592 # Xinjiang time, used by many in western China; represented by Ürümqi / Ürümchi
593 # / Wulumuqi. (Please use Asia/Shanghai if you prefer Beijing time.)
594 Zone Asia/Urumqi 5:50:20 - LMT 1928
595 6:00 - +06
596
597
598 # Hong Kong (Xianggang)
599
600 # Milne gives 7:36:41.7; round this.
601
602 # From Lee Yiu Chung (2009-10-24):
603 # I found there are some mistakes for the...DST rule for Hong
604 # Kong. [According] to the DST record from Hong Kong Observatory (actually,
605 # it is not [an] observatory, but the official meteorological agency of HK,
606 # and also serves as the official timing agency), there are some missing
607 # and incorrect rules. Although the exact switch over time is missing, I
608 # think 3:30 is correct. The official DST record for Hong Kong can be
609 # obtained from
610 # http://www.hko.gov.hk/gts/time/Summertime.htm
611
612 # From Arthur David Olson (2009-10-28):
613 # Here are the dates given at
614 # http://www.hko.gov.hk/gts/time/Summertime.htm
615 # as of 2009-10-28:
616 # Year Period
617 # 1941 1 Apr to 30 Sep
618 # 1942 Whole year
619 # 1943 Whole year
620 # 1944 Whole year
621 # 1945 Whole year
622 # 1946 20 Apr to 1 Dec
623 # 1947 13 Apr to 30 Dec
624 # 1948 2 May to 31 Oct
625 # 1949 3 Apr to 30 Oct
626 # 1950 2 Apr to 29 Oct
627 # 1951 1 Apr to 28 Oct
628 # 1952 6 Apr to 25 Oct
629 # 1953 5 Apr to 1 Nov
630 # 1954 21 Mar to 31 Oct
631 # 1955 20 Mar to 6 Nov
632 # 1956 18 Mar to 4 Nov
633 # 1957 24 Mar to 3 Nov
634 # 1958 23 Mar to 2 Nov
635 # 1959 22 Mar to 1 Nov
636 # 1960 20 Mar to 6 Nov
637 # 1961 19 Mar to 5 Nov
638 # 1962 18 Mar to 4 Nov
639 # 1963 24 Mar to 3 Nov
640 # 1964 22 Mar to 1 Nov
641 # 1965 18 Apr to 17 Oct
642 # 1966 17 Apr to 16 Oct
643 # 1967 16 Apr to 22 Oct
644 # 1968 21 Apr to 20 Oct
645 # 1969 20 Apr to 19 Oct
646 # 1970 19 Apr to 18 Oct
647 # 1971 18 Apr to 17 Oct
648 # 1972 16 Apr to 22 Oct
649 # 1973 22 Apr to 21 Oct
650 # 1973/74 30 Dec 73 to 20 Oct 74
651 # 1975 20 Apr to 19 Oct
652 # 1976 18 Apr to 17 Oct
653 # 1977 Nil
654 # 1978 Nil
655 # 1979 13 May to 21 Oct
656 # 1980 to Now Nil
657 # The page does not give start or end times of day.
658 # The page does not give a start date for 1942.
659 # The page does not givw an end date for 1945.
660 # The Japanese occupation of Hong Kong began on 1941-12-25.
661 # The Japanese surrender of Hong Kong was signed 1945-09-15.
662 # For lack of anything better, use start of those days as the transition times.
663
664 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
665 Rule HK 1941 only - Apr 1 3:30 1:00 S
666 Rule HK 1941 only - Sep 30 3:30 0 -
667 Rule HK 1946 only - Apr 20 3:30 1:00 S
668 Rule HK 1946 only - Dec 1 3:30 0 -
669 Rule HK 1947 only - Apr 13 3:30 1:00 S
670 Rule HK 1947 only - Dec 30 3:30 0 -
671 Rule HK 1948 only - May 2 3:30 1:00 S
672 Rule HK 1948 1951 - Oct lastSun 3:30 0 -
673 Rule HK 1952 only - Oct 25 3:30 0 -
674 Rule HK 1949 1953 - Apr Sun>=1 3:30 1:00 S
675 Rule HK 1953 only - Nov 1 3:30 0 -
676 Rule HK 1954 1964 - Mar Sun>=18 3:30 1:00 S
677 Rule HK 1954 only - Oct 31 3:30 0 -
678 Rule HK 1955 1964 - Nov Sun>=1 3:30 0 -
679 Rule HK 1965 1976 - Apr Sun>=16 3:30 1:00 S
680 Rule HK 1965 1976 - Oct Sun>=16 3:30 0 -
681 Rule HK 1973 only - Dec 30 3:30 1:00 S
682 Rule HK 1979 only - May Sun>=8 3:30 1:00 S
683 Rule HK 1979 only - Oct Sun>=16 3:30 0 -
684 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
685 Zone Asia/Hong_Kong 7:36:42 - LMT 1904 Oct 30
686 8:00 HK HK%sT 1941 Dec 25
687 9:00 - JST 1945 Sep 15
688 8:00 HK HK%sT
689
690 ###############################################################################
691
692 # Taiwan
693
694 # From smallufo (2010-04-03):
695 # According to Taiwan's CWB [Central Weather Bureau],
696 # http://www.cwb.gov.tw/V6/astronomy/cdata/summert.htm
697 # Taipei has DST in 1979 between July 1st and Sep 30.
698
699 # From Yu-Cheng Chuang (2013-07-12):
700 # On Dec 28, 1895, the Meiji Emperor announced Ordinance No. 167 of
701 # Meiji Year 28 "The clause about standard time", mentioned that
702 # Taiwan and Penghu Islands, as well as Yaeyama and Miyako Islands
703 # (both in Okinawa) adopt the Western Standard Time which is based on
704 # 120E. The adoption began from Jan 1, 1896. The original text can be
705 # found on Wikisource:
706 # https://ja.wikisource.org/wiki/標準時ニ關スル件_(公布時)
707 # ... This could be the first adoption of time zone in Taiwan, because
1063 # We don't have any record of the above attempt.
1064 # Most likely our records are incomplete, but we have no better data.
1065
1066 # From Manoel de Almeida e Silva, Deputy Spokesman for the UN Secretary-General
1067 # http://www.hri.org/news/world/undh/2000/00-08-16.undh.html
1068 # (2000-08-16):
1069 # The Cabinet of the East Timor Transition Administration decided
1070 # today to advance East Timor's time by one hour. The time change,
1071 # which will be permanent, with no seasonal adjustment, will happen at
1072 # midnight on Saturday, September 16.
1073
1074 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1075 Zone Asia/Dili 8:22:20 - LMT 1912 Jan 1
1076 8:00 - +08 1942 Feb 21 23:00
1077 9:00 - +09 1976 May 3
1078 8:00 - +08 2000 Sep 17 0:00
1079 9:00 - +09
1080
1081 # India
1082
1083 # From Ian P. Beacock, in "A brief history of (modern) time", The Atlantic
1084 # https://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2015/12/the-creation-of-modern-time/421419/
1085 # (2015-12-22):
1086 # In January 1906, several thousand cotton-mill workers rioted on the
1087 # outskirts of Bombay.... They were protesting the proposed abolition of
1088 # local time in favor of Indian Standard Time.... Journalists called this
1089 # dispute the "Battle of the Clocks." It lasted nearly half a century.
1090
1091 # From Paul Eggert (2017-04-20):
1092 # Good luck trying to nail down old timekeeping records in India.
1093 # "... in the nineteenth century ... Madras Observatory took its magnetic
1094 # measurements on Göttingen time, its meteorological measurements on Madras
1095 # (local) time, dropped its time ball on Greenwich (ocean navigator's) time,
1096 # and distributed civil (local time)." -- Bartky IR. Selling the true time:
1097 # 19th-century timekeeping in america. Stanford U Press (2000), 247 note 19.
1098 # "A more potent cause of resistance to the general adoption of the present
1099 # standard time lies in the fact that it is Madras time. The citizen of
1100 # Bombay, proud of being 'primus in Indis' and of Calcutta, equally proud of
1101 # his city being the Capital of India, and - for a part of the year - the Seat
1102 # of the Supreme Government, alike look down on Madras, and refuse to change
1233 # for synchronizing the official times of the country, agreed that:
1234 #
1235 # The official time of the country will should move forward one hour
1236 # at the 24[:00] hours of the first day of Farvardin and should return
1237 # to its previous state at the 24[:00] hours of the 30th day of
1238 # Shahrivar.
1239 #
1240 # First Deputy to the President - Hassan Habibi
1241 #
1242 # From personal experience, that agrees with what has been followed
1243 # for at least the last 5 years. Before that, for a few years, the
1244 # date used was the first Thursday night of Farvardin and the last
1245 # Thursday night of Shahrivar, but I can't give exact dates....
1246 #
1247 # From Roozbeh Pournader (2005-04-05):
1248 # The text of the Iranian law, in effect since 1925, clearly mentions
1249 # that the true solar year is the measure, and there is no arithmetic
1250 # leap year calculation involved. There has never been any serious
1251 # plan to change that law....
1252 #
1253 # From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):
1254 # Go with Shanks & Pottenger before Sept. 1991, and with Pournader thereafter.
1255 # I used Ed Reingold's cal-persia in GNU Emacs 21.2 to check Persian dates,
1256 # stopping after 2037 when 32-bit time_t's overflow.
1257 # That cal-persia used Birashk's approximation, which disagrees with the solar
1258 # calendar predictions for the year 2025, so I corrected those dates by hand.
1259 #
1260 # From Oscar van Vlijmen (2005-03-30), writing about future
1261 # discrepancies between cal-persia and the Iranian calendar:
1262 # For 2091 solar-longitude-after yields 2091-03-20 08:40:07.7 UT for
1263 # the vernal equinox and that gets so close to 12:00 some local
1264 # Iranian time that the definition of the correct location needs to be
1265 # known exactly, amongst other factors. 2157 is even closer:
1266 # 2157-03-20 08:37:15.5 UT. But the Gregorian year 2025 should give
1267 # no interpretation problem whatsoever. By the way, another instant
1268 # in the near future where there will be a discrepancy between
1269 # arithmetical and astronomical Iranian calendars will be in 2058:
1270 # vernal equinox on 2058-03-20 09:03:05.9 UT. The Java version of
1271 # Reingold's/Dershowitz' calculator gives correctly the Gregorian date
1272 # 2058-03-21 for 1 Farvardin 1437 (astronomical).
1273 #
1274 # From Steffen Thorsen (2006-03-22):
1275 # Several of my users have reported that Iran will not observe DST anymore:
1276 # http://www.irna.ir/en/news/view/line-17/0603193812164948.htm
1277 #
1278 # From Reuters (2007-09-16), with a heads-up from Jesper Nørgaard Welen:
1279 # ... the Guardian Council ... approved a law on Sunday to re-introduce
1280 # daylight saving time ...
1281 # https://uk.reuters.com/article/oilRpt/idUKBLA65048420070916
1282 #
1283 # From Roozbeh Pournader (2007-11-05):
1284 # This is quoted from Official Gazette of the Islamic Republic of
1285 # Iran, Volume 63, No. 18242, dated Tuesday 1386/6/24
1286 # [2007-10-16]. I am doing the best translation I can:...
1287 # The official time of the country will be moved forward for one hour
1288 # on the 24 hours of the first day of the month of Farvardin and will
1289 # be changed back to its previous state on the 24 hours of the
1290 # thirtieth day of Shahrivar.
