1 #
   2 # DO NOT ALTER OR REMOVE COPYRIGHT NOTICES OR THIS FILE HEADER.
   3 #
   4 # This code is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
   5 # under the terms of the GNU General Public License version 2 only, as
   6 # published by the Free Software Foundation.
   7 #
   8 # This code is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT
   9 # ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or
  10 # FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the GNU General Public License
  11 # version 2 for more details (a copy is included in the LICENSE file that
  12 # accompanied this code).
  13 #
  14 # You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License version
  15 # 2 along with this work; if not, write to the Free Software Foundation,
  16 # Inc., 51 Franklin St, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA 02110-1301 USA.
  17 #
  18 # Please contact Oracle, 500 Oracle Parkway, Redwood Shores, CA 94065 USA
  19 # or visit www.oracle.com if you need additional information or have any
  20 # questions.
  21 #
  22 # tzdb data for Asia and environs
  23 
  24 # This file is in the public domain, so clarified as of
  25 # 2009-05-17 by Arthur David Olson.
  26 
  27 # This file is by no means authoritative; if you think you know better,
  28 # go ahead and edit the file (and please send any changes to
  29 # tz@iana.org for general use in the future).  For more, please see
  30 # the file CONTRIBUTING in the tz distribution.
  31 
  32 # From Paul Eggert (2018-06-19):
  33 #
  34 # Unless otherwise specified, the source for data through 1990 is:
  35 # Thomas G. Shanks and Rique Pottenger, The International Atlas (6th edition),
  36 # San Diego: ACS Publications, Inc. (2003).
  37 # Unfortunately this book contains many errors and cites no sources.
  38 #
  39 # Many years ago Gwillim Law wrote that a good source
  40 # for time zone data was the International Air Transport
  41 # Association's Standard Schedules Information Manual (IATA SSIM),
  42 # published semiannually.  Law sent in several helpful summaries
  43 # of the IATA's data after 1990.  Except where otherwise noted,
  44 # IATA SSIM is the source for entries after 1990.
  45 #
  46 # Another source occasionally used is Edward W. Whitman, World Time Differences,
  47 # Whitman Publishing Co, 2 Niagara Av, Ealing, London (undated), which
  48 # I found in the UCLA library.
  49 #
  50 # For data circa 1899, a common source is:
  51 # Milne J. Civil time. Geogr J. 1899 Feb;13(2):173-94.
  52 # https://www.jstor.org/stable/1774359
  53 #
  54 # For Russian data circa 1919, a source is:
  55 # Byalokoz EL. New Counting of Time in Russia since July 1, 1919.
  56 # (See the 'europe' file for a fuller citation.)
  57 #
  58 # A reliable and entertaining source about time zones is
  59 # Derek Howse, Greenwich time and longitude, Philip Wilson Publishers (1997).
  60 #
  61 # The following alphabetic abbreviations appear in these tables
  62 # (corrections are welcome):
  63 #            std  dst
  64 #            LMT        Local Mean Time
  65 #       2:00 EET  EEST  Eastern European Time
  66 #       2:00 IST  IDT   Israel
  67 #       5:30 IST        India
  68 #       7:00 WIB        west Indonesia (Waktu Indonesia Barat)
  69 #       8:00 WITA       central Indonesia (Waktu Indonesia Tengah)
  70 #       8:00 CST        China
  71 #       8:00 PST  PDT*  Philippine Standard Time
  72 #       8:30 KST  KDT   Korea when at +0830
  73 #       9:00 WIT        east Indonesia (Waktu Indonesia Timur)
  74 #       9:00 JST  JDT   Japan
  75 #       9:00 KST  KDT   Korea when at +09
  76 #       9:30 ACST       Australian Central Standard Time
  77 # *I invented the abbreviation PDT; see "Philippines" below.
  78 # Otherwise, these tables typically use numeric abbreviations like +03
  79 # and +0330 for integer hour and minute UT offsets.  Although earlier
  80 # editions invented alphabetic time zone abbreviations for every
  81 # offset, this did not reflect common practice.
  82 #
  83 # See the 'europe' file for Russia and Turkey in Asia.
  84 
  85 # From Guy Harris:
  86 # Incorporates data for Singapore from Robert Elz' asia 1.1, as well as
  87 # additional information from Tom Yap, Sun Microsystems Intercontinental
  88 # Technical Support (including a page from the Official Airline Guide -
  89 # Worldwide Edition).
  90 
  91 ###############################################################################
  92 
  93 # These rules are stolen from the 'europe' file.
  94 # Rule  NAME    FROM    TO      TYPE    IN      ON      AT      SAVE    LETTER/S
  95 Rule    EUAsia  1981    max     -       Mar     lastSun  1:00u  1:00    S
  96 Rule    EUAsia  1979    1995    -       Sep     lastSun  1:00u  0       -
  97 Rule    EUAsia  1996    max     -       Oct     lastSun  1:00u  0       -
  98 Rule E-EurAsia  1981    max     -       Mar     lastSun  0:00   1:00    -
  99 Rule E-EurAsia  1979    1995    -       Sep     lastSun  0:00   0       -
 100 Rule E-EurAsia  1996    max     -       Oct     lastSun  0:00   0       -
 101 Rule RussiaAsia 1981    1984    -       Apr     1        0:00   1:00    -
 102 Rule RussiaAsia 1981    1983    -       Oct     1        0:00   0       -
 103 Rule RussiaAsia 1984    1995    -       Sep     lastSun  2:00s  0       -
 104 Rule RussiaAsia 1985    2010    -       Mar     lastSun  2:00s  1:00    -
 105 Rule RussiaAsia 1996    2010    -       Oct     lastSun  2:00s  0       -
 106 
 107 # Afghanistan
 108 # Zone  NAME            GMTOFF  RULES   FORMAT  [UNTIL]
 109 Zone    Asia/Kabul      4:36:48 -       LMT     1890
 110                         4:00    -       +04     1945
 111                         4:30    -       +0430
 112 
 113 # Armenia
 114 # From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):
 115 # Shanks & Pottenger have Yerevan switching to 3:00 (with Russian DST)
 116 # in spring 1991, then to 4:00 with no DST in fall 1995, then
 117 # readopting Russian DST in 1997.  Go with Shanks & Pottenger, even
 118 # when they disagree with others.  Edgar Der-Danieliantz
 119 # reported (1996-05-04) that Yerevan probably wouldn't use DST
 120 # in 1996, though it did use DST in 1995.  IATA SSIM (1991/1998) reports that
 121 # Armenia switched from 3:00 to 4:00 in 1998 and observed DST after 1991,
 122 # but started switching at 3:00s in 1998.
 123 
 124 # From Arthur David Olson (2011-06-15):
 125 # While Russia abandoned DST in 2011, Armenia may choose to
 126 # follow Russia's "old" rules.
 127 
 128 # From Alexander Krivenyshev (2012-02-10):
 129 # According to News Armenia, on Feb 9, 2012,
 130 # http://newsarmenia.ru/society/20120209/42609695.html
 131 #
 132 # The Armenia National Assembly adopted final reading of Amendments to the
 133 # Law "On procedure of calculation time on the territory of the Republic of
 134 # Armenia" according to which Armenia [is] abolishing Daylight Saving Time.
