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3 #
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6 # published by the Free Software Foundation. Oracle designates this
7 # particular file as subject to the "Classpath" exception as provided
8 # by Oracle in the LICENSE file that accompanied this code.
9 #
10 # This code is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT
11 # ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or
12 # FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU General Public License
13 # version 2 for more details (a copy is included in the LICENSE file that
14 # accompanied this code).
15 #
16 # You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License version
17 # 2 along with this work; if not, write to the Free Software Foundation,
18 # Inc., 51 Franklin St, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA 02110-1301 USA.
19 #
20 # Please contact Oracle, 500 Oracle Parkway, Redwood Shores, CA 94065 USA
21 # or visit www.oracle.com if you need additional information or have any
22 # questions.
23 #
24 # tzdb data for Asia and environs
25
26 # This file is in the public domain, so clarified as of
27 # 2009-05-17 by Arthur David Olson.
28
29 # This file is by no means authoritative; if you think you know better,
30 # go ahead and edit the file (and please send any changes to
31 # tz@iana.org for general use in the future). For more, please see
32 # the file CONTRIBUTING in the tz distribution.
33
34 # From Paul Eggert (2018-06-19):
35 #
36 # Unless otherwise specified, the source for data through 1990 is:
37 # Thomas G. Shanks and Rique Pottenger, The International Atlas (6th edition),
38 # San Diego: ACS Publications, Inc. (2003).
39 # Unfortunately this book contains many errors and cites no sources.
40 #
41 # Many years ago Gwillim Law wrote that a good source
42 # for time zone data was the International Air Transport
43 # Association's Standard Schedules Information Manual (IATA SSIM),
44 # published semiannually. Law sent in several helpful summaries
45 # of the IATA's data after 1990. Except where otherwise noted,
46 # IATA SSIM is the source for entries after 1990.
47 #
48 # Another source occasionally used is Edward W. Whitman, World Time Differences,
49 # Whitman Publishing Co, 2 Niagara Av, Ealing, London (undated), which
50 # I found in the UCLA library.
51 #
52 # For data circa 1899, a common source is:
53 # Milne J. Civil time. Geogr J. 1899 Feb;13(2):173-94.
54 # https://www.jstor.org/stable/1774359
55 #
56 # For Russian data circa 1919, a source is:
57 # Byalokoz EL. New Counting of Time in Russia since July 1, 1919.
58 # (See the 'europe' file for a fuller citation.)
59 #
60 # A reliable and entertaining source about time zones is
61 # Derek Howse, Greenwich time and longitude, Philip Wilson Publishers (1997).
62 #
63 # The following alphabetic abbreviations appear in these tables
64 # (corrections are welcome):
65 # std dst
66 # LMT Local Mean Time
67 # 2:00 EET EEST Eastern European Time
68 # 2:00 IST IDT Israel
69 # 5:30 IST India
70 # 7:00 WIB west Indonesia (Waktu Indonesia Barat)
71 # 8:00 WITA central Indonesia (Waktu Indonesia Tengah)
72 # 8:00 CST China
73 # 8:00 PST PDT* Philippine Standard Time
74 # 8:30 KST KDT Korea when at +0830
75 # 9:00 WIT east Indonesia (Waktu Indonesia Timur)
76 # 9:00 JST JDT Japan
77 # 9:00 KST KDT Korea when at +09
78 # 9:30 ACST Australian Central Standard Time
79 # *I invented the abbreviation PDT; see "Philippines" below.
80 # Otherwise, these tables typically use numeric abbreviations like +03
81 # and +0330 for integer hour and minute UT offsets. Although earlier
82 # editions invented alphabetic time zone abbreviations for every
83 # offset, this did not reflect common practice.
84 #
85 # See the 'europe' file for Russia and Turkey in Asia.
86
87 # From Guy Harris:
88 # Incorporates data for Singapore from Robert Elz' asia 1.1, as well as
89 # additional information from Tom Yap, Sun Microsystems Intercontinental
90 # Technical Support (including a page from the Official Airline Guide -
91 # Worldwide Edition).
92
93 ###############################################################################
94
95 # These rules are stolen from the 'europe' file.
96 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
97 Rule EUAsia 1981 max - Mar lastSun 1:00u 1:00 S
98 Rule EUAsia 1979 1995 - Sep lastSun 1:00u 0 -
99 Rule EUAsia 1996 max - Oct lastSun 1:00u 0 -
100 Rule E-EurAsia 1981 max - Mar lastSun 0:00 1:00 -
101 Rule E-EurAsia 1979 1995 - Sep lastSun 0:00 0 -
102 Rule E-EurAsia 1996 max - Oct lastSun 0:00 0 -
103 Rule RussiaAsia 1981 1984 - Apr 1 0:00 1:00 -
104 Rule RussiaAsia 1981 1983 - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
105 Rule RussiaAsia 1984 1995 - Sep lastSun 2:00s 0 -
106 Rule RussiaAsia 1985 2010 - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 -
107 Rule RussiaAsia 1996 2010 - Oct lastSun 2:00s 0 -
108
109 # Afghanistan
110 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
111 Zone Asia/Kabul 4:36:48 - LMT 1890
112 4:00 - +04 1945
113 4:30 - +0430
114
115 # Armenia
116 # From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):
117 # Shanks & Pottenger have Yerevan switching to 3:00 (with Russian DST)
118 # in spring 1991, then to 4:00 with no DST in fall 1995, then
119 # readopting Russian DST in 1997. Go with Shanks & Pottenger, even
120 # when they disagree with others. Edgar Der-Danieliantz
121 # reported (1996-05-04) that Yerevan probably wouldn't use DST
122 # in 1996, though it did use DST in 1995. IATA SSIM (1991/1998) reports that
123 # Armenia switched from 3:00 to 4:00 in 1998 and observed DST after 1991,
124 # but started switching at 3:00s in 1998.
125
126 # From Arthur David Olson (2011-06-15):
127 # While Russia abandoned DST in 2011, Armenia may choose to
128 # follow Russia's "old" rules.
129
130 # From Alexander Krivenyshev (2012-02-10):
131 # According to News Armenia, on Feb 9, 2012,
132 # http://newsarmenia.ru/society/20120209/42609695.html
133 #
134 # The Armenia National Assembly adopted final reading of Amendments to the
135 # Law "On procedure of calculation time on the territory of the Republic of
136 # Armenia" according to which Armenia [is] abolishing Daylight Saving Time.
137 # or
138 # (brief)
139 # http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_armenia03.html
140 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
141 Rule Armenia 2011 only - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 -
142 Rule Armenia 2011 only - Oct lastSun 2:00s 0 -
143 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
144 Zone Asia/Yerevan 2:58:00 - LMT 1924 May 2
145 3:00 - +03 1957 Mar
146 4:00 RussiaAsia +04/+05 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
147 3:00 RussiaAsia +03/+04 1995 Sep 24 2:00s
148 4:00 - +04 1997
149 4:00 RussiaAsia +04/+05 2011
150 4:00 Armenia +04/+05
151
152 # Azerbaijan
153
154 # From Rustam Aliyev of the Azerbaijan Internet Forum (2005-10-23):
155 # According to the resolution of Cabinet of Ministers, 1997
156 # From Paul Eggert (2015-09-17): It was Resolution No. 21 (1997-03-17).
157 # http://code.az/files/daylight_res.pdf
158
159 # From Steffen Thorsen (2016-03-17):
160 # ... the Azerbaijani Cabinet of Ministers has cancelled switching to
161 # daylight saving time....
162 # https://www.azernews.az/azerbaijan/94137.html
163 # http://vestnikkavkaza.net/news/Azerbaijani-Cabinet-of-Ministers-cancels-daylight-saving-time.html
164 # http://en.apa.az/xeber_azerbaijan_abolishes_daylight_savings_ti_240862.html
165
166 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
167 Rule Azer 1997 2015 - Mar lastSun 4:00 1:00 -
168 Rule Azer 1997 2015 - Oct lastSun 5:00 0 -
169 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
170 Zone Asia/Baku 3:19:24 - LMT 1924 May 2
171 3:00 - +03 1957 Mar
172 4:00 RussiaAsia +04/+05 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
173 3:00 RussiaAsia +03/+04 1992 Sep lastSun 2:00s
174 4:00 - +04 1996
175 4:00 EUAsia +04/+05 1997
176 4:00 Azer +04/+05
177
178 # Bahrain
179 # See Asia/Qatar.
180
181 # Bangladesh
182 # From Alexander Krivenyshev (2009-05-13):
183 # According to newspaper Asian Tribune (May 6, 2009) Bangladesh may introduce
184 # Daylight Saving Time from June 16 to Sept 30
185 #
186 # Bangladesh to introduce daylight saving time likely from June 16
187 # http://www.asiantribune.com/?q=node/17288
188 # http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_bangladesh02.html
189 #
190 # "... Bangladesh government has decided to switch daylight saving time from
191 # June
192 # 16 till September 30 in a bid to ensure maximum use of daylight to cope with
193 # crippling power crisis. "
194 #
195 # The switch will remain in effect from June 16 to Sept 30 (2009) but if
196 # implemented the next year, it will come in force from April 1, 2010
197
198 # From Steffen Thorsen (2009-06-02):
199 # They have finally decided now, but changed the start date to midnight between
200 # the 19th and 20th, and they have not set the end date yet.
201 #
202 # Some sources:
203 # https://in.reuters.com/article/southAsiaNews/idINIndia-40017620090601
204 # http://bdnews24.com/details.php?id=85889&cid=2
205 #
206 # Our wrap-up:
207 # https://www.timeanddate.com/news/time/bangladesh-daylight-saving-2009.html
208
209 # From A. N. M. Kamrus Saadat (2009-06-15):
210 # Finally we've got the official mail regarding DST start time where DST start
211 # time is mentioned as Jun 19 2009, 23:00 from BTRC (Bangladesh
212 # Telecommunication Regulatory Commission).
213 #
214 # No DST end date has been announced yet.
215
216 # From Alexander Krivenyshev (2009-09-25):
217 # Bangladesh won't go back to Standard Time from October 1, 2009,
218 # instead it will continue DST measure till the cabinet makes a fresh decision.
219 #
220 # Following report by same newspaper-"The Daily Star Friday":
221 # "DST change awaits cabinet decision-Clock won't go back by 1-hr from Oct 1"
222 # http://www.thedailystar.net/newDesign/news-details.php?nid=107021
223 # http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_bangladesh04.html
224
225 # From Steffen Thorsen (2009-10-13):
226 # IANS (Indo-Asian News Service) now reports:
227 # Bangladesh has decided that the clock advanced by an hour to make
228 # maximum use of daylight hours as an energy saving measure would
229 # "continue for an indefinite period."
230 #
231 # One of many places where it is published:
232 # http://www.thaindian.com/newsportal/business/bangladesh-to-continue-indefinitely-with-advanced-time_100259987.html
233
234 # From Alexander Krivenyshev (2009-12-24):
235 # According to Bangladesh newspaper "The Daily Star,"
236 # Bangladesh will change its clock back to Standard Time on Dec 31, 2009.
237 #
238 # Clock goes back 1-hr on Dec 31 night.
239 # http://www.thedailystar.net/newDesign/news-details.php?nid=119228
240 # http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_bangladesh05.html
241 #
242 # "...The government yesterday decided to put the clock back by one hour
243 # on December 31 midnight and the new time will continue until March 31,
244 # 2010 midnight. The decision came at a cabinet meeting at the Prime
245 # Minister's Office last night..."
246
247 # From Alexander Krivenyshev (2010-03-22):
248 # According to Bangladesh newspaper "The Daily Star,"
249 # Cabinet cancels Daylight Saving Time
250 # http://www.thedailystar.net/newDesign/latest_news.php?nid=22817
251 # http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_bangladesh06.html
252
253 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
254 Rule Dhaka 2009 only - Jun 19 23:00 1:00 -
255 Rule Dhaka 2009 only - Dec 31 24:00 0 -
256
257 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
258 Zone Asia/Dhaka 6:01:40 - LMT 1890
259 5:53:20 - HMT 1941 Oct # Howrah Mean Time?
260 6:30 - +0630 1942 May 15
261 5:30 - +0530 1942 Sep
262 6:30 - +0630 1951 Sep 30
263 6:00 - +06 2009
264 6:00 Dhaka +06/+07
265
266 # Bhutan
267 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
268 Zone Asia/Thimphu 5:58:36 - LMT 1947 Aug 15 # or Thimbu
269 5:30 - +0530 1987 Oct
270 6:00 - +06
271
272 # British Indian Ocean Territory
273 # Whitman and the 1995 CIA time zone map say 5:00, but the
274 # 1997 and later maps say 6:00. Assume the switch occurred in 1996.
275 # We have no information as to when standard time was introduced;
276 # assume it occurred in 1907, the same year as Mauritius (which
277 # then contained the Chagos Archipelago).
278 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
279 Zone Indian/Chagos 4:49:40 - LMT 1907
280 5:00 - +05 1996
281 6:00 - +06
282
283 # Brunei
284 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
285 Zone Asia/Brunei 7:39:40 - LMT 1926 Mar # Bandar Seri Begawan
286 7:30 - +0730 1933
287 8:00 - +08
288
289 # Burma / Myanmar
290
291 # Milne says 6:24:40 was the meridian of the time ball observatory at Rangoon.
292
293 # From Paul Eggert (2017-04-20):
294 # Page 27 of Reed & Low (cited for Asia/Kolkata) says "Rangoon local time is
295 # used upon the railways and telegraphs of Burma, and is 6h. 24m. 47s. ahead
296 # of Greenwich." This refers to the period before Burma's transition to +0630,
297 # a transition for which Shanks is the only source.
298
299 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
300 Zone Asia/Yangon 6:24:47 - LMT 1880 # or Rangoon
301 6:24:47 - RMT 1920 # Rangoon local time
302 6:30 - +0630 1942 May
303 9:00 - +09 1945 May 3
304 6:30 - +0630
305
306 # Cambodia
307 # See Asia/Bangkok.
308
309
310 # China
311
312 # From Paul Eggert (2018-10-02):
313 # The following comes from Table 1 of:
314 # Li Yu. Research on the daylight saving movement in 1940s Shanghai.
315 # Nanjing Journal of Social Sciences. 2014;(2):144-50.
316 # http://oversea.cnki.net/kns55/detail.aspx?dbname=CJFD2014&filename=NJSH201402020
317 # The table lists dates only; I am guessing 00:00 and 24:00 transition times.
318 # Also, the table lists the planned end of DST in 1949, but the corresponding
319 # zone line cuts this off on May 28, when the Communists took power.
320 #
321 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
322 Rule Shang 1940 only - Jun 1 0:00 1:00 D
323 Rule Shang 1940 only - Oct 12 24:00 0 S
324 Rule Shang 1941 only - Mar 15 0:00 1:00 D
325 Rule Shang 1941 only - Nov 1 24:00 0 S
326 Rule Shang 1942 only - Jan 31 0:00 1:00 D
327 Rule Shang 1945 only - Sep 1 24:00 0 S
328 Rule Shang 1946 only - May 15 0:00 1:00 D
329 Rule Shang 1946 only - Sep 30 24:00 0 S
330 Rule Shang 1947 only - Apr 15 0:00 1:00 D
331 Rule Shang 1947 only - Oct 31 24:00 0 S
332 Rule Shang 1948 1949 - May 1 0:00 1:00 D
333 Rule Shang 1948 1949 - Sep 30 24:00 0 S #plan
334
335 # From Guy Harris:
336 # People's Republic of China. Yes, they really have only one time zone.
337
338 # From Bob Devine (1988-01-28):
339 # No they don't. See TIME mag, 1986-02-17 p.52. Even though
340 # China is across 4 physical time zones, before Feb 1, 1986 only the
341 # Peking (Beijing) time zone was recognized. Since that date, China
342 # has two of 'em - Peking's and Ürümqi (named after the capital of
343 # the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region). I don't know about DST for it.
344 #
345 # . . .I just deleted the DST table and this editor makes it too
346 # painful to suck in another copy. So, here is what I have for
347 # DST start/end dates for Peking's time zone (info from AP):
348 #
349 # 1986 May 4 - Sept 14
350 # 1987 mid-April - ??
351
352 # From U. S. Naval Observatory (1989-01-19):
353 # CHINA 8 H AHEAD OF UTC ALL OF CHINA, INCL TAIWAN
354 # CHINA 9 H AHEAD OF UTC APR 17 - SEP 10
355
356 # From Paul Eggert (2008-02-11):
357 # Jim Mann, "A clumsy embrace for another western custom: China on daylight
358 # time - sort of", Los Angeles Times, 1986-05-05 ... [says] that China began
359 # observing daylight saving time in 1986.
360
361 # From P Chan (2018-05-07):
362 # The start and end time of DST in China [from 1986 on] should be 2:00
363 # (i.e. 2:00 to 3:00 at the start and 2:00 to 1:00 at the end)....
364 # Government notices about summer time:
365 #
366 # 1986-04-12 http://www.zj.gov.cn/attach/zfgb/198608.pdf p.21-22
367 # (To establish summer time from 1986. On 4 May, set the clocks ahead one hour
368 # at 2 am. On 14 September, set the clocks backward one hour at 2 am.)
369 #
370 # 1987-02-15 http://www.gov.cn/gongbao/shuju/1987/gwyb198703.pdf p.114
371 # (Summer time in 1987 to start from 12 April until 13 September)
372 #
373 # 1987-09-09 http://www.gov.cn/gongbao/shuju/1987/gwyb198721.pdf p.709
374 # (From 1988, summer time to start from 2 am of the first Sunday of mid-April
375 # until 2 am of the first Sunday of mid-September)
376 #
377 # 1992-03-03 http://www.gov.cn/gongbao/shuju/1992/gwyb199205.pdf p.152
378 # (To suspend summer time from 1992)
379 #
380 # The first page of People's Daily on 12 April 1988 stating that summer time
381 # to begin on 17 April.
382 # http://data.people.com.cn/pic/101p/1988/04/1988041201.jpg
383
384 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
385 Rule PRC 1986 only - May 4 2:00 1:00 D
386 Rule PRC 1986 1991 - Sep Sun>=11 2:00 0 S
387 Rule PRC 1987 1991 - Apr Sun>=11 2:00 1:00 D
388
389 # From Anthony Fok (2001-12-20):
390 # BTW, I did some research on-line and found some info regarding these five
391 # historic timezones from some Taiwan websites. And yes, there are official
392 # Chinese names for these locales (before 1949).
393 #
394 # From Jesper Nørgaard Welen (2006-07-14):
395 # I have investigated the timezones around 1970 on the
396 # https://www.astro.com/atlas site [with provinces and county
397 # boundaries summarized below].... A few other exceptions were two
398 # counties on the Sichuan side of the Xizang-Sichuan border,
399 # counties Dege and Baiyu which lies on the Sichuan side and are
400 # therefore supposed to be GMT+7, Xizang region being GMT+6, but Dege
401 # county is GMT+8 according to astro.com while Baiyu county is GMT+6
402 # (could be true), for the moment I am assuming that those two
403 # counties are mistakes in the astro.com data.
404
405 # From Paul Eggert (2017-01-05):
406 # Alois Treindl kindly sent me translations of the following two sources:
407 #
408 # (1)
409 # Guo Qing-sheng (National Time-Service Center, CAS, Xi'an 710600, China)
410 # Beijing Time at the Beginning of the PRC
411 # China Historical Materials of Science and Technology
412 # (Zhongguo ke ji shi liao, 中国科技史料). 2003;24(1):5-9.
413 # http://oversea.cnki.net/kcms/detail/detail.aspx?filename=ZGKS200301000&dbname=CJFD2003
414 # It gives evidence that at the beginning of the PRC, Beijing time was
415 # officially apparent solar time! However, Guo also says that the
416 # evidence is dubious, as the relevant institute of astronomy had not
417 # been taken over by the PRC yet. It's plausible that apparent solar
418 # time was announced but never implemented, and that people continued
419 # to use UT+8. As the Shanghai radio station (and I presume the
420 # observatory) was still under control of French missionaries, it
421 # could well have ignored any such mandate.
422 #
423 # (2)
424 # Guo Qing-sheng (Shaanxi Astronomical Observatory, CAS, Xi'an 710600, China)
425 # A Study on the Standard Time Changes for the Past 100 Years in China
426 # [undated and unknown publication location]
427 # It says several things:
428 # * The Qing dynasty used local apparent solar time throughout China.
429 # * The Republic of China instituted Beijing mean solar time effective
430 # the official calendar book of 1914.
431 # * The French Concession in Shanghai set up signal stations in
432 # French docks in the 1890s, controlled by Xujiahui (Zikawei)
433 # Observatory and set to local mean time.
434 # * "From the end of the 19th century" it changed to UT+8.
435 # * Chinese Customs (by then reduced to a tool of foreign powers)
436 # eventually standardized on this time for all ports, and it
437 # became used by railways as well.
438 # * In 1918 the Central Observatory proposed dividing China into
439 # five time zones (see below for details). This caught on
440 # at first only in coastal areas observing UT+8.
441 # * During WWII all of China was in theory was at UT+7. In practice
442 # this was ignored in the west, and I presume was ignored in
443 # Japanese-occupied territory.
444 # * Japanese-occupied Manchuria was at UT+9, i.e., Japan time.
445 # * The five-zone plan was resurrected after WWII and officially put into
446 # place (with some modifications) in March 1948. It's not clear
447 # how well it was observed in areas under Nationalist control.
448 # * The People's Liberation Army used UT+8 during the civil war.
449 #
450 # An AP article "Shanghai Internat'l Area Little Changed" in the
451 # Lewiston (ME) Daily Sun (1939-05-29), p 17, said "Even the time is
452 # different - the occupied districts going by Tokyo time, an hour
453 # ahead of that prevailing in the rest of Shanghai." Guess that the
454 # Xujiahui Observatory was under French control and stuck with UT +08.
455 #
456 # In earlier versions of this file, China had many separate Zone entries, but
457 # this was based on what were apparently incorrect data in Shanks & Pottenger.
458 # This has now been simplified to the two entries Asia/Shanghai and
459 # Asia/Urumqi, with the others being links for backward compatibility.
460 # Proposed in 1918 and theoretically in effect until 1949 (although in practice
461 # mainly observed in coastal areas), the five zones were:
462 #
463 # Changbai Time ("Long-white Time", Long-white = Heilongjiang area) UT +08:30
464 # Now part of Asia/Shanghai; its pre-1970 times are not recorded here.
465 # Heilongjiang (except Mohe county), Jilin
466 #
467 # Zhongyuan Time ("Central plain Time") UT +08
468 # Now part of Asia/Shanghai.
469 # most of China
470 # Milne gives 8:05:43.2 for Xujiahui Observatory time; round to nearest.
471 # Guo says Shanghai switched to UT +08 "from the end of the 19th century".
472 #
473 # Long-shu Time (probably as Long and Shu were two names of the area) UT +07
474 # Now part of Asia/Shanghai; its pre-1970 times are not recorded here.
475 # Guangxi, Guizhou, Hainan, Ningxia, Sichuan, Shaanxi, and Yunnan;
476 # most of Gansu; west Inner Mongolia; east Qinghai; and the Guangdong
477 # counties Deqing, Enping, Kaiping, Luoding, Taishan, Xinxing,
478 # Yangchun, Yangjiang, Yu'nan, and Yunfu.
479 #
480 # Xin-zang Time ("Xinjiang-Tibet Time") UT +06
481 # This region is now part of either Asia/Urumqi or Asia/Shanghai with
482 # current boundaries uncertain; times before 1970 for areas that
483 # disagree with Ürümqi or Shanghai are not recorded here.