1291 #
1292 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1293 Rule Iran 1978 1980 - Mar 21 0:00 1:00 -
1294 Rule Iran 1978 only - Oct 21 0:00 0 -
1295 Rule Iran 1979 only - Sep 19 0:00 0 -
1296 Rule Iran 1980 only - Sep 23 0:00 0 -
1297 Rule Iran 1991 only - May 3 0:00 1:00 -
1298 Rule Iran 1992 1995 - Mar 22 0:00 1:00 -
1299 Rule Iran 1991 1995 - Sep 22 0:00 0 -
1300 Rule Iran 1996 only - Mar 21 0:00 1:00 -
1301 Rule Iran 1996 only - Sep 21 0:00 0 -
1302 Rule Iran 1997 1999 - Mar 22 0:00 1:00 -
1303 Rule Iran 1997 1999 - Sep 22 0:00 0 -
1304 Rule Iran 2000 only - Mar 21 0:00 1:00 -
1305 Rule Iran 2000 only - Sep 21 0:00 0 -
1306 Rule Iran 2001 2003 - Mar 22 0:00 1:00 -
1307 Rule Iran 2001 2003 - Sep 22 0:00 0 -
1308 Rule Iran 2004 only - Mar 21 0:00 1:00 -
1309 Rule Iran 2004 only - Sep 21 0:00 0 -
1310 Rule Iran 2005 only - Mar 22 0:00 1:00 -
1311 Rule Iran 2005 only - Sep 22 0:00 0 -
1312 Rule Iran 2008 only - Mar 21 0:00 1:00 -
1313 Rule Iran 2008 only - Sep 21 0:00 0 -
1314 Rule Iran 2009 2011 - Mar 22 0:00 1:00 -
1315 Rule Iran 2009 2011 - Sep 22 0:00 0 -
1316 Rule Iran 2012 only - Mar 21 0:00 1:00 -
1317 Rule Iran 2012 only - Sep 21 0:00 0 -
1318 Rule Iran 2013 2015 - Mar 22 0:00 1:00 -
1319 Rule Iran 2013 2015 - Sep 22 0:00 0 -
1320 Rule Iran 2016 only - Mar 21 0:00 1:00 -
1321 Rule Iran 2016 only - Sep 21 0:00 0 -
1322 Rule Iran 2017 2019 - Mar 22 0:00 1:00 -
1323 Rule Iran 2017 2019 - Sep 22 0:00 0 -
1324 Rule Iran 2020 only - Mar 21 0:00 1:00 -
1325 Rule Iran 2020 only - Sep 21 0:00 0 -
1326 Rule Iran 2021 2023 - Mar 22 0:00 1:00 -
1327 Rule Iran 2021 2023 - Sep 22 0:00 0 -
1328 Rule Iran 2024 only - Mar 21 0:00 1:00 -
1329 Rule Iran 2024 only - Sep 21 0:00 0 -
1330 Rule Iran 2025 2027 - Mar 22 0:00 1:00 -
1331 Rule Iran 2025 2027 - Sep 22 0:00 0 -
1332 Rule Iran 2028 2029 - Mar 21 0:00 1:00 -
1333 Rule Iran 2028 2029 - Sep 21 0:00 0 -
1334 Rule Iran 2030 2031 - Mar 22 0:00 1:00 -
1335 Rule Iran 2030 2031 - Sep 22 0:00 0 -
1336 Rule Iran 2032 2033 - Mar 21 0:00 1:00 -
1337 Rule Iran 2032 2033 - Sep 21 0:00 0 -
1338 Rule Iran 2034 2035 - Mar 22 0:00 1:00 -
1339 Rule Iran 2034 2035 - Sep 22 0:00 0 -
1340 #
1341 # The following rules are approximations starting in the year 2038.
1342 # These are the best post-2037 approximations available, given the
1343 # restrictions of a single rule using a Gregorian-based data format.
1344 # At some point this table will need to be extended, though quite
1345 # possibly Iran will change the rules first.
1346 Rule Iran 2036 max - Mar 21 0:00 1:00 -
1347 Rule Iran 2036 max - Sep 21 0:00 0 -
1348
1349 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1350 Zone Asia/Tehran 3:25:44 - LMT 1916
1351 3:25:44 - TMT 1946 # Tehran Mean Time
1352 3:30 - +0330 1977 Nov
1353 4:00 Iran +04/+05 1979
1354 3:30 Iran +0330/+0430
1355
1356
1357 # Iraq
1358 #
1359 # From Jonathan Lennox (2000-06-12):
1360 # An article in this week's Economist ("Inside the Saddam-free zone", p. 50 in
1361 # the U.S. edition) on the Iraqi Kurds contains a paragraph:
1362 # "The three northern provinces ... switched their clocks this spring and
1363 # are an hour ahead of Baghdad."
1364 #
1365 # But Rives McDow (2000-06-18) quotes a contact in Iraqi-Kurdistan as follows:
1366 # In the past, some Kurdish nationalists, as a protest to the Iraqi
1367 # Government, did not adhere to daylight saving time. They referred
1439 Rule Zion 1950 only - Apr 16 0:00 1:00 D
1440 Rule Zion 1950 only - Sep 15 3:00 0 S
1441 Rule Zion 1951 only - Apr 1 0:00 1:00 D
1442 Rule Zion 1951 only - Nov 11 3:00 0 S
1443 Rule Zion 1952 only - Apr 20 2:00 1:00 D
1444 Rule Zion 1952 only - Oct 19 3:00 0 S
1445 Rule Zion 1953 only - Apr 12 2:00 1:00 D
1446 Rule Zion 1953 only - Sep 13 3:00 0 S
1447 Rule Zion 1954 only - Jun 13 0:00 1:00 D
1448 Rule Zion 1954 only - Sep 12 0:00 0 S
1449 Rule Zion 1955 only - Jun 11 2:00 1:00 D
1450 Rule Zion 1955 only - Sep 11 0:00 0 S
1451 Rule Zion 1956 only - Jun 3 0:00 1:00 D
1452 Rule Zion 1956 only - Sep 30 3:00 0 S
1453 Rule Zion 1957 only - Apr 29 2:00 1:00 D
1454 Rule Zion 1957 only - Sep 22 0:00 0 S
1455 Rule Zion 1974 only - Jul 7 0:00 1:00 D
1456 Rule Zion 1974 only - Oct 13 0:00 0 S
1457 Rule Zion 1975 only - Apr 20 0:00 1:00 D
1458 Rule Zion 1975 only - Aug 31 0:00 0 S
1459 Rule Zion 1985 only - Apr 14 0:00 1:00 D
1460 Rule Zion 1985 only - Sep 15 0:00 0 S
1461 Rule Zion 1986 only - May 18 0:00 1:00 D
1462 Rule Zion 1986 only - Sep 7 0:00 0 S
1463 Rule Zion 1987 only - Apr 15 0:00 1:00 D
1464 Rule Zion 1987 only - Sep 13 0:00 0 S
1465
1466 # From Avigdor Finkelstein (2014-03-05):
1467 # I check the Parliament (Knesset) records and there it's stated that the
1468 # [1988] transition should take place on Saturday night, when the Sabbath
1469 # ends and changes to Sunday.
1470 Rule Zion 1988 only - Apr 10 0:00 1:00 D
1471 Rule Zion 1988 only - Sep 4 0:00 0 S
1472
1473 # From Ephraim Silverberg
1474 # (1997-03-04, 1998-03-16, 1998-12-28, 2000-01-17, 2000-07-25, 2004-12-22,
1475 # and 2005-02-17):
1476
1477 # According to the Office of the Secretary General of the Ministry of
1478 # Interior, there is NO set rule for Daylight-Savings/Standard time changes.
1697 # time" was abolished in the ordinance No. 529 (1937). In the ordinance No.
1698 # 167, there is no mention regarding for what place western standard time is
1699 # standard....
1700 #
1701 # I wrote "ordinance" above, but I don't know how to translate.
1702 # In Japanese it's "chokurei", which means ordinance from emperor.
1703
1704 # From Yu-Cheng Chuang (2013-07-12):
1705 # ...the Meiji Emperor announced Ordinance No. 167 of Meiji Year 28 "The clause
1706 # about standard time" ... The adoption began from Jan 1, 1896.
1707 # https://ja.wikisource.org/wiki/標準時ニ關スル件_(公布時)
1708 #
1709 # ...the Showa Emperor announced Ordinance No. 529 of Showa Year 12 ... which
1710 # means the whole Japan territory, including later occupations, adopt Japan
1711 # Central Time (UT+9). The adoption began on Oct 1, 1937.
1712 # https://ja.wikisource.org/wiki/明治二十八年勅令第百六十七號標準時ニ關スル件中改正ノ件
1713
1714 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1715 Zone Asia/Tokyo 9:18:59 - LMT 1887 Dec 31 15:00u
1716 9:00 Japan J%sT
1717 # Since 1938, all Japanese possessions have been like Asia/Tokyo.
1718
1719 # Jordan
1720 #
1721 # From <http://star.arabia.com/990701/JO9.html>
1722 # Jordan Week (1999-07-01) via Steffen Thorsen (1999-09-09):
1723 # Clocks in Jordan were forwarded one hour on Wednesday at midnight,
1724 # in accordance with the government's decision to implement summer time
1725 # all year round.
1726 #
1727 # From <http://star.arabia.com/990930/JO9.html>
1728 # Jordan Week (1999-09-30) via Steffen Thorsen (1999-11-09):
1729 # Winter time starts today Thursday, 30 September. Clocks will be turned back
1730 # by one hour. This is the latest government decision and it's final!
1731 # The decision was taken because of the increase in working hours in
1732 # government's departments from six to seven hours.
1733 #
1734 # From Paul Eggert (2005-11-22):
1735 # Starting 2003 transitions are from Steffen Thorsen's web site timeanddate.com.
1736 #
1737 # From Steffen Thorsen (2005-11-23):
1987 # No. 23 from 1992-01-08 [See 'europe' file for details].
1988 # Kazakh 1992-01-13 act appears to provide the same rules and 1992-03-27
1989 # act was to be enacted on the last Sunday of March 1992.
1990
1991 # From Stepan Golosunov (2016-11-08):
1992 # Turgai reorganization should affect only southern part of Qostanay
1993 # oblast. Which should probably be separated into Asia/Arkalyk zone.
1994 # (There were also 1970, 1988 and 1990 Turgai oblast reorganizations
1995 # according to wikipedia.)
1996 #
1997 # [For Qostanay] http://www.ng.kz/gazeta/195/hranit/
1998 # suggests that clocks were to be moved 40 minutes backwards on
1999 # 1920-01-01 to the fourth time belt. But I do not understand
2000 # how that could happen....
2001 #
2002 # [For Atyrau and Oral] 1919 decree
2003 # (http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_russia-1919-02-08.html
2004 # and in Byalokoz) lists Ural river (plus 10 versts on its left bank) in
2005 # the third time belt (before 1930 this means +03).
2006
2007 # From Paul Eggert (2016-12-06):
2008 # The tables below reflect Golosunov's remarks, with exceptions as noted.
2009
2010 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
2011 #
2012 # Almaty (formerly Alma-Ata), representing most locations in Kazakhstan
2013 # This includes KZ-AKM, KZ-ALA, KZ-ALM, KZ-AST, KZ-BAY, KZ-VOS, KZ-ZHA,
2014 # KZ-KAR, KZ-SEV, KZ-PAV, and KZ-YUZ.
2015 Zone Asia/Almaty 5:07:48 - LMT 1924 May 2 # or Alma-Ata
2016 5:00 - +05 1930 Jun 21
2017 6:00 RussiaAsia +06/+07 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2018 5:00 RussiaAsia +05/+06 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
2019 6:00 RussiaAsia +06/+07 2004 Oct 31 2:00s
2020 6:00 - +06
2021 # Qyzylorda (aka Kyzylorda, Kizilorda, Kzyl-Orda, etc.) (KZ-KZY)
2022 # This currently includes Qostanay (aka Kostanay, Kustanay) (KZ-KUS);
2023 # see comments below.