 135 # or
 136 # (brief)
 137 # http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_armenia03.html
 138 # Rule  NAME    FROM    TO      TYPE    IN      ON      AT      SAVE    LETTER/S
 139 Rule Armenia    2011    only    -       Mar     lastSun  2:00s  1:00    -
 140 Rule Armenia    2011    only    -       Oct     lastSun  2:00s  0       -
 141 # Zone  NAME            GMTOFF  RULES   FORMAT  [UNTIL]
 142 Zone    Asia/Yerevan    2:58:00 -       LMT     1924 May  2
 143                         3:00    -       +03     1957 Mar
 144                         4:00 RussiaAsia +04/+05 1991 Mar 31  2:00s
 145                         3:00 RussiaAsia +03/+04 1995 Sep 24  2:00s
 146                         4:00    -       +04     1997
 147                         4:00 RussiaAsia +04/+05 2011
 148                         4:00    Armenia +04/+05
 149 
 150 # Azerbaijan
 151 
 152 # From Rustam Aliyev of the Azerbaijan Internet Forum (2005-10-23):
 153 # According to the resolution of Cabinet of Ministers, 1997
 154 # From Paul Eggert (2015-09-17): It was Resolution No. 21 (1997-03-17).
 155 # http://code.az/files/daylight_res.pdf
 156 
 157 # From Steffen Thorsen (2016-03-17):
 158 # ... the Azerbaijani Cabinet of Ministers has cancelled switching to
 159 # daylight saving time....
 160 # https://www.azernews.az/azerbaijan/94137.html
 161 # http://vestnikkavkaza.net/news/Azerbaijani-Cabinet-of-Ministers-cancels-daylight-saving-time.html
 162 # http://en.apa.az/xeber_azerbaijan_abolishes_daylight_savings_ti_240862.html
 163 
 164 # Rule  NAME    FROM    TO      TYPE    IN      ON      AT      SAVE    LETTER/S
 165 Rule    Azer    1997    2015    -       Mar     lastSun  4:00   1:00    -
 166 Rule    Azer    1997    2015    -       Oct     lastSun  5:00   0       -
 167 # Zone  NAME            GMTOFF  RULES   FORMAT  [UNTIL]
 168 Zone    Asia/Baku       3:19:24 -       LMT     1924 May  2
 169                         3:00    -       +03     1957 Mar
 170                         4:00 RussiaAsia +04/+05 1991 Mar 31  2:00s
 171                         3:00 RussiaAsia +03/+04 1992 Sep lastSun  2:00s
 172                         4:00    -       +04     1996
 173                         4:00    EUAsia  +04/+05 1997
 174                         4:00    Azer    +04/+05
 175 
 176 # Bahrain
 177 # See Asia/Qatar.
 178 
 179 # Bangladesh
 180 # From Alexander Krivenyshev (2009-05-13):
 181 # According to newspaper Asian Tribune (May 6, 2009) Bangladesh may introduce
 182 # Daylight Saving Time from June 16 to Sept 30
 183 #
 184 # Bangladesh to introduce daylight saving time likely from June 16
 185 # http://www.asiantribune.com/?q=node/17288
 186 # http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_bangladesh02.html
 187 #
 188 # "... Bangladesh government has decided to switch daylight saving time from
 189 # June
 190 # 16 till September 30 in a bid to ensure maximum use of daylight to cope with
 191 # crippling power crisis. "
 192 #
 193 # The switch will remain in effect from June 16 to Sept 30 (2009) but if
 194 # implemented the next year, it will come in force from April 1, 2010
 195 
 196 # From Steffen Thorsen (2009-06-02):
 197 # They have finally decided now, but changed the start date to midnight between
 198 # the 19th and 20th, and they have not set the end date yet.
 199 #
 200 # Some sources:
 201 # https://in.reuters.com/article/southAsiaNews/idINIndia-40017620090601
 202 # http://bdnews24.com/details.php?id=85889&cid=2
 203 #
 204 # Our wrap-up:
 205 # https://www.timeanddate.com/news/time/bangladesh-daylight-saving-2009.html
 206 
 207 # From A. N. M. Kamrus Saadat (2009-06-15):
 208 # Finally we've got the official mail regarding DST start time where DST start
 209 # time is mentioned as Jun 19 2009, 23:00 from BTRC (Bangladesh
 210 # Telecommunication Regulatory Commission).
 211 #
 212 # No DST end date has been announced yet.
 213 
 214 # From Alexander Krivenyshev (2009-09-25):
 215 # Bangladesh won't go back to Standard Time from October 1, 2009,
 216 # instead it will continue DST measure till the cabinet makes a fresh decision.
 217 #
 218 # Following report by same newspaper-"The Daily Star Friday":
 219 # "DST change awaits cabinet decision-Clock won't go back by 1-hr from Oct 1"
 220 # http://www.thedailystar.net/newDesign/news-details.php?nid=107021
 221 # http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_bangladesh04.html
 222 
 223 # From Steffen Thorsen (2009-10-13):
 224 # IANS (Indo-Asian News Service) now reports:
 225 # Bangladesh has decided that the clock advanced by an hour to make
 226 # maximum use of daylight hours as an energy saving measure would
 227 # "continue for an indefinite period."
 228 #
 229 # One of many places where it is published:
 230 # http://www.thaindian.com/newsportal/business/bangladesh-to-continue-indefinitely-with-advanced-time_100259987.html
 231 
 232 # From Alexander Krivenyshev (2009-12-24):
 233 # According to Bangladesh newspaper "The Daily Star,"
 234 # Bangladesh will change its clock back to Standard Time on Dec 31, 2009.
 235 #
 236 # Clock goes back 1-hr on Dec 31 night.
 237 # http://www.thedailystar.net/newDesign/news-details.php?nid=119228
 238 # http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_bangladesh05.html
 239 #
 240 # "...The government yesterday decided to put the clock back by one hour
 241 # on December 31 midnight and the new time will continue until March 31,
 242 # 2010 midnight. The decision came at a cabinet meeting at the Prime
 243 # Minister's Office last night..."
 244 
 245 # From Alexander Krivenyshev (2010-03-22):
 246 # According to Bangladesh newspaper "The Daily Star,"
 247 # Cabinet cancels Daylight Saving Time
 248 # http://www.thedailystar.net/newDesign/latest_news.php?nid=22817
 249 # http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_bangladesh06.html
 250 
 251 # Rule  NAME    FROM    TO      TYPE    IN      ON      AT      SAVE    LETTER/S
 252 Rule    Dhaka   2009    only    -       Jun     19      23:00   1:00    -
 253 Rule    Dhaka   2009    only    -       Dec     31      24:00   0       -
 254 
 255 # Zone  NAME            GMTOFF  RULES   FORMAT  [UNTIL]
 256 Zone    Asia/Dhaka      6:01:40 -       LMT     1890
 257                         5:53:20 -       HMT     1941 Oct    # Howrah Mean Time?
