590 # Xinjiang time, used by many in western China; represented by Ürümqi / Ürümchi
591 # / Wulumuqi. (Please use Asia/Shanghai if you prefer Beijing time.)
592 Zone Asia/Urumqi 5:50:20 - LMT 1928
593 6:00 - +06
594
595
596 # Hong Kong (Xianggang)
597
598 # Milne gives 7:36:41.7; round this.
599
600 # From Lee Yiu Chung (2009-10-24):
601 # I found there are some mistakes for the...DST rule for Hong
602 # Kong. [According] to the DST record from Hong Kong Observatory (actually,
603 # it is not [an] observatory, but the official meteorological agency of HK,
604 # and also serves as the official timing agency), there are some missing
605 # and incorrect rules. Although the exact switch over time is missing, I
606 # think 3:30 is correct. The official DST record for Hong Kong can be
607 # obtained from
608 # http://www.hko.gov.hk/gts/time/Summertime.htm
609
610 # From Arthur David Olson (2009-10-28):
611 # Here are the dates given at
612 # http://www.hko.gov.hk/gts/time/Summertime.htm
613 # as of 2009-10-28:
614 # Year Period
615 # 1941 1 Apr to 30 Sep
616 # 1942 Whole year
617 # 1943 Whole year
618 # 1944 Whole year
619 # 1945 Whole year
620 # 1946 20 Apr to 1 Dec
621 # 1947 13 Apr to 30 Dec
622 # 1948 2 May to 31 Oct
623 # 1949 3 Apr to 30 Oct
624 # 1950 2 Apr to 29 Oct
625 # 1951 1 Apr to 28 Oct
626 # 1952 6 Apr to 25 Oct
627 # 1953 5 Apr to 1 Nov
628 # 1954 21 Mar to 31 Oct
629 # 1955 20 Mar to 6 Nov
630 # 1956 18 Mar to 4 Nov
631 # 1957 24 Mar to 3 Nov
632 # 1958 23 Mar to 2 Nov
633 # 1959 22 Mar to 1 Nov
634 # 1960 20 Mar to 6 Nov
635 # 1961 19 Mar to 5 Nov
636 # 1962 18 Mar to 4 Nov
637 # 1963 24 Mar to 3 Nov
638 # 1964 22 Mar to 1 Nov
639 # 1965 18 Apr to 17 Oct
640 # 1966 17 Apr to 16 Oct
641 # 1967 16 Apr to 22 Oct
642 # 1968 21 Apr to 20 Oct
643 # 1969 20 Apr to 19 Oct
644 # 1970 19 Apr to 18 Oct
645 # 1971 18 Apr to 17 Oct
646 # 1972 16 Apr to 22 Oct
647 # 1973 22 Apr to 21 Oct
648 # 1973/74 30 Dec 73 to 20 Oct 74
649 # 1975 20 Apr to 19 Oct
650 # 1976 18 Apr to 17 Oct
651 # 1977 Nil
652 # 1978 Nil
653 # 1979 13 May to 21 Oct
654 # 1980 to Now Nil
655 # The page does not give start or end times of day.
656 # The page does not give a start date for 1942.
657 # The page does not givw an end date for 1945.
658 # The Japanese occupation of Hong Kong began on 1941-12-25.
659 # The Japanese surrender of Hong Kong was signed 1945-09-15.
660 # For lack of anything better, use start of those days as the transition times.
661
662 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
663 Rule HK 1941 only - Apr 1 3:30 1:00 S
664 Rule HK 1941 only - Sep 30 3:30 0 -
665 Rule HK 1946 only - Apr 20 3:30 1:00 S
666 Rule HK 1946 only - Dec 1 3:30 0 -
667 Rule HK 1947 only - Apr 13 3:30 1:00 S
668 Rule HK 1947 only - Dec 30 3:30 0 -
669 Rule HK 1948 only - May 2 3:30 1:00 S
670 Rule HK 1948 1951 - Oct lastSun 3:30 0 -
671 Rule HK 1952 only - Oct 25 3:30 0 -
672 Rule HK 1949 1953 - Apr Sun>=1 3:30 1:00 S
673 Rule HK 1953 only - Nov 1 3:30 0 -
674 Rule HK 1954 1964 - Mar Sun>=18 3:30 1:00 S
675 Rule HK 1954 only - Oct 31 3:30 0 -
676 Rule HK 1955 1964 - Nov Sun>=1 3:30 0 -
677 Rule HK 1965 1976 - Apr Sun>=16 3:30 1:00 S
678 Rule HK 1965 1976 - Oct Sun>=16 3:30 0 -
679 Rule HK 1973 only - Dec 30 3:30 1:00 S
680 Rule HK 1979 only - May Sun>=8 3:30 1:00 S
681 Rule HK 1979 only - Oct Sun>=16 3:30 0 -
682 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
683 Zone Asia/Hong_Kong 7:36:42 - LMT 1904 Oct 30
684 8:00 HK HK%sT 1941 Dec 25
685 9:00 - JST 1945 Sep 15
686 8:00 HK HK%sT
687
688 ###############################################################################
689
690 # Taiwan
691
692 # From smallufo (2010-04-03):
693 # According to Taiwan's CWB [Central Weather Bureau],
694 # http://www.cwb.gov.tw/V6/astronomy/cdata/summert.htm
695 # Taipei has DST in 1979 between July 1st and Sep 30.
696
697 # From Yu-Cheng Chuang (2013-07-12):
698 # On Dec 28, 1895, the Meiji Emperor announced Ordinance No. 167 of
699 # Meiji Year 28 "The clause about standard time", mentioned that
700 # Taiwan and Penghu Islands, as well as Yaeyama and Miyako Islands
701 # (both in Okinawa) adopt the Western Standard Time which is based on
702 # 120E. The adoption began from Jan 1, 1896. The original text can be
703 # found on Wikisource:
704 # https://ja.wikisource.org/wiki/標準時ニ關スル件_(公布時)
705 # ... This could be the first adoption of time zone in Taiwan, because
1061 # We don't have any record of the above attempt.
1062 # Most likely our records are incomplete, but we have no better data.
1063
1064 # From Manoel de Almeida e Silva, Deputy Spokesman for the UN Secretary-General
1065 # http://www.hri.org/news/world/undh/2000/00-08-16.undh.html
1066 # (2000-08-16):
1067 # The Cabinet of the East Timor Transition Administration decided
1068 # today to advance East Timor's time by one hour. The time change,
1069 # which will be permanent, with no seasonal adjustment, will happen at
1070 # midnight on Saturday, September 16.
1071
1072 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1073 Zone Asia/Dili 8:22:20 - LMT 1912 Jan 1
1074 8:00 - +08 1942 Feb 21 23:00
1075 9:00 - +09 1976 May 3
1076 8:00 - +08 2000 Sep 17 0:00
1077 9:00 - +09
1078
1079 # India
1080
1081 # From Ian P. Beacock, in "A brief history of (modern) time", The Atlantic
1082 # https://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2015/12/the-creation-of-modern-time/421419/
1083 # (2015-12-22):
1084 # In January 1906, several thousand cotton-mill workers rioted on the
1085 # outskirts of Bombay.... They were protesting the proposed abolition of
1086 # local time in favor of Indian Standard Time.... Journalists called this
1087 # dispute the "Battle of the Clocks." It lasted nearly half a century.
1088
1089 # From Paul Eggert (2017-04-20):
1090 # Good luck trying to nail down old timekeeping records in India.
1091 # "... in the nineteenth century ... Madras Observatory took its magnetic
1092 # measurements on Göttingen time, its meteorological measurements on Madras
1093 # (local) time, dropped its time ball on Greenwich (ocean navigator's) time,
1094 # and distributed civil (local time)." -- Bartky IR. Selling the true time:
1095 # 19th-century timekeeping in america. Stanford U Press (2000), 247 note 19.
1096 # "A more potent cause of resistance to the general adoption of the present
1097 # standard time lies in the fact that it is Madras time. The citizen of
1098 # Bombay, proud of being 'primus in Indis' and of Calcutta, equally proud of
1099 # his city being the Capital of India, and - for a part of the year - the Seat
1100 # of the Supreme Government, alike look down on Madras, and refuse to change
1231 # for synchronizing the official times of the country, agreed that:
1232 #
1233 # The official time of the country will should move forward one hour
1234 # at the 24[:00] hours of the first day of Farvardin and should return
1235 # to its previous state at the 24[:00] hours of the 30th day of
1236 # Shahrivar.
1237 #
1238 # First Deputy to the President - Hassan Habibi
1239 #
1240 # From personal experience, that agrees with what has been followed
1241 # for at least the last 5 years. Before that, for a few years, the
1242 # date used was the first Thursday night of Farvardin and the last
1243 # Thursday night of Shahrivar, but I can't give exact dates....
1244 #
1245 # From Roozbeh Pournader (2005-04-05):
1246 # The text of the Iranian law, in effect since 1925, clearly mentions
1247 # that the true solar year is the measure, and there is no arithmetic
1248 # leap year calculation involved. There has never been any serious
1249 # plan to change that law....
1250 #
1251 # From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):
1252 # Go with Shanks & Pottenger before Sept. 1991, and with Pournader thereafter.
1253 # I used Ed Reingold's cal-persia in GNU Emacs 21.2 to check Persian dates,
1254 # stopping after 2037 when 32-bit time_t's overflow.
1255 # That cal-persia used Birashk's approximation, which disagrees with the solar
1256 # calendar predictions for the year 2025, so I corrected those dates by hand.
1257 #
1258 # From Oscar van Vlijmen (2005-03-30), writing about future
1259 # discrepancies between cal-persia and the Iranian calendar:
1260 # For 2091 solar-longitude-after yields 2091-03-20 08:40:07.7 UT for
1261 # the vernal equinox and that gets so close to 12:00 some local
1262 # Iranian time that the definition of the correct location needs to be
1263 # known exactly, amongst other factors. 2157 is even closer:
1264 # 2157-03-20 08:37:15.5 UT. But the Gregorian year 2025 should give
1265 # no interpretation problem whatsoever. By the way, another instant
1266 # in the near future where there will be a discrepancy between
1267 # arithmetical and astronomical Iranian calendars will be in 2058:
1268 # vernal equinox on 2058-03-20 09:03:05.9 UT. The Java version of
1269 # Reingold's/Dershowitz' calculator gives correctly the Gregorian date
1270 # 2058-03-21 for 1 Farvardin 1437 (astronomical).
1271 #
1272 # From Steffen Thorsen (2006-03-22):
1273 # Several of my users have reported that Iran will not observe DST anymore:
1274 # http://www.irna.ir/en/news/view/line-17/0603193812164948.htm
1275 #
1276 # From Reuters (2007-09-16), with a heads-up from Jesper Nørgaard Welen:
1277 # ... the Guardian Council ... approved a law on Sunday to re-introduce
1278 # daylight saving time ...
1279 # https://uk.reuters.com/article/oilRpt/idUKBLA65048420070916
1280 #
1281 # From Roozbeh Pournader (2007-11-05):
1282 # This is quoted from Official Gazette of the Islamic Republic of
1283 # Iran, Volume 63, No. 18242, dated Tuesday 1386/6/24
1284 # [2007-10-16]. I am doing the best translation I can:...
1285 # The official time of the country will be moved forward for one hour
1286 # on the 24 hours of the first day of the month of Farvardin and will
1287 # be changed back to its previous state on the 24 hours of the
1288 # thirtieth day of Shahrivar.