484 # The Gansu counties Aksay, Anxi, Dunhuang, Subei; west Qinghai;
485 # the Guangdong counties Xuwen, Haikang, Suixi, Lianjiang,
486 # Zhanjiang, Wuchuan, Huazhou, Gaozhou, Maoming, Dianbai, and Xinyi;
487 # east Tibet, including Lhasa, Chamdo, Shigaise, Jimsar, Shawan and Hutubi;
488 # east Xinjiang, including Ürümqi, Turpan, Karamay, Korla, Minfeng, Jinghe,
489 # Wusu, Qiemo, Xinyan, Wulanwusu, Jinghe, Yumin, Tacheng, Tuoli, Emin,
490 # Shihezi, Changji, Yanqi, Heshuo, Tuokexun, Tulufan, Shanshan, Hami,
491 # Fukang, Kuitun, Kumukuli, Miquan, Qitai, and Turfan.
492 #
493 # Kunlun Time UT +05:30
494 # This region is now in the same status as Xin-zang Time (see above).
495 # West Tibet, including Pulan, Aheqi, Shufu, Shule;
496 # West Xinjiang, including Aksu, Atushi, Yining, Hetian, Cele, Luopu, Nileke,
497 # Zhaosu, Tekesi, Gongliu, Chabuchaer, Huocheng, Bole, Pishan, Suiding,
498 # and Yarkand.
499
500 # From Luther Ma (2009-10-17):
501 # Almost all (>99.9%) ethnic Chinese (properly ethnic Han) living in
502 # Xinjiang use Chinese Standard Time. Some are aware of Xinjiang time,
503 # but have no need of it. All planes, trains, and schools function on
504 # what is called "Beijing time." When Han make an appointment in Chinese
505 # they implicitly use Beijing time.
506 #
507 # On the other hand, ethnic Uyghurs, who make up about half the
508 # population of Xinjiang, typically use "Xinjiang time" which is two
509 # hours behind Beijing time, or UT +06. The government of the Xinjiang
510 # Uyghur Autonomous Region, (XAUR, or just Xinjiang for short) as well as
511 # local governments such as the Ürümqi city government use both times in
512 # publications, referring to what is popularly called Xinjiang time as
513 # "Ürümqi time." When Uyghurs make an appointment in the Uyghur language
514 # they almost invariably use Xinjiang time.
515 #
516 # (Their ethnic Han compatriots would typically have no clue of its
517 # widespread use, however, because so extremely few of them are fluent in
518 # Uyghur, comparable to the number of Anglo-Americans fluent in Navajo.)
519 #
520 # (...As with the rest of China there was a brief interval ending in 1990
521 # or 1991 when summer time was in use. The confusion was severe, with
522 # the province not having dual times but four times in use at the same
523 # time. Some areas remained on standard Xinjiang time or Beijing time and
524 # others moving their clocks ahead.)
525
526 # From Luther Ma (2009-11-19):
527 # With the risk of being redundant to previous answers these are the most common
528 # English "transliterations" (w/o using non-English symbols):
529 #
530 # 1. Wulumuqi...
531 # 2. Kashi...
532 # 3. Urumqi...
533 # 4. Kashgar...
534 # ...
535 # 5. It seems that Uyghurs in Ürümqi has been using Xinjiang since at least the
536 # 1960's. I know of one Han, now over 50, who grew up in the surrounding
537 # countryside and used Xinjiang time as a child.
538 #
539 # 6. Likewise for Kashgar and the rest of south Xinjiang I don't know of any
540 # start date for Xinjiang time.
541 #
542 # Without having access to local historical records, nor the ability to legally
543 # publish them, I would go with October 1, 1949, when Xinjiang became the Uyghur
544 # Autonomous Region under the PRC. (Before that Uyghurs, of course, would also
545 # not be using Beijing time, but some local time.)
546
547 # From David Cochrane (2014-03-26):
548 # Just a confirmation that Ürümqi time was implemented in Ürümqi on 1 Feb 1986:
549 # https://content.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,960684,00.html
550
551 # From Luther Ma (2014-04-22):
552 # I have interviewed numerous people of various nationalities and from
553 # different localities in Xinjiang and can confirm the information in Guo's
554 # report regarding Xinjiang, as well as the Time article reference by David
555 # Cochrane. Whether officially recognized or not (and both are officially
556 # recognized), two separate times have been in use in Xinjiang since at least
557 # the Cultural Revolution: Xinjiang Time (XJT), aka Ürümqi Time or local time;
558 # and Beijing Time. There is no confusion in Xinjiang as to which name refers
559 # to which time. Both are widely used in the province, although in some
560 # population groups might be use one to the exclusion of the other. The only
561 # problem is that computers and smart phones list Ürümqi (or Kashgar) as
562 # having the same time as Beijing.
563
564 # From Paul Eggert (2014-06-30):
565 # In the early days of the PRC, Tibet was given its own time zone (UT +06)
566 # but this was withdrawn in 1959 and never reinstated; see Tubten Khétsun,
567 # Memories of life in Lhasa under Chinese Rule, Columbia U Press, ISBN
568 # 978-0231142861 (2008), translator's introduction by Matthew Akester, p x.
569 # As this is before our 1970 cutoff, Tibet doesn't need a separate zone.
570 #
571 # Xinjiang Time is well-documented as being officially recognized. E.g., see
572 # "The Working-Calendar for The Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region Government"
573 # <http://www.sinkiang.gov.cn/service/ourworking/> (2014-04-22).
574 # Unfortunately, we have no good records of time in Xinjiang before 1986.
575 # During the 20th century parts of Xinjiang were ruled by the Qing dynasty,
576 # the Republic of China, various warlords, the First and Second East Turkestan
577 # Republics, the Soviet Union, the Kuomintang, and the People's Republic of
578 # China, and tracking down all these organizations' timekeeping rules would be
579 # quite a trick. Approximate this lost history by a transition from LMT to
580 # UT +06 at the start of 1928, the year of accession of the warlord Jin Shuren,
581 # which happens to be the date given by Shanks & Pottenger (no doubt as a
582 # guess) as the transition from LMT. Ignore the usage of +08 before
583 # 1986-02-01 under the theory that the transition date to +08 is unknown and
584 # that the sort of users who prefer Asia/Urumqi now typically ignored the
585 # +08 mandate back then.
586
587 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
588 # Beijing time, used throughout China; represented by Shanghai.
589 Zone Asia/Shanghai 8:05:43 - LMT 1901
590 8:00 Shang C%sT 1949 May 28
591 8:00 PRC C%sT
592 # Xinjiang time, used by many in western China; represented by Ürümqi / Ürümchi
593 # / Wulumuqi. (Please use Asia/Shanghai if you prefer Beijing time.)
594 Zone Asia/Urumqi 5:50:20 - LMT 1928
595 6:00 - +06
596
597
598 # Hong Kong (Xianggang)
599
600 # Milne gives 7:36:41.7; round this.
601
602 # From Lee Yiu Chung (2009-10-24):
603 # I found there are some mistakes for the...DST rule for Hong
604 # Kong. [According] to the DST record from Hong Kong Observatory (actually,
605 # it is not [an] observatory, but the official meteorological agency of HK,
606 # and also serves as the official timing agency), there are some missing
607 # and incorrect rules. Although the exact switch over time is missing, I
608 # think 3:30 is correct. The official DST record for Hong Kong can be
609 # obtained from
610 # http://www.hko.gov.hk/gts/time/Summertime.htm
611
612 # From Arthur David Olson (2009-10-28):
613 # Here are the dates given at
614 # http://www.hko.gov.hk/gts/time/Summertime.htm
615 # as of 2009-10-28:
616 # Year Period
617 # 1941 1 Apr to 30 Sep
618 # 1942 Whole year
619 # 1943 Whole year
620 # 1944 Whole year
621 # 1945 Whole year
622 # 1946 20 Apr to 1 Dec
623 # 1947 13 Apr to 30 Dec
624 # 1948 2 May to 31 Oct
625 # 1949 3 Apr to 30 Oct
626 # 1950 2 Apr to 29 Oct
627 # 1951 1 Apr to 28 Oct
628 # 1952 6 Apr to 25 Oct
629 # 1953 5 Apr to 1 Nov
630 # 1954 21 Mar to 31 Oct
631 # 1955 20 Mar to 6 Nov
632 # 1956 18 Mar to 4 Nov
633 # 1957 24 Mar to 3 Nov
634 # 1958 23 Mar to 2 Nov
635 # 1959 22 Mar to 1 Nov
636 # 1960 20 Mar to 6 Nov
637 # 1961 19 Mar to 5 Nov
638 # 1962 18 Mar to 4 Nov
639 # 1963 24 Mar to 3 Nov
640 # 1964 22 Mar to 1 Nov
641 # 1965 18 Apr to 17 Oct
642 # 1966 17 Apr to 16 Oct
643 # 1967 16 Apr to 22 Oct
644 # 1968 21 Apr to 20 Oct
645 # 1969 20 Apr to 19 Oct
646 # 1970 19 Apr to 18 Oct
647 # 1971 18 Apr to 17 Oct
648 # 1972 16 Apr to 22 Oct
649 # 1973 22 Apr to 21 Oct
650 # 1973/74 30 Dec 73 to 20 Oct 74
651 # 1975 20 Apr to 19 Oct
652 # 1976 18 Apr to 17 Oct
653 # 1977 Nil
654 # 1978 Nil
655 # 1979 13 May to 21 Oct
656 # 1980 to Now Nil
657 # The page does not give start or end times of day.
658 # The page does not give a start date for 1942.
659 # The page does not givw an end date for 1945.
660 # The Japanese occupation of Hong Kong began on 1941-12-25.
661 # The Japanese surrender of Hong Kong was signed 1945-09-15.
662 # For lack of anything better, use start of those days as the transition times.
663
664 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
665 Rule HK 1941 only - Apr 1 3:30 1:00 S
666 Rule HK 1941 only - Sep 30 3:30 0 -
667 Rule HK 1946 only - Apr 20 3:30 1:00 S
668 Rule HK 1946 only - Dec 1 3:30 0 -
669 Rule HK 1947 only - Apr 13 3:30 1:00 S
670 Rule HK 1947 only - Dec 30 3:30 0 -
671 Rule HK 1948 only - May 2 3:30 1:00 S
672 Rule HK 1948 1951 - Oct lastSun 3:30 0 -
673 Rule HK 1952 only - Oct 25 3:30 0 -
674 Rule HK 1949 1953 - Apr Sun>=1 3:30 1:00 S
675 Rule HK 1953 only - Nov 1 3:30 0 -
676 Rule HK 1954 1964 - Mar Sun>=18 3:30 1:00 S
677 Rule HK 1954 only - Oct 31 3:30 0 -
678 Rule HK 1955 1964 - Nov Sun>=1 3:30 0 -
679 Rule HK 1965 1976 - Apr Sun>=16 3:30 1:00 S
680 Rule HK 1965 1976 - Oct Sun>=16 3:30 0 -
681 Rule HK 1973 only - Dec 30 3:30 1:00 S
682 Rule HK 1979 only - May Sun>=8 3:30 1:00 S
683 Rule HK 1979 only - Oct Sun>=16 3:30 0 -
684 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
685 Zone Asia/Hong_Kong 7:36:42 - LMT 1904 Oct 30
686 8:00 HK HK%sT 1941 Dec 25
687 9:00 - JST 1945 Sep 15
688 8:00 HK HK%sT
689
690 ###############################################################################
691
692 # Taiwan
693
694 # From smallufo (2010-04-03):
695 # According to Taiwan's CWB [Central Weather Bureau],
696 # http://www.cwb.gov.tw/V6/astronomy/cdata/summert.htm
697 # Taipei has DST in 1979 between July 1st and Sep 30.
698
699 # From Yu-Cheng Chuang (2013-07-12):
700 # On Dec 28, 1895, the Meiji Emperor announced Ordinance No. 167 of
701 # Meiji Year 28 "The clause about standard time", mentioned that
702 # Taiwan and Penghu Islands, as well as Yaeyama and Miyako Islands
703 # (both in Okinawa) adopt the Western Standard Time which is based on
704 # 120E. The adoption began from Jan 1, 1896. The original text can be
705 # found on Wikisource:
706 # https://ja.wikisource.org/wiki/標準時ニ關スル件_(公布時)
707 # ... This could be the first adoption of time zone in Taiwan, because
708 # during the Qing Dynasty, it seems that there was no time zone
709 # declared officially.
710 #
711 # Later, in the beginning of World War II, on Sep 25, 1937, the Showa
712 # Emperor announced Ordinance No. 529 of Showa Year 12 "The clause of
713 # revision in the ordinance No. 167 of Meiji year 28 about standard
714 # time", in which abolished the adoption of Western Standard Time in
715 # western islands (listed above), which means the whole Japan
716 # territory, including later occupations, adopt Japan Central Time
717 # (UT+9). The adoption began on Oct 1, 1937. The original text can
718 # be found on Wikisource:
719 # https://ja.wikisource.org/wiki/明治二十八年勅令第百六十七號標準時ニ關スル件中改正ノ件
720 #
721 # That is, the time zone of Taipei switched to UT+9 on Oct 1, 1937.
722
723 # From Yu-Cheng Chuang (2014-07-02):
724 # I've found more evidence about when the time zone was switched from UT+9
725 # back to UT+8 after WW2. I believe it was on Sep 21, 1945. In a document
726 # during Japanese era [1] in which the officer told the staff to change time
727 # zone back to Western Standard Time (UT+8) on Sep 21. And in another
728 # history page of National Cheng Kung University [2], on Sep 21 there is a
729 # note "from today, switch back to Western Standard Time". From these two
730 # materials, I believe that the time zone change happened on Sep 21. And
731 # today I have found another monthly journal called "The Astronomical Herald"
732 # from The Astronomical Society of Japan [3] in which it mentioned the fact
733 # that:
734 #
735 # 1. Standard Time of the Country (Japan) was adopted on Jan 1, 1888, using
736 # the time at 135E (GMT+9)
737 #
738 # 2. Standard Time of the Country was renamed to Central Standard Time, on Jan
739 # 1, 1898, and on the same day, the new territories Taiwan and Penghu islands,
740 # as well as Yaeyama and Miyako islands, adopted a new time zone called
741 # Western Standard Time, which is in GMT+8.
742 #
743 # 3. Western Standard Time was deprecated on Sep 30, 1937. From then all the
744 # territories of Japan adopted the same time zone, which is Central Standard
745 # Time.
746 #
747 # [1] Academica Historica, Taiwan:
748 # http://163.29.208.22:8080/govsaleShowImage/connect_img.php?s=00101738900090036&e=00101738900090037
749 # [2] Nat'l Cheng Kung University 70th Anniversary Special Site:
750 # http://www.ncku.edu.tw/~ncku70/menu/001/01_01.htm
751 # [3] Yukio Niimi, The Standard Time in Japan (1997), p.475:
752 # http://www.asj.or.jp/geppou/archive_open/1997/pdf/19971001c.pdf
753
754 # Yu-Cheng Chuang (2014-07-03):
755 # I finally have found the real official gazette about changing back to
756 # Western Standard Time on Sep 21 in Taiwan. It's Taiwan Governor-General
757 # Bulletin No. 386 in Showa 20 years (1945), published on Sep 19, 1945. [1] ...
758 # [It] abolishes Bulletin No. 207 in Showa 12 years (1937), which is a local
759 # bulletin in Taiwan for that Ordinance No. 529. It also mentioned that 1am on
760 # Sep 21, 1945 will be 12am on Sep 21. I think this bulletin is much more
761 # official than the one I mentioned in my first mail, because it's from the
762 # top-level government in Taiwan. If you're going to quote any resource, this
763 # would be a good one.
764 # [1] Taiwan Governor-General Gazette, No. 1018, Sep 19, 1945:
765 # http://db2.th.gov.tw/db2/view/viewImg.php?imgcode=0072031018a&num=19&bgn=019&end=019&otherImg=&type=gener
766
767 # From Yu-Cheng Chuang (2014-07-02):
768 # In 1946, DST in Taiwan was from May 15 and ended on Sep 30. The info from
769 # Central Weather Bureau website was not correct.
770 #
771 # Original Bulletin:
772 # http://subtpg.tpg.gov.tw/og/image2.asp?f=03502F0AKM1AF
773 # http://subtpg.tpg.gov.tw/og/image2.asp?f=0350300AKM1B0 (cont.)
774 #
775 # In 1947, DST in Taiwan was expanded to Oct 31. There is a backup of that
776 # telegram announcement from Taiwan Province Government:
777 #
778 # http://subtpg.tpg.gov.tw/og/image2.asp?f=0360310AKZ431
779 #
780 # Here is a brief translation:
781 #
782 # The Summer Time this year is adopted from midnight Apr 15 until Sep 20
783 # midnight. To save (energy?) consumption, we're expanding Summer Time
784 # adoption till Oct 31 midnight.
785 #
786 # The Central Weather Bureau website didn't mention that, however it can
787 # be found from historical government announcement database.
788
789 # From Paul Eggert (2014-07-03):
790 # As per Yu-Cheng Chuang, say that Taiwan was at UT +09 from 1937-10-01
791 # until 1945-09-21 at 01:00, overriding Shanks & Pottenger.
792 # Likewise, use Yu-Cheng Chuang's data for DST in Taiwan.
793
794 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
795 Rule Taiwan 1946 only - May 15 0:00 1:00 D
796 Rule Taiwan 1946 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 S
797 Rule Taiwan 1947 only - Apr 15 0:00 1:00 D
798 Rule Taiwan 1947 only - Nov 1 0:00 0 S
799 Rule Taiwan 1948 1951 - May 1 0:00 1:00 D
800 Rule Taiwan 1948 1951 - Oct 1 0:00 0 S
801 Rule Taiwan 1952 only - Mar 1 0:00 1:00 D
802 Rule Taiwan 1952 1954 - Nov 1 0:00 0 S
803 Rule Taiwan 1953 1959 - Apr 1 0:00 1:00 D
804 Rule Taiwan 1955 1961 - Oct 1 0:00 0 S
805 Rule Taiwan 1960 1961 - Jun 1 0:00 1:00 D
806 Rule Taiwan 1974 1975 - Apr 1 0:00 1:00 D
807 Rule Taiwan 1974 1975 - Oct 1 0:00 0 S
808 Rule Taiwan 1979 only - Jul 1 0:00 1:00 D
809 Rule Taiwan 1979 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 S
810
811 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
812 # Taipei or Taibei or T'ai-pei
813 Zone Asia/Taipei 8:06:00 - LMT 1896 Jan 1
814 8:00 - CST 1937 Oct 1
815 9:00 - JST 1945 Sep 21 1:00
816 8:00 Taiwan C%sT
817
818 # Macau (Macao, Aomen)
819 #
820 # From P Chan (2018-05-10):
821 # * LegisMac
822 # http://legismac.safp.gov.mo/legismac/descqry/Descqry.jsf?lang=pt
823 # A database for searching titles of legal documents of Macau in
824 # Chinese and Portuguese. The term "HORÁRIO DE VERÃO" can be used for
825 # searching decrees about summer time.
826 # * Archives of Macao
827 # http://www.archives.gov.mo/en/bo/
828 # It contains images of old official gazettes.
829 # * The Macao Meteorological and Geophysical Bureau have a page listing the
830 # summer time history. But it is not complete and has some mistakes.
831 # http://www.smg.gov.mo/smg/geophysics/e_t_Summer%20Time.htm
832 # Macau adopted GMT+8 on 30 Oct 1904 to follow Hong Kong. Clocks were
833 # advanced by 25 minutes and 50 seconds. Which means the LMT used was
834 # +7:34:10. As stated in the "Portaria No. 204" dated 21 October 1904
835 # and published in the Official Gazette on 29 October 1904.
836 # http://igallery.icm.gov.mo/Images/Archives/BO/MO_AH_PUB_BO_1904_10/MO_AH_PUB_BO_1904_10_00025_Grey.JPG
837 #
838 # Therefore the 1911 decree of Portugal did not change time in Macau.
839 #
840 # From LegisMac, here is a list of decrees that changed the time ...
841 # [Decree Gazette-no. date; titles omitted in this quotation]
842 # DIL 732 BOCM 51 1941.12.20
843 # DIL 764 BOCM 9S 1942.04.30
844 # DIL 781 BOCM 21 1942.10.10
845 # PT 3434 BOCM 8S 1943.04.17
846 # PT 3504 BOCM 20 1943.09.25
847 # PT 3843 BOCM 39 1945.09.29
848 # PT 3961 BOCM 17 1946.04.27
849 # PT 4026 BOCM 39 1946.09.28
850 # PT 4153 BOCM 16 1947.04.10
851 # PT 4271 BOCM 48 1947.11.29
852 # PT 4374 BOCM 18 1948.05.01
853 # PT 4465 BOCM 44 1948.10.30
854 # PT 4590 BOCM 14 1949.04.02
855 # PT 4666 BOCM 44 1949.10.29
856 # PT 4771 BOCM 12 1950.03.25
857 # PT 4838 BOCM 43 1950.10.28
858 # PT 4946 BOCM 12 1951.03.24
859 # PT 5025 BO 43 1951.10.27
860 # PT 5149 BO 14 1952.04.05
861 # PT 5251 BO 43 1952.10.25
862 # PT 5366 BO 13 1953.03.28
863 # PT 5444 BO 44 1953.10.31
864 # PT 5540 BO 12 1954.03.20
865 # PT 5589 BO 44 1954.10.30
866 # PT 5676 BO 12 1955.03.19
867 # PT 5739 BO 45 1955.11.05
868 # PT 5823 BO 11 1956.03.17
869 # PT 5891 BO 44 1956.11.03
870 # PT 5981 BO 12 1957.03.23
871 # PT 6064 BO 43 1957.10.26
872 # PT 6172 BO 12 1958.03.22
873 # PT 6243 BO 43 1958.10.25
874 # PT 6341 BO 12 1959.03.21
875 # PT 6411 BO 43 1959.10.24
876 # PT 6514 BO 11 1960.03.12
877 # PT 6584 BO 44 1960.10.29
878 # PT 6721 BO 10 1961.03.11
879 # PT 6815 BO 43 1961.10.28
880 # PT 6947 BO 10 1962.03.10
881 # PT 7080 BO 43 1962.10.27
882 # PT 7218 BO 12 1963.03.23
883 # PT 7340 BO 43 1963.10.26
884 # PT 7491 BO 11 1964.03.14
885 # PT 7664 BO 43 1964.10.24
886 # PT 7846 BO 15 1965.04.10
887 # PT 7979 BO 42 1965.10.16
888 # PT 8146 BO 15 1966.04.09
889 # PT 8252 BO 41 1966.10.08
890 # PT 8429 BO 15 1967.04.15
891 # PT 8540 BO 41 1967.10.14
892 # PT 8735 BO 15 1968.04.13
893 # PT 8860 BO 41 1968.10.12
894 # PT 9035 BO 16 1969.04.19
895 # PT 9156 BO 42 1969.10.18
896 # PT 9328 BO 15 1970.04.11
897 # PT 9418 BO 41 1970.10.10
898 # PT 9587 BO 14 1971.04.03
899 # PT 9702 BO 41 1971.10.09
900 # PT 38-A/72 BO 14 1972.04.01
901 # PT 126-A/72 BO 41 1972.10.07
902 # PT 61/73 BO 14 1973.04.07
903 # PT 182/73 BO 40 1973.10.06
904 # PT 282/73 BO 51 1973.12.22
905 # PT 177/74 BO 41 1974.10.12
906 # PT 51/75 BO 15 1975.04.12
907 # PT 173/75 BO 41 1975.10.11
908 # PT 67/76/M BO 14 1976.04.03
909 # PT 169/76/M BO 41 1976.10.09
910 # PT 78/79/M BO 19 1979.05.12
911 # PT 166/79/M BO 42 1979.10.20
912 # Note that DIL 732 does not belong to "HORÁRIO DE VERÃO" according to
913 # LegisMac.... Note that between 1942 and 1945, the time switched
914 # between GMT+9 and GMT+10. Also in 1965 and 1965 the DST ended at 2:30am.
