1 #
   2 # DO NOT ALTER OR REMOVE COPYRIGHT NOTICES OR THIS FILE HEADER.
   3 #
   4 # This code is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
   5 # under the terms of the GNU General Public License version 2 only, as
   6 # published by the Free Software Foundation.  Oracle designates this
   7 # particular file as subject to the "Classpath" exception as provided
   8 # by Oracle in the LICENSE file that accompanied this code.
   9 #
  10 # This code is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT
  11 # ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or
  12 # FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the GNU General Public License
  13 # version 2 for more details (a copy is included in the LICENSE file that
  14 # accompanied this code).
  15 #
  16 # You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License version
  17 # 2 along with this work; if not, write to the Free Software Foundation,
  18 # Inc., 51 Franklin St, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA 02110-1301 USA.
  19 #
  20 # Please contact Oracle, 500 Oracle Parkway, Redwood Shores, CA 94065 USA
  21 # or visit www.oracle.com if you need additional information or have any
  22 # questions.
  23 #
  24 # tzdb data for Australasia and environs, and for much of the Pacific
  25 
  26 # This file is in the public domain, so clarified as of
  27 # 2009-05-17 by Arthur David Olson.
  28 
  29 # This file also includes Pacific islands.
  30 
  31 # Notes are at the end of this file
  32 
  33 ###############################################################################
  34 
  35 # Australia
  36 
  37 # Please see the notes below for the controversy about "EST" versus "AEST" etc.
  38 
  39 # Rule  NAME    FROM    TO      TYPE    IN      ON      AT      SAVE    LETTER/S
  40 Rule    Aus     1917    only    -       Jan      1      0:01    1:00    D
  41 Rule    Aus     1917    only    -       Mar     25      2:00    0       S
  42 Rule    Aus     1942    only    -       Jan      1      2:00    1:00    D
  43 Rule    Aus     1942    only    -       Mar     29      2:00    0       S
  44 Rule    Aus     1942    only    -       Sep     27      2:00    1:00    D
  45 Rule    Aus     1943    1944    -       Mar     lastSun 2:00    0       S
  46 Rule    Aus     1943    only    -       Oct      3      2:00    1:00    D
  47 # Go with Whitman and the Australian National Standards Commission, which
  48 # says W Australia didn't use DST in 1943/1944.  Ignore Whitman's claim that
  49 # 1944/1945 was just like 1943/1944.
  50 
  51 # Zone  NAME            GMTOFF  RULES   FORMAT  [UNTIL]
  52 # Northern Territory
  53 Zone Australia/Darwin    8:43:20 -      LMT     1895 Feb
  54                          9:00   -       ACST    1899 May
  55                          9:30   Aus     AC%sT
  56 # Western Australia
  57 #
  58 # Rule  NAME    FROM    TO      TYPE    IN      ON      AT      SAVE    LETTER/S
  59 Rule    AW      1974    only    -       Oct     lastSun 2:00s   1:00    D
  60 Rule    AW      1975    only    -       Mar     Sun>=1       2:00s   0       S
  61 Rule    AW      1983    only    -       Oct     lastSun 2:00s   1:00    D
  62 Rule    AW      1984    only    -       Mar     Sun>=1       2:00s   0       S
  63 Rule    AW      1991    only    -       Nov     17      2:00s   1:00    D
  64 Rule    AW      1992    only    -       Mar     Sun>=1       2:00s   0       S
  65 Rule    AW      2006    only    -       Dec      3      2:00s   1:00    D
  66 Rule    AW      2007    2009    -       Mar     lastSun 2:00s   0       S
  67 Rule    AW      2007    2008    -       Oct     lastSun 2:00s   1:00    D
  68 Zone Australia/Perth     7:43:24 -      LMT     1895 Dec
  69                          8:00   Aus     AW%sT   1943 Jul
  70                          8:00   AW      AW%sT
  71 Zone Australia/Eucla     8:35:28 -      LMT     1895 Dec
  72                          8:45   Aus +0845/+0945 1943 Jul
  73                          8:45   AW  +0845/+0945
  74 
  75 # Queensland
  76 #
  77 # From Alex Livingston (1996-11-01):
  78 # I have heard or read more than once that some resort islands off the coast
  79 # of Queensland chose to keep observing daylight-saving time even after
  80 # Queensland ceased to.
  81 #
  82 # From Paul Eggert (1996-11-22):
  83 # IATA SSIM (1993-02/1994-09) say that the Holiday Islands (Hayman, Lindeman,
  84 # Hamilton) observed DST for two years after the rest of Queensland stopped.
  85 # Hamilton is the largest, but there is also a Hamilton in Victoria,
  86 # so use Lindeman.
  87 #
  88 # From J William Piggott (2016-02-20):
  89 # There is no location named Holiday Islands in Queensland Australia; holiday
  90 # islands is a colloquial term used globally.  Hayman and Lindeman are at the
  91 # north and south extremes of the Whitsunday Islands archipelago, and
  92 # Hamilton is in between; it is reasonable to believe that this time zone
  93 # applies to all of the Whitsundays.
  94 # http://www.australia.gov.au/about-australia/australian-story/austn-islands
  95 #
  96 # Rule  NAME    FROM    TO      TYPE    IN      ON      AT      SAVE    LETTER/S
  97 Rule    AQ      1971    only    -       Oct     lastSun 2:00s   1:00    D
  98 Rule    AQ      1972    only    -       Feb     lastSun 2:00s   0       S
  99 Rule    AQ      1989    1991    -       Oct     lastSun 2:00s   1:00    D
 100 Rule    AQ      1990    1992    -       Mar     Sun>=1       2:00s   0       S
 101 Rule    Holiday 1992    1993    -       Oct     lastSun 2:00s   1:00    D
 102 Rule    Holiday 1993    1994    -       Mar     Sun>=1       2:00s   0       S
 103 Zone Australia/Brisbane 10:12:08 -      LMT     1895
 104                         10:00   Aus     AE%sT   1971
 105                         10:00   AQ      AE%sT
 106 Zone Australia/Lindeman  9:55:56 -      LMT     1895
 107                         10:00   Aus     AE%sT   1971
 108                         10:00   AQ      AE%sT   1992 Jul
 109                         10:00   Holiday AE%sT
 110 
 111 # South Australia
 112 # Rule  NAME    FROM    TO      TYPE    IN      ON      AT      SAVE    LETTER/S
 113 Rule    AS      1971    1985    -       Oct     lastSun 2:00s   1:00    D
 114 Rule    AS      1986    only    -       Oct     19      2:00s   1:00    D
 115 Rule    AS      1987    2007    -       Oct     lastSun 2:00s   1:00    D
 116 Rule    AS      1972    only    -       Feb     27      2:00s   0       S
 117 Rule    AS      1973    1985    -       Mar     Sun>=1       2:00s   0       S
 118 Rule    AS      1986    1990    -       Mar     Sun>=15      2:00s   0       S
 119 Rule    AS      1991    only    -       Mar     3       2:00s   0       S
 120 Rule    AS      1992    only    -       Mar     22      2:00s   0       S
 121 Rule    AS      1993    only    -       Mar     7       2:00s   0       S
 122 Rule    AS      1994    only    -       Mar     20      2:00s   0       S
 123 Rule    AS      1995    2005    -       Mar     lastSun 2:00s   0       S
 124 Rule    AS      2006    only    -       Apr     2       2:00s   0       S
 125 Rule    AS      2007    only    -       Mar     lastSun 2:00s   0       S
 126 Rule    AS      2008    max     -       Apr     Sun>=1       2:00s   0       S
 127 Rule    AS      2008    max     -       Oct     Sun>=1       2:00s   1:00    D
 128 # Zone  NAME            GMTOFF  RULES   FORMAT  [UNTIL]
 129 Zone Australia/Adelaide 9:14:20 -       LMT     1895 Feb
 130                         9:00    -       ACST    1899 May
 131                         9:30    Aus     AC%sT   1971
 132                         9:30    AS      AC%sT
 133 
 134 # Tasmania
 135 #
 136 # From Paul Eggert (2005-08-16):
 137 # http://www.bom.gov.au/climate/averages/tables/dst_times.shtml
 138 # says King Island didn't observe DST from WWII until late 1971.
 139 #
 140 # Rule  NAME    FROM    TO      TYPE    IN      ON      AT      SAVE    LETTER/S
 141 Rule    AT      1967    only    -       Oct     Sun>=1       2:00s   1:00    D
 142 Rule    AT      1968    only    -       Mar     lastSun 2:00s   0       S
 143 Rule    AT      1968    1985    -       Oct     lastSun 2:00s   1:00    D
 144 Rule    AT      1969    1971    -       Mar     Sun>=8       2:00s   0       S
 145 Rule    AT      1972    only    -       Feb     lastSun 2:00s   0       S
 146 Rule    AT      1973    1981    -       Mar     Sun>=1       2:00s   0       S
 147 Rule    AT      1982    1983    -       Mar     lastSun 2:00s   0       S
 148 Rule    AT      1984    1986    -       Mar     Sun>=1       2:00s   0       S
 149 Rule    AT      1986    only    -       Oct     Sun>=15      2:00s   1:00    D
 150 Rule    AT      1987    1990    -       Mar     Sun>=15      2:00s   0       S
 151 Rule    AT      1987    only    -       Oct     Sun>=22      2:00s   1:00    D
 152 Rule    AT      1988    1990    -       Oct     lastSun 2:00s   1:00    D
 153 Rule    AT      1991    1999    -       Oct     Sun>=1       2:00s   1:00    D
 154 Rule    AT      1991    2005    -       Mar     lastSun 2:00s   0       S
 155 Rule    AT      2000    only    -       Aug     lastSun 2:00s   1:00    D
 156 Rule    AT      2001    max     -       Oct     Sun>=1       2:00s   1:00    D
 157 Rule    AT      2006    only    -       Apr     Sun>=1       2:00s   0       S
 158 Rule    AT      2007    only    -       Mar     lastSun 2:00s   0       S
 159 Rule    AT      2008    max     -       Apr     Sun>=1       2:00s   0       S
 160 # Zone  NAME            GMTOFF  RULES   FORMAT  [UNTIL]
 161 Zone Australia/Hobart   9:49:16 -       LMT     1895 Sep
 162                         10:00   -       AEST    1916 Oct  1  2:00
 163                         10:00   1:00    AEDT    1917 Feb
 164                         10:00   Aus     AE%sT   1967
 165                         10:00   AT      AE%sT
 166 Zone Australia/Currie   9:35:28 -       LMT     1895 Sep
 167                         10:00   -       AEST    1916 Oct  1  2:00
 168                         10:00   1:00    AEDT    1917 Feb
 169                         10:00   Aus     AE%sT   1971 Jul
 170                         10:00   AT      AE%sT
 171 
 172 # Victoria
 173 # Rule  NAME    FROM    TO      TYPE    IN      ON      AT      SAVE    LETTER/S
 174 Rule    AV      1971    1985    -       Oct     lastSun 2:00s   1:00    D
 175 Rule    AV      1972    only    -       Feb     lastSun 2:00s   0       S
 176 Rule    AV      1973    1985    -       Mar     Sun>=1       2:00s   0       S
 177 Rule    AV      1986    1990    -       Mar     Sun>=15      2:00s   0       S
 178 Rule    AV      1986    1987    -       Oct     Sun>=15      2:00s   1:00    D
 179 Rule    AV      1988    1999    -       Oct     lastSun 2:00s   1:00    D
 180 Rule    AV      1991    1994    -       Mar     Sun>=1       2:00s   0       S
 181 Rule    AV      1995    2005    -       Mar     lastSun 2:00s   0       S
 182 Rule    AV      2000    only    -       Aug     lastSun 2:00s   1:00    D
 183 Rule    AV      2001    2007    -       Oct     lastSun 2:00s   1:00    D
 184 Rule    AV      2006    only    -       Apr     Sun>=1       2:00s   0       S
 185 Rule    AV      2007    only    -       Mar     lastSun 2:00s   0       S
 186 Rule    AV      2008    max     -       Apr     Sun>=1       2:00s   0       S
 187 Rule    AV      2008    max     -       Oct     Sun>=1       2:00s   1:00    D
 188 # Zone  NAME            GMTOFF  RULES   FORMAT  [UNTIL]
 189 Zone Australia/Melbourne 9:39:52 -      LMT     1895 Feb
 190                         10:00   Aus     AE%sT   1971
 191                         10:00   AV      AE%sT
 192 
 193 # New South Wales
 194 # Rule  NAME    FROM    TO      TYPE    IN      ON      AT      SAVE    LETTER/S
 195 Rule    AN      1971    1985    -       Oct     lastSun 2:00s   1:00    D
 196 Rule    AN      1972    only    -       Feb     27      2:00s   0       S
 197 Rule    AN      1973    1981    -       Mar     Sun>=1       2:00s   0       S
 198 Rule    AN      1982    only    -       Apr     Sun>=1       2:00s   0       S
 199 Rule    AN      1983    1985    -       Mar     Sun>=1       2:00s   0       S
 200 Rule    AN      1986    1989    -       Mar     Sun>=15      2:00s   0       S
 201 Rule    AN      1986    only    -       Oct     19      2:00s   1:00    D
 202 Rule    AN      1987    1999    -       Oct     lastSun 2:00s   1:00    D