2024 Zone Asia/Qyzylorda 4:21:52 - LMT 1924 May 2
2025 4:00 - +04 1930 Jun 21
2026 5:00 - +05 1981 Apr 1
2027 5:00 1:00 +06 1981 Oct 1
2028 6:00 - +06 1982 Apr 1
2029 5:00 RussiaAsia +05/+06 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2030 4:00 RussiaAsia +04/+05 1991 Sep 29 2:00s
2031 5:00 RussiaAsia +05/+06 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
2032 6:00 RussiaAsia +06/+07 1992 Mar 29 2:00s
2033 5:00 RussiaAsia +05/+06 2004 Oct 31 2:00s
2034 6:00 - +06
2035 # The following zone is like Asia/Qyzylorda except for being one
2036 # hour earlier from 1991-09-29 to 1992-03-29. The 1991/2 rules for
2037 # Qostanay are unclear partly because of the 1997 Turgai
2038 # reorganization, so this zone is commented out for now.
2039 #Zone Asia/Qostanay 4:14:20 - LMT 1924 May 2
2040 # 4:00 - +04 1930 Jun 21
2041 # 5:00 - +05 1981 Apr 1
2042 # 5:00 1:00 +06 1981 Oct 1
2043 # 6:00 - +06 1982 Apr 1
2044 # 5:00 RussiaAsia +05/+06 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2045 # 4:00 RussiaAsia +04/+05 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
2046 # 5:00 RussiaAsia +05/+06 2004 Oct 31 2:00s
2047 # 6:00 - +06
2048 #
2049 # Aqtöbe (aka Aktobe, formerly Aktyubinsk) (KZ-AKT)
2050 Zone Asia/Aqtobe 3:48:40 - LMT 1924 May 2
2051 4:00 - +04 1930 Jun 21
2052 5:00 - +05 1981 Apr 1
2053 5:00 1:00 +06 1981 Oct 1
2054 6:00 - +06 1982 Apr 1
2055 5:00 RussiaAsia +05/+06 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2056 4:00 RussiaAsia +04/+05 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
2057 5:00 RussiaAsia +05/+06 2004 Oct 31 2:00s
2058 5:00 - +05
2059 # Mangghystaū (KZ-MAN)
2060 # Aqtau was not founded until 1963, but it represents an inhabited region,
2061 # so include timestamps before 1963.
2062 Zone Asia/Aqtau 3:21:04 - LMT 1924 May 2
2063 4:00 - +04 1930 Jun 21
2064 5:00 - +05 1981 Oct 1
2065 6:00 - +06 1982 Apr 1
2066 5:00 RussiaAsia +05/+06 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2067 4:00 RussiaAsia +04/+05 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
2068 5:00 RussiaAsia +05/+06 1994 Sep 25 2:00s
2122
2123 # Korea (North and South)
2124
2125 # From Annie I. Bang (2006-07-10):
2126 # http://www.koreaherald.com/view.php?ud=200607100012
2127 # Korea ran a daylight saving program from 1949-61 but stopped it
2128 # during the 1950-53 Korean War. The system was temporarily enforced
2129 # between 1987 and 1988 ...
2130
2131 # From Sanghyuk Jung (2014-10-29):
2132 # https://mm.icann.org/pipermail/tz/2014-October/021830.html
2133 # According to the Korean Wikipedia
2134 # https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/한국_표준시
2135 # [oldid=12896437 2014-09-04 08:03 UTC]
2136 # DST in Republic of Korea was as follows.... And I checked old
2137 # newspapers in Korean, all articles correspond with data in Wikipedia.
2138 # For example, the article in 1948 (Korean Language) proved that DST
2139 # started at June 1 in that year. For another example, the article in
2140 # 1988 said that DST started at 2:00 AM in that year.
2141
2142 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
2143 Rule ROK 1948 only - Jun 1 0:00 1:00 D
2144 Rule ROK 1948 only - Sep 13 0:00 0 S
2145 Rule ROK 1949 only - Apr 3 0:00 1:00 D
2146 Rule ROK 1949 1951 - Sep Sun>=8 0:00 0 S
2147 Rule ROK 1950 only - Apr 1 0:00 1:00 D
2148 Rule ROK 1951 only - May 6 0:00 1:00 D
2149 Rule ROK 1955 only - May 5 0:00 1:00 D
2150 Rule ROK 1955 only - Sep 9 0:00 0 S
2151 Rule ROK 1956 only - May 20 0:00 1:00 D
2152 Rule ROK 1956 only - Sep 30 0:00 0 S
2153 Rule ROK 1957 1960 - May Sun>=1 0:00 1:00 D
2154 Rule ROK 1957 1960 - Sep Sun>=18 0:00 0 S
2155 Rule ROK 1987 1988 - May Sun>=8 2:00 1:00 D
2156 Rule ROK 1987 1988 - Oct Sun>=8 3:00 0 S
2157
2158 # From Paul Eggert (2016-08-23):
2159 # The Korean Wikipedia entry gives the following sources for UT offsets:
2160 #
2161 # 1908: Official Journal Article No. 3994 (decree No. 5)
2162 # 1912: Governor-General of Korea Official Gazette Issue No. 367
2163 # (Announcement No. 338)
2164 # 1954: Presidential Decree No. 876 (1954-03-17)
2165 # 1961: Law No. 676 (1961-08-07)
2166 #
2167 # (Another source "1987: Law No. 3919 (1986-12-31)" was in the 2014-10-30
2168 # edition of the Korean Wikipedia entry.)
2169 #
2170 # I guessed that time zone abbreviations through 1945 followed the same
2171 # rules as discussed under Taiwan, with nominal switches from JST to KST
2172 # when the respective cities were taken over by the Allies after WWII.
2173 #
2174 # For Pyongyang, guess no changes from World War II until 2015, as we
2865 # [T]he Palestinian cabinet decision (Mar 8th 2016) published on
2866 # http://www.palestinecabinet.gov.ps/WebSite/Upload/Decree/GOV_17/16032016134830.pdf
2867 # states that summer time will end on Oct 29th at 01:00.
2868 #
2869 # From Tim Parenti (2016-10-19):
2870 # Predict fall transitions on October's last Saturday at 01:00 from now on.
2871 # This is consistent with the 2016 transition as well as our spring
2872 # predictions.
2873 #
2874 # From Paul Eggert (2016-10-19):
2875 # It's also consistent with predictions in the following URLs today:
2876 # https://www.timeanddate.com/time/change/gaza-strip/gaza
2877 # https://www.timeanddate.com/time/change/west-bank/hebron
2878
2879 # From Sharef Mustafa (2018-03-16):
2880 # Palestine summer time will start on Mar 24th 2018 by advancing the
2881 # clock by 60 minutes as per Palestinian cabinet decision published on
2882 # the official website, though the decree did not specify the exact
2883 # time of the time shift.
2884 # http://www.palestinecabinet.gov.ps/Website/AR/NDecrees/ViewFile.ashx?ID=e7a42ab7-ee23-435a-b9c8-a4f7e81f3817
2885 #
2886 # From Paul Eggert (2018-03-16):
2887 # For 2016 on, predict spring transitions on March's fourth Saturday at 01:00.
2888
2889 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
2890 Rule EgyptAsia 1957 only - May 10 0:00 1:00 S
2891 Rule EgyptAsia 1957 1958 - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
2892 Rule EgyptAsia 1958 only - May 1 0:00 1:00 S
2893 Rule EgyptAsia 1959 1967 - May 1 1:00 1:00 S
2894 Rule EgyptAsia 1959 1965 - Sep 30 3:00 0 -
2895 Rule EgyptAsia 1966 only - Oct 1 3:00 0 -
2896
2897 Rule Palestine 1999 2005 - Apr Fri>=15 0:00 1:00 S
2898 Rule Palestine 1999 2003 - Oct Fri>=15 0:00 0 -
2899 Rule Palestine 2004 only - Oct 1 1:00 0 -
2900 Rule Palestine 2005 only - Oct 4 2:00 0 -
2901 Rule Palestine 2006 2007 - Apr 1 0:00 1:00 S
2902 Rule Palestine 2006 only - Sep 22 0:00 0 -
2903 Rule Palestine 2007 only - Sep Thu>=8 2:00 0 -
2904 Rule Palestine 2008 2009 - Mar lastFri 0:00 1:00 S
2905 Rule Palestine 2008 only - Sep 1 0:00 0 -
2906 Rule Palestine 2009 only - Sep Fri>=1 1:00 0 -
2907 Rule Palestine 2010 only - Mar 26 0:00 1:00 S
2908 Rule Palestine 2010 only - Aug 11 0:00 0 -
2909 Rule Palestine 2011 only - Apr 1 0:01 1:00 S
2910 Rule Palestine 2011 only - Aug 1 0:00 0 -
2911 Rule Palestine 2011 only - Aug 30 0:00 1:00 S
2912 Rule Palestine 2011 only - Sep 30 0:00 0 -
2913 Rule Palestine 2012 2014 - Mar lastThu 24:00 1:00 S
2914 Rule Palestine 2012 only - Sep 21 1:00 0 -
2915 Rule Palestine 2013 only - Sep Fri>=21 0:00 0 -
2916 Rule Palestine 2014 2015 - Oct Fri>=21 0:00 0 -
2917 Rule Palestine 2015 only - Mar lastFri 24:00 1:00 S
2918 Rule Palestine 2016 max - Mar Sat>=22 1:00 1:00 S
2919 Rule Palestine 2016 max - Oct lastSat 1:00 0 -
2920
2921 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
2922 Zone Asia/Gaza 2:17:52 - LMT 1900 Oct
2923 2:00 Zion EET/EEST 1948 May 15
2924 2:00 EgyptAsia EE%sT 1967 Jun 5
2925 2:00 Zion I%sT 1996
2926 2:00 Jordan EE%sT 1999
2927 2:00 Palestine EE%sT 2008 Aug 29 0:00
2928 2:00 - EET 2008 Sep
2929 2:00 Palestine EE%sT 2010
2930 2:00 - EET 2010 Mar 27 0:01
2931 2:00 Palestine EE%sT 2011 Aug 1
2932 2:00 - EET 2012
2933 2:00 Palestine EE%sT
2934
2935 Zone Asia/Hebron 2:20:23 - LMT 1900 Oct
2936 2:00 Zion EET/EEST 1948 May 15
2937 2:00 EgyptAsia EE%sT 1967 Jun 5
2938 2:00 Zion I%sT 1996
2939 2:00 Jordan EE%sT 1999
2940 2:00 Palestine EE%sT
2941
2942 # Paracel Is
2943 # no information
2944
2945 # Philippines
2946 # On 1844-08-16, Narciso Clavería, governor-general of the
2947 # Philippines, issued a proclamation announcing that 1844-12-30 was to
2948 # be immediately followed by 1845-01-01; see R.H. van Gent's
2949 # History of the International Date Line
2950 # https://www.staff.science.uu.nl/~gent0113/idl/idl_philippines.htm
2951 # The rest of the data entries are from Shanks & Pottenger.
2952
2953 # From Jesper Nørgaard Welen (2006-04-26):
2954 # ... claims that Philippines had DST last time in 1990:
2955 # http://story.philippinetimes.com/p.x/ct/9/id/145be20cc6b121c0/cid/3e5bbccc730d258c/
2956 # [a story dated 2006-04-25 by Cris Larano of Dow Jones Newswires,
2957 # but no details]
2958
2959 # From Paul Eggert (2014-08-14):
2960 # The following source says DST may be instituted November-January and again
2961 # March-June, but this is not definite. It also says DST was last proclaimed
2962 # during the Ramos administration (1992-1998); but again, no details.
2963 # Carcamo D. PNoy urged to declare use of daylight saving time.
2964 # Philippine Star 2014-08-05
2965 # http://www.philstar.com/headlines/2014/08/05/1354152/pnoy-urged-declare-use-daylight-saving-time
3011 # observed standard time, and that people in Jeddah mostly observed quasi-solar
3012 # time, doing so by setting their watches at sunrise to 6 o'clock (or to 12
3013 # o'clock for "Arab" time).