915
916 # From Paul Eggert (2018-05-10):
917 # The 1904 decree says that Macau changed from the meridian of
918 # Fortaleza do Monte, presumably the basis for the 7:34:10 for LMT.
919
920 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
921 Rule Macau 1942 1943 - Apr 30 23:00 1:00 -
922 Rule Macau 1942 only - Nov 17 23:00 0 -
923 Rule Macau 1943 only - Sep 30 23:00 0 S
924 Rule Macau 1946 only - Apr 30 23:00s 1:00 D
925 Rule Macau 1946 only - Sep 30 23:00s 0 S
926 Rule Macau 1947 only - Apr 19 23:00s 1:00 D
927 Rule Macau 1947 only - Nov 30 23:00s 0 S
928 Rule Macau 1948 only - May 2 23:00s 1:00 D
929 Rule Macau 1948 only - Oct 31 23:00s 0 S
930 Rule Macau 1949 1950 - Apr Sat>=1 23:00s 1:00 D
931 Rule Macau 1949 1950 - Oct lastSat 23:00s 0 S
932 Rule Macau 1951 only - Mar 31 23:00s 1:00 D
933 Rule Macau 1951 only - Oct 28 23:00s 0 S
934 Rule Macau 1952 1953 - Apr Sat>=1 23:00s 1:00 D
935 Rule Macau 1952 only - Nov 1 23:00s 0 S
936 Rule Macau 1953 1954 - Oct lastSat 23:00s 0 S
937 Rule Macau 1954 1956 - Mar Sat>=17 23:00s 1:00 D
938 Rule Macau 1955 only - Nov 5 23:00s 0 S
939 Rule Macau 1956 1964 - Nov Sun>=1 03:30 0 S
940 Rule Macau 1957 1964 - Mar Sun>=18 03:30 1:00 D
941 Rule Macau 1965 1973 - Apr Sun>=16 03:30 1:00 D
942 Rule Macau 1965 1966 - Oct Sun>=16 02:30 0 S
943 Rule Macau 1967 1976 - Oct Sun>=16 03:30 0 S
944 Rule Macau 1973 only - Dec 30 03:30 1:00 D
945 Rule Macau 1975 1976 - Apr Sun>=16 03:30 1:00 D
946 Rule Macau 1979 only - May 13 03:30 1:00 D
947 Rule Macau 1979 only - Oct Sun>=16 03:30 0 S
948
949 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
950 Zone Asia/Macau 7:34:10 - LMT 1904 Oct 30
951 8:00 - CST 1941 Dec 21 23:00
952 9:00 Macau +09/+10 1945 Sep 30 24:00
953 8:00 Macau C%sT
954
955
956 ###############################################################################
957
958 # Cyprus
959
960 # Milne says the Eastern Telegraph Company used 2:14:00. Stick with LMT.
961 # IATA SSIM (1998-09) has Cyprus using EU rules for the first time.
962
963 # From Paul Eggert (2016-09-09):
964 # Yesterday's Cyprus Mail reports that Northern Cyprus followed Turkey's
965 # lead and switched from +02/+03 to +03 year-round.
966 # http://cyprus-mail.com/2016/09/08/two-time-zones-cyprus-turkey-will-not-turn-clocks-back-next-month/
967 #
968 # From Even Scharning (2016-10-31):
969 # Looks like the time zone split in Cyprus went through last night.
970 # http://cyprus-mail.com/2016/10/30/cyprus-new-division-two-time-zones-now-reality/
971
972 # From Paul Eggert (2017-10-18):
973 # Northern Cyprus will reinstate winter time on October 29, thus
974 # staying in sync with the rest of Cyprus. See: Anastasiou A.
975 # Cyprus to remain united in time. Cyprus Mail 2017-10-17.
976 # https://cyprus-mail.com/2017/10/17/cyprus-remain-united-time/
977
978 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
979 Rule Cyprus 1975 only - Apr 13 0:00 1:00 S
980 Rule Cyprus 1975 only - Oct 12 0:00 0 -
981 Rule Cyprus 1976 only - May 15 0:00 1:00 S
982 Rule Cyprus 1976 only - Oct 11 0:00 0 -
983 Rule Cyprus 1977 1980 - Apr Sun>=1 0:00 1:00 S
984 Rule Cyprus 1977 only - Sep 25 0:00 0 -
985 Rule Cyprus 1978 only - Oct 2 0:00 0 -
986 Rule Cyprus 1979 1997 - Sep lastSun 0:00 0 -
987 Rule Cyprus 1981 1998 - Mar lastSun 0:00 1:00 S
988 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
989 Zone Asia/Nicosia 2:13:28 - LMT 1921 Nov 14
990 2:00 Cyprus EE%sT 1998 Sep
991 2:00 EUAsia EE%sT
992 Zone Asia/Famagusta 2:15:48 - LMT 1921 Nov 14
993 2:00 Cyprus EE%sT 1998 Sep
994 2:00 EUAsia EE%sT 2016 Sep 8
995 3:00 - +03 2017 Oct 29 1:00u
996 2:00 EUAsia EE%sT
997
998 # Classically, Cyprus belongs to Asia; e.g. see Herodotus, Histories, I.72.
999 # However, for various reasons many users expect to find it under Europe.
1000 Link Asia/Nicosia Europe/Nicosia
1001
1002 # Georgia
1003 # From Paul Eggert (1994-11-19):
1004 # Today's _Economist_ (p 60) reports that Georgia moved its clocks forward
1005 # an hour recently, due to a law proposed by Zurab Murvanidze,
1006 # an MP who went on a hunger strike for 11 days to force discussion about it!
1007 # We have no details, but we'll guess they didn't move the clocks back in fall.
1008 #
1009 # From Mathew Englander, quoting AP (1996-10-23 13:05-04):
1010 # Instead of putting back clocks at the end of October, Georgia
1011 # will stay on daylight savings time this winter to save energy,
1012 # President Eduard Shevardnadze decreed Wednesday.
1013 #
1014 # From the BBC via Joseph S. Myers (2004-06-27):
1015 #
1016 # Georgia moved closer to Western Europe on Sunday... The former Soviet
1017 # republic has changed its time zone back to that of Moscow. As a result it
1018 # is now just four hours ahead of Greenwich Mean Time, rather than five hours
1019 # ahead. The switch was decreed by the pro-Western president of Georgia,
1020 # Mikheil Saakashvili, who said the change was partly prompted by the process
1021 # of integration into Europe.
1022
1023 # From Teimuraz Abashidze (2005-11-07):
1024 # Government of Georgia ... decided to NOT CHANGE daylight savings time on
1025 # [Oct.] 30, as it was done before during last more than 10 years.
1026 # Currently, we are in fact GMT +4:00, as before 30 October it was GMT
1027 # +3:00.... The problem is, there is NO FORMAL LAW or governmental document
1028 # about it. As far as I can find, I was told, that there is no document,
1029 # because we just DIDN'T ISSUE document about switching to winter time....
1030 # I don't know what can be done, especially knowing that some years ago our
1031 # DST rules where changed THREE TIMES during one month.
1032
1033 # Milne 1899 says Tbilisi (Tiflis) time was 2:59:05.7.
1034 # Byalokoz 1919 says Georgia was 2:59:11.
1035 # Go with Byalokoz.
1036
1037 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1038 Zone Asia/Tbilisi 2:59:11 - LMT 1880
1039 2:59:11 - TBMT 1924 May 2 # Tbilisi Mean Time
1040 3:00 - +03 1957 Mar
1041 4:00 RussiaAsia +04/+05 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
1042 3:00 RussiaAsia +03/+04 1992
1043 3:00 E-EurAsia +03/+04 1994 Sep lastSun
1044 4:00 E-EurAsia +04/+05 1996 Oct lastSun
1045 4:00 1:00 +05 1997 Mar lastSun
1046 4:00 E-EurAsia +04/+05 2004 Jun 27
1047 3:00 RussiaAsia +03/+04 2005 Mar lastSun 2:00
1048 4:00 - +04
1049
1050 # East Timor
1051
1052 # See Indonesia for the 1945 transition.
1053
1054 # From João Carrascalão, brother of the former governor of East Timor, in
1055 # East Timor may be late for its millennium
1056 # <https://etan.org/et99c/december/26-31/30ETMAY.htm> (1999-12-26/31):
1057 # Portugal tried to change the time forward in 1974 because the sun
1058 # rises too early but the suggestion raised a lot of problems with the
1059 # Timorese and I still don't think it would work today because it
1060 # conflicts with their way of life.
1061
1062 # From Paul Eggert (2000-12-04):
1063 # We don't have any record of the above attempt.
1064 # Most likely our records are incomplete, but we have no better data.
1065
1066 # From Manoel de Almeida e Silva, Deputy Spokesman for the UN Secretary-General
1067 # http://www.hri.org/news/world/undh/2000/00-08-16.undh.html
1068 # (2000-08-16):
1069 # The Cabinet of the East Timor Transition Administration decided
1070 # today to advance East Timor's time by one hour. The time change,
1071 # which will be permanent, with no seasonal adjustment, will happen at
1072 # midnight on Saturday, September 16.
1073
1074 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1075 Zone Asia/Dili 8:22:20 - LMT 1912 Jan 1
1076 8:00 - +08 1942 Feb 21 23:00
1077 9:00 - +09 1976 May 3
1078 8:00 - +08 2000 Sep 17 0:00
1079 9:00 - +09
1080
1081 # India
1082
1083 # From Ian P. Beacock, in "A brief history of (modern) time", The Atlantic
1084 # https://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2015/12/the-creation-of-modern-time/421419/
1085 # (2015-12-22):
1086 # In January 1906, several thousand cotton-mill workers rioted on the
1087 # outskirts of Bombay.... They were protesting the proposed abolition of
1088 # local time in favor of Indian Standard Time.... Journalists called this
1089 # dispute the "Battle of the Clocks." It lasted nearly half a century.
1090
1091 # From Paul Eggert (2017-04-20):
1092 # Good luck trying to nail down old timekeeping records in India.
1093 # "... in the nineteenth century ... Madras Observatory took its magnetic
1094 # measurements on Göttingen time, its meteorological measurements on Madras
1095 # (local) time, dropped its time ball on Greenwich (ocean navigator's) time,
1096 # and distributed civil (local time)." -- Bartky IR. Selling the true time:
1097 # 19th-century timekeeping in america. Stanford U Press (2000), 247 note 19.
1098 # "A more potent cause of resistance to the general adoption of the present
1099 # standard time lies in the fact that it is Madras time. The citizen of
1100 # Bombay, proud of being 'primus in Indis' and of Calcutta, equally proud of
1101 # his city being the Capital of India, and - for a part of the year - the Seat
1102 # of the Supreme Government, alike look down on Madras, and refuse to change
1103 # the time they are using, for that of what they regard as a benighted
1104 # Presidency; while Madras, having for long given the standard time to the
1105 # rest of India, would resist the adoption of any other Indian standard in its
1106 # place." -- Oldham RD. On Time in India: a suggestion for its improvement.
1107 # Proceedings of the Asiatic Society of Bengal (April 1899), 49-55.
1108 #
1109 # "In 1870 ... Madras time - 'now used by the telegraph and regulated from the
1110 # only government observatory' - was suggested as a standard railway time,
1111 # first to be adopted on the Great Indian Peninsular Railway (GIPR)....
1112 # Calcutta, Bombay, and Karachi, were to be allowed to continue with their
1113 # local time for civil purposes." - Prasad R. Tracks of Change: Railways and
1114 # Everyday Life in Colonial India. Cambridge University Press (2016), 145.
1115 #
1116 # Reed S, Low F. The Indian Year Book 1936-37. Bennett, Coleman, pp 27-8.
1117 # https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.282212
1118 # This lists +052110 as Madras local time used in railways, and says that on
1119 # 1906-01-01 railways and telegraphs in India switched to +0530. Some
1120 # municipalities retained their former time, and the time in Calcutta
1121 # continued to depend on whether you were at the railway station or at
1122 # government offices. Government time was at +055320 (according to Shanks) or
1123 # at +0554 (according to the Indian Year Book). Railway time is more
1124 # appropriate for our purposes, as it was better documented, it is what we do
1125 # elsewhere (e.g., Europe/London before 1880), and after 1906 it was
1126 # consistent in the region now identified by Asia/Kolkata. So, use railway
1127 # time for 1870-1941. Shanks is our only (and dubious) source for the
1128 # 1941-1945 data.
1129
1130 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1131 Zone Asia/Kolkata 5:53:28 - LMT 1854 Jun 28 # Kolkata
1132 5:53:20 - HMT 1870 # Howrah Mean Time?
1133 5:21:10 - MMT 1906 Jan 1 # Madras local time
1134 5:30 - IST 1941 Oct
1135 5:30 1:00 +0630 1942 May 15
1136 5:30 - IST 1942 Sep
1137 5:30 1:00 +0630 1945 Oct 15
1138 5:30 - IST
1139 # Since 1970 the following are like Asia/Kolkata:
1140 # Andaman Is
1141 # Lakshadweep (Laccadive, Minicoy and Amindivi Is)
1142 # Nicobar Is
1143
1144 # Indonesia
1145 #
1146 # From Paul Eggert (2014-09-06):
1147 # The 1876 Report of the Secretary of the [US] Navy, p 306 says that Batavia
1148 # civil time was 7:07:12.5; round to even for Jakarta.
1149 #
1150 # From Gwillim Law (2001-05-28), overriding Shanks & Pottenger:
1151 # http://www.sumatera-inc.com/go_to_invest/about_indonesia.asp#standtime
1152 # says that Indonesia's time zones changed on 1988-01-01. Looking at some
1153 # time zone maps, I think that must refer to Western Borneo (Kalimantan Barat
1154 # and Kalimantan Tengah) switching from UTC+8 to UTC+7.
1155 #
1156 # From Paul Eggert (2007-03-10):
1157 # Here is another correction to Shanks & Pottenger.
1158 # JohnTWB writes that Japanese forces did not surrender control in
1159 # Indonesia until 1945-09-01 00:00 at the earliest (in Jakarta) and
1160 # other formal surrender ceremonies were September 9, 11, and 13, plus
1161 # September 12 for the regional surrender to Mountbatten in Singapore.
1162 # These would be the earliest possible times for a change.
1163 # Régimes horaires pour le monde entier, by Henri Le Corre, (Éditions
1164 # Traditionnelles, 1987, Paris) says that Java and Madura switched
1165 # from UT +09 to +07:30 on 1945-09-23, and gives 1944-09-01 for Jayapura
1166 # (Hollandia). For now, assume all Indonesian locations other than Jayapura
1167 # switched on 1945-09-23.
1168 #
1169 # From Paul Eggert (2013-08-11):
1170 # Normally the tz database uses English-language abbreviations, but in
1171 # Indonesia it's typical to use Indonesian-language abbreviations even
1172 # when writing in English. For example, see the English-language
1173 # summary published by the Time and Frequency Laboratory of the
1174 # Research Center for Calibration, Instrumentation and Metrology,
1175 # Indonesia, <http://time.kim.lipi.go.id/time-eng.php> (2006-09-29).
1176 # The time zone abbreviations and UT offsets are:
1177 #
1178 # WIB - +07 - Waktu Indonesia Barat (Indonesia western time)
1179 # WITA - +08 - Waktu Indonesia Tengah (Indonesia central time)
1180 # WIT - +09 - Waktu Indonesia Timur (Indonesia eastern time)
1181 #
1182 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1183 # Java, Sumatra
1184 Zone Asia/Jakarta 7:07:12 - LMT 1867 Aug 10
1185 # Shanks & Pottenger say the next transition was at 1924 Jan 1 0:13,
1186 # but this must be a typo.
1187 7:07:12 - BMT 1923 Dec 31 23:47:12 # Batavia
1188 7:20 - +0720 1932 Nov
1189 7:30 - +0730 1942 Mar 23
1190 9:00 - +09 1945 Sep 23
1191 7:30 - +0730 1948 May
1192 8:00 - +08 1950 May
1193 7:30 - +0730 1964
1194 7:00 - WIB
1195 # west and central Borneo
1196 Zone Asia/Pontianak 7:17:20 - LMT 1908 May
1197 7:17:20 - PMT 1932 Nov # Pontianak MT
1198 7:30 - +0730 1942 Jan 29
1199 9:00 - +09 1945 Sep 23
1200 7:30 - +0730 1948 May
1201 8:00 - +08 1950 May
1202 7:30 - +0730 1964
1203 8:00 - WITA 1988 Jan 1
1204 7:00 - WIB
1205 # Sulawesi, Lesser Sundas, east and south Borneo
1206 Zone Asia/Makassar 7:57:36 - LMT 1920
1207 7:57:36 - MMT 1932 Nov # Macassar MT
1208 8:00 - +08 1942 Feb 9
1209 9:00 - +09 1945 Sep 23
1210 8:00 - WITA
1211 # Maluku Islands, West Papua, Papua
1212 Zone Asia/Jayapura 9:22:48 - LMT 1932 Nov
1213 9:00 - +09 1944 Sep 1
1214 9:30 - +0930 1964
1215 9:00 - WIT
1216
1217 # Iran
1218
1219 # From Roozbeh Pournader (2003-03-15):
1220 # This is an English translation of what I just found (originally in Persian).
1221 # The Gregorian dates in brackets are mine:
1222 #
1223 # Official Newspaper No. 13548-1370/6/25 [1991-09-16]
1224 # No. 16760/T233 H 1370/6/10 [1991-09-01]
1225 #
1226 # The Rule About Change of the Official Time of the Country
1227 #
1228 # The Board of Ministers, in the meeting dated 1370/5/23 [1991-08-14],
1229 # based on the suggestion number 2221/D dated 1370/4/22 [1991-07-13]
1230 # of the Country's Organization for Official and Employment Affairs,
1231 # and referring to the law for equating the working hours of workers
1232 # and officers in the whole country dated 1359/4/23 [1980-07-14], and
1233 # for synchronizing the official times of the country, agreed that:
1234 #
1235 # The official time of the country will should move forward one hour
1236 # at the 24[:00] hours of the first day of Farvardin and should return
1237 # to its previous state at the 24[:00] hours of the 30th day of
1238 # Shahrivar.
1239 #
1240 # First Deputy to the President - Hassan Habibi
1241 #
1242 # From personal experience, that agrees with what has been followed
1243 # for at least the last 5 years. Before that, for a few years, the
1244 # date used was the first Thursday night of Farvardin and the last
1245 # Thursday night of Shahrivar, but I can't give exact dates....
1246 #
1247 # From Roozbeh Pournader (2005-04-05):
1248 # The text of the Iranian law, in effect since 1925, clearly mentions
1249 # that the true solar year is the measure, and there is no arithmetic
1250 # leap year calculation involved. There has never been any serious
1251 # plan to change that law....
1252 #
1253 # From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):
1254 # Go with Shanks & Pottenger before Sept. 1991, and with Pournader thereafter.
1255 # I used Ed Reingold's cal-persia in GNU Emacs 21.2 to check Persian dates,
1256 # stopping after 2037 when 32-bit time_t's overflow.
1257 # That cal-persia used Birashk's approximation, which disagrees with the solar
1258 # calendar predictions for the year 2025, so I corrected those dates by hand.
1259 #
1260 # From Oscar van Vlijmen (2005-03-30), writing about future
1261 # discrepancies between cal-persia and the Iranian calendar:
1262 # For 2091 solar-longitude-after yields 2091-03-20 08:40:07.7 UT for
1263 # the vernal equinox and that gets so close to 12:00 some local
1264 # Iranian time that the definition of the correct location needs to be
1265 # known exactly, amongst other factors. 2157 is even closer:
1266 # 2157-03-20 08:37:15.5 UT. But the Gregorian year 2025 should give
1267 # no interpretation problem whatsoever. By the way, another instant
1268 # in the near future where there will be a discrepancy between
1269 # arithmetical and astronomical Iranian calendars will be in 2058:
1270 # vernal equinox on 2058-03-20 09:03:05.9 UT. The Java version of
1271 # Reingold's/Dershowitz' calculator gives correctly the Gregorian date
1272 # 2058-03-21 for 1 Farvardin 1437 (astronomical).
1273 #
1274 # From Steffen Thorsen (2006-03-22):
1275 # Several of my users have reported that Iran will not observe DST anymore:
1276 # http://www.irna.ir/en/news/view/line-17/0603193812164948.htm
1277 #
1278 # From Reuters (2007-09-16), with a heads-up from Jesper Nørgaard Welen:
1279 # ... the Guardian Council ... approved a law on Sunday to re-introduce
1280 # daylight saving time ...
1281 # https://uk.reuters.com/article/oilRpt/idUKBLA65048420070916
1282 #
1283 # From Roozbeh Pournader (2007-11-05):
1284 # This is quoted from Official Gazette of the Islamic Republic of
1285 # Iran, Volume 63, No. 18242, dated Tuesday 1386/6/24
1286 # [2007-10-16]. I am doing the best translation I can:...
1287 # The official time of the country will be moved forward for one hour
1288 # on the 24 hours of the first day of the month of Farvardin and will
1289 # be changed back to its previous state on the 24 hours of the
1290 # thirtieth day of Shahrivar.
1291 #
1292 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1293 Rule Iran 1978 1980 - Mar 21 0:00 1:00 -
1294 Rule Iran 1978 only - Oct 21 0:00 0 -
1295 Rule Iran 1979 only - Sep 19 0:00 0 -
1296 Rule Iran 1980 only - Sep 23 0:00 0 -
1297 Rule Iran 1991 only - May 3 0:00 1:00 -
1298 Rule Iran 1992 1995 - Mar 22 0:00 1:00 -
1299 Rule Iran 1991 1995 - Sep 22 0:00 0 -
1300 Rule Iran 1996 only - Mar 21 0:00 1:00 -
1301 Rule Iran 1996 only - Sep 21 0:00 0 -
1302 Rule Iran 1997 1999 - Mar 22 0:00 1:00 -
1303 Rule Iran 1997 1999 - Sep 22 0:00 0 -
1304 Rule Iran 2000 only - Mar 21 0:00 1:00 -
1305 Rule Iran 2000 only - Sep 21 0:00 0 -
1306 Rule Iran 2001 2003 - Mar 22 0:00 1:00 -
1307 Rule Iran 2001 2003 - Sep 22 0:00 0 -
1308 Rule Iran 2004 only - Mar 21 0:00 1:00 -
1309 Rule Iran 2004 only - Sep 21 0:00 0 -
1310 Rule Iran 2005 only - Mar 22 0:00 1:00 -
1311 Rule Iran 2005 only - Sep 22 0:00 0 -
1312 Rule Iran 2008 only - Mar 21 0:00 1:00 -
1313 Rule Iran 2008 only - Sep 21 0:00 0 -
1314 Rule Iran 2009 2011 - Mar 22 0:00 1:00 -
1315 Rule Iran 2009 2011 - Sep 22 0:00 0 -
1316 Rule Iran 2012 only - Mar 21 0:00 1:00 -
1317 Rule Iran 2012 only - Sep 21 0:00 0 -
1318 Rule Iran 2013 2015 - Mar 22 0:00 1:00 -
1319 Rule Iran 2013 2015 - Sep 22 0:00 0 -
1320 Rule Iran 2016 only - Mar 21 0:00 1:00 -
1321 Rule Iran 2016 only - Sep 21 0:00 0 -
1322 Rule Iran 2017 2019 - Mar 22 0:00 1:00 -
1323 Rule Iran 2017 2019 - Sep 22 0:00 0 -
1324 Rule Iran 2020 only - Mar 21 0:00 1:00 -
1325 Rule Iran 2020 only - Sep 21 0:00 0 -
1326 Rule Iran 2021 2023 - Mar 22 0:00 1:00 -
1327 Rule Iran 2021 2023 - Sep 22 0:00 0 -
1328 Rule Iran 2024 only - Mar 21 0:00 1:00 -
1329 Rule Iran 2024 only - Sep 21 0:00 0 -
1330 Rule Iran 2025 2027 - Mar 22 0:00 1:00 -
1331 Rule Iran 2025 2027 - Sep 22 0:00 0 -
1332 Rule Iran 2028 2029 - Mar 21 0:00 1:00 -
1333 Rule Iran 2028 2029 - Sep 21 0:00 0 -
1334 Rule Iran 2030 2031 - Mar 22 0:00 1:00 -
1335 Rule Iran 2030 2031 - Sep 22 0:00 0 -
1336 Rule Iran 2032 2033 - Mar 21 0:00 1:00 -
1337 Rule Iran 2032 2033 - Sep 21 0:00 0 -
1338 Rule Iran 2034 2035 - Mar 22 0:00 1:00 -
1339 Rule Iran 2034 2035 - Sep 22 0:00 0 -
1340 #
1341 # The following rules are approximations starting in the year 2038.