 258                         6:30    -       +0630   1942 May 15
 259                         5:30    -       +0530   1942 Sep
 260                         6:30    -       +0630   1951 Sep 30
 261                         6:00    -       +06     2009
 262                         6:00    Dhaka   +06/+07
 263 
 264 # Bhutan
 265 # Zone  NAME            GMTOFF  RULES   FORMAT  [UNTIL]
 266 Zone    Asia/Thimphu    5:58:36 -       LMT     1947 Aug 15 # or Thimbu
 267                         5:30    -       +0530   1987 Oct
 268                         6:00    -       +06
 269 
 270 # British Indian Ocean Territory
 271 # Whitman and the 1995 CIA time zone map say 5:00, but the
 272 # 1997 and later maps say 6:00.  Assume the switch occurred in 1996.
 273 # We have no information as to when standard time was introduced;
 274 # assume it occurred in 1907, the same year as Mauritius (which
 275 # then contained the Chagos Archipelago).
 276 # Zone  NAME            GMTOFF  RULES   FORMAT  [UNTIL]
 277 Zone    Indian/Chagos   4:49:40 -       LMT     1907
 278                         5:00    -       +05     1996
 279                         6:00    -       +06
 280 
 281 # Brunei
 282 # Zone  NAME            GMTOFF  RULES   FORMAT  [UNTIL]
 283 Zone    Asia/Brunei     7:39:40 -       LMT     1926 Mar # Bandar Seri Begawan
 284                         7:30    -       +0730   1933
 285                         8:00    -       +08
 286 
 287 # Burma / Myanmar
 288 
 289 # Milne says 6:24:40 was the meridian of the time ball observatory at Rangoon.
 290 
 291 # From Paul Eggert (2017-04-20):
 292 # Page 27 of Reed & Low (cited for Asia/Kolkata) says "Rangoon local time is
 293 # used upon the railways and telegraphs of Burma, and is 6h. 24m. 47s. ahead
 294 # of Greenwich."  This refers to the period before Burma's transition to +0630,
 295 # a transition for which Shanks is the only source.
 296 
 297 # Zone  NAME            GMTOFF  RULES   FORMAT  [UNTIL]
 298 Zone    Asia/Yangon     6:24:47 -       LMT     1880        # or Rangoon
 299                         6:24:47 -       RMT     1920        # Rangoon local time
 300                         6:30    -       +0630   1942 May
 301                         9:00    -       +09     1945 May  3
 302                         6:30    -       +0630
 303 
 304 # Cambodia
 305 # See Asia/Bangkok.
 306 
 307 
 308 # China
 309 
 310 # From Paul Eggert (2018-10-02):
 311 # The following comes from Table 1 of:
 312 # Li Yu. Research on the daylight saving movement in 1940s Shanghai.
 313 # Nanjing Journal of Social Sciences. 2014;(2):144-50.
 314 # http://oversea.cnki.net/kns55/detail.aspx?dbname=CJFD2014&filename=NJSH201402020
 315 # The table lists dates only; I am guessing 00:00 and 24:00 transition times.
 316 # Also, the table lists the planned end of DST in 1949, but the corresponding
 317 # zone line cuts this off on May 28, when the Communists took power.
 318 #
 319 # Rule  NAME    FROM    TO      TYPE    IN      ON      AT      SAVE    LETTER/S
 320 Rule    Shang   1940    only    -       Jun      1       0:00   1:00    D
 321 Rule    Shang   1940    only    -       Oct     12      24:00   0       S
 322 Rule    Shang   1941    only    -       Mar     15       0:00   1:00    D
 323 Rule    Shang   1941    only    -       Nov      1      24:00   0       S
 324 Rule    Shang   1942    only    -       Jan     31       0:00   1:00    D
 325 Rule    Shang   1945    only    -       Sep      1      24:00   0       S
 326 Rule    Shang   1946    only    -       May     15       0:00   1:00    D
 327 Rule    Shang   1946    only    -       Sep     30      24:00   0       S
 328 Rule    Shang   1947    only    -       Apr     15       0:00   1:00    D
 329 Rule    Shang   1947    only    -       Oct     31      24:00   0       S
 330 Rule    Shang   1948    1949    -       May      1       0:00   1:00    D
 331 Rule    Shang   1948    1949    -       Sep     30      24:00   0       S #plan
 332 
 333 # From Guy Harris:
 334 # People's Republic of China.  Yes, they really have only one time zone.
 335 
 336 # From Bob Devine (1988-01-28):
 337 # No they don't.  See TIME mag, 1986-02-17 p.52.  Even though
 338 # China is across 4 physical time zones, before Feb 1, 1986 only the
 339 # Peking (Beijing) time zone was recognized.  Since that date, China
 340 # has two of 'em - Peking's and Ürümqi (named after the capital of
 341 # the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region).  I don't know about DST for it.
 342 #
 343 # . . .I just deleted the DST table and this editor makes it too
 344 # painful to suck in another copy.  So, here is what I have for
 345 # DST start/end dates for Peking's time zone (info from AP):
 346 #
 347 #     1986 May 4 - Sept 14
 348 #     1987 mid-April - ??
 349 
 350 # From U. S. Naval Observatory (1989-01-19):
 351 # CHINA               8 H  AHEAD OF UTC  ALL OF CHINA, INCL TAIWAN
 352 # CHINA               9 H  AHEAD OF UTC  APR 17 - SEP 10
 353 
 354 # From Paul Eggert (2008-02-11):
 355 # Jim Mann, "A clumsy embrace for another western custom: China on daylight
 356 # time - sort of", Los Angeles Times, 1986-05-05 ... [says] that China began
 357 # observing daylight saving time in 1986.
 358 
 359 # From P Chan (2018-05-07):
 360 # The start and end time of DST in China [from 1986 on] should be 2:00
 361 # (i.e. 2:00 to 3:00 at the start and 2:00 to 1:00 at the end)....
 362 # Government notices about summer time:
 363 #
 364 # 1986-04-12 http://www.zj.gov.cn/attach/zfgb/198608.pdf p.21-22
 365 # (To establish summer time from 1986. On 4 May, set the clocks ahead one hour
 366 # at 2 am. On 14 September, set the clocks backward one hour at 2 am.)
 367 #
 368 # 1987-02-15 http://www.gov.cn/gongbao/shuju/1987/gwyb198703.pdf p.114
 369 # (Summer time in 1987 to start from 12 April until 13 September)
 370 #
 371 # 1987-09-09 http://www.gov.cn/gongbao/shuju/1987/gwyb198721.pdf p.709
 372 # (From 1988, summer time to start from 2 am of the first Sunday of mid-April
 373 # until 2 am of the first Sunday of mid-September)
 374 #
 375 # 1992-03-03 http://www.gov.cn/gongbao/shuju/1992/gwyb199205.pdf p.152
 376 # (To suspend summer time from 1992)
 377 #
 378 # The first page of People's Daily on 12 April 1988 stating that summer time
 379 # to begin on 17 April.
