448 # From the beginning of 1879 (that is 01-01 00:00) the time for all
3449 # places in the country is "the mean solar time for the meridian at
3450 # three degrees, or twelve minutes of time, to the west of the
3451 # meridian of the Observatory of Stockholm". The law is dated 1878-05-31.
3452 #
3453 # The observatory at that time had the meridian 18 degrees 03' 30"
3454 # eastern longitude = 01:12:14 in time. Less 12 minutes gives the
3455 # national standard time as 01:00:14 ahead of GMT....
3456 #
3457 # About the beginning of CET in Sweden. The lawtext ("Svensk
3458 # författningssamling 1899, no 44") states, that "from the beginning
3459 # of 1900... ... the same as the mean solar time for the meridian at
3460 # the distance of one hour of time from the meridian of the English
3461 # observatory at Greenwich, or at 12 minutes 14 seconds to the west
3462 # from the meridian of the Observatory of Stockholm". The law is dated
3463 # 1899-06-16. In short: At 1900-01-01 00:00:00 the new standard time
3464 # in Sweden is 01:00:00 ahead of GMT.
3465 #
3466 # 1916: The lawtext ("Svensk författningssamling 1916, no 124") states
3467 # that "1916-05-15 is considered to begin one hour earlier". It is
3468 # pretty obvious that at 05-14 23:00 the clocks are set to 05-15 00:00....
3469 # Further the law says, that "1916-09-30 is considered to end one hour later".
3470 #
3471 # The laws regulating [DST] are available on the site of the Swedish
3472 # Parliament beginning with 1985 - the laws regulating 1980/1984 are
3473 # not available on the site (to my knowledge they are only available
3537 # l'heure dans le monde) claims that Switzerland had DST in 1916. This is
3538 # false, no official document could be found. Probably Gabriel got misled
3539 # by references to Germany, which introduced DST in 1916 for the first time.
3540 #
3541 # The tzdata rules for Switzerland must be changed to:
3542 # Rule Swiss 1941 1942 - May Mon>=1 1:00 1:00 S
3543 # Rule Swiss 1941 1942 - Oct Mon>=1 2:00 0 -
3544 #
3545 # The 1940 rules must be deleted.
3546 #
3547 # One further detail for Switzerland, which is probably out of scope for
3548 # most users of tzdata: The [Europe/Zurich zone] ...
3549 # describes all of Switzerland correctly, with the exception of
3550 # the Canton de Genève (Geneva, Genf). Between 1848 and 1894 Geneva did not
3551 # follow Bern Mean Time but kept its own local mean time.
3552 # To represent this, an extra zone would be needed.
3553 #
3554 # From Alois Treindl (2013-09-11):
3555 # The Federal regulations say
3556 # https://www.admin.ch/opc/de/classified-compilation/20071096/index.html
3557 # ... the meridian for Bern mean time ... is 7 degrees 26' 22.50".
3558 # Expressed in time, it is 0h29m45.5s.
3559
3560 # From Pierre-Yves Berger (2013-09-11):
3561 # the "Circulaire du conseil fédéral" (December 11 1893)
3562 # http://www.amtsdruckschriften.bar.admin.ch/viewOrigDoc.do?id=10071353
3563 # clearly states that the [1894-06-01] change should be done at midnight
3564 # but if no one is present after 11 at night, could be postponed until one
3565 # hour before the beginning of service.
3566
3567 # From Paul Eggert (2013-09-11):
3568 # Round BMT to the nearest even second, 0:29:46.
3569 #
3570 # We can find no reliable source for Shanks's assertion that all of Switzerland
3571 # except Geneva switched to Bern Mean Time at 00:00 on 1848-09-12. This book:
3572 #
3573 # Jakob Messerli. Gleichmässig, pünktlich, schnell. Zeiteinteilung und
3574 # Zeitgebrauch in der Schweiz im 19. Jahrhundert. Chronos, Zurich 1995,
3575 # ISBN 3-905311-68-2, OCLC 717570797.