1289 #
1290 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1291 Rule Iran 1978 1980 - Mar 21 0:00 1:00 -
1292 Rule Iran 1978 only - Oct 21 0:00 0 -
1293 Rule Iran 1979 only - Sep 19 0:00 0 -
1294 Rule Iran 1980 only - Sep 23 0:00 0 -
1295 Rule Iran 1991 only - May 3 0:00 1:00 -
1296 Rule Iran 1992 1995 - Mar 22 0:00 1:00 -
1297 Rule Iran 1991 1995 - Sep 22 0:00 0 -
1298 Rule Iran 1996 only - Mar 21 0:00 1:00 -
1299 Rule Iran 1996 only - Sep 21 0:00 0 -
1300 Rule Iran 1997 1999 - Mar 22 0:00 1:00 -
1301 Rule Iran 1997 1999 - Sep 22 0:00 0 -
1302 Rule Iran 2000 only - Mar 21 0:00 1:00 -
1303 Rule Iran 2000 only - Sep 21 0:00 0 -
1304 Rule Iran 2001 2003 - Mar 22 0:00 1:00 -
1305 Rule Iran 2001 2003 - Sep 22 0:00 0 -
1306 Rule Iran 2004 only - Mar 21 0:00 1:00 -
1307 Rule Iran 2004 only - Sep 21 0:00 0 -
1308 Rule Iran 2005 only - Mar 22 0:00 1:00 -
1309 Rule Iran 2005 only - Sep 22 0:00 0 -
1310 Rule Iran 2008 only - Mar 21 0:00 1:00 -
1311 Rule Iran 2008 only - Sep 21 0:00 0 -
1312 Rule Iran 2009 2011 - Mar 22 0:00 1:00 -
1313 Rule Iran 2009 2011 - Sep 22 0:00 0 -
1314 Rule Iran 2012 only - Mar 21 0:00 1:00 -
1315 Rule Iran 2012 only - Sep 21 0:00 0 -
1316 Rule Iran 2013 2015 - Mar 22 0:00 1:00 -
1317 Rule Iran 2013 2015 - Sep 22 0:00 0 -
1318 Rule Iran 2016 only - Mar 21 0:00 1:00 -
1319 Rule Iran 2016 only - Sep 21 0:00 0 -
1320 Rule Iran 2017 2019 - Mar 22 0:00 1:00 -
1321 Rule Iran 2017 2019 - Sep 22 0:00 0 -
1322 Rule Iran 2020 only - Mar 21 0:00 1:00 -
1323 Rule Iran 2020 only - Sep 21 0:00 0 -
1324 Rule Iran 2021 2023 - Mar 22 0:00 1:00 -
1325 Rule Iran 2021 2023 - Sep 22 0:00 0 -
1326 Rule Iran 2024 only - Mar 21 0:00 1:00 -
1327 Rule Iran 2024 only - Sep 21 0:00 0 -
1328 Rule Iran 2025 2027 - Mar 22 0:00 1:00 -
1329 Rule Iran 2025 2027 - Sep 22 0:00 0 -
1330 Rule Iran 2028 2029 - Mar 21 0:00 1:00 -
1331 Rule Iran 2028 2029 - Sep 21 0:00 0 -
1332 Rule Iran 2030 2031 - Mar 22 0:00 1:00 -
1333 Rule Iran 2030 2031 - Sep 22 0:00 0 -
1334 Rule Iran 2032 2033 - Mar 21 0:00 1:00 -
1335 Rule Iran 2032 2033 - Sep 21 0:00 0 -
1336 Rule Iran 2034 2035 - Mar 22 0:00 1:00 -
1337 Rule Iran 2034 2035 - Sep 22 0:00 0 -
1338 #
1339 # The following rules are approximations starting in the year 2038.
1340 # These are the best post-2037 approximations available, given the
1341 # restrictions of a single rule using a Gregorian-based data format.
1342 # At some point this table will need to be extended, though quite
1343 # possibly Iran will change the rules first.
1344 Rule Iran 2036 max - Mar 21 0:00 1:00 -
1345 Rule Iran 2036 max - Sep 21 0:00 0 -
1346
1347 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1348 Zone Asia/Tehran 3:25:44 - LMT 1916
1349 3:25:44 - TMT 1946 # Tehran Mean Time
1350 3:30 - +0330 1977 Nov
1351 4:00 Iran +04/+05 1979
1352 3:30 Iran +0330/+0430
1353
1354
1355 # Iraq
1356 #
1357 # From Jonathan Lennox (2000-06-12):
1358 # An article in this week's Economist ("Inside the Saddam-free zone", p. 50 in
1359 # the U.S. edition) on the Iraqi Kurds contains a paragraph:
1360 # "The three northern provinces ... switched their clocks this spring and
1361 # are an hour ahead of Baghdad."
1362 #
1363 # But Rives McDow (2000-06-18) quotes a contact in Iraqi-Kurdistan as follows:
1364 # In the past, some Kurdish nationalists, as a protest to the Iraqi
1365 # Government, did not adhere to daylight saving time. They referred
1437 Rule Zion 1950 only - Apr 16 0:00 1:00 D
1438 Rule Zion 1950 only - Sep 15 3:00 0 S
1439 Rule Zion 1951 only - Apr 1 0:00 1:00 D
1440 Rule Zion 1951 only - Nov 11 3:00 0 S
1441 Rule Zion 1952 only - Apr 20 2:00 1:00 D
1442 Rule Zion 1952 only - Oct 19 3:00 0 S
1443 Rule Zion 1953 only - Apr 12 2:00 1:00 D
1444 Rule Zion 1953 only - Sep 13 3:00 0 S
1445 Rule Zion 1954 only - Jun 13 0:00 1:00 D
1446 Rule Zion 1954 only - Sep 12 0:00 0 S
1447 Rule Zion 1955 only - Jun 11 2:00 1:00 D
1448 Rule Zion 1955 only - Sep 11 0:00 0 S
1449 Rule Zion 1956 only - Jun 3 0:00 1:00 D
1450 Rule Zion 1956 only - Sep 30 3:00 0 S
1451 Rule Zion 1957 only - Apr 29 2:00 1:00 D
1452 Rule Zion 1957 only - Sep 22 0:00 0 S
1453 Rule Zion 1974 only - Jul 7 0:00 1:00 D
1454 Rule Zion 1974 only - Oct 13 0:00 0 S
1455 Rule Zion 1975 only - Apr 20 0:00 1:00 D
1456 Rule Zion 1975 only - Aug 31 0:00 0 S
1457 Rule Zion 1985 only - Apr 14 0:00 1:00 D
1458 Rule Zion 1985 only - Sep 15 0:00 0 S
1459 Rule Zion 1986 only - May 18 0:00 1:00 D
1460 Rule Zion 1986 only - Sep 7 0:00 0 S
1461 Rule Zion 1987 only - Apr 15 0:00 1:00 D
1462 Rule Zion 1987 only - Sep 13 0:00 0 S
1463
1464 # From Avigdor Finkelstein (2014-03-05):
1465 # I check the Parliament (Knesset) records and there it's stated that the
1466 # [1988] transition should take place on Saturday night, when the Sabbath
1467 # ends and changes to Sunday.
1468 Rule Zion 1988 only - Apr 10 0:00 1:00 D
1469 Rule Zion 1988 only - Sep 4 0:00 0 S
1470
1471 # From Ephraim Silverberg
1472 # (1997-03-04, 1998-03-16, 1998-12-28, 2000-01-17, 2000-07-25, 2004-12-22,
1473 # and 2005-02-17):
1474
1475 # According to the Office of the Secretary General of the Ministry of
1476 # Interior, there is NO set rule for Daylight-Savings/Standard time changes.
1695 # time" was abolished in the ordinance No. 529 (1937). In the ordinance No.
1696 # 167, there is no mention regarding for what place western standard time is
1697 # standard....
1698 #
1699 # I wrote "ordinance" above, but I don't know how to translate.
1700 # In Japanese it's "chokurei", which means ordinance from emperor.
1701
1702 # From Yu-Cheng Chuang (2013-07-12):
1703 # ...the Meiji Emperor announced Ordinance No. 167 of Meiji Year 28 "The clause
1704 # about standard time" ... The adoption began from Jan 1, 1896.
1705 # https://ja.wikisource.org/wiki/標準時ニ關スル件_(公布時)
1706 #
1707 # ...the Showa Emperor announced Ordinance No. 529 of Showa Year 12 ... which
1708 # means the whole Japan territory, including later occupations, adopt Japan
1709 # Central Time (UT+9). The adoption began on Oct 1, 1937.
1710 # https://ja.wikisource.org/wiki/明治二十八年勅令第百六十七號標準時ニ關スル件中改正ノ件
1711
1712 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1713 Zone Asia/Tokyo 9:18:59 - LMT 1887 Dec 31 15:00u
1714 9:00 Japan J%sT
1715 # Since 1938, all Japanese possessions have been like Asia/Tokyo.
1716
1717 # Jordan
1718 #
1719 # From <http://star.arabia.com/990701/JO9.html>
1720 # Jordan Week (1999-07-01) via Steffen Thorsen (1999-09-09):
1721 # Clocks in Jordan were forwarded one hour on Wednesday at midnight,
1722 # in accordance with the government's decision to implement summer time
1723 # all year round.
1724 #
1725 # From <http://star.arabia.com/990930/JO9.html>
1726 # Jordan Week (1999-09-30) via Steffen Thorsen (1999-11-09):
1727 # Winter time starts today Thursday, 30 September. Clocks will be turned back
1728 # by one hour. This is the latest government decision and it's final!
1729 # The decision was taken because of the increase in working hours in
1730 # government's departments from six to seven hours.
1731 #
1732 # From Paul Eggert (2005-11-22):
1733 # Starting 2003 transitions are from Steffen Thorsen's web site timeanddate.com.
1734 #
1735 # From Steffen Thorsen (2005-11-23):
1985 # No. 23 from 1992-01-08 [See 'europe' file for details].
1986 # Kazakh 1992-01-13 act appears to provide the same rules and 1992-03-27
1987 # act was to be enacted on the last Sunday of March 1992.
1988
1989 # From Stepan Golosunov (2016-11-08):
1990 # Turgai reorganization should affect only southern part of Qostanay
1991 # oblast. Which should probably be separated into Asia/Arkalyk zone.
1992 # (There were also 1970, 1988 and 1990 Turgai oblast reorganizations
1993 # according to wikipedia.)
1994 #
1995 # [For Qostanay] http://www.ng.kz/gazeta/195/hranit/
1996 # suggests that clocks were to be moved 40 minutes backwards on
1997 # 1920-01-01 to the fourth time belt. But I do not understand
1998 # how that could happen....
1999 #
2000 # [For Atyrau and Oral] 1919 decree
2001 # (http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_russia-1919-02-08.html
2002 # and in Byalokoz) lists Ural river (plus 10 versts on its left bank) in
2003 # the third time belt (before 1930 this means +03).
2004
2005 # From Paul Eggert (2016-12-06):
2006 # The tables below reflect Golosunov's remarks, with exceptions as noted.
2007
2008 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
2009 #
2010 # Almaty (formerly Alma-Ata), representing most locations in Kazakhstan
2011 # This includes KZ-AKM, KZ-ALA, KZ-ALM, KZ-AST, KZ-BAY, KZ-VOS, KZ-ZHA,
2012 # KZ-KAR, KZ-SEV, KZ-PAV, and KZ-YUZ.
2013 Zone Asia/Almaty 5:07:48 - LMT 1924 May 2 # or Alma-Ata
2014 5:00 - +05 1930 Jun 21
2015 6:00 RussiaAsia +06/+07 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2016 5:00 RussiaAsia +05/+06 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
2017 6:00 RussiaAsia +06/+07 2004 Oct 31 2:00s
2018 6:00 - +06
2019 # Qyzylorda (aka Kyzylorda, Kizilorda, Kzyl-Orda, etc.) (KZ-KZY)
2020 # This currently includes Qostanay (aka Kostanay, Kustanay) (KZ-KUS);
2021 # see comments below.