 380 # http://data.people.com.cn/pic/101p/1988/04/1988041201.jpg
 381 
 382 # Rule  NAME    FROM    TO      TYPE    IN      ON      AT      SAVE    LETTER/S
 383 Rule    PRC     1986    only    -       May      4       2:00   1:00    D
 384 Rule    PRC     1986    1991    -       Sep     Sun>=11       2:00   0       S
 385 Rule    PRC     1987    1991    -       Apr     Sun>=11       2:00   1:00    D
 386 
 387 # From Anthony Fok (2001-12-20):
 388 # BTW, I did some research on-line and found some info regarding these five
 389 # historic timezones from some Taiwan websites.  And yes, there are official
 390 # Chinese names for these locales (before 1949).
 391 #
 392 # From Jesper Nørgaard Welen (2006-07-14):
 393 # I have investigated the timezones around 1970 on the
 394 # https://www.astro.com/atlas site [with provinces and county
 395 # boundaries summarized below]....  A few other exceptions were two
 396 # counties on the Sichuan side of the Xizang-Sichuan border,
 397 # counties Dege and Baiyu which lies on the Sichuan side and are
 398 # therefore supposed to be GMT+7, Xizang region being GMT+6, but Dege
 399 # county is GMT+8 according to astro.com while Baiyu county is GMT+6
 400 # (could be true), for the moment I am assuming that those two
 401 # counties are mistakes in the astro.com data.
 402 
 403 # From Paul Eggert (2017-01-05):
 404 # Alois Treindl kindly sent me translations of the following two sources:
 405 #
 406 # (1)
 407 # Guo Qing-sheng (National Time-Service Center, CAS, Xi'an 710600, China)
 408 # Beijing Time at the Beginning of the PRC
 409 # China Historical Materials of Science and Technology
 410 # (Zhongguo ke ji shi liao, 中国科技史料). 2003;24(1):5-9.
 411 # http://oversea.cnki.net/kcms/detail/detail.aspx?filename=ZGKS200301000&dbname=CJFD2003
 412 # It gives evidence that at the beginning of the PRC, Beijing time was
 413 # officially apparent solar time!  However, Guo also says that the
 414 # evidence is dubious, as the relevant institute of astronomy had not
 415 # been taken over by the PRC yet.  It's plausible that apparent solar
 416 # time was announced but never implemented, and that people continued
 417 # to use UT+8.  As the Shanghai radio station (and I presume the
 418 # observatory) was still under control of French missionaries, it
 419 # could well have ignored any such mandate.
 420 #
 421 # (2)
 422 # Guo Qing-sheng (Shaanxi Astronomical Observatory, CAS, Xi'an 710600, China)
 423 # A Study on the Standard Time Changes for the Past 100 Years in China
 424 # [undated and unknown publication location]
 425 # It says several things:
 426 #   * The Qing dynasty used local apparent solar time throughout China.
 427 #   * The Republic of China instituted Beijing mean solar time effective
 428 #     the official calendar book of 1914.
 429 #   * The French Concession in Shanghai set up signal stations in
 430 #     French docks in the 1890s, controlled by Xujiahui (Zikawei)
 431 #     Observatory and set to local mean time.
 432 #   * "From the end of the 19th century" it changed to UT+8.
 433 #   * Chinese Customs (by then reduced to a tool of foreign powers)
 434 #     eventually standardized on this time for all ports, and it
 435 #     became used by railways as well.
 436 #   * In 1918 the Central Observatory proposed dividing China into
 437 #     five time zones (see below for details).  This caught on
 438 #     at first only in coastal areas observing UT+8.
 439 #   * During WWII all of China was in theory was at UT+7.  In practice
 440 #     this was ignored in the west, and I presume was ignored in
 441 #     Japanese-occupied territory.
 442 #   * Japanese-occupied Manchuria was at UT+9, i.e., Japan time.
 443 #   * The five-zone plan was resurrected after WWII and officially put into
 444 #     place (with some modifications) in March 1948.  It's not clear
 445 #     how well it was observed in areas under Nationalist control.
 446 #   * The People's Liberation Army used UT+8 during the civil war.
 447 #
 448 # An AP article "Shanghai Internat'l Area Little Changed" in the
 449 # Lewiston (ME) Daily Sun (1939-05-29), p 17, said "Even the time is
 450 # different - the occupied districts going by Tokyo time, an hour
 451 # ahead of that prevailing in the rest of Shanghai."  Guess that the
 452 # Xujiahui Observatory was under French control and stuck with UT +08.
 453 #
 454 # In earlier versions of this file, China had many separate Zone entries, but
 455 # this was based on what were apparently incorrect data in Shanks & Pottenger.
 456 # This has now been simplified to the two entries Asia/Shanghai and
 457 # Asia/Urumqi, with the others being links for backward compatibility.
 458 # Proposed in 1918 and theoretically in effect until 1949 (although in practice
 459 # mainly observed in coastal areas), the five zones were:
 460 #
 461 # Changbai Time ("Long-white Time", Long-white = Heilongjiang area) UT +08:30
 462 # Now part of Asia/Shanghai; its pre-1970 times are not recorded here.
 463 # Heilongjiang (except Mohe county), Jilin
 464 #
 465 # Zhongyuan Time ("Central plain Time") UT +08
 466 # Now part of Asia/Shanghai.
 467 # most of China
 468 # Milne gives 8:05:43.2 for Xujiahui Observatory time; round to nearest.
 469 # Guo says Shanghai switched to UT +08 "from the end of the 19th century".
 470 #
 471 # Long-shu Time (probably as Long and Shu were two names of the area) UT +07
 472 # Now part of Asia/Shanghai; its pre-1970 times are not recorded here.
 473 # Guangxi, Guizhou, Hainan, Ningxia, Sichuan, Shaanxi, and Yunnan;
 474 # most of Gansu; west Inner Mongolia; east Qinghai; and the Guangdong
 475 # counties Deqing, Enping, Kaiping, Luoding, Taishan, Xinxing,
 476 # Yangchun, Yangjiang, Yu'nan, and Yunfu.
 477 #
 478 # Xin-zang Time ("Xinjiang-Tibet Time") UT +06
 479 # This region is now part of either Asia/Urumqi or Asia/Shanghai with
 480 # current boundaries uncertain; times before 1970 for areas that
 481 # disagree with Ürümqi or Shanghai are not recorded here.
 482 # The Gansu counties Aksay, Anxi, Dunhuang, Subei; west Qinghai;
 483 # the Guangdong counties  Xuwen, Haikang, Suixi, Lianjiang,
 484 # Zhanjiang, Wuchuan, Huazhou, Gaozhou, Maoming, Dianbai, and Xinyi;
 485 # east Tibet, including Lhasa, Chamdo, Shigaise, Jimsar, Shawan and Hutubi;
 486 # east Xinjiang, including Ürümqi, Turpan, Karamay, Korla, Minfeng, Jinghe,
 487 # Wusu, Qiemo, Xinyan, Wulanwusu, Jinghe, Yumin, Tacheng, Tuoli, Emin,
 488 # Shihezi, Changji, Yanqi, Heshuo, Tuokexun, Tulufan, Shanshan, Hami,
 489 # Fukang, Kuitun, Kumukuli, Miquan, Qitai, and Turfan.
 490 #
 491 # Kunlun Time UT +05:30
 492 # This region is now in the same status as Xin-zang Time (see above).