3576 #
3577 # suggests that the transition was more gradual, and that the Swiss did not
|
123 ###############################################################################
124
125 # Britain (United Kingdom) and Ireland (Eire)
126
127 # From Peter Ilieve (1994-07-06):
128 #
129 # On 17 Jan 1994 the Independent, a UK quality newspaper, had a piece about
130 # historical vistas along the Thames in west London. There was a photo
131 # and a sketch map showing some of the sightlines involved. One paragraph
132 # of the text said:
133 #
134 # 'An old stone obelisk marking a forgotten terrestrial meridian stands
135 # beside the river at Kew. In the 18th century, before time and longitude
136 # was standardised by the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, scholars observed
137 # this stone and the movement of stars from Kew Observatory nearby. They
138 # made their calculations and set the time for the Horse Guards and Parliament,
139 # but now the stone is obscured by scrubwood and can only be seen by walking
140 # along the towpath within a few yards of it.'
141 #
142 # I have a one inch to one mile map of London and my estimate of the stone's
143 # position is 51° 28' 30" N, 0° 18' 45" W. The longitude should
144 # be within about ±2". The Ordnance Survey grid reference is TQ172761.
145 #
146 # [This yields GMTOFF = -0:01:15 for London LMT in the 18th century.]
147
148 # From Paul Eggert (1993-11-18):
149 #
150 # Howse writes that Britain was the first country to use standard time.
151 # The railways cared most about the inconsistencies of local mean time,
152 # and it was they who forced a uniform time on the country.
153 # The original idea was credited to Dr. William Hyde Wollaston (1766-1828)
154 # and was popularized by Abraham Follett Osler (1808-1903).
155 # The first railway to adopt London time was the Great Western Railway
156 # in November 1840; other railways followed suit, and by 1847 most
157 # (though not all) railways used London time. On 1847-09-22 the
158 # Railway Clearing House, an industry standards body, recommended that GMT be
159 # adopted at all stations as soon as the General Post Office permitted it.
160 # The transition occurred on 12-01 for the L&NW, the Caledonian,
161 # and presumably other railways; the January 1848 Bradshaw's lists many
162 # railways as using GMT. By 1855 the vast majority of public
163 # clocks in Britain were set to GMT (though some, like the great clock
164 # on Tom Tower at Christ Church, Oxford, were fitted with two minute hands,
165 # one for local time and one for GMT). The last major holdout was the legal
166 # system, which stubbornly stuck to local time for many years, leading
167 # to oddities like polls opening at 08:13 and closing at 16:13.
168 # The legal system finally switched to GMT when the Statutes (Definition
169 # of Time) Act took effect; it received the Royal Assent on 1880-08-02.
170 #
171 # In the tables below, we condense this complicated story into a single
172 # transition date for London, namely 1847-12-01. We don't know as much
173 # about Dublin, so we use 1880-08-02, the legal transition time.
174
175 # From Paul Eggert (2014-07-19):
176 # The ancients had no need for daylight saving, as they kept time
177 # informally or via hours whose length depended on the time of year.
178 # Daylight saving time in its modern sense was invented by the
179 # New Zealand entomologist George Vernon Hudson (1867-1946),
180 # whose day job as a postal clerk led him to value
181 # after-hours daylight in which to pursue his research.
182 # In 1895 he presented a paper to the Wellington Philosophical Society
183 # that proposed a two-hour daylight-saving shift. See:
184 # Hudson GV. On seasonal time-adjustment in countries south of lat. 30°.
185 # Transactions and Proceedings of the New Zealand Institute. 1895;28:734
186 # http://rsnz.natlib.govt.nz/volume/rsnz_28/rsnz_28_00_006110.html
187 # Although some interest was expressed in New Zealand, his proposal
188 # did not find its way into law and eventually it was almost forgotten.
189 #
190 # In England, DST was independently reinvented by William Willett (1857-1915),
191 # a London builder and member of the Royal Astronomical Society
192 # who circulated a pamphlet "The Waste of Daylight" (1907)
193 # that proposed advancing clocks 20 minutes on each of four Sundays in April,
194 # and retarding them by the same amount on four Sundays in September.