2022 Zone Asia/Qyzylorda 4:21:52 - LMT 1924 May 2
2023 4:00 - +04 1930 Jun 21
2024 5:00 - +05 1981 Apr 1
2025 5:00 1:00 +06 1981 Oct 1
2026 6:00 - +06 1982 Apr 1
2027 5:00 RussiaAsia +05/+06 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2028 4:00 RussiaAsia +04/+05 1991 Sep 29 2:00s
2029 5:00 RussiaAsia +05/+06 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
2030 6:00 RussiaAsia +06/+07 1992 Mar 29 2:00s
2031 5:00 RussiaAsia +05/+06 2004 Oct 31 2:00s
2032 6:00 - +06
2033 # The following zone is like Asia/Qyzylorda except for being one
2034 # hour earlier from 1991-09-29 to 1992-03-29. The 1991/2 rules for
2035 # Qostanay are unclear partly because of the 1997 Turgai
2036 # reorganization, so this zone is commented out for now.
2037 #Zone Asia/Qostanay 4:14:20 - LMT 1924 May 2
2038 # 4:00 - +04 1930 Jun 21
2039 # 5:00 - +05 1981 Apr 1
2040 # 5:00 1:00 +06 1981 Oct 1
2041 # 6:00 - +06 1982 Apr 1
2042 # 5:00 RussiaAsia +05/+06 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2043 # 4:00 RussiaAsia +04/+05 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
2044 # 5:00 RussiaAsia +05/+06 2004 Oct 31 2:00s
2045 # 6:00 - +06
2046 #
2047 # Aqtöbe (aka Aktobe, formerly Aktyubinsk) (KZ-AKT)
2048 Zone Asia/Aqtobe 3:48:40 - LMT 1924 May 2
2049 4:00 - +04 1930 Jun 21
2050 5:00 - +05 1981 Apr 1
2051 5:00 1:00 +06 1981 Oct 1
2052 6:00 - +06 1982 Apr 1
2053 5:00 RussiaAsia +05/+06 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2054 4:00 RussiaAsia +04/+05 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
2055 5:00 RussiaAsia +05/+06 2004 Oct 31 2:00s
2056 5:00 - +05
2057 # Mangghystaū (KZ-MAN)
2058 # Aqtau was not founded until 1963, but it represents an inhabited region,
2059 # so include timestamps before 1963.
2060 Zone Asia/Aqtau 3:21:04 - LMT 1924 May 2
2061 4:00 - +04 1930 Jun 21
2062 5:00 - +05 1981 Oct 1
2063 6:00 - +06 1982 Apr 1
2064 5:00 RussiaAsia +05/+06 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2065 4:00 RussiaAsia +04/+05 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
2066 5:00 RussiaAsia +05/+06 1994 Sep 25 2:00s
2120
2121 # Korea (North and South)
2122
2123 # From Annie I. Bang (2006-07-10):
2124 # http://www.koreaherald.com/view.php?ud=200607100012
2125 # Korea ran a daylight saving program from 1949-61 but stopped it
2126 # during the 1950-53 Korean War. The system was temporarily enforced
2127 # between 1987 and 1988 ...
2128
2129 # From Sanghyuk Jung (2014-10-29):
2130 # https://mm.icann.org/pipermail/tz/2014-October/021830.html
2131 # According to the Korean Wikipedia
2132 # https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/한국_표준시
2133 # [oldid=12896437 2014-09-04 08:03 UTC]
2134 # DST in Republic of Korea was as follows.... And I checked old
2135 # newspapers in Korean, all articles correspond with data in Wikipedia.
2136 # For example, the article in 1948 (Korean Language) proved that DST
2137 # started at June 1 in that year. For another example, the article in
2138 # 1988 said that DST started at 2:00 AM in that year.
2139
2140 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
2141 Rule ROK 1948 only - Jun 1 0:00 1:00 D
2142 Rule ROK 1948 only - Sep 13 0:00 0 S
2143 Rule ROK 1949 only - Apr 3 0:00 1:00 D
2144 Rule ROK 1949 1951 - Sep Sun>=8 0:00 0 S
2145 Rule ROK 1950 only - Apr 1 0:00 1:00 D
2146 Rule ROK 1951 only - May 6 0:00 1:00 D
2147 Rule ROK 1955 only - May 5 0:00 1:00 D
2148 Rule ROK 1955 only - Sep 9 0:00 0 S
2149 Rule ROK 1956 only - May 20 0:00 1:00 D
2150 Rule ROK 1956 only - Sep 30 0:00 0 S
2151 Rule ROK 1957 1960 - May Sun>=1 0:00 1:00 D
2152 Rule ROK 1957 1960 - Sep Sun>=18 0:00 0 S
2153 Rule ROK 1987 1988 - May Sun>=8 2:00 1:00 D
2154 Rule ROK 1987 1988 - Oct Sun>=8 3:00 0 S
2155
2156 # From Paul Eggert (2016-08-23):
2157 # The Korean Wikipedia entry gives the following sources for UT offsets:
2158 #
2159 # 1908: Official Journal Article No. 3994 (decree No. 5)
2160 # 1912: Governor-General of Korea Official Gazette Issue No. 367
2161 # (Announcement No. 338)
2162 # 1954: Presidential Decree No. 876 (1954-03-17)
2163 # 1961: Law No. 676 (1961-08-07)
2164 #
2165 # (Another source "1987: Law No. 3919 (1986-12-31)" was in the 2014-10-30
2166 # edition of the Korean Wikipedia entry.)
2167 #
2168 # I guessed that time zone abbreviations through 1945 followed the same
2169 # rules as discussed under Taiwan, with nominal switches from JST to KST
2170 # when the respective cities were taken over by the Allies after WWII.
2171 #
2172 # For Pyongyang, guess no changes from World War II until 2015, as we
2863 # [T]he Palestinian cabinet decision (Mar 8th 2016) published on
2864 # http://www.palestinecabinet.gov.ps/WebSite/Upload/Decree/GOV_17/16032016134830.pdf
2865 # states that summer time will end on Oct 29th at 01:00.
2866 #
2867 # From Tim Parenti (2016-10-19):
2868 # Predict fall transitions on October's last Saturday at 01:00 from now on.
2869 # This is consistent with the 2016 transition as well as our spring
2870 # predictions.
2871 #
2872 # From Paul Eggert (2016-10-19):
2873 # It's also consistent with predictions in the following URLs today:
2874 # https://www.timeanddate.com/time/change/gaza-strip/gaza
2875 # https://www.timeanddate.com/time/change/west-bank/hebron
2876
2877 # From Sharef Mustafa (2018-03-16):
2878 # Palestine summer time will start on Mar 24th 2018 by advancing the
2879 # clock by 60 minutes as per Palestinian cabinet decision published on
2880 # the official website, though the decree did not specify the exact
2881 # time of the time shift.
2882 # http://www.palestinecabinet.gov.ps/Website/AR/NDecrees/ViewFile.ashx?ID=e7a42ab7-ee23-435a-b9c8-a4f7e81f3817
2883 #
2884 # From Paul Eggert (2018-03-16):
2885 # For 2016 on, predict spring transitions on March's fourth Saturday at 01:00.
2886
2887 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
2888 Rule EgyptAsia 1957 only - May 10 0:00 1:00 S
2889 Rule EgyptAsia 1957 1958 - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
2890 Rule EgyptAsia 1958 only - May 1 0:00 1:00 S
2891 Rule EgyptAsia 1959 1967 - May 1 1:00 1:00 S
2892 Rule EgyptAsia 1959 1965 - Sep 30 3:00 0 -
2893 Rule EgyptAsia 1966 only - Oct 1 3:00 0 -
2894
2895 Rule Palestine 1999 2005 - Apr Fri>=15 0:00 1:00 S
2896 Rule Palestine 1999 2003 - Oct Fri>=15 0:00 0 -
2897 Rule Palestine 2004 only - Oct 1 1:00 0 -
2898 Rule Palestine 2005 only - Oct 4 2:00 0 -
2899 Rule Palestine 2006 2007 - Apr 1 0:00 1:00 S
2900 Rule Palestine 2006 only - Sep 22 0:00 0 -
2901 Rule Palestine 2007 only - Sep Thu>=8 2:00 0 -
2902 Rule Palestine 2008 2009 - Mar lastFri 0:00 1:00 S
2903 Rule Palestine 2008 only - Sep 1 0:00 0 -
2904 Rule Palestine 2009 only - Sep Fri>=1 1:00 0 -
2905 Rule Palestine 2010 only - Mar 26 0:00 1:00 S
2906 Rule Palestine 2010 only - Aug 11 0:00 0 -
2907 Rule Palestine 2011 only - Apr 1 0:01 1:00 S
2908 Rule Palestine 2011 only - Aug 1 0:00 0 -
2909 Rule Palestine 2011 only - Aug 30 0:00 1:00 S
2910 Rule Palestine 2011 only - Sep 30 0:00 0 -
2911 Rule Palestine 2012 2014 - Mar lastThu 24:00 1:00 S
2912 Rule Palestine 2012 only - Sep 21 1:00 0 -
2913 Rule Palestine 2013 only - Sep Fri>=21 0:00 0 -
2914 Rule Palestine 2014 2015 - Oct Fri>=21 0:00 0 -
2915 Rule Palestine 2015 only - Mar lastFri 24:00 1:00 S
2916 Rule Palestine 2016 max - Mar Sat>=22 1:00 1:00 S
2917 Rule Palestine 2016 max - Oct lastSat 1:00 0 -
2918
2919 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
2920 Zone Asia/Gaza 2:17:52 - LMT 1900 Oct
2921 2:00 Zion EET/EEST 1948 May 15
2922 2:00 EgyptAsia EE%sT 1967 Jun 5
2923 2:00 Zion I%sT 1996
2924 2:00 Jordan EE%sT 1999
2925 2:00 Palestine EE%sT 2008 Aug 29 0:00
2926 2:00 - EET 2008 Sep
2927 2:00 Palestine EE%sT 2010
2928 2:00 - EET 2010 Mar 27 0:01
2929 2:00 Palestine EE%sT 2011 Aug 1
2930 2:00 - EET 2012
2931 2:00 Palestine EE%sT
2932
2933 Zone Asia/Hebron 2:20:23 - LMT 1900 Oct
2934 2:00 Zion EET/EEST 1948 May 15
2935 2:00 EgyptAsia EE%sT 1967 Jun 5
2936 2:00 Zion I%sT 1996
2937 2:00 Jordan EE%sT 1999
2938 2:00 Palestine EE%sT
2939
2940 # Paracel Is
2941 # no information
2942
2943 # Philippines
2944 # On 1844-08-16, Narciso Clavería, governor-general of the
2945 # Philippines, issued a proclamation announcing that 1844-12-30 was to
2946 # be immediately followed by 1845-01-01; see R.H. van Gent's
2947 # History of the International Date Line
2948 # https://www.staff.science.uu.nl/~gent0113/idl/idl_philippines.htm
2949 # The rest of the data entries are from Shanks & Pottenger.
2950
2951 # From Jesper Nørgaard Welen (2006-04-26):
2952 # ... claims that Philippines had DST last time in 1990:
2953 # http://story.philippinetimes.com/p.x/ct/9/id/145be20cc6b121c0/cid/3e5bbccc730d258c/
2954 # [a story dated 2006-04-25 by Cris Larano of Dow Jones Newswires,
2955 # but no details]
2956
2957 # From Paul Eggert (2014-08-14):
2958 # The following source says DST may be instituted November-January and again
2959 # March-June, but this is not definite. It also says DST was last proclaimed
2960 # during the Ramos administration (1992-1998); but again, no details.
2961 # Carcamo D. PNoy urged to declare use of daylight saving time.
2962 # Philippine Star 2014-08-05
2963 # http://www.philstar.com/headlines/2014/08/05/1354152/pnoy-urged-declare-use-daylight-saving-time
3009 # observed standard time, and that people in Jeddah mostly observed quasi-solar
3010 # time, doing so by setting their watches at sunrise to 6 o'clock (or to 12
3011 # o'clock for "Arab" time).