 203 Rule    AN      1990    1995    -       Mar     Sun>=1       2:00s   0       S
 204 Rule    AN      1996    2005    -       Mar     lastSun 2:00s   0       S
 205 Rule    AN      2000    only    -       Aug     lastSun 2:00s   1:00    D
 206 Rule    AN      2001    2007    -       Oct     lastSun 2:00s   1:00    D
 207 Rule    AN      2006    only    -       Apr     Sun>=1       2:00s   0       S
 208 Rule    AN      2007    only    -       Mar     lastSun 2:00s   0       S
 209 Rule    AN      2008    max     -       Apr     Sun>=1       2:00s   0       S
 210 Rule    AN      2008    max     -       Oct     Sun>=1       2:00s   1:00    D
 211 # Zone  NAME            GMTOFF  RULES   FORMAT  [UNTIL]
 212 Zone Australia/Sydney   10:04:52 -      LMT     1895 Feb
 213                         10:00   Aus     AE%sT   1971
 214                         10:00   AN      AE%sT
 215 Zone Australia/Broken_Hill 9:25:48 -    LMT     1895 Feb
 216                         10:00   -       AEST    1896 Aug 23
 217                         9:00    -       ACST    1899 May
 218                         9:30    Aus     AC%sT   1971
 219                         9:30    AN      AC%sT   2000
 220                         9:30    AS      AC%sT
 221 
 222 # Lord Howe Island
 223 # Rule  NAME    FROM    TO      TYPE    IN      ON      AT      SAVE    LETTER/S
 224 Rule    LH      1981    1984    -       Oct     lastSun 2:00    1:00    -
 225 Rule    LH      1982    1985    -       Mar     Sun>=1       2:00    0       -
 226 Rule    LH      1985    only    -       Oct     lastSun 2:00    0:30    -
 227 Rule    LH      1986    1989    -       Mar     Sun>=15      2:00    0       -
 228 Rule    LH      1986    only    -       Oct     19      2:00    0:30    -
 229 Rule    LH      1987    1999    -       Oct     lastSun 2:00    0:30    -
 230 Rule    LH      1990    1995    -       Mar     Sun>=1       2:00    0       -
 231 Rule    LH      1996    2005    -       Mar     lastSun 2:00    0       -
 232 Rule    LH      2000    only    -       Aug     lastSun 2:00    0:30    -
 233 Rule    LH      2001    2007    -       Oct     lastSun 2:00    0:30    -
 234 Rule    LH      2006    only    -       Apr     Sun>=1       2:00    0       -
 235 Rule    LH      2007    only    -       Mar     lastSun 2:00    0       -
 236 Rule    LH      2008    max     -       Apr     Sun>=1       2:00    0       -
 237 Rule    LH      2008    max     -       Oct     Sun>=1       2:00    0:30    -
 238 Zone Australia/Lord_Howe 10:36:20 -     LMT     1895 Feb
 239                         10:00   -       AEST    1981 Mar
 240                         10:30   LH      +1030/+1130 1985 Jul
 241                         10:30   LH      +1030/+11
 242 
 243 # Australian miscellany
 244 #
 245 # Ashmore Is, Cartier
 246 # no indigenous inhabitants; only seasonal caretakers
 247 # no times are set
 248 #
 249 # Coral Sea Is
 250 # no indigenous inhabitants; only meteorologists
 251 # no times are set
 252 #
 253 # Macquarie
 254 # Permanent occupation (scientific station) 1911-1915 and since 25 March 1948;
 255 # sealing and penguin oil station operated Nov 1899 to Apr 1919.  See the
 256 # Tasmania Parks & Wildlife Service history of sealing at Macquarie Island
 257 # http://www.parks.tas.gov.au/index.aspx?base=1828
 258 # http://www.parks.tas.gov.au/index.aspx?base=1831
 259 # Guess that it was like Australia/Hobart while inhabited before 2010.
 260 #
 261 # From Steffen Thorsen (2010-03-10):
 262 # We got these changes from the Australian Antarctic Division:
 263 # - Macquarie Island will stay on UTC+11 for winter and therefore not
 264 # switch back from daylight savings time when other parts of Australia do
 265 # on 4 April.
 266 #
 267 # From Arthur David Olson (2013-05-23):
 268 # The 1919 transition is overspecified below so pre-2013 zics
 269 # will produce a binary file with an [A]EST-type as the first 32-bit type;
 270 # this is required for correct handling of times before 1916 by
 271 # pre-2013 versions of localtime.
 272 Zone Antarctica/Macquarie 0     -       -00     1899 Nov
 273                         10:00   -       AEST    1916 Oct  1  2:00
 274                         10:00   1:00    AEDT    1917 Feb
 275                         10:00   Aus     AE%sT   1919 Apr  1  0:00s
 276                         0       -       -00     1948 Mar 25
 277                         10:00   Aus     AE%sT   1967
 278                         10:00   AT      AE%sT   2010 Apr  4  3:00
 279                         11:00   -       +11
 280 
 281 # Christmas
 282 # Zone  NAME            GMTOFF  RULES   FORMAT  [UNTIL]
 283 Zone Indian/Christmas   7:02:52 -       LMT     1895 Feb
 284                         7:00    -       +07
 285 
 286 # Cocos (Keeling) Is
 287 # These islands were ruled by the Ross family from about 1830 to 1978.
 288 # We don't know when standard time was introduced; for now, we guess 1900.
 289 # Zone  NAME            GMTOFF  RULES   FORMAT  [UNTIL]
 290 Zone    Indian/Cocos    6:27:40 -       LMT     1900
 291                         6:30    -       +0630
 292 
 293 
 294 # Fiji
 295 
 296 # Milne gives 11:55:44 for Suva.
 297 
 298 # From Alexander Krivenyshev (2009-11-10):
 299 # According to Fiji Broadcasting Corporation,  Fiji plans to re-introduce DST
 300 # from November 29th 2009  to April 25th 2010.
 301 #
 302 # "Daylight savings to commence this month"
 303 # http://www.radiofiji.com.fj/fullstory.php?id=23719
 304 # http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_fiji01.html
 305 
 306 # From Steffen Thorsen (2009-11-10):
 307 # The Fiji Government has posted some more details about the approved
 308 # amendments:
 309 # http://www.fiji.gov.fj/publish/page_16198.shtml
 310 
 311 # From Steffen Thorsen (2010-03-03):
 312 # The Cabinet in Fiji has decided to end DST about a month early, on
 313 # 2010-03-28 at 03:00.
 314 # The plan is to observe DST again, from 2010-10-24 to sometime in March
 315 # 2011 (last Sunday a good guess?).
 316 #
 317 # Official source:
 318 # http://www.fiji.gov.fj/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=1096:3310-cabinet-approves-change-in-daylight-savings-dates&catid=49:cabinet-releases&Itemid=166
 319 #
 320 # A bit more background info here:
 321 # https://www.timeanddate.com/news/time/fiji-dst-ends-march-2010.html
 322 
 323 # From Alexander Krivenyshev (2010-10-24):
 324 # According to Radio Fiji and Fiji Times online, Fiji will end DST 3
 325 # weeks earlier than expected - on March 6, 2011, not March 27, 2011...
 326 # Here is confirmation from Government of the Republic of the Fiji Islands,
 327 # Ministry of Information (fiji.gov.fj) web site:
 328 # http://www.fiji.gov.fj/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=2608:daylight-savings&catid=71:press-releases&Itemid=155
 329 # http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_fiji04.html
 330 
 331 # From Steffen Thorsen (2011-10-03):
 332 # Now the dates have been confirmed, and at least our start date
 333 # assumption was correct (end date was one week wrong).
 334 #
 335 # http://www.fiji.gov.fj/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=4966:daylight-saving-starts-in-fiji&catid=71:press-releases&Itemid=155
 336 # which says
 337 # Members of the public are reminded to change their time to one hour in
 338 # advance at 2am to 3am on October 23, 2011 and one hour back at 3am to
 339 # 2am on February 26 next year.
 340 
 341 # From Ken Rylander (2011-10-24)
 342 # Another change to the Fiji DST end date. In the TZ database the end date for
 343 # Fiji DST 2012, is currently Feb 26. This has been changed to Jan 22.
 344 #
 345 # http://www.fiji.gov.fj/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=5017:amendments-to-daylight-savings&catid=71:press-releases&Itemid=155
 346 # states:
 347 #
 348 # The end of daylight saving scheduled initially for the 26th of February 2012
 349 # has been brought forward to the 22nd of January 2012.
 350 # The commencement of daylight saving will remain unchanged and start
 351 # on the  23rd of October, 2011.
 352 
 353 # From the Fiji Government Online Portal (2012-08-21) via Steffen Thorsen:
 354 # The Minister for Labour, Industrial Relations and Employment Mr Jone Usamate
 355 # today confirmed that Fiji will start daylight savings at 2 am on Sunday 21st
 356 # October 2012 and end at 3 am on Sunday 20th January 2013.
 357 # http://www.fiji.gov.fj/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=6702&catid=71&Itemid=155
 358 
 359 # From the Fijian Government Media Center (2013-08-30) via David Wheeler:
 360 # Fiji will start daylight savings on Sunday 27th October, 2013 ...
 361 # move clocks forward by one hour from 2am
 362 # http://www.fiji.gov.fj/Media-Center/Press-Releases/DAYLIGHT-SAVING-STARTS-ON-SUNDAY,-27th-OCTOBER-201.aspx
 363 
 364 # From Steffen Thorsen (2013-01-10):
 365 # Fiji will end DST on 2014-01-19 02:00:
 366 # http://www.fiji.gov.fj/Media-Center/Press-Releases/DAYLIGHT-SAVINGS-TO-END-THIS-MONTH-%281%29.aspx
 367 
 368 # From Ken Rylander (2014-10-20):
 369 # DST will start Nov. 2 this year.
 370 # http://www.fiji.gov.fj/Media-Center/Press-Releases/DAYLIGHT-SAVING-STARTS-ON-SUNDAY,-NOVEMBER-2ND.aspx
 371 
 372 # From a government order dated 2015-08-26 and published as Legal Notice No. 77
 373 # in the Government of Fiji Gazette Supplement No. 24 (2015-08-28),
 374 # via Ken Rylander (2015-09-02):
 375 # the daylight saving period is 1 hour in advance of the standard time
 376 # commencing at 2.00 am on Sunday 1st November, 2015 and ending at
 377 # 3.00 am on Sunday 17th January, 2016.
 378 
 379 # From Raymond Kumar (2016-10-04):
 380 # http://www.fiji.gov.fj/Media-Center/Press-Releases/DAYLIGHT-SAVING-STARTS-ON-6th-NOVEMBER,-2016.aspx
 381 # "Fiji's daylight savings will begin on Sunday, 6 November 2016, when
 382 # clocks go forward an hour at 2am to 3am....  Daylight Saving will
 383 # end at 3.00am on Sunday 15th January 2017."
 384 
 385 # From Paul Eggert (2017-08-21):
 386 # Dominic Fok writes (2017-08-20) that DST ends 2018-01-14, citing
 387 # Extraordinary Government of Fiji Gazette Supplement No. 21 (2017-08-27),
 388 # [Legal Notice No. 41] of an order of the previous day by J Usamate.
 389 
 390 # From Raymond Kumar (2018-07-13):
 391 # http://www.fijitimes.com/government-approves-2018-daylight-saving/
 392 # ... The daylight saving period will end at 3am on Sunday January 13, 2019.
 393 #
 394 # From Paul Eggert (2018-07-15):
 395 # For now, guess DST from 02:00 the first Sunday in November to 03:00
 396 # the first Sunday on or after January 13.  January transitions reportedly
 397 # depend on when school terms start.  Although the guess is ad hoc, it matches
 398 # transitions since late 2014 and seems more likely to match future
 399 # practice than guessing no DST.
 400 
 401 # Rule  NAME    FROM    TO      TYPE    IN      ON      AT      SAVE    LETTER/S
 402 Rule    Fiji    1998    1999    -       Nov     Sun>=1       2:00    1:00    -
 403 Rule    Fiji    1999    2000    -       Feb     lastSun 3:00    0       -
 404 Rule    Fiji    2009    only    -       Nov     29      2:00    1:00    -
 405 Rule    Fiji    2010    only    -       Mar     lastSun 3:00    0       -
 406 Rule    Fiji    2010    2013    -       Oct     Sun>=21      2:00    1:00    -
 407 Rule    Fiji    2011    only    -       Mar     Sun>=1       3:00    0       -
 408 Rule    Fiji    2012    2013    -       Jan     Sun>=18      3:00    0       -
 409 Rule    Fiji    2014    only    -       Jan     Sun>=18      2:00    0       -
 410 Rule    Fiji    2014    max     -       Nov     Sun>=1       2:00    1:00    -
 411 Rule    Fiji    2015    max     -       Jan     Sun>=13      3:00    0       -
 412 # Zone  NAME            GMTOFF  RULES   FORMAT  [UNTIL]
 413 Zone    Pacific/Fiji    11:55:44 -      LMT     1915 Oct 26 # Suva
 414                         12:00   Fiji    +12/+13
 415 
 416 # French Polynesia
 417 # Zone  NAME            GMTOFF  RULES   FORMAT  [UNTIL]
 418 Zone    Pacific/Gambier  -8:59:48 -     LMT     1912 Oct # Rikitea
 419                          -9:00  -       -09
 420 Zone    Pacific/Marquesas -9:18:00 -    LMT     1912 Oct
 421                          -9:30  -       -0930
 422 Zone    Pacific/Tahiti   -9:58:16 -     LMT     1912 Oct # Papeete
 423                         -10:00  -       -10
 424 # Clipperton (near North America) is administered from French Polynesia;
 425 # it is uninhabited.
