1 #
   2 # DO NOT ALTER OR REMOVE COPYRIGHT NOTICES OR THIS FILE HEADER.
   3 #
   4 # This code is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
   5 # under the terms of the GNU General Public License version 2 only, as
   6 # published by the Free Software Foundation.  Oracle designates this
   7 # particular file as subject to the "Classpath" exception as provided
   8 # by Oracle in the LICENSE file that accompanied this code.
   9 #
  10 # This code is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT
  11 # ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or
  12 # FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the GNU General Public License
  13 # version 2 for more details (a copy is included in the LICENSE file that
  14 # accompanied this code).
  15 #
  16 # You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License version
  17 # 2 along with this work; if not, write to the Free Software Foundation,
  18 # Inc., 51 Franklin St, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA 02110-1301 USA.
  19 #
  20 # Please contact Oracle, 500 Oracle Parkway, Redwood Shores, CA 94065 USA
  21 # or visit www.oracle.com if you need additional information or have any
  22 # questions.
  23 #
  24 # This file is in the public domain, so clarified as of
  25 # 2009-05-17 by Arthur David Olson.
  26 
  27 # This file is by no means authoritative; if you think you know better,
  28 # go ahead and edit the file (and please send any changes to
  29 # tz@iana.org for general use in the future).  For more, please see
  30 # the file CONTRIBUTING in the tz distribution.
  31 
  32 # From Paul Eggert (2017-01-13):
  33 #
  34 # Unless otherwise specified, the source for data through 1990 is:
  35 # Thomas G. Shanks and Rique Pottenger, The International Atlas (6th edition),
  36 # San Diego: ACS Publications, Inc. (2003).
  37 # Unfortunately this book contains many errors and cites no sources.
  38 #
  39 # Many years ago Gwillim Law wrote that a good source
  40 # for time zone data was the International Air Transport
  41 # Association's Standard Schedules Information Manual (IATA SSIM),
  42 # published semiannually.  Law sent in several helpful summaries
  43 # of the IATA's data after 1990.  Except where otherwise noted,
  44 # IATA SSIM is the source for entries after 1990.
  45 #
  46 # Another source occasionally used is Edward W. Whitman, World Time Differences,
  47 # Whitman Publishing Co, 2 Niagara Av, Ealing, London (undated), which
  48 # I found in the UCLA library.
  49 #
  50 # For data circa 1899, a common source is:
  51 # Milne J. Civil time. Geogr J. 1899 Feb;13(2):173-94.
  52 # https://www.jstor.org/stable/1774359
  53 #
  54 # For Russian data circa 1919, a source is:
  55 # Byalokoz EL. New Counting of Time in Russia since July 1, 1919.
  56 # (See the 'europe' file for a fuller citation.)
  57 #
  58 # A reliable and entertaining source about time zones is
  59 # Derek Howse, Greenwich time and longitude, Philip Wilson Publishers (1997).
  60 #
  61 # The following alphabetic abbreviations appear in these tables:
  62 #            std  dst
  63 #            LMT        Local Mean Time
  64 #       2:00 EET  EEST  Eastern European Time
  65 #       2:00 IST  IDT   Israel
  66 #       5:30 IST        India
  67 #       7:00 WIB        west Indonesia (Waktu Indonesia Barat)
  68 #       8:00 WITA       central Indonesia (Waktu Indonesia Tengah)
  69 #       8:00 CST        China
  70 #       8:30 KST  KDT   Korea when at +0830
  71 #       9:00 WIT        east Indonesia (Waktu Indonesia Timur)
  72 #       9:00 JST  JDT   Japan
  73 #       9:00 KST  KDT   Korea when at +09
  74 #       9:30 ACST       Australian Central Standard Time
  75 # Otherwise, these tables typically use numeric abbreviations like +03
  76 # and +0330 for integer hour and minute UT offsets.  Although earlier
  77 # editions invented alphabetic time zone abbreviations for every
  78 # offset, this did not reflect common practice.
  79 #
  80 # See the 'europe' file for Russia and Turkey in Asia.
  81 
  82 # From Guy Harris:
  83 # Incorporates data for Singapore from Robert Elz' asia 1.1, as well as
  84 # additional information from Tom Yap, Sun Microsystems Intercontinental
  85 # Technical Support (including a page from the Official Airline Guide -
  86 # Worldwide Edition).
  87 
  88 ###############################################################################
  89 
  90 # These rules are stolen from the 'europe' file.
  91 # Rule  NAME    FROM    TO      TYPE    IN      ON      AT      SAVE    LETTER/S
  92 Rule    EUAsia  1981    max     -       Mar     lastSun  1:00u  1:00    S
  93 Rule    EUAsia  1979    1995    -       Sep     lastSun  1:00u  0       -
  94 Rule    EUAsia  1996    max     -       Oct     lastSun  1:00u  0       -
  95 Rule E-EurAsia  1981    max     -       Mar     lastSun  0:00   1:00    -
  96 Rule E-EurAsia  1979    1995    -       Sep     lastSun  0:00   0       -
  97 Rule E-EurAsia  1996    max     -       Oct     lastSun  0:00   0       -
  98 Rule RussiaAsia 1981    1984    -       Apr     1        0:00   1:00    -
  99 Rule RussiaAsia 1981    1983    -       Oct     1        0:00   0       -
 100 Rule RussiaAsia 1984    1995    -       Sep     lastSun  2:00s  0       -
 101 Rule RussiaAsia 1985    2010    -       Mar     lastSun  2:00s  1:00    -
 102 Rule RussiaAsia 1996    2010    -       Oct     lastSun  2:00s  0       -
 103 
 104 # Afghanistan
 105 # Zone  NAME            GMTOFF  RULES   FORMAT  [UNTIL]
 106 Zone    Asia/Kabul      4:36:48 -       LMT     1890
 107                         4:00    -       +04     1945
 108                         4:30    -       +0430
 109 
 110 # Armenia
 111 # From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):
 112 # Shanks & Pottenger have Yerevan switching to 3:00 (with Russian DST)
 113 # in spring 1991, then to 4:00 with no DST in fall 1995, then
 114 # readopting Russian DST in 1997.  Go with Shanks & Pottenger, even
 115 # when they disagree with others.  Edgar Der-Danieliantz
 116 # reported (1996-05-04) that Yerevan probably wouldn't use DST
 117 # in 1996, though it did use DST in 1995.  IATA SSIM (1991/1998) reports that
 118 # Armenia switched from 3:00 to 4:00 in 1998 and observed DST after 1991,
 119 # but started switching at 3:00s in 1998.
 120 
 121 # From Arthur David Olson (2011-06-15):
 122 # While Russia abandoned DST in 2011, Armenia may choose to
 123 # follow Russia's "old" rules.
 124 
 125 # From Alexander Krivenyshev (2012-02-10):
 126 # According to News Armenia, on Feb 9, 2012,
 127 # http://newsarmenia.ru/society/20120209/42609695.html
 128 #
 129 # The Armenia National Assembly adopted final reading of Amendments to the
 130 # Law "On procedure of calculation time on the territory of the Republic of
 131 # Armenia" according to which Armenia [is] abolishing Daylight Saving Time.
 132 # or
 133 # (brief)
 134 # http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_armenia03.html
 135 # Rule  NAME    FROM    TO      TYPE    IN      ON      AT      SAVE    LETTER/S
 136 Rule Armenia    2011    only    -       Mar     lastSun  2:00s  1:00    -
 137 Rule Armenia    2011    only    -       Oct     lastSun  2:00s  0       -
 138 # Zone  NAME            GMTOFF  RULES   FORMAT  [UNTIL]
 139 Zone    Asia/Yerevan    2:58:00 -       LMT     1924 May  2
 140                         3:00    -       +03     1957 Mar
 141                         4:00 RussiaAsia +04/+05 1991 Mar 31  2:00s
 142                         3:00 RussiaAsia +03/+04 1995 Sep 24  2:00s
 143                         4:00    -       +04     1997
 144                         4:00 RussiaAsia +04/+05 2011
 145                         4:00    Armenia +04/+05
 146 
 147 # Azerbaijan
 148 
 149 # From Rustam Aliyev of the Azerbaijan Internet Forum (2005-10-23):
 150 # According to the resolution of Cabinet of Ministers, 1997
 151 # From Paul Eggert (2015-09-17): It was Resolution No. 21 (1997-03-17).
 152 # http://code.az/files/daylight_res.pdf
 153 
 154 # From Steffen Thorsen (2016-03-17):
 155 # ... the Azerbaijani Cabinet of Ministers has cancelled switching to
 156 # daylight saving time....
 157 # https://www.azernews.az/azerbaijan/94137.html
 158 # http://vestnikkavkaza.net/news/Azerbaijani-Cabinet-of-Ministers-cancels-daylight-saving-time.html
 159 # http://en.apa.az/xeber_azerbaijan_abolishes_daylight_savings_ti_240862.html
 160 
 161 # Rule  NAME    FROM    TO      TYPE    IN      ON      AT      SAVE    LETTER/S
 162 Rule    Azer    1997    2015    -       Mar     lastSun  4:00   1:00    -
 163 Rule    Azer    1997    2015    -       Oct     lastSun  5:00   0       -
 164 # Zone  NAME            GMTOFF  RULES   FORMAT  [UNTIL]
 165 Zone    Asia/Baku       3:19:24 -       LMT     1924 May  2
 166                         3:00    -       +03     1957 Mar
 167                         4:00 RussiaAsia +04/+05 1991 Mar 31  2:00s
 168                         3:00 RussiaAsia +03/+04 1992 Sep lastSun  2:00s
 169                         4:00    -       +04     1996
 170                         4:00    EUAsia  +04/+05 1997
 171                         4:00    Azer    +04/+05
 172 
 173 # Bahrain
 174 # See Asia/Qatar.
 175 
 176 # Bangladesh
 177 # From Alexander Krivenyshev (2009-05-13):
 178 # According to newspaper Asian Tribune (May 6, 2009) Bangladesh may introduce
 179 # Daylight Saving Time from June 16 to Sept 30
 180 #
 181 # Bangladesh to introduce daylight saving time likely from June 16
 182 # http://www.asiantribune.com/?q=node/17288
 183 # http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_bangladesh02.html
 184 #
 185 # "... Bangladesh government has decided to switch daylight saving time from
 186 # June
 187 # 16 till September 30 in a bid to ensure maximum use of daylight to cope with
 188 # crippling power crisis. "
 189 #
 190 # The switch will remain in effect from June 16 to Sept 30 (2009) but if
 191 # implemented the next year, it will come in force from April 1, 2010
 192 
 193 # From Steffen Thorsen (2009-06-02):
 194 # They have finally decided now, but changed the start date to midnight between
 195 # the 19th and 20th, and they have not set the end date yet.
 196 #
 197 # Some sources:
 198 # https://in.reuters.com/article/southAsiaNews/idINIndia-40017620090601
 199 # http://bdnews24.com/details.php?id=85889&cid=2
 200 #
 201 # Our wrap-up:
 202 # https://www.timeanddate.com/news/time/bangladesh-daylight-saving-2009.html
 203 
 204 # From A. N. M. Kamrus Saadat (2009-06-15):
 205 # Finally we've got the official mail regarding DST start time where DST start
 206 # time is mentioned as Jun 19 2009, 23:00 from BTRC (Bangladesh
 207 # Telecommunication Regulatory Commission).
 208 #
 209 # No DST end date has been announced yet.
 210 
 211 # From Alexander Krivenyshev (2009-09-25):
 212 # Bangladesh won't go back to Standard Time from October 1, 2009,
 213 # instead it will continue DST measure till the cabinet makes a fresh decision.
 214 #
 215 # Following report by same newspaper-"The Daily Star Friday":
 216 # "DST change awaits cabinet decision-Clock won't go back by 1-hr from Oct 1"
 217 # http://www.thedailystar.net/newDesign/news-details.php?nid=107021
 218 # http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_bangladesh04.html
 219 
 220 # From Steffen Thorsen (2009-10-13):
 221 # IANS (Indo-Asian News Service) now reports:
 222 # Bangladesh has decided that the clock advanced by an hour to make
 223 # maximum use of daylight hours as an energy saving measure would
 224 # "continue for an indefinite period."
 225 #
 226 # One of many places where it is published:
 227 # http://www.thaindian.com/newsportal/business/bangladesh-to-continue-indefinitely-with-advanced-time_100259987.html
 228 
 229 # From Alexander Krivenyshev (2009-12-24):
 230 # According to Bangladesh newspaper "The Daily Star,"
 231 # Bangladesh will change its clock back to Standard Time on Dec 31, 2009.
 232 #
 233 # Clock goes back 1-hr on Dec 31 night.
 234 # http://www.thedailystar.net/newDesign/news-details.php?nid=119228
 235 # http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_bangladesh05.html
 236 #
 237 # "...The government yesterday decided to put the clock back by one hour
 238 # on December 31 midnight and the new time will continue until March 31,
 239 # 2010 midnight. The decision came at a cabinet meeting at the Prime
 240 # Minister's Office last night..."
 241 
 242 # From Alexander Krivenyshev (2010-03-22):
 243 # According to Bangladesh newspaper "The Daily Star,"
 244 # Cabinet cancels Daylight Saving Time
 245 # http://www.thedailystar.net/newDesign/latest_news.php?nid=22817
 246 # http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_bangladesh06.html
 247 
 248 # Rule  NAME    FROM    TO      TYPE    IN      ON      AT      SAVE    LETTER/S
 249 Rule    Dhaka   2009    only    -       Jun     19      23:00   1:00    -
 250 Rule    Dhaka   2009    only    -       Dec     31      24:00   0       -
 251 
 252 # Zone  NAME            GMTOFF  RULES   FORMAT  [UNTIL]
 253 Zone    Asia/Dhaka      6:01:40 -       LMT     1890
 254                         5:53:20 -       HMT     1941 Oct    # Howrah Mean Time?
 255                         6:30    -       +0630   1942 May 15
 256                         5:30    -       +0530   1942 Sep
 257                         6:30    -       +0630   1951 Sep 30
 258                         6:00    -       +06     2009
 259                         6:00    Dhaka   +06/+07
 260 
 261 # Bhutan
 262 # Zone  NAME            GMTOFF  RULES   FORMAT  [UNTIL]
 263 Zone    Asia/Thimphu    5:58:36 -       LMT     1947 Aug 15 # or Thimbu
 264                         5:30    -       +0530   1987 Oct
 265                         6:00    -       +06
 266 
 267 # British Indian Ocean Territory
 268 # Whitman and the 1995 CIA time zone map say 5:00, but the
 269 # 1997 and later maps say 6:00.  Assume the switch occurred in 1996.
 270 # We have no information as to when standard time was introduced;
 271 # assume it occurred in 1907, the same year as Mauritius (which
 272 # then contained the Chagos Archipelago).
 273 # Zone  NAME            GMTOFF  RULES   FORMAT  [UNTIL]
 274 Zone    Indian/Chagos   4:49:40 -       LMT     1907
 275                         5:00    -       +05     1996
 276                         6:00    -       +06
 277 
 278 # Brunei
 279 # Zone  NAME            GMTOFF  RULES   FORMAT  [UNTIL]
 280 Zone    Asia/Brunei     7:39:40 -       LMT     1926 Mar # Bandar Seri Begawan
 281                         7:30    -       +0730   1933
 282                         8:00    -       +08
 283 
 284 # Burma / Myanmar
 285 
 286 # Milne says 6:24:40 was the meridian of the time ball observatory at Rangoon.
 287 
 288 # From Paul Eggert (2017-04-20):
 289 # Page 27 of Reed & Low (cited for Asia/Kolkata) says "Rangoon local time is
 290 # used upon the railways and telegraphs of Burma, and is 6h. 24m. 47s. ahead
 291 # of Greenwich."  This refers to the period before Burma's transition to +0630,
 292 # a transition for which Shanks is the only source.
 293 
 294 # Zone  NAME            GMTOFF  RULES   FORMAT  [UNTIL]
 295 Zone    Asia/Yangon     6:24:47 -       LMT     1880        # or Rangoon
 296                         6:24:47 -       RMT     1920        # Rangoon local time
 297                         6:30    -       +0630   1942 May
 298                         9:00    -       +09     1945 May  3
 299                         6:30    -       +0630
 300 
 301 # Cambodia
 302 # See Asia/Bangkok.
 303 
 304 
 305 # China
 306 
 307 # From Guy Harris:
 308 # People's Republic of China.  Yes, they really have only one time zone.
 309 
 310 # From Bob Devine (1988-01-28):
 311 # No they don't.  See TIME mag, 1986-02-17 p.52.  Even though
 312 # China is across 4 physical time zones, before Feb 1, 1986 only the
 313 # Peking (Beijing) time zone was recognized.  Since that date, China
 314 # has two of 'em - Peking's and Ürümqi (named after the capital of
 315 # the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region).  I don't know about DST for it.
 316 #
 317 # . . .I just deleted the DST table and this editor makes it too
 318 # painful to suck in another copy.  So, here is what I have for
 319 # DST start/end dates for Peking's time zone (info from AP):
 320 #
 321 #     1986 May 4 - Sept 14
 322 #     1987 mid-April - ??
 323 
 324 # From U. S. Naval Observatory (1989-01-19):
 325 # CHINA               8 H  AHEAD OF UTC  ALL OF CHINA, INCL TAIWAN
 326 # CHINA               9 H  AHEAD OF UTC  APR 17 - SEP 10
 327 
 328 # From Paul Eggert (2008-02-11):
 329 # Jim Mann, "A clumsy embrace for another western custom: China on daylight
 330 # time - sort of", Los Angeles Times, 1986-05-05 ... [says] that China began
 331 # observing daylight saving time in 1986.
 332 
 333 # From Paul Eggert (2014-06-30):
 334 # Shanks & Pottenger have China switching to a single time zone in 1980, but
 335 # this doesn't seem to be correct.  They also write that China observed summer
 336 # DST from 1986 through 1991, which seems to match the above commentary, so
 337 # go with them for DST rules as follows:
 338 # Rule  NAME    FROM    TO      TYPE    IN      ON      AT      SAVE    LETTER/S
 339 Rule    Shang   1940    only    -       Jun      3      0:00    1:00    D
 340 Rule    Shang   1940    1941    -       Oct      1      0:00    0       S
 341 Rule    Shang   1941    only    -       Mar     16      0:00    1:00    D
 342 Rule    PRC     1986    only    -       May      4      0:00    1:00    D
 343 Rule    PRC     1986    1991    -       Sep     Sun>=11      0:00    0       S
 344 Rule    PRC     1987    1991    -       Apr     Sun>=10      0:00    1:00    D
 345 
 346 # From Anthony Fok (2001-12-20):
 347 # BTW, I did some research on-line and found some info regarding these five
 348 # historic timezones from some Taiwan websites.  And yes, there are official
 349 # Chinese names for these locales (before 1949).
 350 #
 351 # From Jesper Nørgaard Welen (2006-07-14):
 352 # I have investigated the timezones around 1970 on the
 353 # https://www.astro.com/atlas site [with provinces and county
 354 # boundaries summarized below]....  A few other exceptions were two
 355 # counties on the Sichuan side of the Xizang-Sichuan border,
 356 # counties Dege and Baiyu which lies on the Sichuan side and are
 357 # therefore supposed to be GMT+7, Xizang region being GMT+6, but Dege
 358 # county is GMT+8 according to astro.com while Baiyu county is GMT+6
 359 # (could be true), for the moment I am assuming that those two
 360 # counties are mistakes in the astro.com data.
 361 
 362 # From Paul Eggert (2017-01-05):
 363 # Alois Treindl kindly sent me translations of the following two sources:
 364 #
 365 # (1)
 366 # Guo Qingsheng (National Time-Service Center, CAS, Xi'an 710600, China)
 367 # Beijing Time at the Beginning of the PRC
 368 # China Historical Materials of Science and Technology
 369 # (Zhongguo ke ji shi liao, 中国科技史料), Vol. 24, No. 1 (2003)
 370 # It gives evidence that at the beginning of the PRC, Beijing time was
 371 # officially apparent solar time!  However, Guo also says that the
 372 # evidence is dubious, as the relevant institute of astronomy had not
 373 # been taken over by the PRC yet.  It's plausible that apparent solar
 374 # time was announced but never implemented, and that people continued
 375 # to use UT+8.  As the Shanghai radio station (and I presume the
 376 # observatory) was still under control of French missionaries, it
 377 # could well have ignored any such mandate.
 378 #
 379 # (2)
 380 # Guo Qing-sheng (Shaanxi Astronomical Observatory, CAS, Xi'an 710600, China)
 381 # A Study on the Standard Time Changes for the Past 100 Years in China
 382 # [undated and unknown publication location]
 383 # It says several things:
 384 #   * The Qing dynasty used local apparent solar time throughout China.
 385 #   * The Republic of China instituted Beijing mean solar time effective
 386 #     the official calendar book of 1914.
 387 #   * The French Concession in Shanghai set up signal stations in
 388 #     French docks in the 1890s, controlled by Xujiahui (Zikawei)
 389 #     Observatory and set to local mean time.
 390 #   * "From the end of the 19th century" it changed to UT+8.
 391 #   * Chinese Customs (by then reduced to a tool of foreign powers)
 392 #     eventually standardized on this time for all ports, and it
 393 #     became used by railways as well.
 394 #   * In 1918 the Central Observatory proposed dividing China into
 395 #     five time zones (see below for details).  This caught on
 396 #     at first only in coastal areas observing UT+8.
 397 #   * During WWII all of China was in theory was at UT+7.  In practice
 398 #     this was ignored in the west, and I presume was ignored in
 399 #     Japanese-occupied territory.
 400 #   * Japanese-occupied Manchuria was at UT+9, i.e., Japan time.
 401 #   * The five-zone plan was resurrected after WWII and officially put into
 402 #     place (with some modifications) in March 1948.  It's not clear
 403 #     how well it was observed in areas under Nationalist control.
 404 #   * The People's Liberation Army used UT+8 during the civil war.
 405 #
 406 # An AP article "Shanghai Internat'l Area Little Changed" in the
 407 # Lewiston (ME) Daily Sun (1939-05-29), p 17, said "Even the time is
 408 # different - the occupied districts going by Tokyo time, an hour
 409 # ahead of that prevailing in the rest of Shanghai."  Guess that the
 410 # Xujiahui Observatory was under French control and stuck with UT +08.
 411 #
 412 # In earlier versions of this file, China had many separate Zone entries, but
 413 # this was based on what were apparently incorrect data in Shanks & Pottenger.
 414 # This has now been simplified to the two entries Asia/Shanghai and
 415 # Asia/Urumqi, with the others being links for backward compatibility.
 416 # Proposed in 1918 and theoretically in effect until 1949 (although in practice
 417 # mainly observed in coastal areas), the five zones were:
 418 #
 419 # Changbai Time ("Long-white Time", Long-white = Heilongjiang area) UT +08:30
 420 # Now part of Asia/Shanghai; its pre-1970 times are not recorded here.
 421 # Heilongjiang (except Mohe county), Jilin
 422 #
 423 # Zhongyuan Time ("Central plain Time") UT +08
 424 # Now part of Asia/Shanghai.
 425 # most of China
 426 # Milne gives 8:05:43.2 for Xujiahui Observatory time; round to nearest.
 427 # Guo says Shanghai switched to UT +08 "from the end of the 19th century".
 428 #
 429 # Long-shu Time (probably as Long and Shu were two names of the area) UT +07
 430 # Now part of Asia/Shanghai; its pre-1970 times are not recorded here.
 431 # Guangxi, Guizhou, Hainan, Ningxia, Sichuan, Shaanxi, and Yunnan;
 432 # most of Gansu; west Inner Mongolia; east Qinghai; and the Guangdong
 433 # counties Deqing, Enping, Kaiping, Luoding, Taishan, Xinxing,
 434 # Yangchun, Yangjiang, Yu'nan, and Yunfu.