1342 # These are the best post-2037 approximations available, given the
1343 # restrictions of a single rule using a Gregorian-based data format.
1344 # At some point this table will need to be extended, though quite
1345 # possibly Iran will change the rules first.
1346 Rule Iran 2036 max - Mar 21 0:00 1:00 -
1347 Rule Iran 2036 max - Sep 21 0:00 0 -
1348
1349 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1350 Zone Asia/Tehran 3:25:44 - LMT 1916
1351 3:25:44 - TMT 1946 # Tehran Mean Time
1352 3:30 - +0330 1977 Nov
1353 4:00 Iran +04/+05 1979
1354 3:30 Iran +0330/+0430
1355
1356
1357 # Iraq
1358 #
1359 # From Jonathan Lennox (2000-06-12):
1360 # An article in this week's Economist ("Inside the Saddam-free zone", p. 50 in
1361 # the U.S. edition) on the Iraqi Kurds contains a paragraph:
1362 # "The three northern provinces ... switched their clocks this spring and
1363 # are an hour ahead of Baghdad."
1364 #
1365 # But Rives McDow (2000-06-18) quotes a contact in Iraqi-Kurdistan as follows:
1366 # In the past, some Kurdish nationalists, as a protest to the Iraqi
1367 # Government, did not adhere to daylight saving time. They referred
1368 # to daylight saving as Saddam time. But, as of today, the time zone
1369 # in Iraqi-Kurdistan is on standard time with Baghdad, Iraq.
1370 #
1371 # So we'll ignore the Economist's claim.
1372
1373 # From Steffen Thorsen (2008-03-10):
1374 # The cabinet in Iraq abolished DST last week, according to the following
1375 # news sources (in Arabic):
1376 # http://www.aljeeran.net/wesima_articles/news-20080305-98602.html
1377 # http://www.aswataliraq.info/look/article.tpl?id=2047&IdLanguage=17&IdPublication=4&NrArticle=71743&NrIssue=1&NrSection=10
1378 #
1379 # We have published a short article in English about the change:
1380 # https://www.timeanddate.com/news/time/iraq-dumps-daylight-saving.html
1381
1382 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1383 Rule Iraq 1982 only - May 1 0:00 1:00 -
1384 Rule Iraq 1982 1984 - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
1385 Rule Iraq 1983 only - Mar 31 0:00 1:00 -
1386 Rule Iraq 1984 1985 - Apr 1 0:00 1:00 -
1387 Rule Iraq 1985 1990 - Sep lastSun 1:00s 0 -
1388 Rule Iraq 1986 1990 - Mar lastSun 1:00s 1:00 -
1389 # IATA SSIM (1991/1996) says Apr 1 12:01am UTC; guess the ':01' is a typo.
1390 # Shanks & Pottenger say Iraq did not observe DST 1992/1997; ignore this.
1391 #
1392 Rule Iraq 1991 2007 - Apr 1 3:00s 1:00 -
1393 Rule Iraq 1991 2007 - Oct 1 3:00s 0 -
1394 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1395 Zone Asia/Baghdad 2:57:40 - LMT 1890
1396 2:57:36 - BMT 1918 # Baghdad Mean Time?
1397 3:00 - +03 1982 May
1398 3:00 Iraq +03/+04
1399
1400
1401 ###############################################################################
1402
1403 # Israel
1404
1405 # From Ephraim Silverberg (2001-01-11):
1406 #
1407 # I coined "IST/IDT" circa 1988. Until then there were three
1408 # different abbreviations in use:
1409 #
1410 # JST Jerusalem Standard Time [Danny Braniss, Hebrew University]
1411 # IZT Israel Zonal (sic) Time [Prof. Haim Papo, Technion]
1412 # EEST Eastern Europe Standard Time [used by almost everyone else]
1413 #
1414 # Since timezones should be called by country and not capital cities,
1415 # I ruled out JST. As Israel is in Asia Minor and not Eastern Europe,
1416 # EEST was equally unacceptable. Since "zonal" was not compatible with
1417 # any other timezone abbreviation, I felt that 'IST' was the way to go
1418 # and, indeed, it has received almost universal acceptance in timezone
1419 # settings in Israeli computers.
1420 #
1421 # In any case, I am happy to share timezone abbreviations with India,
1422 # high on my favorite-country list (and not only because my wife's
1423 # family is from India).
1424
1425 # From Shanks & Pottenger:
1426 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1427 Rule Zion 1940 only - Jun 1 0:00 1:00 D
1428 Rule Zion 1942 1944 - Nov 1 0:00 0 S
1429 Rule Zion 1943 only - Apr 1 2:00 1:00 D
1430 Rule Zion 1944 only - Apr 1 0:00 1:00 D
1431 Rule Zion 1945 only - Apr 16 0:00 1:00 D
1432 Rule Zion 1945 only - Nov 1 2:00 0 S
1433 Rule Zion 1946 only - Apr 16 2:00 1:00 D
1434 Rule Zion 1946 only - Nov 1 0:00 0 S
1435 Rule Zion 1948 only - May 23 0:00 2:00 DD
1436 Rule Zion 1948 only - Sep 1 0:00 1:00 D
1437 Rule Zion 1948 1949 - Nov 1 2:00 0 S
1438 Rule Zion 1949 only - May 1 0:00 1:00 D
1439 Rule Zion 1950 only - Apr 16 0:00 1:00 D
1440 Rule Zion 1950 only - Sep 15 3:00 0 S
1441 Rule Zion 1951 only - Apr 1 0:00 1:00 D
1442 Rule Zion 1951 only - Nov 11 3:00 0 S
1443 Rule Zion 1952 only - Apr 20 2:00 1:00 D
1444 Rule Zion 1952 only - Oct 19 3:00 0 S
1445 Rule Zion 1953 only - Apr 12 2:00 1:00 D
1446 Rule Zion 1953 only - Sep 13 3:00 0 S
1447 Rule Zion 1954 only - Jun 13 0:00 1:00 D
1448 Rule Zion 1954 only - Sep 12 0:00 0 S
1449 Rule Zion 1955 only - Jun 11 2:00 1:00 D
1450 Rule Zion 1955 only - Sep 11 0:00 0 S
1451 Rule Zion 1956 only - Jun 3 0:00 1:00 D
1452 Rule Zion 1956 only - Sep 30 3:00 0 S
1453 Rule Zion 1957 only - Apr 29 2:00 1:00 D
1454 Rule Zion 1957 only - Sep 22 0:00 0 S
1455 Rule Zion 1974 only - Jul 7 0:00 1:00 D
1456 Rule Zion 1974 only - Oct 13 0:00 0 S
1457 Rule Zion 1975 only - Apr 20 0:00 1:00 D
1458 Rule Zion 1975 only - Aug 31 0:00 0 S
1459 Rule Zion 1985 only - Apr 14 0:00 1:00 D
1460 Rule Zion 1985 only - Sep 15 0:00 0 S
1461 Rule Zion 1986 only - May 18 0:00 1:00 D
1462 Rule Zion 1986 only - Sep 7 0:00 0 S
1463 Rule Zion 1987 only - Apr 15 0:00 1:00 D
1464 Rule Zion 1987 only - Sep 13 0:00 0 S
1465
1466 # From Avigdor Finkelstein (2014-03-05):
1467 # I check the Parliament (Knesset) records and there it's stated that the
1468 # [1988] transition should take place on Saturday night, when the Sabbath
1469 # ends and changes to Sunday.
1470 Rule Zion 1988 only - Apr 10 0:00 1:00 D
1471 Rule Zion 1988 only - Sep 4 0:00 0 S
1472
1473 # From Ephraim Silverberg
1474 # (1997-03-04, 1998-03-16, 1998-12-28, 2000-01-17, 2000-07-25, 2004-12-22,
1475 # and 2005-02-17):
1476
1477 # According to the Office of the Secretary General of the Ministry of
1478 # Interior, there is NO set rule for Daylight-Savings/Standard time changes.
1479 # One thing is entrenched in law, however: that there must be at least 150
1480 # days of daylight savings time annually. From 1993-1998, the change to
1481 # daylight savings time was on a Friday morning from midnight IST to
1482 # 1 a.m IDT; up until 1998, the change back to standard time was on a
1483 # Saturday night from midnight daylight savings time to 11 p.m. standard
1484 # time. 1996 is an exception to this rule where the change back to standard
1485 # time took place on Sunday night instead of Saturday night to avoid
1486 # conflicts with the Jewish New Year. In 1999, the change to
1487 # daylight savings time was still on a Friday morning but from
1488 # 2 a.m. IST to 3 a.m. IDT; furthermore, the change back to standard time
1489 # was also on a Friday morning from 2 a.m. IDT to 1 a.m. IST for
1490 # 1999 only. In the year 2000, the change to daylight savings time was
1491 # similar to 1999, but although the change back will be on a Friday, it
1492 # will take place from 1 a.m. IDT to midnight IST. Starting in 2001, all
1493 # changes to/from will take place at 1 a.m. old time, but now there is no
1494 # rule as to what day of the week it will take place in as the start date
1495 # (except in 2003) is the night after the Passover Seder (i.e. the eve
1496 # of the 16th of Nisan in the lunar Hebrew calendar) and the end date
1497 # (except in 2002) is three nights before Yom Kippur [Day of Atonement]
1498 # (the eve of the 7th of Tishrei in the lunar Hebrew calendar).
1499
1500 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1501 Rule Zion 1989 only - Apr 30 0:00 1:00 D
1502 Rule Zion 1989 only - Sep 3 0:00 0 S
1503 Rule Zion 1990 only - Mar 25 0:00 1:00 D
1504 Rule Zion 1990 only - Aug 26 0:00 0 S
1505 Rule Zion 1991 only - Mar 24 0:00 1:00 D
1506 Rule Zion 1991 only - Sep 1 0:00 0 S
1507 Rule Zion 1992 only - Mar 29 0:00 1:00 D
1508 Rule Zion 1992 only - Sep 6 0:00 0 S
1509 Rule Zion 1993 only - Apr 2 0:00 1:00 D
1510 Rule Zion 1993 only - Sep 5 0:00 0 S
1511
1512 # The dates for 1994-1995 were obtained from Office of the Spokeswoman for the
1513 # Ministry of Interior, Jerusalem, Israel. The spokeswoman can be reached by
1514 # calling the office directly at 972-2-6701447 or 972-2-6701448.
1515
1516 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1517 Rule Zion 1994 only - Apr 1 0:00 1:00 D
1518 Rule Zion 1994 only - Aug 28 0:00 0 S
1519 Rule Zion 1995 only - Mar 31 0:00 1:00 D
1520 Rule Zion 1995 only - Sep 3 0:00 0 S
1521
1522 # The dates for 1996 were determined by the Minister of Interior of the
1523 # time, Haim Ramon. The official announcement regarding 1996-1998
1524 # (with the dates for 1997-1998 no longer being relevant) can be viewed at:
1525 #
1526 # ftp://ftp.cs.huji.ac.il/pub/tz/announcements/1996-1998.ramon.ps.gz
1527 #
1528 # The dates for 1997-1998 were altered by his successor, Rabbi Eli Suissa.
1529 #
1530 # The official announcements for the years 1997-1999 can be viewed at:
1531 #
1532 # ftp://ftp.cs.huji.ac.il/pub/tz/announcements/YYYY.ps.gz
1533 #
1534 # where YYYY is the relevant year.
1535
1536 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1537 Rule Zion 1996 only - Mar 15 0:00 1:00 D
1538 Rule Zion 1996 only - Sep 16 0:00 0 S
1539 Rule Zion 1997 only - Mar 21 0:00 1:00 D
1540 Rule Zion 1997 only - Sep 14 0:00 0 S
1541 Rule Zion 1998 only - Mar 20 0:00 1:00 D
1542 Rule Zion 1998 only - Sep 6 0:00 0 S
1543 Rule Zion 1999 only - Apr 2 2:00 1:00 D
1544 Rule Zion 1999 only - Sep 3 2:00 0 S
1545
1546 # The Knesset Interior Committee has changed the dates for 2000 for
1547 # the third time in just over a year and have set new dates for the
1548 # years 2001-2004 as well.
1549 #
1550 # The official announcement for the start date of 2000 can be viewed at:
1551 #
1552 # ftp://ftp.cs.huji.ac.il/pub/tz/announcements/2000-start.ps.gz
1553 #
1554 # The official announcement for the end date of 2000 and the dates
1555 # for the years 2001-2004 can be viewed at:
1556 #
1557 # ftp://ftp.cs.huji.ac.il/pub/tz/announcements/2000-2004.ps.gz
1558
1559 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1560 Rule Zion 2000 only - Apr 14 2:00 1:00 D
1561 Rule Zion 2000 only - Oct 6 1:00 0 S
1562 Rule Zion 2001 only - Apr 9 1:00 1:00 D
1563 Rule Zion 2001 only - Sep 24 1:00 0 S
1564 Rule Zion 2002 only - Mar 29 1:00 1:00 D
1565 Rule Zion 2002 only - Oct 7 1:00 0 S
1566 Rule Zion 2003 only - Mar 28 1:00 1:00 D
1567 Rule Zion 2003 only - Oct 3 1:00 0 S
1568 Rule Zion 2004 only - Apr 7 1:00 1:00 D
1569 Rule Zion 2004 only - Sep 22 1:00 0 S
1570
1571 # The proposed law agreed upon by the Knesset Interior Committee on
1572 # 2005-02-14 is that, for 2005 and beyond, DST starts at 02:00 the
1573 # last Friday before April 2nd (i.e. the last Friday in March or April
1574 # 1st itself if it falls on a Friday) and ends at 02:00 on the Saturday
1575 # night _before_ the fast of Yom Kippur.
1576 #
1577 # Those who can read Hebrew can view the announcement at:
1578 #
1579 # ftp://ftp.cs.huji.ac.il/pub/tz/announcements/2005+beyond.ps
1580
1581 # From Paul Eggert (2012-10-26):
1582 # I used Ephraim Silverberg's dst-israel.el program
1583 # <ftp://ftp.cs.huji.ac.il/pub/tz/software/dst-israel.el> (2005-02-20)
1584 # along with Ed Reingold's cal-hebrew in GNU Emacs 21.4,
1585 # to generate the transitions from 2005 through 2012.
1586 # (I replaced "lastFri" with "Fri>=26" by hand.)
1587 # The spring transitions all correspond to the following Rule:
1588 #
1589 # Rule Zion 2005 2012 - Mar Fri>=26 2:00 1:00 D
1590 #
1591 # but older zic implementations (e.g., Solaris 8) do not support
1592 # "Fri>=26" to mean April 1 in years like 2005, so for now we list the
1593 # springtime transitions explicitly.
1594
1595 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1596 Rule Zion 2005 only - Apr 1 2:00 1:00 D
1597 Rule Zion 2005 only - Oct 9 2:00 0 S
1598 Rule Zion 2006 2010 - Mar Fri>=26 2:00 1:00 D
1599 Rule Zion 2006 only - Oct 1 2:00 0 S
1600 Rule Zion 2007 only - Sep 16 2:00 0 S
1601 Rule Zion 2008 only - Oct 5 2:00 0 S
1602 Rule Zion 2009 only - Sep 27 2:00 0 S
1603 Rule Zion 2010 only - Sep 12 2:00 0 S
1604 Rule Zion 2011 only - Apr 1 2:00 1:00 D
1605 Rule Zion 2011 only - Oct 2 2:00 0 S
1606 Rule Zion 2012 only - Mar Fri>=26 2:00 1:00 D
1607 Rule Zion 2012 only - Sep 23 2:00 0 S
1608
1609 # From Ephraim Silverberg (2013-06-27):
1610 # On June 23, 2013, the Israeli government approved changes to the
1611 # Time Decree Law. The next day, the changes passed the First Reading
1612 # in the Knesset. The law is expected to pass the Second and Third
1613 # (final) Readings by the beginning of September 2013.
1614 #
1615 # As of 2013, DST starts at 02:00 on the Friday before the last Sunday
1616 # in March. DST ends at 02:00 on the last Sunday of October.
1617
1618 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1619 Rule Zion 2013 max - Mar Fri>=23 2:00 1:00 D
1620 Rule Zion 2013 max - Oct lastSun 2:00 0 S
1621
1622 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1623 Zone Asia/Jerusalem 2:20:54 - LMT 1880
1624 2:20:40 - JMT 1918 # Jerusalem Mean Time?
1625 2:00 Zion I%sT
1626
1627
1628
1629 ###############################################################################
1630
1631 # Japan
1632
1633 # '9:00' and 'JST' is from Guy Harris.
1634
1635 # From Paul Eggert (1995-03-06):
1636 # Today's _Asahi Evening News_ (page 4) reports that Japan had
1637 # daylight saving between 1948 and 1951, but "the system was discontinued
1638 # because the public believed it would lead to longer working hours."
1639
1640 # From Mayumi Negishi in the 2005-08-10 Japan Times:
1641 # http://www.japantimes.co.jp/cgi-bin/getarticle.pl5?nn20050810f2.htm
1642 # Occupation authorities imposed daylight-saving time on Japan on
1643 # [1948-05-01].... But lack of prior debate and the execution of
1644 # daylight-saving time just three days after the bill was passed generated
1645 # deep hatred of the concept.... The Diet unceremoniously passed a bill to
1646 # dump the unpopular system in October 1951, less than a month after the San
1647 # Francisco Peace Treaty was signed. (A government poll in 1951 showed 53%
1648 # of the Japanese wanted to scrap daylight-saving time, as opposed to 30% who
1649 # wanted to keep it.)
1650
1651 # From Takayuki Nikai (2018-01-19):
1652 # The source of information is Japanese law.
1653 # http://www.shugiin.go.jp/internet/itdb_housei.nsf/html/houritsu/00219480428029.htm
1654 # http://www.shugiin.go.jp/internet/itdb_housei.nsf/html/houritsu/00719500331039.htm
1655 # ... In summary, it is written as follows. From 24:00 on the first Saturday
1656 # in May, until 0:00 on the day after the second Saturday in September.
1657
1658 # From Phake Nick (2018-09-27):
1659 # [T]he webpage authored by National Astronomical Observatory of Japan
1660 # https://eco.mtk.nao.ac.jp/koyomi/wiki/BBFEB9EF2FB2C6BBFEB9EF.html
1661 # ... mentioned that using Showa 23 (year 1948) as example, 13pm of September
1662 # 11 in summer time will equal to 0am of September 12 in standard time.
1663 # It cited a document issued by the Liaison Office which briefly existed
1664 # during the postwar period of Japan, where the detail on implementation
1665 # of the summer time is described in the document.
1666 # https://eco.mtk.nao.ac.jp/koyomi/wiki/BBFEB9EF2FB2C6BBFEB9EFB2C6BBFEB9EFA4CEBCC2BBDCA4CBA4C4A4A4A4C6.pdf
1667 # The text in the document do instruct a fall back to occur at
1668 # September 11, 13pm in summer time, while ordinary citizens can
1669 # change the clock before they sleep.
1670 #
1671 # From Paul Eggert (2018-09-27):
1672 # This instruction is equivalent to "Sat>=8 25:00", so use that. zic treats
1673 # it like "Sun>=9 01:00", which is not quite the same but is the best we can
1674 # do in any POSIX or C platform. The "25:00" assumes zic from 2007 or later,
1675 # which should be safe now.
1676
1677 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1678 Rule Japan 1948 only - May Sat>=1 24:00 1:00 D
1679 Rule Japan 1948 1951 - Sep Sun>=9 1:00 0 S
1680 Rule Japan 1949 only - Apr Sat>=1 24:00 1:00 D
1681 Rule Japan 1950 1951 - May Sat>=1 24:00 1:00 D
1682
1683 # From Hideyuki Suzuki (1998-11-09):
1684 # 'Tokyo' usually stands for the former location of Tokyo Astronomical
1685 # Observatory: 139° 44' 40.90" E (9h 18m 58.727s), 35° 39' 16.0" N.
1686 # This data is from 'Rika Nenpyou (Chronological Scientific Tables) 1996'
1687 # edited by National Astronomical Observatory of Japan....
1688 # JST (Japan Standard Time) has been used since 1888-01-01 00:00 (JST).
1689 # The law is enacted on 1886-07-07.
1690
1691 # From Hideyuki Suzuki (1998-11-16):
1692 # The ordinance No. 51 (1886) established "standard time" in Japan,
1693 # which stands for the time on 135° E.
1694 # In the ordinance No. 167 (1895), "standard time" was renamed to "central
1695 # standard time". And the same ordinance also established "western standard
1696 # time", which stands for the time on 120° E.... But "western standard
1697 # time" was abolished in the ordinance No. 529 (1937). In the ordinance No.
1698 # 167, there is no mention regarding for what place western standard time is
1699 # standard....
1700 #
1701 # I wrote "ordinance" above, but I don't know how to translate.
1702 # In Japanese it's "chokurei", which means ordinance from emperor.
1703
1704 # From Yu-Cheng Chuang (2013-07-12):
1705 # ...the Meiji Emperor announced Ordinance No. 167 of Meiji Year 28 "The clause
1706 # about standard time" ... The adoption began from Jan 1, 1896.
1707 # https://ja.wikisource.org/wiki/標準時ニ關スル件_(公布時)
1708 #
1709 # ...the Showa Emperor announced Ordinance No. 529 of Showa Year 12 ... which
1710 # means the whole Japan territory, including later occupations, adopt Japan
1711 # Central Time (UT+9). The adoption began on Oct 1, 1937.
1712 # https://ja.wikisource.org/wiki/明治二十八年勅令第百六十七號標準時ニ關スル件中改正ノ件
1713
1714 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1715 Zone Asia/Tokyo 9:18:59 - LMT 1887 Dec 31 15:00u
1716 9:00 Japan J%sT
1717 # Since 1938, all Japanese possessions have been like Asia/Tokyo.