3014 #
3015 # Timekeeping differed depending on who you were and which part of Saudi
3016 # Arabia you were in. In 1969, Elias Antar wrote that although a common
3017 # practice had been to set one's watch to 12:00 (i.e., midnight) at sunset -
3018 # which meant that the time on one side of a mountain could differ greatly from
3019 # the time on the other side - many foreigners set their watches to 6pm
3020 # instead, while airlines instead used UTC +03 (except in Dhahran, where they
3021 # used UTC +04), Aramco used UTC +03 with DST, and the Trans-Arabian Pipe Line
3022 # Company used Aramco time in eastern Saudi Arabia and airline time in western.
3023 # (The American Military Aid Advisory Group used plain UTC.) Antar writes,
3024 # "A man named Higgins, so the story goes, used to run a local power
3025 # station. One day, the whole thing became too much for Higgins and he
3026 # assembled his staff and laid down the law. 'I've had enough of this,' he
3027 # shrieked. 'It is now 12 o'clock Higgins Time, and from now on this station is
3028 # going to run on Higgins Time.' And so, until last year, it did." See:
3029 # Antar E. Dinner at When? Saudi Aramco World, 1969 March/April. 2-3.
3030 # http://archive.aramcoworld.com/issue/196902/dinner.at.when.htm
3031 # newspapers.com says a similar story about Higgins was published in the Port
3032 # Angeles (WA) Evening News, 1965-03-10, page 5, but I lack access to the text.
3033 #
3034 # The TZ database cannot represent quasi-solar time; airline time is the best
3035 # we can do. The 1946 foreign air news digest of the U.S. Civil Aeronautics
3036 # Board (OCLC 42299995) reported that the "... Arabian Government, inaugurated
3037 # a weekly Dhahran-Cairo service, via the Saudi Arabian cities of Riyadh and
3038 # Jidda, on March 14, 1947". Shanks & Pottenger guessed 1950; go with the
3039 # earlier date.
3040 #
3041 # Shanks & Pottenger also state that until 1968-05-01 Saudi Arabia had two
3042 # time zones; the other zone, at UT +04, was in the far eastern part of
3043 # the country. Presumably this is documenting airline time. Ignore this,
3044 # as it's before our 1970 cutoff.
3045 #
3046 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
3047 Zone Asia/Riyadh 3:06:52 - LMT 1947 Mar 14
3048 3:00 - +03
3049 Link Asia/Riyadh Asia/Aden # Yemen
3050 Link Asia/Riyadh Asia/Kuwait
3051
3052 # Singapore
3384 # Hoàng Xuân Hãn: "Lịch và lịch Việt Nam". Tập san Khoa học Xã hội,
3385 # No. 9, Paris, February 1982.
3386 #
3387 # Lê Thành Lân: "Lịch và niên biểu lịch sử hai mươi thế kỷ (0001-2010)",
3388 # NXB Thống kê, Hanoi, 2000.
3389 #
3390 # Lê Thành Lân: "Lịch hai thế kỷ (1802-2010) và các lịch vĩnh cửu",
3391 # NXB Thuận Hoá, Huế, 1995.
3392
3393 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
3394 Zone Asia/Ho_Chi_Minh 7:06:40 - LMT 1906 Jul 1
3395 7:06:30 - PLMT 1911 May 1 # Phù Liễn MT
3396 7:00 - +07 1942 Dec 31 23:00
3397 8:00 - +08 1945 Mar 14 23:00
3398 9:00 - +09 1945 Sep 2
3399 7:00 - +07 1947 Apr 1
3400 8:00 - +08 1955 Jul 1
3401 7:00 - +07 1959 Dec 31 23:00
3402 8:00 - +08 1975 Jun 13
3403 7:00 - +07
3404
3405 # Yemen
3406 # See Asia/Riyadh.
|
592 # Xinjiang time, used by many in western China; represented by Ürümqi / Ürümchi
593 # / Wulumuqi. (Please use Asia/Shanghai if you prefer Beijing time.)
594 Zone Asia/Urumqi 5:50:20 - LMT 1928
595 6:00 - +06
596
597
598 # Hong Kong (Xianggang)
599
600 # Milne gives 7:36:41.7; round this.
601
602 # From Lee Yiu Chung (2009-10-24):
603 # I found there are some mistakes for the...DST rule for Hong
604 # Kong. [According] to the DST record from Hong Kong Observatory (actually,
605 # it is not [an] observatory, but the official meteorological agency of HK,
606 # and also serves as the official timing agency), there are some missing
607 # and incorrect rules. Although the exact switch over time is missing, I
608 # think 3:30 is correct. The official DST record for Hong Kong can be
609 # obtained from
610 # http://www.hko.gov.hk/gts/time/Summertime.htm
611
612 # From Phake Nick (2018-10-27):
613 # According to Singaporean newspaper
614 # http://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/Digitised/Article/singfreepresswk19041102-1.2.37
615 # the day that Hong Kong start using GMT+8 should be Oct 30, 1904.
616 #
617 # From Paul Eggert (2018-11-17):
618 # Hong Kong had a time ball near the Marine Police Station, Tsim Sha Tsui.
619 # "The ball was raised manually each day and dropped at exactly 1pm
620 # (except on Sundays and Government holidays)."
621 # Dyson AD. From Time Ball to Atomic Clock. Hong Kong Government. 1983.
622 # <https://www.hko.gov.hk/publica/gen_pub/timeball_atomic_clock.pdf>
623 # "From 1904 October 30 the time-ball at Hong Kong has been dropped by order
624 # of the Governor of the Colony at 17h 0m 0s G.M.T., which is 23m 18s.14 in
625 # advance of 1h 0m 0s of Hong Kong mean time."
626 # Hollis HP. Universal Time, Longitudes, and Geodesy. Mon Not R Astron Soc.
627 # 1905-02-10;65(4):405-6. https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/65.4.382
628 #
629 # From Joseph Myers (2018-11-18):
630 # An astronomer before 1925 referring to GMT would have been using the old
631 # astronomical convention where the day started at noon, not midnight.
632 #
633 # From Steve Allen (2018-11-17):
634 # Meteorological Observations made at the Hongkong Observatory in the year 1904
635 # page 4 <https://books.google.com/books?id=kgw5AQAAMAAJ&pg=RA4-PA4>
636 # ... the log of drop times in Table II shows that on Sunday 1904-10-30 the
637 # ball was dropped. So that looks like a special case drop for the sake
638 # of broadcasting the new local time.
639 #
640 # From Phake Nick (2018-11-18):
641 # According to The Hong Kong Weekly Press, 1904-10-29, p.324, the
642 # governor of Hong Kong at the time stated that "We are further desired to
643 # make it known that the change will be effected by firing the gun and by the
644 # dropping of the Ball at 23min. 18sec. before one."
645 # From Paul Eggert (2018-11-18):
646 # See <https://mmis.hkpl.gov.hk> for this; unfortunately Flash is required.
647
648 # From Phake Nick (2018-10-26):
649 # I went to check microfilm records stored at Hong Kong Public Library....
650 # on September 30 1941, according to Ta Kung Pao (Hong Kong edition), it was
651 # stated that fallback would occur on the next day (the 1st)'s "03:00 am (Hong
652 # Kong Time 04:00 am)" and the clock will fall back for a half hour. (03:00
653 # probably refer to the time commonly used in mainland China at the time given
654 # the paper's background) ... the sunrise/sunset time given by South China
655 # Morning Post for October 1st was indeed moved by half an hour compares to
656 # before. After that, in December, the battle to capture Hong Kong started and
657 # the library doesn't seems to have any record stored about press during that
658 # period of time. Some media resumed publication soon after that within the
659 # same month, but there were not much information about time there. Later they
660 # started including a radio program guide when they restored radio service,
661 # explicitly mentioning it use Tokyo standard time, and later added a note
662 # saying it's half an hour ahead of the old Hong Kong standard time, and it
663 # also seems to indicate that Hong Kong was not using GMT+8 when it was
664 # captured by Japan.
665 #
666 # Image of related sections on newspaper:
667 # * 1941-09-30, Ta Kung Pao (Hong Kong), "Winter Time start tomorrow".
668 # https://i.imgur.com/6waY51Z.jpg (Chinese)
669 # * 1941-09-29, South China Morning Post, Information on sunrise/sunset
670 # time and other things for September 30 and October 1.
671 # https://i.imgur.com/kCiUR78.jpg
672 # * 1942-02-05. The Hong Kong News, Radio Program Guide.
673 # https://i.imgur.com/eVvDMzS.jpg
674 # * 1941-06-14. Hong Kong Daily Press, Daylight Saving from 3am Tomorrow.
675 # https://i.imgur.com/05KkvtC.png
676 # * 1941-09-30, Hong Kong Daily Press, Winter Time Warning.
677 # https://i.imgur.com/dge4kFJ.png
678 # Also, the Liberation day of Hong Kong after WWII which British rule
679 # over the territory resumed was August 30, 1945, which I think should
680 # be the termination date for the use of JST in the territory....
681
682 # From Paul Eggert (2018-11-17):
683 # Here are the dates given at
684 # https://www.hko.gov.hk/gts/time/Summertime.htm
685 # as of 2014-06-19:
686 # Year Period
687 # 1941 15 Jun to 30 Sep
688 # 1942 Whole year
689 # 1943 Whole year
690 # 1944 Whole year
691 # 1945 Whole year
692 # 1946 20 Apr to 1 Dec
693 # 1947 13 Apr to 30 Dec
694 # 1948 2 May to 31 Oct
695 # 1949 3 Apr to 30 Oct
696 # 1950 2 Apr to 29 Oct
697 # 1951 1 Apr to 28 Oct
698 # 1952 6 Apr to 2 Nov
699 # 1953 5 Apr to 1 Nov
700 # 1954 21 Mar to 31 Oct
701 # 1955 20 Mar to 6 Nov
702 # 1956 18 Mar to 4 Nov
703 # 1957 24 Mar to 3 Nov
704 # 1958 23 Mar to 2 Nov
705 # 1959 22 Mar to 1 Nov
706 # 1960 20 Mar to 6 Nov
707 # 1961 19 Mar to 5 Nov
708 # 1962 18 Mar to 4 Nov
709 # 1963 24 Mar to 3 Nov
710 # 1964 22 Mar to 1 Nov
711 # 1965 18 Apr to 17 Oct
712 # 1966 17 Apr to 16 Oct
713 # 1967 16 Apr to 22 Oct
714 # 1968 21 Apr to 20 Oct
715 # 1969 20 Apr to 19 Oct
716 # 1970 19 Apr to 18 Oct
717 # 1971 18 Apr to 17 Oct
718 # 1972 16 Apr to 22 Oct
719 # 1973 22 Apr to 21 Oct
720 # 1973/74 30 Dec 73 to 20 Oct 74
721 # 1975 20 Apr to 19 Oct
722 # 1976 18 Apr to 17 Oct
723 # 1977 Nil
724 # 1978 Nil
725 # 1979 13 May to 21 Oct
726 # 1980 to Now Nil
727 # The page does not give times of day for transitions,
728 # or dates for the 1942 and 1945 transitions.
729 # The Japanese occupation of Hong Kong began 1941-12-25.
730 # The Japanese surrender of Hong Kong was signed 1945-09-16; see:
731 # Heaver S. The days after the Pacific war ended: unsettling times
732 # in Hong Kong. Post Magazine. 2016-06-13.
733 # https://www.scmp.com/magazines/post-magazine/article/1852990/days-after-pacific-war-ended-unsettling-times-hong-kong
734 # For lack of anything better, use start of those days as the
735 # transition times.