3012 #
3013 # Timekeeping differed depending on who you were and which part of Saudi
3014 # Arabia you were in. In 1969, Elias Antar wrote that although a common
3015 # practice had been to set one's watch to 12:00 (i.e., midnight) at sunset -
3016 # which meant that the time on one side of a mountain could differ greatly from
3017 # the time on the other side - many foreigners set their watches to 6pm
3018 # instead, while airlines instead used UTC +03 (except in Dhahran, where they
3019 # used UTC +04), Aramco used UTC +03 with DST, and the Trans-Arabian Pipe Line
3020 # Company used Aramco time in eastern Saudi Arabia and airline time in western.
3021 # (The American Military Aid Advisory Group used plain UTC.) Antar writes,
3022 # "A man named Higgins, so the story goes, used to run a local power
3023 # station. One day, the whole thing became too much for Higgins and he
3024 # assembled his staff and laid down the law. 'I've had enough of this,' he
3025 # shrieked. 'It is now 12 o'clock Higgins Time, and from now on this station is
3026 # going to run on Higgins Time.' And so, until last year, it did." See:
3027 # Antar E. Dinner at When? Saudi Aramco World, 1969 March/April. 2-3.
3028 # http://archive.aramcoworld.com/issue/196902/dinner.at.when.htm
3029 # newspapers.com says a similar story about Higgins was published in the Port
3030 # Angeles (WA) Evening News, 1965-03-10, page 5, but I lack access to the text.
3031 #
3032 # The TZ database cannot represent quasi-solar time; airline time is the best
3033 # we can do. The 1946 foreign air news digest of the U.S. Civil Aeronautics
3034 # Board (OCLC 42299995) reported that the "... Arabian Government, inaugurated
3035 # a weekly Dhahran-Cairo service, via the Saudi Arabian cities of Riyadh and
3036 # Jidda, on March 14, 1947". Shanks & Pottenger guessed 1950; go with the
3037 # earlier date.
3038 #
3039 # Shanks & Pottenger also state that until 1968-05-01 Saudi Arabia had two
3040 # time zones; the other zone, at UT +04, was in the far eastern part of
3041 # the country. Presumably this is documenting airline time. Ignore this,
3042 # as it's before our 1970 cutoff.
3043 #
3044 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
3045 Zone Asia/Riyadh 3:06:52 - LMT 1947 Mar 14
3046 3:00 - +03
3047 Link Asia/Riyadh Asia/Aden # Yemen
3048 Link Asia/Riyadh Asia/Kuwait
3049
3050 # Singapore
3382 # Hoàng Xuân Hãn: "Lịch và lịch Việt Nam". Tập san Khoa học Xã hội,
3383 # No. 9, Paris, February 1982.
3384 #
3385 # Lê Thành Lân: "Lịch và niên biểu lịch sử hai mươi thế kỷ (0001-2010)",
3386 # NXB Thống kê, Hanoi, 2000.
3387 #
3388 # Lê Thành Lân: "Lịch hai thế kỷ (1802-2010) và các lịch vĩnh cửu",
3389 # NXB Thuận Hoá, Huế, 1995.
3390
3391 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
3392 Zone Asia/Ho_Chi_Minh 7:06:40 - LMT 1906 Jul 1
3393 7:06:30 - PLMT 1911 May 1 # Phù Liễn MT
3394 7:00 - +07 1942 Dec 31 23:00
3395 8:00 - +08 1945 Mar 14 23:00
3396 9:00 - +09 1945 Sep 2
3397 7:00 - +07 1947 Apr 1
3398 8:00 - +08 1955 Jul 1
3399 7:00 - +07 1959 Dec 31 23:00
3400 8:00 - +08 1975 Jun 13
3401 7:00 - +07
3402
3403 # Yemen
3404 # See Asia/Riyadh.
|
590 # Xinjiang time, used by many in western China; represented by Ürümqi / Ürümchi
591 # / Wulumuqi. (Please use Asia/Shanghai if you prefer Beijing time.)
592 Zone Asia/Urumqi 5:50:20 - LMT 1928
593 6:00 - +06
594
595
596 # Hong Kong (Xianggang)
597
598 # Milne gives 7:36:41.7; round this.
599
600 # From Lee Yiu Chung (2009-10-24):
601 # I found there are some mistakes for the...DST rule for Hong
602 # Kong. [According] to the DST record from Hong Kong Observatory (actually,
603 # it is not [an] observatory, but the official meteorological agency of HK,
604 # and also serves as the official timing agency), there are some missing
605 # and incorrect rules. Although the exact switch over time is missing, I
606 # think 3:30 is correct. The official DST record for Hong Kong can be
607 # obtained from
608 # http://www.hko.gov.hk/gts/time/Summertime.htm
609
610 # From Phake Nick (2018-10-27):
611 # According to Singaporean newspaper
612 # http://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/Digitised/Article/singfreepresswk19041102-1.2.37
613 # the day that Hong Kong start using GMT+8 should be Oct 30, 1904.
614 #
615 # From Paul Eggert (2018-11-17):
616 # Hong Kong had a time ball near the Marine Police Station, Tsim Sha Tsui.
617 # "The ball was raised manually each day and dropped at exactly 1pm
618 # (except on Sundays and Government holidays)."
619 # Dyson AD. From Time Ball to Atomic Clock. Hong Kong Government. 1983.
620 # <https://www.hko.gov.hk/publica/gen_pub/timeball_atomic_clock.pdf>
621 # "From 1904 October 30 the time-ball at Hong Kong has been dropped by order
622 # of the Governor of the Colony at 17h 0m 0s G.M.T., which is 23m 18s.14 in
623 # advance of 1h 0m 0s of Hong Kong mean time."
624 # Hollis HP. Universal Time, Longitudes, and Geodesy. Mon Not R Astron Soc.
625 # 1905-02-10;65(4):405-6. https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/65.4.382
626 #
627 # From Joseph Myers (2018-11-18):
628 # An astronomer before 1925 referring to GMT would have been using the old
629 # astronomical convention where the day started at noon, not midnight.
630 #
631 # From Steve Allen (2018-11-17):
632 # Meteorological Observations made at the Hongkong Observatory in the year 1904
633 # page 4 <https://books.google.com/books?id=kgw5AQAAMAAJ&pg=RA4-PA4>
634 # ... the log of drop times in Table II shows that on Sunday 1904-10-30 the
635 # ball was dropped. So that looks like a special case drop for the sake
636 # of broadcasting the new local time.
637 #
638 # From Phake Nick (2018-11-18):
639 # According to The Hong Kong Weekly Press, 1904-10-29, p.324, the
640 # governor of Hong Kong at the time stated that "We are further desired to
641 # make it known that the change will be effected by firing the gun and by the
642 # dropping of the Ball at 23min. 18sec. before one."
643 # From Paul Eggert (2018-11-18):
644 # See <https://mmis.hkpl.gov.hk> for this; unfortunately Flash is required.
645
646 # From Phake Nick (2018-10-26):
647 # I went to check microfilm records stored at Hong Kong Public Library....
648 # on September 30 1941, according to Ta Kung Pao (Hong Kong edition), it was
649 # stated that fallback would occur on the next day (the 1st)'s "03:00 am (Hong
650 # Kong Time 04:00 am)" and the clock will fall back for a half hour. (03:00
651 # probably refer to the time commonly used in mainland China at the time given
652 # the paper's background) ... the sunrise/sunset time given by South China
653 # Morning Post for October 1st was indeed moved by half an hour compares to
654 # before. After that, in December, the battle to capture Hong Kong started and
655 # the library doesn't seems to have any record stored about press during that
656 # period of time. Some media resumed publication soon after that within the
657 # same month, but there were not much information about time there. Later they
658 # started including a radio program guide when they restored radio service,
659 # explicitly mentioning it use Tokyo standard time, and later added a note
660 # saying it's half an hour ahead of the old Hong Kong standard time, and it
661 # also seems to indicate that Hong Kong was not using GMT+8 when it was
662 # captured by Japan.
663 #
664 # Image of related sections on newspaper:
665 # * 1941-09-30, Ta Kung Pao (Hong Kong), "Winter Time start tomorrow".
666 # https://i.imgur.com/6waY51Z.jpg (Chinese)
667 # * 1941-09-29, South China Morning Post, Information on sunrise/sunset
668 # time and other things for September 30 and October 1.
669 # https://i.imgur.com/kCiUR78.jpg
670 # * 1942-02-05. The Hong Kong News, Radio Program Guide.
671 # https://i.imgur.com/eVvDMzS.jpg
672 # * 1941-06-14. Hong Kong Daily Press, Daylight Saving from 3am Tomorrow.
673 # https://i.imgur.com/05KkvtC.png
674 # * 1941-09-30, Hong Kong Daily Press, Winter Time Warning.
675 # https://i.imgur.com/dge4kFJ.png
676 # Also, the Liberation day of Hong Kong after WWII which British rule
677 # over the territory resumed was August 30, 1945, which I think should
678 # be the termination date for the use of JST in the territory....
679
680 # From Paul Eggert (2018-11-17):
681 # Here are the dates given at
682 # https://www.hko.gov.hk/gts/time/Summertime.htm
683 # as of 2014-06-19:
684 # Year Period
685 # 1941 15 Jun to 30 Sep
686 # 1942 Whole year
687 # 1943 Whole year
688 # 1944 Whole year
689 # 1945 Whole year
690 # 1946 20 Apr to 1 Dec
691 # 1947 13 Apr to 30 Dec
692 # 1948 2 May to 31 Oct
693 # 1949 3 Apr to 30 Oct
694 # 1950 2 Apr to 29 Oct
695 # 1951 1 Apr to 28 Oct
696 # 1952 6 Apr to 2 Nov
697 # 1953 5 Apr to 1 Nov
698 # 1954 21 Mar to 31 Oct
699 # 1955 20 Mar to 6 Nov
700 # 1956 18 Mar to 4 Nov
701 # 1957 24 Mar to 3 Nov
702 # 1958 23 Mar to 2 Nov
703 # 1959 22 Mar to 1 Nov
704 # 1960 20 Mar to 6 Nov
705 # 1961 19 Mar to 5 Nov
706 # 1962 18 Mar to 4 Nov
707 # 1963 24 Mar to 3 Nov
708 # 1964 22 Mar to 1 Nov
709 # 1965 18 Apr to 17 Oct
710 # 1966 17 Apr to 16 Oct
711 # 1967 16 Apr to 22 Oct
712 # 1968 21 Apr to 20 Oct
713 # 1969 20 Apr to 19 Oct
714 # 1970 19 Apr to 18 Oct
715 # 1971 18 Apr to 17 Oct
716 # 1972 16 Apr to 22 Oct
717 # 1973 22 Apr to 21 Oct
718 # 1973/74 30 Dec 73 to 20 Oct 74
719 # 1975 20 Apr to 19 Oct
720 # 1976 18 Apr to 17 Oct
721 # 1977 Nil
722 # 1978 Nil
723 # 1979 13 May to 21 Oct
724 # 1980 to Now Nil
725 # The page does not give times of day for transitions,
726 # or dates for the 1942 and 1945 transitions.
727 # The Japanese occupation of Hong Kong began 1941-12-25.
728 # The Japanese surrender of Hong Kong was signed 1945-09-16; see:
729 # Heaver S. The days after the Pacific war ended: unsettling times
730 # in Hong Kong. Post Magazine. 2016-06-13.
731 # https://www.scmp.com/magazines/post-magazine/article/1852990/days-after-pacific-war-ended-unsettling-times-hong-kong
732 # For lack of anything better, use start of those days as the
733 # transition times.