195 # A bill was drafted in 1909 and introduced in Parliament several times,
196 # but it met with ridicule and opposition, especially from farming interests.
197 # Later editions of the pamphlet proposed one-hour summer time, and
198 # it was eventually adopted as a wartime measure in 1916.
199 # See: Summer Time Arrives Early, The Times (2000-05-18).
200 # A monument to Willett was unveiled on 1927-05-21, in an open space in
201 # a 45-acre wood near Chislehurst, Kent that was purchased by popular
202 # subscription and open to the public. On the south face of the monolith,
203 # designed by G. W. Miller, is the William Willett Memorial Sundial,
204 # which is permanently set to Summer Time.
514 Rule GB-Eire 1981 1989 - Oct Sun>=23 1:00u 0 GMT
515 # Summer Time Order, 1989 (S.I. 1989/985)
516 # Summer Time Order, 1992 (S.I. 1992/1729)
517 # Summer Time Order 1994 (S.I. 1994/2798)
518 Rule GB-Eire 1990 1995 - Oct Sun>=22 1:00u 0 GMT
519 # Summer Time Order 1997 (S.I. 1997/2982)
520 # See EU for rules starting in 1996.
521 #
522 # Use Europe/London for Jersey, Guernsey, and the Isle of Man.
523
524 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
525 Zone Europe/London -0:01:15 - LMT 1847 Dec 1 0:00s
526 0:00 GB-Eire %s 1968 Oct 27
527 1:00 - BST 1971 Oct 31 2:00u
528 0:00 GB-Eire %s 1996
529 0:00 EU GMT/BST
530 Link Europe/London Europe/Jersey
531 Link Europe/London Europe/Guernsey
532 Link Europe/London Europe/Isle_of_Man
533
534 # From Paul Eggert (2018-02-15):
535 # In January 2018 we discovered that the negative SAVE values in the
536 # Eire rules cause problems with tests for ICU:
537 # https://mm.icann.org/pipermail/tz/2018-January/025825.html
538 # and with tests for OpenJDK:
539 # https://mm.icann.org/pipermail/tz/2018-January/025822.html
540 #
541 # To work around this problem, the build procedure can translate the
542 # following data into two forms, one with negative SAVE values and the
543 # other form with a traditional approximation for Irish time stamps
544 # after 1971-10-31 02:00 UTC; although this approximation has tm_isdst
545 # flags that are reversed, its UTC offsets are correct and this often
546 # suffices. This source file currently uses only nonnegative SAVE
547 # values, but this is intended to change and downstream code should
548 # not rely on it.
549 #
550 # The following is like GB-Eire and EU, except with standard time in
551 # summer and negative daylight saving time in winter. It is for when
552 # negative SAVE values are used.
553 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
554 #Rule Eire 1971 only - Oct 31 2:00u -1:00 GMT
555 #Rule Eire 1972 1980 - Mar Sun>=16 2:00u 0 IST
556 #Rule Eire 1972 1980 - Oct Sun>=23 2:00u -1:00 GMT
557 #Rule Eire 1981 max - Mar lastSun 1:00u 0 IST
558 #Rule Eire 1981 1989 - Oct Sun>=23 1:00u -1:00 GMT
559 #Rule Eire 1990 1995 - Oct Sun>=22 1:00u -1:00 GMT
560 #Rule Eire 1996 max - Oct lastSun 1:00u -1:00 GMT
561
562 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
563 Zone Europe/Dublin -0:25:00 - LMT 1880 Aug 2
564 -0:25:21 - DMT 1916 May 21 2:00s
565 -0:25:21 1:00 IST 1916 Oct 1 2:00s
566 0:00 GB-Eire %s 1921 Dec 6 # independence
567 0:00 GB-Eire GMT/IST 1940 Feb 25 2:00s
568 0:00 1:00 IST 1946 Oct 6 2:00s
569 0:00 - GMT 1947 Mar 16 2:00s
570 0:00 1:00 IST 1947 Nov 2 2:00s
571 0:00 - GMT 1948 Apr 18 2:00s
572 0:00 GB-Eire GMT/IST 1968 Oct 27
573 # The next line is for when negative SAVE values are used.