736
737 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
738 Rule HK 1946 only - Apr 20 3:30 1:00 S
739 Rule HK 1946 only - Dec 1 3:30 0 -
740 Rule HK 1947 only - Apr 13 3:30 1:00 S
741 Rule HK 1947 only - Dec 30 3:30 0 -
742 Rule HK 1948 only - May 2 3:30 1:00 S
743 Rule HK 1948 1951 - Oct lastSun 3:30 0 -
744 Rule HK 1952 1953 - Nov Sun>=1 3:30 0 -
745 Rule HK 1949 1953 - Apr Sun>=1 3:30 1:00 S
746 Rule HK 1954 1964 - Mar Sun>=18 3:30 1:00 S
747 Rule HK 1954 only - Oct 31 3:30 0 -
748 Rule HK 1955 1964 - Nov Sun>=1 3:30 0 -
749 Rule HK 1965 1976 - Apr Sun>=16 3:30 1:00 S
750 Rule HK 1965 1976 - Oct Sun>=16 3:30 0 -
751 Rule HK 1973 only - Dec 30 3:30 1:00 S
752 Rule HK 1979 only - May Sun>=8 3:30 1:00 S
753 Rule HK 1979 only - Oct Sun>=16 3:30 0 -
754 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
755 Zone Asia/Hong_Kong 7:36:42 - LMT 1904 Oct 30 0:36:42
756 8:00 - HKT 1941 Jun 15 3:30
757 8:00 1:00 HKST 1941 Oct 1 4:00
758 8:30 - HKT 1941 Dec 25
759 9:00 - JST 1945 Sep 16
760 8:00 HK HK%sT
761
762 ###############################################################################
763
764 # Taiwan
765
766 # From smallufo (2010-04-03):
767 # According to Taiwan's CWB [Central Weather Bureau],
768 # http://www.cwb.gov.tw/V6/astronomy/cdata/summert.htm
769 # Taipei has DST in 1979 between July 1st and Sep 30.
770
771 # From Yu-Cheng Chuang (2013-07-12):
772 # On Dec 28, 1895, the Meiji Emperor announced Ordinance No. 167 of
773 # Meiji Year 28 "The clause about standard time", mentioned that
774 # Taiwan and Penghu Islands, as well as Yaeyama and Miyako Islands
775 # (both in Okinawa) adopt the Western Standard Time which is based on
776 # 120E. The adoption began from Jan 1, 1896. The original text can be
777 # found on Wikisource:
778 # https://ja.wikisource.org/wiki/標準時ニ關スル件_(公布時)
779 # ... This could be the first adoption of time zone in Taiwan, because
1135 # We don't have any record of the above attempt.
1136 # Most likely our records are incomplete, but we have no better data.
1137
1138 # From Manoel de Almeida e Silva, Deputy Spokesman for the UN Secretary-General
1139 # http://www.hri.org/news/world/undh/2000/00-08-16.undh.html
1140 # (2000-08-16):
1141 # The Cabinet of the East Timor Transition Administration decided
1142 # today to advance East Timor's time by one hour. The time change,
1143 # which will be permanent, with no seasonal adjustment, will happen at
1144 # midnight on Saturday, September 16.
1145
1146 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1147 Zone Asia/Dili 8:22:20 - LMT 1912 Jan 1
1148 8:00 - +08 1942 Feb 21 23:00
1149 9:00 - +09 1976 May 3
1150 8:00 - +08 2000 Sep 17 0:00
1151 9:00 - +09
1152
1153 # India
1154
1155 # British astronomer Henry Park Hollis disliked India Standard Time's offset:
1156 # "A new time system has been proposed for India, Further India, and Burmah.
1157 # The scheme suggested is that the times of the meridians 5½ and 6½ hours
1158 # east of Greenwich should be adopted in these territories. No reason is
1159 # given why hourly meridians five hours and six hours east should not be
1160 # chosen; a plan which would bring the time of India into harmony with
1161 # that of almost the whole of the civilised world."
1162 # Hollis HP. Universal Time, Longitudes, and Geodesy. Mon Not R Astron Soc.
1163 # 1905-02-10;65(4):405-6. https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/65.4.382
1164
1165 # From Ian P. Beacock, in "A brief history of (modern) time", The Atlantic
1166 # https://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2015/12/the-creation-of-modern-time/421419/
1167 # (2015-12-22):
1168 # In January 1906, several thousand cotton-mill workers rioted on the
1169 # outskirts of Bombay.... They were protesting the proposed abolition of
1170 # local time in favor of Indian Standard Time.... Journalists called this
1171 # dispute the "Battle of the Clocks." It lasted nearly half a century.
1172
1173 # From Paul Eggert (2017-04-20):
1174 # Good luck trying to nail down old timekeeping records in India.
1175 # "... in the nineteenth century ... Madras Observatory took its magnetic
1176 # measurements on Göttingen time, its meteorological measurements on Madras
1177 # (local) time, dropped its time ball on Greenwich (ocean navigator's) time,
1178 # and distributed civil (local time)." -- Bartky IR. Selling the true time:
1179 # 19th-century timekeeping in america. Stanford U Press (2000), 247 note 19.
1180 # "A more potent cause of resistance to the general adoption of the present
1181 # standard time lies in the fact that it is Madras time. The citizen of
1182 # Bombay, proud of being 'primus in Indis' and of Calcutta, equally proud of
1183 # his city being the Capital of India, and - for a part of the year - the Seat
1184 # of the Supreme Government, alike look down on Madras, and refuse to change
1315 # for synchronizing the official times of the country, agreed that:
1316 #
1317 # The official time of the country will should move forward one hour
1318 # at the 24[:00] hours of the first day of Farvardin and should return
1319 # to its previous state at the 24[:00] hours of the 30th day of
1320 # Shahrivar.
1321 #
1322 # First Deputy to the President - Hassan Habibi
1323 #
1324 # From personal experience, that agrees with what has been followed
1325 # for at least the last 5 years. Before that, for a few years, the
1326 # date used was the first Thursday night of Farvardin and the last
1327 # Thursday night of Shahrivar, but I can't give exact dates....
1328 #
1329 # From Roozbeh Pournader (2005-04-05):
1330 # The text of the Iranian law, in effect since 1925, clearly mentions
1331 # that the true solar year is the measure, and there is no arithmetic
1332 # leap year calculation involved. There has never been any serious
1333 # plan to change that law....
1334 #
1335 # From Paul Eggert (2018-11-30):
1336 # Go with Shanks & Pottenger before Sept. 1991, and with Pournader thereafter.
1337 # I used the following code in GNU Emacs 26.1 to generate the "Rule Iran"
1338 # lines from 2008 through 2087. Emacs 26.1 uses Ed Reingold's
1339 # cal-persia implementation of Birashk's approximation, which in the
1340 # 2008-2087 range disagrees with the the astronomical Persian calendar
1341 # for Persian years 1404 (Gregorian 2025) and 1437 (Gregorian 2058),
1342 # so the following code special-case those years. See Table 15.1, page 264, of:
1343 # Edward M. Reingold and Nachum Dershowitz, Calendrical Calculations:
1344 # The Ultimate Edition, Cambridge University Press (2018).
1345 # https://www.cambridge.org/fr/academic/subjects/computer-science/computing-general-interest/calendrical-calculations-ultimate-edition-4th-edition
1346 # Page 258, footnote 2, of this book says there is some dispute over what will
1347 # happen in 2091 (and some other years after that), so this code
1348 # stops in 2087, as 2088 and 2089 agree with the "max" rule below.
1349 # (cl-loop
1350 # initially (require 'cal-persia)
1351 # with first-persian-year = 1387
1352 # with last-persian-year = 1466
1353 # ;; Exceptional years in the above range,
1354 # ;; from Reingold & Dershowitz Table 15.1, page 264:
1355 # with exceptional-persian-years = '(1404 1437)
1356 # with range-start = nil
1357 # for persian-year from first-persian-year to last-persian-year
1358 # do
1359 # (let*
1360 # ((exceptional-year-offset
1361 # (if (member persian-year exceptional-persian-years) 1 0))
1362 # (beg-dst-absolute
1363 # (+ (calendar-persian-to-absolute (list 1 1 persian-year))
1364 # exceptional-year-offset))
1365 # (end-dst-absolute
1366 # (+ (calendar-persian-to-absolute (list 6 30 persian-year))
1367 # exceptional-year-offset))
1368 # (next-year-beg-dst-absolute
1369 # (+ (calendar-persian-to-absolute (list 1 1 (1+ persian-year)))
1370 # (if (member (1+ persian-year) exceptional-persian-years) 1 0)))
1371 # (beg-dst (calendar-gregorian-from-absolute beg-dst-absolute))
1372 # (end-dst (calendar-gregorian-from-absolute end-dst-absolute))
1373 # (next-year-beg-dst (calendar-gregorian-from-absolute
1374 # next-year-beg-dst-absolute))
1375 # (year (calendar-extract-year beg-dst))
1376 # (range-end (if range-start year "only")))
1377 # (setq range-start (or range-start year))
1378 # (when (or (/= (calendar-extract-day beg-dst)
1379 # (calendar-extract-day next-year-beg-dst))
1380 # (= persian-year last-persian-year))
1381 # (insert
1382 # (format
1383 # "Rule\tIran\t%d\t%s\t-\t%s\t%2d\t24:00\t1:00\t-\n"
1384 # range-start range-end
1385 # (calendar-month-name (calendar-extract-month beg-dst) t)
1386 # (calendar-extract-day beg-dst)))
1387 # (insert
1388 # (format
1389 # "Rule\tIran\t%d\t%s\t-\t%s\t%2d\t24:00\t0\t-\n"
1390 # range-start range-end
1391 # (calendar-month-name (calendar-extract-month end-dst) t)
1392 # (calendar-extract-day end-dst)))
1393 # (setq range-start nil))))
1394 #
1395 # From Oscar van Vlijmen (2005-03-30), writing about future
1396 # discrepancies between cal-persia and the Iranian calendar:
1397 # For 2091 solar-longitude-after yields 2091-03-20 08:40:07.7 UT for
1398 # the vernal equinox and that gets so close to 12:00 some local
1399 # Iranian time that the definition of the correct location needs to be
1400 # known exactly, amongst other factors. 2157 is even closer:
1401 # 2157-03-20 08:37:15.5 UT. But the Gregorian year 2025 should give
1402 # no interpretation problem whatsoever. By the way, another instant
1403 # in the near future where there will be a discrepancy between
1404 # arithmetical and astronomical Iranian calendars will be in 2058:
1405 # vernal equinox on 2058-03-20 09:03:05.9 UT. The Java version of
1406 # Reingold's/Dershowitz' calculator gives correctly the Gregorian date
1407 # 2058-03-21 for 1 Farvardin 1437 (astronomical).
1408 #
1409 # From Steffen Thorsen (2006-03-22):
1410 # Several of my users have reported that Iran will not observe DST anymore:
1411 # http://www.irna.ir/en/news/view/line-17/0603193812164948.htm
1412 #
1413 # From Reuters (2007-09-16), with a heads-up from Jesper Nørgaard Welen:
1414 # ... the Guardian Council ... approved a law on Sunday to re-introduce
1415 # daylight saving time ...
1416 # https://uk.reuters.com/article/oilRpt/idUKBLA65048420070916
1417 #
1418 # From Roozbeh Pournader (2007-11-05):
1419 # This is quoted from Official Gazette of the Islamic Republic of
1420 # Iran, Volume 63, No. 18242, dated Tuesday 1386/6/24
1421 # [2007-10-16]. I am doing the best translation I can:...
1422 # The official time of the country will be moved forward for one hour
1423 # on the 24 hours of the first day of the month of Farvardin and will
1424 # be changed back to its previous state on the 24 hours of the
1425 # thirtieth day of Shahrivar.