734
735 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
736 Rule HK 1946 only - Apr 20 3:30 1:00 S
737 Rule HK 1946 only - Dec 1 3:30 0 -
738 Rule HK 1947 only - Apr 13 3:30 1:00 S
739 Rule HK 1947 only - Dec 30 3:30 0 -
740 Rule HK 1948 only - May 2 3:30 1:00 S
741 Rule HK 1948 1951 - Oct lastSun 3:30 0 -
742 Rule HK 1952 1953 - Nov Sun>=1 3:30 0 -
743 Rule HK 1949 1953 - Apr Sun>=1 3:30 1:00 S
744 Rule HK 1954 1964 - Mar Sun>=18 3:30 1:00 S
745 Rule HK 1954 only - Oct 31 3:30 0 -
746 Rule HK 1955 1964 - Nov Sun>=1 3:30 0 -
747 Rule HK 1965 1976 - Apr Sun>=16 3:30 1:00 S
748 Rule HK 1965 1976 - Oct Sun>=16 3:30 0 -
749 Rule HK 1973 only - Dec 30 3:30 1:00 S
750 Rule HK 1979 only - May Sun>=8 3:30 1:00 S
751 Rule HK 1979 only - Oct Sun>=16 3:30 0 -
752 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
753 Zone Asia/Hong_Kong 7:36:42 - LMT 1904 Oct 30 0:36:42
754 8:00 - HKT 1941 Jun 15 3:30
755 8:00 1:00 HKST 1941 Oct 1 4:00
756 8:30 - HKT 1941 Dec 25
757 9:00 - JST 1945 Sep 16
758 8:00 HK HK%sT
759
760 ###############################################################################
761
762 # Taiwan
763
764 # From smallufo (2010-04-03):
765 # According to Taiwan's CWB [Central Weather Bureau],
766 # http://www.cwb.gov.tw/V6/astronomy/cdata/summert.htm
767 # Taipei has DST in 1979 between July 1st and Sep 30.
768
769 # From Yu-Cheng Chuang (2013-07-12):
770 # On Dec 28, 1895, the Meiji Emperor announced Ordinance No. 167 of
771 # Meiji Year 28 "The clause about standard time", mentioned that
772 # Taiwan and Penghu Islands, as well as Yaeyama and Miyako Islands
773 # (both in Okinawa) adopt the Western Standard Time which is based on
774 # 120E. The adoption began from Jan 1, 1896. The original text can be
775 # found on Wikisource:
776 # https://ja.wikisource.org/wiki/標準時ニ關スル件_(公布時)
777 # ... This could be the first adoption of time zone in Taiwan, because
1133 # We don't have any record of the above attempt.
1134 # Most likely our records are incomplete, but we have no better data.
1135
1136 # From Manoel de Almeida e Silva, Deputy Spokesman for the UN Secretary-General
1137 # http://www.hri.org/news/world/undh/2000/00-08-16.undh.html
1138 # (2000-08-16):
1139 # The Cabinet of the East Timor Transition Administration decided
1140 # today to advance East Timor's time by one hour. The time change,
1141 # which will be permanent, with no seasonal adjustment, will happen at
1142 # midnight on Saturday, September 16.
1143
1144 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1145 Zone Asia/Dili 8:22:20 - LMT 1912 Jan 1
1146 8:00 - +08 1942 Feb 21 23:00
1147 9:00 - +09 1976 May 3
1148 8:00 - +08 2000 Sep 17 0:00
1149 9:00 - +09
1150
1151 # India
1152
1153 # British astronomer Henry Park Hollis disliked India Standard Time's offset:
1154 # "A new time system has been proposed for India, Further India, and Burmah.
1155 # The scheme suggested is that the times of the meridians 5½ and 6½ hours
1156 # east of Greenwich should be adopted in these territories. No reason is
1157 # given why hourly meridians five hours and six hours east should not be
1158 # chosen; a plan which would bring the time of India into harmony with
1159 # that of almost the whole of the civilised world."
1160 # Hollis HP. Universal Time, Longitudes, and Geodesy. Mon Not R Astron Soc.
1161 # 1905-02-10;65(4):405-6. https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/65.4.382
1162
1163 # From Ian P. Beacock, in "A brief history of (modern) time", The Atlantic
1164 # https://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2015/12/the-creation-of-modern-time/421419/
1165 # (2015-12-22):
1166 # In January 1906, several thousand cotton-mill workers rioted on the
1167 # outskirts of Bombay.... They were protesting the proposed abolition of
1168 # local time in favor of Indian Standard Time.... Journalists called this
1169 # dispute the "Battle of the Clocks." It lasted nearly half a century.
1170
1171 # From Paul Eggert (2017-04-20):
1172 # Good luck trying to nail down old timekeeping records in India.
1173 # "... in the nineteenth century ... Madras Observatory took its magnetic
1174 # measurements on Göttingen time, its meteorological measurements on Madras
1175 # (local) time, dropped its time ball on Greenwich (ocean navigator's) time,
1176 # and distributed civil (local time)." -- Bartky IR. Selling the true time:
1177 # 19th-century timekeeping in america. Stanford U Press (2000), 247 note 19.
1178 # "A more potent cause of resistance to the general adoption of the present
1179 # standard time lies in the fact that it is Madras time. The citizen of
1180 # Bombay, proud of being 'primus in Indis' and of Calcutta, equally proud of
1181 # his city being the Capital of India, and - for a part of the year - the Seat
1182 # of the Supreme Government, alike look down on Madras, and refuse to change
1313 # for synchronizing the official times of the country, agreed that:
1314 #
1315 # The official time of the country will should move forward one hour
1316 # at the 24[:00] hours of the first day of Farvardin and should return
1317 # to its previous state at the 24[:00] hours of the 30th day of
1318 # Shahrivar.
1319 #
1320 # First Deputy to the President - Hassan Habibi
1321 #
1322 # From personal experience, that agrees with what has been followed
1323 # for at least the last 5 years. Before that, for a few years, the
1324 # date used was the first Thursday night of Farvardin and the last
1325 # Thursday night of Shahrivar, but I can't give exact dates....
1326 #
1327 # From Roozbeh Pournader (2005-04-05):
1328 # The text of the Iranian law, in effect since 1925, clearly mentions
1329 # that the true solar year is the measure, and there is no arithmetic
1330 # leap year calculation involved. There has never been any serious
1331 # plan to change that law....
1332 #
1333 # From Paul Eggert (2018-11-30):
1334 # Go with Shanks & Pottenger before Sept. 1991, and with Pournader thereafter.
1335 # I used the following code in GNU Emacs 26.1 to generate the "Rule Iran"
1336 # lines from 2008 through 2087. Emacs 26.1 uses Ed Reingold's
1337 # cal-persia implementation of Birashk's approximation, which in the
1338 # 2008-2087 range disagrees with the the astronomical Persian calendar
1339 # for Persian years 1404 (Gregorian 2025) and 1437 (Gregorian 2058),
1340 # so the following code special-case those years. See Table 15.1, page 264, of:
1341 # Edward M. Reingold and Nachum Dershowitz, Calendrical Calculations:
1342 # The Ultimate Edition, Cambridge University Press (2018).
1343 # https://www.cambridge.org/fr/academic/subjects/computer-science/computing-general-interest/calendrical-calculations-ultimate-edition-4th-edition
1344 # Page 258, footnote 2, of this book says there is some dispute over what will
1345 # happen in 2091 (and some other years after that), so this code
1346 # stops in 2087, as 2088 and 2089 agree with the "max" rule below.
1347 # (cl-loop
1348 # initially (require 'cal-persia)
1349 # with first-persian-year = 1387
1350 # with last-persian-year = 1466
1351 # ;; Exceptional years in the above range,
1352 # ;; from Reingold & Dershowitz Table 15.1, page 264:
1353 # with exceptional-persian-years = '(1404 1437)
1354 # with range-start = nil
1355 # for persian-year from first-persian-year to last-persian-year
1356 # do
1357 # (let*
1358 # ((exceptional-year-offset
1359 # (if (member persian-year exceptional-persian-years) 1 0))
1360 # (beg-dst-absolute
1361 # (+ (calendar-persian-to-absolute (list 1 1 persian-year))
1362 # exceptional-year-offset))
1363 # (end-dst-absolute
1364 # (+ (calendar-persian-to-absolute (list 6 30 persian-year))
1365 # exceptional-year-offset))
1366 # (next-year-beg-dst-absolute
1367 # (+ (calendar-persian-to-absolute (list 1 1 (1+ persian-year)))
1368 # (if (member (1+ persian-year) exceptional-persian-years) 1 0)))
1369 # (beg-dst (calendar-gregorian-from-absolute beg-dst-absolute))
1370 # (end-dst (calendar-gregorian-from-absolute end-dst-absolute))
1371 # (next-year-beg-dst (calendar-gregorian-from-absolute
1372 # next-year-beg-dst-absolute))
1373 # (year (calendar-extract-year beg-dst))
1374 # (range-end (if range-start year "only")))
1375 # (setq range-start (or range-start year))
1376 # (when (or (/= (calendar-extract-day beg-dst)
1377 # (calendar-extract-day next-year-beg-dst))
1378 # (= persian-year last-persian-year))
1379 # (insert
1380 # (format
1381 # "Rule\tIran\t%d\t%s\t-\t%s\t%2d\t24:00\t1:00\t-\n"
1382 # range-start range-end
1383 # (calendar-month-name (calendar-extract-month beg-dst) t)
1384 # (calendar-extract-day beg-dst)))
1385 # (insert
1386 # (format
1387 # "Rule\tIran\t%d\t%s\t-\t%s\t%2d\t24:00\t0\t-\n"
1388 # range-start range-end
1389 # (calendar-month-name (calendar-extract-month end-dst) t)
1390 # (calendar-extract-day end-dst)))
1391 # (setq range-start nil))))
1392 #
1393 # From Oscar van Vlijmen (2005-03-30), writing about future
1394 # discrepancies between cal-persia and the Iranian calendar:
1395 # For 2091 solar-longitude-after yields 2091-03-20 08:40:07.7 UT for
1396 # the vernal equinox and that gets so close to 12:00 some local
1397 # Iranian time that the definition of the correct location needs to be
1398 # known exactly, amongst other factors. 2157 is even closer:
1399 # 2157-03-20 08:37:15.5 UT. But the Gregorian year 2025 should give
1400 # no interpretation problem whatsoever. By the way, another instant
1401 # in the near future where there will be a discrepancy between
1402 # arithmetical and astronomical Iranian calendars will be in 2058:
1403 # vernal equinox on 2058-03-20 09:03:05.9 UT. The Java version of
1404 # Reingold's/Dershowitz' calculator gives correctly the Gregorian date
1405 # 2058-03-21 for 1 Farvardin 1437 (astronomical).
1406 #
1407 # From Steffen Thorsen (2006-03-22):
1408 # Several of my users have reported that Iran will not observe DST anymore:
1409 # http://www.irna.ir/en/news/view/line-17/0603193812164948.htm
1410 #
1411 # From Reuters (2007-09-16), with a heads-up from Jesper Nørgaard Welen:
1412 # ... the Guardian Council ... approved a law on Sunday to re-introduce
1413 # daylight saving time ...
1414 # https://uk.reuters.com/article/oilRpt/idUKBLA65048420070916
1415 #
1416 # From Roozbeh Pournader (2007-11-05):
1417 # This is quoted from Official Gazette of the Islamic Republic of
1418 # Iran, Volume 63, No. 18242, dated Tuesday 1386/6/24
1419 # [2007-10-16]. I am doing the best translation I can:...
1420 # The official time of the country will be moved forward for one hour
1421 # on the 24 hours of the first day of the month of Farvardin and will
1422 # be changed back to its previous state on the 24 hours of the
1423 # thirtieth day of Shahrivar.