 435 #
 436 # Xin-zang Time ("Xinjiang-Tibet Time") UT +06
 437 # This region is now part of either Asia/Urumqi or Asia/Shanghai with
 438 # current boundaries uncertain; times before 1970 for areas that
 439 # disagree with Ürümqi or Shanghai are not recorded here.
 440 # The Gansu counties Aksay, Anxi, Dunhuang, Subei; west Qinghai;
 441 # the Guangdong counties  Xuwen, Haikang, Suixi, Lianjiang,
 442 # Zhanjiang, Wuchuan, Huazhou, Gaozhou, Maoming, Dianbai, and Xinyi;
 443 # east Tibet, including Lhasa, Chamdo, Shigaise, Jimsar, Shawan and Hutubi;
 444 # east Xinjiang, including Ürümqi, Turpan, Karamay, Korla, Minfeng, Jinghe,
 445 # Wusu, Qiemo, Xinyan, Wulanwusu, Jinghe, Yumin, Tacheng, Tuoli, Emin,
 446 # Shihezi, Changji, Yanqi, Heshuo, Tuokexun, Tulufan, Shanshan, Hami,
 447 # Fukang, Kuitun, Kumukuli, Miquan, Qitai, and Turfan.
 448 #
 449 # Kunlun Time UT +05:30
 450 # This region is now in the same status as Xin-zang Time (see above).
 451 # West Tibet, including Pulan, Aheqi, Shufu, Shule;
 452 # West Xinjiang, including Aksu, Atushi, Yining, Hetian, Cele, Luopu, Nileke,
 453 # Zhaosu, Tekesi, Gongliu, Chabuchaer, Huocheng, Bole, Pishan, Suiding,
 454 # and Yarkand.
 455 
 456 # From Luther Ma (2009-10-17):
 457 # Almost all (>99.9%) ethnic Chinese (properly ethnic Han) living in
 458 # Xinjiang use Chinese Standard Time. Some are aware of Xinjiang time,
 459 # but have no need of it. All planes, trains, and schools function on
 460 # what is called "Beijing time." When Han make an appointment in Chinese
 461 # they implicitly use Beijing time.
 462 #
 463 # On the other hand, ethnic Uyghurs, who make up about half the
 464 # population of Xinjiang, typically use "Xinjiang time" which is two
 465 # hours behind Beijing time, or UT +06. The government of the Xinjiang
 466 # Uyghur Autonomous Region, (XAUR, or just Xinjiang for short) as well as
 467 # local governments such as the Ürümqi city government use both times in
 468 # publications, referring to what is popularly called Xinjiang time as
 469 # "Ürümqi time." When Uyghurs make an appointment in the Uyghur language
 470 # they almost invariably use Xinjiang time.
 471 #
 472 # (Their ethnic Han compatriots would typically have no clue of its
 473 # widespread use, however, because so extremely few of them are fluent in
 474 # Uyghur, comparable to the number of Anglo-Americans fluent in Navajo.)
 475 #
 476 # (...As with the rest of China there was a brief interval ending in 1990
 477 # or 1991 when summer time was in use.  The confusion was severe, with
 478 # the province not having dual times but four times in use at the same
 479 # time. Some areas remained on standard Xinjiang time or Beijing time and
 480 # others moving their clocks ahead.)
 481 
 482 # From Luther Ma (2009-11-19):
 483 # With the risk of being redundant to previous answers these are the most common
 484 # English "transliterations" (w/o using non-English symbols):
 485 #
 486 # 1. Wulumuqi...
 487 # 2. Kashi...
 488 # 3. Urumqi...
 489 # 4. Kashgar...
 490 # ...
 491 # 5. It seems that Uyghurs in Ürümqi has been using Xinjiang since at least the
 492 # 1960's. I know of one Han, now over 50, who grew up in the surrounding
 493 # countryside and used Xinjiang time as a child.
 494 #
 495 # 6. Likewise for Kashgar and the rest of south Xinjiang I don't know of any
 496 # start date for Xinjiang time.
 497 #
 498 # Without having access to local historical records, nor the ability to legally
 499 # publish them, I would go with October 1, 1949, when Xinjiang became the Uyghur
 500 # Autonomous Region under the PRC. (Before that Uyghurs, of course, would also
 501 # not be using Beijing time, but some local time.)
 502 
 503 # From David Cochrane (2014-03-26):
 504 # Just a confirmation that Ürümqi time was implemented in Ürümqi on 1 Feb 1986:
 505 # https://content.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,960684,00.html
 506 
 507 # From Luther Ma (2014-04-22):
 508 # I have interviewed numerous people of various nationalities and from
 509 # different localities in Xinjiang and can confirm the information in Guo's
 510 # report regarding Xinjiang, as well as the Time article reference by David
 511 # Cochrane.  Whether officially recognized or not (and both are officially
 512 # recognized), two separate times have been in use in Xinjiang since at least
 513 # the Cultural Revolution: Xinjiang Time (XJT), aka Ürümqi Time or local time;
 514 # and Beijing Time.  There is no confusion in Xinjiang as to which name refers
 515 # to which time. Both are widely used in the province, although in some
 516 # population groups might be use one to the exclusion of the other.  The only
 517 # problem is that computers and smart phones list Ürümqi (or Kashgar) as
 518 # having the same time as Beijing.
 519 
 520 # From Paul Eggert (2014-06-30):
 521 # In the early days of the PRC, Tibet was given its own time zone (UT +06)
 522 # but this was withdrawn in 1959 and never reinstated; see Tubten Khétsun,
 523 # Memories of life in Lhasa under Chinese Rule, Columbia U Press, ISBN
 524 # 978-0231142861 (2008), translator's introduction by Matthew Akester, p x.
 525 # As this is before our 1970 cutoff, Tibet doesn't need a separate zone.
 526 #
 527 # Xinjiang Time is well-documented as being officially recognized.  E.g., see
 528 # "The Working-Calendar for The Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region Government"
 529 # <http://www.sinkiang.gov.cn/service/ourworking/> (2014-04-22).
 530 # Unfortunately, we have no good records of time in Xinjiang before 1986.
 531 # During the 20th century parts of Xinjiang were ruled by the Qing dynasty,
 532 # the Republic of China, various warlords, the First and Second East Turkestan
 533 # Republics, the Soviet Union, the Kuomintang, and the People's Republic of
 534 # China, and tracking down all these organizations' timekeeping rules would be
 535 # quite a trick.  Approximate this lost history by a transition from LMT to
 536 # UT +06 at the start of 1928, the year of accession of the warlord Jin Shuren,
 537 # which happens to be the date given by Shanks & Pottenger (no doubt as a
 538 # guess) as the transition from LMT.  Ignore the usage of +08 before
 539 # 1986-02-01 under the theory that the transition date to +08 is unknown and
 540 # that the sort of users who prefer Asia/Urumqi now typically ignored the
 541 # +08 mandate back then.
 542 
 543 # Zone  NAME            GMTOFF  RULES   FORMAT  [UNTIL]
 544 # Beijing time, used throughout China; represented by Shanghai.
 545 Zone    Asia/Shanghai   8:05:43 -       LMT     1901
 546                         8:00    Shang   C%sT    1949
 547                         8:00    PRC     C%sT
 548 # Xinjiang time, used by many in western China; represented by Ürümqi / Ürümchi
 549 # / Wulumuqi.  (Please use Asia/Shanghai if you prefer Beijing time.)
 550 Zone    Asia/Urumqi     5:50:20 -       LMT     1928
 551                         6:00    -       +06
 552 
 553 
 554 # Hong Kong (Xianggang)
 555 
 556 # Milne gives 7:36:41.7; round this.
 557 
 558 # From Lee Yiu Chung (2009-10-24):
 559 # I found there are some mistakes for the...DST rule for Hong
 560 # Kong. [According] to the DST record from Hong Kong Observatory (actually,
 561 # it is not [an] observatory, but the official meteorological agency of HK,
 562 # and also serves as the official timing agency), there are some missing
 563 # and incorrect rules. Although the exact switch over time is missing, I
 564 # think 3:30 is correct. The official DST record for Hong Kong can be
 565 # obtained from
 566 # http://www.hko.gov.hk/gts/time/Summertime.htm
 567 
 568 # From Arthur David Olson (2009-10-28):
 569 # Here are the dates given at
 570 # http://www.hko.gov.hk/gts/time/Summertime.htm
 571 # as of 2009-10-28:
 572 # Year        Period
 573 # 1941        1 Apr to 30 Sep
 574 # 1942        Whole year
 575 # 1943        Whole year
 576 # 1944        Whole year
 577 # 1945        Whole year
 578 # 1946        20 Apr to 1 Dec
 579 # 1947        13 Apr to 30 Dec
 580 # 1948        2 May to 31 Oct
 581 # 1949        3 Apr to 30 Oct
 582 # 1950        2 Apr to 29 Oct
 583 # 1951        1 Apr to 28 Oct
 584 # 1952        6 Apr to 25 Oct
 585 # 1953        5 Apr to 1 Nov
 586 # 1954        21 Mar to 31 Oct
 587 # 1955        20 Mar to 6 Nov
 588 # 1956        18 Mar to 4 Nov
 589 # 1957        24 Mar to 3 Nov
 590 # 1958        23 Mar to 2 Nov
 591 # 1959        22 Mar to 1 Nov
 592 # 1960        20 Mar to 6 Nov
 593 # 1961        19 Mar to 5 Nov
 594 # 1962        18 Mar to 4 Nov
 595 # 1963        24 Mar to 3 Nov
 596 # 1964        22 Mar to 1 Nov
 597 # 1965        18 Apr to 17 Oct
 598 # 1966        17 Apr to 16 Oct
 599 # 1967        16 Apr to 22 Oct
 600 # 1968        21 Apr to 20 Oct
 601 # 1969        20 Apr to 19 Oct
 602 # 1970        19 Apr to 18 Oct
 603 # 1971        18 Apr to 17 Oct
 604 # 1972        16 Apr to 22 Oct
 605 # 1973        22 Apr to 21 Oct
 606 # 1973/74     30 Dec 73 to 20 Oct 74
 607 # 1975        20 Apr to 19 Oct
 608 # 1976        18 Apr to 17 Oct
 609 # 1977        Nil
 610 # 1978        Nil
 611 # 1979        13 May to 21 Oct
 612 # 1980 to Now Nil
 613 # The page does not give start or end times of day.
 614 # The page does not give a start date for 1942.
 615 # The page does not givw an end date for 1945.
 616 # The Japanese occupation of Hong Kong began on 1941-12-25.
 617 # The Japanese surrender of Hong Kong was signed 1945-09-15.
 618 # For lack of anything better, use start of those days as the transition times.
 619 
 620 # Rule  NAME    FROM    TO      TYPE    IN      ON      AT      SAVE    LETTER/S
 621 Rule    HK      1941    only    -       Apr     1       3:30    1:00    S
 622 Rule    HK      1941    only    -       Sep     30      3:30    0       -
 623 Rule    HK      1946    only    -       Apr     20      3:30    1:00    S
 624 Rule    HK      1946    only    -       Dec     1       3:30    0       -
 625 Rule    HK      1947    only    -       Apr     13      3:30    1:00    S
 626 Rule    HK      1947    only    -       Dec     30      3:30    0       -
 627 Rule    HK      1948    only    -       May     2       3:30    1:00    S
 628 Rule    HK      1948    1951    -       Oct     lastSun 3:30    0       -
 629 Rule    HK      1952    only    -       Oct     25      3:30    0       -
 630 Rule    HK      1949    1953    -       Apr     Sun>=1       3:30    1:00    S
 631 Rule    HK      1953    only    -       Nov     1       3:30    0       -
 632 Rule    HK      1954    1964    -       Mar     Sun>=18      3:30    1:00    S
 633 Rule    HK      1954    only    -       Oct     31      3:30    0       -
 634 Rule    HK      1955    1964    -       Nov     Sun>=1       3:30    0       -
 635 Rule    HK      1965    1976    -       Apr     Sun>=16      3:30    1:00    S
 636 Rule    HK      1965    1976    -       Oct     Sun>=16      3:30    0       -
 637 Rule    HK      1973    only    -       Dec     30      3:30    1:00    S
 638 Rule    HK      1979    only    -       May     Sun>=8       3:30    1:00    S
 639 Rule    HK      1979    only    -       Oct     Sun>=16      3:30    0       -
 640 # Zone  NAME            GMTOFF  RULES   FORMAT  [UNTIL]
 641 Zone    Asia/Hong_Kong  7:36:42 -       LMT     1904 Oct 30
 642                         8:00    HK      HK%sT   1941 Dec 25
 643                         9:00    -       JST     1945 Sep 15
 644                         8:00    HK      HK%sT
 645 
 646 ###############################################################################
 647 
 648 # Taiwan
 649 
 650 # From smallufo (2010-04-03):
 651 # According to Taiwan's CWB [Central Weather Bureau],
 652 # http://www.cwb.gov.tw/V6/astronomy/cdata/summert.htm
 653 # Taipei has DST in 1979 between July 1st and Sep 30.
 654 
 655 # From Yu-Cheng Chuang (2013-07-12):
 656 # On Dec 28, 1895, the Meiji Emperor announced Ordinance No. 167 of
 657 # Meiji Year 28 "The clause about standard time", mentioned that
 658 # Taiwan and Penghu Islands, as well as Yaeyama and Miyako Islands
 659 # (both in Okinawa) adopt the Western Standard Time which is based on
 660 # 120E. The adoption began from Jan 1, 1896. The original text can be
 661 # found on Wikisource:
 662 # https://ja.wikisource.org/wiki/標準時ニ關スル件_(公布時)
 663 # ... This could be the first adoption of time zone in Taiwan, because
 664 # during the Qing Dynasty, it seems that there was no time zone
 665 # declared officially.
 666 #
 667 # Later, in the beginning of World War II, on Sep 25, 1937, the Showa
 668 # Emperor announced Ordinance No. 529 of Showa Year 12 "The clause of
 669 # revision in the ordinance No. 167 of Meiji year 28 about standard
 670 # time", in which abolished the adoption of Western Standard Time in
 671 # western islands (listed above), which means the whole Japan
 672 # territory, including later occupations, adopt Japan Central Time
 673 # (UT+9). The adoption began on Oct 1, 1937. The original text can
 674 # be found on Wikisource:
 675 # https://ja.wikisource.org/wiki/明治二十八年勅令第百六十七號標準時ニ關スル件中改正ノ件
 676 #
 677 # That is, the time zone of Taipei switched to UT+9 on Oct 1, 1937.
 678 
 679 # From Yu-Cheng Chuang (2014-07-02):
 680 # I've found more evidence about when the time zone was switched from UT+9
 681 # back to UT+8 after WW2.  I believe it was on Sep 21, 1945.  In a document
 682 # during Japanese era [1] in which the officer told the staff to change time
 683 # zone back to Western Standard Time (UT+8) on Sep 21.  And in another
 684 # history page of National Cheng Kung University [2], on Sep 21 there is a
 685 # note "from today, switch back to Western Standard Time".  From these two
 686 # materials, I believe that the time zone change happened on Sep 21.  And
 687 # today I have found another monthly journal called "The Astronomical Herald"
 688 # from The Astronomical Society of Japan [3] in which it mentioned the fact
 689 # that:
 690 #
 691 # 1. Standard Time of the Country (Japan) was adopted on Jan 1, 1888, using
 692 # the time at 135E (GMT+9)
 693 #
 694 # 2. Standard Time of the Country was renamed to Central Standard Time, on Jan
 695 # 1, 1898, and on the same day, the new territories Taiwan and Penghu islands,
 696 # as well as Yaeyama and Miyako islands, adopted a new time zone called
 697 # Western Standard Time, which is in GMT+8.
 698 #
 699 # 3. Western Standard Time was deprecated on Sep 30, 1937. From then all the
 700 # territories of Japan adopted the same time zone, which is Central Standard
 701 # Time.
 702 #
 703 # [1] Academica Historica, Taiwan:
 704 # http://163.29.208.22:8080/govsaleShowImage/connect_img.php?s=00101738900090036&e=00101738900090037
 705 # [2] Nat'l Cheng Kung University 70th Anniversary Special Site:
 706 # http://www.ncku.edu.tw/~ncku70/menu/001/01_01.htm
 707 # [3] Yukio Niimi, The Standard Time in Japan (1997), p.475:
 708 # http://www.asj.or.jp/geppou/archive_open/1997/pdf/19971001c.pdf
 709 
 710 # Yu-Cheng Chuang (2014-07-03):
 711 # I finally have found the real official gazette about changing back to
 712 # Western Standard Time on Sep 21 in Taiwan.  It's Taiwan Governor-General
 713 # Bulletin No. 386 in Showa 20 years (1945), published on Sep 19, 1945. [1] ...
 714 # [It] abolishes Bulletin No. 207 in Showa 12 years (1937), which is a local
 715 # bulletin in Taiwan for that Ordinance No. 529. It also mentioned that 1am on
 716 # Sep 21, 1945 will be 12am on Sep 21.  I think this bulletin is much more
 717 # official than the one I mentioned in my first mail, because it's from the
 718 # top-level government in Taiwan. If you're going to quote any resource, this
 719 # would be a good one.
 720 # [1] Taiwan Governor-General Gazette, No. 1018, Sep 19, 1945:
 721 # http://db2.th.gov.tw/db2/view/viewImg.php?imgcode=0072031018a&num=19&bgn=019&end=019&otherImg=&type=gener
 722 
 723 # From Yu-Cheng Chuang (2014-07-02):
 724 # In 1946, DST in Taiwan was from May 15 and ended on Sep 30. The info from
 725 # Central Weather Bureau website was not correct.
 726 #
 727 # Original Bulletin:
 728 # http://subtpg.tpg.gov.tw/og/image2.asp?f=03502F0AKM1AF
 729 # http://subtpg.tpg.gov.tw/og/image2.asp?f=0350300AKM1B0 (cont.)
 730 #
 731 # In 1947, DST in Taiwan was expanded to Oct 31. There is a backup of that
 732 # telegram announcement from Taiwan Province Government:
 733 #
 734 # http://subtpg.tpg.gov.tw/og/image2.asp?f=0360310AKZ431
 735 #
 736 # Here is a brief translation:
 737 #
 738 #   The Summer Time this year is adopted from midnight Apr 15 until Sep 20
 739 #   midnight. To save (energy?) consumption, we're expanding Summer Time
 740 #   adoption till Oct 31 midnight.
 741 #
 742 # The Central Weather Bureau website didn't mention that, however it can
 743 # be found from historical government announcement database.
 744 
 745 # From Paul Eggert (2014-07-03):
 746 # As per Yu-Cheng Chuang, say that Taiwan was at UT +09 from 1937-10-01
 747 # until 1945-09-21 at 01:00, overriding Shanks & Pottenger.
 748 # Likewise, use Yu-Cheng Chuang's data for DST in Taiwan.
 749 
 750 # Rule  NAME    FROM    TO      TYPE    IN      ON      AT      SAVE    LETTER/S
 751 Rule    Taiwan  1946    only    -       May     15      0:00    1:00    D
 752 Rule    Taiwan  1946    only    -       Oct     1       0:00    0       S
 753 Rule    Taiwan  1947    only    -       Apr     15      0:00    1:00    D
 754 Rule    Taiwan  1947    only    -       Nov     1       0:00    0       S
 755 Rule    Taiwan  1948    1951    -       May     1       0:00    1:00    D
 756 Rule    Taiwan  1948    1951    -       Oct     1       0:00    0       S
 757 Rule    Taiwan  1952    only    -       Mar     1       0:00    1:00    D
 758 Rule    Taiwan  1952    1954    -       Nov     1       0:00    0       S
 759 Rule    Taiwan  1953    1959    -       Apr     1       0:00    1:00    D
 760 Rule    Taiwan  1955    1961    -       Oct     1       0:00    0       S
 761 Rule    Taiwan  1960    1961    -       Jun     1       0:00    1:00    D
 762 Rule    Taiwan  1974    1975    -       Apr     1       0:00    1:00    D
 763 Rule    Taiwan  1974    1975    -       Oct     1       0:00    0       S
 764 Rule    Taiwan  1979    only    -       Jul     1       0:00    1:00    D
 765 Rule    Taiwan  1979    only    -       Oct     1       0:00    0       S
 766 
 767 # Zone  NAME            GMTOFF  RULES   FORMAT  [UNTIL]
 768 # Taipei or Taibei or T'ai-pei
 769 Zone    Asia/Taipei     8:06:00 -       LMT     1896 Jan  1
 770                         8:00    -       CST     1937 Oct  1
 771                         9:00    -       JST     1945 Sep 21  1:00
 772                         8:00    Taiwan  C%sT
 773 
 774 # Macau (Macao, Aomen)
 775 # Rule  NAME    FROM    TO      TYPE    IN      ON      AT      SAVE    LETTER/S
 776 Rule    Macau   1961    1962    -       Mar     Sun>=16      3:30    1:00    D
 777 Rule    Macau   1961    1964    -       Nov     Sun>=1       3:30    0       S
 778 Rule    Macau   1963    only    -       Mar     Sun>=16      0:00    1:00    D
 779 Rule    Macau   1964    only    -       Mar     Sun>=16      3:30    1:00    D
 780 Rule    Macau   1965    only    -       Mar     Sun>=16      0:00    1:00    D
 781 Rule    Macau   1965    only    -       Oct     31      0:00    0       S
 782 Rule    Macau   1966    1971    -       Apr     Sun>=16      3:30    1:00    D
 783 Rule    Macau   1966    1971    -       Oct     Sun>=16      3:30    0       S
 784 Rule    Macau   1972    1974    -       Apr     Sun>=15      0:00    1:00    D
 785 Rule    Macau   1972    1973    -       Oct     Sun>=15      0:00    0       S
 786 Rule    Macau   1974    1977    -       Oct     Sun>=15      3:30    0       S
 787 Rule    Macau   1975    1977    -       Apr     Sun>=15      3:30    1:00    D
 788 Rule    Macau   1978    1980    -       Apr     Sun>=15      0:00    1:00    D
 789 Rule    Macau   1978    1980    -       Oct     Sun>=15      0:00    0       S
 790 # See Europe/Lisbon for info about the 1912 transition.
 791 # Zone  NAME            GMTOFF  RULES   FORMAT  [UNTIL]
 792 Zone    Asia/Macau      7:34:20 -       LMT     1911 Dec 31 16:00u
 793                         8:00    Macau   C%sT
 794 
 795 
 796 ###############################################################################
 797 
 798 # Cyprus
 799 
 800 # Milne says the Eastern Telegraph Company used 2:14:00.  Stick with LMT.
 801 # IATA SSIM (1998-09) has Cyprus using EU rules for the first time.
 802 
 803 # From Paul Eggert (2016-09-09):
 804 # Yesterday's Cyprus Mail reports that Northern Cyprus followed Turkey's
 805 # lead and switched from +02/+03 to +03 year-round.
 806 # http://cyprus-mail.com/2016/09/08/two-time-zones-cyprus-turkey-will-not-turn-clocks-back-next-month/
 807 #
 808 # From Even Scharning (2016-10-31):
 809 # Looks like the time zone split in Cyprus went through last night.
 810 # http://cyprus-mail.com/2016/10/30/cyprus-new-division-two-time-zones-now-reality/
 811 
 812 # From Paul Eggert (2017-10-18):
 813 # Northern Cyprus will reinstate winter time on October 29, thus
 814 # staying in sync with the rest of Cyprus.  See: Anastasiou A.
 815 # Cyprus to remain united in time.  Cyprus Mail 2017-10-17.