1426 #
1427 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1428 Rule Iran 1978 1980 - Mar 20 24:00 1:00 -
1429 Rule Iran 1978 only - Oct 20 24:00 0 -
1430 Rule Iran 1979 only - Sep 18 24:00 0 -
1431 Rule Iran 1980 only - Sep 22 24:00 0 -
1432 Rule Iran 1991 only - May 2 24:00 1:00 -
1433 Rule Iran 1992 1995 - Mar 21 24:00 1:00 -
1434 Rule Iran 1991 1995 - Sep 21 24:00 0 -
1435 Rule Iran 1996 only - Mar 20 24:00 1:00 -
1436 Rule Iran 1996 only - Sep 20 24:00 0 -
1437 Rule Iran 1997 1999 - Mar 21 24:00 1:00 -
1438 Rule Iran 1997 1999 - Sep 21 24:00 0 -
1439 Rule Iran 2000 only - Mar 20 24:00 1:00 -
1440 Rule Iran 2000 only - Sep 20 24:00 0 -
1441 Rule Iran 2001 2003 - Mar 21 24:00 1:00 -
1442 Rule Iran 2001 2003 - Sep 21 24:00 0 -
1443 Rule Iran 2004 only - Mar 20 24:00 1:00 -
1444 Rule Iran 2004 only - Sep 20 24:00 0 -
1445 Rule Iran 2005 only - Mar 21 24:00 1:00 -
1446 Rule Iran 2005 only - Sep 21 24:00 0 -
1447 Rule Iran 2008 only - Mar 20 24:00 1:00 -
1448 Rule Iran 2008 only - Sep 20 24:00 0 -
1449 Rule Iran 2009 2011 - Mar 21 24:00 1:00 -
1450 Rule Iran 2009 2011 - Sep 21 24:00 0 -
1451 Rule Iran 2012 only - Mar 20 24:00 1:00 -
1452 Rule Iran 2012 only - Sep 20 24:00 0 -
1453 Rule Iran 2013 2015 - Mar 21 24:00 1:00 -
1454 Rule Iran 2013 2015 - Sep 21 24:00 0 -
1455 Rule Iran 2016 only - Mar 20 24:00 1:00 -
1456 Rule Iran 2016 only - Sep 20 24:00 0 -
1457 Rule Iran 2017 2019 - Mar 21 24:00 1:00 -
1458 Rule Iran 2017 2019 - Sep 21 24:00 0 -
1459 Rule Iran 2020 only - Mar 20 24:00 1:00 -
1460 Rule Iran 2020 only - Sep 20 24:00 0 -
1461 Rule Iran 2021 2023 - Mar 21 24:00 1:00 -
1462 Rule Iran 2021 2023 - Sep 21 24:00 0 -
1463 Rule Iran 2024 only - Mar 20 24:00 1:00 -
1464 Rule Iran 2024 only - Sep 20 24:00 0 -
1465 Rule Iran 2025 2027 - Mar 21 24:00 1:00 -
1466 Rule Iran 2025 2027 - Sep 21 24:00 0 -
1467 Rule Iran 2028 2029 - Mar 20 24:00 1:00 -
1468 Rule Iran 2028 2029 - Sep 20 24:00 0 -
1469 Rule Iran 2030 2031 - Mar 21 24:00 1:00 -
1470 Rule Iran 2030 2031 - Sep 21 24:00 0 -
1471 Rule Iran 2032 2033 - Mar 20 24:00 1:00 -
1472 Rule Iran 2032 2033 - Sep 20 24:00 0 -
1473 Rule Iran 2034 2035 - Mar 21 24:00 1:00 -
1474 Rule Iran 2034 2035 - Sep 21 24:00 0 -
1475 Rule Iran 2036 2037 - Mar 20 24:00 1:00 -
1476 Rule Iran 2036 2037 - Sep 20 24:00 0 -
1477 Rule Iran 2038 2039 - Mar 21 24:00 1:00 -
1478 Rule Iran 2038 2039 - Sep 21 24:00 0 -
1479 Rule Iran 2040 2041 - Mar 20 24:00 1:00 -
1480 Rule Iran 2040 2041 - Sep 20 24:00 0 -
1481 Rule Iran 2042 2043 - Mar 21 24:00 1:00 -
1482 Rule Iran 2042 2043 - Sep 21 24:00 0 -
1483 Rule Iran 2044 2045 - Mar 20 24:00 1:00 -
1484 Rule Iran 2044 2045 - Sep 20 24:00 0 -
1485 Rule Iran 2046 2047 - Mar 21 24:00 1:00 -
1486 Rule Iran 2046 2047 - Sep 21 24:00 0 -
1487 Rule Iran 2048 2049 - Mar 20 24:00 1:00 -
1488 Rule Iran 2048 2049 - Sep 20 24:00 0 -
1489 Rule Iran 2050 2051 - Mar 21 24:00 1:00 -
1490 Rule Iran 2050 2051 - Sep 21 24:00 0 -
1491 Rule Iran 2052 2053 - Mar 20 24:00 1:00 -
1492 Rule Iran 2052 2053 - Sep 20 24:00 0 -
1493 Rule Iran 2054 2055 - Mar 21 24:00 1:00 -
1494 Rule Iran 2054 2055 - Sep 21 24:00 0 -
1495 Rule Iran 2056 2057 - Mar 20 24:00 1:00 -
1496 Rule Iran 2056 2057 - Sep 20 24:00 0 -
1497 Rule Iran 2058 2059 - Mar 21 24:00 1:00 -
1498 Rule Iran 2058 2059 - Sep 21 24:00 0 -
1499 Rule Iran 2060 2062 - Mar 20 24:00 1:00 -
1500 Rule Iran 2060 2062 - Sep 20 24:00 0 -
1501 Rule Iran 2063 only - Mar 21 24:00 1:00 -
1502 Rule Iran 2063 only - Sep 21 24:00 0 -
1503 Rule Iran 2064 2066 - Mar 20 24:00 1:00 -
1504 Rule Iran 2064 2066 - Sep 20 24:00 0 -
1505 Rule Iran 2067 only - Mar 21 24:00 1:00 -
1506 Rule Iran 2067 only - Sep 21 24:00 0 -
1507 Rule Iran 2068 2070 - Mar 20 24:00 1:00 -
1508 Rule Iran 2068 2070 - Sep 20 24:00 0 -
1509 Rule Iran 2071 only - Mar 21 24:00 1:00 -
1510 Rule Iran 2071 only - Sep 21 24:00 0 -
1511 Rule Iran 2072 2074 - Mar 20 24:00 1:00 -
1512 Rule Iran 2072 2074 - Sep 20 24:00 0 -
1513 Rule Iran 2075 only - Mar 21 24:00 1:00 -
1514 Rule Iran 2075 only - Sep 21 24:00 0 -
1515 Rule Iran 2076 2078 - Mar 20 24:00 1:00 -
1516 Rule Iran 2076 2078 - Sep 20 24:00 0 -
1517 Rule Iran 2079 only - Mar 21 24:00 1:00 -
1518 Rule Iran 2079 only - Sep 21 24:00 0 -
1519 Rule Iran 2080 2082 - Mar 20 24:00 1:00 -
1520 Rule Iran 2080 2082 - Sep 20 24:00 0 -
1521 Rule Iran 2083 only - Mar 21 24:00 1:00 -
1522 Rule Iran 2083 only - Sep 21 24:00 0 -
1523 Rule Iran 2084 2086 - Mar 20 24:00 1:00 -
1524 Rule Iran 2084 2086 - Sep 20 24:00 0 -
1525 Rule Iran 2087 only - Mar 21 24:00 1:00 -
1526 Rule Iran 2087 only - Sep 21 24:00 0 -
1527 #
1528 # The following rules are approximations starting in the year 2088.
1529 # These are the best post-2088 approximations available, given the
1530 # restrictions of a single rule using ordinary Gregorian dates.
1531 # At some point this table will need to be extended, though quite
1532 # possibly Iran will change the rules first.
1533 Rule Iran 2088 max - Mar 20 24:00 1:00 -
1534 Rule Iran 2088 max - Sep 20 24:00 0 -
1535
1536 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1537 Zone Asia/Tehran 3:25:44 - LMT 1916
1538 3:25:44 - TMT 1946 # Tehran Mean Time
1539 3:30 - +0330 1977 Nov
1540 4:00 Iran +04/+05 1979
1541 3:30 Iran +0330/+0430
1542
1543
1544 # Iraq
1545 #
1546 # From Jonathan Lennox (2000-06-12):
1547 # An article in this week's Economist ("Inside the Saddam-free zone", p. 50 in
1548 # the U.S. edition) on the Iraqi Kurds contains a paragraph:
1549 # "The three northern provinces ... switched their clocks this spring and
1550 # are an hour ahead of Baghdad."
1551 #
1552 # But Rives McDow (2000-06-18) quotes a contact in Iraqi-Kurdistan as follows:
1553 # In the past, some Kurdish nationalists, as a protest to the Iraqi
1554 # Government, did not adhere to daylight saving time. They referred
1626 Rule Zion 1950 only - Apr 16 0:00 1:00 D
1627 Rule Zion 1950 only - Sep 15 3:00 0 S
1628 Rule Zion 1951 only - Apr 1 0:00 1:00 D
1629 Rule Zion 1951 only - Nov 11 3:00 0 S
1630 Rule Zion 1952 only - Apr 20 2:00 1:00 D
1631 Rule Zion 1952 only - Oct 19 3:00 0 S
1632 Rule Zion 1953 only - Apr 12 2:00 1:00 D
1633 Rule Zion 1953 only - Sep 13 3:00 0 S
1634 Rule Zion 1954 only - Jun 13 0:00 1:00 D
1635 Rule Zion 1954 only - Sep 12 0:00 0 S
1636 Rule Zion 1955 only - Jun 11 2:00 1:00 D
1637 Rule Zion 1955 only - Sep 11 0:00 0 S
1638 Rule Zion 1956 only - Jun 3 0:00 1:00 D
1639 Rule Zion 1956 only - Sep 30 3:00 0 S
1640 Rule Zion 1957 only - Apr 29 2:00 1:00 D
1641 Rule Zion 1957 only - Sep 22 0:00 0 S
1642 Rule Zion 1974 only - Jul 7 0:00 1:00 D
1643 Rule Zion 1974 only - Oct 13 0:00 0 S
1644 Rule Zion 1975 only - Apr 20 0:00 1:00 D
1645 Rule Zion 1975 only - Aug 31 0:00 0 S
1646
1647 # From Alois Treindl (2019-03-06):
1648 # http://www.moin.gov.il/Documents/שעון קיץ/clock-50-years-7-2014.pdf
1649 # From Isaac Starkman (2019-03-06):
1650 # Summer time was in that period in 1980 and 1984, see
1651 # https://www.ynet.co.il/articles/0,7340,L-3951073,00.html
1652 # You can of course read it in translation.
1653 # I checked the local newspapers for that years.
1654 # It started on midnight and end at 01.00 am.
1655 # From Paul Eggert (2019-03-06):
1656 # Also see this thread about the moin.gov.il URL:
1657 # https://mm.icann.org/pipermail/tz/2018-November/027194.html
1658 Rule Zion 1980 only - Aug 2 0:00 1:00 D
1659 Rule Zion 1980 only - Sep 13 1:00 0 S
1660 Rule Zion 1984 only - May 5 0:00 1:00 D
1661 Rule Zion 1984 only - Aug 25 1:00 0 S
1662
1663 # From Shanks & Pottenger:
1664 Rule Zion 1985 only - Apr 14 0:00 1:00 D
1665 Rule Zion 1985 only - Sep 15 0:00 0 S
1666 Rule Zion 1986 only - May 18 0:00 1:00 D
1667 Rule Zion 1986 only - Sep 7 0:00 0 S
1668 Rule Zion 1987 only - Apr 15 0:00 1:00 D
1669 Rule Zion 1987 only - Sep 13 0:00 0 S
1670
1671 # From Avigdor Finkelstein (2014-03-05):
1672 # I check the Parliament (Knesset) records and there it's stated that the
1673 # [1988] transition should take place on Saturday night, when the Sabbath
1674 # ends and changes to Sunday.