1424 #
1425 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1426 Rule Iran 1978 1980 - Mar 20 24:00 1:00 -
1427 Rule Iran 1978 only - Oct 20 24:00 0 -
1428 Rule Iran 1979 only - Sep 18 24:00 0 -
1429 Rule Iran 1980 only - Sep 22 24:00 0 -
1430 Rule Iran 1991 only - May 2 24:00 1:00 -
1431 Rule Iran 1992 1995 - Mar 21 24:00 1:00 -
1432 Rule Iran 1991 1995 - Sep 21 24:00 0 -
1433 Rule Iran 1996 only - Mar 20 24:00 1:00 -
1434 Rule Iran 1996 only - Sep 20 24:00 0 -
1435 Rule Iran 1997 1999 - Mar 21 24:00 1:00 -
1436 Rule Iran 1997 1999 - Sep 21 24:00 0 -
1437 Rule Iran 2000 only - Mar 20 24:00 1:00 -
1438 Rule Iran 2000 only - Sep 20 24:00 0 -
1439 Rule Iran 2001 2003 - Mar 21 24:00 1:00 -
1440 Rule Iran 2001 2003 - Sep 21 24:00 0 -
1441 Rule Iran 2004 only - Mar 20 24:00 1:00 -
1442 Rule Iran 2004 only - Sep 20 24:00 0 -
1443 Rule Iran 2005 only - Mar 21 24:00 1:00 -
1444 Rule Iran 2005 only - Sep 21 24:00 0 -
1445 Rule Iran 2008 only - Mar 20 24:00 1:00 -
1446 Rule Iran 2008 only - Sep 20 24:00 0 -
1447 Rule Iran 2009 2011 - Mar 21 24:00 1:00 -
1448 Rule Iran 2009 2011 - Sep 21 24:00 0 -
1449 Rule Iran 2012 only - Mar 20 24:00 1:00 -
1450 Rule Iran 2012 only - Sep 20 24:00 0 -
1451 Rule Iran 2013 2015 - Mar 21 24:00 1:00 -
1452 Rule Iran 2013 2015 - Sep 21 24:00 0 -
1453 Rule Iran 2016 only - Mar 20 24:00 1:00 -
1454 Rule Iran 2016 only - Sep 20 24:00 0 -
1455 Rule Iran 2017 2019 - Mar 21 24:00 1:00 -
1456 Rule Iran 2017 2019 - Sep 21 24:00 0 -
1457 Rule Iran 2020 only - Mar 20 24:00 1:00 -
1458 Rule Iran 2020 only - Sep 20 24:00 0 -
1459 Rule Iran 2021 2023 - Mar 21 24:00 1:00 -
1460 Rule Iran 2021 2023 - Sep 21 24:00 0 -
1461 Rule Iran 2024 only - Mar 20 24:00 1:00 -
1462 Rule Iran 2024 only - Sep 20 24:00 0 -
1463 Rule Iran 2025 2027 - Mar 21 24:00 1:00 -
1464 Rule Iran 2025 2027 - Sep 21 24:00 0 -
1465 Rule Iran 2028 2029 - Mar 20 24:00 1:00 -
1466 Rule Iran 2028 2029 - Sep 20 24:00 0 -
1467 Rule Iran 2030 2031 - Mar 21 24:00 1:00 -
1468 Rule Iran 2030 2031 - Sep 21 24:00 0 -
1469 Rule Iran 2032 2033 - Mar 20 24:00 1:00 -
1470 Rule Iran 2032 2033 - Sep 20 24:00 0 -
1471 Rule Iran 2034 2035 - Mar 21 24:00 1:00 -
1472 Rule Iran 2034 2035 - Sep 21 24:00 0 -
1473 Rule Iran 2036 2037 - Mar 20 24:00 1:00 -
1474 Rule Iran 2036 2037 - Sep 20 24:00 0 -
1475 Rule Iran 2038 2039 - Mar 21 24:00 1:00 -
1476 Rule Iran 2038 2039 - Sep 21 24:00 0 -
1477 Rule Iran 2040 2041 - Mar 20 24:00 1:00 -
1478 Rule Iran 2040 2041 - Sep 20 24:00 0 -
1479 Rule Iran 2042 2043 - Mar 21 24:00 1:00 -
1480 Rule Iran 2042 2043 - Sep 21 24:00 0 -
1481 Rule Iran 2044 2045 - Mar 20 24:00 1:00 -
1482 Rule Iran 2044 2045 - Sep 20 24:00 0 -
1483 Rule Iran 2046 2047 - Mar 21 24:00 1:00 -
1484 Rule Iran 2046 2047 - Sep 21 24:00 0 -
1485 Rule Iran 2048 2049 - Mar 20 24:00 1:00 -
1486 Rule Iran 2048 2049 - Sep 20 24:00 0 -
1487 Rule Iran 2050 2051 - Mar 21 24:00 1:00 -
1488 Rule Iran 2050 2051 - Sep 21 24:00 0 -
1489 Rule Iran 2052 2053 - Mar 20 24:00 1:00 -
1490 Rule Iran 2052 2053 - Sep 20 24:00 0 -
1491 Rule Iran 2054 2055 - Mar 21 24:00 1:00 -
1492 Rule Iran 2054 2055 - Sep 21 24:00 0 -
1493 Rule Iran 2056 2057 - Mar 20 24:00 1:00 -
1494 Rule Iran 2056 2057 - Sep 20 24:00 0 -
1495 Rule Iran 2058 2059 - Mar 21 24:00 1:00 -
1496 Rule Iran 2058 2059 - Sep 21 24:00 0 -
1497 Rule Iran 2060 2062 - Mar 20 24:00 1:00 -
1498 Rule Iran 2060 2062 - Sep 20 24:00 0 -
1499 Rule Iran 2063 only - Mar 21 24:00 1:00 -
1500 Rule Iran 2063 only - Sep 21 24:00 0 -
1501 Rule Iran 2064 2066 - Mar 20 24:00 1:00 -
1502 Rule Iran 2064 2066 - Sep 20 24:00 0 -
1503 Rule Iran 2067 only - Mar 21 24:00 1:00 -
1504 Rule Iran 2067 only - Sep 21 24:00 0 -
1505 Rule Iran 2068 2070 - Mar 20 24:00 1:00 -
1506 Rule Iran 2068 2070 - Sep 20 24:00 0 -
1507 Rule Iran 2071 only - Mar 21 24:00 1:00 -
1508 Rule Iran 2071 only - Sep 21 24:00 0 -
1509 Rule Iran 2072 2074 - Mar 20 24:00 1:00 -
1510 Rule Iran 2072 2074 - Sep 20 24:00 0 -
1511 Rule Iran 2075 only - Mar 21 24:00 1:00 -
1512 Rule Iran 2075 only - Sep 21 24:00 0 -
1513 Rule Iran 2076 2078 - Mar 20 24:00 1:00 -
1514 Rule Iran 2076 2078 - Sep 20 24:00 0 -
1515 Rule Iran 2079 only - Mar 21 24:00 1:00 -
1516 Rule Iran 2079 only - Sep 21 24:00 0 -
1517 Rule Iran 2080 2082 - Mar 20 24:00 1:00 -
1518 Rule Iran 2080 2082 - Sep 20 24:00 0 -
1519 Rule Iran 2083 only - Mar 21 24:00 1:00 -
1520 Rule Iran 2083 only - Sep 21 24:00 0 -
1521 Rule Iran 2084 2086 - Mar 20 24:00 1:00 -
1522 Rule Iran 2084 2086 - Sep 20 24:00 0 -
1523 Rule Iran 2087 only - Mar 21 24:00 1:00 -
1524 Rule Iran 2087 only - Sep 21 24:00 0 -
1525 #
1526 # The following rules are approximations starting in the year 2088.
1527 # These are the best post-2088 approximations available, given the
1528 # restrictions of a single rule using ordinary Gregorian dates.
1529 # At some point this table will need to be extended, though quite
1530 # possibly Iran will change the rules first.
1531 Rule Iran 2088 max - Mar 20 24:00 1:00 -
1532 Rule Iran 2088 max - Sep 20 24:00 0 -
1533
1534 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1535 Zone Asia/Tehran 3:25:44 - LMT 1916
1536 3:25:44 - TMT 1946 # Tehran Mean Time
1537 3:30 - +0330 1977 Nov
1538 4:00 Iran +04/+05 1979
1539 3:30 Iran +0330/+0430
1540
1541
1542 # Iraq
1543 #
1544 # From Jonathan Lennox (2000-06-12):
1545 # An article in this week's Economist ("Inside the Saddam-free zone", p. 50 in
1546 # the U.S. edition) on the Iraqi Kurds contains a paragraph:
1547 # "The three northern provinces ... switched their clocks this spring and
1548 # are an hour ahead of Baghdad."
1549 #
1550 # But Rives McDow (2000-06-18) quotes a contact in Iraqi-Kurdistan as follows:
1551 # In the past, some Kurdish nationalists, as a protest to the Iraqi
1552 # Government, did not adhere to daylight saving time. They referred
1624 Rule Zion 1950 only - Apr 16 0:00 1:00 D
1625 Rule Zion 1950 only - Sep 15 3:00 0 S
1626 Rule Zion 1951 only - Apr 1 0:00 1:00 D
1627 Rule Zion 1951 only - Nov 11 3:00 0 S
1628 Rule Zion 1952 only - Apr 20 2:00 1:00 D
1629 Rule Zion 1952 only - Oct 19 3:00 0 S
1630 Rule Zion 1953 only - Apr 12 2:00 1:00 D
1631 Rule Zion 1953 only - Sep 13 3:00 0 S
1632 Rule Zion 1954 only - Jun 13 0:00 1:00 D
1633 Rule Zion 1954 only - Sep 12 0:00 0 S
1634 Rule Zion 1955 only - Jun 11 2:00 1:00 D
1635 Rule Zion 1955 only - Sep 11 0:00 0 S
1636 Rule Zion 1956 only - Jun 3 0:00 1:00 D
1637 Rule Zion 1956 only - Sep 30 3:00 0 S
1638 Rule Zion 1957 only - Apr 29 2:00 1:00 D
1639 Rule Zion 1957 only - Sep 22 0:00 0 S
1640 Rule Zion 1974 only - Jul 7 0:00 1:00 D
1641 Rule Zion 1974 only - Oct 13 0:00 0 S
1642 Rule Zion 1975 only - Apr 20 0:00 1:00 D
1643 Rule Zion 1975 only - Aug 31 0:00 0 S
1644
1645 # From Alois Treindl (2019-03-06):
1646 # http://www.moin.gov.il/Documents/שעון קיץ/clock-50-years-7-2014.pdf
1647 # From Isaac Starkman (2019-03-06):
1648 # Summer time was in that period in 1980 and 1984, see
1649 # https://www.ynet.co.il/articles/0,7340,L-3951073,00.html
1650 # You can of course read it in translation.
1651 # I checked the local newspapers for that years.
1652 # It started on midnight and end at 01.00 am.
1653 # From Paul Eggert (2019-03-06):
1654 # Also see this thread about the moin.gov.il URL:
1655 # https://mm.icann.org/pipermail/tz/2018-November/027194.html
1656 Rule Zion 1980 only - Aug 2 0:00 1:00 D
1657 Rule Zion 1980 only - Sep 13 1:00 0 S
1658 Rule Zion 1984 only - May 5 0:00 1:00 D
1659 Rule Zion 1984 only - Aug 25 1:00 0 S
1660
1661 # From Shanks & Pottenger:
1662 Rule Zion 1985 only - Apr 14 0:00 1:00 D
1663 Rule Zion 1985 only - Sep 15 0:00 0 S
1664 Rule Zion 1986 only - May 18 0:00 1:00 D
1665 Rule Zion 1986 only - Sep 7 0:00 0 S
1666 Rule Zion 1987 only - Apr 15 0:00 1:00 D
1667 Rule Zion 1987 only - Sep 13 0:00 0 S
1668
1669 # From Avigdor Finkelstein (2014-03-05):
1670 # I check the Parliament (Knesset) records and there it's stated that the
1671 # [1988] transition should take place on Saturday night, when the Sabbath
1672 # ends and changes to Sunday.