 816 # https://cyprus-mail.com/2017/10/17/cyprus-remain-united-time/
 817 
 818 # Rule  NAME    FROM    TO      TYPE    IN      ON      AT      SAVE    LETTER/S
 819 Rule    Cyprus  1975    only    -       Apr     13      0:00    1:00    S
 820 Rule    Cyprus  1975    only    -       Oct     12      0:00    0       -
 821 Rule    Cyprus  1976    only    -       May     15      0:00    1:00    S
 822 Rule    Cyprus  1976    only    -       Oct     11      0:00    0       -
 823 Rule    Cyprus  1977    1980    -       Apr     Sun>=1       0:00    1:00    S
 824 Rule    Cyprus  1977    only    -       Sep     25      0:00    0       -
 825 Rule    Cyprus  1978    only    -       Oct     2       0:00    0       -
 826 Rule    Cyprus  1979    1997    -       Sep     lastSun 0:00    0       -
 827 Rule    Cyprus  1981    1998    -       Mar     lastSun 0:00    1:00    S
 828 # Zone  NAME            GMTOFF  RULES   FORMAT  [UNTIL]
 829 Zone    Asia/Nicosia    2:13:28 -       LMT     1921 Nov 14
 830                         2:00    Cyprus  EE%sT   1998 Sep
 831                         2:00    EUAsia  EE%sT
 832 Zone    Asia/Famagusta  2:15:48 -       LMT     1921 Nov 14
 833                         2:00    Cyprus  EE%sT   1998 Sep
 834                         2:00    EUAsia  EE%sT   2016 Sep  8
 835                         3:00    -       +03     2017 Oct 29 1:00u
 836                         2:00    EUAsia  EE%sT
 837 
 838 # Classically, Cyprus belongs to Asia; e.g. see Herodotus, Histories, I.72.
 839 # However, for various reasons many users expect to find it under Europe.
 840 Link    Asia/Nicosia    Europe/Nicosia
 841 
 842 # Georgia
 843 # From Paul Eggert (1994-11-19):
 844 # Today's _Economist_ (p 60) reports that Georgia moved its clocks forward
 845 # an hour recently, due to a law proposed by Zurab Murvanidze,
 846 # an MP who went on a hunger strike for 11 days to force discussion about it!
 847 # We have no details, but we'll guess they didn't move the clocks back in fall.
 848 #
 849 # From Mathew Englander, quoting AP (1996-10-23 13:05-04):
 850 # Instead of putting back clocks at the end of October, Georgia
 851 # will stay on daylight savings time this winter to save energy,
 852 # President Eduard Shevardnadze decreed Wednesday.
 853 #
 854 # From the BBC via Joseph S. Myers (2004-06-27):
 855 #
 856 # Georgia moved closer to Western Europe on Sunday...  The former Soviet
 857 # republic has changed its time zone back to that of Moscow.  As a result it
 858 # is now just four hours ahead of Greenwich Mean Time, rather than five hours
 859 # ahead.  The switch was decreed by the pro-Western president of Georgia,
 860 # Mikheil Saakashvili, who said the change was partly prompted by the process
 861 # of integration into Europe.
 862 
 863 # From Teimuraz Abashidze (2005-11-07):
 864 # Government of Georgia ... decided to NOT CHANGE daylight savings time on
 865 # [Oct.] 30, as it was done before during last more than 10 years.
 866 # Currently, we are in fact GMT +4:00, as before 30 October it was GMT
 867 # +3:00.... The problem is, there is NO FORMAL LAW or governmental document
 868 # about it.  As far as I can find, I was told, that there is no document,
 869 # because we just DIDN'T ISSUE document about switching to winter time....
 870 # I don't know what can be done, especially knowing that some years ago our
 871 # DST rules where changed THREE TIMES during one month.
 872 
 873 # Milne 1899 says Tbilisi (Tiflis) time was 2:59:05.7.
 874 # Byalokoz 1919 says Georgia was 2:59:11.
 875 # Go with Byalokoz.
 876 
 877 # Zone  NAME            GMTOFF  RULES   FORMAT  [UNTIL]
 878 Zone    Asia/Tbilisi    2:59:11 -       LMT     1880
 879                         2:59:11 -       TBMT    1924 May  2 # Tbilisi Mean Time
 880                         3:00    -       +03     1957 Mar
 881                         4:00 RussiaAsia +04/+05 1991 Mar 31  2:00s
 882                         3:00 RussiaAsia +03/+04 1992
 883                         3:00 E-EurAsia  +03/+04 1994 Sep lastSun
 884                         4:00 E-EurAsia  +04/+05 1996 Oct lastSun
 885                         4:00    1:00    +05     1997 Mar lastSun
 886                         4:00 E-EurAsia  +04/+05 2004 Jun 27
 887                         3:00 RussiaAsia +03/+04 2005 Mar lastSun  2:00
 888                         4:00    -       +04
 889 
 890 # East Timor
 891 
 892 # See Indonesia for the 1945 transition.
 893 
 894 # From João Carrascalão, brother of the former governor of East Timor, in
 895 # East Timor may be late for its millennium
 896 # <https://etan.org/et99c/december/26-31/30ETMAY.htm> (1999-12-26/31):
 897 # Portugal tried to change the time forward in 1974 because the sun
 898 # rises too early but the suggestion raised a lot of problems with the
 899 # Timorese and I still don't think it would work today because it
 900 # conflicts with their way of life.
 901 
 902 # From Paul Eggert (2000-12-04):
 903 # We don't have any record of the above attempt.
 904 # Most likely our records are incomplete, but we have no better data.
 905 
 906 # From Manoel de Almeida e Silva, Deputy Spokesman for the UN Secretary-General
 907 # http://www.hri.org/news/world/undh/2000/00-08-16.undh.html
 908 # (2000-08-16):
 909 # The Cabinet of the East Timor Transition Administration decided
 910 # today to advance East Timor's time by one hour.  The time change,
 911 # which will be permanent, with no seasonal adjustment, will happen at
 912 # midnight on Saturday, September 16.
 913 
 914 # Zone  NAME            GMTOFF  RULES   FORMAT  [UNTIL]
 915 Zone    Asia/Dili       8:22:20 -       LMT     1912 Jan  1
 916                         8:00    -       +08     1942 Feb 21 23:00
 917                         9:00    -       +09     1976 May  3
 918                         8:00    -       +08     2000 Sep 17  0:00
 919                         9:00    -       +09
 920 
 921 # India
 922 
 923 # From Ian P. Beacock, in "A brief history of (modern) time", The Atlantic
 924 # https://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2015/12/the-creation-of-modern-time/421419/
 925 # (2015-12-22):
 926 # In January 1906, several thousand cotton-mill workers rioted on the
 927 # outskirts of Bombay....  They were protesting the proposed abolition of
 928 # local time in favor of Indian Standard Time....  Journalists called this
 929 # dispute the "Battle of the Clocks."  It lasted nearly half a century.
 930 
 931 # From Paul Eggert (2017-04-20):
 932 # Good luck trying to nail down old timekeeping records in India.
 933 # "... in the nineteenth century ... Madras Observatory took its magnetic
 934 # measurements on Göttingen time, its meteorological measurements on Madras
 935 # (local) time, dropped its time ball on Greenwich (ocean navigator's) time,
 936 # and distributed civil (local time)." -- Bartky IR. Selling the true time:
 937 # 19th-century timekeeping in america. Stanford U Press (2000), 247 note 19.
 938 # "A more potent cause of resistance to the general adoption of the present
 939 # standard time lies in the fact that it is Madras time.  The citizen of
 940 # Bombay, proud of being 'primus in Indis' and of Calcutta, equally proud of
 941 # his city being the Capital of India, and - for a part of the year - the Seat
 942 # of the Supreme Government, alike look down on Madras, and refuse to change
 943 # the time they are using, for that of what they regard as a benighted
 944 # Presidency; while Madras, having for long given the standard time to the
 945 # rest of India, would resist the adoption of any other Indian standard in its
 946 # place." -- Oldham RD. On Time in India: a suggestion for its improvement.
 947 # Proceedings of the Asiatic Society of Bengal (April 1899), 49-55.
 948 #
 949 # "In 1870 ... Madras time - 'now used by the telegraph and regulated from the
 950 # only government observatory' - was suggested as a standard railway time,
 951 # first to be adopted on the Great Indian Peninsular Railway (GIPR)....
 952 # Calcutta, Bombay, and Karachi, were to be allowed to continue with their
 953 # local time for civil purposes." - Prasad R. Tracks of Change: Railways and
 954 # Everyday Life in Colonial India. Cambridge University Press (2016), 145.
 955 #
 956 # Reed S, Low F. The Indian Year Book 1936-37. Bennett, Coleman, pp 27-8.
 957 # https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.282212
 958 # This lists +052110 as Madras local time used in railways, and says that on
 959 # 1906-01-01 railways and telegraphs in India switched to +0530.  Some
 960 # municipalities retained their former time, and the time in Calcutta
 961 # continued to depend on whether you were at the railway station or at
 962 # government offices.  Government time was at +055320 (according to Shanks) or
 963 # at +0554 (according to the Indian Year Book).  Railway time is more
 964 # appropriate for our purposes, as it was better documented, it is what we do
 965 # elsewhere (e.g., Europe/London before 1880), and after 1906 it was
 966 # consistent in the region now identified by Asia/Kolkata.  So, use railway
 967 # time for 1870-1941.  Shanks is our only (and dubious) source for the
 968 # 1941-1945 data.
 969 
 970 # Zone  NAME            GMTOFF  RULES   FORMAT  [UNTIL]
 971 Zone    Asia/Kolkata    5:53:28 -       LMT     1854 Jun 28 # Kolkata
 972                         5:53:20 -       HMT     1870        # Howrah Mean Time?
 973                         5:21:10 -       MMT     1906 Jan  1 # Madras local time
 974                         5:30    -       IST     1941 Oct
 975                         5:30    1:00    +0630   1942 May 15
 976                         5:30    -       IST     1942 Sep
 977                         5:30    1:00    +0630   1945 Oct 15
 978                         5:30    -       IST
 979 # Since 1970 the following are like Asia/Kolkata:
 980 #       Andaman Is
 981 #       Lakshadweep (Laccadive, Minicoy and Amindivi Is)
 982 #       Nicobar Is
 983 
 984 # Indonesia
 985 #
 986 # From Paul Eggert (2014-09-06):
 987 # The 1876 Report of the Secretary of the [US] Navy, p 306 says that Batavia
 988 # civil time was 7:07:12.5; round to even for Jakarta.
 989 #
 990 # From Gwillim Law (2001-05-28), overriding Shanks & Pottenger:
 991 # http://www.sumatera-inc.com/go_to_invest/about_indonesia.asp#standtime
 992 # says that Indonesia's time zones changed on 1988-01-01.  Looking at some
 993 # time zone maps, I think that must refer to Western Borneo (Kalimantan Barat
 994 # and Kalimantan Tengah) switching from UTC+8 to UTC+7.
 995 #
 996 # From Paul Eggert (2007-03-10):
 997 # Here is another correction to Shanks & Pottenger.
 998 # JohnTWB writes that Japanese forces did not surrender control in
 999 # Indonesia until 1945-09-01 00:00 at the earliest (in Jakarta) and
1000 # other formal surrender ceremonies were September 9, 11, and 13, plus
1001 # September 12 for the regional surrender to Mountbatten in Singapore.
1002 # These would be the earliest possible times for a change.
1003 # Régimes horaires pour le monde entier, by Henri Le Corre, (Éditions
1004 # Traditionnelles, 1987, Paris) says that Java and Madura switched
1005 # from UT +09 to +07:30 on 1945-09-23, and gives 1944-09-01 for Jayapura
1006 # (Hollandia).  For now, assume all Indonesian locations other than Jayapura
1007 # switched on 1945-09-23.
1008 #
1009 # From Paul Eggert (2013-08-11):
1010 # Normally the tz database uses English-language abbreviations, but in
1011 # Indonesia it's typical to use Indonesian-language abbreviations even
1012 # when writing in English.  For example, see the English-language
1013 # summary published by the Time and Frequency Laboratory of the
1014 # Research Center for Calibration, Instrumentation and Metrology,
1015 # Indonesia, <http://time.kim.lipi.go.id/time-eng.php> (2006-09-29).
1016 # The time zone abbreviations and UT offsets are:
1017 #
1018 # WIB  - +07 - Waktu Indonesia Barat (Indonesia western time)
1019 # WITA - +08 - Waktu Indonesia Tengah (Indonesia central time)
1020 # WIT  - +09 - Waktu Indonesia Timur (Indonesia eastern time)
1021 #
1022 # Zone  NAME            GMTOFF  RULES   FORMAT  [UNTIL]
1023 # Java, Sumatra
1024 Zone Asia/Jakarta       7:07:12 -       LMT     1867 Aug 10
1025 # Shanks & Pottenger say the next transition was at 1924 Jan 1 0:13,
1026 # but this must be a typo.
1027                         7:07:12 -       BMT     1923 Dec 31 23:47:12 # Batavia
1028                         7:20    -       +0720   1932 Nov
1029                         7:30    -       +0730   1942 Mar 23
1030                         9:00    -       +09     1945 Sep 23
1031                         7:30    -       +0730   1948 May
1032                         8:00    -       +08     1950 May
1033                         7:30    -       +0730   1964
1034                         7:00    -       WIB
1035 # west and central Borneo
1036 Zone Asia/Pontianak     7:17:20 -       LMT     1908 May
1037                         7:17:20 -       PMT     1932 Nov    # Pontianak MT
1038                         7:30    -       +0730   1942 Jan 29
1039                         9:00    -       +09     1945 Sep 23
1040                         7:30    -       +0730   1948 May
1041                         8:00    -       +08     1950 May
1042                         7:30    -       +0730   1964
1043                         8:00    -       WITA    1988 Jan  1
1044                         7:00    -       WIB
1045 # Sulawesi, Lesser Sundas, east and south Borneo
1046 Zone Asia/Makassar      7:57:36 -       LMT     1920
1047                         7:57:36 -       MMT     1932 Nov    # Macassar MT
1048                         8:00    -       +08     1942 Feb  9
1049                         9:00    -       +09     1945 Sep 23
1050                         8:00    -       WITA
1051 # Maluku Islands, West Papua, Papua
1052 Zone Asia/Jayapura      9:22:48 -       LMT     1932 Nov
1053                         9:00    -       +09     1944 Sep  1
1054                         9:30    -       +0930   1964
1055                         9:00    -       WIT
1056 
1057 # Iran
1058 
1059 # From Roozbeh Pournader (2003-03-15):
1060 # This is an English translation of what I just found (originally in Persian).
1061 # The Gregorian dates in brackets are mine:
1062 #
1063 #       Official Newspaper No. 13548-1370/6/25 [1991-09-16]
1064 #       No. 16760/T233 H                                1370/6/10 [1991-09-01]
1065 #
1066 #       The Rule About Change of the Official Time of the Country
1067 #
1068 #       The Board of Ministers, in the meeting dated 1370/5/23 [1991-08-14],
1069 #       based on the suggestion number 2221/D dated 1370/4/22 [1991-07-13]
1070 #       of the Country's Organization for Official and Employment Affairs,
1071 #       and referring to the law for equating the working hours of workers
1072 #       and officers in the whole country dated 1359/4/23 [1980-07-14], and
1073 #       for synchronizing the official times of the country, agreed that:
1074 #
1075 #       The official time of the country will should move forward one hour
1076 #       at the 24[:00] hours of the first day of Farvardin and should return
1077 #       to its previous state at the 24[:00] hours of the 30th day of
1078 #       Shahrivar.
1079 #
1080 #       First Deputy to the President - Hassan Habibi
1081 #
1082 # From personal experience, that agrees with what has been followed
1083 # for at least the last 5 years.  Before that, for a few years, the
1084 # date used was the first Thursday night of Farvardin and the last
1085 # Thursday night of Shahrivar, but I can't give exact dates....
1086 #
1087 # From Roozbeh Pournader (2005-04-05):
1088 # The text of the Iranian law, in effect since 1925, clearly mentions
1089 # that the true solar year is the measure, and there is no arithmetic
1090 # leap year calculation involved.  There has never been any serious
1091 # plan to change that law....
1092 #
1093 # From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):
1094 # Go with Shanks & Pottenger before Sept. 1991, and with Pournader thereafter.
1095 # I used Ed Reingold's cal-persia in GNU Emacs 21.2 to check Persian dates,
1096 # stopping after 2037 when 32-bit time_t's overflow.
1097 # That cal-persia used Birashk's approximation, which disagrees with the solar
1098 # calendar predictions for the year 2025, so I corrected those dates by hand.
1099 #
1100 # From Oscar van Vlijmen (2005-03-30), writing about future
1101 # discrepancies between cal-persia and the Iranian calendar:
1102 # For 2091 solar-longitude-after yields 2091-03-20 08:40:07.7 UT for
1103 # the vernal equinox and that gets so close to 12:00 some local
1104 # Iranian time that the definition of the correct location needs to be
1105 # known exactly, amongst other factors.  2157 is even closer:
1106 # 2157-03-20 08:37:15.5 UT.  But the Gregorian year 2025 should give
1107 # no interpretation problem whatsoever.  By the way, another instant
1108 # in the near future where there will be a discrepancy between
1109 # arithmetical and astronomical Iranian calendars will be in 2058:
1110 # vernal equinox on 2058-03-20 09:03:05.9 UT.  The Java version of
1111 # Reingold's/Dershowitz' calculator gives correctly the Gregorian date
1112 # 2058-03-21 for 1 Farvardin 1437 (astronomical).
1113 #
1114 # From Steffen Thorsen (2006-03-22):
1115 # Several of my users have reported that Iran will not observe DST anymore:
1116 # http://www.irna.ir/en/news/view/line-17/0603193812164948.htm
1117 #
1118 # From Reuters (2007-09-16), with a heads-up from Jesper Nørgaard Welen:
1119 # ... the Guardian Council ... approved a law on Sunday to re-introduce
1120 # daylight saving time ...
1121 # https://uk.reuters.com/article/oilRpt/idUKBLA65048420070916
1122 #
1123 # From Roozbeh Pournader (2007-11-05):
1124 # This is quoted from Official Gazette of the Islamic Republic of
1125 # Iran, Volume 63, No. 18242, dated Tuesday 1386/6/24
1126 # [2007-10-16]. I am doing the best translation I can:...
1127 # The official time of the country will be moved forward for one hour
1128 # on the 24 hours of the first day of the month of Farvardin and will
1129 # be changed back to its previous state on the 24 hours of the
1130 # thirtieth day of Shahrivar.
1131 #
1132 # Rule  NAME    FROM    TO      TYPE    IN      ON      AT      SAVE    LETTER/S
1133 Rule    Iran    1978    1980    -       Mar     21      0:00    1:00    -
1134 Rule    Iran    1978    only    -       Oct     21      0:00    0       -
1135 Rule    Iran    1979    only    -       Sep     19      0:00    0       -
1136 Rule    Iran    1980    only    -       Sep     23      0:00    0       -
1137 Rule    Iran    1991    only    -       May      3      0:00    1:00    -
1138 Rule    Iran    1992    1995    -       Mar     22      0:00    1:00    -
1139 Rule    Iran    1991    1995    -       Sep     22      0:00    0       -
1140 Rule    Iran    1996    only    -       Mar     21      0:00    1:00    -
1141 Rule    Iran    1996    only    -       Sep     21      0:00    0       -
1142 Rule    Iran    1997    1999    -       Mar     22      0:00    1:00    -
1143 Rule    Iran    1997    1999    -       Sep     22      0:00    0       -
1144 Rule    Iran    2000    only    -       Mar     21      0:00    1:00    -
1145 Rule    Iran    2000    only    -       Sep     21      0:00    0       -
1146 Rule    Iran    2001    2003    -       Mar     22      0:00    1:00    -
1147 Rule    Iran    2001    2003    -       Sep     22      0:00    0       -
1148 Rule    Iran    2004    only    -       Mar     21      0:00    1:00    -
1149 Rule    Iran    2004    only    -       Sep     21      0:00    0       -
1150 Rule    Iran    2005    only    -       Mar     22      0:00    1:00    -
1151 Rule    Iran    2005    only    -       Sep     22      0:00    0       -
1152 Rule    Iran    2008    only    -       Mar     21      0:00    1:00    -
1153 Rule    Iran    2008    only    -       Sep     21      0:00    0       -
1154 Rule    Iran    2009    2011    -       Mar     22      0:00    1:00    -
1155 Rule    Iran    2009    2011    -       Sep     22      0:00    0       -
1156 Rule    Iran    2012    only    -       Mar     21      0:00    1:00    -
1157 Rule    Iran    2012    only    -       Sep     21      0:00    0       -
1158 Rule    Iran    2013    2015    -       Mar     22      0:00    1:00    -
1159 Rule    Iran    2013    2015    -       Sep     22      0:00    0       -
1160 Rule    Iran    2016    only    -       Mar     21      0:00    1:00    -
1161 Rule    Iran    2016    only    -       Sep     21      0:00    0       -
1162 Rule    Iran    2017    2019    -       Mar     22      0:00    1:00    -
1163 Rule    Iran    2017    2019    -       Sep     22      0:00    0       -
1164 Rule    Iran    2020    only    -       Mar     21      0:00    1:00    -
1165 Rule    Iran    2020    only    -       Sep     21      0:00    0       -
1166 Rule    Iran    2021    2023    -       Mar     22      0:00    1:00    -
1167 Rule    Iran    2021    2023    -       Sep     22      0:00    0       -
1168 Rule    Iran    2024    only    -       Mar     21      0:00    1:00    -
1169 Rule    Iran    2024    only    -       Sep     21      0:00    0       -
1170 Rule    Iran    2025    2027    -       Mar     22      0:00    1:00    -
1171 Rule    Iran    2025    2027    -       Sep     22      0:00    0       -
1172 Rule    Iran    2028    2029    -       Mar     21      0:00    1:00    -
1173 Rule    Iran    2028    2029    -       Sep     21      0:00    0       -
1174 Rule    Iran    2030    2031    -       Mar     22      0:00    1:00    -
1175 Rule    Iran    2030    2031    -       Sep     22      0:00    0       -
1176 Rule    Iran    2032    2033    -       Mar     21      0:00    1:00    -
1177 Rule    Iran    2032    2033    -       Sep     21      0:00    0       -
1178 Rule    Iran    2034    2035    -       Mar     22      0:00    1:00    -
1179 Rule    Iran    2034    2035    -       Sep     22      0:00    0       -
1180 #
1181 # The following rules are approximations starting in the year 2038.
1182 # These are the best post-2037 approximations available, given the
1183 # restrictions of a single rule using a Gregorian-based data format.
1184 # At some point this table will need to be extended, though quite
1185 # possibly Iran will change the rules first.
1186 Rule    Iran    2036    max     -       Mar     21      0:00    1:00    -
1187 Rule    Iran    2036    max     -       Sep     21      0:00    0       -
1188 
1189 # Zone  NAME            GMTOFF  RULES   FORMAT  [UNTIL]
1190 Zone    Asia/Tehran     3:25:44 -       LMT     1916
1191                         3:25:44 -       TMT     1946     # Tehran Mean Time
1192                         3:30    -       +0330   1977 Nov
1193                         4:00    Iran    +04/+05 1979
1194                         3:30    Iran    +0330/+0430
1195 
1196 
1197 # Iraq
1198 #
1199 # From Jonathan Lennox (2000-06-12):
1200 # An article in this week's Economist ("Inside the Saddam-free zone", p. 50 in
1201 # the U.S. edition) on the Iraqi Kurds contains a paragraph:
1202 # "The three northern provinces ... switched their clocks this spring and
1203 # are an hour ahead of Baghdad."
1204 #
1205 # But Rives McDow (2000-06-18) quotes a contact in Iraqi-Kurdistan as follows:
1206 # In the past, some Kurdish nationalists, as a protest to the Iraqi
1207 # Government, did not adhere to daylight saving time.  They referred
1208 # to daylight saving as Saddam time.  But, as of today, the time zone
1209 # in Iraqi-Kurdistan is on standard time with Baghdad, Iraq.