574 # 1:00 Eire IST/GMT
575 # These three lines are for when SAVE values are always nonnegative.
576 1:00 - IST 1971 Oct 31 2:00u
577 0:00 GB-Eire GMT/IST 1996
578 0:00 EU GMT/IST
579
580
581 ###############################################################################
582
583 # Europe
584
585 # The following rules are for the European Union and for its
586 # predecessor organization, the European Communities.
587 # For brevity they are called "EU rules" elsewhere in this file.
588
589 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
590 Rule EU 1977 1980 - Apr Sun>=1 1:00u 1:00 S
591 Rule EU 1977 only - Sep lastSun 1:00u 0 -
592 Rule EU 1978 only - Oct 1 1:00u 0 -
593 Rule EU 1979 1995 - Sep lastSun 1:00u 0 -
594 Rule EU 1981 max - Mar lastSun 1:00u 1:00 S
595 Rule EU 1996 max - Oct lastSun 1:00u 0 -
596 # The most recent directive covers the years starting in 2002. See:
597 # Directive 2000/84/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council
598 # of 19 January 2001 on summer-time arrangements.
1542 # "first day of winter" referred to [below] means the first day of the 26 weeks
1543 # of winter, according to the old icelandic calendar that dates back to the
1544 # time the norsemen first settled Iceland. The first day of winter is always
1545 # Saturday, but is not dependent on the Julian or Gregorian calendars.
1546 #
1547 # (1993-12-10):
1548 # I have a reference from the Oxford Icelandic-English dictionary for the
1549 # beginning of winter, which ties it to the ecclesiastical calendar (and thus
1550 # to the julian/gregorian calendar) over the period in question.
1551 # the winter begins on the Saturday next before St. Luke's day
1552 # (old style), or on St. Luke's day, if a Saturday.
1553 # St. Luke's day ought to be traceable from ecclesiastical sources. "old style"
1554 # might be a reference to the Julian calendar as opposed to Gregorian, or it
1555 # might mean something else (???).
1556 #
1557 # From Paul Eggert (2014-11-22):
1558 # The information below is taken from the 1988 Almanak; see
1559 # http://www.almanak.hi.is/klukkan.html
1560 #
1561 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1562 Rule Iceland 1917 1919 - Feb 19 23:00 1:00 -
1563 Rule Iceland 1917 only - Oct 21 1:00 0 -
1564 Rule Iceland 1918 1919 - Nov 16 1:00 0 -
1565 Rule Iceland 1921 only - Mar 19 23:00 1:00 -
1566 Rule Iceland 1921 only - Jun 23 1:00 0 -
1567 Rule Iceland 1939 only - Apr 29 23:00 1:00 -
1568 Rule Iceland 1939 only - Oct 29 2:00 0 -
1569 Rule Iceland 1940 only - Feb 25 2:00 1:00 -
1570 Rule Iceland 1940 1941 - Nov Sun>=2 1:00s 0 -
1571 Rule Iceland 1941 1942 - Mar Sun>=2 1:00s 1:00 -
1572 # 1943-1946 - first Sunday in March until first Sunday in winter
1573 Rule Iceland 1943 1946 - Mar Sun>=1 1:00s 1:00 -
1574 Rule Iceland 1942 1948 - Oct Sun>=22 1:00s 0 -
1575 # 1947-1967 - first Sunday in April until first Sunday in winter
1576 Rule Iceland 1947 1967 - Apr Sun>=1 1:00s 1:00 -
1577 # 1949 and 1967 Oct transitions delayed by 1 week
1578 Rule Iceland 1949 only - Oct 30 1:00s 0 -
1579 Rule Iceland 1950 1966 - Oct Sun>=22 1:00s 0 -
1580 Rule Iceland 1967 only - Oct 29 1:00s 0 -
1581 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1582 Zone Atlantic/Reykjavik -1:28 - LMT 1908
1583 -1:00 Iceland -01/+00 1968 Apr 7 1:00s
1584 0:00 - GMT
1585
1586 # Italy
1587 #
1588 # From Paul Eggert (2001-03-06):
1589 # Sicily and Sardinia each had their own time zones from 1866 to 1893,
1590 # called Palermo Time (+00:53:28) and Cagliari Time (+00:36:32).