 493 # West Tibet, including Pulan, Aheqi, Shufu, Shule;
 494 # West Xinjiang, including Aksu, Atushi, Yining, Hetian, Cele, Luopu, Nileke,
 495 # Zhaosu, Tekesi, Gongliu, Chabuchaer, Huocheng, Bole, Pishan, Suiding,
 496 # and Yarkand.
 497 
 498 # From Luther Ma (2009-10-17):
 499 # Almost all (>99.9%) ethnic Chinese (properly ethnic Han) living in
 500 # Xinjiang use Chinese Standard Time. Some are aware of Xinjiang time,
 501 # but have no need of it. All planes, trains, and schools function on
 502 # what is called "Beijing time." When Han make an appointment in Chinese
 503 # they implicitly use Beijing time.
 504 #
 505 # On the other hand, ethnic Uyghurs, who make up about half the
 506 # population of Xinjiang, typically use "Xinjiang time" which is two
 507 # hours behind Beijing time, or UT +06. The government of the Xinjiang
 508 # Uyghur Autonomous Region, (XAUR, or just Xinjiang for short) as well as
 509 # local governments such as the Ürümqi city government use both times in
 510 # publications, referring to what is popularly called Xinjiang time as
 511 # "Ürümqi time." When Uyghurs make an appointment in the Uyghur language
 512 # they almost invariably use Xinjiang time.
 513 #
 514 # (Their ethnic Han compatriots would typically have no clue of its
 515 # widespread use, however, because so extremely few of them are fluent in
 516 # Uyghur, comparable to the number of Anglo-Americans fluent in Navajo.)
 517 #
 518 # (...As with the rest of China there was a brief interval ending in 1990
 519 # or 1991 when summer time was in use.  The confusion was severe, with
 520 # the province not having dual times but four times in use at the same
 521 # time. Some areas remained on standard Xinjiang time or Beijing time and
 522 # others moving their clocks ahead.)
 523 
 524 # From Luther Ma (2009-11-19):
 525 # With the risk of being redundant to previous answers these are the most common
 526 # English "transliterations" (w/o using non-English symbols):
 527 #
 528 # 1. Wulumuqi...
 529 # 2. Kashi...
 530 # 3. Urumqi...
 531 # 4. Kashgar...
 532 # ...
 533 # 5. It seems that Uyghurs in Ürümqi has been using Xinjiang since at least the
 534 # 1960's. I know of one Han, now over 50, who grew up in the surrounding
 535 # countryside and used Xinjiang time as a child.
 536 #
 537 # 6. Likewise for Kashgar and the rest of south Xinjiang I don't know of any
 538 # start date for Xinjiang time.
 539 #
 540 # Without having access to local historical records, nor the ability to legally
 541 # publish them, I would go with October 1, 1949, when Xinjiang became the Uyghur
 542 # Autonomous Region under the PRC. (Before that Uyghurs, of course, would also
 543 # not be using Beijing time, but some local time.)
 544 
 545 # From David Cochrane (2014-03-26):
 546 # Just a confirmation that Ürümqi time was implemented in Ürümqi on 1 Feb 1986:
 547 # https://content.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,960684,00.html
 548 
 549 # From Luther Ma (2014-04-22):
 550 # I have interviewed numerous people of various nationalities and from
 551 # different localities in Xinjiang and can confirm the information in Guo's
 552 # report regarding Xinjiang, as well as the Time article reference by David
 553 # Cochrane.  Whether officially recognized or not (and both are officially
 554 # recognized), two separate times have been in use in Xinjiang since at least
 555 # the Cultural Revolution: Xinjiang Time (XJT), aka Ürümqi Time or local time;
 556 # and Beijing Time.  There is no confusion in Xinjiang as to which name refers
 557 # to which time. Both are widely used in the province, although in some
 558 # population groups might be use one to the exclusion of the other.  The only
 559 # problem is that computers and smart phones list Ürümqi (or Kashgar) as
 560 # having the same time as Beijing.
 561 
 562 # From Paul Eggert (2014-06-30):
 563 # In the early days of the PRC, Tibet was given its own time zone (UT +06)
 564 # but this was withdrawn in 1959 and never reinstated; see Tubten Khétsun,
 565 # Memories of life in Lhasa under Chinese Rule, Columbia U Press, ISBN
 566 # 978-0231142861 (2008), translator's introduction by Matthew Akester, p x.
 567 # As this is before our 1970 cutoff, Tibet doesn't need a separate zone.
 568 #
 569 # Xinjiang Time is well-documented as being officially recognized.  E.g., see
 570 # "The Working-Calendar for The Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region Government"
 571 # <http://www.sinkiang.gov.cn/service/ourworking/> (2014-04-22).
 572 # Unfortunately, we have no good records of time in Xinjiang before 1986.
 573 # During the 20th century parts of Xinjiang were ruled by the Qing dynasty,
 574 # the Republic of China, various warlords, the First and Second East Turkestan
 575 # Republics, the Soviet Union, the Kuomintang, and the People's Republic of
 576 # China, and tracking down all these organizations' timekeeping rules would be
 577 # quite a trick.  Approximate this lost history by a transition from LMT to
 578 # UT +06 at the start of 1928, the year of accession of the warlord Jin Shuren,
 579 # which happens to be the date given by Shanks & Pottenger (no doubt as a
 580 # guess) as the transition from LMT.  Ignore the usage of +08 before
 581 # 1986-02-01 under the theory that the transition date to +08 is unknown and
 582 # that the sort of users who prefer Asia/Urumqi now typically ignored the
 583 # +08 mandate back then.
 584 
 585 # Zone  NAME            GMTOFF  RULES   FORMAT  [UNTIL]
 586 # Beijing time, used throughout China; represented by Shanghai.
 587 Zone    Asia/Shanghai   8:05:43 -       LMT     1901
 588                         8:00    Shang   C%sT    1949 May 28
 589                         8:00    PRC     C%sT
 590 # Xinjiang time, used by many in western China; represented by Ürümqi / Ürümchi
 591 # / Wulumuqi.  (Please use Asia/Shanghai if you prefer Beijing time.)
 592 Zone    Asia/Urumqi     5:50:20 -       LMT     1928
 593                         6:00    -       +06
 594 
 595 
 596 # Hong Kong (Xianggang)
 597 
 598 # Milne gives 7:36:41.7; round this.
 599 
 600 # From Lee Yiu Chung (2009-10-24):
 601 # I found there are some mistakes for the...DST rule for Hong
 602 # Kong. [According] to the DST record from Hong Kong Observatory (actually,
 603 # it is not [an] observatory, but the official meteorological agency of HK,
 604 # and also serves as the official timing agency), there are some missing
 605 # and incorrect rules. Although the exact switch over time is missing, I
 606 # think 3:30 is correct. The official DST record for Hong Kong can be
 607 # obtained from
 608 # http://www.hko.gov.hk/gts/time/Summertime.htm
 609 
 610 # From Phake Nick (2018-10-27):
 611 # According to Singaporean newspaper
 612 # http://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/Digitised/Article/singfreepresswk19041102-1.2.37
 613 # the day that Hong Kong start using GMT+8 should be Oct 30, 1904.