1210 #
1211 # So we'll ignore the Economist's claim.
1212 
1213 # From Steffen Thorsen (2008-03-10):
1214 # The cabinet in Iraq abolished DST last week, according to the following
1215 # news sources (in Arabic):
1216 # http://www.aljeeran.net/wesima_articles/news-20080305-98602.html
1217 # http://www.aswataliraq.info/look/article.tpl?id=2047&IdLanguage=17&IdPublication=4&NrArticle=71743&NrIssue=1&NrSection=10
1218 #
1219 # We have published a short article in English about the change:
1220 # https://www.timeanddate.com/news/time/iraq-dumps-daylight-saving.html
1221 
1222 # Rule  NAME    FROM    TO      TYPE    IN      ON      AT      SAVE    LETTER/S
1223 Rule    Iraq    1982    only    -       May     1       0:00    1:00    -
1224 Rule    Iraq    1982    1984    -       Oct     1       0:00    0       -
1225 Rule    Iraq    1983    only    -       Mar     31      0:00    1:00    -
1226 Rule    Iraq    1984    1985    -       Apr     1       0:00    1:00    -
1227 Rule    Iraq    1985    1990    -       Sep     lastSun 1:00s   0       -
1228 Rule    Iraq    1986    1990    -       Mar     lastSun 1:00s   1:00    -
1229 # IATA SSIM (1991/1996) says Apr 1 12:01am UTC; guess the ':01' is a typo.
1230 # Shanks & Pottenger say Iraq did not observe DST 1992/1997; ignore this.
1231 #
1232 Rule    Iraq    1991    2007    -       Apr      1      3:00s   1:00    -
1233 Rule    Iraq    1991    2007    -       Oct      1      3:00s   0       -
1234 # Zone  NAME            GMTOFF  RULES   FORMAT  [UNTIL]
1235 Zone    Asia/Baghdad    2:57:40 -       LMT     1890
1236                         2:57:36 -       BMT     1918     # Baghdad Mean Time?
1237                         3:00    -       +03     1982 May
1238                         3:00    Iraq    +03/+04
1239 
1240 
1241 ###############################################################################
1242 
1243 # Israel
1244 
1245 # From Ephraim Silverberg (2001-01-11):
1246 #
1247 # I coined "IST/IDT" circa 1988.  Until then there were three
1248 # different abbreviations in use:
1249 #
1250 # JST  Jerusalem Standard Time [Danny Braniss, Hebrew University]
1251 # IZT  Israel Zonal (sic) Time [Prof. Haim Papo, Technion]
1252 # EEST Eastern Europe Standard Time [used by almost everyone else]
1253 #
1254 # Since timezones should be called by country and not capital cities,
1255 # I ruled out JST.  As Israel is in Asia Minor and not Eastern Europe,
1256 # EEST was equally unacceptable.  Since "zonal" was not compatible with
1257 # any other timezone abbreviation, I felt that 'IST' was the way to go
1258 # and, indeed, it has received almost universal acceptance in timezone
1259 # settings in Israeli computers.
1260 #
1261 # In any case, I am happy to share timezone abbreviations with India,
1262 # high on my favorite-country list (and not only because my wife's
1263 # family is from India).
1264 
1265 # From Shanks & Pottenger:
1266 # Rule  NAME    FROM    TO      TYPE    IN      ON      AT      SAVE    LETTER/S
1267 Rule    Zion    1940    only    -       Jun      1      0:00    1:00    D
1268 Rule    Zion    1942    1944    -       Nov      1      0:00    0       S
1269 Rule    Zion    1943    only    -       Apr      1      2:00    1:00    D
1270 Rule    Zion    1944    only    -       Apr      1      0:00    1:00    D
1271 Rule    Zion    1945    only    -       Apr     16      0:00    1:00    D
1272 Rule    Zion    1945    only    -       Nov      1      2:00    0       S
1273 Rule    Zion    1946    only    -       Apr     16      2:00    1:00    D
1274 Rule    Zion    1946    only    -       Nov      1      0:00    0       S
1275 Rule    Zion    1948    only    -       May     23      0:00    2:00    DD
1276 Rule    Zion    1948    only    -       Sep      1      0:00    1:00    D
1277 Rule    Zion    1948    1949    -       Nov      1      2:00    0       S
1278 Rule    Zion    1949    only    -       May      1      0:00    1:00    D
1279 Rule    Zion    1950    only    -       Apr     16      0:00    1:00    D
1280 Rule    Zion    1950    only    -       Sep     15      3:00    0       S
1281 Rule    Zion    1951    only    -       Apr      1      0:00    1:00    D
1282 Rule    Zion    1951    only    -       Nov     11      3:00    0       S
1283 Rule    Zion    1952    only    -       Apr     20      2:00    1:00    D
1284 Rule    Zion    1952    only    -       Oct     19      3:00    0       S
1285 Rule    Zion    1953    only    -       Apr     12      2:00    1:00    D
1286 Rule    Zion    1953    only    -       Sep     13      3:00    0       S
1287 Rule    Zion    1954    only    -       Jun     13      0:00    1:00    D
1288 Rule    Zion    1954    only    -       Sep     12      0:00    0       S
1289 Rule    Zion    1955    only    -       Jun     11      2:00    1:00    D
1290 Rule    Zion    1955    only    -       Sep     11      0:00    0       S
1291 Rule    Zion    1956    only    -       Jun      3      0:00    1:00    D
1292 Rule    Zion    1956    only    -       Sep     30      3:00    0       S
1293 Rule    Zion    1957    only    -       Apr     29      2:00    1:00    D
1294 Rule    Zion    1957    only    -       Sep     22      0:00    0       S
1295 Rule    Zion    1974    only    -       Jul      7      0:00    1:00    D
1296 Rule    Zion    1974    only    -       Oct     13      0:00    0       S
1297 Rule    Zion    1975    only    -       Apr     20      0:00    1:00    D
1298 Rule    Zion    1975    only    -       Aug     31      0:00    0       S
1299 Rule    Zion    1985    only    -       Apr     14      0:00    1:00    D
1300 Rule    Zion    1985    only    -       Sep     15      0:00    0       S
1301 Rule    Zion    1986    only    -       May     18      0:00    1:00    D
1302 Rule    Zion    1986    only    -       Sep      7      0:00    0       S
1303 Rule    Zion    1987    only    -       Apr     15      0:00    1:00    D
1304 Rule    Zion    1987    only    -       Sep     13      0:00    0       S
1305 
1306 # From Avigdor Finkelstein (2014-03-05):
1307 # I check the Parliament (Knesset) records and there it's stated that the
1308 # [1988] transition should take place on Saturday night, when the Sabbath
1309 # ends and changes to Sunday.
1310 Rule    Zion    1988    only    -       Apr     10      0:00    1:00    D
1311 Rule    Zion    1988    only    -       Sep      4      0:00    0       S
1312 
1313 # From Ephraim Silverberg
1314 # (1997-03-04, 1998-03-16, 1998-12-28, 2000-01-17, 2000-07-25, 2004-12-22,
1315 # and 2005-02-17):
1316 
1317 # According to the Office of the Secretary General of the Ministry of
1318 # Interior, there is NO set rule for Daylight-Savings/Standard time changes.
1319 # One thing is entrenched in law, however: that there must be at least 150
1320 # days of daylight savings time annually.  From 1993-1998, the change to
1321 # daylight savings time was on a Friday morning from midnight IST to
1322 # 1 a.m IDT; up until 1998, the change back to standard time was on a
1323 # Saturday night from midnight daylight savings time to 11 p.m. standard
1324 # time.  1996 is an exception to this rule where the change back to standard
1325 # time took place on Sunday night instead of Saturday night to avoid
1326 # conflicts with the Jewish New Year.  In 1999, the change to
1327 # daylight savings time was still on a Friday morning but from
1328 # 2 a.m. IST to 3 a.m. IDT; furthermore, the change back to standard time
1329 # was also on a Friday morning from 2 a.m. IDT to 1 a.m. IST for
1330 # 1999 only.  In the year 2000, the change to daylight savings time was
1331 # similar to 1999, but although the change back will be on a Friday, it
1332 # will take place from 1 a.m. IDT to midnight IST.  Starting in 2001, all
1333 # changes to/from will take place at 1 a.m. old time, but now there is no
1334 # rule as to what day of the week it will take place in as the start date
1335 # (except in 2003) is the night after the Passover Seder (i.e. the eve
1336 # of the 16th of Nisan in the lunar Hebrew calendar) and the end date
1337 # (except in 2002) is three nights before Yom Kippur [Day of Atonement]
1338 # (the eve of the 7th of Tishrei in the lunar Hebrew calendar).
1339 
1340 # Rule  NAME    FROM    TO      TYPE    IN      ON      AT      SAVE    LETTER/S
1341 Rule    Zion    1989    only    -       Apr     30      0:00    1:00    D
1342 Rule    Zion    1989    only    -       Sep      3      0:00    0       S
1343 Rule    Zion    1990    only    -       Mar     25      0:00    1:00    D
1344 Rule    Zion    1990    only    -       Aug     26      0:00    0       S
1345 Rule    Zion    1991    only    -       Mar     24      0:00    1:00    D
1346 Rule    Zion    1991    only    -       Sep      1      0:00    0       S
1347 Rule    Zion    1992    only    -       Mar     29      0:00    1:00    D
1348 Rule    Zion    1992    only    -       Sep      6      0:00    0       S
1349 Rule    Zion    1993    only    -       Apr      2      0:00    1:00    D
1350 Rule    Zion    1993    only    -       Sep      5      0:00    0       S
1351 
1352 # The dates for 1994-1995 were obtained from Office of the Spokeswoman for the
1353 # Ministry of Interior, Jerusalem, Israel.  The spokeswoman can be reached by
1354 # calling the office directly at 972-2-6701447 or 972-2-6701448.
1355 
1356 # Rule  NAME    FROM    TO      TYPE    IN      ON      AT      SAVE    LETTER/S
1357 Rule    Zion    1994    only    -       Apr      1      0:00    1:00    D
1358 Rule    Zion    1994    only    -       Aug     28      0:00    0       S
1359 Rule    Zion    1995    only    -       Mar     31      0:00    1:00    D
1360 Rule    Zion    1995    only    -       Sep      3      0:00    0       S
1361 
1362 # The dates for 1996 were determined by the Minister of Interior of the
1363 # time, Haim Ramon.  The official announcement regarding 1996-1998
1364 # (with the dates for 1997-1998 no longer being relevant) can be viewed at:
1365 #
1366 #   ftp://ftp.cs.huji.ac.il/pub/tz/announcements/1996-1998.ramon.ps.gz
1367 #
1368 # The dates for 1997-1998 were altered by his successor, Rabbi Eli Suissa.
1369 #
1370 # The official announcements for the years 1997-1999 can be viewed at:
1371 #
1372 #   ftp://ftp.cs.huji.ac.il/pub/tz/announcements/YYYY.ps.gz
1373 #
1374 #       where YYYY is the relevant year.
1375 
1376 # Rule  NAME    FROM    TO      TYPE    IN      ON      AT      SAVE    LETTER/S
1377 Rule    Zion    1996    only    -       Mar     15      0:00    1:00    D
1378 Rule    Zion    1996    only    -       Sep     16      0:00    0       S
1379 Rule    Zion    1997    only    -       Mar     21      0:00    1:00    D
1380 Rule    Zion    1997    only    -       Sep     14      0:00    0       S
1381 Rule    Zion    1998    only    -       Mar     20      0:00    1:00    D
1382 Rule    Zion    1998    only    -       Sep      6      0:00    0       S
1383 Rule    Zion    1999    only    -       Apr      2      2:00    1:00    D
1384 Rule    Zion    1999    only    -       Sep      3      2:00    0       S
1385 
1386 # The Knesset Interior Committee has changed the dates for 2000 for
1387 # the third time in just over a year and have set new dates for the
1388 # years 2001-2004 as well.
1389 #
1390 # The official announcement for the start date of 2000 can be viewed at:
1391 #
1392 #       ftp://ftp.cs.huji.ac.il/pub/tz/announcements/2000-start.ps.gz
1393 #
1394 # The official announcement for the end date of 2000 and the dates
1395 # for the years 2001-2004 can be viewed at:
1396 #
1397 #       ftp://ftp.cs.huji.ac.il/pub/tz/announcements/2000-2004.ps.gz
1398 
1399 # Rule  NAME    FROM    TO      TYPE    IN      ON      AT      SAVE    LETTER/S
1400 Rule    Zion    2000    only    -       Apr     14      2:00    1:00    D
1401 Rule    Zion    2000    only    -       Oct      6      1:00    0       S
1402 Rule    Zion    2001    only    -       Apr      9      1:00    1:00    D
1403 Rule    Zion    2001    only    -       Sep     24      1:00    0       S
1404 Rule    Zion    2002    only    -       Mar     29      1:00    1:00    D
1405 Rule    Zion    2002    only    -       Oct      7      1:00    0       S
1406 Rule    Zion    2003    only    -       Mar     28      1:00    1:00    D
1407 Rule    Zion    2003    only    -       Oct      3      1:00    0       S
1408 Rule    Zion    2004    only    -       Apr      7      1:00    1:00    D
1409 Rule    Zion    2004    only    -       Sep     22      1:00    0       S
1410 
1411 # The proposed law agreed upon by the Knesset Interior Committee on
1412 # 2005-02-14 is that, for 2005 and beyond, DST starts at 02:00 the
1413 # last Friday before April 2nd (i.e. the last Friday in March or April
1414 # 1st itself if it falls on a Friday) and ends at 02:00 on the Saturday
1415 # night _before_ the fast of Yom Kippur.
1416 #
1417 # Those who can read Hebrew can view the announcement at:
1418 #
1419 #       ftp://ftp.cs.huji.ac.il/pub/tz/announcements/2005+beyond.ps
1420 
1421 # From Paul Eggert (2012-10-26):
1422 # I used Ephraim Silverberg's dst-israel.el program
1423 # <ftp://ftp.cs.huji.ac.il/pub/tz/software/dst-israel.el> (2005-02-20)
1424 # along with Ed Reingold's cal-hebrew in GNU Emacs 21.4,
1425 # to generate the transitions from 2005 through 2012.
1426 # (I replaced "lastFri" with "Fri>=26" by hand.)
1427 # The spring transitions all correspond to the following Rule:
1428 #
1429 # Rule  Zion    2005    2012    -       Mar     Fri>=26      2:00    1:00    D
1430 #
1431 # but older zic implementations (e.g., Solaris 8) do not support
1432 # "Fri>=26" to mean April 1 in years like 2005, so for now we list the
1433 # springtime transitions explicitly.
1434 
1435 # Rule  NAME    FROM    TO      TYPE    IN      ON      AT      SAVE    LETTER/S
1436 Rule    Zion    2005    only    -       Apr      1      2:00    1:00    D
1437 Rule    Zion    2005    only    -       Oct      9      2:00    0       S
1438 Rule    Zion    2006    2010    -       Mar     Fri>=26      2:00    1:00    D
1439 Rule    Zion    2006    only    -       Oct      1      2:00    0       S
1440 Rule    Zion    2007    only    -       Sep     16      2:00    0       S
1441 Rule    Zion    2008    only    -       Oct      5      2:00    0       S
1442 Rule    Zion    2009    only    -       Sep     27      2:00    0       S
1443 Rule    Zion    2010    only    -       Sep     12      2:00    0       S
1444 Rule    Zion    2011    only    -       Apr      1      2:00    1:00    D
1445 Rule    Zion    2011    only    -       Oct      2      2:00    0       S
1446 Rule    Zion    2012    only    -       Mar     Fri>=26      2:00    1:00    D
1447 Rule    Zion    2012    only    -       Sep     23      2:00    0       S
1448 
1449 # From Ephraim Silverberg (2013-06-27):
1450 # On June 23, 2013, the Israeli government approved changes to the
1451 # Time Decree Law.  The next day, the changes passed the First Reading
1452 # in the Knesset.  The law is expected to pass the Second and Third
1453 # (final) Readings by the beginning of September 2013.
1454 #
1455 # As of 2013, DST starts at 02:00 on the Friday before the last Sunday
1456 # in March.  DST ends at 02:00 on the last Sunday of October.
1457 
1458 # Rule  NAME    FROM    TO      TYPE    IN      ON      AT      SAVE    LETTER/S
1459 Rule    Zion    2013    max     -       Mar     Fri>=23      2:00    1:00    D
1460 Rule    Zion    2013    max     -       Oct     lastSun 2:00    0       S
1461 
1462 # Zone  NAME            GMTOFF  RULES   FORMAT  [UNTIL]
1463 Zone    Asia/Jerusalem  2:20:54 -       LMT     1880
1464                         2:20:40 -       JMT     1918 # Jerusalem Mean Time?
1465                         2:00    Zion    I%sT
1466 
1467 
1468 
1469 ###############################################################################
1470 
1471 # Japan
1472 
1473 # '9:00' and 'JST' is from Guy Harris.
1474 
1475 # From Paul Eggert (1995-03-06):
1476 # Today's _Asahi Evening News_ (page 4) reports that Japan had
1477 # daylight saving between 1948 and 1951, but "the system was discontinued
1478 # because the public believed it would lead to longer working hours."
1479 
1480 # From Mayumi Negishi in the 2005-08-10 Japan Times:
1481 # http://www.japantimes.co.jp/cgi-bin/getarticle.pl5?nn20050810f2.htm
1482 # Occupation authorities imposed daylight-saving time on Japan on
1483 # [1948-05-01]....  But lack of prior debate and the execution of
1484 # daylight-saving time just three days after the bill was passed generated
1485 # deep hatred of the concept....  The Diet unceremoniously passed a bill to
1486 # dump the unpopular system in October 1951, less than a month after the San
1487 # Francisco Peace Treaty was signed.  (A government poll in 1951 showed 53%
1488 # of the Japanese wanted to scrap daylight-saving time, as opposed to 30% who
1489 # wanted to keep it.)
1490 
1491 # From Takayuki Nikai (2018-01-19):
1492 # The source of information is Japanese law.
1493 # http://www.shugiin.go.jp/internet/itdb_housei.nsf/html/houritsu/00219480428029.htm
1494 # http://www.shugiin.go.jp/internet/itdb_housei.nsf/html/houritsu/00719500331039.htm
1495 # ... In summary, it is written as follows.  From 24:00 on the first Saturday
1496 # in May, until 0:00 on the day after the second Saturday in September.
1497 # Rule  NAME    FROM    TO      TYPE    IN      ON      AT      SAVE    LETTER/S
1498 Rule    Japan   1948    only    -       May     Sat>=1       24:00   1:00    D
1499 Rule    Japan   1948    1951    -       Sep     Sun>=9        0:00   0       S
1500 Rule    Japan   1949    only    -       Apr     Sat>=1       24:00   1:00    D
1501 Rule    Japan   1950    1951    -       May     Sat>=1       24:00   1:00    D
1502 
1503 # From Hideyuki Suzuki (1998-11-09):
1504 # 'Tokyo' usually stands for the former location of Tokyo Astronomical
1505 # Observatory: 139° 44' 40.90" E (9h 18m 58.727s), 35° 39' 16.0" N.
1506 # This data is from 'Rika Nenpyou (Chronological Scientific Tables) 1996'
1507 # edited by National Astronomical Observatory of Japan....
1508 # JST (Japan Standard Time) has been used since 1888-01-01 00:00 (JST).
1509 # The law is enacted on 1886-07-07.
1510 
1511 # From Hideyuki Suzuki (1998-11-16):
1512 # The ordinance No. 51 (1886) established "standard time" in Japan,
1513 # which stands for the time on 135° E.
1514 # In the ordinance No. 167 (1895), "standard time" was renamed to "central
1515 # standard time".  And the same ordinance also established "western standard
1516 # time", which stands for the time on 120° E....  But "western standard
1517 # time" was abolished in the ordinance No. 529 (1937).  In the ordinance No.
1518 # 167, there is no mention regarding for what place western standard time is
1519 # standard....
1520 #
1521 # I wrote "ordinance" above, but I don't know how to translate.
1522 # In Japanese it's "chokurei", which means ordinance from emperor.
1523 
1524 # From Yu-Cheng Chuang (2013-07-12):
1525 # ...the Meiji Emperor announced Ordinance No. 167 of Meiji Year 28 "The clause
1526 # about standard time" ... The adoption began from Jan 1, 1896.
1527 # https://ja.wikisource.org/wiki/標準時ニ關スル件_(公布時)
1528 #
1529 # ...the Showa Emperor announced Ordinance No. 529 of Showa Year 12 ... which
1530 # means the whole Japan territory, including later occupations, adopt Japan
1531 # Central Time (UT+9). The adoption began on Oct 1, 1937.
1532 # https://ja.wikisource.org/wiki/明治二十八年勅令第百六十七號標準時ニ關スル件中改正ノ件
1533 
1534 # Zone  NAME            GMTOFF  RULES   FORMAT  [UNTIL]
1535 Zone    Asia/Tokyo      9:18:59 -       LMT     1887 Dec 31 15:00u
1536                         9:00    Japan   J%sT
1537 # Since 1938, all Japanese possessions have been like Asia/Tokyo.
1538 
1539 # Jordan
1540 #
1541 # From <http://star.arabia.com/990701/JO9.html>
1542 # Jordan Week (1999-07-01) via Steffen Thorsen (1999-09-09):
1543 # Clocks in Jordan were forwarded one hour on Wednesday at midnight,
1544 # in accordance with the government's decision to implement summer time
1545 # all year round.
1546 #
1547 # From <http://star.arabia.com/990930/JO9.html>
1548 # Jordan Week (1999-09-30) via Steffen Thorsen (1999-11-09):
1549 # Winter time starts today Thursday, 30 September. Clocks will be turned back
1550 # by one hour.  This is the latest government decision and it's final!
1551 # The decision was taken because of the increase in working hours in
1552 # government's departments from six to seven hours.
1553 #
1554 # From Paul Eggert (2005-11-22):
1555 # Starting 2003 transitions are from Steffen Thorsen's web site timeanddate.com.
1556 #
1557 # From Steffen Thorsen (2005-11-23):
1558 # For Jordan I have received multiple independent user reports every year
1559 # about DST end dates, as the end-rule is different every year.
1560 #
1561 # From Steffen Thorsen (2006-10-01), after a heads-up from Hilal Malawi:
1562 # http://www.petranews.gov.jo/nepras/2006/Sep/05/4000.htm
1563 # "Jordan will switch to winter time on Friday, October 27".
1564 #
1565 
1566 # From Steffen Thorsen (2009-04-02):
1567 # This single one might be good enough, (2009-03-24, Arabic):
1568 # http://petra.gov.jo/Artical.aspx?Lng=2&Section=8&Artical=95279
1569 #
1570 # Google's translation:
1571 #
1572 # > The Council of Ministers decided in 2002 to adopt the principle of timely
1573 # > submission of the summer at 60 minutes as of midnight on the last Thursday
1574 # > of the month of March of each year.
1575 #
1576 # So - this means the midnight between Thursday and Friday since 2002.
1577 
1578 # From Arthur David Olson (2009-04-06):
1579 # We still have Jordan switching to DST on Thursdays in 2000 and 2001.
1580 
1581 # From Steffen Thorsen (2012-10-25):
1582 # Yesterday the government in Jordan announced that they will not
1583 # switch back to standard time this winter, so the will stay on DST
1584 # until about the same time next year (at least).
1585 # http://www.petra.gov.jo/Public_News/Nws_NewsDetails.aspx?NewsID=88950
1586 
1587 # From Steffen Thorsen (2013-12-11):
1588 # Jordan Times and other sources say that Jordan is going back to
1589 # UTC+2 on 2013-12-19 at midnight:
1590 # http://jordantimes.com/govt-decides-to-switch-back-to-wintertime
1591 # Official, in Arabic:
1592 # http://www.petra.gov.jo/public_news/Nws_NewsDetails.aspx?Menu_ID=&Site_Id=2&lang=1&NewsID=133230&CatID=14
1593 # ... Our background/permalink about it
1594 # https://www.timeanddate.com/news/time/jordan-reverses-dst-decision.html
1595 # ...