1591 # During World War II, German-controlled Italy used German time.
1592 # But these events all occurred before the 1970 cutoff,
1593 # so record only the time in Rome.
1594 #
1595 # From Michael Deckers (2016-10-24):
1596 # http://www.ac-ilsestante.it/MERIDIANE/ora_legale quotes a law of 1893-08-10
2146 Rule Poland 1957 only - Jun 2 1:00s 1:00 S
2147 Rule Poland 1957 1958 - Sep lastSun 1:00s 0 -
2148 Rule Poland 1958 only - Mar 30 1:00s 1:00 S
2149 Rule Poland 1959 only - May 31 1:00s 1:00 S
2150 Rule Poland 1959 1961 - Oct Sun>=1 1:00s 0 -
2151 Rule Poland 1960 only - Apr 3 1:00s 1:00 S
2152 Rule Poland 1961 1964 - May lastSun 1:00s 1:00 S
2153 Rule Poland 1962 1964 - Sep lastSun 1:00s 0 -
2154 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
2155 Zone Europe/Warsaw 1:24:00 - LMT 1880
2156 1:24:00 - WMT 1915 Aug 5 # Warsaw Mean Time
2157 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1918 Sep 16 3:00
2158 2:00 Poland EE%sT 1922 Jun
2159 1:00 Poland CE%sT 1940 Jun 23 2:00
2160 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Oct
2161 1:00 Poland CE%sT 1977
2162 1:00 W-Eur CE%sT 1988
2163 1:00 EU CE%sT
2164
2165 # Portugal
2166
2167 # From Paul Eggert (2014-08-11), after a heads-up from Stephen Colebourne:
2168 # According to a Portuguese decree (1911-05-26)
2169 # https://dre.pt/application/dir/pdf1sdip/1911/05/12500/23132313.pdf
2170 # Lisbon was at -0:36:44.68, but switched to GMT on 1912-01-01 at 00:00.
2171 # Round the old offset to -0:36:45. This agrees with Willett....
2172 #
2173 # From Michael Deckers (2018-02-15):
2174 # article 5 [of the 1911 decree; Deckers's translation] ...:
2175 # These dispositions shall enter into force at the instant at which,
2176 # according to the 2nd article, the civil day January 1, 1912 begins,
2177 # all clocks therefore having to be advanced or set back correspondingly ...
2178
2179 # From Rui Pedro Salgueiro (1992-11-12):
2180 # Portugal has recently (September, 27) changed timezone
2181 # (from WET to MET or CET) to harmonize with EEC.
2182 #
2183 # Martin Bruckmann (1996-02-29) reports via Peter Ilieve
2184 # that Portugal is reverting to 0:00 by not moving its clocks this spring.
2185 # The new Prime Minister was fed up with getting up in the dark in the winter.
2186 #
2187 # From Paul Eggert (1996-11-12):
2188 # IATA SSIM (1991-09) reports several 1991-09 and 1992-09 transitions
2189 # at 02:00u, not 01:00u. Assume that these are typos.
2190 # IATA SSIM (1991/1992) reports that the Azores were at -1:00.
2191 # IATA SSIM (1993-02) says +0:00; later issues (through 1996-09) say -1:00.
2192 # Guess that the Azores changed to EU rules in 1992 (since that's when Portugal
2193 # harmonized with EU rules), and that they stayed +0:00 that winter.
2194 #
2195 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
2196 # DSH writes that despite Decree 1,469 (1915), the change to the clocks was not
2197 # done every year, depending on what Spain did, because of railroad schedules.
2198 # Go with Shanks & Pottenger.