1718
1719 # Jordan
1720 #
1721 # From <http://star.arabia.com/990701/JO9.html>
1722 # Jordan Week (1999-07-01) via Steffen Thorsen (1999-09-09):
1723 # Clocks in Jordan were forwarded one hour on Wednesday at midnight,
1724 # in accordance with the government's decision to implement summer time
1725 # all year round.
1726 #
1727 # From <http://star.arabia.com/990930/JO9.html>
1728 # Jordan Week (1999-09-30) via Steffen Thorsen (1999-11-09):
1729 # Winter time starts today Thursday, 30 September. Clocks will be turned back
1730 # by one hour. This is the latest government decision and it's final!
1731 # The decision was taken because of the increase in working hours in
1732 # government's departments from six to seven hours.
1733 #
1734 # From Paul Eggert (2005-11-22):
1735 # Starting 2003 transitions are from Steffen Thorsen's web site timeanddate.com.
1736 #
1737 # From Steffen Thorsen (2005-11-23):
1738 # For Jordan I have received multiple independent user reports every year
1739 # about DST end dates, as the end-rule is different every year.
1740 #
1741 # From Steffen Thorsen (2006-10-01), after a heads-up from Hilal Malawi:
1742 # http://www.petranews.gov.jo/nepras/2006/Sep/05/4000.htm
1743 # "Jordan will switch to winter time on Friday, October 27".
1744 #
1745
1746 # From Steffen Thorsen (2009-04-02):
1747 # This single one might be good enough, (2009-03-24, Arabic):
1748 # http://petra.gov.jo/Artical.aspx?Lng=2&Section=8&Artical=95279
1749 #
1750 # Google's translation:
1751 #
1752 # > The Council of Ministers decided in 2002 to adopt the principle of timely
1753 # > submission of the summer at 60 minutes as of midnight on the last Thursday
1754 # > of the month of March of each year.
1755 #
1756 # So - this means the midnight between Thursday and Friday since 2002.
1757
1758 # From Arthur David Olson (2009-04-06):
1759 # We still have Jordan switching to DST on Thursdays in 2000 and 2001.
1760
1761 # From Steffen Thorsen (2012-10-25):
1762 # Yesterday the government in Jordan announced that they will not
1763 # switch back to standard time this winter, so the will stay on DST
1764 # until about the same time next year (at least).
1765 # http://www.petra.gov.jo/Public_News/Nws_NewsDetails.aspx?NewsID=88950
1766
1767 # From Steffen Thorsen (2013-12-11):
1768 # Jordan Times and other sources say that Jordan is going back to
1769 # UTC+2 on 2013-12-19 at midnight:
1770 # http://jordantimes.com/govt-decides-to-switch-back-to-wintertime
1771 # Official, in Arabic:
1772 # http://www.petra.gov.jo/public_news/Nws_NewsDetails.aspx?Menu_ID=&Site_Id=2&lang=1&NewsID=133230&CatID=14
1773 # ... Our background/permalink about it
1774 # https://www.timeanddate.com/news/time/jordan-reverses-dst-decision.html
1775 # ...
1776 # http://www.petra.gov.jo/Public_News/Nws_NewsDetails.aspx?lang=2&site_id=1&NewsID=133313&Type=P
1777 # ... says midnight for the coming one and 1:00 for the ones in the future
1778 # (and they will use DST again next year, using the normal schedule).
1779
1780 # From Paul Eggert (2013-12-11):
1781 # As Steffen suggested, consider the past 21-month experiment to be DST.
1782
1783 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1784 Rule Jordan 1973 only - Jun 6 0:00 1:00 S
1785 Rule Jordan 1973 1975 - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
1786 Rule Jordan 1974 1977 - May 1 0:00 1:00 S
1787 Rule Jordan 1976 only - Nov 1 0:00 0 -
1788 Rule Jordan 1977 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
1789 Rule Jordan 1978 only - Apr 30 0:00 1:00 S
1790 Rule Jordan 1978 only - Sep 30 0:00 0 -
1791 Rule Jordan 1985 only - Apr 1 0:00 1:00 S
1792 Rule Jordan 1985 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
1793 Rule Jordan 1986 1988 - Apr Fri>=1 0:00 1:00 S
1794 Rule Jordan 1986 1990 - Oct Fri>=1 0:00 0 -
1795 Rule Jordan 1989 only - May 8 0:00 1:00 S
1796 Rule Jordan 1990 only - Apr 27 0:00 1:00 S
1797 Rule Jordan 1991 only - Apr 17 0:00 1:00 S
1798 Rule Jordan 1991 only - Sep 27 0:00 0 -
1799 Rule Jordan 1992 only - Apr 10 0:00 1:00 S
1800 Rule Jordan 1992 1993 - Oct Fri>=1 0:00 0 -
1801 Rule Jordan 1993 1998 - Apr Fri>=1 0:00 1:00 S
1802 Rule Jordan 1994 only - Sep Fri>=15 0:00 0 -
1803 Rule Jordan 1995 1998 - Sep Fri>=15 0:00s 0 -
1804 Rule Jordan 1999 only - Jul 1 0:00s 1:00 S
1805 Rule Jordan 1999 2002 - Sep lastFri 0:00s 0 -
1806 Rule Jordan 2000 2001 - Mar lastThu 0:00s 1:00 S
1807 Rule Jordan 2002 2012 - Mar lastThu 24:00 1:00 S
1808 Rule Jordan 2003 only - Oct 24 0:00s 0 -
1809 Rule Jordan 2004 only - Oct 15 0:00s 0 -
1810 Rule Jordan 2005 only - Sep lastFri 0:00s 0 -
1811 Rule Jordan 2006 2011 - Oct lastFri 0:00s 0 -
1812 Rule Jordan 2013 only - Dec 20 0:00 0 -
1813 Rule Jordan 2014 max - Mar lastThu 24:00 1:00 S
1814 Rule Jordan 2014 max - Oct lastFri 0:00s 0 -
1815 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1816 Zone Asia/Amman 2:23:44 - LMT 1931
1817 2:00 Jordan EE%sT
1818
1819
1820 # Kazakhstan
1821
1822 # From Kazakhstan Embassy's News Bulletin No. 11
1823 # <http://www.kazsociety.org.uk/news/2005/03/30.htm> (2005-03-21):
1824 # The Government of Kazakhstan passed a resolution March 15 abolishing
1825 # daylight saving time citing lack of economic benefits and health
1826 # complications coupled with a decrease in productivity.
1827 #
1828 # From Branislav Kojic (in Astana) via Gwillim Law (2005-06-28):
1829 # ... what happened was that the former Kazakhstan Eastern time zone
1830 # was "blended" with the Central zone. Therefore, Kazakhstan now has
1831 # two time zones, and difference between them is one hour. The zone
1832 # closer to UTC is the former Western zone (probably still called the
1833 # same), encompassing four provinces in the west: Aqtöbe, Atyraū,
1834 # Mangghystaū, and West Kazakhstan. The other zone encompasses
1835 # everything else.... I guess that would make Kazakhstan time zones
1836 # de jure UTC+5 and UTC+6 respectively.
1837
1838 # From Stepan Golosunov (2016-03-27):
1839 # Review of the linked documents from http://adilet.zan.kz/
1840 # produced the following data for post-1991 Kazakhstan:
1841 #
1842 # 0. Act of the Cabinet of Ministers of the USSR
1843 # from 1991-02-04 No. 20
1844 # http://pravo.gov.ru/proxy/ips/?docbody=&nd=102010545
1845 # removed the extra hour ("decree time") on the territory of the USSR
1846 # starting with the last Sunday of March 1991.
1847 # It also allowed (but not mandated) Kazakh SSR, Kirghiz SSR, Tajik SSR,
1848 # Turkmen SSR and Uzbek SSR to not have "summer" time.
1849 #
1850 # The 1992-01-13 act also refers to the act of the Cabinet of Ministers
1851 # of the Kazakh SSR from 1991-03-20 No. 170 "About the act of the Cabinet
1852 # of Ministers of the USSR from 1991-02-04 No. 20" but I didn't found its
1853 # text.
1854 #
1855 # According to Izvestia newspaper No. 68 (23334) from 1991-03-20
1856 # (page 6; available at http://libinfo.org/newsr/newsr2574.djvu via
1857 # http://libinfo.org/index.php?id=58564) on 1991-03-31 at 2:00 during
1858 # transition to "summer" time:
1859 # Republic of Georgia, Latvian SSR, Lithuanian SSR, SSR Moldova,
1860 # Estonian SSR; Komi ASSR; Kaliningrad oblast; Nenets autonomous okrug
1861 # were to move clocks 1 hour forward.
1862 # Kazakh SSR (excluding Uralsk oblast); Republic of Kyrgyzstan, Tajik
1863 # SSR; Andijan, Jizzakh, Namangan, Sirdarya, Tashkent, Fergana oblasts
1864 # of the Uzbek SSR were to move clocks 1 hour backwards.
1865 # Other territories were to not move clocks.
1866 # When the "summer" time would end on 1991-09-29, clocks were to be
1867 # moved 1 hour backwards on the territory of the USSR excluding
1868 # Kazakhstan, Kirghizia, Uzbekistan, Turkmenia, Tajikistan.
1869 #
1870 # Apparently there were last minute changes. Apparently Kazakh act No. 170
1871 # was one of such changes.
1872 #
1873 # https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Декретное время
1874 # claims that Sovetskaya Rossiya newspaper on 1991-03-29 published that
1875 # Nenets autonomous okrug, Komi and Kazakhstan (excluding Uralsk oblast)
1876 # were to not move clocks and Uralsk oblast was to move clocks
1877 # forward; on 1991-09-29 Kazakhstan was to move clocks backwards.
1878 # (Probably there were changes even after that publication. There is an
1879 # article claiming that Kaliningrad oblast decided on 1991-03-29 to not
1880 # move clocks.)
1881 #
1882 # This implies that on 1991-03-31 Asia/Oral remained on +04/+05 while
1883 # the rest of Kazakhstan switched from +06/+07 to +05/06 or from +05/06
1884 # to +04/+05. It's unclear how Qyzylorda oblast moved into the fifth
1885 # time belt. (By switching from +04/+05 to +05/+06 on 1991-09-29?) ...
1886 #
1887 # 1. Act of the Cabinet of Ministers of the Republic of Kazakhstan
1888 # from 1992-01-13 No. 28
1889 # http://adilet.zan.kz/rus/docs/P920000028_
1890 # (text includes modification from the 1996 act)
1891 # introduced new rules for calculation of time, mirroring Russian
1892 # 1992-01-08 act. It specified that time would be calculated
1893 # according to time belts plus extra hour ("decree time"), moved clocks
1894 # on the whole territory of Kazakhstan 1 hour forward on 1992-01-19 at
1895 # 2:00, specified DST rules. It acknowledged that Kazakhstan was
1896 # located in the fourth and the fifth time belts and specified the
1897 # border between them to be located east of Qostanay and Aktyubinsk
1898 # oblasts (notably including Turgai and Qyzylorda oblasts into the fifth
1899 # time belt).
1900 #
1901 # This means switch on 1992-01-19 at 2:00 from +04/+05 to +05/+06 for
1902 # Asia/Aqtau, Asia/Aqtobe, Asia/Oral, Atyraū and Qostanay oblasts; from
1903 # +05/+06 to +06/+07 for Asia/Almaty and Asia/Qyzylorda (and Arkalyk)....
1904 #
1905 # 2. Act of the Cabinet of Ministers of the Republic of Kazakhstan
1906 # from 1992-03-27 No. 284
1907 # http://adilet.zan.kz/rus/docs/P920000284_
1908 # cancels extra hour ("decree time") for Uralsk and Qyzylorda oblasts
1909 # since the last Sunday of March 1992, while keeping them in the fourth
1910 # and the fifth time belts respectively.
1911 #
1912 # 3. Order of the Prime Minister of the Republic of Kazakhstan
1913 # from 1994-09-23 No. 384
1914 # http://adilet.zan.kz/rus/docs/R940000384_
1915 # cancels the extra hour ("decree time") on the territory of Mangghystaū
1916 # oblast since the last Sunday of September 1994 (saying that time on
1917 # the territory would correspond to the third time belt as a
1918 # result)....
1919 #
1920 # 4. Act of the Government of the Republic of Kazakhstan
1921 # from 1996-05-08 No. 575
1922 # http://adilet.zan.kz/rus/docs/P960000575_
1923 # amends the 1992-01-13 act to end summer time in October instead
1924 # of September, mirroring identical Russian change from 1996-04-23 act.
1925 #
1926 # 5. Act of the Government of the Republic of Kazakhstan
1927 # from 1999-03-26 No. 305
1928 # http://adilet.zan.kz/rus/docs/P990000305_
1929 # cancels the extra hour ("decree time") for Atyraū oblast since the
1930 # last Sunday of March 1999 while retaining the oblast in the fourth
1931 # time belt.
1932 #
1933 # This means change from +05/+06 to +04/+05....
1934 #
1935 # 6. Act of the Government of the Republic of Kazakhstan
1936 # from 2000-11-23 No. 1749
1937 # http://adilet.zan.kz/rus/archive/docs/P000001749_/23.11.2000
1938 # replaces the previous five documents.
1939 #
1940 # The only changes I noticed are in definition of the border between the
1941 # fourth and the fifth time belts. They account for changes in spelling
1942 # and administrative division (splitting of Turgai oblast in 1997
1943 # probably changed time in territories incorporated into Qostanay oblast
1944 # (including Arkalyk) from +06/+07 to +05/+06) and move Qyzylorda oblast
1945 # from being in the fifth time belt and not using decree time into the
1946 # fourth time belt (no change in practice).
1947 #
1948 # 7. Act of the Government of the Republic of Kazakhstan
1949 # from 2003-12-29 No. 1342
1950 # http://adilet.zan.kz/rus/docs/P030001342_
1951 # modified the 2000-11-23 act. No relevant changes, apparently.
1952 #
1953 # 8. Act of the Government of the Republic of Kazakhstan
1954 # from 2004-07-20 No. 775
1955 # http://adilet.zan.kz/rus/archive/docs/P040000775_/20.07.2004
1956 # modified the 2000-11-23 act to move Qostanay and Qyzylorda oblasts into
1957 # the fifth time belt and add Aktobe oblast to the list of regions not
1958 # using extra hour ("decree time"), leaving Kazakhstan with only 2 time
1959 # zones (+04/+05 and +06/+07). The changes were to be implemented
1960 # during DST transitions in 2004 and 2005 but the acts got radically
1961 # amended before implementation happened.
1962 #
1963 # 9. Act of the Government of the Republic of Kazakhstan
1964 # from 2004-09-15 No. 1059
1965 # http://adilet.zan.kz/rus/docs/P040001059_
1966 # modified the 2000-11-23 act to remove exceptions from the "decree time"
1967 # (leaving Kazakhstan in +05/+06 and +06/+07 zones), amended the
1968 # 2004-07-20 act to implement changes for Atyraū, West Kazakhstan,
1969 # Qostanay, Qyzylorda and Mangghystaū oblasts by not moving clocks
1970 # during the 2004 transition to "winter" time.
1971 #
1972 # This means transition from +04/+05 to +05/+06 for Atyraū oblast (no
1973 # zone currently), Asia/Oral, Asia/Aqtau and transition from +05/+06 to
1974 # +06/+07 for Qostanay oblast (Qostanay and Arkalyk, no zones currently)
1975 # and Asia/Qyzylorda on 2004-10-31 at 3:00....
1976 #
1977 # 10. Act of the Government of the Republic of Kazakhstan
1978 # from 2005-03-15 No. 231
1979 # http://adilet.zan.kz/rus/docs/P050000231_
1980 # removes DST provisions from the 2000-11-23 act, removes most of the
1981 # (already implemented) provisions from the 2004-07-20 and 2004-09-15
1982 # acts, comes into effect 10 days after official publication.
1983 # The only practical effect seems to be the abolition of the summer
1984 # time.
1985 #
1986 # Unamended version of the act of the Government of the Russian Federation
1987 # No. 23 from 1992-01-08 [See 'europe' file for details].
1988 # Kazakh 1992-01-13 act appears to provide the same rules and 1992-03-27
1989 # act was to be enacted on the last Sunday of March 1992.
1990
1991 # From Stepan Golosunov (2016-11-08):
1992 # Turgai reorganization should affect only southern part of Qostanay
1993 # oblast. Which should probably be separated into Asia/Arkalyk zone.
1994 # (There were also 1970, 1988 and 1990 Turgai oblast reorganizations
1995 # according to wikipedia.)
1996 #
1997 # [For Qostanay] http://www.ng.kz/gazeta/195/hranit/
1998 # suggests that clocks were to be moved 40 minutes backwards on
1999 # 1920-01-01 to the fourth time belt. But I do not understand
2000 # how that could happen....
2001 #
2002 # [For Atyrau and Oral] 1919 decree
2003 # (http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_russia-1919-02-08.html
2004 # and in Byalokoz) lists Ural river (plus 10 versts on its left bank) in
2005 # the third time belt (before 1930 this means +03).
2006
2007 # From Paul Eggert (2016-12-06):
2008 # The tables below reflect Golosunov's remarks, with exceptions as noted.
2009
2010 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
2011 #
2012 # Almaty (formerly Alma-Ata), representing most locations in Kazakhstan
2013 # This includes KZ-AKM, KZ-ALA, KZ-ALM, KZ-AST, KZ-BAY, KZ-VOS, KZ-ZHA,
2014 # KZ-KAR, KZ-SEV, KZ-PAV, and KZ-YUZ.
2015 Zone Asia/Almaty 5:07:48 - LMT 1924 May 2 # or Alma-Ata
2016 5:00 - +05 1930 Jun 21
2017 6:00 RussiaAsia +06/+07 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2018 5:00 RussiaAsia +05/+06 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
2019 6:00 RussiaAsia +06/+07 2004 Oct 31 2:00s
2020 6:00 - +06
2021 # Qyzylorda (aka Kyzylorda, Kizilorda, Kzyl-Orda, etc.) (KZ-KZY)
2022 # This currently includes Qostanay (aka Kostanay, Kustanay) (KZ-KUS);
2023 # see comments below.
2024 Zone Asia/Qyzylorda 4:21:52 - LMT 1924 May 2
2025 4:00 - +04 1930 Jun 21
2026 5:00 - +05 1981 Apr 1
2027 5:00 1:00 +06 1981 Oct 1
2028 6:00 - +06 1982 Apr 1
2029 5:00 RussiaAsia +05/+06 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2030 4:00 RussiaAsia +04/+05 1991 Sep 29 2:00s
2031 5:00 RussiaAsia +05/+06 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
2032 6:00 RussiaAsia +06/+07 1992 Mar 29 2:00s
2033 5:00 RussiaAsia +05/+06 2004 Oct 31 2:00s
2034 6:00 - +06
2035 # The following zone is like Asia/Qyzylorda except for being one
2036 # hour earlier from 1991-09-29 to 1992-03-29. The 1991/2 rules for
2037 # Qostanay are unclear partly because of the 1997 Turgai
2038 # reorganization, so this zone is commented out for now.
2039 #Zone Asia/Qostanay 4:14:20 - LMT 1924 May 2
2040 # 4:00 - +04 1930 Jun 21
2041 # 5:00 - +05 1981 Apr 1
2042 # 5:00 1:00 +06 1981 Oct 1
2043 # 6:00 - +06 1982 Apr 1
2044 # 5:00 RussiaAsia +05/+06 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2045 # 4:00 RussiaAsia +04/+05 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
2046 # 5:00 RussiaAsia +05/+06 2004 Oct 31 2:00s
2047 # 6:00 - +06
2048 #
2049 # Aqtöbe (aka Aktobe, formerly Aktyubinsk) (KZ-AKT)
2050 Zone Asia/Aqtobe 3:48:40 - LMT 1924 May 2
2051 4:00 - +04 1930 Jun 21
2052 5:00 - +05 1981 Apr 1
2053 5:00 1:00 +06 1981 Oct 1
2054 6:00 - +06 1982 Apr 1
2055 5:00 RussiaAsia +05/+06 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2056 4:00 RussiaAsia +04/+05 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
2057 5:00 RussiaAsia +05/+06 2004 Oct 31 2:00s
2058 5:00 - +05
2059 # Mangghystaū (KZ-MAN)
2060 # Aqtau was not founded until 1963, but it represents an inhabited region,
2061 # so include timestamps before 1963.
2062 Zone Asia/Aqtau 3:21:04 - LMT 1924 May 2
2063 4:00 - +04 1930 Jun 21
2064 5:00 - +05 1981 Oct 1
2065 6:00 - +06 1982 Apr 1
2066 5:00 RussiaAsia +05/+06 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2067 4:00 RussiaAsia +04/+05 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
2068 5:00 RussiaAsia +05/+06 1994 Sep 25 2:00s
2069 4:00 RussiaAsia +04/+05 2004 Oct 31 2:00s
2070 5:00 - +05
2071 # Atyraū (KZ-ATY) is like Mangghystaū except it switched from
2072 # +04/+05 to +05/+06 in spring 1999, not fall 1994.
2073 Zone Asia/Atyrau 3:27:44 - LMT 1924 May 2
2074 3:00 - +03 1930 Jun 21
2075 5:00 - +05 1981 Oct 1
2076 6:00 - +06 1982 Apr 1
2077 5:00 RussiaAsia +05/+06 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2078 4:00 RussiaAsia +04/+05 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
2079 5:00 RussiaAsia +05/+06 1999 Mar 28 2:00s
2080 4:00 RussiaAsia +04/+05 2004 Oct 31 2:00s
2081 5:00 - +05
2082 # West Kazakhstan (KZ-ZAP)
2083 # From Paul Eggert (2016-03-18):
2084 # The 1989 transition is from USSR act No. 227 (1989-03-14).
2085 Zone Asia/Oral 3:25:24 - LMT 1924 May 2 # or Ural'sk
2086 3:00 - +03 1930 Jun 21
2087 5:00 - +05 1981 Apr 1
2088 5:00 1:00 +06 1981 Oct 1
2089 6:00 - +06 1982 Apr 1
2090 5:00 RussiaAsia +05/+06 1989 Mar 26 2:00s
2091 4:00 RussiaAsia +04/+05 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
2092 5:00 RussiaAsia +05/+06 1992 Mar 29 2:00s
2093 4:00 RussiaAsia +04/+05 2004 Oct 31 2:00s
2094 5:00 - +05
2095
2096 # Kyrgyzstan (Kirgizstan)
2097 # Transitions through 1991 are from Shanks & Pottenger.
2098
2099 # From Paul Eggert (2005-08-15):
2100 # According to an article dated today in the Kyrgyzstan Development Gateway
2101 # http://eng.gateway.kg/cgi-bin/page.pl?id=1&story_name=doc9979.shtml
2102 # Kyrgyzstan is canceling the daylight saving time system. I take the article
2103 # to mean that they will leave their clocks at 6 hours ahead of UTC.
2104 # From Malik Abdugaliev (2005-09-21):
2105 # Our government cancels daylight saving time 6th of August 2005.
2106 # From 2005-08-12 our GMT-offset is +6, w/o any daylight saving.
2107
2108 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
2109 Rule Kyrgyz 1992 1996 - Apr Sun>=7 0:00s 1:00 -
2110 Rule Kyrgyz 1992 1996 - Sep lastSun 0:00 0 -
2111 Rule Kyrgyz 1997 2005 - Mar lastSun 2:30 1:00 -
2112 Rule Kyrgyz 1997 2004 - Oct lastSun 2:30 0 -
2113 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
2114 Zone Asia/Bishkek 4:58:24 - LMT 1924 May 2
2115 5:00 - +05 1930 Jun 21
2116 6:00 RussiaAsia +06/+07 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2117 5:00 RussiaAsia +05/+06 1991 Aug 31 2:00
2118 5:00 Kyrgyz +05/+06 2005 Aug 12
2119 6:00 - +06
2120
2121 ###############################################################################
2122
2123 # Korea (North and South)
2124
2125 # From Annie I. Bang (2006-07-10):
2126 # http://www.koreaherald.com/view.php?ud=200607100012
2127 # Korea ran a daylight saving program from 1949-61 but stopped it
2128 # during the 1950-53 Korean War. The system was temporarily enforced
2129 # between 1987 and 1988 ...