1596 # http://www.petra.gov.jo/Public_News/Nws_NewsDetails.aspx?lang=2&site_id=1&NewsID=133313&Type=P
1597 # ... says midnight for the coming one and 1:00 for the ones in the future
1598 # (and they will use DST again next year, using the normal schedule).
1599 
1600 # From Paul Eggert (2013-12-11):
1601 # As Steffen suggested, consider the past 21-month experiment to be DST.
1602 
1603 # Rule  NAME    FROM    TO      TYPE    IN      ON      AT      SAVE    LETTER/S
1604 Rule    Jordan  1973    only    -       Jun     6       0:00    1:00    S
1605 Rule    Jordan  1973    1975    -       Oct     1       0:00    0       -
1606 Rule    Jordan  1974    1977    -       May     1       0:00    1:00    S
1607 Rule    Jordan  1976    only    -       Nov     1       0:00    0       -
1608 Rule    Jordan  1977    only    -       Oct     1       0:00    0       -
1609 Rule    Jordan  1978    only    -       Apr     30      0:00    1:00    S
1610 Rule    Jordan  1978    only    -       Sep     30      0:00    0       -
1611 Rule    Jordan  1985    only    -       Apr     1       0:00    1:00    S
1612 Rule    Jordan  1985    only    -       Oct     1       0:00    0       -
1613 Rule    Jordan  1986    1988    -       Apr     Fri>=1       0:00    1:00    S
1614 Rule    Jordan  1986    1990    -       Oct     Fri>=1       0:00    0       -
1615 Rule    Jordan  1989    only    -       May     8       0:00    1:00    S
1616 Rule    Jordan  1990    only    -       Apr     27      0:00    1:00    S
1617 Rule    Jordan  1991    only    -       Apr     17      0:00    1:00    S
1618 Rule    Jordan  1991    only    -       Sep     27      0:00    0       -
1619 Rule    Jordan  1992    only    -       Apr     10      0:00    1:00    S
1620 Rule    Jordan  1992    1993    -       Oct     Fri>=1       0:00    0       -
1621 Rule    Jordan  1993    1998    -       Apr     Fri>=1       0:00    1:00    S
1622 Rule    Jordan  1994    only    -       Sep     Fri>=15      0:00    0       -
1623 Rule    Jordan  1995    1998    -       Sep     Fri>=15      0:00s   0       -
1624 Rule    Jordan  1999    only    -       Jul      1      0:00s   1:00    S
1625 Rule    Jordan  1999    2002    -       Sep     lastFri 0:00s   0       -
1626 Rule    Jordan  2000    2001    -       Mar     lastThu 0:00s   1:00    S
1627 Rule    Jordan  2002    2012    -       Mar     lastThu 24:00   1:00    S
1628 Rule    Jordan  2003    only    -       Oct     24      0:00s   0       -
1629 Rule    Jordan  2004    only    -       Oct     15      0:00s   0       -
1630 Rule    Jordan  2005    only    -       Sep     lastFri 0:00s   0       -
1631 Rule    Jordan  2006    2011    -       Oct     lastFri 0:00s   0       -
1632 Rule    Jordan  2013    only    -       Dec     20      0:00    0       -
1633 Rule    Jordan  2014    max     -       Mar     lastThu 24:00   1:00    S
1634 Rule    Jordan  2014    max     -       Oct     lastFri 0:00s   0       -
1635 # Zone  NAME            GMTOFF  RULES   FORMAT  [UNTIL]
1636 Zone    Asia/Amman      2:23:44 -       LMT     1931
1637                         2:00    Jordan  EE%sT
1638 
1639 
1640 # Kazakhstan
1641 
1642 # From Kazakhstan Embassy's News Bulletin No. 11
1643 # <http://www.kazsociety.org.uk/news/2005/03/30.htm> (2005-03-21):
1644 # The Government of Kazakhstan passed a resolution March 15 abolishing
1645 # daylight saving time citing lack of economic benefits and health
1646 # complications coupled with a decrease in productivity.
1647 #
1648 # From Branislav Kojic (in Astana) via Gwillim Law (2005-06-28):
1649 # ... what happened was that the former Kazakhstan Eastern time zone
1650 # was "blended" with the Central zone.  Therefore, Kazakhstan now has
1651 # two time zones, and difference between them is one hour.  The zone
1652 # closer to UTC is the former Western zone (probably still called the
1653 # same), encompassing four provinces in the west: Aqtöbe, Atyraū,
1654 # Mangghystaū, and West Kazakhstan.  The other zone encompasses
1655 # everything else....  I guess that would make Kazakhstan time zones
1656 # de jure UTC+5 and UTC+6 respectively.
1657 
1658 # From Stepan Golosunov (2016-03-27):
1659 # Review of the linked documents from http://adilet.zan.kz/
1660 # produced the following data for post-1991 Kazakhstan:
1661 #
1662 # 0. Act of the Cabinet of Ministers of the USSR
1663 # from 1991-02-04 No. 20
1664 # http://pravo.gov.ru/proxy/ips/?docbody=&nd=102010545
1665 # removed the extra hour ("decree time") on the territory of the USSR
1666 # starting with the last Sunday of March 1991.
1667 # It also allowed (but not mandated) Kazakh SSR, Kirghiz SSR, Tajik SSR,
1668 # Turkmen SSR and Uzbek SSR to not have "summer" time.
1669 #
1670 # The 1992-01-13 act also refers to the act of the Cabinet of Ministers
1671 # of the Kazakh SSR from 1991-03-20 No. 170 "About the act of the Cabinet
1672 # of Ministers of the USSR from 1991-02-04 No. 20" but I didn't found its
1673 # text.
1674 #
1675 # According to Izvestia newspaper No. 68 (23334) from 1991-03-20
1676 # (page 6; available at http://libinfo.org/newsr/newsr2574.djvu via
1677 # http://libinfo.org/index.php?id=58564) on 1991-03-31 at 2:00 during
1678 # transition to "summer" time:
1679 # Republic of Georgia, Latvian SSR, Lithuanian SSR, SSR Moldova,
1680 # Estonian SSR; Komi ASSR; Kaliningrad oblast; Nenets autonomous okrug
1681 # were to move clocks 1 hour forward.
1682 # Kazakh SSR (excluding Uralsk oblast); Republic of Kyrgyzstan, Tajik
1683 # SSR; Andijan, Jizzakh, Namangan, Sirdarya, Tashkent, Fergana oblasts
1684 # of the Uzbek SSR were to move clocks 1 hour backwards.
1685 # Other territories were to not move clocks.
1686 # When the "summer" time would end on 1991-09-29, clocks were to be
1687 # moved 1 hour backwards on the territory of the USSR excluding
1688 # Kazakhstan, Kirghizia, Uzbekistan, Turkmenia, Tajikistan.
1689 #
1690 # Apparently there were last minute changes. Apparently Kazakh act No. 170
1691 # was one of such changes.
1692 #
1693 # https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Декретное время
1694 # claims that Sovetskaya Rossiya newspaper on 1991-03-29 published that
1695 # Nenets autonomous okrug, Komi and Kazakhstan (excluding Uralsk oblast)
1696 # were to not move clocks and Uralsk oblast was to move clocks
1697 # forward; on 1991-09-29 Kazakhstan was to move clocks backwards.
1698 # (Probably there were changes even after that publication. There is an
1699 # article claiming that Kaliningrad oblast decided on 1991-03-29 to not
1700 # move clocks.)
1701 #
1702 # This implies that on 1991-03-31 Asia/Oral remained on +04/+05 while
1703 # the rest of Kazakhstan switched from +06/+07 to +05/06 or from +05/06
1704 # to +04/+05. It's unclear how Qyzylorda oblast moved into the fifth
1705 # time belt. (By switching from +04/+05 to +05/+06 on 1991-09-29?) ...
1706 #
1707 # 1. Act of the Cabinet of Ministers of the Republic of Kazakhstan
1708 # from 1992-01-13 No. 28
1709 # http://adilet.zan.kz/rus/docs/P920000028_
1710 # (text includes modification from the 1996 act)
1711 # introduced new rules for calculation of time, mirroring Russian
1712 # 1992-01-08 act.  It specified that time would be calculated
1713 # according to time belts plus extra hour ("decree time"), moved clocks
1714 # on the whole territory of Kazakhstan 1 hour forward on 1992-01-19 at
1715 # 2:00, specified DST rules.  It acknowledged that Kazakhstan was
1716 # located in the fourth and the fifth time belts and specified the
1717 # border between them to be located east of Qostanay and Aktyubinsk
1718 # oblasts (notably including Turgai and Qyzylorda oblasts into the fifth
1719 # time belt).
1720 #
1721 # This means switch on 1992-01-19 at 2:00 from +04/+05 to +05/+06 for
1722 # Asia/Aqtau, Asia/Aqtobe, Asia/Oral, Atyraū and Qostanay oblasts; from
1723 # +05/+06 to +06/+07 for Asia/Almaty and Asia/Qyzylorda (and Arkalyk)....
1724 #
1725 # 2. Act of the Cabinet of Ministers of the Republic of Kazakhstan
1726 # from 1992-03-27 No. 284
1727 # http://adilet.zan.kz/rus/docs/P920000284_
1728 # cancels extra hour ("decree time") for Uralsk and Qyzylorda oblasts
1729 # since the last Sunday of March 1992, while keeping them in the fourth
1730 # and the fifth time belts respectively.
1731 #
1732 # 3. Order of the Prime Minister of the Republic of Kazakhstan
1733 # from 1994-09-23 No. 384
1734 # http://adilet.zan.kz/rus/docs/R940000384_
1735 # cancels the extra hour ("decree time") on the territory of Mangghystaū
1736 # oblast since the last Sunday of September 1994 (saying that time on
1737 # the territory would correspond to the third time belt as a
1738 # result)....
1739 #
1740 # 4. Act of the Government of the Republic of Kazakhstan
1741 # from 1996-05-08 No. 575
1742 # http://adilet.zan.kz/rus/docs/P960000575_
1743 # amends the 1992-01-13 act to end summer time in October instead
1744 # of September, mirroring identical Russian change from 1996-04-23 act.
1745 #
1746 # 5. Act of the Government of the Republic of Kazakhstan
1747 # from 1999-03-26 No. 305
1748 # http://adilet.zan.kz/rus/docs/P990000305_
1749 # cancels the extra hour ("decree time") for Atyraū oblast since the
1750 # last Sunday of March 1999 while retaining the oblast in the fourth
1751 # time belt.
1752 #
1753 # This means change from +05/+06 to +04/+05....
1754 #
1755 # 6. Act of the Government of the Republic of Kazakhstan
1756 # from 2000-11-23 No. 1749
1757 # http://adilet.zan.kz/rus/archive/docs/P000001749_/23.11.2000
1758 # replaces the previous five documents.
1759 #
1760 # The only changes I noticed are in definition of the border between the
1761 # fourth and the fifth time belts.  They account for changes in spelling
1762 # and administrative division (splitting of Turgai oblast in 1997
1763 # probably changed time in territories incorporated into Qostanay oblast
1764 # (including Arkalyk) from +06/+07 to +05/+06) and move Qyzylorda oblast
1765 # from being in the fifth time belt and not using decree time into the
1766 # fourth time belt (no change in practice).
1767 #
1768 # 7. Act of the Government of the Republic of Kazakhstan
1769 # from 2003-12-29 No. 1342
1770 # http://adilet.zan.kz/rus/docs/P030001342_
1771 # modified the 2000-11-23 act.  No relevant changes, apparently.
1772 #
1773 # 8. Act of the Government of the Republic of Kazakhstan
1774 # from 2004-07-20 No. 775
1775 # http://adilet.zan.kz/rus/archive/docs/P040000775_/20.07.2004
1776 # modified the 2000-11-23 act to move Qostanay and Qyzylorda oblasts into
1777 # the fifth time belt and add Aktobe oblast to the list of regions not
1778 # using extra hour ("decree time"), leaving Kazakhstan with only 2 time
1779 # zones (+04/+05 and +06/+07).  The changes were to be implemented
1780 # during DST transitions in 2004 and 2005 but the acts got radically
1781 # amended before implementation happened.
1782 #
1783 # 9. Act of the Government of the Republic of Kazakhstan
1784 # from 2004-09-15 No. 1059
1785 # http://adilet.zan.kz/rus/docs/P040001059_
1786 # modified the 2000-11-23 act to remove exceptions from the "decree time"
1787 # (leaving Kazakhstan in +05/+06 and +06/+07 zones), amended the
1788 # 2004-07-20 act to implement changes for Atyraū, West Kazakhstan,
1789 # Qostanay, Qyzylorda and Mangghystaū oblasts by not moving clocks
1790 # during the 2004 transition to "winter" time.
1791 #
1792 # This means transition from +04/+05 to +05/+06 for Atyraū oblast (no
1793 # zone currently), Asia/Oral, Asia/Aqtau and transition from +05/+06 to
1794 # +06/+07 for Qostanay oblast (Qostanay and Arkalyk, no zones currently)
1795 # and Asia/Qyzylorda on 2004-10-31 at 3:00....
1796 #
1797 # 10. Act of the Government of the Republic of Kazakhstan
1798 # from 2005-03-15 No. 231
1799 # http://adilet.zan.kz/rus/docs/P050000231_
1800 # removes DST provisions from the 2000-11-23 act, removes most of the
1801 # (already implemented) provisions from the 2004-07-20 and 2004-09-15
1802 # acts, comes into effect 10 days after official publication.
1803 # The only practical effect seems to be the abolition of the summer
1804 # time.
1805 #
1806 # Unamended version of the act of the Government of the Russian Federation
1807 # No. 23 from 1992-01-08 [See 'europe' file for details].
1808 # Kazakh 1992-01-13 act appears to provide the same rules and 1992-03-27
1809 # act was to be enacted on the last Sunday of March 1992.
1810 
1811 # From Stepan Golosunov (2016-11-08):
1812 # Turgai reorganization should affect only southern part of Qostanay
1813 # oblast.  Which should probably be separated into Asia/Arkalyk zone.
1814 # (There were also 1970, 1988 and 1990 Turgai oblast reorganizations
1815 # according to wikipedia.)
1816 #
1817 # [For Qostanay] http://www.ng.kz/gazeta/195/hranit/
1818 # suggests that clocks were to be moved 40 minutes backwards on
1819 # 1920-01-01 to the fourth time belt.  But I do not understand
1820 # how that could happen....
1821 #
1822 # [For Atyrau and Oral] 1919 decree
1823 # (http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_russia-1919-02-08.html
1824 # and in Byalokoz) lists Ural river (plus 10 versts on its left bank) in
1825 # the third time belt (before 1930 this means +03).
1826 
1827 # From Paul Eggert (2016-12-06):
1828 # The tables below reflect Golosunov's remarks, with exceptions as noted.
1829 
1830 # Zone  NAME            GMTOFF  RULES   FORMAT  [UNTIL]
1831 #
1832 # Almaty (formerly Alma-Ata), representing most locations in Kazakhstan
1833 # This includes KZ-AKM, KZ-ALA, KZ-ALM, KZ-AST, KZ-BAY, KZ-VOS, KZ-ZHA,
1834 # KZ-KAR, KZ-SEV, KZ-PAV, and KZ-YUZ.
1835 Zone    Asia/Almaty     5:07:48 -       LMT     1924 May  2 # or Alma-Ata
1836                         5:00    -       +05     1930 Jun 21
1837                         6:00 RussiaAsia +06/+07 1991 Mar 31  2:00s
1838                         5:00 RussiaAsia +05/+06 1992 Jan 19  2:00s
1839                         6:00 RussiaAsia +06/+07 2004 Oct 31  2:00s
1840                         6:00    -       +06
1841 # Qyzylorda (aka Kyzylorda, Kizilorda, Kzyl-Orda, etc.) (KZ-KZY)
1842 # This currently includes Qostanay (aka Kostanay, Kustanay) (KZ-KUS);
1843 # see comments below.
1844 Zone    Asia/Qyzylorda  4:21:52 -       LMT     1924 May  2
1845                         4:00    -       +04     1930 Jun 21
1846                         5:00    -       +05     1981 Apr  1
1847                         5:00    1:00    +06     1981 Oct  1
1848                         6:00    -       +06     1982 Apr  1
1849                         5:00 RussiaAsia +05/+06 1991 Mar 31  2:00s
1850                         4:00 RussiaAsia +04/+05 1991 Sep 29  2:00s
1851                         5:00 RussiaAsia +05/+06 1992 Jan 19  2:00s
1852                         6:00 RussiaAsia +06/+07 1992 Mar 29  2:00s
1853                         5:00 RussiaAsia +05/+06 2004 Oct 31  2:00s
1854                         6:00    -       +06
1855 # The following zone is like Asia/Qyzylorda except for being one
1856 # hour earlier from 1991-09-29 to 1992-03-29.  The 1991/2 rules for
1857 # Qostanay are unclear partly because of the 1997 Turgai
1858 # reorganization, so this zone is commented out for now.
1859 #Zone   Asia/Qostanay   4:14:20 -       LMT     1924 May  2
1860 #                       4:00    -       +04     1930 Jun 21
1861 #                       5:00    -       +05     1981 Apr  1
1862 #                       5:00    1:00    +06     1981 Oct  1
1863 #                       6:00    -       +06     1982 Apr  1
1864 #                       5:00 RussiaAsia +05/+06 1991 Mar 31  2:00s
1865 #                       4:00 RussiaAsia +04/+05 1992 Jan 19  2:00s
1866 #                       5:00 RussiaAsia +05/+06 2004 Oct 31  2:00s
1867 #                       6:00    -       +06
1868 #
1869 # Aqtöbe (aka Aktobe, formerly Aktyubinsk) (KZ-AKT)
1870 Zone    Asia/Aqtobe     3:48:40 -       LMT     1924 May  2
1871                         4:00    -       +04     1930 Jun 21
1872                         5:00    -       +05     1981 Apr  1
1873                         5:00    1:00    +06     1981 Oct  1
1874                         6:00    -       +06     1982 Apr  1
1875                         5:00 RussiaAsia +05/+06 1991 Mar 31  2:00s
1876                         4:00 RussiaAsia +04/+05 1992 Jan 19  2:00s
1877                         5:00 RussiaAsia +05/+06 2004 Oct 31  2:00s
1878                         5:00    -       +05
1879 # Mangghystaū (KZ-MAN)
1880 # Aqtau was not founded until 1963, but it represents an inhabited region,
1881 # so include time stamps before 1963.
1882 Zone    Asia/Aqtau      3:21:04 -       LMT     1924 May  2
1883                         4:00    -       +04     1930 Jun 21
1884                         5:00    -       +05     1981 Oct  1
1885                         6:00    -       +06     1982 Apr  1
1886                         5:00 RussiaAsia +05/+06 1991 Mar 31  2:00s
1887                         4:00 RussiaAsia +04/+05 1992 Jan 19  2:00s
1888                         5:00 RussiaAsia +05/+06 1994 Sep 25  2:00s
1889                         4:00 RussiaAsia +04/+05 2004 Oct 31  2:00s
1890                         5:00    -       +05
1891 # Atyraū (KZ-ATY) is like Mangghystaū except it switched from
1892 # +04/+05 to +05/+06 in spring 1999, not fall 1994.
1893 Zone    Asia/Atyrau     3:27:44 -       LMT     1924 May  2
1894                         3:00    -       +03     1930 Jun 21
1895                         5:00    -       +05     1981 Oct  1
1896                         6:00    -       +06     1982 Apr  1
1897                         5:00 RussiaAsia +05/+06 1991 Mar 31  2:00s
1898                         4:00 RussiaAsia +04/+05 1992 Jan 19  2:00s
1899                         5:00 RussiaAsia +05/+06 1999 Mar 28  2:00s
1900                         4:00 RussiaAsia +04/+05 2004 Oct 31  2:00s
1901                         5:00    -       +05
1902 # West Kazakhstan (KZ-ZAP)
1903 # From Paul Eggert (2016-03-18):
1904 # The 1989 transition is from USSR act No. 227 (1989-03-14).
1905 Zone    Asia/Oral       3:25:24 -       LMT     1924 May  2 # or Ural'sk
1906                         3:00    -       +03     1930 Jun 21
1907                         5:00    -       +05     1981 Apr  1
1908                         5:00    1:00    +06     1981 Oct  1
1909                         6:00    -       +06     1982 Apr  1
1910                         5:00 RussiaAsia +05/+06 1989 Mar 26  2:00s
1911                         4:00 RussiaAsia +04/+05 1992 Jan 19  2:00s
1912                         5:00 RussiaAsia +05/+06 1992 Mar 29  2:00s
1913                         4:00 RussiaAsia +04/+05 2004 Oct 31  2:00s
1914                         5:00    -       +05
1915 
1916 # Kyrgyzstan (Kirgizstan)
1917 # Transitions through 1991 are from Shanks & Pottenger.
1918 
1919 # From Paul Eggert (2005-08-15):
1920 # According to an article dated today in the Kyrgyzstan Development Gateway
1921 # http://eng.gateway.kg/cgi-bin/page.pl?id=1&story_name=doc9979.shtml
1922 # Kyrgyzstan is canceling the daylight saving time system.  I take the article
1923 # to mean that they will leave their clocks at 6 hours ahead of UTC.
1924 # From Malik Abdugaliev (2005-09-21):
1925 # Our government cancels daylight saving time 6th of August 2005.
1926 # From 2005-08-12 our GMT-offset is +6, w/o any daylight saving.
1927 
1928 # Rule  NAME    FROM    TO      TYPE    IN      ON      AT      SAVE    LETTER/S
1929 Rule    Kyrgyz  1992    1996    -       Apr     Sun>=7       0:00s   1:00    -
1930 Rule    Kyrgyz  1992    1996    -       Sep     lastSun 0:00    0       -
1931 Rule    Kyrgyz  1997    2005    -       Mar     lastSun 2:30    1:00    -
1932 Rule    Kyrgyz  1997    2004    -       Oct     lastSun 2:30    0       -
1933 # Zone  NAME            GMTOFF  RULES   FORMAT  [UNTIL]
1934 Zone    Asia/Bishkek    4:58:24 -       LMT     1924 May  2
1935                         5:00    -       +05     1930 Jun 21
1936                         6:00 RussiaAsia +06/+07 1991 Mar 31  2:00s
1937                         5:00 RussiaAsia +05/+06 1991 Aug 31  2:00
1938                         5:00    Kyrgyz  +05/+06 2005 Aug 12
1939                         6:00    -       +06
1940 
1941 ###############################################################################
1942 
1943 # Korea (North and South)
1944 
1945 # From Annie I. Bang (2006-07-10):
1946 # http://www.koreaherald.com/view.php?ud=200607100012
1947 # Korea ran a daylight saving program from 1949-61 but stopped it
1948 # during the 1950-53 Korean War.  The system was temporarily enforced
1949 # between 1987 and 1988 ...
1950 
1951 # From Sanghyuk Jung (2014-10-29):
1952 # https://mm.icann.org/pipermail/tz/2014-October/021830.html
1953 # According to the Korean Wikipedia
1954 # https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/한국_표준시
1955 # [oldid=12896437 2014-09-04 08:03 UTC]
1956 # DST in Republic of Korea was as follows....  And I checked old
1957 # newspapers in Korean, all articles correspond with data in Wikipedia.
1958 # For example, the article in 1948 (Korean Language) proved that DST
1959 # started at June 1 in that year.  For another example, the article in
1960 # 1988 said that DST started at 2:00 AM in that year.