 614 #
 615 # From Paul Eggert (2018-11-17):
 616 # Hong Kong had a time ball near the Marine Police Station, Tsim Sha Tsui.
 617 # "The ball was raised manually each day and dropped at exactly 1pm
 618 # (except on Sundays and Government holidays)."
 619 # Dyson AD. From Time Ball to Atomic Clock. Hong Kong Government. 1983.
 620 # <https://www.hko.gov.hk/publica/gen_pub/timeball_atomic_clock.pdf>
 621 # "From 1904 October 30 the time-ball at Hong Kong has been dropped by order
 622 # of the Governor of the Colony at 17h 0m 0s G.M.T., which is 23m 18s.14 in
 623 # advance of 1h 0m 0s of Hong Kong mean time."
 624 # Hollis HP. Universal Time, Longitudes, and Geodesy. Mon Not R Astron Soc.
 625 # 1905-02-10;65(4):405-6. https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/65.4.382
 626 #
 627 # From Joseph Myers (2018-11-18):
 628 # An astronomer before 1925 referring to GMT would have been using the old
 629 # astronomical convention where the day started at noon, not midnight.
 630 #
 631 # From Steve Allen (2018-11-17):
 632 # Meteorological Observations made at the Hongkong Observatory in the year 1904
 633 # page 4 <https://books.google.com/books?id=kgw5AQAAMAAJ&pg=RA4-PA4>
 634 # ... the log of drop times in Table II shows that on Sunday 1904-10-30 the
 635 # ball was dropped.  So that looks like a special case drop for the sake
 636 # of broadcasting the new local time.
 637 #
 638 # From Phake Nick (2018-11-18):
 639 # According to The Hong Kong Weekly Press, 1904-10-29, p.324, the
 640 # governor of Hong Kong at the time stated that "We are further desired to
 641 # make it known that the change will be effected by firing the gun and by the
 642 # dropping of the Ball at 23min. 18sec. before one."
 643 # From Paul Eggert (2018-11-18):
 644 # See <https://mmis.hkpl.gov.hk> for this; unfortunately Flash is required.
 645 
 646 # From Phake Nick (2018-10-26):
 647 # I went to check microfilm records stored at Hong Kong Public Library....
 648 # on September 30 1941, according to Ta Kung Pao (Hong Kong edition), it was
 649 # stated that fallback would occur on the next day (the 1st)'s "03:00 am (Hong
 650 # Kong Time 04:00 am)" and the clock will fall back for a half hour. (03:00
 651 # probably refer to the time commonly used in mainland China at the time given
 652 # the paper's background) ... the sunrise/sunset time given by South China
 653 # Morning Post for October 1st was indeed moved by half an hour compares to
 654 # before.  After that, in December, the battle to capture Hong Kong started and
 655 # the library doesn't seems to have any record stored about press during that
 656 # period of time.  Some media resumed publication soon after that within the
 657 # same month, but there were not much information about time there.  Later they
 658 # started including a radio program guide when they restored radio service,
 659 # explicitly mentioning it use Tokyo standard time, and later added a note
 660 # saying it's half an hour ahead of the old Hong Kong standard time, and it
 661 # also seems to indicate that Hong Kong was not using GMT+8 when it was
 662 # captured by Japan.
 663 #
 664 # Image of related sections on newspaper:
 665 # * 1941-09-30, Ta Kung Pao (Hong Kong), "Winter Time start tomorrow".
 666 #   https://i.imgur.com/6waY51Z.jpg (Chinese)
 667 # * 1941-09-29, South China Morning Post, Information on sunrise/sunset
 668 #   time and other things for September 30 and October 1.
 669 #   https://i.imgur.com/kCiUR78.jpg
 670 # * 1942-02-05. The Hong Kong News, Radio Program Guide.
 671 #   https://i.imgur.com/eVvDMzS.jpg
 672 # * 1941-06-14. Hong Kong Daily Press, Daylight Saving from 3am Tomorrow.
 673 #   https://i.imgur.com/05KkvtC.png
 674 # * 1941-09-30, Hong Kong Daily Press, Winter Time Warning.
 675 #   https://i.imgur.com/dge4kFJ.png
 676 # Also, the Liberation day of Hong Kong after WWII which British rule
 677 # over the territory resumed was August 30, 1945, which I think should
 678 # be the termination date for the use of JST in the territory....
 679 
 680 # From Paul Eggert (2018-11-17):
 681 # Here are the dates given at
 682 # https://www.hko.gov.hk/gts/time/Summertime.htm
 683 # as of 2014-06-19:
 684 # Year        Period
 685 # 1941        15 Jun to 30 Sep
 686 # 1942        Whole year
 687 # 1943        Whole year
 688 # 1944        Whole year
 689 # 1945        Whole year
 690 # 1946        20 Apr to 1 Dec
 691 # 1947        13 Apr to 30 Dec
 692 # 1948        2 May to 31 Oct
 693 # 1949        3 Apr to 30 Oct
 694 # 1950        2 Apr to 29 Oct
 695 # 1951        1 Apr to 28 Oct
 696 # 1952        6 Apr to 2 Nov
 697 # 1953        5 Apr to 1 Nov
 698 # 1954        21 Mar to 31 Oct
 699 # 1955        20 Mar to 6 Nov
 700 # 1956        18 Mar to 4 Nov
 701 # 1957        24 Mar to 3 Nov
 702 # 1958        23 Mar to 2 Nov
 703 # 1959        22 Mar to 1 Nov
 704 # 1960        20 Mar to 6 Nov
 705 # 1961        19 Mar to 5 Nov
 706 # 1962        18 Mar to 4 Nov
 707 # 1963        24 Mar to 3 Nov
 708 # 1964        22 Mar to 1 Nov
 709 # 1965        18 Apr to 17 Oct
 710 # 1966        17 Apr to 16 Oct
 711 # 1967        16 Apr to 22 Oct
 712 # 1968        21 Apr to 20 Oct
 713 # 1969        20 Apr to 19 Oct
 714 # 1970        19 Apr to 18 Oct
 715 # 1971        18 Apr to 17 Oct
 716 # 1972        16 Apr to 22 Oct
 717 # 1973        22 Apr to 21 Oct
 718 # 1973/74     30 Dec 73 to 20 Oct 74
 719 # 1975        20 Apr to 19 Oct
 720 # 1976        18 Apr to 17 Oct
 721 # 1977        Nil
 722 # 1978        Nil
 723 # 1979        13 May to 21 Oct
 724 # 1980 to Now Nil
 725 # The page does not give times of day for transitions,
 726 # or dates for the 1942 and 1945 transitions.
 727 # The Japanese occupation of Hong Kong began 1941-12-25.
 728 # The Japanese surrender of Hong Kong was signed 1945-09-16; see:
 729 # Heaver S. The days after the Pacific war ended: unsettling times
 730 # in Hong Kong. Post Magazine. 2016-06-13.
 731 # https://www.scmp.com/magazines/post-magazine/article/1852990/days-after-pacific-war-ended-unsettling-times-hong-kong
 732 # For lack of anything better, use start of those days as the
 733 # transition times.