2130
2131 # From Sanghyuk Jung (2014-10-29):
2132 # https://mm.icann.org/pipermail/tz/2014-October/021830.html
2133 # According to the Korean Wikipedia
2134 # https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/한국_표준시
2135 # [oldid=12896437 2014-09-04 08:03 UTC]
2136 # DST in Republic of Korea was as follows.... And I checked old
2137 # newspapers in Korean, all articles correspond with data in Wikipedia.
2138 # For example, the article in 1948 (Korean Language) proved that DST
2139 # started at June 1 in that year. For another example, the article in
2140 # 1988 said that DST started at 2:00 AM in that year.
2141
2142 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
2143 Rule ROK 1948 only - Jun 1 0:00 1:00 D
2144 Rule ROK 1948 only - Sep 13 0:00 0 S
2145 Rule ROK 1949 only - Apr 3 0:00 1:00 D
2146 Rule ROK 1949 1951 - Sep Sun>=8 0:00 0 S
2147 Rule ROK 1950 only - Apr 1 0:00 1:00 D
2148 Rule ROK 1951 only - May 6 0:00 1:00 D
2149 Rule ROK 1955 only - May 5 0:00 1:00 D
2150 Rule ROK 1955 only - Sep 9 0:00 0 S
2151 Rule ROK 1956 only - May 20 0:00 1:00 D
2152 Rule ROK 1956 only - Sep 30 0:00 0 S
2153 Rule ROK 1957 1960 - May Sun>=1 0:00 1:00 D
2154 Rule ROK 1957 1960 - Sep Sun>=18 0:00 0 S
2155 Rule ROK 1987 1988 - May Sun>=8 2:00 1:00 D
2156 Rule ROK 1987 1988 - Oct Sun>=8 3:00 0 S
2157
2158 # From Paul Eggert (2016-08-23):
2159 # The Korean Wikipedia entry gives the following sources for UT offsets:
2160 #
2161 # 1908: Official Journal Article No. 3994 (decree No. 5)
2162 # 1912: Governor-General of Korea Official Gazette Issue No. 367
2163 # (Announcement No. 338)
2164 # 1954: Presidential Decree No. 876 (1954-03-17)
2165 # 1961: Law No. 676 (1961-08-07)
2166 #
2167 # (Another source "1987: Law No. 3919 (1986-12-31)" was in the 2014-10-30
2168 # edition of the Korean Wikipedia entry.)
2169 #
2170 # I guessed that time zone abbreviations through 1945 followed the same
2171 # rules as discussed under Taiwan, with nominal switches from JST to KST
2172 # when the respective cities were taken over by the Allies after WWII.
2173 #
2174 # For Pyongyang, guess no changes from World War II until 2015, as we
2175 # have no information otherwise.
2176
2177 # From Steffen Thorsen (2015-08-07):
2178 # According to many news sources, North Korea is going to change to
2179 # the 8:30 time zone on August 15, one example:
2180 # http://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-33815049
2181 #
2182 # From Paul Eggert (2015-08-15):
2183 # Bells rang out midnight (00:00) Friday as part of the celebrations. See:
2184 # Talmadge E. North Korea celebrates new time zone, 'Pyongyang Time'
2185 # http://news.yahoo.com/north-korea-celebrates-time-zone-pyongyang-time-164038128.html
2186 # There is no common English-language abbreviation for this time zone.
2187 # Use KST, as that's what we already use for 1954-1961 in ROK.
2188
2189 # From Kang Seonghoon (2018-04-29):
2190 # North Korea will revert its time zone from UTC+8:30 (PYT; Pyongyang
2191 # Time) back to UTC+9 (KST; Korea Standard Time).
2192 #
2193 # From Seo Sanghyeon (2018-04-30):
2194 # Rodong Sinmun 2018-04-30 announced Pyongyang Time transition plan.
2195 # https://www.nknews.org/kcna/wp-content/uploads/sites/5/2018/04/rodong-2018-04-30.pdf
2196 # ... the transition date is 2018-05-05 ... Citation should be Decree
2197 # No. 2232 of April 30, 2018, of the Presidium of the Supreme People's
2198 # Assembly, as published in Rodong Sinmun.
2199 # From Tim Parenti (2018-04-29):
2200 # It appears to be the front page story at the top in the right-most column.
2201 #
2202 # From Paul Eggert (2018-05-04):
2203 # The BBC reported that the transition was from 23:30 to 24:00 today.
2204 # https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-44010705
2205
2206 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
2207 Zone Asia/Seoul 8:27:52 - LMT 1908 Apr 1
2208 8:30 - KST 1912 Jan 1
2209 9:00 - JST 1945 Sep 8
2210 9:00 - KST 1954 Mar 21
2211 8:30 ROK K%sT 1961 Aug 10
2212 9:00 ROK K%sT
2213 Zone Asia/Pyongyang 8:23:00 - LMT 1908 Apr 1
2214 8:30 - KST 1912 Jan 1
2215 9:00 - JST 1945 Aug 24
2216 9:00 - KST 2015 Aug 15 00:00
2217 8:30 - KST 2018 May 4 23:30
2218 9:00 - KST
2219
2220 ###############################################################################
2221
2222 # Kuwait
2223 # See Asia/Riyadh.
2224
2225 # Laos
2226 # See Asia/Bangkok.
2227
2228
2229 # Lebanon
2230 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
2231 Rule Lebanon 1920 only - Mar 28 0:00 1:00 S
2232 Rule Lebanon 1920 only - Oct 25 0:00 0 -
2233 Rule Lebanon 1921 only - Apr 3 0:00 1:00 S
2234 Rule Lebanon 1921 only - Oct 3 0:00 0 -
2235 Rule Lebanon 1922 only - Mar 26 0:00 1:00 S
2236 Rule Lebanon 1922 only - Oct 8 0:00 0 -
2237 Rule Lebanon 1923 only - Apr 22 0:00 1:00 S
2238 Rule Lebanon 1923 only - Sep 16 0:00 0 -
2239 Rule Lebanon 1957 1961 - May 1 0:00 1:00 S
2240 Rule Lebanon 1957 1961 - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
2241 Rule Lebanon 1972 only - Jun 22 0:00 1:00 S
2242 Rule Lebanon 1972 1977 - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
2243 Rule Lebanon 1973 1977 - May 1 0:00 1:00 S
2244 Rule Lebanon 1978 only - Apr 30 0:00 1:00 S
2245 Rule Lebanon 1978 only - Sep 30 0:00 0 -
2246 Rule Lebanon 1984 1987 - May 1 0:00 1:00 S
2247 Rule Lebanon 1984 1991 - Oct 16 0:00 0 -
2248 Rule Lebanon 1988 only - Jun 1 0:00 1:00 S
2249 Rule Lebanon 1989 only - May 10 0:00 1:00 S
2250 Rule Lebanon 1990 1992 - May 1 0:00 1:00 S
2251 Rule Lebanon 1992 only - Oct 4 0:00 0 -
2252 Rule Lebanon 1993 max - Mar lastSun 0:00 1:00 S
2253 Rule Lebanon 1993 1998 - Sep lastSun 0:00 0 -
2254 Rule Lebanon 1999 max - Oct lastSun 0:00 0 -
2255 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
2256 Zone Asia/Beirut 2:22:00 - LMT 1880
2257 2:00 Lebanon EE%sT
2258
2259 # Malaysia
2260 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
2261 Rule NBorneo 1935 1941 - Sep 14 0:00 0:20 -
2262 Rule NBorneo 1935 1941 - Dec 14 0:00 0 -
2263 #
2264 # peninsular Malaysia
2265 # taken from Mok Ly Yng (2003-10-30)
2266 # http://www.math.nus.edu.sg/aslaksen/teaching/timezone.html
2267 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
2268 Zone Asia/Kuala_Lumpur 6:46:46 - LMT 1901 Jan 1
2269 6:55:25 - SMT 1905 Jun 1 # Singapore M.T.
2270 7:00 - +07 1933 Jan 1
2271 7:00 0:20 +0720 1936 Jan 1
2272 7:20 - +0720 1941 Sep 1
2273 7:30 - +0730 1942 Feb 16
2274 9:00 - +09 1945 Sep 12
2275 7:30 - +0730 1982 Jan 1
2276 8:00 - +08
2277 # Sabah & Sarawak
2278 # From Paul Eggert (2014-08-12):
2279 # The data entries here are mostly from Shanks & Pottenger, but the 1942, 1945
2280 # and 1982 transition dates are from Mok Ly Yng.
2281 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
2282 Zone Asia/Kuching 7:21:20 - LMT 1926 Mar
2283 7:30 - +0730 1933
2284 8:00 NBorneo +08/+0820 1942 Feb 16
2285 9:00 - +09 1945 Sep 12
2286 8:00 - +08
2287
2288 # Maldives
2289 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
2290 Zone Indian/Maldives 4:54:00 - LMT 1880 # Malé
2291 4:54:00 - MMT 1960 # Malé Mean Time
2292 5:00 - +05
2293
2294 # Mongolia
2295
2296 # Shanks & Pottenger say that Mongolia has three time zones, but
2297 # The USNO (1995-12-21) and the CIA map Standard Time Zones of the World
2298 # (2005-03) both say that it has just one.
2299
2300 # From Oscar van Vlijmen (1999-12-11):
2301 # General Information Mongolia
2302 # <http://www.mongoliatourism.gov.mn/general.htm> (1999-09)
2303 # "Time: Mongolia has two time zones. Three westernmost provinces of
2304 # Bayan-Ölgii, Uvs, and Hovd are one hour earlier than the capital city, and
2305 # the rest of the country follows the Ulaanbaatar time, which is UTC/GMT plus
2306 # eight hours."
2307
2308 # From Rives McDow (1999-12-13):
2309 # Mongolia discontinued the use of daylight savings time in 1999; 1998
2310 # being the last year it was implemented. The dates of implementation I am
2311 # unsure of, but most probably it was similar to Russia, except for the time
2312 # of implementation may have been different....
2313 # Some maps in the past have indicated that there was an additional time
2314 # zone in the eastern part of Mongolia, including the provinces of Dornod,
2315 # Sükhbaatar, and possibly Khentii.
2316
2317 # From Paul Eggert (1999-12-15):
2318 # Naming and spelling is tricky in Mongolia.
2319 # We'll use Hovd (also spelled Chovd and Khovd) to represent the west zone;
2320 # the capital of the Hovd province is sometimes called Hovd, sometimes Dund-Us,
2321 # and sometimes Jirgalanta (with variant spellings), but the name Hovd
2322 # is good enough for our purposes.
2323
2324 # From Rives McDow (2001-05-13):
2325 # In addition to Mongolia starting daylight savings as reported earlier
2326 # (adopted DST on 2001-04-27 02:00 local time, ending 2001-09-28),
2327 # there are three time zones.
2328 #
2329 # Provinces [at 7:00]: Bayan-Ölgii, Uvs, Khovd, Zavkhan, Govi-Altai
2330 # Provinces [at 8:00]: Khövsgöl, Bulgan, Arkhangai, Khentii, Töv,
2331 # Bayankhongor, Övörkhangai, Dundgovi, Dornogovi, Ömnögovi
2332 # Provinces [at 9:00]: Dornod, Sükhbaatar
2333 #
2334 # [The province of Selenge is omitted from the above lists.]
2335
2336 # From Ganbold Ts., Ulaanbaatar (2004-04-17):
2337 # Daylight saving occurs at 02:00 local time last Saturday of March.
2338 # It will change back to normal at 02:00 local time last Saturday of
2339 # September.... As I remember this rule was changed in 2001.
2340 #
2341 # From Paul Eggert (2004-04-17):
2342 # For now, assume Rives McDow's informant got confused about Friday vs
2343 # Saturday, and that his 2001 dates should have 1 added to them.
2344
2345 # From Paul Eggert (2005-07-26):
2346 # We have wildly conflicting information about Mongolia's time zones.
2347 # Bill Bonnet (2005-05-19) reports that the US Embassy in Ulaanbaatar says
2348 # there is only one time zone and that DST is observed, citing Microsoft
2349 # Windows XP as the source. Risto Nykänen (2005-05-16) reports that
2350 # travelmongolia.org says there are two time zones (UT +07, +08) with no DST.
2351 # Oscar van Vlijmen (2005-05-20) reports that the Mongolian Embassy in
2352 # Washington, DC says there are two time zones, with DST observed.
2353 # He also found
2354 # http://ubpost.mongolnews.mn/index.php?subaction=showcomments&id=1111634894&archive=&start_from=&ucat=1&
2355 # which also says that there is DST, and which has a comment by "Toddius"
2356 # (2005-03-31 06:05 +0700) saying "Mongolia actually has 3.5 time zones.
2357 # The West (OLGII) is +7 GMT, most of the country is ULAT is +8 GMT
2358 # and some Eastern provinces are +9 GMT but Sükhbaatar Aimag is SUHK +8.5 GMT.
2359 # The SUKH timezone is new this year, it is one of the few things the
2360 # parliament passed during the tumultuous winter session."
2361 # For now, let's ignore this information, until we have more confirmation.
2362
2363 # From Ganbold Ts. (2007-02-26):
2364 # Parliament of Mongolia has just changed the daylight-saving rule in February.
2365 # They decided not to adopt daylight-saving time....
2366 # http://www.mongolnews.mn/index.php?module=unuudur&sec=view&id=15742
2367
2368 # From Deborah Goldsmith (2008-03-30):
2369 # We received a bug report claiming that the tz database UTC offset for
2370 # Asia/Choibalsan (GMT+09:00) is incorrect, and that it should be GMT
2371 # +08:00 instead. Different sources appear to disagree with the tz
2372 # database on this, e.g.:
2373 #
2374 # https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/city.html?n=1026
2375 # http://www.worldtimeserver.com/current_time_in_MN.aspx
2376 #
2377 # both say GMT+08:00.
2378
2379 # From Steffen Thorsen (2008-03-31):
2380 # eznis airways, which operates several domestic flights, has a flight
2381 # schedule here:
2382 # http://www.eznis.com/Container.jsp?id=112
2383 # (click the English flag for English)
2384 #
2385 # There it appears that flights between Choibalsan and Ulaanbaatar arrive
2386 # about 1:35 - 1:50 hours later in local clock time, no matter the
2387 # direction, while Ulaanbaatar-Khovd takes 2 hours in the Eastern
2388 # direction and 3:35 back, which indicates that Ulaanbaatar and Khovd are
2389 # in different time zones (like we know about), while Choibalsan and
2390 # Ulaanbaatar are in the same time zone (correction needed).
2391
2392 # From Arthur David Olson (2008-05-19):
2393 # Assume that Choibalsan is indeed offset by 8:00.
2394 # XXX--in the absence of better information, assume that transition
2395 # was at the start of 2008-03-31 (the day of Steffen Thorsen's report);
2396 # this is almost surely wrong.
2397
2398 # From Ganbold Tsagaankhuu (2015-03-10):
2399 # It seems like yesterday Mongolian Government meeting has concluded to use
2400 # daylight saving time in Mongolia.... Starting at 2:00AM of last Saturday of
2401 # March 2015, daylight saving time starts. And 00:00AM of last Saturday of
2402 # September daylight saving time ends. Source:
2403 # http://zasag.mn/news/view/8969
2404
2405 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
2406 Rule Mongol 1983 1984 - Apr 1 0:00 1:00 -
2407 Rule Mongol 1983 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
2408 # Shanks & Pottenger and IATA SSIM say 1990s switches occurred at 00:00,
2409 # but McDow says the 2001 switches occurred at 02:00. Also, IATA SSIM
2410 # (1996-09) says 1996-10-25. Go with Shanks & Pottenger through 1998.
2411 #
2412 # Shanks & Pottenger say that the Sept. 1984 through Sept. 1990 switches
2413 # in Choibalsan (more precisely, in Dornod and Sükhbaatar) took place
2414 # at 02:00 standard time, not at 00:00 local time as in the rest of
2415 # the country. That would be odd, and possibly is a result of their
2416 # correction of 02:00 (in the previous edition) not being done correctly
2417 # in the latest edition; so ignore it for now.
2418
2419 # From Ganbold Tsagaankhuu (2017-02-09):
2420 # Mongolian Government meeting has concluded today to cancel daylight
2421 # saving time adoption in Mongolia. Source: http://zasag.mn/news/view/16192
2422
2423 Rule Mongol 1985 1998 - Mar lastSun 0:00 1:00 -
2424 Rule Mongol 1984 1998 - Sep lastSun 0:00 0 -
2425 # IATA SSIM (1999-09) says Mongolia no longer observes DST.
2426 Rule Mongol 2001 only - Apr lastSat 2:00 1:00 -
2427 Rule Mongol 2001 2006 - Sep lastSat 2:00 0 -
2428 Rule Mongol 2002 2006 - Mar lastSat 2:00 1:00 -
2429 Rule Mongol 2015 2016 - Mar lastSat 2:00 1:00 -
2430 Rule Mongol 2015 2016 - Sep lastSat 0:00 0 -
2431
2432 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
2433 # Hovd, a.k.a. Chovd, Dund-Us, Dzhargalant, Khovd, Jirgalanta
2434 Zone Asia/Hovd 6:06:36 - LMT 1905 Aug
2435 6:00 - +06 1978
2436 7:00 Mongol +07/+08
2437 # Ulaanbaatar, a.k.a. Ulan Bataar, Ulan Bator, Urga
2438 Zone Asia/Ulaanbaatar 7:07:32 - LMT 1905 Aug
2439 7:00 - +07 1978
2440 8:00 Mongol +08/+09
2441 # Choibalsan, a.k.a. Bajan Tümen, Bajan Tumen, Chojbalsan,
2442 # Choybalsan, Sanbejse, Tchoibalsan
2443 Zone Asia/Choibalsan 7:38:00 - LMT 1905 Aug
2444 7:00 - +07 1978
2445 8:00 - +08 1983 Apr
2446 9:00 Mongol +09/+10 2008 Mar 31
2447 8:00 Mongol +08/+09
2448
2449 # Nepal
2450 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
2451 Zone Asia/Kathmandu 5:41:16 - LMT 1920
2452 5:30 - +0530 1986
2453 5:45 - +0545
2454
2455 # Oman
2456 # See Asia/Dubai.
2457
2458 # Pakistan
2459
2460 # From Rives McDow (2002-03-13):
2461 # I have been advised that Pakistan has decided to adopt dst on a
2462 # TRIAL basis for one year, starting 00:01 local time on April 7, 2002
2463 # and ending at 00:01 local time October 6, 2002. This is what I was
2464 # told, but I believe that the actual time of change may be 00:00; the
2465 # 00:01 was to make it clear which day it was on.
2466
2467 # From Paul Eggert (2002-03-15):
2468 # Jesper Nørgaard found this URL:
2469 # http://www.pak.gov.pk/public/news/app/app06_dec.htm
2470 # (dated 2001-12-06) which says that the Cabinet adopted a scheme "to
2471 # advance the clocks by one hour on the night between the first
2472 # Saturday and Sunday of April and revert to the original position on
2473 # 15th October each year". This agrees with McDow's 04-07 at 00:00,
2474 # but disagrees about the October transition, and makes it sound like
2475 # it's not on a trial basis. Also, the "between the first Saturday
2476 # and Sunday of April" phrase, if taken literally, means that the
2477 # transition takes place at 00:00 on the first Sunday on or after 04-02.
2478
2479 # From Paul Eggert (2003-02-09):
2480 # DAWN <http://www.dawn.com/2002/10/06/top13.htm> reported on 2002-10-05
2481 # that 2002 DST ended that day at midnight. Go with McDow for now.
2482
2483 # From Steffen Thorsen (2003-03-14):
2484 # According to http://www.dawn.com/2003/03/07/top15.htm
2485 # there will be no DST in Pakistan this year:
2486 #
2487 # ISLAMABAD, March 6: Information and Media Development Minister Sheikh
2488 # Rashid Ahmed on Thursday said the cabinet had reversed a previous
2489 # decision to advance clocks by one hour in summer and put them back by
2490 # one hour in winter with the aim of saving light hours and energy.
2491 #
2492 # The minister told a news conference that the experiment had rather
2493 # shown 8 per cent higher consumption of electricity.
2494
2495 # From Alex Krivenyshev (2008-05-15):
2496 #
2497 # Here is an article that Pakistan plan to introduce Daylight Saving Time
2498 # on June 1, 2008 for 3 months.
2499 #
2500 # "... The federal cabinet on Wednesday announced a new conservation plan to
2501 # help reduce load shedding by approving the closure of commercial centres at
2502 # 9pm and moving clocks forward by one hour for the next three months. ...."
2503 #
2504 # http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_pakistan01.html
2505 # http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp?page=2008%5C05%5C15%5Cstory_15-5-2008_pg1_4
2506
2507 # From Arthur David Olson (2008-05-19):
2508 # XXX--midnight transitions is a guess; 2008 only is a guess.
2509
2510 # From Alexander Krivenyshev (2008-08-28):
2511 # Pakistan government has decided to keep the watches one-hour advanced
2512 # for another 2 months - plan to return to Standard Time on October 31
2513 # instead of August 31.
2514 #
2515 # http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_pakistan02.html
2516 # http://dailymailnews.com/200808/28/news/dmbrn03.html
2517
2518 # From Alexander Krivenyshev (2009-04-08):
2519 # Based on previous media reports that "... proposed plan to
2520 # advance clocks by one hour from May 1 will cause disturbance
2521 # to the working schedules rather than bringing discipline in
2522 # official working."
2523 # http://www.thenews.com.pk/daily_detail.asp?id=171280
2524 #
2525 # recent news that instead of May 2009 - Pakistan plan to
2526 # introduce DST from April 15, 2009
2527 #
2528 # FYI: Associated Press Of Pakistan
2529 # April 08, 2009
2530 # Cabinet okays proposal to advance clocks by one hour from April 15
2531 # http://www.app.com.pk/en_/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=73043&Itemid=1
2532 # http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_pakistan05.html
2533 #
2534 # ....
2535 # The Federal Cabinet on Wednesday approved the proposal to
2536 # advance clocks in the country by one hour from April 15 to
2537 # conserve energy"
2538
2539 # From Steffen Thorsen (2009-09-17):
2540 # "The News International," Pakistan reports that: "The Federal
2541 # Government has decided to restore the previous time by moving the
2542 # clocks backward by one hour from October 1. A formal announcement to
2543 # this effect will be made after the Prime Minister grants approval in
2544 # this regard."
2545 # http://www.thenews.com.pk/updates.asp?id=87168
2546
2547 # From Alexander Krivenyshev (2009-09-28):
2548 # According to Associated Press Of Pakistan, it is confirmed that
2549 # Pakistan clocks across the country would be turned back by an hour from
2550 # October 1, 2009.
2551 #
2552 # "Clocks to go back one hour from 1 Oct"
2553 # http://www.app.com.pk/en_/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=86715&Itemid=2
2554 # http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_pakistan07.htm
2555 #
2556 # From Steffen Thorsen (2009-09-29):
2557 # Now they seem to have changed their mind, November 1 is the new date:
2558 # http://www.thenews.com.pk/top_story_detail.asp?Id=24742
2559 # "The country's clocks will be reversed by one hour on November 1.