1673 Rule Zion 1988 only - Apr 10 0:00 1:00 D
1674 Rule Zion 1988 only - Sep 4 0:00 0 S
1675
1676 # From Ephraim Silverberg
1677 # (1997-03-04, 1998-03-16, 1998-12-28, 2000-01-17, 2000-07-25, 2004-12-22,
1678 # and 2005-02-17):
1679
1680 # According to the Office of the Secretary General of the Ministry of
1681 # Interior, there is NO set rule for Daylight-Savings/Standard time changes.
1900 # time" was abolished in the ordinance No. 529 (1937). In the ordinance No.
1901 # 167, there is no mention regarding for what place western standard time is
1902 # standard....
1903 #
1904 # I wrote "ordinance" above, but I don't know how to translate.
1905 # In Japanese it's "chokurei", which means ordinance from emperor.
1906
1907 # From Yu-Cheng Chuang (2013-07-12):
1908 # ...the Meiji Emperor announced Ordinance No. 167 of Meiji Year 28 "The clause
1909 # about standard time" ... The adoption began from Jan 1, 1896.
1910 # https://ja.wikisource.org/wiki/標準時ニ關スル件_(公布時)
1911 #
1912 # ...the Showa Emperor announced Ordinance No. 529 of Showa Year 12 ... which
1913 # means the whole Japan territory, including later occupations, adopt Japan
1914 # Central Time (UT+9). The adoption began on Oct 1, 1937.
1915 # https://ja.wikisource.org/wiki/明治二十八年勅令第百六十七號標準時ニ關スル件中改正ノ件
1916
1917 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1918 Zone Asia/Tokyo 9:18:59 - LMT 1887 Dec 31 15:00u
1919 9:00 Japan J%sT
1920 # Since 1938, all Japanese possessions have been like Asia/Tokyo,
1921 # except that Truk (Chuuk), Ponape (Pohnpei), and Jaluit (Kosrae) did not
1922 # switch from +10 to +09 until 1941-04-01; see the 'australasia' file.
1923
1924 # Jordan
1925 #
1926 # From <http://star.arabia.com/990701/JO9.html>
1927 # Jordan Week (1999-07-01) via Steffen Thorsen (1999-09-09):
1928 # Clocks in Jordan were forwarded one hour on Wednesday at midnight,
1929 # in accordance with the government's decision to implement summer time
1930 # all year round.
1931 #
1932 # From <http://star.arabia.com/990930/JO9.html>
1933 # Jordan Week (1999-09-30) via Steffen Thorsen (1999-11-09):
1934 # Winter time starts today Thursday, 30 September. Clocks will be turned back
1935 # by one hour. This is the latest government decision and it's final!
1936 # The decision was taken because of the increase in working hours in
1937 # government's departments from six to seven hours.
1938 #
1939 # From Paul Eggert (2005-11-22):
1940 # Starting 2003 transitions are from Steffen Thorsen's web site timeanddate.com.
1941 #
1942 # From Steffen Thorsen (2005-11-23):
2192 # No. 23 from 1992-01-08 [See 'europe' file for details].
2193 # Kazakh 1992-01-13 act appears to provide the same rules and 1992-03-27
2194 # act was to be enacted on the last Sunday of March 1992.
2195
2196 # From Stepan Golosunov (2016-11-08):
2197 # Turgai reorganization should affect only southern part of Qostanay
2198 # oblast. Which should probably be separated into Asia/Arkalyk zone.
2199 # (There were also 1970, 1988 and 1990 Turgai oblast reorganizations
2200 # according to wikipedia.)
2201 #
2202 # [For Qostanay] http://www.ng.kz/gazeta/195/hranit/
2203 # suggests that clocks were to be moved 40 minutes backwards on
2204 # 1920-01-01 to the fourth time belt. But I do not understand
2205 # how that could happen....
2206 #
2207 # [For Atyrau and Oral] 1919 decree
2208 # (http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_russia-1919-02-08.html
2209 # and in Byalokoz) lists Ural river (plus 10 versts on its left bank) in
2210 # the third time belt (before 1930 this means +03).
2211
2212 # From Alexander Konzurovski (2018-12-20):
2213 # Qyzyolrda Region (Asia/Qyzylorda) is changing its time zone from
2214 # UTC+6 to UTC+5 effective December 21st, 2018. The legal document is
2215 # located here: http://adilet.zan.kz/rus/docs/P1800000817 (russian language).
2216
2217 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
2218 #
2219 # Almaty (formerly Alma-Ata), representing most locations in Kazakhstan
2220 # This includes KZ-AKM, KZ-ALA, KZ-ALM, KZ-AST, KZ-BAY, KZ-VOS, KZ-ZHA,
2221 # KZ-KAR, KZ-SEV, KZ-PAV, and KZ-YUZ.
2222 Zone Asia/Almaty 5:07:48 - LMT 1924 May 2 # or Alma-Ata
2223 5:00 - +05 1930 Jun 21
2224 6:00 RussiaAsia +06/+07 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2225 5:00 RussiaAsia +05/+06 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
2226 6:00 RussiaAsia +06/+07 2004 Oct 31 2:00s
2227 6:00 - +06
2228 # Qyzylorda (aka Kyzylorda, Kizilorda, Kzyl-Orda, etc.) (KZ-KZY)
2229 Zone Asia/Qyzylorda 4:21:52 - LMT 1924 May 2
2230 4:00 - +04 1930 Jun 21
2231 5:00 - +05 1981 Apr 1
2232 5:00 1:00 +06 1981 Oct 1
2233 6:00 - +06 1982 Apr 1
2234 5:00 RussiaAsia +05/+06 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2235 4:00 RussiaAsia +04/+05 1991 Sep 29 2:00s
2236 5:00 RussiaAsia +05/+06 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
2237 6:00 RussiaAsia +06/+07 1992 Mar 29 2:00s
2238 5:00 RussiaAsia +05/+06 2004 Oct 31 2:00s
2239 6:00 - +06 2018 Dec 21 0:00
2240 5:00 - +05
2241 #
2242 # Qostanay (aka Kostanay, Kustanay) (KZ-KUS)
2243 # The 1991/2 rules are unclear partly because of the 1997 Turgai
2244 # reorganization.
2245 Zone Asia/Qostanay 4:14:28 - LMT 1924 May 2
2246 4:00 - +04 1930 Jun 21
2247 5:00 - +05 1981 Apr 1
2248 5:00 1:00 +06 1981 Oct 1
2249 6:00 - +06 1982 Apr 1
2250 5:00 RussiaAsia +05/+06 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2251 4:00 RussiaAsia +04/+05 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
2252 5:00 RussiaAsia +05/+06 2004 Oct 31 2:00s
2253 6:00 - +06
2254
2255 # Aqtöbe (aka Aktobe, formerly Aktyubinsk) (KZ-AKT)
2256 Zone Asia/Aqtobe 3:48:40 - LMT 1924 May 2
2257 4:00 - +04 1930 Jun 21
2258 5:00 - +05 1981 Apr 1
2259 5:00 1:00 +06 1981 Oct 1
2260 6:00 - +06 1982 Apr 1
2261 5:00 RussiaAsia +05/+06 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2262 4:00 RussiaAsia +04/+05 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
2263 5:00 RussiaAsia +05/+06 2004 Oct 31 2:00s
2264 5:00 - +05
2265 # Mangghystaū (KZ-MAN)
2266 # Aqtau was not founded until 1963, but it represents an inhabited region,
2267 # so include timestamps before 1963.
2268 Zone Asia/Aqtau 3:21:04 - LMT 1924 May 2
2269 4:00 - +04 1930 Jun 21
2270 5:00 - +05 1981 Oct 1
2271 6:00 - +06 1982 Apr 1
2272 5:00 RussiaAsia +05/+06 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2273 4:00 RussiaAsia +04/+05 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
2274 5:00 RussiaAsia +05/+06 1994 Sep 25 2:00s
2328
2329 # Korea (North and South)
2330
2331 # From Annie I. Bang (2006-07-10):
2332 # http://www.koreaherald.com/view.php?ud=200607100012
2333 # Korea ran a daylight saving program from 1949-61 but stopped it
2334 # during the 1950-53 Korean War. The system was temporarily enforced
2335 # between 1987 and 1988 ...
2336
2337 # From Sanghyuk Jung (2014-10-29):
2338 # https://mm.icann.org/pipermail/tz/2014-October/021830.html
2339 # According to the Korean Wikipedia
2340 # https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/한국_표준시
2341 # [oldid=12896437 2014-09-04 08:03 UTC]
2342 # DST in Republic of Korea was as follows.... And I checked old
2343 # newspapers in Korean, all articles correspond with data in Wikipedia.
2344 # For example, the article in 1948 (Korean Language) proved that DST
2345 # started at June 1 in that year. For another example, the article in
2346 # 1988 said that DST started at 2:00 AM in that year.
2347
2348 # From Phake Nick (2018-10-27):
2349 # 1. According to official announcement from Korean government, the DST end
2350 # date in South Korea should be
2351 # 1955-09-08 without specifying time
2352 # http://theme.archives.go.kr/next/common/viewEbook.do?singleData=N&archiveEventId=0027977557
2353 # 1956-09-29 without specifying time
2354 # http://theme.archives.go.kr/next/common/viewEbook.do?singleData=N&archiveEventId=0027978341
2355 # 1957-09-21 24 o'clock
2356 # http://theme.archives.go.kr/next/common/viewEbook.do?singleData=N&archiveEventId=0027979690#3
2357 # 1958-09-20 24 o'clock
2358 # http://theme.archives.go.kr/next/common/viewEbook.do?singleData=N&archiveEventId=0027981189
2359 # 1959-09-19 24 o'clock
2360 # http://theme.archives.go.kr/next/common/viewEbook.do?singleData=N&archiveEventId=0027982974#2
2361 # 1960-09-17 24 o'clock
2362 # http://theme.archives.go.kr/next/common/viewEbook.do?singleData=N&archiveEventId=0028044104
2363 # ...
2364 # 2.... https://namu.wiki/w/대한민국%20표준시 ... [says]
2365 # when Korea was using GMT+8:30 as standard time, the international
2366 # aviation/marine/meteorological industry in the country refused to
2367 # follow and continued to use GMT+9:00 for interoperability.
2368
2369
2370 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
2371 Rule ROK 1948 only - Jun 1 0:00 1:00 D
2372 Rule ROK 1948 only - Sep 12 24:00 0 S
2373 Rule ROK 1949 only - Apr 3 0:00 1:00 D
2374 Rule ROK 1949 1951 - Sep Sat>=7 24:00 0 S
2375 Rule ROK 1950 only - Apr 1 0:00 1:00 D
2376 Rule ROK 1951 only - May 6 0:00 1:00 D
2377 Rule ROK 1955 only - May 5 0:00 1:00 D
2378 Rule ROK 1955 only - Sep 8 24:00 0 S
2379 Rule ROK 1956 only - May 20 0:00 1:00 D
2380 Rule ROK 1956 only - Sep 29 24:00 0 S
2381 Rule ROK 1957 1960 - May Sun>=1 0:00 1:00 D
2382 Rule ROK 1957 1960 - Sep Sat>=17 24:00 0 S
2383 Rule ROK 1987 1988 - May Sun>=8 2:00 1:00 D
2384 Rule ROK 1987 1988 - Oct Sun>=8 3:00 0 S
2385
2386 # From Paul Eggert (2016-08-23):
2387 # The Korean Wikipedia entry gives the following sources for UT offsets:
2388 #
2389 # 1908: Official Journal Article No. 3994 (decree No. 5)
2390 # 1912: Governor-General of Korea Official Gazette Issue No. 367
2391 # (Announcement No. 338)
2392 # 1954: Presidential Decree No. 876 (1954-03-17)
2393 # 1961: Law No. 676 (1961-08-07)
2394 #
2395 # (Another source "1987: Law No. 3919 (1986-12-31)" was in the 2014-10-30
2396 # edition of the Korean Wikipedia entry.)