1675 Rule Zion 1988 only - Apr 10 0:00 1:00 D
1676 Rule Zion 1988 only - Sep 4 0:00 0 S
1677
1678 # From Ephraim Silverberg
1679 # (1997-03-04, 1998-03-16, 1998-12-28, 2000-01-17, 2000-07-25, 2004-12-22,
1680 # and 2005-02-17):
1681
1682 # According to the Office of the Secretary General of the Ministry of
1683 # Interior, there is NO set rule for Daylight-Savings/Standard time changes.
1902 # time" was abolished in the ordinance No. 529 (1937). In the ordinance No.
1903 # 167, there is no mention regarding for what place western standard time is
1904 # standard....
1905 #
1906 # I wrote "ordinance" above, but I don't know how to translate.
1907 # In Japanese it's "chokurei", which means ordinance from emperor.
1908
1909 # From Yu-Cheng Chuang (2013-07-12):
1910 # ...the Meiji Emperor announced Ordinance No. 167 of Meiji Year 28 "The clause
1911 # about standard time" ... The adoption began from Jan 1, 1896.
1912 # https://ja.wikisource.org/wiki/標準時ニ關スル件_(公布時)
1913 #
1914 # ...the Showa Emperor announced Ordinance No. 529 of Showa Year 12 ... which
1915 # means the whole Japan territory, including later occupations, adopt Japan
1916 # Central Time (UT+9). The adoption began on Oct 1, 1937.
1917 # https://ja.wikisource.org/wiki/明治二十八年勅令第百六十七號標準時ニ關スル件中改正ノ件
1918
1919 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1920 Zone Asia/Tokyo 9:18:59 - LMT 1887 Dec 31 15:00u
1921 9:00 Japan J%sT
1922 # Since 1938, all Japanese possessions have been like Asia/Tokyo,
1923 # except that Truk (Chuuk), Ponape (Pohnpei), and Jaluit (Kosrae) did not
1924 # switch from +10 to +09 until 1941-04-01; see the 'australasia' file.
1925
1926 # Jordan
1927 #
1928 # From <http://star.arabia.com/990701/JO9.html>
1929 # Jordan Week (1999-07-01) via Steffen Thorsen (1999-09-09):
1930 # Clocks in Jordan were forwarded one hour on Wednesday at midnight,
1931 # in accordance with the government's decision to implement summer time
1932 # all year round.
1933 #
1934 # From <http://star.arabia.com/990930/JO9.html>
1935 # Jordan Week (1999-09-30) via Steffen Thorsen (1999-11-09):
1936 # Winter time starts today Thursday, 30 September. Clocks will be turned back
1937 # by one hour. This is the latest government decision and it's final!
1938 # The decision was taken because of the increase in working hours in
1939 # government's departments from six to seven hours.
1940 #
1941 # From Paul Eggert (2005-11-22):
1942 # Starting 2003 transitions are from Steffen Thorsen's web site timeanddate.com.
1943 #
1944 # From Steffen Thorsen (2005-11-23):
2194 # No. 23 from 1992-01-08 [See 'europe' file for details].
2195 # Kazakh 1992-01-13 act appears to provide the same rules and 1992-03-27
2196 # act was to be enacted on the last Sunday of March 1992.
2197
2198 # From Stepan Golosunov (2016-11-08):
2199 # Turgai reorganization should affect only southern part of Qostanay
2200 # oblast. Which should probably be separated into Asia/Arkalyk zone.
2201 # (There were also 1970, 1988 and 1990 Turgai oblast reorganizations
2202 # according to wikipedia.)
2203 #
2204 # [For Qostanay] http://www.ng.kz/gazeta/195/hranit/
2205 # suggests that clocks were to be moved 40 minutes backwards on
2206 # 1920-01-01 to the fourth time belt. But I do not understand
2207 # how that could happen....
2208 #
2209 # [For Atyrau and Oral] 1919 decree
2210 # (http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_russia-1919-02-08.html
2211 # and in Byalokoz) lists Ural river (plus 10 versts on its left bank) in
2212 # the third time belt (before 1930 this means +03).
2213
2214 # From Alexander Konzurovski (2018-12-20):
2215 # Qyzyolrda Region (Asia/Qyzylorda) is changing its time zone from
2216 # UTC+6 to UTC+5 effective December 21st, 2018. The legal document is
2217 # located here: http://adilet.zan.kz/rus/docs/P1800000817 (russian language).
2218
2219 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
2220 #
2221 # Almaty (formerly Alma-Ata), representing most locations in Kazakhstan
2222 # This includes KZ-AKM, KZ-ALA, KZ-ALM, KZ-AST, KZ-BAY, KZ-VOS, KZ-ZHA,
2223 # KZ-KAR, KZ-SEV, KZ-PAV, and KZ-YUZ.
2224 Zone Asia/Almaty 5:07:48 - LMT 1924 May 2 # or Alma-Ata
2225 5:00 - +05 1930 Jun 21
2226 6:00 RussiaAsia +06/+07 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2227 5:00 RussiaAsia +05/+06 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
2228 6:00 RussiaAsia +06/+07 2004 Oct 31 2:00s
2229 6:00 - +06
2230 # Qyzylorda (aka Kyzylorda, Kizilorda, Kzyl-Orda, etc.) (KZ-KZY)
2231 Zone Asia/Qyzylorda 4:21:52 - LMT 1924 May 2
2232 4:00 - +04 1930 Jun 21
2233 5:00 - +05 1981 Apr 1
2234 5:00 1:00 +06 1981 Oct 1
2235 6:00 - +06 1982 Apr 1
2236 5:00 RussiaAsia +05/+06 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2237 4:00 RussiaAsia +04/+05 1991 Sep 29 2:00s
2238 5:00 RussiaAsia +05/+06 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
2239 6:00 RussiaAsia +06/+07 1992 Mar 29 2:00s
2240 5:00 RussiaAsia +05/+06 2004 Oct 31 2:00s
2241 6:00 - +06 2018 Dec 21 0:00
2242 5:00 - +05
2243 #
2244 # Qostanay (aka Kostanay, Kustanay) (KZ-KUS)
2245 # The 1991/2 rules are unclear partly because of the 1997 Turgai
2246 # reorganization.
2247 Zone Asia/Qostanay 4:14:28 - LMT 1924 May 2
2248 4:00 - +04 1930 Jun 21
2249 5:00 - +05 1981 Apr 1
2250 5:00 1:00 +06 1981 Oct 1
2251 6:00 - +06 1982 Apr 1
2252 5:00 RussiaAsia +05/+06 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2253 4:00 RussiaAsia +04/+05 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
2254 5:00 RussiaAsia +05/+06 2004 Oct 31 2:00s
2255 6:00 - +06
2256
2257 # Aqtöbe (aka Aktobe, formerly Aktyubinsk) (KZ-AKT)
2258 Zone Asia/Aqtobe 3:48:40 - LMT 1924 May 2
2259 4:00 - +04 1930 Jun 21
2260 5:00 - +05 1981 Apr 1
2261 5:00 1:00 +06 1981 Oct 1
2262 6:00 - +06 1982 Apr 1
2263 5:00 RussiaAsia +05/+06 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2264 4:00 RussiaAsia +04/+05 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
2265 5:00 RussiaAsia +05/+06 2004 Oct 31 2:00s
2266 5:00 - +05
2267 # Mangghystaū (KZ-MAN)
2268 # Aqtau was not founded until 1963, but it represents an inhabited region,
2269 # so include timestamps before 1963.
2270 Zone Asia/Aqtau 3:21:04 - LMT 1924 May 2
2271 4:00 - +04 1930 Jun 21
2272 5:00 - +05 1981 Oct 1
2273 6:00 - +06 1982 Apr 1
2274 5:00 RussiaAsia +05/+06 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2275 4:00 RussiaAsia +04/+05 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
2276 5:00 RussiaAsia +05/+06 1994 Sep 25 2:00s
2330
2331 # Korea (North and South)
2332
2333 # From Annie I. Bang (2006-07-10):
2334 # http://www.koreaherald.com/view.php?ud=200607100012
2335 # Korea ran a daylight saving program from 1949-61 but stopped it
2336 # during the 1950-53 Korean War. The system was temporarily enforced
2337 # between 1987 and 1988 ...
2338
2339 # From Sanghyuk Jung (2014-10-29):
2340 # https://mm.icann.org/pipermail/tz/2014-October/021830.html
2341 # According to the Korean Wikipedia
2342 # https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/한국_표준시
2343 # [oldid=12896437 2014-09-04 08:03 UTC]
2344 # DST in Republic of Korea was as follows.... And I checked old
2345 # newspapers in Korean, all articles correspond with data in Wikipedia.
2346 # For example, the article in 1948 (Korean Language) proved that DST
2347 # started at June 1 in that year. For another example, the article in
2348 # 1988 said that DST started at 2:00 AM in that year.
2349
2350 # From Phake Nick (2018-10-27):
2351 # 1. According to official announcement from Korean government, the DST end
2352 # date in South Korea should be
2353 # 1955-09-08 without specifying time
2354 # http://theme.archives.go.kr/next/common/viewEbook.do?singleData=N&archiveEventId=0027977557
2355 # 1956-09-29 without specifying time
2356 # http://theme.archives.go.kr/next/common/viewEbook.do?singleData=N&archiveEventId=0027978341
2357 # 1957-09-21 24 o'clock
2358 # http://theme.archives.go.kr/next/common/viewEbook.do?singleData=N&archiveEventId=0027979690#3
2359 # 1958-09-20 24 o'clock
2360 # http://theme.archives.go.kr/next/common/viewEbook.do?singleData=N&archiveEventId=0027981189
2361 # 1959-09-19 24 o'clock
2362 # http://theme.archives.go.kr/next/common/viewEbook.do?singleData=N&archiveEventId=0027982974#2
2363 # 1960-09-17 24 o'clock
2364 # http://theme.archives.go.kr/next/common/viewEbook.do?singleData=N&archiveEventId=0028044104
2365 # ...
2366 # 2.... https://namu.wiki/w/대한민국%20표준시 ... [says]
2367 # when Korea was using GMT+8:30 as standard time, the international
2368 # aviation/marine/meteorological industry in the country refused to
2369 # follow and continued to use GMT+9:00 for interoperability.
2370
2371
2372 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
2373 Rule ROK 1948 only - Jun 1 0:00 1:00 D
2374 Rule ROK 1948 only - Sep 12 24:00 0 S
2375 Rule ROK 1949 only - Apr 3 0:00 1:00 D
2376 Rule ROK 1949 1951 - Sep Sat>=7 24:00 0 S
2377 Rule ROK 1950 only - Apr 1 0:00 1:00 D
2378 Rule ROK 1951 only - May 6 0:00 1:00 D
2379 Rule ROK 1955 only - May 5 0:00 1:00 D
2380 Rule ROK 1955 only - Sep 8 24:00 0 S
2381 Rule ROK 1956 only - May 20 0:00 1:00 D
2382 Rule ROK 1956 only - Sep 29 24:00 0 S
2383 Rule ROK 1957 1960 - May Sun>=1 0:00 1:00 D
2384 Rule ROK 1957 1960 - Sep Sat>=17 24:00 0 S
2385 Rule ROK 1987 1988 - May Sun>=8 2:00 1:00 D
2386 Rule ROK 1987 1988 - Oct Sun>=8 3:00 0 S
2387
2388 # From Paul Eggert (2016-08-23):
2389 # The Korean Wikipedia entry gives the following sources for UT offsets:
2390 #
2391 # 1908: Official Journal Article No. 3994 (decree No. 5)
2392 # 1912: Governor-General of Korea Official Gazette Issue No. 367
2393 # (Announcement No. 338)
2394 # 1954: Presidential Decree No. 876 (1954-03-17)
2395 # 1961: Law No. 676 (1961-08-07)
2396 #
2397 # (Another source "1987: Law No. 3919 (1986-12-31)" was in the 2014-10-30
2398 # edition of the Korean Wikipedia entry.)