2560 # Officials of Federal Ministry for Interior told this to Geo News on
2561 # Monday."
2562 #
2563 # And more importantly, it seems that these dates will be kept every year:
2564 # "It has now been decided that clocks will be wound forward by one hour
2565 # on April 15 and reversed by an hour on November 1 every year without
2566 # obtaining prior approval, the officials added."
2567 #
2568 # We have confirmed this year's end date with both with the Ministry of
2569 # Water and Power and the Pakistan Electric Power Company:
2570 # https://www.timeanddate.com/news/time/pakistan-ends-dst09.html
2571
2572 # From Christoph Göhre (2009-10-01):
2573 # [T]he German Consulate General in Karachi reported me today that Pakistan
2574 # will go back to standard time on 1st of November.
2575
2576 # From Steffen Thorsen (2010-03-26):
2577 # Steffen Thorsen wrote:
2578 # > On Thursday (2010-03-25) it was announced that DST would start in
2579 # > Pakistan on 2010-04-01.
2580 # >
2581 # > Then today, the president said that they might have to revert the
2582 # > decision if it is not supported by the parliament. So at the time
2583 # > being, it seems unclear if DST will be actually observed or not - but
2584 # > April 1 could be a more likely date than April 15.
2585 # Now, it seems that the decision to not observe DST in final:
2586 #
2587 # "Govt Withdraws Plan To Advance Clocks"
2588 # http://www.apakistannews.com/govt-withdraws-plan-to-advance-clocks-172041
2589 #
2590 # "People laud PM's announcement to end DST"
2591 # http://www.app.com.pk/en_/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=99374&Itemid=2
2592
2593 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
2594 Rule Pakistan 2002 only - Apr Sun>=2 0:00 1:00 S
2595 Rule Pakistan 2002 only - Oct Sun>=2 0:00 0 -
2596 Rule Pakistan 2008 only - Jun 1 0:00 1:00 S
2597 Rule Pakistan 2008 2009 - Nov 1 0:00 0 -
2598 Rule Pakistan 2009 only - Apr 15 0:00 1:00 S
2599
2600 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
2601 Zone Asia/Karachi 4:28:12 - LMT 1907
2602 5:30 - +0530 1942 Sep
2603 5:30 1:00 +0630 1945 Oct 15
2604 5:30 - +0530 1951 Sep 30
2605 5:00 - +05 1971 Mar 26
2606 5:00 Pakistan PK%sT # Pakistan Time
2607
2608 # Palestine
2609
2610 # From Amos Shapir (1998-02-15):
2611 #
2612 # From 1917 until 1948-05-15, all of Palestine, including the parts now
2613 # known as the Gaza Strip and the West Bank, was under British rule.
2614 # Therefore the rules given for Israel for that period, apply there too...
2615 #
2616 # The Gaza Strip was under Egyptian rule between 1948-05-15 until 1967-06-05
2617 # (except a short occupation by Israel from 1956-11 till 1957-03, but no
2618 # time zone was affected then). It was never formally annexed to Egypt,
2619 # though.
2620 #
2621 # The rest of Palestine was under Jordanian rule at that time, formally
2622 # annexed in 1950 as the West Bank (and the word "Trans" was dropped from
2623 # the country's previous name of "the Hashemite Kingdom of the
2624 # Trans-Jordan"). So the rules for Jordan for that time apply. Major
2625 # towns in that area are Nablus (Shchem), El-Halil (Hebron), Ramallah, and
2626 # East Jerusalem.
2627 #
2628 # Both areas were occupied by Israel in June 1967, but not annexed (except
2629 # for East Jerusalem). They were on Israel time since then; there might
2630 # have been a Military Governor's order about time zones, but I'm not aware
2631 # of any (such orders may have been issued semi-annually whenever summer
2632 # time was in effect, but maybe the legal aspect of time was just neglected).
2633 #
2634 # The Palestinian Authority was established in 1993, and got hold of most
2635 # towns in the West Bank and Gaza by 1995. I know that in order to
2636 # demonstrate...independence, they have been switching to
2637 # summer time and back on a different schedule than Israel's, but I don't
2638 # know when this was started, or what algorithm is used (most likely the
2639 # Jordanian one).
2640 #
2641 # To summarize, the table should probably look something like that:
2642 #
2643 # Area \ when | 1918-1947 | 1948-1967 | 1967-1995 | 1996-
2644 # ------------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------
2645 # Israel | Zion | Zion | Zion | Zion
2646 # West bank | Zion | Jordan | Zion | Jordan
2647 # Gaza | Zion | Egypt | Zion | Jordan
2648 #
2649 # I guess more info may be available from the PA's web page (if/when they
2650 # have one).
2651
2652 # From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):
2653 # Shanks & Pottenger write that Gaza did not observe DST until 1957, but go
2654 # with Shapir and assume that it observed DST from 1940 through 1947,
2655 # and that it used Jordanian rules starting in 1996.
2656 # We don't yet need a separate entry for the West Bank, since
2657 # the only differences between it and Gaza that we know about
2658 # occurred before our cutoff date of 1970.
2659 # However, as we get more information, we may need to add entries
2660 # for parts of the West Bank as they transitioned from Israel's rules
2661 # to Palestine's rules.
2662
2663 # From IINS News Service - Israel - 1998-03-23 10:38:07 Israel time,
2664 # forwarded by Ephraim Silverberg:
2665 #
2666 # Despite the fact that Israel changed over to daylight savings time
2667 # last week, the PLO Authority (PA) has decided not to turn its clocks
2668 # one-hour forward at this time. As a sign of independence from Israeli rule,
2669 # the PA has decided to implement DST in April.
2670
2671 # From Paul Eggert (1999-09-20):
2672 # Daoud Kuttab writes in Holiday havoc
2673 # http://www.jpost.com/com/Archive/22.Apr.1999/Opinion/Article-2.html
2674 # (Jerusalem Post, 1999-04-22) that
2675 # the Palestinian National Authority changed to DST on 1999-04-15.
2676 # I vaguely recall that they switch back in October (sorry, forgot the source).
2677 # For now, let's assume that the spring switch was at 24:00,
2678 # and that they switch at 0:00 on the 3rd Fridays of April and October.
2679
2680 # From Paul Eggert (2005-11-22):
2681 # Starting 2004 transitions are from Steffen Thorsen's web site timeanddate.com.
2682
2683 # From Steffen Thorsen (2005-11-23):
2684 # A user from Gaza reported that Gaza made the change early because of
2685 # the Ramadan. Next year Ramadan will be even earlier, so I think
2686 # there is a good chance next year's end date will be around two weeks
2687 # earlier - the same goes for Jordan.
2688
2689 # From Steffen Thorsen (2006-08-17):
2690 # I was informed by a user in Bethlehem that in Bethlehem it started the
2691 # same day as Israel, and after checking with other users in the area, I
2692 # was informed that they started DST one day after Israel. I was not
2693 # able to find any authoritative sources at the time, nor details if
2694 # Gaza changed as well, but presumed Gaza to follow the same rules as
2695 # the West Bank.
2696
2697 # From Steffen Thorsen (2006-09-26):
2698 # according to the Palestine News Network (2006-09-19):
2699 # http://english.pnn.ps/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=596&Itemid=5
2700 # > The Council of Ministers announced that this year its winter schedule
2701 # > will begin early, as of midnight Thursday. It is also time to turn
2702 # > back the clocks for winter. Friday will begin an hour late this week.
2703 # I guess it is likely that next year's date will be moved as well,
2704 # because of the Ramadan.
2705
2706 # From Jesper Nørgaard Welen (2007-09-18):
2707 # According to Steffen Thorsen's web site the Gaza Strip and the rest of the
2708 # Palestinian territories left DST early on 13.th. of September at 2:00.
2709
2710 # From Paul Eggert (2007-09-20):
2711 # My understanding is that Gaza and the West Bank disagree even over when
2712 # the weekend is (Thursday+Friday versus Friday+Saturday), so I'd be a bit
2713 # surprised if they agreed about DST. But for now, assume they agree.
2714 # For lack of better information, predict that future changes will be
2715 # the 2nd Thursday of September at 02:00.
2716
2717 # From Alexander Krivenyshev (2008-08-28):
2718 # Here is an article, that Mideast running on different clocks at Ramadan.
2719 #
2720 # Gaza Strip (as Egypt) ended DST at midnight Thursday (Aug 28, 2008), while
2721 # the West Bank will end Daylight Saving Time at midnight Sunday (Aug 31, 2008).
2722 #
2723 # http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/feedarticle/7759001
2724 # http://www.abcnews.go.com/International/wireStory?id=5676087
2725 # http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_gazastrip01.html
2726
2727 # From Alexander Krivenyshev (2009-03-26):
2728 # According to the Palestine News Network (arabic.pnn.ps), Palestinian
2729 # government decided to start Daylight Time on Thursday night March
2730 # 26 and continue until the night of 27 September 2009.
2731 #
2732 # (in Arabic)
2733 # http://arabic.pnn.ps/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=50850
2734 #
2735 # (English translation)
2736 # http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_westbank01.html
2737
2738 # From Steffen Thorsen (2009-08-31):
2739 # Palestine's Council of Ministers announced that they will revert back to
2740 # winter time on Friday, 2009-09-04.
2741 #
2742 # One news source:
2743 # http://www.safa.ps/ara/?action=showdetail&seid=4158
2744 # (Palestinian press agency, Arabic),
2745 # Google translate: "Decided that the Palestinian government in Ramallah
2746 # headed by Salam Fayyad, the start of work in time for the winter of
2747 # 2009, starting on Friday approved the fourth delay Sept. clock sixty
2748 # minutes per hour as of Friday morning."
2749 #
2750 # We are not sure if Gaza will do the same, last year they had a different
2751 # end date, we will keep this page updated:
2752 # https://www.timeanddate.com/news/time/westbank-gaza-dst-2009.html
2753
2754 # From Alexander Krivenyshev (2009-09-02):
2755 # Seems that Gaza Strip will go back to Winter Time same date as West Bank.
2756 #
2757 # According to Palestinian Ministry Of Interior, West Bank and Gaza Strip plan
2758 # to change time back to Standard time on September 4, 2009.
2759 #
2760 # "Winter time unite the West Bank and Gaza"
2761 # (from Palestinian National Authority):
2762 # http://www.moi.gov.ps/en/?page=633167343250594025&nid=11505
2763 # http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_gazastrip02.html
2764
2765 # From Alexander Krivenyshev (2010-03-19):
2766 # According to Voice of Palestine DST will last for 191 days, from March
2767 # 26, 2010 till "the last Sunday before the tenth day of Tishri
2768 # (October), each year" (October 03, 2010?)
2769 #
2770 # http://palvoice.org/forums/showthread.php?t=245697
2771 # (in Arabic)
2772 # http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_westbank03.html
2773
2774 # From Steffen Thorsen (2010-03-24):
2775 # ...Ma'an News Agency reports that Hamas cabinet has decided it will
2776 # start one day later, at 12:01am. Not sure if they really mean 12:01am or
2777 # noon though:
2778 #
2779 # http://www.maannews.net/eng/ViewDetails.aspx?ID=271178
2780 # (Ma'an News Agency)
2781 # "At 12:01am Friday, clocks in Israel and the West Bank will change to
2782 # 1:01am, while Gaza clocks will change at 12:01am Saturday morning."
2783
2784 # From Steffen Thorsen (2010-08-11):
2785 # According to several sources, including
2786 # http://www.maannews.net/eng/ViewDetails.aspx?ID=306795
2787 # the clocks were set back one hour at 2010-08-11 00:00:00 local time in
2788 # Gaza and the West Bank.
2789 # Some more background info:
2790 # https://www.timeanddate.com/news/time/westbank-gaza-end-dst-2010.html
2791
2792 # From Steffen Thorsen (2011-08-26):
2793 # Gaza and the West Bank did go back to standard time in the beginning of
2794 # August, and will now enter daylight saving time again on 2011-08-30
2795 # 00:00 (so two periods of DST in 2011). The pause was because of
2796 # Ramadan.
2797 #
2798 # http://www.maannews.net/eng/ViewDetails.aspx?ID=416217
2799 # Additional info:
2800 # https://www.timeanddate.com/news/time/palestine-dst-2011.html
2801
2802 # From Alexander Krivenyshev (2011-08-27):
2803 # According to the article in The Jerusalem Post:
2804 # "...Earlier this month, the Palestinian government in the West Bank decided to
2805 # move to standard time for 30 days, during Ramadan. The Palestinians in the
2806 # Gaza Strip accepted the change and also moved their clocks one hour back.
2807 # The Hamas government said on Saturday that it won't observe summertime after
2808 # the Muslim feast of Id al-Fitr, which begins on Tuesday..."
2809 # ...
2810 # https://www.jpost.com/MiddleEast/Article.aspx?id=235650
2811 # http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_gazastrip05.html
2812 # The rules for Egypt are stolen from the 'africa' file.
2813
2814 # From Steffen Thorsen (2011-09-30):
2815 # West Bank did end Daylight Saving Time this morning/midnight (2011-09-30
2816 # 00:00).
2817 # So West Bank and Gaza now have the same time again.
2818 #
2819 # Many sources, including:
2820 # http://www.maannews.net/eng/ViewDetails.aspx?ID=424808
2821
2822 # From Steffen Thorsen (2012-03-26):
2823 # Palestinian news sources tell that both Gaza and West Bank will start DST
2824 # on Friday (Thursday midnight, 2012-03-29 24:00).
2825 # Some of many sources in Arabic:
2826 # http://www.samanews.com/index.php?act=Show&id=122638
2827 #
2828 # http://safa.ps/details/news/74352/%D8%A8%D8%AF%D8%A1-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%82%D9%8A%D8%AA-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B5%D9%8A%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B6%D9%81%D8%A9-%D9%88%D8%BA%D8%B2%D8%A9-%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%84%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%A9.html
2829 #
2830 # Our brief summary:
2831 # https://www.timeanddate.com/news/time/gaza-west-bank-dst-2012.html
2832
2833 # From Steffen Thorsen (2013-03-26):
2834 # The following news sources tells that Palestine will "start daylight saving
2835 # time from midnight on Friday, March 29, 2013" (translated).
2836 # [These are in Arabic and are for Gaza and for Ramallah, respectively.]
2837 # http://www.samanews.com/index.php?act=Show&id=154120
2838 # http://safa.ps/details/news/99844/%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%85-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%84%D9%87-%D8%A8%D8%AF%D8%A1-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%82%D9%8A%D8%AA-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B5%D9%8A%D9%81%D9%8A-29-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A.html
2839
2840 # From Steffen Thorsen (2013-09-24):
2841 # The Gaza and West Bank are ending DST Thursday at midnight
2842 # (2013-09-27 00:00:00) (one hour earlier than last year...).
2843 # This source in English, says "that winter time will go into effect
2844 # at midnight on Thursday in the West Bank and Gaza Strip":
2845 # http://english.wafa.ps/index.php?action=detail&id=23246
2846 # official source...:
2847 # http://www.palestinecabinet.gov.ps/ar/Views/ViewDetails.aspx?pid=1252
2848
2849 # From Steffen Thorsen (2015-03-03):
2850 # Sources such as http://www.alquds.com/news/article/view/id/548257
2851 # and https://www.raya.ps/ar/news/890705.html say Palestine areas will
2852 # start DST on 2015-03-28 00:00 which is one day later than expected.
2853 #
2854 # From Paul Eggert (2015-03-03):
2855 # https://www.timeanddate.com/time/change/west-bank/ramallah?year=2014
2856 # says that the fall 2014 transition was Oct 23 at 24:00.
2857
2858 # From Hannah Kreitem (2016-03-09):
2859 # http://www.palestinecabinet.gov.ps/WebSite/ar/ViewDetails?ID=31728
2860 # [Google translation]: "The Council also decided to start daylight
2861 # saving in Palestine as of one o'clock on Saturday morning,
2862 # 2016-03-26, to provide the clock 60 minutes ahead."
2863
2864 # From Sharef Mustafa (2016-10-19):
2865 # [T]he Palestinian cabinet decision (Mar 8th 2016) published on
2866 # http://www.palestinecabinet.gov.ps/WebSite/Upload/Decree/GOV_17/16032016134830.pdf
2867 # states that summer time will end on Oct 29th at 01:00.
2868 #
2869 # From Tim Parenti (2016-10-19):
2870 # Predict fall transitions on October's last Saturday at 01:00 from now on.
2871 # This is consistent with the 2016 transition as well as our spring
2872 # predictions.
2873 #
2874 # From Paul Eggert (2016-10-19):
2875 # It's also consistent with predictions in the following URLs today:
2876 # https://www.timeanddate.com/time/change/gaza-strip/gaza
2877 # https://www.timeanddate.com/time/change/west-bank/hebron
2878
2879 # From Sharef Mustafa (2018-03-16):
2880 # Palestine summer time will start on Mar 24th 2018 by advancing the
2881 # clock by 60 minutes as per Palestinian cabinet decision published on
2882 # the official website, though the decree did not specify the exact
2883 # time of the time shift.
2884 # http://www.palestinecabinet.gov.ps/Website/AR/NDecrees/ViewFile.ashx?ID=e7a42ab7-ee23-435a-b9c8-a4f7e81f3817
2885 #
2886 # From Paul Eggert (2018-03-16):
2887 # For 2016 on, predict spring transitions on March's fourth Saturday at 01:00.
2888
2889 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
2890 Rule EgyptAsia 1957 only - May 10 0:00 1:00 S
2891 Rule EgyptAsia 1957 1958 - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
2892 Rule EgyptAsia 1958 only - May 1 0:00 1:00 S
2893 Rule EgyptAsia 1959 1967 - May 1 1:00 1:00 S
2894 Rule EgyptAsia 1959 1965 - Sep 30 3:00 0 -
2895 Rule EgyptAsia 1966 only - Oct 1 3:00 0 -
2896
2897 Rule Palestine 1999 2005 - Apr Fri>=15 0:00 1:00 S
2898 Rule Palestine 1999 2003 - Oct Fri>=15 0:00 0 -
2899 Rule Palestine 2004 only - Oct 1 1:00 0 -
2900 Rule Palestine 2005 only - Oct 4 2:00 0 -
2901 Rule Palestine 2006 2007 - Apr 1 0:00 1:00 S
2902 Rule Palestine 2006 only - Sep 22 0:00 0 -
2903 Rule Palestine 2007 only - Sep Thu>=8 2:00 0 -
2904 Rule Palestine 2008 2009 - Mar lastFri 0:00 1:00 S
2905 Rule Palestine 2008 only - Sep 1 0:00 0 -
2906 Rule Palestine 2009 only - Sep Fri>=1 1:00 0 -
2907 Rule Palestine 2010 only - Mar 26 0:00 1:00 S
2908 Rule Palestine 2010 only - Aug 11 0:00 0 -
2909 Rule Palestine 2011 only - Apr 1 0:01 1:00 S
2910 Rule Palestine 2011 only - Aug 1 0:00 0 -
2911 Rule Palestine 2011 only - Aug 30 0:00 1:00 S
2912 Rule Palestine 2011 only - Sep 30 0:00 0 -
2913 Rule Palestine 2012 2014 - Mar lastThu 24:00 1:00 S
2914 Rule Palestine 2012 only - Sep 21 1:00 0 -
2915 Rule Palestine 2013 only - Sep Fri>=21 0:00 0 -
2916 Rule Palestine 2014 2015 - Oct Fri>=21 0:00 0 -
2917 Rule Palestine 2015 only - Mar lastFri 24:00 1:00 S
2918 Rule Palestine 2016 max - Mar Sat>=22 1:00 1:00 S
2919 Rule Palestine 2016 max - Oct lastSat 1:00 0 -
2920
2921 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
2922 Zone Asia/Gaza 2:17:52 - LMT 1900 Oct
2923 2:00 Zion EET/EEST 1948 May 15
2924 2:00 EgyptAsia EE%sT 1967 Jun 5
2925 2:00 Zion I%sT 1996
2926 2:00 Jordan EE%sT 1999
2927 2:00 Palestine EE%sT 2008 Aug 29 0:00
2928 2:00 - EET 2008 Sep
2929 2:00 Palestine EE%sT 2010
2930 2:00 - EET 2010 Mar 27 0:01
2931 2:00 Palestine EE%sT 2011 Aug 1
2932 2:00 - EET 2012
2933 2:00 Palestine EE%sT
2934
2935 Zone Asia/Hebron 2:20:23 - LMT 1900 Oct
2936 2:00 Zion EET/EEST 1948 May 15
2937 2:00 EgyptAsia EE%sT 1967 Jun 5
2938 2:00 Zion I%sT 1996
2939 2:00 Jordan EE%sT 1999
2940 2:00 Palestine EE%sT
2941
2942 # Paracel Is
2943 # no information
2944
2945 # Philippines
2946 # On 1844-08-16, Narciso Clavería, governor-general of the
2947 # Philippines, issued a proclamation announcing that 1844-12-30 was to
2948 # be immediately followed by 1845-01-01; see R.H. van Gent's
2949 # History of the International Date Line
2950 # https://www.staff.science.uu.nl/~gent0113/idl/idl_philippines.htm
2951 # The rest of the data entries are from Shanks & Pottenger.
2952
2953 # From Jesper Nørgaard Welen (2006-04-26):
2954 # ... claims that Philippines had DST last time in 1990:
2955 # http://story.philippinetimes.com/p.x/ct/9/id/145be20cc6b121c0/cid/3e5bbccc730d258c/
2956 # [a story dated 2006-04-25 by Cris Larano of Dow Jones Newswires,
2957 # but no details]
2958
2959 # From Paul Eggert (2014-08-14):
2960 # The following source says DST may be instituted November-January and again
2961 # March-June, but this is not definite. It also says DST was last proclaimed
2962 # during the Ramos administration (1992-1998); but again, no details.
2963 # Carcamo D. PNoy urged to declare use of daylight saving time.
2964 # Philippine Star 2014-08-05
2965 # http://www.philstar.com/headlines/2014/08/05/1354152/pnoy-urged-declare-use-daylight-saving-time
2966
2967 # From Paul Goyette (2018-06-15):
2968 # In the Philippines, there is a national law, Republic Act No. 10535
2969 # which declares the official time here as "Philippine Standard Time".
2970 # The act [1] even specifies use of PST as the abbreviation, although
2971 # the FAQ provided by PAGASA [2] uses the "acronym PhST to distinguish
2972 # it from the Pacific Standard Time (PST)."
2973 # [1] http://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/2013/05/15/republic-act-no-10535/
2974 # [2] https://www1.pagasa.dost.gov.ph/index.php/astronomy/philippine-standard-time#republic-act-10535
2975 #
2976 # From Paul Eggert (2018-06-19):
2977 # I surveyed recent news reports, and my impression is that "PST" is
2978 # more popular among reliable English-language news sources. This is
2979 # not just a measure of Google hit counts: it's also the sizes and
2980 # influence of the sources. There is no current abbreviation for DST,
2981 # so use "PDT", the usual American style.