1961 
1962 # Rule  NAME    FROM    TO      TYPE    IN      ON      AT      SAVE    LETTER/S
1963 Rule    ROK     1948    only    -       Jun      1      0:00    1:00    D
1964 Rule    ROK     1948    only    -       Sep     13      0:00    0       S
1965 Rule    ROK     1949    only    -       Apr      3      0:00    1:00    D
1966 Rule    ROK     1949    1951    -       Sep     Sun>=8       0:00    0       S
1967 Rule    ROK     1950    only    -       Apr      1      0:00    1:00    D
1968 Rule    ROK     1951    only    -       May      6      0:00    1:00    D
1969 Rule    ROK     1955    only    -       May      5      0:00    1:00    D
1970 Rule    ROK     1955    only    -       Sep      9      0:00    0       S
1971 Rule    ROK     1956    only    -       May     20      0:00    1:00    D
1972 Rule    ROK     1956    only    -       Sep     30      0:00    0       S
1973 Rule    ROK     1957    1960    -       May     Sun>=1       0:00    1:00    D
1974 Rule    ROK     1957    1960    -       Sep     Sun>=18      0:00    0       S
1975 Rule    ROK     1987    1988    -       May     Sun>=8       2:00    1:00    D
1976 Rule    ROK     1987    1988    -       Oct     Sun>=8       3:00    0       S
1977 
1978 # From Paul Eggert (2016-08-23):
1979 # The Korean Wikipedia entry gives the following sources for UT offsets:
1980 #
1981 # 1908: Official Journal Article No. 3994 (decree No. 5)
1982 # 1912: Governor-General of Korea Official Gazette Issue No. 367
1983 #       (Announcement No. 338)
1984 # 1954: Presidential Decree No. 876 (1954-03-17)
1985 # 1961: Law No. 676 (1961-08-07)
1986 #
1987 # (Another source "1987: Law No. 3919 (1986-12-31)" was in the 2014-10-30
1988 # edition of the Korean Wikipedia entry.)
1989 #
1990 # I guessed that time zone abbreviations through 1945 followed the same
1991 # rules as discussed under Taiwan, with nominal switches from JST to KST
1992 # when the respective cities were taken over by the Allies after WWII.
1993 #
1994 # For Pyongyang, guess no changes from World War II until 2015, as we
1995 # have no information otherwise.
1996 
1997 # From Steffen Thorsen (2015-08-07):
1998 # According to many news sources, North Korea is going to change to
1999 # the 8:30 time zone on August 15, one example:
2000 # http://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-33815049
2001 #
2002 # From Paul Eggert (2015-08-15):
2003 # Bells rang out midnight (00:00) Friday as part of the celebrations.  See:
2004 # Talmadge E. North Korea celebrates new time zone, 'Pyongyang Time'
2005 # http://news.yahoo.com/north-korea-celebrates-time-zone-pyongyang-time-164038128.html
2006 # There is no common English-language abbreviation for this time zone.
2007 # Use KST, as that's what we already use for 1954-1961 in ROK.
2008 
2009 # From Kang Seonghoon (2018-04-29):
2010 # North Korea will revert its time zone from UTC+8:30 (PYT; Pyongyang
2011 # Time) back to UTC+9 (KST; Korea Standard Time).
2012 #
2013 # From Seo Sanghyeon (2018-04-30):
2014 # Rodong Sinmun 2018-04-30 announced Pyongyang Time transition plan.
2015 # https://www.nknews.org/kcna/wp-content/uploads/sites/5/2018/04/rodong-2018-04-30.pdf
2016 # ... the transition date is 2018-05-05 ...  Citation should be Decree
2017 # No. 2232 of April 30, 2018, of the Presidium of the Supreme People's
2018 # Assembly, as published in Rodong Sinmun.
2019 # From Tim Parenti (2018-04-29):
2020 # It appears to be the front page story at the top in the right-most column.
2021 
2022 # Zone  NAME            GMTOFF  RULES   FORMAT  [UNTIL]
2023 Zone    Asia/Seoul      8:27:52 -       LMT     1908 Apr  1
2024                         8:30    -       KST     1912 Jan  1
2025                         9:00    -       JST     1945 Sep  8
2026                         9:00    -       KST     1954 Mar 21
2027                         8:30    ROK     K%sT    1961 Aug 10
2028                         9:00    ROK     K%sT
2029 Zone    Asia/Pyongyang  8:23:00 -       LMT     1908 Apr  1
2030                         8:30    -       KST     1912 Jan  1
2031                         9:00    -       JST     1945 Aug 24
2032                         9:00    -       KST     2015 Aug 15 00:00
2033                         8:30    -       KST     2018 May  5
2034                         9:00    -       KST
2035 
2036 ###############################################################################
2037 
2038 # Kuwait
2039 # See Asia/Riyadh.
2040 
2041 # Laos
2042 # See Asia/Bangkok.
2043 
2044 
2045 # Lebanon
2046 # Rule  NAME    FROM    TO      TYPE    IN      ON      AT      SAVE    LETTER/S
2047 Rule    Lebanon 1920    only    -       Mar     28      0:00    1:00    S
2048 Rule    Lebanon 1920    only    -       Oct     25      0:00    0       -
2049 Rule    Lebanon 1921    only    -       Apr     3       0:00    1:00    S
2050 Rule    Lebanon 1921    only    -       Oct     3       0:00    0       -
2051 Rule    Lebanon 1922    only    -       Mar     26      0:00    1:00    S
2052 Rule    Lebanon 1922    only    -       Oct     8       0:00    0       -
2053 Rule    Lebanon 1923    only    -       Apr     22      0:00    1:00    S
2054 Rule    Lebanon 1923    only    -       Sep     16      0:00    0       -
2055 Rule    Lebanon 1957    1961    -       May     1       0:00    1:00    S
2056 Rule    Lebanon 1957    1961    -       Oct     1       0:00    0       -
2057 Rule    Lebanon 1972    only    -       Jun     22      0:00    1:00    S
2058 Rule    Lebanon 1972    1977    -       Oct     1       0:00    0       -
2059 Rule    Lebanon 1973    1977    -       May     1       0:00    1:00    S
2060 Rule    Lebanon 1978    only    -       Apr     30      0:00    1:00    S
2061 Rule    Lebanon 1978    only    -       Sep     30      0:00    0       -
2062 Rule    Lebanon 1984    1987    -       May     1       0:00    1:00    S
2063 Rule    Lebanon 1984    1991    -       Oct     16      0:00    0       -
2064 Rule    Lebanon 1988    only    -       Jun     1       0:00    1:00    S
2065 Rule    Lebanon 1989    only    -       May     10      0:00    1:00    S
2066 Rule    Lebanon 1990    1992    -       May     1       0:00    1:00    S
2067 Rule    Lebanon 1992    only    -       Oct     4       0:00    0       -
2068 Rule    Lebanon 1993    max     -       Mar     lastSun 0:00    1:00    S
2069 Rule    Lebanon 1993    1998    -       Sep     lastSun 0:00    0       -
2070 Rule    Lebanon 1999    max     -       Oct     lastSun 0:00    0       -
2071 # Zone  NAME            GMTOFF  RULES   FORMAT  [UNTIL]
2072 Zone    Asia/Beirut     2:22:00 -       LMT     1880
2073                         2:00    Lebanon EE%sT
2074 
2075 # Malaysia
2076 # Rule  NAME    FROM    TO      TYPE    IN      ON      AT      SAVE    LETTER/S
2077 Rule    NBorneo 1935    1941    -       Sep     14      0:00    0:20    -
2078 Rule    NBorneo 1935    1941    -       Dec     14      0:00    0       -
2079 #
2080 # peninsular Malaysia
2081 # taken from Mok Ly Yng (2003-10-30)
2082 # http://www.math.nus.edu.sg/aslaksen/teaching/timezone.html
2083 # Zone  NAME            GMTOFF  RULES   FORMAT  [UNTIL]
2084 Zone Asia/Kuala_Lumpur  6:46:46 -       LMT     1901 Jan  1
2085                         6:55:25 -       SMT     1905 Jun  1 # Singapore M.T.
2086                         7:00    -       +07     1933 Jan  1
2087                         7:00    0:20    +0720   1936 Jan  1
2088                         7:20    -       +0720   1941 Sep  1
2089                         7:30    -       +0730   1942 Feb 16
2090                         9:00    -       +09     1945 Sep 12
2091                         7:30    -       +0730   1982 Jan  1
2092                         8:00    -       +08
2093 # Sabah & Sarawak
2094 # From Paul Eggert (2014-08-12):
2095 # The data entries here are mostly from Shanks & Pottenger, but the 1942, 1945
2096 # and 1982 transition dates are from Mok Ly Yng.
2097 # Zone  NAME            GMTOFF  RULES   FORMAT  [UNTIL]
2098 Zone Asia/Kuching       7:21:20 -       LMT     1926 Mar
2099                         7:30    -       +0730   1933
2100                         8:00 NBorneo  +08/+0820 1942 Feb 16
2101                         9:00    -       +09     1945 Sep 12
2102                         8:00    -       +08
2103 
2104 # Maldives
2105 # Zone  NAME            GMTOFF  RULES   FORMAT  [UNTIL]
2106 Zone    Indian/Maldives 4:54:00 -       LMT     1880 # Malé
2107                         4:54:00 -       MMT     1960 # Malé Mean Time
2108                         5:00    -       +05
2109 
2110 # Mongolia
2111 
2112 # Shanks & Pottenger say that Mongolia has three time zones, but
2113 # The USNO (1995-12-21) and the CIA map Standard Time Zones of the World
2114 # (2005-03) both say that it has just one.
2115 
2116 # From Oscar van Vlijmen (1999-12-11):
2117 # General Information Mongolia
2118 # <http://www.mongoliatourism.gov.mn/general.htm> (1999-09)
2119 # "Time: Mongolia has two time zones. Three westernmost provinces of
2120 # Bayan-Ölgii, Uvs, and Hovd are one hour earlier than the capital city, and
2121 # the rest of the country follows the Ulaanbaatar time, which is UTC/GMT plus
2122 # eight hours."
2123 
2124 # From Rives McDow (1999-12-13):
2125 # Mongolia discontinued the use of daylight savings time in 1999; 1998
2126 # being the last year it was implemented.  The dates of implementation I am
2127 # unsure of, but most probably it was similar to Russia, except for the time
2128 # of implementation may have been different....
2129 # Some maps in the past have indicated that there was an additional time
2130 # zone in the eastern part of Mongolia, including the provinces of Dornod,
2131 # Sükhbaatar, and possibly Khentii.
2132 
2133 # From Paul Eggert (1999-12-15):
2134 # Naming and spelling is tricky in Mongolia.
2135 # We'll use Hovd (also spelled Chovd and Khovd) to represent the west zone;
2136 # the capital of the Hovd province is sometimes called Hovd, sometimes Dund-Us,
2137 # and sometimes Jirgalanta (with variant spellings), but the name Hovd
2138 # is good enough for our purposes.
2139 
2140 # From Rives McDow (2001-05-13):
2141 # In addition to Mongolia starting daylight savings as reported earlier
2142 # (adopted DST on 2001-04-27 02:00 local time, ending 2001-09-28),
2143 # there are three time zones.
2144 #
2145 # Provinces [at 7:00]: Bayan-Ölgii, Uvs, Khovd, Zavkhan, Govi-Altai
2146 # Provinces [at 8:00]: Khövsgöl, Bulgan, Arkhangai, Khentii, Töv,
2147 #       Bayankhongor, Övörkhangai, Dundgovi, Dornogovi, Ömnögovi
2148 # Provinces [at 9:00]: Dornod, Sükhbaatar
2149 #
2150 # [The province of Selenge is omitted from the above lists.]
2151 
2152 # From Ganbold Ts., Ulaanbaatar (2004-04-17):
2153 # Daylight saving occurs at 02:00 local time last Saturday of March.
2154 # It will change back to normal at 02:00 local time last Saturday of
2155 # September.... As I remember this rule was changed in 2001.
2156 #
2157 # From Paul Eggert (2004-04-17):
2158 # For now, assume Rives McDow's informant got confused about Friday vs
2159 # Saturday, and that his 2001 dates should have 1 added to them.
2160 
2161 # From Paul Eggert (2005-07-26):
2162 # We have wildly conflicting information about Mongolia's time zones.
2163 # Bill Bonnet (2005-05-19) reports that the US Embassy in Ulaanbaatar says
2164 # there is only one time zone and that DST is observed, citing Microsoft
2165 # Windows XP as the source.  Risto Nykänen (2005-05-16) reports that
2166 # travelmongolia.org says there are two time zones (UT +07, +08) with no DST.
2167 # Oscar van Vlijmen (2005-05-20) reports that the Mongolian Embassy in
2168 # Washington, DC says there are two time zones, with DST observed.
2169 # He also found
2170 # http://ubpost.mongolnews.mn/index.php?subaction=showcomments&id=1111634894&archive=&start_from=&ucat=1&
2171 # which also says that there is DST, and which has a comment by "Toddius"
2172 # (2005-03-31 06:05 +0700) saying "Mongolia actually has 3.5 time zones.
2173 # The West (OLGII) is +7 GMT, most of the country is ULAT is +8 GMT
2174 # and some Eastern provinces are +9 GMT but Sükhbaatar Aimag is SUHK +8.5 GMT.
2175 # The SUKH timezone is new this year, it is one of the few things the
2176 # parliament passed during the tumultuous winter session."
2177 # For now, let's ignore this information, until we have more confirmation.
2178 
2179 # From Ganbold Ts. (2007-02-26):
2180 # Parliament of Mongolia has just changed the daylight-saving rule in February.
2181 # They decided not to adopt daylight-saving time....
2182 # http://www.mongolnews.mn/index.php?module=unuudur&sec=view&id=15742
2183 
2184 # From Deborah Goldsmith (2008-03-30):
2185 # We received a bug report claiming that the tz database UTC offset for
2186 # Asia/Choibalsan (GMT+09:00) is incorrect, and that it should be GMT
2187 # +08:00 instead. Different sources appear to disagree with the tz
2188 # database on this, e.g.:
2189 #
2190 # https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/city.html?n=1026
2191 # http://www.worldtimeserver.com/current_time_in_MN.aspx
2192 #
2193 # both say GMT+08:00.
2194 
2195 # From Steffen Thorsen (2008-03-31):
2196 # eznis airways, which operates several domestic flights, has a flight
2197 # schedule here:
2198 # http://www.eznis.com/Container.jsp?id=112
2199 # (click the English flag for English)
2200 #
2201 # There it appears that flights between Choibalsan and Ulaanbaatar arrive
2202 # about 1:35 - 1:50 hours later in local clock time, no matter the
2203 # direction, while Ulaanbaatar-Khovd takes 2 hours in the Eastern
2204 # direction and 3:35 back, which indicates that Ulaanbaatar and Khovd are
2205 # in different time zones (like we know about), while Choibalsan and
2206 # Ulaanbaatar are in the same time zone (correction needed).
2207 
2208 # From Arthur David Olson (2008-05-19):
2209 # Assume that Choibalsan is indeed offset by 8:00.
2210 # XXX--in the absence of better information, assume that transition
2211 # was at the start of 2008-03-31 (the day of Steffen Thorsen's report);
2212 # this is almost surely wrong.
2213 
2214 # From Ganbold Tsagaankhuu (2015-03-10):
2215 # It seems like yesterday Mongolian Government meeting has concluded to use
2216 # daylight saving time in Mongolia....  Starting at 2:00AM of last Saturday of
2217 # March 2015, daylight saving time starts.  And 00:00AM of last Saturday of
2218 # September daylight saving time ends.  Source:
2219 # http://zasag.mn/news/view/8969
2220 
2221 # Rule  NAME    FROM    TO      TYPE    IN      ON      AT      SAVE    LETTER/S
2222 Rule    Mongol  1983    1984    -       Apr     1       0:00    1:00    -
2223 Rule    Mongol  1983    only    -       Oct     1       0:00    0       -
2224 # Shanks & Pottenger and IATA SSIM say 1990s switches occurred at 00:00,
2225 # but McDow says the 2001 switches occurred at 02:00.  Also, IATA SSIM
2226 # (1996-09) says 1996-10-25.  Go with Shanks & Pottenger through 1998.
2227 #
2228 # Shanks & Pottenger say that the Sept. 1984 through Sept. 1990 switches
2229 # in Choibalsan (more precisely, in Dornod and Sükhbaatar) took place
2230 # at 02:00 standard time, not at 00:00 local time as in the rest of
2231 # the country.  That would be odd, and possibly is a result of their
2232 # correction of 02:00 (in the previous edition) not being done correctly
2233 # in the latest edition; so ignore it for now.
2234 
2235 # From Ganbold Tsagaankhuu (2017-02-09):
2236 # Mongolian Government meeting has concluded today to cancel daylight
2237 # saving time adoption in Mongolia.  Source: http://zasag.mn/news/view/16192
2238 
2239 Rule    Mongol  1985    1998    -       Mar     lastSun 0:00    1:00    -
2240 Rule    Mongol  1984    1998    -       Sep     lastSun 0:00    0       -
2241 # IATA SSIM (1999-09) says Mongolia no longer observes DST.
2242 Rule    Mongol  2001    only    -       Apr     lastSat 2:00    1:00    -
2243 Rule    Mongol  2001    2006    -       Sep     lastSat 2:00    0       -
2244 Rule    Mongol  2002    2006    -       Mar     lastSat 2:00    1:00    -
2245 Rule    Mongol  2015    2016    -       Mar     lastSat 2:00    1:00    -
2246 Rule    Mongol  2015    2016    -       Sep     lastSat 0:00    0       -
2247 
2248 # Zone  NAME            GMTOFF  RULES   FORMAT  [UNTIL]
2249 # Hovd, a.k.a. Chovd, Dund-Us, Dzhargalant, Khovd, Jirgalanta
2250 Zone    Asia/Hovd       6:06:36 -       LMT     1905 Aug
2251                         6:00    -       +06     1978
2252                         7:00    Mongol  +07/+08
2253 # Ulaanbaatar, a.k.a. Ulan Bataar, Ulan Bator, Urga
2254 Zone    Asia/Ulaanbaatar 7:07:32 -      LMT     1905 Aug
2255                         7:00    -       +07     1978
2256                         8:00    Mongol  +08/+09
2257 # Choibalsan, a.k.a. Bajan Tümen, Bajan Tumen, Chojbalsan,
2258 # Choybalsan, Sanbejse, Tchoibalsan
2259 Zone    Asia/Choibalsan 7:38:00 -       LMT     1905 Aug
2260                         7:00    -       +07     1978
2261                         8:00    -       +08     1983 Apr
2262                         9:00    Mongol  +09/+10 2008 Mar 31
2263                         8:00    Mongol  +08/+09
2264 
2265 # Nepal
2266 # Zone  NAME            GMTOFF  RULES   FORMAT  [UNTIL]
2267 Zone    Asia/Kathmandu  5:41:16 -       LMT     1920
2268                         5:30    -       +0530   1986
2269                         5:45    -       +0545
2270 
2271 # Oman
2272 # See Asia/Dubai.
2273 
2274 # Pakistan
2275 
2276 # From Rives McDow (2002-03-13):
2277 # I have been advised that Pakistan has decided to adopt dst on a
2278 # TRIAL basis for one year, starting 00:01 local time on April 7, 2002
2279 # and ending at 00:01 local time October 6, 2002.  This is what I was
2280 # told, but I believe that the actual time of change may be 00:00; the
2281 # 00:01 was to make it clear which day it was on.
2282 
2283 # From Paul Eggert (2002-03-15):
2284 # Jesper Nørgaard found this URL:
2285 # http://www.pak.gov.pk/public/news/app/app06_dec.htm
2286 # (dated 2001-12-06) which says that the Cabinet adopted a scheme "to
2287 # advance the clocks by one hour on the night between the first
2288 # Saturday and Sunday of April and revert to the original position on
2289 # 15th October each year".  This agrees with McDow's 04-07 at 00:00,
2290 # but disagrees about the October transition, and makes it sound like
2291 # it's not on a trial basis.  Also, the "between the first Saturday
2292 # and Sunday of April" phrase, if taken literally, means that the
2293 # transition takes place at 00:00 on the first Sunday on or after 04-02.
2294 
2295 # From Paul Eggert (2003-02-09):
2296 # DAWN <http://www.dawn.com/2002/10/06/top13.htm> reported on 2002-10-05
2297 # that 2002 DST ended that day at midnight.  Go with McDow for now.
2298 
2299 # From Steffen Thorsen (2003-03-14):
2300 # According to http://www.dawn.com/2003/03/07/top15.htm
2301 # there will be no DST in Pakistan this year:
2302 #
2303 # ISLAMABAD, March 6: Information and Media Development Minister Sheikh
2304 # Rashid Ahmed on Thursday said the cabinet had reversed a previous
2305 # decision to advance clocks by one hour in summer and put them back by
2306 # one hour in winter with the aim of saving light hours and energy.
2307 #
2308 # The minister told a news conference that the experiment had rather
2309 # shown 8 per cent higher consumption of electricity.
2310 
2311 # From Alex Krivenyshev (2008-05-15):
2312 #
2313 # Here is an article that Pakistan plan to introduce Daylight Saving Time
2314 # on June 1, 2008 for 3 months.
2315 #
2316 # "... The federal cabinet on Wednesday announced a new conservation plan to
2317 # help reduce load shedding by approving the closure of commercial centres at
2318 # 9pm and moving clocks forward by one hour for the next three months. ...."
2319 #
2320 # http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_pakistan01.html
2321 # http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp?page=2008%5C05%5C15%5Cstory_15-5-2008_pg1_4
2322 
2323 # From Arthur David Olson (2008-05-19):
2324 # XXX--midnight transitions is a guess; 2008 only is a guess.
2325 
2326 # From Alexander Krivenyshev (2008-08-28):
2327 # Pakistan government has decided to keep the watches one-hour advanced
2328 # for another 2 months - plan to return to Standard Time on October 31
2329 # instead of August 31.
2330 #
2331 # http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_pakistan02.html
2332 # http://dailymailnews.com/200808/28/news/dmbrn03.html
2333 
2334 # From Alexander Krivenyshev (2009-04-08):
2335 # Based on previous media reports that "... proposed plan to
2336 # advance clocks by one hour from May 1 will cause disturbance
2337 # to the working schedules rather than bringing discipline in
2338 # official working."
2339 # http://www.thenews.com.pk/daily_detail.asp?id=171280
2340 #
2341 # recent news that instead of May 2009 - Pakistan plan to
2342 # introduce DST from April 15, 2009
2343 #
2344 # FYI: Associated Press Of Pakistan
2345 # April 08, 2009
2346 # Cabinet okays proposal to advance clocks by one hour from April 15
2347 # http://www.app.com.pk/en_/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=73043&Itemid=1
2348 # http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_pakistan05.html
2349 #
2350 # ....
2351 # The Federal Cabinet on Wednesday approved the proposal to
2352 # advance clocks in the country by one hour from April 15 to
2353 # conserve energy"
2354 
2355 # From Steffen Thorsen (2009-09-17):
2356 # "The News International," Pakistan reports that: "The Federal
2357 # Government has decided to restore the previous time by moving the
2358 # clocks backward by one hour from October 1. A formal announcement to
2359 # this effect will be made after the Prime Minister grants approval in
2360 # this regard."
2361 # http://www.thenews.com.pk/updates.asp?id=87168
2362 
2363 # From Alexander Krivenyshev (2009-09-28):
2364 # According to Associated Press Of Pakistan, it is confirmed that
2365 # Pakistan clocks across the country would be turned back by an hour from
2366 # October 1, 2009.
2367 #
2368 # "Clocks to go back one hour from 1 Oct"
2369 # http://www.app.com.pk/en_/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=86715&Itemid=2
2370 # http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_pakistan07.htm
2371 #
2372 # From Steffen Thorsen (2009-09-29):
2373 # Now they seem to have changed their mind, November 1 is the new date:
2374 # http://www.thenews.com.pk/top_story_detail.asp?Id=24742
2375 # "The country's clocks will be reversed by one hour on November 1.