 426 
 427 # Guam
 428 # Zone  NAME            GMTOFF  RULES   FORMAT  [UNTIL]
 429 Zone    Pacific/Guam    -14:21:00 -     LMT     1844 Dec 31
 430                          9:39:00 -      LMT     1901        # Agana
 431                         10:00   -       GST     2000 Dec 23 # Guam
 432                         10:00   -       ChST    # Chamorro Standard Time
 433 Link Pacific/Guam Pacific/Saipan # N Mariana Is
 434 
 435 # Kiribati
 436 # Zone  NAME            GMTOFF  RULES   FORMAT  [UNTIL]
 437 Zone Pacific/Tarawa      11:32:04 -     LMT     1901 # Bairiki
 438                          12:00  -       +12
 439 Zone Pacific/Enderbury  -11:24:20 -     LMT     1901
 440                         -12:00  -       -12     1979 Oct
 441                         -11:00  -       -11     1994 Dec 31
 442                          13:00  -       +13
 443 Zone Pacific/Kiritimati -10:29:20 -     LMT     1901
 444                         -10:40  -       -1040   1979 Oct
 445                         -10:00  -       -10     1994 Dec 31
 446                          14:00  -       +14
 447 
 448 # N Mariana Is
 449 # See Pacific/Guam.
 450 
 451 # Marshall Is
 452 # Zone  NAME            GMTOFF  RULES   FORMAT  [UNTIL]
 453 Zone Pacific/Majuro     11:24:48 -      LMT     1901
 454                         11:00   -       +11     1969 Oct
 455                         12:00   -       +12
 456 Zone Pacific/Kwajalein  11:09:20 -      LMT     1901
 457                         11:00   -       +11     1969 Oct
 458                         -12:00  -       -12     1993 Aug 20
 459                         12:00   -       +12
 460 
 461 # Micronesia
 462 # Zone  NAME            GMTOFF  RULES   FORMAT  [UNTIL]
 463 Zone Pacific/Chuuk      10:07:08 -      LMT     1901
 464                         10:00   -       +10
 465 Zone Pacific/Pohnpei    10:32:52 -      LMT     1901 # Kolonia
 466                         11:00   -       +11
 467 Zone Pacific/Kosrae     10:51:56 -      LMT     1901
 468                         11:00   -       +11     1969 Oct
 469                         12:00   -       +12     1999
 470                         11:00   -       +11
 471 
 472 # Nauru
 473 # Zone  NAME            GMTOFF  RULES   FORMAT  [UNTIL]
 474 Zone    Pacific/Nauru   11:07:40 -      LMT     1921 Jan 15 # Uaobe
 475                         11:30   -       +1130   1942 Mar 15
 476                         9:00    -       +09     1944 Aug 15
 477                         11:30   -       +1130   1979 May
 478                         12:00   -       +12
 479 
 480 # New Caledonia
 481 # Rule  NAME    FROM    TO      TYPE    IN      ON      AT      SAVE    LETTER/S
 482 Rule    NC      1977    1978    -       Dec     Sun>=1       0:00    1:00    -
 483 Rule    NC      1978    1979    -       Feb     27      0:00    0       -
 484 Rule    NC      1996    only    -       Dec      1      2:00s   1:00    -
 485 # Shanks & Pottenger say the following was at 2:00; go with IATA.
 486 Rule    NC      1997    only    -       Mar      2      2:00s   0       -
 487 # Zone  NAME            GMTOFF  RULES   FORMAT  [UNTIL]
 488 Zone    Pacific/Noumea  11:05:48 -      LMT     1912 Jan 13 # Nouméa
 489                         11:00   NC      +11/+12
 490 
 491 
 492 ###############################################################################
 493 
 494 # New Zealand
 495 
 496 # Rule  NAME    FROM    TO      TYPE    IN      ON      AT      SAVE    LETTER/S
 497 Rule    NZ      1927    only    -       Nov      6      2:00    1:00    S
 498 Rule    NZ      1928    only    -       Mar      4      2:00    0       M
 499 Rule    NZ      1928    1933    -       Oct     Sun>=8       2:00    0:30    S
 500 Rule    NZ      1929    1933    -       Mar     Sun>=15      2:00    0       M
 501 Rule    NZ      1934    1940    -       Apr     lastSun 2:00    0       M
 502 Rule    NZ      1934    1940    -       Sep     lastSun 2:00    0:30    S
 503 Rule    NZ      1946    only    -       Jan      1      0:00    0       S
 504 # Since 1957 Chatham has been 45 minutes ahead of NZ, but until 2018a
 505 # there was no documented single notation for the date and time of this
 506 # transition.  Duplicate the Rule lines for now, to give the 2018a change
 507 # time to percolate out.
 508 Rule    NZ      1974    only    -       Nov     Sun>=1       2:00s   1:00    D
 509 Rule    Chatham 1974    only    -       Nov     Sun>=1       2:45s   1:00    -
 510 Rule    NZ      1975    only    -       Feb     lastSun 2:00s   0       S
 511 Rule    Chatham 1975    only    -       Feb     lastSun 2:45s   0       -
 512 Rule    NZ      1975    1988    -       Oct     lastSun 2:00s   1:00    D
 513 Rule    Chatham 1975    1988    -       Oct     lastSun 2:45s   1:00    -
 514 Rule    NZ      1976    1989    -       Mar     Sun>=1       2:00s   0       S
 515 Rule    Chatham 1976    1989    -       Mar     Sun>=1       2:45s   0       -
 516 Rule    NZ      1989    only    -       Oct     Sun>=8       2:00s   1:00    D
 517 Rule    Chatham 1989    only    -       Oct     Sun>=8       2:45s   1:00    -
 518 Rule    NZ      1990    2006    -       Oct     Sun>=1       2:00s   1:00    D
 519 Rule    Chatham 1990    2006    -       Oct     Sun>=1       2:45s   1:00    -
 520 Rule    NZ      1990    2007    -       Mar     Sun>=15      2:00s   0       S
 521 Rule    Chatham 1990    2007    -       Mar     Sun>=15      2:45s   0       -
 522 Rule    NZ      2007    max     -       Sep     lastSun 2:00s   1:00    D
 523 Rule    Chatham 2007    max     -       Sep     lastSun 2:45s   1:00    -
 524 Rule    NZ      2008    max     -       Apr     Sun>=1       2:00s   0       S
 525 Rule    Chatham 2008    max     -       Apr     Sun>=1       2:45s   0       -
 526 # Zone  NAME            GMTOFF  RULES   FORMAT  [UNTIL]
 527 Zone Pacific/Auckland   11:39:04 -      LMT     1868 Nov  2
 528                         11:30   NZ      NZ%sT   1946 Jan  1
 529                         12:00   NZ      NZ%sT
 530 Zone Pacific/Chatham    12:13:48 -      LMT     1868 Nov  2
 531                         12:15   -       +1215   1946 Jan  1
 532                         12:45   Chatham +1245/+1345
 533 
 534 Link Pacific/Auckland Antarctica/McMurdo
 535 
 536 # Auckland Is
 537 # uninhabited; Māori and Moriori, colonial settlers, pastoralists, sealers,
 538 # and scientific personnel have wintered
 539 
 540 # Campbell I
 541 # minor whaling stations operated 1909/1914
 542 # scientific station operated 1941/1995;
 543 # previously whalers, sealers, pastoralists, and scientific personnel wintered
 544 # was probably like Pacific/Auckland
 545 
 546 # Cook Is
 547 # From Shanks & Pottenger:
 548 # Rule  NAME    FROM    TO      TYPE    IN      ON      AT      SAVE    LETTER/S
 549 Rule    Cook    1978    only    -       Nov     12      0:00    0:30    -
 550 Rule    Cook    1979    1991    -       Mar     Sun>=1       0:00    0       -
 551 Rule    Cook    1979    1990    -       Oct     lastSun 0:00    0:30    -
 552 # Zone  NAME            GMTOFF  RULES   FORMAT  [UNTIL]
 553 Zone Pacific/Rarotonga  -10:39:04 -     LMT     1901        # Avarua
 554                         -10:30  -       -1030   1978 Nov 12
 555                         -10:00  Cook    -10/-0930
 556 
 557 ###############################################################################
 558 
 559 
 560 # Niue
 561 # Zone  NAME            GMTOFF  RULES   FORMAT  [UNTIL]
 562 Zone    Pacific/Niue    -11:19:40 -     LMT     1901        # Alofi
 563                         -11:20  -       -1120   1951
 564                         -11:30  -       -1130   1978 Oct  1
 565                         -11:00  -       -11
 566 
 567 # Norfolk
 568 # Zone  NAME            GMTOFF  RULES   FORMAT  [UNTIL]
 569 Zone    Pacific/Norfolk 11:11:52 -      LMT     1901 # Kingston
 570                         11:12   -       +1112   1951
 571                         11:30   -       +1130   1974 Oct 27 02:00
 572                         11:30   1:00    +1230   1975 Mar  2 02:00
 573                         11:30   -       +1130   2015 Oct  4 02:00
 574                         11:00   -       +11
 575 
 576 # Palau (Belau)
 577 # Zone  NAME            GMTOFF  RULES   FORMAT  [UNTIL]
 578 Zone Pacific/Palau      8:57:56 -       LMT     1901 # Koror
 579                         9:00    -       +09
 580 
 581 # Papua New Guinea
 582 # Zone  NAME            GMTOFF  RULES   FORMAT  [UNTIL]
 583 Zone Pacific/Port_Moresby 9:48:40 -     LMT     1880
 584                         9:48:32 -       PMMT    1895 # Port Moresby Mean Time
 585                         10:00   -       +10
 586 #
 587 # From Paul Eggert (2014-10-13):
 588 # Base the Bougainville entry on the Arawa-Kieta region, which appears to have
 589 # the most people even though it was devastated in the Bougainville Civil War.
 590 #
 591 # Although Shanks gives 1942-03-15 / 1943-11-01 for UT +09, these dates
 592 # are apparently rough guesswork from the starts of military campaigns.
 593 # The World War II entries below are instead based on Arawa-Kieta.
 594 # The Japanese occupied Kieta in July 1942,
 595 # according to the Pacific War Online Encyclopedia
 596 # https://pwencycl.kgbudge.com/B/o/Bougainville.htm
 597 # and seem to have controlled it until their 1945-08-21 surrender.
 598 #
 599 # The Autonomous Region of Bougainville switched from UT +10 to +11
 600 # on 2014-12-28 at 02:00.  They call +11 "Bougainville Standard Time".
 601 # See:
 602 # http://www.bougainville24.com/bougainville-issues/bougainville-gets-own-timezone/
 603 #
 604 Zone Pacific/Bougainville 10:22:16 -    LMT     1880
 605                          9:48:32 -      PMMT    1895
 606                         10:00   -       +10     1942 Jul
 607                          9:00   -       +09     1945 Aug 21
 608                         10:00   -       +10     2014 Dec 28  2:00
 609                         11:00   -       +11
 610 
 611 # Pitcairn
 612 # Zone  NAME            GMTOFF  RULES   FORMAT  [UNTIL]
 613 Zone Pacific/Pitcairn   -8:40:20 -      LMT     1901        # Adamstown
 614                         -8:30   -       -0830   1998 Apr 27  0:00
 615                         -8:00   -       -08
 616 
 617 # American Samoa
 618 Zone Pacific/Pago_Pago   12:37:12 -     LMT     1892 Jul  5
 619                         -11:22:48 -     LMT     1911
 620                         -11:00  -       SST                 # S=Samoa
 621 Link Pacific/Pago_Pago Pacific/Midway # in US minor outlying islands
 622 
 623 # Samoa (formerly and also known as Western Samoa)
 624 
 625 # From Steffen Thorsen (2009-10-16):
 626 # We have been in contact with the government of Samoa again, and received
 627 # the following info:
 628 #
 629 # "Cabinet has now approved Daylight Saving to be effected next year
 630 # commencing from the last Sunday of September 2010 and conclude first
 631 # Sunday of April 2011."