2982
2983 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
2984 Rule Phil 1936 only - Nov 1 0:00 1:00 D
2985 Rule Phil 1937 only - Feb 1 0:00 0 S
2986 Rule Phil 1954 only - Apr 12 0:00 1:00 D
2987 Rule Phil 1954 only - Jul 1 0:00 0 S
2988 Rule Phil 1978 only - Mar 22 0:00 1:00 D
2989 Rule Phil 1978 only - Sep 21 0:00 0 S
2990 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
2991 Zone Asia/Manila -15:56:00 - LMT 1844 Dec 31
2992 8:04:00 - LMT 1899 May 11
2993 8:00 Phil P%sT 1942 May
2994 9:00 - JST 1944 Nov
2995 8:00 Phil P%sT
2996
2997 # Qatar
2998 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
2999 Zone Asia/Qatar 3:26:08 - LMT 1920 # Al Dawhah / Doha
3000 4:00 - +04 1972 Jun
3001 3:00 - +03
3002 Link Asia/Qatar Asia/Bahrain
3003
3004 # Saudi Arabia
3005 #
3006 # From Paul Eggert (2018-08-29):
3007 # Time in Saudi Arabia and other countries in the Arabian peninsula was not
3008 # standardized until 1968 or so; we don't know exactly when, and possibly it
3009 # has never been made official. Richard P Hunt, in "Islam city yielding to
3010 # modern times", New York Times (1961-04-09), p 20, wrote that only airlines
3011 # observed standard time, and that people in Jeddah mostly observed quasi-solar
3012 # time, doing so by setting their watches at sunrise to 6 o'clock (or to 12
3013 # o'clock for "Arab" time).
3014 #
3015 # Timekeeping differed depending on who you were and which part of Saudi
3016 # Arabia you were in. In 1969, Elias Antar wrote that although a common
3017 # practice had been to set one's watch to 12:00 (i.e., midnight) at sunset -
3018 # which meant that the time on one side of a mountain could differ greatly from
3019 # the time on the other side - many foreigners set their watches to 6pm
3020 # instead, while airlines instead used UTC +03 (except in Dhahran, where they
3021 # used UTC +04), Aramco used UTC +03 with DST, and the Trans-Arabian Pipe Line
3022 # Company used Aramco time in eastern Saudi Arabia and airline time in western.
3023 # (The American Military Aid Advisory Group used plain UTC.) Antar writes,
3024 # "A man named Higgins, so the story goes, used to run a local power
3025 # station. One day, the whole thing became too much for Higgins and he
3026 # assembled his staff and laid down the law. 'I've had enough of this,' he
3027 # shrieked. 'It is now 12 o'clock Higgins Time, and from now on this station is
3028 # going to run on Higgins Time.' And so, until last year, it did." See:
3029 # Antar E. Dinner at When? Saudi Aramco World, 1969 March/April. 2-3.
3030 # http://archive.aramcoworld.com/issue/196902/dinner.at.when.htm
3031 # newspapers.com says a similar story about Higgins was published in the Port
3032 # Angeles (WA) Evening News, 1965-03-10, page 5, but I lack access to the text.
3033 #
3034 # The TZ database cannot represent quasi-solar time; airline time is the best
3035 # we can do. The 1946 foreign air news digest of the U.S. Civil Aeronautics
3036 # Board (OCLC 42299995) reported that the "... Arabian Government, inaugurated
3037 # a weekly Dhahran-Cairo service, via the Saudi Arabian cities of Riyadh and
3038 # Jidda, on March 14, 1947". Shanks & Pottenger guessed 1950; go with the
3039 # earlier date.
3040 #
3041 # Shanks & Pottenger also state that until 1968-05-01 Saudi Arabia had two
3042 # time zones; the other zone, at UT +04, was in the far eastern part of
3043 # the country. Presumably this is documenting airline time. Ignore this,
3044 # as it's before our 1970 cutoff.
3045 #
3046 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
3047 Zone Asia/Riyadh 3:06:52 - LMT 1947 Mar 14
3048 3:00 - +03
3049 Link Asia/Riyadh Asia/Aden # Yemen
3050 Link Asia/Riyadh Asia/Kuwait
3051
3052 # Singapore
3053 # taken from Mok Ly Yng (2003-10-30)
3054 # http://www.math.nus.edu.sg/aslaksen/teaching/timezone.html
3055 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
3056 Zone Asia/Singapore 6:55:25 - LMT 1901 Jan 1
3057 6:55:25 - SMT 1905 Jun 1 # Singapore M.T.
3058 7:00 - +07 1933 Jan 1
3059 7:00 0:20 +0720 1936 Jan 1
3060 7:20 - +0720 1941 Sep 1
3061 7:30 - +0730 1942 Feb 16
3062 9:00 - +09 1945 Sep 12
3063 7:30 - +0730 1982 Jan 1
3064 8:00 - +08
3065
3066 # Spratly Is
3067 # no information
3068
3069 # Sri Lanka
3070
3071 # From Paul Eggert (2013-02-21):
3072 # Milne says "Madras mean time use from May 1, 1898. Prior to this Colombo
3073 # mean time, 5h. 4m. 21.9s. F., was used." But 5:04:21.9 differs considerably
3074 # from Colombo's meridian 5:19:24, so for now ignore Milne and stick with
3075 # Shanks and Pottenger.
3076
3077 # From Paul Eggert (1996-09-03):
3078 # "Sri Lanka advances clock by an hour to avoid blackout"
3079 # (<http://www.virtual-pc.com/lankaweb/news/items/240596-2.html>, 1996-05-24,
3080 # no longer available as of 1999-08-17)
3081 # reported "the country's standard time will be put forward by one hour at
3082 # midnight Friday (1830 GMT) 'in the light of the present power crisis'."
3083 #
3084 # From Dharmasiri Senanayake, Sri Lanka Media Minister (1996-10-24), as quoted
3085 # by Shamindra in Daily News - Hot News Section
3086 # <news:54rka5$m5h@mtinsc01-mgt.ops.worldnet.att.net> (1996-10-26):
3087 # With effect from 12.30 a.m. on 26th October 1996
3088 # Sri Lanka will be six (06) hours ahead of GMT.
3089
3090 # From Jesper Nørgaard Welen (2006-04-14), quoting Sri Lanka News Online
3091 # <http://news.sinhalaya.com/wmview.php?ArtID=11002> (2006-04-13):
3092 # 0030 hrs on April 15, 2006 (midnight of April 14, 2006 +30 minutes)
3093 # at present, become 2400 hours of April 14, 2006 (midnight of April 14, 2006).
3094
3095 # From Peter Apps and Ranga Sirila of Reuters (2006-04-12) in:
3096 # http://today.reuters.co.uk/news/newsArticle.aspx?type=scienceNews&storyID=2006-04-12T172228Z_01_COL295762_RTRIDST_0_SCIENCE-SRILANKA-TIME-DC.XML
3097 # [The Tamil Tigers] never accepted the original 1996 time change and simply
3098 # kept their clocks set five and a half hours ahead of Greenwich Mean
3099 # Time (GMT), in line with neighbor India.
3100 # From Paul Eggert (2006-04-18):
3101 # People who live in regions under Tamil control can use [TZ='Asia/Kolkata'],
3102 # as that zone has agreed with the Tamil areas since our cutoff date of 1970.
3103
3104 # From Sadika Sumanapala (2016-10-19):
3105 # According to http://www.sltime.org (maintained by Measurement Units,
3106 # Standards & Services Department, Sri Lanka) abbreviation for Sri Lanka
3107 # standard time is SLST.
3108 #
3109 # From Paul Eggert (2016-10-18):
3110 # "SLST" seems to be reasonably recent and rarely-used outside time
3111 # zone nerd sources. I searched Google News and found three uses of
3112 # it in the International Business Times of India in February and
3113 # March of this year when discussing cricket match times, but nothing
3114 # since then (though there has been a lot of cricket) and nothing in
3115 # other English-language news sources. Our old abbreviation "LKT" is
3116 # even worse. For now, let's use a numeric abbreviation; we can
3117 # switch to "SLST" if it catches on.
3118
3119 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
3120 Zone Asia/Colombo 5:19:24 - LMT 1880
3121 5:19:32 - MMT 1906 # Moratuwa Mean Time
3122 5:30 - +0530 1942 Jan 5
3123 5:30 0:30 +06 1942 Sep
3124 5:30 1:00 +0630 1945 Oct 16 2:00
3125 5:30 - +0530 1996 May 25 0:00
3126 6:30 - +0630 1996 Oct 26 0:30
3127 6:00 - +06 2006 Apr 15 0:30
3128 5:30 - +0530
3129
3130 # Syria
3131 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
3132 Rule Syria 1920 1923 - Apr Sun>=15 2:00 1:00 S
3133 Rule Syria 1920 1923 - Oct Sun>=1 2:00 0 -
3134 Rule Syria 1962 only - Apr 29 2:00 1:00 S
3135 Rule Syria 1962 only - Oct 1 2:00 0 -
3136 Rule Syria 1963 1965 - May 1 2:00 1:00 S
3137 Rule Syria 1963 only - Sep 30 2:00 0 -
3138 Rule Syria 1964 only - Oct 1 2:00 0 -
3139 Rule Syria 1965 only - Sep 30 2:00 0 -
3140 Rule Syria 1966 only - Apr 24 2:00 1:00 S
3141 Rule Syria 1966 1976 - Oct 1 2:00 0 -
3142 Rule Syria 1967 1978 - May 1 2:00 1:00 S
3143 Rule Syria 1977 1978 - Sep 1 2:00 0 -
3144 Rule Syria 1983 1984 - Apr 9 2:00 1:00 S
3145 Rule Syria 1983 1984 - Oct 1 2:00 0 -
3146 Rule Syria 1986 only - Feb 16 2:00 1:00 S
3147 Rule Syria 1986 only - Oct 9 2:00 0 -
3148 Rule Syria 1987 only - Mar 1 2:00 1:00 S
3149 Rule Syria 1987 1988 - Oct 31 2:00 0 -
3150 Rule Syria 1988 only - Mar 15 2:00 1:00 S
3151 Rule Syria 1989 only - Mar 31 2:00 1:00 S
3152 Rule Syria 1989 only - Oct 1 2:00 0 -
3153 Rule Syria 1990 only - Apr 1 2:00 1:00 S
3154 Rule Syria 1990 only - Sep 30 2:00 0 -
3155 Rule Syria 1991 only - Apr 1 0:00 1:00 S
3156 Rule Syria 1991 1992 - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
3157 Rule Syria 1992 only - Apr 8 0:00 1:00 S
3158 Rule Syria 1993 only - Mar 26 0:00 1:00 S
3159 Rule Syria 1993 only - Sep 25 0:00 0 -
3160 # IATA SSIM (1998-02) says 1998-04-02;
3161 # (1998-09) says 1999-03-29 and 1999-09-29; (1999-02) says 1999-04-02,
3162 # 2000-04-02, and 2001-04-02; (1999-09) says 2000-03-31 and 2001-03-31;
3163 # (2006) says 2006-03-31 and 2006-09-22;
3164 # for now ignore all these claims and go with Shanks & Pottenger,
3165 # except for the 2006-09-22 claim (which seems right for Ramadan).
3166 Rule Syria 1994 1996 - Apr 1 0:00 1:00 S
3167 Rule Syria 1994 2005 - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
3168 Rule Syria 1997 1998 - Mar lastMon 0:00 1:00 S
3169 Rule Syria 1999 2006 - Apr 1 0:00 1:00 S
3170 # From Stephen Colebourne (2006-09-18):
3171 # According to IATA data, Syria will change DST on 21st September [21:00 UTC]
3172 # this year [only].... This is probably related to Ramadan, like Egypt.
3173 Rule Syria 2006 only - Sep 22 0:00 0 -
3174 # From Paul Eggert (2007-03-29):
3175 # Today the AP reported "Syria will switch to summertime at midnight Thursday."
3176 # http://www.iht.com/articles/ap/2007/03/29/africa/ME-GEN-Syria-Time-Change.php
3177 Rule Syria 2007 only - Mar lastFri 0:00 1:00 S
3178 # From Jesper Nørgaard (2007-10-27):
3179 # The sister center ICARDA of my work CIMMYT is confirming that Syria DST will
3180 # not take place 1st November at 0:00 o'clock but 1st November at 24:00 or
3181 # rather Midnight between Thursday and Friday. This does make more sense than
3182 # having it between Wednesday and Thursday (two workdays in Syria) since the
3183 # weekend in Syria is not Saturday and Sunday, but Friday and Saturday. So now
3184 # it is implemented at midnight of the last workday before weekend...
3185 #
3186 # From Steffen Thorsen (2007-10-27):
3187 # Jesper Nørgaard Welen wrote:
3188 #
3189 # > "Winter local time in Syria will be observed at midnight of Thursday 1
3190 # > November 2007, and the clock will be put back 1 hour."
3191 #
3192 # I found confirmation on this in this gov.sy-article (Arabic):
3193 # http://wehda.alwehda.gov.sy/_print_veiw.asp?FileName=12521710520070926111247
3194 #
3195 # which using Google's translate tools says:
3196 # Council of Ministers also approved the commencement of work on
3197 # identifying the winter time as of Friday, 2/11/2007 where the 60th
3198 # minute delay at midnight Thursday 1/11/2007.
3199 Rule Syria 2007 only - Nov Fri>=1 0:00 0 -
3200
3201 # From Stephen Colebourne (2008-03-17):
3202 # For everyone's info, I saw an IATA time zone change for [Syria] for
3203 # this month (March 2008) in the last day or so....
3204 # Country Time Standard --- DST Start --- --- DST End --- DST
3205 # Name Zone Variation Time Date Time Date
3206 # Variation
3207 # Syrian Arab
3208 # Republic SY +0200 2200 03APR08 2100 30SEP08 +0300
3209 # 2200 02APR09 2100 30SEP09 +0300
3210 # 2200 01APR10 2100 30SEP10 +0300
3211
3212 # From Arthur David Olson (2008-03-17):
3213 # Here's a link to English-language coverage by the Syrian Arab News
3214 # Agency (SANA)...
3215 # http://www.sana.sy/eng/21/2008/03/11/165173.htm
3216 # ...which reads (in part) "The Cabinet approved the suggestion of the
3217 # Ministry of Electricity to begin daylight savings time on Friday April
3218 # 4th, advancing clocks one hour ahead on midnight of Thursday April 3rd."
3219 # Since Syria is two hours east of UTC, the 2200 and 2100 transition times
3220 # shown above match up with midnight in Syria.
3221
3222 # From Arthur David Olson (2008-03-18):
3223 # My best guess at a Syrian rule is "the Friday nearest April 1";
3224 # coding that involves either using a "Mar Fri>=29" construct that old time zone
3225 # compilers can't handle or having multiple Rules (a la Israel).
3226 # For now, use "Apr Fri>=1", and go with IATA on a uniform Sep 30 end.
3227
3228 # From Steffen Thorsen (2008-10-07):
3229 # Syria has now officially decided to end DST on 2008-11-01 this year,
3230 # according to the following article in the Syrian Arab News Agency (SANA).
3231 #
3232 # The article is in Arabic, and seems to tell that they will go back to
3233 # winter time on 2008-11-01 at 00:00 local daylight time (delaying/setting
3234 # clocks back 60 minutes).
3235 #
3236 # http://sana.sy/ara/2/2008/10/07/195459.htm
3237
3238 # From Steffen Thorsen (2009-03-19):
3239 # Syria will start DST on 2009-03-27 00:00 this year according to many sources,
3240 # two examples:
3241 #
3242 # http://www.sana.sy/eng/21/2009/03/17/217563.htm
3243 # (English, Syrian Arab News # Agency)
3244 # http://thawra.alwehda.gov.sy/_View_news2.asp?FileName=94459258720090318012209
3245 # (Arabic, gov-site)
3246 #
3247 # We have not found any sources saying anything about when DST ends this year.
3248 #
3249 # Our summary
3250 # https://www.timeanddate.com/news/time/syria-dst-starts-march-27-2009.html
3251
3252 # From Steffen Thorsen (2009-10-27):
3253 # The Syrian Arab News Network on 2009-09-29 reported that Syria will
3254 # revert back to winter (standard) time on midnight between Thursday
3255 # 2009-10-29 and Friday 2009-10-30:
3256 # http://www.sana.sy/ara/2/2009/09/29/247012.htm (Arabic)
3257
3258 # From Arthur David Olson (2009-10-28):
3259 # We'll see if future DST switching times turn out to be end of the last
3260 # Thursday of the month or the start of the last Friday of the month or
3261 # something else. For now, use the start of the last Friday.
3262
3263 # From Steffen Thorsen (2010-03-17):
3264 # The "Syrian News Station" reported on 2010-03-16 that the Council of
3265 # Ministers has decided that Syria will start DST on midnight Thursday
3266 # 2010-04-01: (midnight between Thursday and Friday):
3267 # http://sns.sy/sns/?path=news/read/11421 (Arabic)
3268
3269 # From Steffen Thorsen (2012-03-26):
3270 # Today, Syria's government announced that they will start DST early on Friday
3271 # (00:00). This is a bit earlier than the past two years.
3272 #
3273 # From Syrian Arab News Agency, in Arabic:
3274 # http://www.sana.sy/ara/2/2012/03/26/408215.htm
3275 #
3276 # Our brief summary:
3277 # https://www.timeanddate.com/news/time/syria-dst-2012.html
3278
3279 # From Arthur David Olson (2012-03-27):
3280 # Assume last Friday in March going forward XXX.
3281
3282 Rule Syria 2008 only - Apr Fri>=1 0:00 1:00 S
3283 Rule Syria 2008 only - Nov 1 0:00 0 -
3284 Rule Syria 2009 only - Mar lastFri 0:00 1:00 S
3285 Rule Syria 2010 2011 - Apr Fri>=1 0:00 1:00 S
3286 Rule Syria 2012 max - Mar lastFri 0:00 1:00 S
3287 Rule Syria 2009 max - Oct lastFri 0:00 0 -
3288
3289 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
3290 Zone Asia/Damascus 2:25:12 - LMT 1920 # Dimashq
3291 2:00 Syria EE%sT
3292
3293 # Tajikistan
3294 # From Shanks & Pottenger.
3295 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
3296 Zone Asia/Dushanbe 4:35:12 - LMT 1924 May 2
3297 5:00 - +05 1930 Jun 21
3298 6:00 RussiaAsia +06/+07 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
3299 5:00 1:00 +05/+06 1991 Sep 9 2:00s
3300 5:00 - +05
3301
3302 # Thailand
3303 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
3304 Zone Asia/Bangkok 6:42:04 - LMT 1880
3305 6:42:04 - BMT 1920 Apr # Bangkok Mean Time
3306 7:00 - +07
3307 Link Asia/Bangkok Asia/Phnom_Penh # Cambodia
3308 Link Asia/Bangkok Asia/Vientiane # Laos
3309
3310 # Turkmenistan
3311 # From Shanks & Pottenger.
3312 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
3313 Zone Asia/Ashgabat 3:53:32 - LMT 1924 May 2 # or Ashkhabad
3314 4:00 - +04 1930 Jun 21
3315 5:00 RussiaAsia +05/+06 1991 Mar 31 2:00
3316 4:00 RussiaAsia +04/+05 1992 Jan 19 2:00
3317 5:00 - +05
3318
3319 # United Arab Emirates
3320 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
3321 Zone Asia/Dubai 3:41:12 - LMT 1920
3322 4:00 - +04
3323 Link Asia/Dubai Asia/Muscat # Oman
3324
3325 # Uzbekistan
3326 # Byalokoz 1919 says Uzbekistan was 4:27:53.
3327 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
3328 Zone Asia/Samarkand 4:27:53 - LMT 1924 May 2
3329 4:00 - +04 1930 Jun 21
3330 5:00 - +05 1981 Apr 1
3331 5:00 1:00 +06 1981 Oct 1
3332 6:00 - +06 1982 Apr 1
3333 5:00 RussiaAsia +05/+06 1992
3334 5:00 - +05
3335 # Milne says Tashkent was 4:37:10.8; round to nearest.
3336 Zone Asia/Tashkent 4:37:11 - LMT 1924 May 2
3337 5:00 - +05 1930 Jun 21
3338 6:00 RussiaAsia +06/+07 1991 Mar 31 2:00
3339 5:00 RussiaAsia +05/+06 1992
3340 5:00 - +05
3341
3342 # Vietnam
3343
3344 # From Paul Eggert (2014-10-04):
3345 # Milne gives 7:16:56 for the meridian of Saigon in 1899, as being
3346 # used in Lower Laos, Cambodia, and Annam. But this is quite a ways
3347 # from Saigon's location. For now, ignore this and stick with Shanks
3348 # and Pottenger for LMT before 1906.
3349
3350 # From Arthur David Olson (2008-03-18):
3351 # The English-language name of Vietnam's most populous city is "Ho Chi Minh
3352 # City"; use Ho_Chi_Minh below to avoid a name of more than 14 characters.
3353
3354 # From Paul Eggert (2014-10-21) after a heads-up from Trần Ngọc Quân:
3355 # Trần Tiến Bình's authoritative book "Lịch Việt Nam: thế kỷ XX-XXI (1901-2100)"
3356 # (Nhà xuất bản Văn Hoá - Thông Tin, Hanoi, 2005), pp 49-50,
3357 # is quoted verbatim in:
3358 # http://www.thoigian.com.vn/?mPage=P80D01
3359 # is translated by Brian Inglis in:
3360 # https://mm.icann.org/pipermail/tz/2014-October/021654.html
3361 # and is the basis for the information below.
3362 #
3363 # The 1906 transition was effective July 1 and standardized Indochina to
3364 # Phù Liễn Observatory, legally 104° 17' 17" east of Paris.
3365 # It's unclear whether this meant legal Paris Mean Time (00:09:21) or
3366 # the Paris Meridian (2° 20' 14.03" E); the former yields 07:06:30.1333...
3367 # and the latter 07:06:29.333... so either way it rounds to 07:06:30,
3368 # which is used below even though the modern-day Phù Liễn Observatory
3369 # is closer to 07:06:31. Abbreviate Phù Liễn Mean Time as PLMT.
3370 #
3371 # The following transitions occurred in Indochina in general (before 1954)
3372 # and in South Vietnam in particular (after 1954):
3373 # To 07:00 on 1911-05-01.
3374 # To 08:00 on 1942-12-31 at 23:00.
3375 # To 09:00 in 1945-03-14 at 23:00.
3376 # To 07:00 on 1945-09-02 in Vietnam.
3377 # To 08:00 on 1947-04-01 in French-controlled Indochina.
3378 # To 07:00 on 1955-07-01 in South Vietnam.
3379 # To 08:00 on 1959-12-31 at 23:00 in South Vietnam.
3380 # To 07:00 on 1975-06-13 in South Vietnam.
3381 #
3382 # Trần cites the following sources; it's unclear which supplied the info above.
3383 #
3384 # Hoàng Xuân Hãn: "Lịch và lịch Việt Nam". Tập san Khoa học Xã hội,
3385 # No. 9, Paris, February 1982.
3386 #
3387 # Lê Thành Lân: "Lịch và niên biểu lịch sử hai mươi thế kỷ (0001-2010)",
3388 # NXB Thống kê, Hanoi, 2000.
3389 #
3390 # Lê Thành Lân: "Lịch hai thế kỷ (1802-2010) và các lịch vĩnh cửu",
3391 # NXB Thuận Hoá, Huế, 1995.
3392
3393 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
3394 Zone Asia/Ho_Chi_Minh 7:06:40 - LMT 1906 Jul 1
3395 7:06:30 - PLMT 1911 May 1 # Phù Liễn MT
3396 7:00 - +07 1942 Dec 31 23:00
3397 8:00 - +08 1945 Mar 14 23:00
3398 9:00 - +09 1945 Sep 2
3399 7:00 - +07 1947 Apr 1
3400 8:00 - +08 1955 Jul 1
3401 7:00 - +07 1959 Dec 31 23:00
3402 8:00 - +08 1975 Jun 13
3403 7:00 - +07
3404
3405 # Yemen
3406 # See Asia/Riyadh.