2241 Rule Port 1944 1945 - Apr Sat>=21 22:00s 2:00 M
2242 Rule Port 1946 only - Apr Sat>=1 23:00s 1:00 S
2243 Rule Port 1946 only - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 -
2244 Rule Port 1947 1949 - Apr Sun>=1 2:00s 1:00 S
2245 Rule Port 1947 1949 - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
2246 # Shanks & Pottenger say DST was observed in 1950; go with Whitman.
2247 # Whitman gives Oct lastSun for 1952 on; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
2248 Rule Port 1951 1965 - Apr Sun>=1 2:00s 1:00 S
2249 Rule Port 1951 1965 - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
2250 Rule Port 1977 only - Mar 27 0:00s 1:00 S
2251 Rule Port 1977 only - Sep 25 0:00s 0 -
2252 Rule Port 1978 1979 - Apr Sun>=1 0:00s 1:00 S
2253 Rule Port 1978 only - Oct 1 0:00s 0 -
2254 Rule Port 1979 1982 - Sep lastSun 1:00s 0 -
2255 Rule Port 1980 only - Mar lastSun 0:00s 1:00 S
2256 Rule Port 1981 1982 - Mar lastSun 1:00s 1:00 S
2257 Rule Port 1983 only - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 S
2258 #
2259 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
2260 Zone Europe/Lisbon -0:36:45 - LMT 1884
2261 -0:36:45 - LMT 1912 Jan 1 0:00u # Lisbon MT
2262 0:00 Port WE%sT 1966 Apr 3 2:00
2263 1:00 - CET 1976 Sep 26 1:00
2264 0:00 Port WE%sT 1983 Sep 25 1:00s
2265 0:00 W-Eur WE%sT 1992 Sep 27 1:00s
2266 1:00 EU CE%sT 1996 Mar 31 1:00u
2267 0:00 EU WE%sT
2268 # This Zone can be simplified once we assume zic %z.
2269 Zone Atlantic/Azores -1:42:40 - LMT 1884 # Ponta Delgada
2270 -1:54:32 - HMT 1912 Jan 1 2:00u # Horta MT
2271 -2:00 Port -02/-01 1942 Apr 25 22:00s
2272 -2:00 Port +00 1942 Aug 15 22:00s
2273 -2:00 Port -02/-01 1943 Apr 17 22:00s
2274 -2:00 Port +00 1943 Aug 28 22:00s
2275 -2:00 Port -02/-01 1944 Apr 22 22:00s
2276 -2:00 Port +00 1944 Aug 26 22:00s
2277 -2:00 Port -02/-01 1945 Apr 21 22:00s
2278 -2:00 Port +00 1945 Aug 25 22:00s
2279 -2:00 Port -02/-01 1966 Apr 3 2:00
2280 -1:00 Port -01/+00 1983 Sep 25 1:00s
2281 -1:00 W-Eur -01/+00 1992 Sep 27 1:00s
2282 0:00 EU WE%sT 1993 Mar 28 1:00u
2283 -1:00 EU -01/+00
2284 # This Zone can be simplified once we assume zic %z.
2285 Zone Atlantic/Madeira -1:07:36 - LMT 1884 # Funchal
2286 -1:07:36 - FMT 1912 Jan 1 1:00u # Funchal MT
2287 -1:00 Port -01/+00 1942 Apr 25 22:00s
2288 -1:00 Port +01 1942 Aug 15 22:00s
2289 -1:00 Port -01/+00 1943 Apr 17 22:00s
2290 -1:00 Port +01 1943 Aug 28 22:00s
2291 -1:00 Port -01/+00 1944 Apr 22 22:00s
2292 -1:00 Port +01 1944 Aug 26 22:00s
2293 -1:00 Port -01/+00 1945 Apr 21 22:00s
2294 -1:00 Port +01 1945 Aug 25 22:00s
2295 -1:00 Port -01/+00 1966 Apr 3 2:00
2296 0:00 Port WE%sT 1983 Sep 25 1:00s
2297 0:00 EU WE%sT
2298
2299 # Romania
2300 #
2301 # From Paul Eggert (1999-10-07):
2302 # Nine O'clock <http://www.nineoclock.ro/POL/1778pol.html>
2303 # (1998-10-23) reports that the switch occurred at
2304 # 04:00 local time in fall 1998. For lack of better info,
2305 # assume that Romania and Moldova switched to EU rules in 1997,
2306 # the same year as Bulgaria.