 734 
 735 # Rule  NAME    FROM    TO      TYPE    IN      ON      AT      SAVE    LETTER/S
 736 Rule    HK      1946    only    -       Apr     20      3:30    1:00    S
 737 Rule    HK      1946    only    -       Dec     1       3:30    0       -
 738 Rule    HK      1947    only    -       Apr     13      3:30    1:00    S
 739 Rule    HK      1947    only    -       Dec     30      3:30    0       -
 740 Rule    HK      1948    only    -       May     2       3:30    1:00    S
 741 Rule    HK      1948    1951    -       Oct     lastSun 3:30    0       -
 742 Rule    HK      1952    1953    -       Nov     Sun>=1       3:30    0       -
 743 Rule    HK      1949    1953    -       Apr     Sun>=1       3:30    1:00    S
 744 Rule    HK      1954    1964    -       Mar     Sun>=18      3:30    1:00    S
 745 Rule    HK      1954    only    -       Oct     31      3:30    0       -
 746 Rule    HK      1955    1964    -       Nov     Sun>=1       3:30    0       -
 747 Rule    HK      1965    1976    -       Apr     Sun>=16      3:30    1:00    S
 748 Rule    HK      1965    1976    -       Oct     Sun>=16      3:30    0       -
 749 Rule    HK      1973    only    -       Dec     30      3:30    1:00    S
 750 Rule    HK      1979    only    -       May     Sun>=8       3:30    1:00    S
 751 Rule    HK      1979    only    -       Oct     Sun>=16      3:30    0       -
 752 # Zone  NAME            GMTOFF  RULES   FORMAT  [UNTIL]
 753 Zone    Asia/Hong_Kong  7:36:42 -       LMT     1904 Oct 30  0:36:42
 754                         8:00    -       HKT     1941 Jun 15  3:30
 755                         8:00    1:00    HKST    1941 Oct  1  4:00
 756                         8:30    -       HKT     1941 Dec 25
 757                         9:00    -       JST     1945 Sep 16
 758                         8:00    HK      HK%sT
 759 
 760 ###############################################################################
 761 
 762 # Taiwan
 763 
 764 # From smallufo (2010-04-03):
 765 # According to Taiwan's CWB [Central Weather Bureau],
 766 # http://www.cwb.gov.tw/V6/astronomy/cdata/summert.htm
 767 # Taipei has DST in 1979 between July 1st and Sep 30.
 768 
 769 # From Yu-Cheng Chuang (2013-07-12):
 770 # On Dec 28, 1895, the Meiji Emperor announced Ordinance No. 167 of
 771 # Meiji Year 28 "The clause about standard time", mentioned that
 772 # Taiwan and Penghu Islands, as well as Yaeyama and Miyako Islands
 773 # (both in Okinawa) adopt the Western Standard Time which is based on
 774 # 120E. The adoption began from Jan 1, 1896. The original text can be
 775 # found on Wikisource:
 776 # https://ja.wikisource.org/wiki/標準時ニ關スル件_(公布時)
 777 # ... This could be the first adoption of time zone in Taiwan, because
 778 # during the Qing Dynasty, it seems that there was no time zone
 779 # declared officially.
 780 #
 781 # Later, in the beginning of World War II, on Sep 25, 1937, the Showa
 782 # Emperor announced Ordinance No. 529 of Showa Year 12 "The clause of
 783 # revision in the ordinance No. 167 of Meiji year 28 about standard
 784 # time", in which abolished the adoption of Western Standard Time in
 785 # western islands (listed above), which means the whole Japan
 786 # territory, including later occupations, adopt Japan Central Time
 787 # (UT+9). The adoption began on Oct 1, 1937. The original text can
 788 # be found on Wikisource:
 789 # https://ja.wikisource.org/wiki/明治二十八年勅令第百六十七號標準時ニ關スル件中改正ノ件
 790 #
 791 # That is, the time zone of Taipei switched to UT+9 on Oct 1, 1937.
 792 
 793 # From Yu-Cheng Chuang (2014-07-02):
 794 # I've found more evidence about when the time zone was switched from UT+9
 795 # back to UT+8 after WW2.  I believe it was on Sep 21, 1945.  In a document
 796 # during Japanese era [1] in which the officer told the staff to change time
 797 # zone back to Western Standard Time (UT+8) on Sep 21.  And in another
 798 # history page of National Cheng Kung University [2], on Sep 21 there is a
 799 # note "from today, switch back to Western Standard Time".  From these two
 800 # materials, I believe that the time zone change happened on Sep 21.  And
 801 # today I have found another monthly journal called "The Astronomical Herald"
 802 # from The Astronomical Society of Japan [3] in which it mentioned the fact
 803 # that:
 804 #
 805 # 1. Standard Time of the Country (Japan) was adopted on Jan 1, 1888, using
 806 # the time at 135E (GMT+9)
 807 #
 808 # 2. Standard Time of the Country was renamed to Central Standard Time, on Jan
 809 # 1, 1898, and on the same day, the new territories Taiwan and Penghu islands,
 810 # as well as Yaeyama and Miyako islands, adopted a new time zone called
 811 # Western Standard Time, which is in GMT+8.
 812 #
 813 # 3. Western Standard Time was deprecated on Sep 30, 1937. From then all the
 814 # territories of Japan adopted the same time zone, which is Central Standard
 815 # Time.
 816 #
 817 # [1] Academica Historica, Taiwan:
 818 # http://163.29.208.22:8080/govsaleShowImage/connect_img.php?s=00101738900090036&e=00101738900090037
 819 # [2] Nat'l Cheng Kung University 70th Anniversary Special Site:
 820 # http://www.ncku.edu.tw/~ncku70/menu/001/01_01.htm
 821 # [3] Yukio Niimi, The Standard Time in Japan (1997), p.475:
 822 # http://www.asj.or.jp/geppou/archive_open/1997/pdf/19971001c.pdf
 823 
 824 # Yu-Cheng Chuang (2014-07-03):
 825 # I finally have found the real official gazette about changing back to
 826 # Western Standard Time on Sep 21 in Taiwan.  It's Taiwan Governor-General
 827 # Bulletin No. 386 in Showa 20 years (1945), published on Sep 19, 1945. [1] ...
 828 # [It] abolishes Bulletin No. 207 in Showa 12 years (1937), which is a local
 829 # bulletin in Taiwan for that Ordinance No. 529. It also mentioned that 1am on
 830 # Sep 21, 1945 will be 12am on Sep 21.  I think this bulletin is much more
 831 # official than the one I mentioned in my first mail, because it's from the
 832 # top-level government in Taiwan. If you're going to quote any resource, this
 833 # would be a good one.
 834 # [1] Taiwan Governor-General Gazette, No. 1018, Sep 19, 1945:
 835 # http://db2.th.gov.tw/db2/view/viewImg.php?imgcode=0072031018a&num=19&bgn=019&end=019&otherImg=&type=gener
 836 
 837 # From Yu-Cheng Chuang (2014-07-02):
 838 # In 1946, DST in Taiwan was from May 15 and ended on Sep 30. The info from
 839 # Central Weather Bureau website was not correct.