2376 # Officials of Federal Ministry for Interior told this to Geo News on
2377 # Monday."
2378 #
2379 # And more importantly, it seems that these dates will be kept every year:
2380 # "It has now been decided that clocks will be wound forward by one hour
2381 # on April 15 and reversed by an hour on November 1 every year without
2382 # obtaining prior approval, the officials added."
2383 #
2384 # We have confirmed this year's end date with both with the Ministry of
2385 # Water and Power and the Pakistan Electric Power Company:
2386 # https://www.timeanddate.com/news/time/pakistan-ends-dst09.html
2387 
2388 # From Christoph Göhre (2009-10-01):
2389 # [T]he German Consulate General in Karachi reported me today that Pakistan
2390 # will go back to standard time on 1st of November.
2391 
2392 # From Steffen Thorsen (2010-03-26):
2393 # Steffen Thorsen wrote:
2394 # > On Thursday (2010-03-25) it was announced that DST would start in
2395 # > Pakistan on 2010-04-01.
2396 # >
2397 # > Then today, the president said that they might have to revert the
2398 # > decision if it is not supported by the parliament. So at the time
2399 # > being, it seems unclear if DST will be actually observed or not - but
2400 # > April 1 could be a more likely date than April 15.
2401 # Now, it seems that the decision to not observe DST in final:
2402 #
2403 # "Govt Withdraws Plan To Advance Clocks"
2404 # http://www.apakistannews.com/govt-withdraws-plan-to-advance-clocks-172041
2405 #
2406 # "People laud PM's announcement to end DST"
2407 # http://www.app.com.pk/en_/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=99374&Itemid=2
2408 
2409 # Rule  NAME    FROM    TO      TYPE    IN      ON      AT      SAVE    LETTER/S
2410 Rule Pakistan   2002    only    -       Apr     Sun>=2       0:00    1:00    S
2411 Rule Pakistan   2002    only    -       Oct     Sun>=2       0:00    0       -
2412 Rule Pakistan   2008    only    -       Jun     1       0:00    1:00    S
2413 Rule Pakistan   2008    2009    -       Nov     1       0:00    0       -
2414 Rule Pakistan   2009    only    -       Apr     15      0:00    1:00    S
2415 
2416 # Zone  NAME            GMTOFF  RULES   FORMAT  [UNTIL]
2417 Zone    Asia/Karachi    4:28:12 -       LMT     1907
2418                         5:30    -       +0530   1942 Sep
2419                         5:30    1:00    +0630   1945 Oct 15
2420                         5:30    -       +0530   1951 Sep 30
2421                         5:00    -       +05     1971 Mar 26
2422                         5:00 Pakistan   PK%sT   # Pakistan Time
2423 
2424 # Palestine
2425 
2426 # From Amos Shapir (1998-02-15):
2427 #
2428 # From 1917 until 1948-05-15, all of Palestine, including the parts now
2429 # known as the Gaza Strip and the West Bank, was under British rule.
2430 # Therefore the rules given for Israel for that period, apply there too...
2431 #
2432 # The Gaza Strip was under Egyptian rule between 1948-05-15 until 1967-06-05
2433 # (except a short occupation by Israel from 1956-11 till 1957-03, but no
2434 # time zone was affected then).  It was never formally annexed to Egypt,
2435 # though.
2436 #
2437 # The rest of Palestine was under Jordanian rule at that time, formally
2438 # annexed in 1950 as the West Bank (and the word "Trans" was dropped from
2439 # the country's previous name of "the Hashemite Kingdom of the
2440 # Trans-Jordan").  So the rules for Jordan for that time apply.  Major
2441 # towns in that area are Nablus (Shchem), El-Halil (Hebron), Ramallah, and
2442 # East Jerusalem.
2443 #
2444 # Both areas were occupied by Israel in June 1967, but not annexed (except
2445 # for East Jerusalem).  They were on Israel time since then; there might
2446 # have been a Military Governor's order about time zones, but I'm not aware
2447 # of any (such orders may have been issued semi-annually whenever summer
2448 # time was in effect, but maybe the legal aspect of time was just neglected).
2449 #
2450 # The Palestinian Authority was established in 1993, and got hold of most
2451 # towns in the West Bank and Gaza by 1995.  I know that in order to
2452 # demonstrate...independence, they have been switching to
2453 # summer time and back on a different schedule than Israel's, but I don't
2454 # know when this was started, or what algorithm is used (most likely the
2455 # Jordanian one).
2456 #
2457 # To summarize, the table should probably look something like that:
2458 #
2459 # Area \ when | 1918-1947 | 1948-1967 | 1967-1995 | 1996-
2460 # ------------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------
2461 # Israel      | Zion      | Zion      | Zion      | Zion
2462 # West bank   | Zion      | Jordan    | Zion      | Jordan
2463 # Gaza        | Zion      | Egypt     | Zion      | Jordan
2464 #
2465 # I guess more info may be available from the PA's web page (if/when they
2466 # have one).
2467 
2468 # From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):
2469 # Shanks & Pottenger write that Gaza did not observe DST until 1957, but go
2470 # with Shapir and assume that it observed DST from 1940 through 1947,
2471 # and that it used Jordanian rules starting in 1996.
2472 # We don't yet need a separate entry for the West Bank, since
2473 # the only differences between it and Gaza that we know about
2474 # occurred before our cutoff date of 1970.
2475 # However, as we get more information, we may need to add entries
2476 # for parts of the West Bank as they transitioned from Israel's rules
2477 # to Palestine's rules.
2478 
2479 # From IINS News Service - Israel - 1998-03-23 10:38:07 Israel time,
2480 # forwarded by Ephraim Silverberg:
2481 #
2482 # Despite the fact that Israel changed over to daylight savings time
2483 # last week, the PLO Authority (PA) has decided not to turn its clocks
2484 # one-hour forward at this time.  As a sign of independence from Israeli rule,
2485 # the PA has decided to implement DST in April.
2486 
2487 # From Paul Eggert (1999-09-20):
2488 # Daoud Kuttab writes in Holiday havoc
2489 # http://www.jpost.com/com/Archive/22.Apr.1999/Opinion/Article-2.html
2490 # (Jerusalem Post, 1999-04-22) that
2491 # the Palestinian National Authority changed to DST on 1999-04-15.
2492 # I vaguely recall that they switch back in October (sorry, forgot the source).
2493 # For now, let's assume that the spring switch was at 24:00,
2494 # and that they switch at 0:00 on the 3rd Fridays of April and October.
2495 
2496 # From Paul Eggert (2005-11-22):
2497 # Starting 2004 transitions are from Steffen Thorsen's web site timeanddate.com.
2498 
2499 # From Steffen Thorsen (2005-11-23):
2500 # A user from Gaza reported that Gaza made the change early because of
2501 # the Ramadan.  Next year Ramadan will be even earlier, so I think
2502 # there is a good chance next year's end date will be around two weeks
2503 # earlier - the same goes for Jordan.
2504 
2505 # From Steffen Thorsen (2006-08-17):
2506 # I was informed by a user in Bethlehem that in Bethlehem it started the
2507 # same day as Israel, and after checking with other users in the area, I
2508 # was informed that they started DST one day after Israel.  I was not
2509 # able to find any authoritative sources at the time, nor details if
2510 # Gaza changed as well, but presumed Gaza to follow the same rules as
2511 # the West Bank.
2512 
2513 # From Steffen Thorsen (2006-09-26):
2514 # according to the Palestine News Network (2006-09-19):
2515 # http://english.pnn.ps/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=596&Itemid=5
2516 # > The Council of Ministers announced that this year its winter schedule
2517 # > will begin early, as of midnight Thursday.  It is also time to turn
2518 # > back the clocks for winter.  Friday will begin an hour late this week.
2519 # I guess it is likely that next year's date will be moved as well,
2520 # because of the Ramadan.
2521 
2522 # From Jesper Nørgaard Welen (2007-09-18):
2523 # According to Steffen Thorsen's web site the Gaza Strip and the rest of the
2524 # Palestinian territories left DST early on 13.th. of September at 2:00.
2525 
2526 # From Paul Eggert (2007-09-20):
2527 # My understanding is that Gaza and the West Bank disagree even over when
2528 # the weekend is (Thursday+Friday versus Friday+Saturday), so I'd be a bit
2529 # surprised if they agreed about DST.  But for now, assume they agree.
2530 # For lack of better information, predict that future changes will be
2531 # the 2nd Thursday of September at 02:00.
2532 
2533 # From Alexander Krivenyshev (2008-08-28):
2534 # Here is an article, that Mideast running on different clocks at Ramadan.
2535 #
2536 # Gaza Strip (as Egypt) ended DST at midnight Thursday (Aug 28, 2008), while
2537 # the West Bank will end Daylight Saving Time at midnight Sunday (Aug 31, 2008).
2538 #
2539 # http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/feedarticle/7759001
2540 # http://www.abcnews.go.com/International/wireStory?id=5676087
2541 # http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_gazastrip01.html
2542 
2543 # From Alexander Krivenyshev (2009-03-26):
2544 # According to the Palestine News Network (arabic.pnn.ps), Palestinian
2545 # government decided to start Daylight Time on Thursday night March
2546 # 26 and continue until the night of 27 September 2009.
2547 #
2548 # (in Arabic)
2549 # http://arabic.pnn.ps/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=50850
2550 #
2551 # (English translation)
2552 # http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_westbank01.html
2553 
2554 # From Steffen Thorsen (2009-08-31):
2555 # Palestine's Council of Ministers announced that they will revert back to
2556 # winter time on Friday, 2009-09-04.
2557 #
2558 # One news source:
2559 # http://www.safa.ps/ara/?action=showdetail&seid=4158
2560 # (Palestinian press agency, Arabic),
2561 # Google translate: "Decided that the Palestinian government in Ramallah
2562 # headed by Salam Fayyad, the start of work in time for the winter of
2563 # 2009, starting on Friday approved the fourth delay Sept. clock sixty
2564 # minutes per hour as of Friday morning."
2565 #
2566 # We are not sure if Gaza will do the same, last year they had a different
2567 # end date, we will keep this page updated:
2568 # https://www.timeanddate.com/news/time/westbank-gaza-dst-2009.html
2569 
2570 # From Alexander Krivenyshev (2009-09-02):
2571 # Seems that Gaza Strip will go back to Winter Time same date as West Bank.
2572 #
2573 # According to Palestinian Ministry Of Interior, West Bank and Gaza Strip plan
2574 # to change time back to Standard time on September 4, 2009.
2575 #
2576 # "Winter time unite the West Bank and Gaza"
2577 # (from Palestinian National Authority):
2578 # http://www.moi.gov.ps/en/?page=633167343250594025&nid=11505
2579 # http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_gazastrip02.html
2580 
2581 # From Alexander Krivenyshev (2010-03-19):
2582 # According to Voice of Palestine DST will last for 191 days, from March
2583 # 26, 2010 till "the last Sunday before the tenth day of Tishri
2584 # (October), each year" (October 03, 2010?)
2585 #
2586 # http://palvoice.org/forums/showthread.php?t=245697
2587 # (in Arabic)
2588 # http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_westbank03.html
2589 
2590 # From Steffen Thorsen (2010-03-24):
2591 # ...Ma'an News Agency reports that Hamas cabinet has decided it will
2592 # start one day later, at 12:01am. Not sure if they really mean 12:01am or
2593 # noon though:
2594 #
2595 # http://www.maannews.net/eng/ViewDetails.aspx?ID=271178
2596 # (Ma'an News Agency)
2597 # "At 12:01am Friday, clocks in Israel and the West Bank will change to
2598 # 1:01am, while Gaza clocks will change at 12:01am Saturday morning."
2599 
2600 # From Steffen Thorsen (2010-08-11):
2601 # According to several sources, including
2602 # http://www.maannews.net/eng/ViewDetails.aspx?ID=306795
2603 # the clocks were set back one hour at 2010-08-11 00:00:00 local time in
2604 # Gaza and the West Bank.
2605 # Some more background info:
2606 # https://www.timeanddate.com/news/time/westbank-gaza-end-dst-2010.html
2607 
2608 # From Steffen Thorsen (2011-08-26):
2609 # Gaza and the West Bank did go back to standard time in the beginning of
2610 # August, and will now enter daylight saving time again on 2011-08-30
2611 # 00:00 (so two periods of DST in 2011). The pause was because of
2612 # Ramadan.
2613 #
2614 # http://www.maannews.net/eng/ViewDetails.aspx?ID=416217
2615 # Additional info:
2616 # https://www.timeanddate.com/news/time/palestine-dst-2011.html
2617 
2618 # From Alexander Krivenyshev (2011-08-27):
2619 # According to the article in The Jerusalem Post:
2620 # "...Earlier this month, the Palestinian government in the West Bank decided to
2621 # move to standard time for 30 days, during Ramadan. The Palestinians in the
2622 # Gaza Strip accepted the change and also moved their clocks one hour back.
2623 # The Hamas government said on Saturday that it won't observe summertime after
2624 # the Muslim feast of Id al-Fitr, which begins on Tuesday..."
2625 # ...
2626 # https://www.jpost.com/MiddleEast/Article.aspx?id=235650
2627 # http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_gazastrip05.html
2628 # The rules for Egypt are stolen from the 'africa' file.
2629 
2630 # From Steffen Thorsen (2011-09-30):
2631 # West Bank did end Daylight Saving Time this morning/midnight (2011-09-30
2632 # 00:00).
2633 # So West Bank and Gaza now have the same time again.
2634 #
2635 # Many sources, including:
2636 # http://www.maannews.net/eng/ViewDetails.aspx?ID=424808
2637 
2638 # From Steffen Thorsen (2012-03-26):
2639 # Palestinian news sources tell that both Gaza and West Bank will start DST
2640 # on Friday (Thursday midnight, 2012-03-29 24:00).
2641 # Some of many sources in Arabic:
2642 # http://www.samanews.com/index.php?act=Show&id=122638
2643 #
2644 # http://safa.ps/details/news/74352/%D8%A8%D8%AF%D8%A1-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%82%D9%8A%D8%AA-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B5%D9%8A%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B6%D9%81%D8%A9-%D9%88%D8%BA%D8%B2%D8%A9-%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%84%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%A9.html
2645 #
2646 # Our brief summary:
2647 # https://www.timeanddate.com/news/time/gaza-west-bank-dst-2012.html
2648 
2649 # From Steffen Thorsen (2013-03-26):
2650 # The following news sources tells that Palestine will "start daylight saving
2651 # time from midnight on Friday, March 29, 2013" (translated).
2652 # [These are in Arabic and are for Gaza and for Ramallah, respectively.]
2653 # http://www.samanews.com/index.php?act=Show&id=154120
2654 # http://safa.ps/details/news/99844/%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%85-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%84%D9%87-%D8%A8%D8%AF%D8%A1-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%82%D9%8A%D8%AA-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B5%D9%8A%D9%81%D9%8A-29-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A.html
2655 
2656 # From Steffen Thorsen (2013-09-24):
2657 # The Gaza and West Bank are ending DST Thursday at midnight
2658 # (2013-09-27 00:00:00) (one hour earlier than last year...).
2659 # This source in English, says "that winter time will go into effect
2660 # at midnight on Thursday in the West Bank and Gaza Strip":
2661 # http://english.wafa.ps/index.php?action=detail&id=23246
2662 # official source...:
2663 # http://www.palestinecabinet.gov.ps/ar/Views/ViewDetails.aspx?pid=1252
2664 
2665 # From Steffen Thorsen (2015-03-03):
2666 # Sources such as http://www.alquds.com/news/article/view/id/548257
2667 # and https://www.raya.ps/ar/news/890705.html say Palestine areas will
2668 # start DST on 2015-03-28 00:00 which is one day later than expected.
2669 #
2670 # From Paul Eggert (2015-03-03):
2671 # https://www.timeanddate.com/time/change/west-bank/ramallah?year=2014
2672 # says that the fall 2014 transition was Oct 23 at 24:00.
2673 
2674 # From Hannah Kreitem (2016-03-09):
2675 # http://www.palestinecabinet.gov.ps/WebSite/ar/ViewDetails?ID=31728
2676 # [Google translation]: "The Council also decided to start daylight
2677 # saving in Palestine as of one o'clock on Saturday morning,
2678 # 2016-03-26, to provide the clock 60 minutes ahead."
2679 
2680 # From Sharef Mustafa (2016-10-19):
2681 # [T]he Palestinian cabinet decision (Mar 8th 2016) published on
2682 # http://www.palestinecabinet.gov.ps/WebSite/Upload/Decree/GOV_17/16032016134830.pdf
2683 # states that summer time will end on Oct 29th at 01:00.
2684 #
2685 # From Tim Parenti (2016-10-19):
2686 # Predict fall transitions on October's last Saturday at 01:00 from now on.
2687 # This is consistent with the 2016 transition as well as our spring
2688 # predictions.
2689 #
2690 # From Paul Eggert (2016-10-19):
2691 # It's also consistent with predictions in the following URLs today:
2692 # https://www.timeanddate.com/time/change/gaza-strip/gaza
2693 # https://www.timeanddate.com/time/change/west-bank/hebron
2694 
2695 # From Sharef Mustafa (2018-03-16):
2696 # Palestine summer time will start on Mar 24th 2018 by advancing the
2697 # clock by 60 minutes as per Palestinian cabinet decision published on
2698 # the official website, though the decree did not specify the exact
2699 # time of the time shift.
2700 # http://www.palestinecabinet.gov.ps/Website/AR/NDecrees/ViewFile.ashx?ID=e7a42ab7-ee23-435a-b9c8-a4f7e81f3817
2701 #
2702 # From Paul Eggert (2018-03-16):
2703 # For 2016 on, predict spring transitions on March's fourth Saturday at 01:00.
2704 
2705 # Rule  NAME    FROM    TO      TYPE    IN      ON      AT      SAVE    LETTER/S
2706 Rule EgyptAsia  1957    only    -       May     10      0:00    1:00    S
2707 Rule EgyptAsia  1957    1958    -       Oct      1      0:00    0       -
2708 Rule EgyptAsia  1958    only    -       May      1      0:00    1:00    S
2709 Rule EgyptAsia  1959    1967    -       May      1      1:00    1:00    S
2710 Rule EgyptAsia  1959    1965    -       Sep     30      3:00    0       -
2711 Rule EgyptAsia  1966    only    -       Oct      1      3:00    0       -
2712 
2713 Rule Palestine  1999    2005    -       Apr     Fri>=15      0:00    1:00    S
2714 Rule Palestine  1999    2003    -       Oct     Fri>=15      0:00    0       -
2715 Rule Palestine  2004    only    -       Oct      1      1:00    0       -
2716 Rule Palestine  2005    only    -       Oct      4      2:00    0       -
2717 Rule Palestine  2006    2007    -       Apr      1      0:00    1:00    S
2718 Rule Palestine  2006    only    -       Sep     22      0:00    0       -
2719 Rule Palestine  2007    only    -       Sep     Thu>=8       2:00    0       -
2720 Rule Palestine  2008    2009    -       Mar     lastFri 0:00    1:00    S
2721 Rule Palestine  2008    only    -       Sep      1      0:00    0       -
2722 Rule Palestine  2009    only    -       Sep     Fri>=1       1:00    0       -
2723 Rule Palestine  2010    only    -       Mar     26      0:00    1:00    S
2724 Rule Palestine  2010    only    -       Aug     11      0:00    0       -
2725 Rule Palestine  2011    only    -       Apr      1      0:01    1:00    S
2726 Rule Palestine  2011    only    -       Aug      1      0:00    0       -
2727 Rule Palestine  2011    only    -       Aug     30      0:00    1:00    S
2728 Rule Palestine  2011    only    -       Sep     30      0:00    0       -
2729 Rule Palestine  2012    2014    -       Mar     lastThu 24:00   1:00    S
2730 Rule Palestine  2012    only    -       Sep     21      1:00    0       -
2731 Rule Palestine  2013    only    -       Sep     Fri>=21      0:00    0       -
2732 Rule Palestine  2014    2015    -       Oct     Fri>=21      0:00    0       -
2733 Rule Palestine  2015    only    -       Mar     lastFri 24:00   1:00    S
2734 Rule Palestine  2016    max     -       Mar     Sat>=22      1:00    1:00    S
2735 Rule Palestine  2016    max     -       Oct     lastSat 1:00    0       -
2736 
2737 # Zone  NAME            GMTOFF  RULES   FORMAT  [UNTIL]
2738 Zone    Asia/Gaza       2:17:52 -       LMT     1900 Oct
2739                         2:00    Zion    EET/EEST 1948 May 15
2740                         2:00 EgyptAsia  EE%sT   1967 Jun  5
2741                         2:00    Zion    I%sT    1996
2742                         2:00    Jordan  EE%sT   1999
2743                         2:00 Palestine  EE%sT   2008 Aug 29  0:00
2744                         2:00    -       EET     2008 Sep
2745                         2:00 Palestine  EE%sT   2010
2746                         2:00    -       EET     2010 Mar 27  0:01
2747                         2:00 Palestine  EE%sT   2011 Aug  1
2748                         2:00    -       EET     2012
2749                         2:00 Palestine  EE%sT
2750 
2751 Zone    Asia/Hebron     2:20:23 -       LMT     1900 Oct
2752                         2:00    Zion    EET/EEST 1948 May 15
2753                         2:00 EgyptAsia  EE%sT   1967 Jun  5
2754                         2:00    Zion    I%sT    1996
2755                         2:00    Jordan  EE%sT   1999
2756                         2:00 Palestine  EE%sT
2757 
2758 # Paracel Is
2759 # no information
2760 
2761 # Philippines
2762 # On 1844-08-16, Narciso Clavería, governor-general of the
2763 # Philippines, issued a proclamation announcing that 1844-12-30 was to
2764 # be immediately followed by 1845-01-01; see R.H. van Gent's
2765 # History of the International Date Line
2766 # https://www.staff.science.uu.nl/~gent0113/idl/idl_philippines.htm
2767 # The rest of the data entries are from Shanks & Pottenger.
2768 
2769 # From Jesper Nørgaard Welen (2006-04-26):
2770 # ... claims that Philippines had DST last time in 1990:
2771 # http://story.philippinetimes.com/p.x/ct/9/id/145be20cc6b121c0/cid/3e5bbccc730d258c/
2772 # [a story dated 2006-04-25 by Cris Larano of Dow Jones Newswires,
2773 # but no details]
2774 
2775 # From Paul Eggert (2014-08-14):
2776 # The following source says DST may be instituted November-January and again
2777 # March-June, but this is not definite.  It also says DST was last proclaimed
2778 # during the Ramos administration (1992-1998); but again, no details.
2779 # Carcamo D. PNoy urged to declare use of daylight saving time.