2399 #
2400 # I guessed that time zone abbreviations through 1945 followed the same
2401 # rules as discussed under Taiwan, with nominal switches from JST to KST
2402 # when the respective cities were taken over by the Allies after WWII.
2403 #
2404 # For Pyongyang, guess no changes from World War II until 2015, as we
3095 # [T]he Palestinian cabinet decision (Mar 8th 2016) published on
3096 # http://www.palestinecabinet.gov.ps/WebSite/Upload/Decree/GOV_17/16032016134830.pdf
3097 # states that summer time will end on Oct 29th at 01:00.
3098 #
3099 # From Tim Parenti (2016-10-19):
3100 # Predict fall transitions on October's last Saturday at 01:00 from now on.
3101 # This is consistent with the 2016 transition as well as our spring
3102 # predictions.
3103 #
3104 # From Paul Eggert (2016-10-19):
3105 # It's also consistent with predictions in the following URLs today:
3106 # https://www.timeanddate.com/time/change/gaza-strip/gaza
3107 # https://www.timeanddate.com/time/change/west-bank/hebron
3108
3109 # From Sharef Mustafa (2018-03-16):
3110 # Palestine summer time will start on Mar 24th 2018 by advancing the
3111 # clock by 60 minutes as per Palestinian cabinet decision published on
3112 # the official website, though the decree did not specify the exact
3113 # time of the time shift.
3114 # http://www.palestinecabinet.gov.ps/Website/AR/NDecrees/ViewFile.ashx?ID=e7a42ab7-ee23-435a-b9c8-a4f7e81f3817
3115
3116 # From Even Scharning (2019-03-23):
3117 # DST in Palestine will start on 30 March this year, not 23 March as the time
3118 # zone database predicted.
3119 # https://ramallah.news/post/123610
3120 #
3121 # From Tim Parenti (2019-03-23):
3122 # Combining this with the rules observed since 2016, adjust our spring
3123 # transition guess to Mar Sat>=24.
3124
3125 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
3126 Rule EgyptAsia 1957 only - May 10 0:00 1:00 S
3127 Rule EgyptAsia 1957 1958 - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
3128 Rule EgyptAsia 1958 only - May 1 0:00 1:00 S
3129 Rule EgyptAsia 1959 1967 - May 1 1:00 1:00 S
3130 Rule EgyptAsia 1959 1965 - Sep 30 3:00 0 -
3131 Rule EgyptAsia 1966 only - Oct 1 3:00 0 -
3132
3133 Rule Palestine 1999 2005 - Apr Fri>=15 0:00 1:00 S
3134 Rule Palestine 1999 2003 - Oct Fri>=15 0:00 0 -
3135 Rule Palestine 2004 only - Oct 1 1:00 0 -
3136 Rule Palestine 2005 only - Oct 4 2:00 0 -
3137 Rule Palestine 2006 2007 - Apr 1 0:00 1:00 S
3138 Rule Palestine 2006 only - Sep 22 0:00 0 -
3139 Rule Palestine 2007 only - Sep Thu>=8 2:00 0 -
3140 Rule Palestine 2008 2009 - Mar lastFri 0:00 1:00 S
3141 Rule Palestine 2008 only - Sep 1 0:00 0 -
3142 Rule Palestine 2009 only - Sep Fri>=1 1:00 0 -
3143 Rule Palestine 2010 only - Mar 26 0:00 1:00 S
3144 Rule Palestine 2010 only - Aug 11 0:00 0 -
3145 Rule Palestine 2011 only - Apr 1 0:01 1:00 S
3146 Rule Palestine 2011 only - Aug 1 0:00 0 -
3147 Rule Palestine 2011 only - Aug 30 0:00 1:00 S
3148 Rule Palestine 2011 only - Sep 30 0:00 0 -
3149 Rule Palestine 2012 2014 - Mar lastThu 24:00 1:00 S
3150 Rule Palestine 2012 only - Sep 21 1:00 0 -
3151 Rule Palestine 2013 only - Sep Fri>=21 0:00 0 -
3152 Rule Palestine 2014 2015 - Oct Fri>=21 0:00 0 -
3153 Rule Palestine 2015 only - Mar lastFri 24:00 1:00 S
3154 Rule Palestine 2016 max - Mar Sat>=24 1:00 1:00 S
3155 Rule Palestine 2016 max - Oct lastSat 1:00 0 -
3156
3157 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
3158 Zone Asia/Gaza 2:17:52 - LMT 1900 Oct
3159 2:00 Zion EET/EEST 1948 May 15
3160 2:00 EgyptAsia EE%sT 1967 Jun 5
3161 2:00 Zion I%sT 1996
3162 2:00 Jordan EE%sT 1999
3163 2:00 Palestine EE%sT 2008 Aug 29 0:00
3164 2:00 - EET 2008 Sep
3165 2:00 Palestine EE%sT 2010
3166 2:00 - EET 2010 Mar 27 0:01
3167 2:00 Palestine EE%sT 2011 Aug 1
3168 2:00 - EET 2012
3169 2:00 Palestine EE%sT
3170
3171 Zone Asia/Hebron 2:20:23 - LMT 1900 Oct
3172 2:00 Zion EET/EEST 1948 May 15
3173 2:00 EgyptAsia EE%sT 1967 Jun 5
3174 2:00 Zion I%sT 1996
3175 2:00 Jordan EE%sT 1999
3176 2:00 Palestine EE%sT
3177
3178 # Paracel Is
3179 # no information
3180
3181 # Philippines
3182
3183 # From Paul Eggert (2018-11-18):
3184 # The Spanish initially used American (west-of-Greenwich) time.
3185 # It is unknown what time Manila kept when the British occupied it from
3186 # 1762-10-06 through 1764-04; for now assume it kept American time.
3187 # On 1844-08-16, Narciso Clavería, governor-general of the
3188 # Philippines, issued a proclamation announcing that 1844-12-30 was to
3189 # be immediately followed by 1845-01-01; see R.H. van Gent's
3190 # History of the International Date Line
3191 # https://www.staff.science.uu.nl/~gent0113/idl/idl_philippines.htm
3192 # The rest of the data entries are from Shanks & Pottenger.
3193
3194 # From Jesper Nørgaard Welen (2006-04-26):
3195 # ... claims that Philippines had DST last time in 1990:
3196 # http://story.philippinetimes.com/p.x/ct/9/id/145be20cc6b121c0/cid/3e5bbccc730d258c/
3197 # [a story dated 2006-04-25 by Cris Larano of Dow Jones Newswires,
3198 # but no details]
3199
3200 # From Paul Eggert (2014-08-14):
3201 # The following source says DST may be instituted November-January and again
3202 # March-June, but this is not definite. It also says DST was last proclaimed
3203 # during the Ramos administration (1992-1998); but again, no details.
3204 # Carcamo D. PNoy urged to declare use of daylight saving time.
3205 # Philippine Star 2014-08-05
3206 # http://www.philstar.com/headlines/2014/08/05/1354152/pnoy-urged-declare-use-daylight-saving-time
3252 # observed standard time, and that people in Jeddah mostly observed quasi-solar
3253 # time, doing so by setting their watches at sunrise to 6 o'clock (or to 12
3254 # o'clock for "Arab" time).
3255 #
3256 # Timekeeping differed depending on who you were and which part of Saudi
3257 # Arabia you were in. In 1969, Elias Antar wrote that although a common
3258 # practice had been to set one's watch to 12:00 (i.e., midnight) at sunset -
3259 # which meant that the time on one side of a mountain could differ greatly from
3260 # the time on the other side - many foreigners set their watches to 6pm
3261 # instead, while airlines instead used UTC +03 (except in Dhahran, where they
3262 # used UTC +04), Aramco used UTC +03 with DST, and the Trans-Arabian Pipe Line
3263 # Company used Aramco time in eastern Saudi Arabia and airline time in western.
3264 # (The American Military Aid Advisory Group used plain UTC.) Antar writes,
3265 # "A man named Higgins, so the story goes, used to run a local power
3266 # station. One day, the whole thing became too much for Higgins and he
3267 # assembled his staff and laid down the law. 'I've had enough of this,' he
3268 # shrieked. 'It is now 12 o'clock Higgins Time, and from now on this station is
3269 # going to run on Higgins Time.' And so, until last year, it did." See:
3270 # Antar E. Dinner at When? Saudi Aramco World, 1969 March/April. 2-3.
3271 # http://archive.aramcoworld.com/issue/196902/dinner.at.when.htm
3272 # Also see: Antar EN. Arabian flying is confusing.
3273 # Port Angeles (WA) Evening News. 1965-03-10. page 3.
3274 #
3275 # The TZ database cannot represent quasi-solar time; airline time is the best
3276 # we can do. The 1946 foreign air news digest of the U.S. Civil Aeronautics
3277 # Board (OCLC 42299995) reported that the "... Arabian Government, inaugurated
3278 # a weekly Dhahran-Cairo service, via the Saudi Arabian cities of Riyadh and
3279 # Jidda, on March 14, 1947". Shanks & Pottenger guessed 1950; go with the
3280 # earlier date.
3281 #
3282 # Shanks & Pottenger also state that until 1968-05-01 Saudi Arabia had two
3283 # time zones; the other zone, at UT +04, was in the far eastern part of
3284 # the country. Presumably this is documenting airline time. Ignore this,
3285 # as it's before our 1970 cutoff.
3286 #
3287 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
3288 Zone Asia/Riyadh 3:06:52 - LMT 1947 Mar 14
3289 3:00 - +03
3290 Link Asia/Riyadh Asia/Aden # Yemen
3291 Link Asia/Riyadh Asia/Kuwait
3292
3293 # Singapore
3625 # Hoàng Xuân Hãn: "Lịch và lịch Việt Nam". Tập san Khoa học Xã hội,
3626 # No. 9, Paris, February 1982.
3627 #
3628 # Lê Thành Lân: "Lịch và niên biểu lịch sử hai mươi thế kỷ (0001-2010)",
3629 # NXB Thống kê, Hanoi, 2000.
3630 #
3631 # Lê Thành Lân: "Lịch hai thế kỷ (1802-2010) và các lịch vĩnh cửu",
3632 # NXB Thuận Hoá, Huế, 1995.
3633
3634 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
3635 Zone Asia/Ho_Chi_Minh 7:06:40 - LMT 1906 Jul 1
3636 7:06:30 - PLMT 1911 May 1 # Phù Liễn MT
3637 7:00 - +07 1942 Dec 31 23:00
3638 8:00 - +08 1945 Mar 14 23:00
3639 9:00 - +09 1945 Sep 2
3640 7:00 - +07 1947 Apr 1
3641 8:00 - +08 1955 Jul 1
3642 7:00 - +07 1959 Dec 31 23:00
3643 8:00 - +08 1975 Jun 13
3644 7:00 - +07
3645
3646 # From Paul Eggert (2019-02-19):
3647 #
3648 # The Ho Chi Minh entry suffices for most purposes as it agrees with all of
3649 # Vietnam since 1975-06-13. Presumably clocks often changed in south Vietnam
3650 # in the early 1970s as locations changed hands during the war; however the
3651 # details are unknown and would likely be too voluminous for this database.
3652 #
3653 # For timestamps in north Vietnam back to 1970 (the tzdb cutoff),
3654 # use Asia/Bangkok; see the VN entries in the file zone1970.tab.
3655 # For timestamps before 1970, see Asia/Hanoi in the file 'backzone'.
3656
3657
3658 # Yemen
3659 # See Asia/Riyadh.
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