 632 #
 633 # Background info:
 634 # https://www.timeanddate.com/news/time/samoa-dst-plan-2009.html
 635 #
 636 # Samoa's Daylight Saving Time Act 2009 is available here, but does not
 637 # contain any dates:
 638 # http://www.parliament.gov.ws/documents/acts/Daylight%20Saving%20Act%20%202009%20%28English%29%20-%20Final%207-7-091.pdf
 639 
 640 # From Laupue Raymond Hughes (2010-10-07):
 641 # Please see
 642 # http://www.mcil.gov.ws
 643 # the Ministry of Commerce, Industry and Labour (sideframe) "Last Sunday
 644 # September 2010 (26/09/10) - adjust clocks forward from 12:00 midnight
 645 # to 01:00am and First Sunday April 2011 (03/04/11) - adjust clocks
 646 # backwards from 1:00am to 12:00am"
 647 
 648 # From Laupue Raymond Hughes (2011-03-07):
 649 # [http://www.mcil.gov.ws/ftcd/daylight_saving_2011.pdf]
 650 #
 651 # ... when the standard time strikes the hour of four o'clock (4.00am
 652 # or 0400 Hours) on the 2nd April 2011, then all instruments used to
 653 # measure standard time are to be adjusted/changed to three o'clock
 654 # (3:00am or 0300Hrs).
 655 
 656 # From David Zülke (2011-05-09):
 657 # Subject: Samoa to move timezone from east to west of international date line
 658 #
 659 # http://www.morningstar.co.uk/uk/markets/newsfeeditem.aspx?id=138501958347963
 660 
 661 # From Paul Eggert (2014-06-27):
 662 # The International Date Line Act 2011
 663 # http://www.parliament.gov.ws/images/ACTS/International_Date_Line_Act__2011_-_Eng.pdf
 664 # changed Samoa from UT -11 to +13, effective "12 o'clock midnight, on
 665 # Thursday 29th December 2011".  The International Date Line was adjusted
 666 # accordingly.
 667 
 668 # From Laupue Raymond Hughes (2011-09-02):
 669 # http://www.mcil.gov.ws/mcil_publications.html
 670 #
 671 # here is the official website publication for Samoa DST and dateline change
 672 #
 673 # DST
 674 # Year  End      Time              Start        Time
 675 # 2011  - - -    - - -             24 September 3:00am to 4:00am
 676 # 2012  01 April 4:00am to 3:00am  - - -        - - -
 677 #
 678 # Dateline Change skip Friday 30th Dec 2011
 679 # Thursday 29th December 2011   23:59:59 Hours
 680 # Saturday 31st December 2011   00:00:00 Hours
 681 #
 682 # From Nicholas Pereira (2012-09-10):
 683 # Daylight Saving Time commences on Sunday 30th September 2012 and
 684 # ends on Sunday 7th of April 2013....
 685 # http://www.mcil.gov.ws/mcil_publications.html
 686 #
 687 # From Paul Eggert (2014-07-08):
 688 # That web page currently lists transitions for 2012/3 and 2013/4.
 689 # Assume the pattern instituted in 2012 will continue indefinitely.
 690 
 691 # Rule  NAME    FROM    TO      TYPE    IN      ON      AT      SAVE    LETTER/S
 692 Rule    WS      2010    only    -       Sep     lastSun 0:00    1       -
 693 Rule    WS      2011    only    -       Apr     Sat>=1       4:00    0       -
 694 Rule    WS      2011    only    -       Sep     lastSat 3:00    1       -
 695 Rule    WS      2012    max     -       Apr     Sun>=1       4:00    0       -
 696 Rule    WS      2012    max     -       Sep     lastSun 3:00    1       -
 697 # Zone  NAME            GMTOFF  RULES   FORMAT  [UNTIL]
 698 Zone Pacific/Apia        12:33:04 -     LMT     1892 Jul  5
 699                         -11:26:56 -     LMT     1911
 700                         -11:30  -       -1130   1950
 701                         -11:00  WS      -11/-10 2011 Dec 29 24:00
 702                          13:00  WS      +13/+14
 703 
 704 # Solomon Is
 705 # excludes Bougainville, for which see Papua New Guinea
 706 # Zone  NAME            GMTOFF  RULES   FORMAT  [UNTIL]
 707 Zone Pacific/Guadalcanal 10:39:48 -     LMT     1912 Oct # Honiara
 708                         11:00   -       +11
 709 
 710 # Tokelau
 711 #
 712 # From Gwillim Law (2011-12-29)
 713 # A correspondent informed me that Tokelau, like Samoa, will be skipping
 714 # December 31 this year ...
 715 #
 716 # From Steffen Thorsen (2012-07-25)
 717 # ... we double checked by calling hotels and offices based in Tokelau asking
 718 # about the time there, and they all told a time that agrees with UTC+13....
 719 # Shanks says UT-10 from 1901 [but] ... there is a good chance the change
 720 # actually was to UT-11 back then.
 721 #
 722 # From Paul Eggert (2012-07-25)
 723 # A Google Books snippet of Appendix to the Journals of the House of
 724 # Representatives of New Zealand, Session 1948,
 725 # <https://books.google.com/books?id=ZaVCAQAAIAAJ>, page 65, says Tokelau
 726 # was "11 hours slow on G.M.T."  Go with Thorsen and assume Shanks & Pottenger
 727 # are off by an hour starting in 1901.
 728 
 729 # Zone  NAME            GMTOFF  RULES   FORMAT  [UNTIL]
 730 Zone    Pacific/Fakaofo -11:24:56 -     LMT     1901
 731                         -11:00  -       -11     2011 Dec 30
 732                         13:00   -       +13
 733 
 734 # Tonga
 735 # Rule  NAME    FROM    TO      TYPE    IN      ON      AT      SAVE    LETTER/S
 736 Rule    Tonga   1999    only    -       Oct      7      2:00s   1:00    -
 737 Rule    Tonga   2000    only    -       Mar     19      2:00s   0       -
 738 Rule    Tonga   2000    2001    -       Nov     Sun>=1       2:00    1:00    -
 739 Rule    Tonga   2001    2002    -       Jan     lastSun 2:00    0       -
 740 Rule    Tonga   2016    only    -       Nov     Sun>=1       2:00    1:00    -
 741 Rule    Tonga   2017    only    -       Jan     Sun>=15      3:00    0       -
 742 # Zone  NAME            GMTOFF  RULES   FORMAT  [UNTIL]
 743 Zone Pacific/Tongatapu  12:19:20 -      LMT     1901
 744                         12:20   -       +1220   1941
 745                         13:00   -       +13     1999
 746                         13:00   Tonga   +13/+14
 747 
 748 # Tuvalu
 749 # Zone  NAME            GMTOFF  RULES   FORMAT  [UNTIL]
 750 Zone Pacific/Funafuti   11:56:52 -      LMT     1901
 751                         12:00   -       +12
 752 
 753 
 754 # US minor outlying islands
 755 
 756 # Howland, Baker
 757 # Howland was mined for guano by American companies 1857-1878 and British
 758 # 1886-1891; Baker was similar but exact dates are not known.
 759 # Inhabited by civilians 1935-1942; U.S. military bases 1943-1944;
 760 # uninhabited thereafter.
 761 # Howland observed Hawaii Standard Time (UT -10:30) in 1937;
 762 # see page 206 of Elgen M. Long and Marie K. Long,
 763 # Amelia Earhart: the Mystery Solved, Simon & Schuster (2000).
 764 # So most likely Howland and Baker observed Hawaii Time from 1935
 765 # until they were abandoned after the war.
 766 
 767 # Jarvis
 768 # Mined for guano by American companies 1857-1879 and British 1883?-1891?.
 769 # Inhabited by civilians 1935-1942; IGY scientific base 1957-1958;
 770 # uninhabited thereafter.
 771 # no information; was probably like Pacific/Kiritimati
 772 
 773 # Johnston
 774 #
 775 # From Paul Eggert (2017-02-10):
 776 # Sometimes Johnston kept Hawaii time, and sometimes it was an hour behind.
 777 # Details are uncertain.  We have no data for Johnston after 1970, so
 778 # treat it like Hawaii for now.  Since Johnston is now uninhabited,
 779 # its link to Pacific/Honolulu is in the 'backward' file.
 780 #
 781 # In his memoirs of June 6th to October 4, 1945
 782 # <http://www.315bw.org/Herb_Bach.htm> (2005), Herbert C. Bach writes,
 783 # "We started our letdown to Kwajalein Atoll and landed there at 5:00 AM
 784 # Johnston time, 1:30 AM Kwajalein time."  This was in June 1945, and
 785 # confirms that Johnston kept the same time as Honolulu in summer 1945.
 786 #
 787 # From Lyle McElhaney (2014-03-11):
 788 # [W]hen JI was being used for that [atomic bomb] testing, the time being used
 789 # was not Hawaiian time but rather the same time being used on the ships,
 790 # which had a GMT offset of -11 hours.  This apparently applied to at least the
 791 # time from Operation Newsreel (Hardtack I/Teak shot, 1958-08-01) to the last
 792 # Operation Fishbowl shot (Tightrope, 1962-11-04).... [See] Herman Hoerlin,
 793 # "The United States High-Altitude Test Experience: A Review Emphasizing the
 794 # Impact on the Environment", Los Alamos LA-6405, Oct 1976.
 795 # https://www.fas.org/sgp/othergov/doe/lanl/docs1/00322994.pdf
 796 # See the table on page 4 where he lists GMT and local times for the tests; a
 797 # footnote for the JI tests reads that local time is "JI time = Hawaii Time
 798 # Minus One Hour".
 799 
 800 # Kingman
 801 # uninhabited
 802 
 803 # Midway
 804 # See Pacific/Pago_Pago.
 805 
 806 # Palmyra
 807 # uninhabited since World War II; was probably like Pacific/Kiritimati
 808 
 809 # Wake
 810 # Zone  NAME            GMTOFF  RULES   FORMAT  [UNTIL]
 811 Zone    Pacific/Wake    11:06:28 -      LMT     1901
 812                         12:00   -       +12
 813 
 814 
 815 # Vanuatu
 816 # Rule  NAME    FROM    TO      TYPE    IN      ON      AT      SAVE    LETTER/S
 817 Rule    Vanuatu 1983    only    -       Sep     25      0:00    1:00    -
 818 Rule    Vanuatu 1984    1991    -       Mar     Sun>=23      0:00    0       -
 819 Rule    Vanuatu 1984    only    -       Oct     23      0:00    1:00    -
 820 Rule    Vanuatu 1985    1991    -       Sep     Sun>=23      0:00    1:00    -
 821 Rule    Vanuatu 1992    1993    -       Jan     Sun>=23      0:00    0       -
 822 Rule    Vanuatu 1992    only    -       Oct     Sun>=23      0:00    1:00    -
 823 # Zone  NAME            GMTOFF  RULES   FORMAT  [UNTIL]
 824 Zone    Pacific/Efate   11:13:16 -      LMT     1912 Jan 13 # Vila
 825                         11:00   Vanuatu +11/+12
 826 
 827 # Wallis and Futuna
 828 # Zone  NAME            GMTOFF  RULES   FORMAT  [UNTIL]
 829 Zone    Pacific/Wallis  12:15:20 -      LMT     1901
 830                         12:00   -       +12
 831 
 832 ###############################################################################
 833 
 834 # NOTES
 835 
 836 # This file is by no means authoritative; if you think you know better,
 837 # go ahead and edit the file (and please send any changes to
 838 # tz@iana.org for general use in the future).  For more, please see
 839 # the file CONTRIBUTING in the tz distribution.
 840 
 841 # From Paul Eggert (2017-02-10):
 842 #
 843 # Unless otherwise specified, the source for data through 1990 is:
 844 # Thomas G. Shanks and Rique Pottenger, The International Atlas (6th edition),
 845 # San Diego: ACS Publications, Inc. (2003).
 846 # Unfortunately this book contains many errors and cites no sources.
 847 #
 848 # Many years ago Gwillim Law wrote that a good source
 849 # for time zone data was the International Air Transport
 850 # Association's Standard Schedules Information Manual (IATA SSIM),
 851 # published semiannually.  Law sent in several helpful summaries
 852 # of the IATA's data after 1990.  Except where otherwise noted,
 853 # IATA SSIM is the source for entries after 1990.
 854 #
 855 # Another source occasionally used is Edward W. Whitman, World Time Differences,
 856 # Whitman Publishing Co, 2 Niagara Av, Ealing, London (undated), which
 857 # I found in the UCLA library.
 858 #
 859 # For data circa 1899, a common source is:
 860 # Milne J. Civil time. Geogr J. 1899 Feb;13(2):173-94.
 861 # https://www.jstor.org/stable/1774359
 862 #
 863 # A reliable and entertaining source about time zones is
 864 # Derek Howse, Greenwich time and longitude, Philip Wilson Publishers (1997).
 865 #
 866 # The following abbreviations are from other sources.
 867 # Corrections are welcome!