2780 # Philippine Star 2014-08-05
2781 # http://www.philstar.com/headlines/2014/08/05/1354152/pnoy-urged-declare-use-daylight-saving-time
2782 
2783 # Rule  NAME    FROM    TO      TYPE    IN      ON      AT      SAVE    LETTER/S
2784 Rule    Phil    1936    only    -       Nov     1       0:00    1:00    -
2785 Rule    Phil    1937    only    -       Feb     1       0:00    0       -
2786 Rule    Phil    1954    only    -       Apr     12      0:00    1:00    -
2787 Rule    Phil    1954    only    -       Jul     1       0:00    0       -
2788 Rule    Phil    1978    only    -       Mar     22      0:00    1:00    -
2789 Rule    Phil    1978    only    -       Sep     21      0:00    0       -
2790 # Zone  NAME            GMTOFF  RULES   FORMAT  [UNTIL]
2791 Zone    Asia/Manila     -15:56:00 -     LMT     1844 Dec 31
2792                         8:04:00 -       LMT     1899 May 11
2793                         8:00    Phil    +08/+09 1942 May
2794                         9:00    -       +09     1944 Nov
2795                         8:00    Phil    +08/+09
2796 
2797 # Qatar
2798 # Zone  NAME            GMTOFF  RULES   FORMAT  [UNTIL]
2799 Zone    Asia/Qatar      3:26:08 -       LMT     1920     # Al Dawhah / Doha
2800                         4:00    -       +04     1972 Jun
2801                         3:00    -       +03
2802 Link Asia/Qatar Asia/Bahrain
2803 
2804 # Saudi Arabia
2805 #
2806 # From Paul Eggert (2014-07-15):
2807 # Time in Saudi Arabia and other countries in the Arabian peninsula was not
2808 # standardized until relatively recently; we don't know when, and possibly it
2809 # has never been made official.  Richard P Hunt, in "Islam city yielding to
2810 # modern times", New York Times (1961-04-09), p 20, wrote that only airlines
2811 # observed standard time, and that people in Jeddah mostly observed quasi-solar
2812 # time, doing so by setting their watches at sunrise to 6 o'clock (or to 12
2813 # o'clock for "Arab" time).
2814 #
2815 # The TZ database cannot represent quasi-solar time; airline time is the best
2816 # we can do.  The 1946 foreign air news digest of the U.S. Civil Aeronautics
2817 # Board (OCLC 42299995) reported that the "... Arabian Government, inaugurated
2818 # a weekly Dhahran-Cairo service, via the Saudi Arabian cities of Riyadh and
2819 # Jidda, on March 14, 1947".  Shanks & Pottenger guessed 1950; go with the
2820 # earlier date.
2821 #
2822 # Shanks & Pottenger also state that until 1968-05-01 Saudi Arabia had two
2823 # time zones; the other zone, at UT +04, was in the far eastern part of
2824 # the country.  Ignore this, as it's before our 1970 cutoff.
2825 #
2826 # Zone  NAME            GMTOFF  RULES   FORMAT  [UNTIL]
2827 Zone    Asia/Riyadh     3:06:52 -       LMT     1947 Mar 14
2828                         3:00    -       +03
2829 Link Asia/Riyadh Asia/Aden      # Yemen
2830 Link Asia/Riyadh Asia/Kuwait
2831 
2832 # Singapore
2833 # taken from Mok Ly Yng (2003-10-30)
2834 # http://www.math.nus.edu.sg/aslaksen/teaching/timezone.html
2835 # Zone  NAME            GMTOFF  RULES   FORMAT  [UNTIL]
2836 Zone    Asia/Singapore  6:55:25 -       LMT     1901 Jan  1
2837                         6:55:25 -       SMT     1905 Jun  1 # Singapore M.T.
2838                         7:00    -       +07     1933 Jan  1
2839                         7:00    0:20    +0720   1936 Jan  1
2840                         7:20    -       +0720   1941 Sep  1
2841                         7:30    -       +0730   1942 Feb 16
2842                         9:00    -       +09     1945 Sep 12
2843                         7:30    -       +0730   1982 Jan  1
2844                         8:00    -       +08
2845 
2846 # Spratly Is
2847 # no information
2848 
2849 # Sri Lanka
2850 
2851 # From Paul Eggert (2013-02-21):
2852 # Milne says "Madras mean time use from May 1, 1898.  Prior to this Colombo
2853 # mean time, 5h. 4m. 21.9s. F., was used."  But 5:04:21.9 differs considerably
2854 # from Colombo's meridian 5:19:24, so for now ignore Milne and stick with
2855 # Shanks and Pottenger.
2856 
2857 # From Paul Eggert (1996-09-03):
2858 # "Sri Lanka advances clock by an hour to avoid blackout"
2859 # (<http://www.virtual-pc.com/lankaweb/news/items/240596-2.html>, 1996-05-24,
2860 # no longer available as of 1999-08-17)
2861 # reported "the country's standard time will be put forward by one hour at
2862 # midnight Friday (1830 GMT) 'in the light of the present power crisis'."
2863 #
2864 # From Dharmasiri Senanayake, Sri Lanka Media Minister (1996-10-24), as quoted
2865 # by Shamindra in Daily News - Hot News Section
2866 # <news:54rka5$m5h@mtinsc01-mgt.ops.worldnet.att.net> (1996-10-26):
2867 # With effect from 12.30 a.m. on 26th October 1996
2868 # Sri Lanka will be six (06) hours ahead of GMT.
2869 
2870 # From Jesper Nørgaard Welen (2006-04-14), quoting Sri Lanka News Online
2871 # <http://news.sinhalaya.com/wmview.php?ArtID=11002> (2006-04-13):
2872 # 0030 hrs on April 15, 2006 (midnight of April 14, 2006 +30 minutes)
2873 # at present, become 2400 hours of April 14, 2006 (midnight of April 14, 2006).
2874 
2875 # From Peter Apps and Ranga Sirila of Reuters (2006-04-12) in:
2876 # http://today.reuters.co.uk/news/newsArticle.aspx?type=scienceNews&storyID=2006-04-12T172228Z_01_COL295762_RTRIDST_0_SCIENCE-SRILANKA-TIME-DC.XML
2877 # [The Tamil Tigers] never accepted the original 1996 time change and simply
2878 # kept their clocks set five and a half hours ahead of Greenwich Mean
2879 # Time (GMT), in line with neighbor India.
2880 # From Paul Eggert (2006-04-18):
2881 # People who live in regions under Tamil control can use [TZ='Asia/Kolkata'],
2882 # as that zone has agreed with the Tamil areas since our cutoff date of 1970.
2883 
2884 # From Sadika Sumanapala (2016-10-19):
2885 # According to http://www.sltime.org (maintained by Measurement Units,
2886 # Standards & Services Department, Sri Lanka) abbreviation for Sri Lanka
2887 # standard time is SLST.
2888 #
2889 # From Paul Eggert (2016-10-18):
2890 # "SLST" seems to be reasonably recent and rarely-used outside time
2891 # zone nerd sources.  I searched Google News and found three uses of
2892 # it in the International Business Times of India in February and
2893 # March of this year when discussing cricket match times, but nothing
2894 # since then (though there has been a lot of cricket) and nothing in
2895 # other English-language news sources.  Our old abbreviation "LKT" is
2896 # even worse.  For now, let's use a numeric abbreviation; we can
2897 # switch to "SLST" if it catches on.
2898 
2899 # Zone  NAME            GMTOFF  RULES   FORMAT  [UNTIL]
2900 Zone    Asia/Colombo    5:19:24 -       LMT     1880
2901                         5:19:32 -       MMT     1906        # Moratuwa Mean Time
2902                         5:30    -       +0530   1942 Jan  5
2903                         5:30    0:30    +06     1942 Sep
2904                         5:30    1:00    +0630   1945 Oct 16  2:00
2905                         5:30    -       +0530   1996 May 25  0:00
2906                         6:30    -       +0630   1996 Oct 26  0:30
2907                         6:00    -       +06     2006 Apr 15  0:30
2908                         5:30    -       +0530
2909 
2910 # Syria
2911 # Rule  NAME    FROM    TO      TYPE    IN      ON      AT      SAVE    LETTER/S
2912 Rule    Syria   1920    1923    -       Apr     Sun>=15      2:00    1:00    S
2913 Rule    Syria   1920    1923    -       Oct     Sun>=1       2:00    0       -
2914 Rule    Syria   1962    only    -       Apr     29      2:00    1:00    S
2915 Rule    Syria   1962    only    -       Oct     1       2:00    0       -
2916 Rule    Syria   1963    1965    -       May     1       2:00    1:00    S
2917 Rule    Syria   1963    only    -       Sep     30      2:00    0       -
2918 Rule    Syria   1964    only    -       Oct     1       2:00    0       -
2919 Rule    Syria   1965    only    -       Sep     30      2:00    0       -
2920 Rule    Syria   1966    only    -       Apr     24      2:00    1:00    S
2921 Rule    Syria   1966    1976    -       Oct     1       2:00    0       -
2922 Rule    Syria   1967    1978    -       May     1       2:00    1:00    S
2923 Rule    Syria   1977    1978    -       Sep     1       2:00    0       -
2924 Rule    Syria   1983    1984    -       Apr     9       2:00    1:00    S
2925 Rule    Syria   1983    1984    -       Oct     1       2:00    0       -
2926 Rule    Syria   1986    only    -       Feb     16      2:00    1:00    S
2927 Rule    Syria   1986    only    -       Oct     9       2:00    0       -
2928 Rule    Syria   1987    only    -       Mar     1       2:00    1:00    S
2929 Rule    Syria   1987    1988    -       Oct     31      2:00    0       -
2930 Rule    Syria   1988    only    -       Mar     15      2:00    1:00    S
2931 Rule    Syria   1989    only    -       Mar     31      2:00    1:00    S
2932 Rule    Syria   1989    only    -       Oct     1       2:00    0       -
2933 Rule    Syria   1990    only    -       Apr     1       2:00    1:00    S
2934 Rule    Syria   1990    only    -       Sep     30      2:00    0       -
2935 Rule    Syria   1991    only    -       Apr      1      0:00    1:00    S
2936 Rule    Syria   1991    1992    -       Oct      1      0:00    0       -
2937 Rule    Syria   1992    only    -       Apr      8      0:00    1:00    S
2938 Rule    Syria   1993    only    -       Mar     26      0:00    1:00    S
2939 Rule    Syria   1993    only    -       Sep     25      0:00    0       -
2940 # IATA SSIM (1998-02) says 1998-04-02;
2941 # (1998-09) says 1999-03-29 and 1999-09-29; (1999-02) says 1999-04-02,
2942 # 2000-04-02, and 2001-04-02; (1999-09) says 2000-03-31 and 2001-03-31;
2943 # (2006) says 2006-03-31 and 2006-09-22;
2944 # for now ignore all these claims and go with Shanks & Pottenger,
2945 # except for the 2006-09-22 claim (which seems right for Ramadan).
2946 Rule    Syria   1994    1996    -       Apr      1      0:00    1:00    S
2947 Rule    Syria   1994    2005    -       Oct      1      0:00    0       -
2948 Rule    Syria   1997    1998    -       Mar     lastMon 0:00    1:00    S
2949 Rule    Syria   1999    2006    -       Apr      1      0:00    1:00    S
2950 # From Stephen Colebourne (2006-09-18):
2951 # According to IATA data, Syria will change DST on 21st September [21:00 UTC]
2952 # this year [only]....  This is probably related to Ramadan, like Egypt.
2953 Rule    Syria   2006    only    -       Sep     22      0:00    0       -
2954 # From Paul Eggert (2007-03-29):
2955 # Today the AP reported "Syria will switch to summertime at midnight Thursday."
2956 # http://www.iht.com/articles/ap/2007/03/29/africa/ME-GEN-Syria-Time-Change.php
2957 Rule    Syria   2007    only    -       Mar     lastFri 0:00    1:00    S
2958 # From Jesper Nørgaard (2007-10-27):
2959 # The sister center ICARDA of my work CIMMYT is confirming that Syria DST will
2960 # not take place 1st November at 0:00 o'clock but 1st November at 24:00 or
2961 # rather Midnight between Thursday and Friday. This does make more sense than
2962 # having it between Wednesday and Thursday (two workdays in Syria) since the
2963 # weekend in Syria is not Saturday and Sunday, but Friday and Saturday. So now
2964 # it is implemented at midnight of the last workday before weekend...
2965 #
2966 # From Steffen Thorsen (2007-10-27):
2967 # Jesper Nørgaard Welen wrote:
2968 #
2969 # > "Winter local time in Syria will be observed at midnight of Thursday 1
2970 # > November 2007, and the clock will be put back 1 hour."
2971 #
2972 # I found confirmation on this in this gov.sy-article (Arabic):
2973 # http://wehda.alwehda.gov.sy/_print_veiw.asp?FileName=12521710520070926111247
2974 #
2975 # which using Google's translate tools says:
2976 # Council of Ministers also approved the commencement of work on
2977 # identifying the winter time as of Friday, 2/11/2007 where the 60th
2978 # minute delay at midnight Thursday 1/11/2007.
2979 Rule    Syria   2007    only    -       Nov      Fri>=1      0:00    0       -
2980 
2981 # From Stephen Colebourne (2008-03-17):
2982 # For everyone's info, I saw an IATA time zone change for [Syria] for
2983 # this month (March 2008) in the last day or so....
2984 # Country     Time Standard   --- DST Start ---   --- DST End ---  DST
2985 # Name        Zone Variation   Time    Date        Time    Date
2986 # Variation
2987 # Syrian Arab
2988 # Republic    SY    +0200      2200  03APR08       2100  30SEP08   +0300
2989 #                              2200  02APR09       2100  30SEP09   +0300
2990 #                              2200  01APR10       2100  30SEP10   +0300
2991 
2992 # From Arthur David Olson (2008-03-17):
2993 # Here's a link to English-language coverage by the Syrian Arab News
2994 # Agency (SANA)...
2995 # http://www.sana.sy/eng/21/2008/03/11/165173.htm
2996 # ...which reads (in part) "The Cabinet approved the suggestion of the
2997 # Ministry of Electricity to begin daylight savings time on Friday April
2998 # 4th, advancing clocks one hour ahead on midnight of Thursday April 3rd."
2999 # Since Syria is two hours east of UTC, the 2200 and 2100 transition times
3000 # shown above match up with midnight in Syria.
3001 
3002 # From Arthur David Olson (2008-03-18):
3003 # My best guess at a Syrian rule is "the Friday nearest April 1";
3004 # coding that involves either using a "Mar Fri>=29" construct that old time zone
3005 # compilers can't handle  or having multiple Rules (a la Israel).
3006 # For now, use "Apr Fri>=1", and go with IATA on a uniform Sep 30 end.
3007 
3008 # From Steffen Thorsen (2008-10-07):
3009 # Syria has now officially decided to end DST on 2008-11-01 this year,
3010 # according to the following article in the Syrian Arab News Agency (SANA).
3011 #
3012 # The article is in Arabic, and seems to tell that they will go back to
3013 # winter time on 2008-11-01 at 00:00 local daylight time (delaying/setting
3014 # clocks back 60 minutes).
3015 #
3016 # http://sana.sy/ara/2/2008/10/07/195459.htm
3017 
3018 # From Steffen Thorsen (2009-03-19):
3019 # Syria will start DST on 2009-03-27 00:00 this year according to many sources,
3020 # two examples:
3021 #
3022 # http://www.sana.sy/eng/21/2009/03/17/217563.htm
3023 # (English, Syrian Arab News # Agency)
3024 # http://thawra.alwehda.gov.sy/_View_news2.asp?FileName=94459258720090318012209
3025 # (Arabic, gov-site)
3026 #
3027 # We have not found any sources saying anything about when DST ends this year.
3028 #
3029 # Our summary
3030 # https://www.timeanddate.com/news/time/syria-dst-starts-march-27-2009.html
3031 
3032 # From Steffen Thorsen (2009-10-27):
3033 # The Syrian Arab News Network on 2009-09-29 reported that Syria will
3034 # revert back to winter (standard) time on midnight between Thursday
3035 # 2009-10-29 and Friday 2009-10-30:
3036 # http://www.sana.sy/ara/2/2009/09/29/247012.htm (Arabic)
3037 
3038 # From Arthur David Olson (2009-10-28):
3039 # We'll see if future DST switching times turn out to be end of the last
3040 # Thursday of the month or the start of the last Friday of the month or
3041 # something else. For now, use the start of the last Friday.
3042 
3043 # From Steffen Thorsen (2010-03-17):
3044 # The "Syrian News Station" reported on 2010-03-16 that the Council of
3045 # Ministers has decided that Syria will start DST on midnight Thursday
3046 # 2010-04-01: (midnight between Thursday and Friday):
3047 # http://sns.sy/sns/?path=news/read/11421 (Arabic)
3048 
3049 # From Steffen Thorsen (2012-03-26):
3050 # Today, Syria's government announced that they will start DST early on Friday
3051 # (00:00). This is a bit earlier than the past two years.
3052 #
3053 # From Syrian Arab News Agency, in Arabic:
3054 # http://www.sana.sy/ara/2/2012/03/26/408215.htm
3055 #
3056 # Our brief summary:
3057 # https://www.timeanddate.com/news/time/syria-dst-2012.html
3058 
3059 # From Arthur David Olson (2012-03-27):
3060 # Assume last Friday in March going forward XXX.
3061 
3062 Rule    Syria   2008    only    -       Apr     Fri>=1       0:00    1:00    S
3063 Rule    Syria   2008    only    -       Nov     1       0:00    0       -
3064 Rule    Syria   2009    only    -       Mar     lastFri 0:00    1:00    S
3065 Rule    Syria   2010    2011    -       Apr     Fri>=1       0:00    1:00    S
3066 Rule    Syria   2012    max     -       Mar     lastFri 0:00    1:00    S
3067 Rule    Syria   2009    max     -       Oct     lastFri 0:00    0       -
3068 
3069 # Zone  NAME            GMTOFF  RULES   FORMAT  [UNTIL]
3070 Zone    Asia/Damascus   2:25:12 -       LMT     1920 # Dimashq
3071                         2:00    Syria   EE%sT
3072 
3073 # Tajikistan
3074 # From Shanks & Pottenger.
3075 # Zone  NAME            GMTOFF  RULES   FORMAT  [UNTIL]
3076 Zone    Asia/Dushanbe   4:35:12 -       LMT     1924 May  2
3077                         5:00    -       +05     1930 Jun 21
3078                         6:00 RussiaAsia +06/+07 1991 Mar 31  2:00s
3079                         5:00    1:00    +05/+06 1991 Sep  9  2:00s
3080                         5:00    -       +05
3081 
3082 # Thailand
3083 # Zone  NAME            GMTOFF  RULES   FORMAT  [UNTIL]
3084 Zone    Asia/Bangkok    6:42:04 -       LMT     1880
3085                         6:42:04 -       BMT     1920 Apr # Bangkok Mean Time
3086                         7:00    -       +07
3087 Link Asia/Bangkok Asia/Phnom_Penh       # Cambodia
3088 Link Asia/Bangkok Asia/Vientiane        # Laos
3089 
3090 # Turkmenistan
3091 # From Shanks & Pottenger.
3092 # Zone  NAME            GMTOFF  RULES   FORMAT  [UNTIL]
3093 Zone    Asia/Ashgabat   3:53:32 -       LMT     1924 May  2 # or Ashkhabad
3094                         4:00    -       +04     1930 Jun 21
3095                         5:00 RussiaAsia +05/+06 1991 Mar 31  2:00
3096                         4:00 RussiaAsia +04/+05 1992 Jan 19  2:00
3097                         5:00    -       +05
3098 
3099 # United Arab Emirates
3100 # Zone  NAME            GMTOFF  RULES   FORMAT  [UNTIL]
3101 Zone    Asia/Dubai      3:41:12 -       LMT     1920
3102                         4:00    -       +04
3103 Link Asia/Dubai Asia/Muscat     # Oman
3104 
3105 # Uzbekistan
3106 # Byalokoz 1919 says Uzbekistan was 4:27:53.
3107 # Zone  NAME            GMTOFF  RULES   FORMAT  [UNTIL]
3108 Zone    Asia/Samarkand  4:27:53 -       LMT     1924 May  2
3109                         4:00    -       +04     1930 Jun 21
3110                         5:00    -       +05     1981 Apr  1
3111                         5:00    1:00    +06     1981 Oct  1
3112                         6:00    -       +06     1982 Apr  1
3113                         5:00 RussiaAsia +05/+06 1992
3114                         5:00    -       +05
3115 # Milne says Tashkent was 4:37:10.8; round to nearest.
3116 Zone    Asia/Tashkent   4:37:11 -       LMT     1924 May  2
3117                         5:00    -       +05     1930 Jun 21
3118                         6:00 RussiaAsia +06/+07 1991 Mar 31  2:00
3119                         5:00 RussiaAsia +05/+06 1992
3120                         5:00    -       +05
3121 
3122 # Vietnam
3123 
3124 # From Paul Eggert (2014-10-04):
3125 # Milne gives 7:16:56 for the meridian of Saigon in 1899, as being
3126 # used in Lower Laos, Cambodia, and Annam.  But this is quite a ways
3127 # from Saigon's location.  For now, ignore this and stick with Shanks
3128 # and Pottenger for LMT before 1906.
3129 
3130 # From Arthur David Olson (2008-03-18):
3131 # The English-language name of Vietnam's most populous city is "Ho Chi Minh
3132 # City"; use Ho_Chi_Minh below to avoid a name of more than 14 characters.
3133 
3134 # From Paul Eggert (2014-10-21) after a heads-up from Trần Ngọc Quân:
3135 # Trần Tiến Bình's authoritative book "Lịch Việt Nam: thế kỷ XX-XXI (1901-2100)"
3136 # (Nhà xuất bản Văn Hoá - Thông Tin, Hanoi, 2005), pp 49-50,
3137 # is quoted verbatim in:
3138 # http://www.thoigian.com.vn/?mPage=P80D01
3139 # is translated by Brian Inglis in:
3140 # https://mm.icann.org/pipermail/tz/2014-October/021654.html
3141 # and is the basis for the information below.
3142 #
3143 # The 1906 transition was effective July 1 and standardized Indochina to
3144 # Phù Liễn Observatory, legally 104° 17' 17" east of Paris.
3145 # It's unclear whether this meant legal Paris Mean Time (00:09:21) or
3146 # the Paris Meridian (2° 20' 14.03" E); the former yields 07:06:30.1333...
3147 # and the latter 07:06:29.333... so either way it rounds to 07:06:30,
3148 # which is used below even though the modern-day Phù Liễn Observatory
3149 # is closer to 07:06:31.  Abbreviate Phù Liễn Mean Time as PLMT.
3150 #
3151 # The following transitions occurred in Indochina in general (before 1954)
3152 # and in South Vietnam in particular (after 1954):
3153 # To 07:00 on 1911-05-01.
3154 # To 08:00 on 1942-12-31 at 23:00.
3155 # To 09:00 in 1945-03-14 at 23:00.
3156 # To 07:00 on 1945-09-02 in Vietnam.
3157 # To 08:00 on 1947-04-01 in French-controlled Indochina.
3158 # To 07:00 on 1955-07-01 in South Vietnam.
3159 # To 08:00 on 1959-12-31 at 23:00 in South Vietnam.
3160 # To 07:00 on 1975-06-13 in South Vietnam.
3161 #
3162 # Trần cites the following sources; it's unclear which supplied the info above.
3163 #
3164 # Hoàng Xuân Hãn: "Lịch và lịch Việt Nam". Tập san Khoa học Xã hội,
3165 # No. 9, Paris, February 1982.
3166 #
3167 # Lê Thành Lân: "Lịch và niên biểu lịch sử hai mươi thế kỷ (0001-2010)",
3168 # NXB Thống kê, Hanoi, 2000.
3169 #
3170 # Lê Thành Lân: "Lịch hai thế kỷ (1802-2010) và các lịch vĩnh cửu",
3171 # NXB Thuận Hoá, Huế, 1995.
3172 
3173 # Zone  NAME            GMTOFF  RULES   FORMAT  [UNTIL]
3174 Zone Asia/Ho_Chi_Minh   7:06:40 -       LMT     1906 Jul  1
3175                         7:06:30 -       PLMT    1911 May  1 # Phù Liễn MT
3176                         7:00    -       +07     1942 Dec 31 23:00
3177                         8:00    -       +08     1945 Mar 14 23:00
3178                         9:00    -       +09     1945 Sep  2
3179                         7:00    -       +07     1947 Apr  1
3180                         8:00    -       +08     1955 Jul  1
3181                         7:00    -       +07     1959 Dec 31 23:00
3182                         8:00    -       +08     1975 Jun 13
3183                         7:00    -       +07
3184 
3185 # Yemen
3186 # See Asia/Riyadh.