2604 # change. (Different newspapers providing different lists. And some
2605 # lists found in the internet are quite wild.)
2606 #
2607 # And apparently some exceptions were reverted in the last moment.
2608 # http://www.kaliningradka.ru/site_pc/cherez/index.php?ELEMENT_ID=40091
2609 # says that Kaliningrad decided not to be an exception 2 days before the
2610 # 1991-03-31 switch and one person at
2611 # https://izhevsk.ru/forum_light_message/50/682597-m8369040.html
2612 # says he remembers that Samara opted out of the 1992-01-19 exception
2613 # 2 days before the switch.
2614 #
2615 #
2616 # From Paul Eggert (2016-03-18):
2617 # Given the above, we appear to be missing some Zone entries for the
2618 # chaotic early 1980s in Russia. It's not clear what these entries
2619 # should be. For now, sweep this under the rug and just document the
2620 # time in Moscow.
2621
2622 # From Vladimir Karpinsky (2014-07-08):
2623 # LMT in Moscow (before Jul 3, 1916) is 2:30:17, that was defined by Moscow
2624 # Observatory (coordinates: 55° 45' 29.70", 37° 34' 05.30")....
2625 # LMT in Moscow since Jul 3, 1916 is 2:31:01 as a result of new standard.
2626 # (The info is from the book by Byalokoz ... p. 18.)
2627 # The time in St. Petersburg as capital of Russia was defined by
2628 # Pulkov observatory, near St. Petersburg. In 1916 LMT Moscow
2629 # was synchronized with LMT St. Petersburg (+30 minutes), (Pulkov observatory
2630 # coordinates: 59° 46' 18.70", 30° 19' 40.70") so 30° 19' 40.70" >
2631 # 2h01m18.7s = 2:01:19. LMT Moscow = LMT St.Petersburg + 30m 2:01:19 + 0:30 =
2632 # 2:31:19 ...
2633 #
2634 # From Paul Eggert (2014-07-08):
2635 # Milne does not list Moscow, but suggests that its time might be listed in
2636 # Résumés mensuels et annuels des observations météorologiques (1895).
2637 # Presumably this is OCLC 85825704, a journal published with parallel text in
2638 # Russian and French. This source has not been located; go with Karpinsky.
2639
2640 Zone Europe/Moscow 2:30:17 - LMT 1880
2641 2:30:17 - MMT 1916 Jul 3 # Moscow Mean Time
2642 2:31:19 Russia %s 1919 Jul 1 0:00u
2643 3:00 Russia %s 1921 Oct
2644 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1922 Oct
2645 2:00 - EET 1930 Jun 21
2646 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2647 2:00 Russia EE%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
2648 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 2011 Mar 27 2:00s
2649 4:00 - MSK 2014 Oct 26 2:00s
2650 3:00 - MSK
3439 1:00 - CET 1986
3440 1:00 EU CE%sT
3441 Zone Atlantic/Canary -1:01:36 - LMT 1922 Mar # Las Palmas de Gran C.
3442 -1:00 - -01 1946 Sep 30 1:00
3443 0:00 - WET 1980 Apr 6 0:00s
3444 0:00 1:00 WEST 1980 Sep 28 1:00u
3445 0:00 EU WE%sT
3446 # IATA SSIM (1996-09) says the Canaries switch at 2:00u, not 1:00u.
3447 # Ignore this for now, as the Canaries are part of the EU.