 868 #               std     dst
 869 #               LMT             Local Mean Time
 870 #         8:00  AWST    AWDT    Western Australia
 871 #         9:30  ACST    ACDT    Central Australia
 872 #        10:00  AEST    AEDT    Eastern Australia
 873 #        10:00  GST             Guam through 2000
 874 #        10:00  ChST            Chamorro
 875 #        11:30  NZMT    NZST    New Zealand through 1945
 876 #        12:00  NZST    NZDT    New Zealand 1946-present
 877 #       -11:00  SST             Samoa
 878 #       -10:00  HST             Hawaii
 879 #
 880 # See the 'northamerica' file for Hawaii.
 881 # See the 'southamerica' file for Easter I and the Galápagos Is.
 882 
 883 ###############################################################################
 884 
 885 # Australia
 886 
 887 # From Paul Eggert (2014-06-30):
 888 # Daylight saving time has long been controversial in Australia, pitting
 889 # region against region, rural against urban, and local against global.
 890 # For example, in her review of Graeme Davison's _The Unforgiving
 891 # Minute: how Australians learned to tell the time_ (1993), Perth native
 892 # Phillipa J Martyr wrote, "The section entitled 'Saving Daylight' was
 893 # very informative, but was (as can, sadly, only be expected from a
 894 # Melbourne-based study) replete with the usual chuckleheaded
 895 # Queenslanders and straw-chewing yokels from the West prattling fables
 896 # about fading curtains and crazed farm animals."
 897 # Electronic Journal of Australian and New Zealand History (1997-03-03)
 898 # http://www.jcu.edu.au/aff/history/reviews/davison.htm
 899 
 900 # From Paul Eggert (2005-12-08):
 901 # Implementation Dates of Daylight Saving Time within Australia
 902 # http://www.bom.gov.au/climate/averages/tables/dst_times.shtml
 903 # summarizes daylight saving issues in Australia.
 904 
 905 # From Arthur David Olson (2005-12-12):
 906 # Lawlink NSW:Daylight Saving in New South Wales
 907 # http://www.lawlink.nsw.gov.au/lawlink/Corporate/ll_agdinfo.nsf/pages/community_relations_daylight_saving
 908 # covers New South Wales in particular.
 909 
 910 # From John Mackin (1991-03-06):
 911 # We in Australia have _never_ referred to DST as 'daylight' time.
 912 # It is called 'summer' time.  Now by a happy coincidence, 'summer'
 913 # and 'standard' happen to start with the same letter; hence, the
 914 # abbreviation does _not_ change...
 915 # The legislation does not actually define abbreviations, at least
 916 # in this State, but the abbreviation is just commonly taken to be the
 917 # initials of the phrase, and the legislation here uniformly uses
 918 # the phrase 'summer time' and does not use the phrase 'daylight
 919 # time'.
 920 # Announcers on the Commonwealth radio network, the ABC (for Australian
 921 # Broadcasting Commission), use the phrases 'Eastern Standard Time'
 922 # or 'Eastern Summer Time'.  (Note, though, that as I say in the
 923 # current australasia file, there is really no such thing.)  Announcers
 924 # on its overseas service, Radio Australia, use the same phrases
 925 # prefixed by the word 'Australian' when referring to local times;
 926 # time announcements on that service, naturally enough, are made in UTC.
 927 
 928 # From Paul Eggert (2014-06-30):
 929 #
 930 # Inspired by Mackin's remarks quoted above, earlier versions of this
 931 # file used "EST" for both Eastern Standard Time and Eastern Summer
 932 # Time in Australia, and similarly for "CST", "CWST", and "WST".
 933 # However, these abbreviations were confusing and were not common
 934 # practice among Australians, and there were justifiable complaints
 935 # about them, so I attempted to survey current Australian usage.
 936 # For the tz database, the full English phrase is not that important;
 937 # what matters is the abbreviation.  It's difficult to survey the web
 938 # directly for abbreviation usage, as there are so many false hits for
 939 # strings like "EST" and "EDT", so I looked for pages that defined an
 940 # abbreviation for eastern or central DST in Australia, and got the
 941 # following numbers of unique hits for the listed Google queries:
 942 #
 943 #   10 "Eastern Daylight Time AEST" site:au [some are false hits]
 944 #   10 "Eastern Summer Time AEST" site:au
 945 #   10 "Summer Time AEDT" site:au
 946 #   13 "EDST Eastern Daylight Saving Time" site:au
 947 #   18 "Summer Time ESST" site:au
 948 #   28 "Eastern Daylight Saving Time EDST" site:au
 949 #   39 "EDT Eastern Daylight Time" site:au [some are false hits]
 950 #   53 "Eastern Daylight Time EDT" site:au [some are false hits]
 951 #   54 "AEDT Australian Eastern Daylight Time" site:au
 952 #  182 "Eastern Daylight Time AEDT" site:au
 953 #
 954 #   17 "Central Daylight Time CDT" site:au [some are false hits]
 955 #   46 "Central Daylight Time ACDT" site:au
 956 #
 957 # I tried several other variants (e.g., "Eastern Summer Time EST") but
 958 # they all returned fewer than 10 unique hits.  I also looked for pages
 959 # mentioning both "western standard time" and an abbreviation, since
 960 # there is no WST in the US to generate false hits, and found:
 961 #
 962 #  156 "western standard time" AWST site:au
 963 #  226 "western standard time" WST site:au
 964 #
 965 # I then surveyed the top ten newspapers in Australia by circulation as
 966 # listed in Wikipedia, using Google queries like "AEDT site:heraldsun.com.au"
 967 # and obtaining estimated counts from the initial page of search results.
 968 # All ten papers greatly preferred "AEDT" to "EDT".  The papers
 969 # surveyed were the Herald Sun, The Daily Telegraph, The Courier-Mail,
 970 # The Sydney Morning Herald, The West Australian, The Age, The Advertiser,
 971 # The Australian, The Financial Review, and The Herald (Newcastle).
 972 #
 973 # I also searched for historical usage, to see whether abbreviations
 974 # like "AEDT" are new.  A Trove search <http://trove.nla.gov.au/>
 975 # found only one newspaper (The Canberra Times) with a house style
 976 # dating back to the 1970s, I expect because other newspapers weren't
 977 # fully indexed.  The Canberra Times strongly preferred abbreviations
 978 # like "AEDT".  The first occurrence of "AEDT" was a World Weather
 979 # column (1971-11-17, page 24), and of "ACDT" was a Scoreboard column
 980 # (1993-01-24, p 16).  The style was the typical usage but was not
 981 # strictly enforced; for example, "Welcome to the twilight zones ..."
 982 # (1994-10-29, p 1) uses the abbreviations AEST/AEDT, CST/CDT, and
 983 # WST, and goes on to say, "The confusion and frustration some feel
 984 # about the lack of uniformity among Australia's six states and two
 985 # territories has prompted one group to form its very own political
 986 # party -- the Sydney-based Daylight Saving Extension Party."
 987 #
 988 # I also surveyed federal government sources.  They did not agree:
 989 #
 990 #   The Australian Government (2014-03-26)
 991 #   http://australia.gov.au/about-australia/our-country/time
 992 #   (This document was produced by the Department of Finance.)
 993 #   AEST ACST AWST AEDT ACDT
 994 #
 995 #   Bureau of Meteorology (2012-11-08)
 996 #   http://www.bom.gov.au/climate/averages/tables/daysavtm.shtml
 997 #   EST CST WST EDT CDT
 998 #
 999 #   Civil Aviation Safety Authority (undated)
1000 #   http://services.casa.gov.au/outnback/inc/pages/episode3/episode-3_time_zones.shtml
1001 #   EST CST WST (no abbreviations given for DST)
1002 #
1003 #   Geoscience Australia (2011-11-24)
1004 #   http://www.ga.gov.au/geodesy/astro/sunrise.jsp
1005 #   AEST ACST AWST AEDT ACDT
1006 #
1007 #   Parliamentary Library (2008-11-10)
1008 #   https://www.aph.gov.au/binaries/library/pubs/rp/2008-09/09rp14.pdf
1009 #   EST CST WST preferred for standard time; AEST AEDT ACST ACDT also used
1010 #
1011 #   The Transport Safety Bureau has an extensive series of accident reports,
1012 #   and investigators seem to use whatever abbreviation they like.
1013 #   Googling site:atsb.gov.au found the following number of unique hits:
1014 #   311 "ESuT", 195 "EDT", 26 "AEDT", 83 "CSuT", 46 "CDT".
1015 #   "_SuT" tended to appear in older reports, and "A_DT" tended to
1016 #   appear in reports of events with international implications.
1017 #
1018 # From the above it appears that there is a working consensus in
1019 # Australia to use trailing "DT" for daylight saving time; although
1020 # some sources use trailing "SST" or "ST" or "SuT" they are by far in
1021 # the minority.  The case for leading "A" is weaker, but since it
1022 # seems to be preferred in the overall web and is preferred in all
1023 # the leading newspaper websites and in many government departments,
1024 # it has a stronger case than omitting the leading "A".  The current
1025 # version of the database therefore uses abbreviations like "AEST" and
1026 # "AEDT" for Australian time zones.
1027 
1028 # From Paul Eggert (1995-12-19):
1029 # Shanks & Pottenger report 2:00 for all autumn changes in Australia and NZ.
1030 # Mark Prior writes that his newspaper
1031 # reports that NSW's fall 1995 change will occur at 2:00,
1032 # but Robert Elz says it's been 3:00 in Victoria since 1970
1033 # and perhaps the newspaper's '2:00' is referring to standard time.
1034 # For now we'll continue to assume 2:00s for changes since 1960.
1035 
1036 # From Eric Ulevik (1998-01-05):
1037 #
1038 # Here are some URLs to Australian time legislation. These URLs are stable,
1039 # and should probably be included in the data file. There are probably more
1040 # relevant entries in this database.
1041 #
1042 # NSW (including LHI and Broken Hill):
1043 # Standard Time Act 1987 (updated 1995-04-04)
1044 # https://www.austlii.edu.au/au/legis/nsw/consol_act/sta1987137/index.html
1045 # ACT
1046 # Standard Time and Summer Time Act 1972
1047 # https://www.austlii.edu.au/au/legis/act/consol_act/stasta1972279/index.html
1048 # SA
1049 # Standard Time Act, 1898
1050 # https://www.austlii.edu.au/au/legis/sa/consol_act/sta1898137/index.html
1051 
1052 # From David Grosz (2005-06-13):
1053 # It was announced last week that Daylight Saving would be extended by
1054 # one week next year to allow for the 2006 Commonwealth Games.
1055 # Daylight Saving is now to end for next year only on the first Sunday
1056 # in April instead of the last Sunday in March.
1057 #
1058 # From Gwillim Law (2005-06-14):
1059 # I did some Googling and found that all of those states (and territory) plan
1060 # to extend DST together in 2006.
1061 # ACT: http://www.cmd.act.gov.au/mediareleases/fileread.cfm?file=86.txt
1062 # New South Wales: http://www.thecouriermail.news.com.au/common/story_page/0,5936,15538869%255E1702,00.html
1063 # South Australia: http://www.news.com.au/story/0,10117,15555031-1246,00.html
1064 # Tasmania: http://www.media.tas.gov.au/release.php?id=14772
1065 # Victoria: I wasn't able to find anything separate, but the other articles
1066 # allude to it.
1067 # But not Queensland
1068 # http://www.news.com.au/story/0,10117,15564030-1248,00.html
1069 
1070 # Northern Territory
1071 
1072 # From George Shepherd via Simon Woodhead via Robert Elz (1991-03-06):
1073 # # The NORTHERN TERRITORY..  [ Courtesy N.T. Dept of the Chief Minister ]
1074 # #                                     [ Nov 1990 ]
1075 # #     N.T. have never utilised any DST due to sub-tropical/tropical location.
1076 # ...
1077 # Zone        Australia/North         9:30    -       CST
1078 
1079 # From Bradley White (1991-03-04):
1080 # A recent excerpt from an Australian newspaper...
1081 # the Northern Territory do[es] not have daylight saving.
1082 
1083 # Western Australia
1084 
1085 # From George Shepherd via Simon Woodhead via Robert Elz (1991-03-06):
1086 # #  The state of WESTERN AUSTRALIA..  [ Courtesy W.A. dept Premier+Cabinet ]
1087 # #                                             [ Nov 1990 ]
1088 # #     W.A. suffers from a great deal of public and political opposition to
1089 # #     DST in principle. A bill is brought before parliament in most years, but
1090 # #     usually defeated either in the upper house, or in party caucus
1091 # #     before reaching parliament.
1092 # ...
1093 # Zone  Australia/West          8:00    AW      %sST
1094 # ...
1095 # Rule  AW      1974    only    -       Oct     lastSun 2:00    1:00    D
1096 # Rule  AW      1975    only    -       Mar     Sun>=1       3:00    0       W
1097 # Rule  AW      1983    only    -       Oct     lastSun 2:00    1:00    D
1098 # Rule  AW      1984    only    -       Mar     Sun>=1       3:00    0       W
1099 
1100 # From Bradley White (1991-03-04):
1101 # A recent excerpt from an Australian newspaper...
1102 # Western Australia...do[es] not have daylight saving.