2397 #
2398 # I guessed that time zone abbreviations through 1945 followed the same
2399 # rules as discussed under Taiwan, with nominal switches from JST to KST
2400 # when the respective cities were taken over by the Allies after WWII.
2401 #
2402 # For Pyongyang, guess no changes from World War II until 2015, as we
3093 # [T]he Palestinian cabinet decision (Mar 8th 2016) published on
3094 # http://www.palestinecabinet.gov.ps/WebSite/Upload/Decree/GOV_17/16032016134830.pdf
3095 # states that summer time will end on Oct 29th at 01:00.
3096 #
3097 # From Tim Parenti (2016-10-19):
3098 # Predict fall transitions on October's last Saturday at 01:00 from now on.
3099 # This is consistent with the 2016 transition as well as our spring
3100 # predictions.
3101 #
3102 # From Paul Eggert (2016-10-19):
3103 # It's also consistent with predictions in the following URLs today:
3104 # https://www.timeanddate.com/time/change/gaza-strip/gaza
3105 # https://www.timeanddate.com/time/change/west-bank/hebron
3106
3107 # From Sharef Mustafa (2018-03-16):
3108 # Palestine summer time will start on Mar 24th 2018 by advancing the
3109 # clock by 60 minutes as per Palestinian cabinet decision published on
3110 # the official website, though the decree did not specify the exact
3111 # time of the time shift.
3112 # http://www.palestinecabinet.gov.ps/Website/AR/NDecrees/ViewFile.ashx?ID=e7a42ab7-ee23-435a-b9c8-a4f7e81f3817
3113
3114 # From Even Scharning (2019-03-23):
3115 # DST in Palestine will start on 30 March this year, not 23 March as the time
3116 # zone database predicted.
3117 # https://ramallah.news/post/123610
3118 #
3119 # From Tim Parenti (2019-03-23):
3120 # Combining this with the rules observed since 2016, adjust our spring
3121 # transition guess to Mar Sat>=24.
3122
3123 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
3124 Rule EgyptAsia 1957 only - May 10 0:00 1:00 S
3125 Rule EgyptAsia 1957 1958 - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
3126 Rule EgyptAsia 1958 only - May 1 0:00 1:00 S
3127 Rule EgyptAsia 1959 1967 - May 1 1:00 1:00 S
3128 Rule EgyptAsia 1959 1965 - Sep 30 3:00 0 -
3129 Rule EgyptAsia 1966 only - Oct 1 3:00 0 -
3130
3131 Rule Palestine 1999 2005 - Apr Fri>=15 0:00 1:00 S
3132 Rule Palestine 1999 2003 - Oct Fri>=15 0:00 0 -
3133 Rule Palestine 2004 only - Oct 1 1:00 0 -
3134 Rule Palestine 2005 only - Oct 4 2:00 0 -
3135 Rule Palestine 2006 2007 - Apr 1 0:00 1:00 S
3136 Rule Palestine 2006 only - Sep 22 0:00 0 -
3137 Rule Palestine 2007 only - Sep Thu>=8 2:00 0 -
3138 Rule Palestine 2008 2009 - Mar lastFri 0:00 1:00 S
3139 Rule Palestine 2008 only - Sep 1 0:00 0 -
3140 Rule Palestine 2009 only - Sep Fri>=1 1:00 0 -
3141 Rule Palestine 2010 only - Mar 26 0:00 1:00 S
3142 Rule Palestine 2010 only - Aug 11 0:00 0 -
3143 Rule Palestine 2011 only - Apr 1 0:01 1:00 S
3144 Rule Palestine 2011 only - Aug 1 0:00 0 -
3145 Rule Palestine 2011 only - Aug 30 0:00 1:00 S
3146 Rule Palestine 2011 only - Sep 30 0:00 0 -
3147 Rule Palestine 2012 2014 - Mar lastThu 24:00 1:00 S
3148 Rule Palestine 2012 only - Sep 21 1:00 0 -
3149 Rule Palestine 2013 only - Sep Fri>=21 0:00 0 -
3150 Rule Palestine 2014 2015 - Oct Fri>=21 0:00 0 -
3151 Rule Palestine 2015 only - Mar lastFri 24:00 1:00 S
3152 Rule Palestine 2016 max - Mar Sat>=24 1:00 1:00 S
3153 Rule Palestine 2016 max - Oct lastSat 1:00 0 -
3154
3155 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
3156 Zone Asia/Gaza 2:17:52 - LMT 1900 Oct
3157 2:00 Zion EET/EEST 1948 May 15
3158 2:00 EgyptAsia EE%sT 1967 Jun 5
3159 2:00 Zion I%sT 1996
3160 2:00 Jordan EE%sT 1999
3161 2:00 Palestine EE%sT 2008 Aug 29 0:00
3162 2:00 - EET 2008 Sep
3163 2:00 Palestine EE%sT 2010
3164 2:00 - EET 2010 Mar 27 0:01
3165 2:00 Palestine EE%sT 2011 Aug 1
3166 2:00 - EET 2012
3167 2:00 Palestine EE%sT
3168
3169 Zone Asia/Hebron 2:20:23 - LMT 1900 Oct
3170 2:00 Zion EET/EEST 1948 May 15
3171 2:00 EgyptAsia EE%sT 1967 Jun 5
3172 2:00 Zion I%sT 1996
3173 2:00 Jordan EE%sT 1999
3174 2:00 Palestine EE%sT
3175
3176 # Paracel Is
3177 # no information
3178
3179 # Philippines
3180
3181 # From Paul Eggert (2018-11-18):
3182 # The Spanish initially used American (west-of-Greenwich) time.
3183 # It is unknown what time Manila kept when the British occupied it from
3184 # 1762-10-06 through 1764-04; for now assume it kept American time.
3185 # On 1844-08-16, Narciso Clavería, governor-general of the
3186 # Philippines, issued a proclamation announcing that 1844-12-30 was to
3187 # be immediately followed by 1845-01-01; see R.H. van Gent's
3188 # History of the International Date Line
3189 # https://www.staff.science.uu.nl/~gent0113/idl/idl_philippines.htm
3190 # The rest of the data entries are from Shanks & Pottenger.
3191
3192 # From Jesper Nørgaard Welen (2006-04-26):
3193 # ... claims that Philippines had DST last time in 1990:
3194 # http://story.philippinetimes.com/p.x/ct/9/id/145be20cc6b121c0/cid/3e5bbccc730d258c/
3195 # [a story dated 2006-04-25 by Cris Larano of Dow Jones Newswires,
3196 # but no details]
3197
3198 # From Paul Eggert (2014-08-14):
3199 # The following source says DST may be instituted November-January and again
3200 # March-June, but this is not definite. It also says DST was last proclaimed
3201 # during the Ramos administration (1992-1998); but again, no details.
3202 # Carcamo D. PNoy urged to declare use of daylight saving time.
3203 # Philippine Star 2014-08-05
3204 # http://www.philstar.com/headlines/2014/08/05/1354152/pnoy-urged-declare-use-daylight-saving-time
3250 # observed standard time, and that people in Jeddah mostly observed quasi-solar
3251 # time, doing so by setting their watches at sunrise to 6 o'clock (or to 12
3252 # o'clock for "Arab" time).
3253 #
3254 # Timekeeping differed depending on who you were and which part of Saudi
3255 # Arabia you were in. In 1969, Elias Antar wrote that although a common
3256 # practice had been to set one's watch to 12:00 (i.e., midnight) at sunset -
3257 # which meant that the time on one side of a mountain could differ greatly from
3258 # the time on the other side - many foreigners set their watches to 6pm
3259 # instead, while airlines instead used UTC +03 (except in Dhahran, where they
3260 # used UTC +04), Aramco used UTC +03 with DST, and the Trans-Arabian Pipe Line
3261 # Company used Aramco time in eastern Saudi Arabia and airline time in western.
3262 # (The American Military Aid Advisory Group used plain UTC.) Antar writes,
3263 # "A man named Higgins, so the story goes, used to run a local power
3264 # station. One day, the whole thing became too much for Higgins and he
3265 # assembled his staff and laid down the law. 'I've had enough of this,' he
3266 # shrieked. 'It is now 12 o'clock Higgins Time, and from now on this station is
3267 # going to run on Higgins Time.' And so, until last year, it did." See:
3268 # Antar E. Dinner at When? Saudi Aramco World, 1969 March/April. 2-3.
3269 # http://archive.aramcoworld.com/issue/196902/dinner.at.when.htm
3270 # Also see: Antar EN. Arabian flying is confusing.
3271 # Port Angeles (WA) Evening News. 1965-03-10. page 3.
3272 #
3273 # The TZ database cannot represent quasi-solar time; airline time is the best
3274 # we can do. The 1946 foreign air news digest of the U.S. Civil Aeronautics
3275 # Board (OCLC 42299995) reported that the "... Arabian Government, inaugurated
3276 # a weekly Dhahran-Cairo service, via the Saudi Arabian cities of Riyadh and
3277 # Jidda, on March 14, 1947". Shanks & Pottenger guessed 1950; go with the
3278 # earlier date.
3279 #
3280 # Shanks & Pottenger also state that until 1968-05-01 Saudi Arabia had two
3281 # time zones; the other zone, at UT +04, was in the far eastern part of
3282 # the country. Presumably this is documenting airline time. Ignore this,
3283 # as it's before our 1970 cutoff.
3284 #
3285 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
3286 Zone Asia/Riyadh 3:06:52 - LMT 1947 Mar 14
3287 3:00 - +03
3288 Link Asia/Riyadh Asia/Aden # Yemen
3289 Link Asia/Riyadh Asia/Kuwait
3290
3291 # Singapore
3623 # Hoàng Xuân Hãn: "Lịch và lịch Việt Nam". Tập san Khoa học Xã hội,
3624 # No. 9, Paris, February 1982.
3625 #
3626 # Lê Thành Lân: "Lịch và niên biểu lịch sử hai mươi thế kỷ (0001-2010)",
3627 # NXB Thống kê, Hanoi, 2000.
3628 #
3629 # Lê Thành Lân: "Lịch hai thế kỷ (1802-2010) và các lịch vĩnh cửu",
3630 # NXB Thuận Hoá, Huế, 1995.
3631
3632 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
3633 Zone Asia/Ho_Chi_Minh 7:06:40 - LMT 1906 Jul 1
3634 7:06:30 - PLMT 1911 May 1 # Phù Liễn MT
3635 7:00 - +07 1942 Dec 31 23:00
3636 8:00 - +08 1945 Mar 14 23:00
3637 9:00 - +09 1945 Sep 2
3638 7:00 - +07 1947 Apr 1
3639 8:00 - +08 1955 Jul 1
3640 7:00 - +07 1959 Dec 31 23:00
3641 8:00 - +08 1975 Jun 13
3642 7:00 - +07
3643
3644 # From Paul Eggert (2019-02-19):
3645 #
3646 # The Ho Chi Minh entry suffices for most purposes as it agrees with all of
3647 # Vietnam since 1975-06-13. Presumably clocks often changed in south Vietnam
3648 # in the early 1970s as locations changed hands during the war; however the
3649 # details are unknown and would likely be too voluminous for this database.
3650 #
3651 # For timestamps in north Vietnam back to 1970 (the tzdb cutoff),
3652 # use Asia/Bangkok; see the VN entries in the file zone1970.tab.
3653 # For timestamps before 1970, see Asia/Hanoi in the file 'backzone'.
3654
3655
3656 # Yemen
3657 # See Asia/Riyadh.
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