3448
3449 # Sweden
3450
3451 # From Ivan Nilsson (2001-04-13), superseding Shanks & Pottenger:
3452 #
3453 # The law "Svensk författningssamling 1878, no 14" about standard time in 1879:
3454 # From the beginning of 1879 (that is 01-01 00:00) the time for all
3455 # places in the country is "the mean solar time for the meridian at
3456 # three degrees, or twelve minutes of time, to the west of the
3457 # meridian of the Observatory of Stockholm". The law is dated 1878-05-31.
3458 #
3459 # The observatory at that time had the meridian 18° 03' 30"
3460 # eastern longitude = 01:12:14 in time. Less 12 minutes gives the
3461 # national standard time as 01:00:14 ahead of GMT....
3462 #
3463 # About the beginning of CET in Sweden. The lawtext ("Svensk
3464 # författningssamling 1899, no 44") states, that "from the beginning
3465 # of 1900... ... the same as the mean solar time for the meridian at
3466 # the distance of one hour of time from the meridian of the English
3467 # observatory at Greenwich, or at 12 minutes 14 seconds to the west
3468 # from the meridian of the Observatory of Stockholm". The law is dated
3469 # 1899-06-16. In short: At 1900-01-01 00:00:00 the new standard time
3470 # in Sweden is 01:00:00 ahead of GMT.
3471 #
3472 # 1916: The lawtext ("Svensk författningssamling 1916, no 124") states
3473 # that "1916-05-15 is considered to begin one hour earlier". It is
3474 # pretty obvious that at 05-14 23:00 the clocks are set to 05-15 00:00....
3475 # Further the law says, that "1916-09-30 is considered to end one hour later".
3476 #
3477 # The laws regulating [DST] are available on the site of the Swedish
3478 # Parliament beginning with 1985 - the laws regulating 1980/1984 are
3479 # not available on the site (to my knowledge they are only available
3543 # l'heure dans le monde) claims that Switzerland had DST in 1916. This is
3544 # false, no official document could be found. Probably Gabriel got misled
3545 # by references to Germany, which introduced DST in 1916 for the first time.
3546 #
3547 # The tzdata rules for Switzerland must be changed to:
3548 # Rule Swiss 1941 1942 - May Mon>=1 1:00 1:00 S
3549 # Rule Swiss 1941 1942 - Oct Mon>=1 2:00 0 -
3550 #
3551 # The 1940 rules must be deleted.
3552 #
3553 # One further detail for Switzerland, which is probably out of scope for
3554 # most users of tzdata: The [Europe/Zurich zone] ...
3555 # describes all of Switzerland correctly, with the exception of
3556 # the Canton de Genève (Geneva, Genf). Between 1848 and 1894 Geneva did not
3557 # follow Bern Mean Time but kept its own local mean time.
3558 # To represent this, an extra zone would be needed.
3559 #
3560 # From Alois Treindl (2013-09-11):
3561 # The Federal regulations say
3562 # https://www.admin.ch/opc/de/classified-compilation/20071096/index.html
3563 # ... the meridian for Bern mean time ... is 7° 26' 22.50".
3564 # Expressed in time, it is 0h29m45.5s.
3565
3566 # From Pierre-Yves Berger (2013-09-11):
3567 # the "Circulaire du conseil fédéral" (December 11 1893)
3568 # http://www.amtsdruckschriften.bar.admin.ch/viewOrigDoc.do?id=10071353
3569 # clearly states that the [1894-06-01] change should be done at midnight
3570 # but if no one is present after 11 at night, could be postponed until one
3571 # hour before the beginning of service.
3572
3573 # From Paul Eggert (2013-09-11):
3574 # Round BMT to the nearest even second, 0:29:46.
3575 #
3576 # We can find no reliable source for Shanks's assertion that all of Switzerland
3577 # except Geneva switched to Bern Mean Time at 00:00 on 1848-09-12. This book:
3578 #
3579 # Jakob Messerli. Gleichmässig, pünktlich, schnell. Zeiteinteilung und
3580 # Zeitgebrauch in der Schweiz im 19. Jahrhundert. Chronos, Zurich 1995,
3581 # ISBN 3-905311-68-2, OCLC 717570797.
3582 #
3583 # suggests that the transition was more gradual, and that the Swiss did not
|