1103 
1104 # From John D. Newman via Bradley White (1991-11-02):
1105 # Western Australia is still on "winter time". Some DH in Sydney
1106 # rang me at home a few days ago at 6.00am. (He had just arrived at
1107 # work at 9.00am.)
1108 # W.A. is switching to Summer Time on Nov 17th just to confuse
1109 # everybody again.
1110 
1111 # From Arthur David Olson (1992-03-08):
1112 # The 1992 ending date used in the rules is a best guess;
1113 # it matches what was used in the past.
1114 
1115 # The Australian Bureau of Meteorology FAQ
1116 # http://www.bom.gov.au/faq/faqgen.htm
1117 # (1999-09-27) writes that Giles Meteorological Station uses
1118 # South Australian time even though it's located in Western Australia.
1119 
1120 # From Paul Eggert (2018-04-01):
1121 # The Guardian Express of Perth, Australia reported today that the
1122 # government decided to advance the clocks permanently on January 1,
1123 # 2019, from UT +08 to UT +09.  The article noted that an exemption
1124 # would be made for people aged 61 and over, who "can apply in writing
1125 # to have the extra hour of sunshine removed from their area."  See:
1126 # Daylight saving coming to WA in 2019. Guardian Express. 2018-04-01.
1127 # https://www.communitynews.com.au/guardian-express/news/exclusive-daylight-savings-coming-wa-summer-2018/
1128 
1129 # Queensland
1130 
1131 # From Paul Eggert (2018-02-26):
1132 # I lack access to the following source for Queensland DST:
1133 # Pearce C. History of daylight saving time in Queensland.
1134 # Queensland Hist J. 2017 Aug;23(6):389-403
1135 # https://search.informit.com.au/documentSummary;dn=994682348436426;res=IELHSS
1136 
1137 # From George Shepherd via Simon Woodhead via Robert Elz (1991-03-06):
1138 # #   The state of QUEENSLAND.. [ Courtesy Qld. Dept Premier Econ&Trade Devel ]
1139 # #                                             [ Dec 1990 ]
1140 # ...
1141 # Zone  Australia/Queensland    10:00   AQ      %sST
1142 # ...
1143 # Rule  AQ      1971    only    -       Oct     lastSun 2:00    1:00    D
1144 # Rule  AQ      1972    only    -       Feb     lastSun 3:00    0       E
1145 # Rule  AQ      1989    max     -       Oct     lastSun 2:00    1:00    D
1146 # Rule  AQ      1990    max     -       Mar     Sun>=1       3:00    0       E
1147 
1148 # From Bradley White (1989-12-24):
1149 # "Australia/Queensland" now observes daylight time (i.e. from
1150 # October 1989).
1151 
1152 # From Bradley White (1991-03-04):
1153 # A recent excerpt from an Australian newspaper...
1154 # ...Queensland...[has] agreed to end daylight saving
1155 # at 3am tomorrow (March 3)...
1156 
1157 # From John Mackin (1991-03-06):
1158 # I can certainly confirm for my part that Daylight Saving in NSW did in fact
1159 # end on Sunday, 3 March.  I don't know at what hour, though.  (It surprised
1160 # me.)
1161 
1162 # From Bradley White (1992-03-08):
1163 # ...there was recently a referendum in Queensland which resulted
1164 # in the experimental daylight saving system being abandoned. So, ...
1165 # ...
1166 # Rule  QLD     1989    1991    -       Oct     lastSun 2:00    1:00    D
1167 # Rule  QLD     1990    1992    -       Mar     Sun>=1       3:00    0       S
1168 # ...
1169 
1170 # From Arthur David Olson (1992-03-08):
1171 # The chosen rules the union of the 1971/1972 change and the 1989-1992 changes.
1172 
1173 # From Christopher Hunt (2006-11-21), after an advance warning
1174 # from Jesper Nørgaard Welen (2006-11-01):
1175 # WA are trialing DST for three years.
1176 # http://www.parliament.wa.gov.au/parliament/bills.nsf/9A1B183144403DA54825721200088DF1/$File/Bill175-1B.pdf
1177 
1178 # From Rives McDow (2002-04-09):
1179 # The most interesting region I have found consists of three towns on the
1180 # southern coast....  South Australia observes daylight saving time; Western
1181 # Australia does not.  The two states are one and a half hours apart.  The
1182 # residents decided to forget about this nonsense of changing the clock so
1183 # much and set the local time 20 hours and 45 minutes from the
1184 # international date line, or right in the middle of the time of South
1185 # Australia and Western Australia....
1186 #
1187 # From Paul Eggert (2002-04-09):
1188 # This is confirmed by the section entitled
1189 # "What's the deal with time zones???" in
1190 # http://www.earthsci.unimelb.edu.au/~awatkins/null.html
1191 #
1192 # From Alex Livingston (2006-12-07):
1193 # ... it was just on four years ago that I drove along the Eyre Highway,
1194 # which passes through eastern Western Australia close to the southern
1195 # coast of the continent.
1196 #
1197 # I paid particular attention to the time kept there. There can be no
1198 # dispute that UTC+08:45 was considered "the time" from the border
1199 # village just inside the border with South Australia to as far west
1200 # as just east of Caiguna. There can also be no dispute that Eucla is
1201 # the largest population centre in this zone....
1202 #
1203 # Now that Western Australia is observing daylight saving, the
1204 # question arose whether this part of the state would follow suit. I
1205 # just called the border village and confirmed that indeed they have,
1206 # meaning that they are now observing UTC+09:45.
1207 #
1208 # (2006-12-09):
1209 # I personally doubt that either experimentation with daylight saving
1210 # in WA or its introduction in SA had anything to do with the genesis
1211 # of this time zone.  My hunch is that it's been around since well
1212 # before 1975.  I remember seeing it noted on road maps decades ago.
1213 
1214 # From Paul Eggert (2006-12-15):
1215 # For lack of better info, assume the tradition dates back to the
1216 # introduction of standard time in 1895.
1217 
1218 
1219 # southeast Australia
1220 #
1221 # From Paul Eggert (2007-07-23):
1222 # Starting autumn 2008 Victoria, NSW, South Australia, Tasmania and the ACT
1223 # end DST the first Sunday in April and start DST the first Sunday in October.
1224 # http://www.theage.com.au/news/national/daylight-savings-to-span-six-months/2007/06/27/1182623966703.html
1225 
1226 
1227 # South Australia
1228 
1229 # From Bradley White (1991-03-04):
1230 # A recent excerpt from an Australian newspaper...
1231 # ...South Australia...[has] agreed to end daylight saving
1232 # at 3am tomorrow (March 3)...
1233 
1234 # From George Shepherd via Simon Woodhead via Robert Elz (1991-03-06):
1235 # #   The state of SOUTH AUSTRALIA....[ Courtesy of S.A. Dept of Labour ]
1236 # #                                             [ Nov 1990 ]
1237 # ...
1238 # Zone  Australia/South         9:30    AS      %sST
1239 # ...
1240 # Rule   AS     1971    max     -       Oct     lastSun 2:00    1:00    D
1241 # Rule   AS     1972    1985    -       Mar     Sun>=1       3:00    0       C
1242 # Rule   AS     1986    1990    -       Mar     Sun>=15      3:00    0       C
1243 # Rule   AS     1991    max     -       Mar     Sun>=1       3:00    0       C
1244 
1245 # From Bradley White (1992-03-11):
1246 # Recent correspondence with a friend in Adelaide
1247 # contained the following exchange:  "Due to the Adelaide Festival,
1248 # South Australia delays setting back our clocks for a few weeks."
1249 
1250 # From Robert Elz (1992-03-13):
1251 # I heard that apparently (or at least, it appears that)
1252 # South Aus will have an extra 3 weeks daylight saving every even
1253 # numbered year (from 1990).  That's when the Adelaide Festival
1254 # is on...
1255 
1256 # From Robert Elz (1992-03-16, 00:57:07 +1000):
1257 # DST didn't end in Adelaide today (yesterday)....
1258 # But whether it's "4th Sunday" or "2nd last Sunday" I have no idea whatever...
1259 # (it's just as likely to be "the Sunday we pick for this year"...).
1260 
1261 # From Bradley White (1994-04-11):
1262 # If Sun, 15 March, 1992 was at +1030 as kre asserts, but yet Sun, 20 March,
1263 # 1994 was at +0930 as John Connolly's customer seems to assert, then I can
1264 # only conclude that the actual rule is more complicated....
1265 
1266 # From John Warburton (1994-10-07):
1267 # The new Daylight Savings dates for South Australia ...
1268 # was gazetted in the Government Hansard on Sep 26 1994....
1269 # start on last Sunday in October and end in last sunday in March.
1270 
1271 # From Paul Eggert (2007-07-23):
1272 # See "southeast Australia" above for 2008 and later.
1273 
1274 # Tasmania
1275 
1276 # The rules for 1967 through 1991 were reported by George Shepherd
1277 # via Simon Woodhead via Robert Elz (1991-03-06):
1278 # #  The state of TASMANIA.. [Courtesy Tasmanian Dept of Premier + Cabinet ]
1279 # #                                     [ Nov 1990 ]
1280 
1281 # From Bill Hart via Guy Harris (1991-10-10):
1282 # Oh yes, the new daylight savings rules are uniquely tasmanian, we have
1283 # 6 weeks a year now when we are out of sync with the rest of Australia
1284 # (but nothing new about that).
1285 
1286 # From Alex Livingston (1999-10-04):
1287 # I heard on the ABC (Australian Broadcasting Corporation) radio news on the
1288 # (long) weekend that Tasmania, which usually goes its own way in this regard,
1289 # has decided to join with most of NSW, the ACT, and most of Victoria
1290 # (Australia) and start daylight saving on the last Sunday in August in 2000
1291 # instead of the first Sunday in October.
1292 
1293 # Sim Alam (2000-07-03) reported a legal citation for the 2000/2001 rules:
1294 # http://www.thelaw.tas.gov.au/fragview/42++1968+GS3A@EN+2000070300
1295 
1296 # From Paul Eggert (2007-07-23):
1297 # See "southeast Australia" above for 2008 and later.
1298 
1299 # Victoria
1300 
1301 # The rules for 1971 through 1991 were reported by George Shepherd
1302 # via Simon Woodhead via Robert Elz (1991-03-06):
1303 # #   The state of VICTORIA.. [ Courtesy of Vic. Dept of Premier + Cabinet ]
1304 # #                                             [ Nov 1990 ]
1305 
1306 # From Scott Harrington (2001-08-29):
1307 # On KQED's "City Arts and Lectures" program last night I heard an
1308 # interesting story about daylight savings time.  Dr. John Heilbron was
1309 # discussing his book "The Sun in the Church: Cathedrals as Solar
1310 # Observatories"[1], and in particular the Shrine of Remembrance[2] located
1311 # in Melbourne, Australia.
1312 #
1313 # Apparently the shrine's main purpose is a beam of sunlight which
1314 # illuminates a special spot on the floor at the 11th hour of the 11th day
1315 # of the 11th month (Remembrance Day) every year in memory of Australia's
1316 # fallen WWI soldiers.  And if you go there on Nov. 11, at 11am local time,
1317 # you will indeed see the sunbeam illuminate the special spot at the
1318 # expected time.
1319 #
1320 # However, that is only because of some special mirror contraption that had
1321 # to be employed, since due to daylight savings time, the true solar time of
1322 # the remembrance moment occurs one hour later (or earlier?).  Perhaps
1323 # someone with more information on this jury-rig can tell us more.
1324 #
1325 # [1] http://www.hup.harvard.edu/catalog/HEISUN.html
1326 # [2] http://www.shrine.org.au
1327 
1328 # From Paul Eggert (2007-07-23):
1329 # See "southeast Australia" above for 2008 and later.
1330 
1331 # New South Wales
1332 
1333 # From Arthur David Olson:
1334 # New South Wales and subjurisdictions have their own ideas of a fun time.
1335 # Based on law library research by John Mackin,
1336 # who notes:
1337 #       In Australia, time is not legislated federally, but rather by the
1338 #       individual states.  Thus, while such terms as "Eastern Standard Time"
1339 #       [I mean, of course, Australian EST, not any other kind] are in common
1340 #       use, _they have NO REAL MEANING_, as they are not defined in the
1341 #       legislation.  This is very important to understand.
1342 #       I have researched New South Wales time only...
1343 
1344 # From Eric Ulevik (1999-05-26):
1345 # DST will start in NSW on the last Sunday of August, rather than the usual
1346 # October in 2000.  See: Matthew Moore,
1347 # Two months more daylight saving, Sydney Morning Herald (1999-05-26).
1348 # http://www.smh.com.au/news/9905/26/pageone/pageone4.html
1349 
1350 # From Paul Eggert (1999-09-27):
1351 # See the following official NSW source:
1352 # Daylight Saving in New South Wales.
1353 # http://dir.gis.nsw.gov.au/cgi-bin/genobject/document/other/daylightsaving/tigGmZ
1354 #
1355 # Narrabri Shire (NSW) council has announced it will ignore the extension of
1356 # daylight saving next year.  See:
1357 # Narrabri Council to ignore daylight saving
1358 # http://abc.net.au/news/regionals/neweng/monthly/regeng-22jul1999-1.htm
1359 # (1999-07-22).  For now, we'll wait to see if this really happens.
1360 #
1361 # Victoria will follow NSW.  See:
1362 # Vic to extend daylight saving (1999-07-28)
1363 # http://abc.net.au/local/news/olympics/1999/07/item19990728112314_1.htm
1364 #
1365 # However, South Australia rejected the DST request.  See:
1366 # South Australia rejects Olympics daylight savings request (1999-07-19)
1367 # http://abc.net.au/news/olympics/1999/07/item19990719151754_1.htm
1368 #
1369 # Queensland also will not observe DST for the Olympics.  See:
1370 # Qld says no to daylight savings for Olympics
1371 # http://abc.net.au/news/olympics/1999/06/item19990601114608_1.htm
1372 # (1999-06-01), which quotes Queensland Premier Peter Beattie as saying
1373 # "Look you've got to remember in my family when this came up last time
1374 # I voted for it, my wife voted against it and she said to me it's all very
1375 # well for you, you don't have to worry about getting the children out of
1376 # bed, getting them to school, getting them to sleep at night.
1377 # I've been through all this argument domestically...my wife rules."
1378 #
1379 # Broken Hill will stick with South Australian time in 2000.  See:
1380 # Broken Hill to be behind the times (1999-07-21)
1381 # http://abc.net.au/news/regionals/brokenh/monthly/regbrok-21jul1999-6.htm
1382 
1383 # IATA SSIM (1998-09) says that the spring 2000 change for Australian
1384 # Capital Territory, New South Wales except Lord Howe Island and Broken
1385 # Hill, and Victoria will be August 27, presumably due to the Sydney Olympics.
1386 
1387 # From Eric Ulevik, referring to Sydney's Sun Herald (2000-08-13), page 29:
1388 # The Queensland Premier Peter Beattie is encouraging northern NSW
1389 # towns to use Queensland time.
1390 
1391 # From Paul Eggert (2007-07-23):
1392 # See "southeast Australia" above for 2008 and later.
1393 
1394 # Yancowinna
1395 
1396 # From John Mackin (1989-01-04):
1397 # 'Broken Hill' means the County of Yancowinna.
1398 
1399 # From George Shepherd via Simon Woodhead via Robert Elz (1991-03-06):
1400 # # YANCOWINNA..  [ Confirmation courtesy of Broken Hill Postmaster ]
1401 # #                                     [ Dec 1990 ]
1402 # ...
1403 # # Yancowinna uses Central Standard Time, despite [its] location on the
1404 # # New South Wales side of the S.A. border. Most business and social dealings
1405 # # are with CST zones, therefore CST is legislated by local government
1406 # # although the switch to Summer Time occurs in line with N.S.W. There have
1407 # # been years when this did not apply, but the historical data is not
1408 # # presently available.
1409 # Zone  Australia/Yancowinna    9:30     AY     %sST
1410 # ...
1411 # Rule   AY     1971    1985    -       Oct     lastSun 2:00    1:00    D
1412 # Rule   AY     1972    only    -       Feb     lastSun 3:00    0       C
1413 # [followed by other Rules]
1414 
1415 # Lord Howe Island
1416 
1417 # From George Shepherd via Simon Woodhead via Robert Elz (1991-03-06):
1418 # LHI...                [ Courtesy of Pauline Van Winsen ]
1419 #                                       [ Dec 1990 ]
1420 # Lord Howe Island is located off the New South Wales coast, and is half an
1421 # hour ahead of NSW time.
1422 
1423 # From James Lonergan, Secretary, Lord Howe Island Board (2000-01-27):
1424 # Lord Howe Island summer time in 2000/2001 will commence on the same
1425 # date as the rest of NSW (i.e. 2000-08-27).  For your information the
1426 # Lord Howe Island Board (controlling authority for the Island) is
1427 # seeking the community's views on various options for summer time
1428 # arrangements on the Island, e.g. advance clocks by 1 full hour
1429 # instead of only 30 minutes.  [Dependent] on the wishes of residents
1430 # the Board may approach the NSW government to change the existing
1431 # arrangements.  The starting date for summer time on the Island will
1432 # however always coincide with the rest of NSW.
1433 
1434 # From James Lonergan, Secretary, Lord Howe Island Board (2000-10-25):
1435 # Lord Howe Island advances clocks by 30 minutes during DST in NSW and retards
1436 # clocks by 30 minutes when DST finishes. Since DST was most recently
1437 # introduced in NSW, the "changeover" time on the Island has been 02:00 as
1438 # shown on clocks on LHI. I guess this means that for 30 minutes at the start
1439 # of DST, LHI is actually 1 hour ahead of the rest of NSW.
1440 
1441 # From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):
1442 # For Lord Howe dates we use Shanks & Pottenger through 1989, and
1443 # Lonergan thereafter.  For times we use Lonergan.
1444 
1445 # From Paul Eggert (2007-07-23):
1446 # See "southeast Australia" above for 2008 and later.
1447 
1448 # From Steffen Thorsen (2009-04-28):
1449 # According to the official press release, South Australia's extended daylight
1450 # saving period will continue with the same rules as used during the 2008-2009
1451 # summer (southern hemisphere).
1452 #
1453 # From
1454 # http://www.safework.sa.gov.au/uploaded_files/DaylightDatesSet.pdf
1455 # The extended daylight saving period that South Australia has been trialling
1456 # for over the last year is now set to be ongoing.
1457 # Daylight saving will continue to start on the first Sunday in October each
1458 # year and finish on the first Sunday in April the following year.
1459 # Industrial Relations Minister, Paul Caica, says this provides South Australia
1460 # with a consistent half hour time difference with NSW, Victoria, Tasmania and
1461 # the ACT for all 52 weeks of the year...
1462 #
1463 # We have a wrap-up here:
1464 # https://www.timeanddate.com/news/time/south-australia-extends-dst.html
1465 ###############################################################################
1466 
1467 # New Zealand
1468 
1469 # From Mark Davies (1990-10-03):
1470 # the 1989/90 year was a trial of an extended "daylight saving" period.
1471 # This trial was deemed successful and the extended period adopted for
1472 # subsequent years (with the addition of a further week at the start).
1473 # source - phone call to Ministry of Internal Affairs Head Office.
1474 
1475 # From George Shepherd via Simon Woodhead via Robert Elz (1991-03-06):
1476 # # The Country of New Zealand   (Australia's east island -) Gee they hate that!
1477 # #                                or is Australia the west island of N.Z.
1478 # #     [ courtesy of Geoff Tribble.. Auckland N.Z. ]
1479 # #                             [ Nov 1990 ]
1480 # ...
1481 # Rule  NZ      1974    1988    -       Oct     lastSun 2:00    1:00    D
1482 # Rule  NZ      1989    max     -       Oct     Sun>=1       2:00    1:00    D
1483 # Rule  NZ      1975    1989    -       Mar     Sun>=1       3:00    0       S
1484 # Rule  NZ      1990    max     -       Mar     lastSun 3:00    0       S
1485 # ...
1486 # Zone  NZ                      12:00   NZ              NZ%sT   # New Zealand
1487 # Zone  NZ-CHAT                 12:45   -               NZ-CHAT # Chatham Island
1488 
1489 # From Arthur David Olson (1992-03-08):
1490 # The chosen rules use the Davies October 8 values for the start of DST in 1989
1491 # rather than the October 1 value.
1492 
1493 # From Paul Eggert (1995-12-19);
1494 # Shank & Pottenger report 2:00 for all autumn changes in Australia and NZ.
1495 # Robert Uzgalis writes that the New Zealand Daylight
1496 # Savings Time Order in Council dated 1990-06-18 specifies 2:00 standard
1497 # time on both the first Sunday in October and the third Sunday in March.
1498 # As with Australia, we'll assume the tradition is 2:00s, not 2:00.
1499 #
1500 # From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):
1501 # The Department of Internal Affairs (DIA) maintains a brief history,
1502 # as does Carol Squires; see tz-link.html for the full references.
1503 # Use these sources in preference to Shanks & Pottenger.
1504 #
1505 # For Chatham, IATA SSIM (1991/1999) gives the NZ rules but with
1506 # transitions at 2:45 local standard time; this confirms that Chatham
1507 # is always exactly 45 minutes ahead of Auckland.
1508 
1509 # From Colin Sharples (2007-04-30):
1510 # DST will now start on the last Sunday in September, and end on the
1511 # first Sunday in April.  The changes take effect this year, meaning
1512 # that DST will begin on 2007-09-30 2008-04-06.
1513 # http://www.dia.govt.nz/diawebsite.nsf/wpg_URL/Services-Daylight-Saving-Daylight-saving-to-be-extended
1514 
1515 # From Paul Eggert (2014-07-14):
1516 # Chatham Island time was formally standardized on 1957-01-01 by
1517 # New Zealand's Standard Time Amendment Act 1956 (1956-10-26).
1518 # https://www.austlii.edu.au/nz/legis/hist_act/staa19561956n100244.pdf
1519 # According to Google Books snippet view, a speaker in the New Zealand
1520 # parliamentary debates in 1956 said "Clause 78 makes provision for standard
1521 # time in the Chatham Islands.  The time there is 45 minutes in advance of New
1522 # Zealand time.  I understand that is the time they keep locally, anyhow."
1523 # For now, assume this practice goes back to the introduction of standard time
1524 # in New Zealand, as this would make Chatham Islands time almost exactly match
1525 # LMT back when New Zealand was at UT +11:30; also, assume Chatham Islands did
1526 # not observe New Zealand's prewar DST.
1527 
1528 ###############################################################################
1529 
1530 
1531 # Fiji
1532 
1533 # Howse writes (p 153) that in 1879 the British governor of Fiji
1534 # enacted an ordinance standardizing the islands on Antipodean Time
1535 # instead of the American system (which was one day behind).
1536 
1537 # From Rives McDow (1998-10-08):
1538 # Fiji will introduce DST effective 0200 local time, 1998-11-01
1539 # until 0300 local time 1999-02-28.  Each year the DST period will
1540 # be from the first Sunday in November until the last Sunday in February.
1541 
1542 # From Paul Eggert (2000-01-08):
1543 # IATA SSIM (1999-09) says DST ends 0100 local time.  Go with McDow.
1544 
1545 # From the BBC World Service in
1546 # http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/205226.stm (1998-10-31 16:03 UTC):
1547 # The Fijian government says the main reasons for the time change is to
1548 # improve productivity and reduce road accidents.... [T]he move is also
1549 # intended to boost Fiji's ability to attract tourists to witness the dawning
1550 # of the new millennium.
1551 
1552 # http://www.fiji.gov.fj/press/2000_09/2000_09_13-05.shtml (2000-09-13)
1553 # reports that Fiji has discontinued DST.
1554 
1555 
1556 # Kiribati
1557 
1558 # From Paul Eggert (1996-01-22):
1559 # Today's _Wall Street Journal_ (page 1) reports that Kiribati
1560 # "declared it the same day [throughout] the country as of Jan. 1, 1995"
1561 # as part of the competition to be first into the 21st century.
1562 
1563 # From Kerry Shetline (2018-02-03):
1564 # December 31 was the day that was skipped, so that the transition
1565 # would be from Friday December 30, 1994 to Sunday January 1, 1995.
1566 # From Paul Eggert (2018-02-04):
1567 # One source for this is page 202 of: Bartky IR. One Time Fits All:
1568 # The Campaigns for Global Uniformity (2007).
1569 
1570 # Kwajalein
1571 
1572 # In comp.risks 14.87 (26 August 1993), Peter Neumann writes:
1573 # I wonder what happened in Kwajalein, where there was NO Friday,
1574 # 1993-08-20.  Thursday night at midnight Kwajalein switched sides with
1575 # respect to the International Date Line, to rejoin its fellow islands,
1576 # going from 11:59 p.m. Thursday to 12:00 m. Saturday in a blink.
1577 
1578 
1579 # N Mariana Is, Guam
1580 
1581 # Howse writes (p 153) "The Spaniards, on the other hand, reached the
1582 # Philippines and the Ladrones from America," and implies that the Ladrones
1583 # (now called the Marianas) kept American date for quite some time.
1584 # For now, we assume the Ladrones switched at the same time as the Philippines;
1585 # see Asia/Manila.
1586 
1587 # US Public Law 106-564 (2000-12-23) made UT +10 the official standard time,
1588 # under the name "Chamorro Standard Time".  There is no official abbreviation,
1589 # but Congressman Robert A. Underwood, author of the bill that became law,
1590 # wrote in a press release (2000-12-27) that he will seek the use of "ChST".
1591 
1592 
1593 # Micronesia
1594 
1595 # Alan Eugene Davis writes (1996-03-16),
1596 # "I am certain, having lived there for the past decade, that 'Truk'
1597 # (now properly known as Chuuk) ... is in the time zone GMT+10."
1598 #
1599 # Shanks & Pottenger write that Truk switched from UT +10 to +11
1600 # on 1978-10-01; ignore this for now.
1601 
1602 # From Paul Eggert (1999-10-29):
1603 # The Federated States of Micronesia Visitors Board writes in
1604 # The Federated States of Micronesia - Visitor Information (1999-01-26)
1605 # http://www.fsmgov.org/info/clocks.html
1606 # that Truk and Yap are UT +10, and Ponape and Kosrae are +11.
1607 # We don't know when Kosrae switched from +12; assume January 1 for now.
1608 
1609 
1610 # Midway
1611 
1612 # From Charles T O'Connor, KMTH DJ (1956),
1613 # quoted in the KTMH section of the Radio Heritage Collection
1614 # <http://radiodx.com/spdxr/KMTH.htm> (2002-12-31):
1615 # For the past two months we've been on what is known as Daylight
1616 # Saving Time.  This time has put us on air at 5am in the morning,
1617 # your time down there in New Zealand.  Starting September 2, 1956
1618 # we'll again go back to Standard Time.  This'll mean that we'll go to
1619 # air at 6am your time.
1620 #
1621 # From Paul Eggert (2003-03-23):
1622 # We don't know the date of that quote, but we'll guess they
1623 # started DST on June 3.  Possibly DST was observed other years
1624 # in Midway, but we have no record of it.
1625 
1626 # Norfolk
1627 
1628 # From Alexander Krivenyshev (2015-09-23):
1629 # Norfolk Island will change ... from +1130 to +1100:
1630 # https://www.comlaw.gov.au/Details/F2015L01483/Explanatory%20Statement/Text
1631 # ... at 12.30 am (by legal time in New South Wales) on 4 October 2015.
1632 # http://www.norfolkisland.gov.nf/nia/MediaRelease/Media%20Release%20Norfolk%20Island%20Standard%20Time%20Change.pdf
1633 
1634 # From Paul Eggert (2015-09-23):
1635 # Transitions before 2015 are from timeanddate.com, which consulted
1636 # the Norfolk Island Museum and the Australian Bureau of Meteorology's
1637 # Norfolk Island station, and found no record of Norfolk observing DST
1638 # other than in 1974/5.  See:
1639 # https://www.timeanddate.com/time/australia/norfolk-island.html
1640 
1641 # Pitcairn
1642 
1643 # From Rives McDow (1999-11-08):
1644 # A Proclamation was signed by the Governor of Pitcairn on the 27th March 1998
1645 # with regard to Pitcairn Standard Time.  The Proclamation is as follows.
1646 #
1647 #       The local time for general purposes in the Islands shall be
1648 #       Co-ordinated Universal time minus 8 hours and shall be known
1649 #       as Pitcairn Standard Time.
1650 #
1651 # ... I have also seen Pitcairn listed as UTC minus 9 hours in several
1652 # references, and can only assume that this was an error in interpretation
1653 # somehow in light of this proclamation.
1654 
1655 # From Rives McDow (1999-11-09):
1656 # The Proclamation regarding Pitcairn time came into effect on 27 April 1998
1657 # ... at midnight.
1658 
1659 # From Howie Phelps (1999-11-10), who talked to a Pitcairner via shortwave:
1660 # Betty Christian told me yesterday that their local time is the same as
1661 # Pacific Standard Time. They used to be ½ hour different from us here in
1662 # Sacramento but it was changed a couple of years ago.
1663 
1664 
1665 # (Western) Samoa and American Samoa
1666 
1667 # Howse writes (p 153) that after the 1879 standardization on Antipodean
1668 # time by the British governor of Fiji, the King of Samoa decided to change
1669 # "the date in his kingdom from the Antipodean to the American system,
1670 # ordaining - by a masterpiece of diplomatic flattery - that
1671 # the Fourth of July should be celebrated twice in that year."
1672 # This happened in 1892, according to the Evening News (Sydney) of 1892-07-20.
1673 # https://www.staff.science.uu.nl/~gent0113/idl/idl.htm
1674 
1675 # Although Shanks & Pottenger says they both switched to UT -11:30
1676 # in 1911, and to -11 in 1950. many earlier sources give -11
1677 # for American Samoa, e.g., the US National Bureau of Standards
1678 # circular "Standard Time Throughout the World", 1932.
1679 # Assume American Samoa switched to -11 in 1911, not 1950,
1680 # and that after 1950 they agreed until (western) Samoa skipped a
1681 # day in 2011.  Assume also that the Samoas follow the US and New
1682 # Zealand's "ST"/"DT" style of daylight-saving abbreviations.
1683 
1684 
1685 # Tonga
1686 
1687 # From Paul Eggert (1996-01-22):
1688 # Today's _Wall Street Journal_ (p 1) reports that "Tonga has been plotting
1689 # to sneak ahead of [New Zealanders] by introducing daylight-saving time."
1690 # Since Kiribati has moved the Date Line it's not clear what Tonga will do.
1691 
1692 # Don Mundell writes in the 1997-02-20 Tonga Chronicle
1693 # How Tonga became 'The Land where Time Begins':
1694 # http://www.tongatapu.net.to/tonga/homeland/timebegins.htm
1695 #
1696 # Until 1941 Tonga maintained a standard time 50 minutes ahead of NZST
1697 # 12 hours and 20 minutes ahead of GMT.  When New Zealand adjusted its
1698 # standard time in 1940s, Tonga had the choice of subtracting from its
1699 # local time to come on the same standard time as New Zealand or of
1700 # advancing its time to maintain the differential of 13°
1701 # (approximately 50 minutes ahead of New Zealand time).
1702 #
1703 # Because His Majesty King Tāufaʻāhau Tupou IV, then Crown Prince
1704 # Tungī, preferred to ensure Tonga's title as the land where time
1705 # begins, the Legislative Assembly approved the latter change.
1706 #
1707 # But some of the older, more conservative members from the outer
1708 # islands objected. "If at midnight on Dec. 31, we move ahead 40
1709 # minutes, as your Royal Highness wishes, what becomes of the 40
1710 # minutes we have lost?"
1711 #
1712 # The Crown Prince, presented an unanswerable argument: "Remember that
1713 # on the World Day of Prayer, you would be the first people on Earth
1714 # to say your prayers in the morning."
1715 
1716 # From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):
1717 # Shanks & Pottenger say the transition was on 1968-10-01; go with Mundell.
1718 
1719 # From Eric Ulevik (1999-05-03):
1720 # Tonga's director of tourism, who is also secretary of the National Millennium
1721 # Committee, has a plan to get Tonga back in front.
1722 # He has proposed a one-off move to tropical daylight saving for Tonga from
1723 # October to March, which has won approval in principle from the Tongan
1724 # Government.
1725 
1726 # From Steffen Thorsen (1999-09-09):
1727 # * Tonga will introduce DST in November
1728 #
1729 # I was given this link by John Letts:
1730 # http://news.bbc.co.uk/hi/english/world/asia-pacific/newsid_424000/424764.stm
1731 #
1732 # I have not been able to find exact dates for the transition in November
1733 # yet. By reading this article it seems like Fiji will be 14 hours ahead
1734 # of UTC as well, but as far as I know Fiji will only be 13 hours ahead
1735 # (12 + 1 hour DST).
1736 
1737 # From Arthur David Olson (1999-09-20):
1738 # According to <http://www.tongaonline.com/news/sept1799.html>:
1739 # "Daylight Savings Time will take effect on Oct. 2 through April 15, 2000
1740 # and annually thereafter from the first Saturday in October through the
1741 # third Saturday of April.  Under the system approved by Privy Council on
1742 # Sept. 10, clocks must be turned ahead one hour on the opening day and
1743 # set back an hour on the closing date."
1744 # Alas, no indication of the time of day.
1745 
1746 # From Rives McDow (1999-10-06):
1747 # Tonga started its Daylight Saving on Saturday morning October 2nd at 0200am.
1748 # Daylight Saving ends on April 16 at 0300am which is Sunday morning.
1749 
1750 # From Steffen Thorsen (2000-10-31):
1751 # Back in March I found a notice on the website http://www.tongaonline.com
1752 # that Tonga changed back to standard time one month early, on March 19
1753 # instead of the original reported date April 16. Unfortunately, the article
1754 # is no longer available on the site, and I did not make a copy of the
1755 # text, and I have forgotten to report it here.
1756 # (Original URL was <http://www.tongaonline.com/news/march162000.htm>)
1757 
1758 # From Rives McDow (2000-12-01):
1759 # Tonga is observing DST as of 2000-11-04 and will stop on 2001-01-27.
1760 
1761 # From Sione Moala-Mafi (2001-09-20) via Rives McDow:
1762 # At 2:00am on the first Sunday of November, the standard time in the Kingdom
1763 # shall be moved forward by one hour to 3:00am.  At 2:00am on the last Sunday
1764 # of January the standard time in the Kingdom shall be moved backward by one
1765 # hour to 1:00am.
1766 
1767 # From Pulu ʻAnau (2002-11-05):
1768 # The law was for 3 years, supposedly to get renewed.  It wasn't.
1769 
1770 # From Pulu ʻAnau (2016-10-27):
1771 # http://mic.gov.to/news-today/press-releases/6375-daylight-saving-set-to-run-from-6-november-2016-to-15-january-2017
1772 # Cannot find anyone who knows the rules, has seen the duration or has seen
1773 # the cabinet decision, but it appears we are following Fiji's rule set.
1774 #
1775 # From Tim Parenti (2016-10-26):
1776 # Assume Tonga will observe DST from the first Sunday in November at 02:00
1777 # through the third Sunday in January at 03:00, like Fiji, for now.
1778 
1779 # From David Wade (2017-10-18):
1780 # In August government was disolved by the King.  The current prime minister
1781 # continued in office in care taker mode.  It is easy to see that few
1782 # decisions will be made until elections 16th November.
1783 #
1784 # From Paul Eggert (2017-10-18):
1785 # For now, guess that DST is discontinued.  That's what the IATA is guessing.
1786 
1787 
1788 # Wake
1789 
1790 # From Vernice Anderson, Personal Secretary to Philip Jessup,
1791 # US Ambassador At Large (oral history interview, 1971-02-02):
1792 #
1793 # Saturday, the 14th [of October, 1950] - ...  The time was all the
1794 # more confusing at that point, because we had crossed the
1795 # International Date Line, thus getting two Sundays.  Furthermore, we
1796 # discovered that Wake Island had two hours of daylight saving time
1797 # making calculation of time in Washington difficult if not almost
1798 # impossible.
1799 #
1800 # https://www.trumanlibrary.org/oralhist/andrsonv.htm
1801 
1802 # From Paul Eggert (2003-03-23):
1803 # We have no other report of DST in Wake Island, so omit this info for now.
1804 
1805 ###############################################################################
1806 
1807 # The International Date Line
1808 
1809 # From Gwillim Law (2000-01-03):
1810 #
1811 # The International Date Line is not defined by any international standard,
1812 # convention, or treaty.  Mapmakers are free to draw it as they please.
1813 # Reputable mapmakers will simply ensure that every point of land appears on
1814 # the correct side of the IDL, according to the date legally observed there.
1815 #
1816 # When Kiribati adopted a uniform date in 1995, thereby moving the Phoenix and
1817 # Line Islands to the west side of the IDL (or, if you prefer, moving the IDL
1818 # to the east side of the Phoenix and Line Islands), I suppose that most
1819 # mapmakers redrew the IDL following the boundary of Kiribati.  Even that line
1820 # has a rather arbitrary nature.  The straight-line boundaries between Pacific
1821 # island nations that are shown on many maps are based on an international
1822 # convention, but are not legally binding national borders.... The date is
1823 # governed by the IDL; therefore, even on the high seas, there may be some
1824 # places as late as fourteen hours later than UTC.  And, since the IDL is not
1825 # an international standard, there are some places on the high seas where the
1826 # correct date is ambiguous.
1827 
1828 # From Wikipedia <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_zone> (2005-08-31):
1829 # Before 1920, all ships kept local apparent time on the high seas by setting
1830 # their clocks at night or at the morning sight so that, given the ship's
1831 # speed and direction, it would be 12 o'clock when the Sun crossed the ship's
1832 # meridian (12 o'clock = local apparent noon).  During 1917, at the
1833 # Anglo-French Conference on Time-keeping at Sea, it was recommended that all
1834 # ships, both military and civilian, should adopt hourly standard time zones
1835 # on the high seas.  Whenever a ship was within the territorial waters of any
1836 # nation it would use that nation's standard time.  The captain was permitted
1837 # to change his ship's clocks at a time of his choice following his ship's
1838 # entry into another zone time - he often chose midnight.  These zones were
1839 # adopted by all major fleets between 1920 and 1925 but not by many
1840 # independent merchant ships until World War II.
1841 
1842 # From Paul Eggert, using references suggested by Oscar van Vlijmen
1843 # (2005-03-20):
1844 #
1845 # The American Practical Navigator (2002)
1846 # http://pollux.nss.nima.mil/pubs/pubs_j_apn_sections.html?rid=187
1847 # talks only about the 180-degree meridian with respect to ships in
1848 # international waters; it ignores the international date line.