 840 #
 841 # Original Bulletin:
 842 # http://subtpg.tpg.gov.tw/og/image2.asp?f=03502F0AKM1AF
 843 # http://subtpg.tpg.gov.tw/og/image2.asp?f=0350300AKM1B0 (cont.)
 844 #
 845 # In 1947, DST in Taiwan was expanded to Oct 31. There is a backup of that
 846 # telegram announcement from Taiwan Province Government:
 847 #
 848 # http://subtpg.tpg.gov.tw/og/image2.asp?f=0360310AKZ431
 849 #
 850 # Here is a brief translation:
 851 #
 852 #   The Summer Time this year is adopted from midnight Apr 15 until Sep 20
 853 #   midnight. To save (energy?) consumption, we're expanding Summer Time
 854 #   adoption till Oct 31 midnight.
 855 #
 856 # The Central Weather Bureau website didn't mention that, however it can
 857 # be found from historical government announcement database.
 858 
 859 # From Paul Eggert (2014-07-03):
 860 # As per Yu-Cheng Chuang, say that Taiwan was at UT +09 from 1937-10-01
 861 # until 1945-09-21 at 01:00, overriding Shanks & Pottenger.
 862 # Likewise, use Yu-Cheng Chuang's data for DST in Taiwan.
 863 
 864 # Rule  NAME    FROM    TO      TYPE    IN      ON      AT      SAVE    LETTER/S
 865 Rule    Taiwan  1946    only    -       May     15      0:00    1:00    D
 866 Rule    Taiwan  1946    only    -       Oct     1       0:00    0       S
 867 Rule    Taiwan  1947    only    -       Apr     15      0:00    1:00    D
 868 Rule    Taiwan  1947    only    -       Nov     1       0:00    0       S
 869 Rule    Taiwan  1948    1951    -       May     1       0:00    1:00    D
 870 Rule    Taiwan  1948    1951    -       Oct     1       0:00    0       S
 871 Rule    Taiwan  1952    only    -       Mar     1       0:00    1:00    D
 872 Rule    Taiwan  1952    1954    -       Nov     1       0:00    0       S
 873 Rule    Taiwan  1953    1959    -       Apr     1       0:00    1:00    D
 874 Rule    Taiwan  1955    1961    -       Oct     1       0:00    0       S
 875 Rule    Taiwan  1960    1961    -       Jun     1       0:00    1:00    D
 876 Rule    Taiwan  1974    1975    -       Apr     1       0:00    1:00    D
 877 Rule    Taiwan  1974    1975    -       Oct     1       0:00    0       S
 878 Rule    Taiwan  1979    only    -       Jul     1       0:00    1:00    D
 879 Rule    Taiwan  1979    only    -       Oct     1       0:00    0       S
 880 
 881 # Zone  NAME            GMTOFF  RULES   FORMAT  [UNTIL]
 882 # Taipei or Taibei or T'ai-pei
 883 Zone    Asia/Taipei     8:06:00 -       LMT     1896 Jan  1
 884                         8:00    -       CST     1937 Oct  1
 885                         9:00    -       JST     1945 Sep 21  1:00
 886                         8:00    Taiwan  C%sT
 887 
 888 # Macau (Macao, Aomen)
 889 #
 890 # From P Chan (2018-05-10):
 891 # * LegisMac
 892 #   http://legismac.safp.gov.mo/legismac/descqry/Descqry.jsf?lang=pt
 893 #   A database for searching titles of legal documents of Macau in
 894 #   Chinese and Portuguese.  The term "HORÁRIO DE VERÃO" can be used for
 895 #   searching decrees about summer time.
 896 # * Archives of Macao
 897 #   http://www.archives.gov.mo/en/bo/
 898 #   It contains images of old official gazettes.
 899 # * The Macao Meteorological and Geophysical Bureau have a page listing the
 900 #   summer time history.  But it is not complete and has some mistakes.
 901 #   http://www.smg.gov.mo/smg/geophysics/e_t_Summer%20Time.htm
 902 # Macau adopted GMT+8 on 30 Oct 1904 to follow Hong Kong.  Clocks were
 903 # advanced by 25 minutes and 50 seconds.  Which means the LMT used was
 904 # +7:34:10.  As stated in the "Portaria No. 204" dated 21 October 1904
 905 # and published in the Official Gazette on 29 October 1904.
 906 # http://igallery.icm.gov.mo/Images/Archives/BO/MO_AH_PUB_BO_1904_10/MO_AH_PUB_BO_1904_10_00025_Grey.JPG
 907 #
 908 # Therefore the 1911 decree of Portugal did not change time in Macau.
 909 #
 910 # From LegisMac, here is a list of decrees that changed the time ...
 911 # [Decree Gazette-no. date; titles omitted in this quotation]
 912 #       DIL 732 BOCM 51 1941.12.20
 913 #       DIL 764 BOCM 9S 1942.04.30
 914 #       DIL 781 BOCM 21 1942.10.10
 915 #       PT 3434 BOCM 8S 1943.04.17
 916 #       PT 3504 BOCM 20 1943.09.25
 917 #       PT 3843 BOCM 39 1945.09.29
 918 #       PT 3961 BOCM 17 1946.04.27
 919 #       PT 4026 BOCM 39 1946.09.28
 920 #       PT 4153 BOCM 16 1947.04.10
 921 #       PT 4271 BOCM 48 1947.11.29
 922 #       PT 4374 BOCM 18 1948.05.01
 923 #       PT 4465 BOCM 44 1948.10.30
 924 #       PT 4590 BOCM 14 1949.04.02
 925 #       PT 4666 BOCM 44 1949.10.29
 926 #       PT 4771 BOCM 12 1950.03.25
 927 #       PT 4838 BOCM 43 1950.10.28
 928 #       PT 4946 BOCM 12 1951.03.24
 929 #       PT 5025 BO 43 1951.10.27
 930 #       PT 5149 BO 14 1952.04.05
 931 #       PT 5251 BO 43 1952.10.25
 932 #       PT 5366 BO 13 1953.03.28
 933 #       PT 5444 BO 44 1953.10.31
 934 #       PT 5540 BO 12 1954.03.20
 935 #       PT 5589 BO 44 1954.10.30
 936 #       PT 5676 BO 12 1955.03.19
 937 #       PT 5739 BO 45 1955.11.05
 938 #       PT 5823 BO 11 1956.03.17
 939 #       PT 5891 BO 44 1956.11.03
 940 #       PT 5981 BO 12 1957.03.23
 941 #       PT 6064 BO 43 1957.10.26
 942 #       PT 6172 BO 12 1958.03.22
 943 #       PT 6243 BO 43 1958.10.25
 944 #       PT 6341 BO 12 1959.03.21
 945 #       PT 6411 BO 43 1959.10.24
 946 #       PT 6514 BO 11 1960.03.12
 947 #       PT 6584 BO 44 1960.10.29
 948 #       PT 6721 BO 10 1961.03.11
 949 #       PT 6815 BO 43 1961.10.28
 950 #       PT 6947 BO 10 1962.03.10
 951 #       PT 7080 BO 43 1962.10.27
 952 #       PT 7218 BO 12 1963.03.23
 953 #       PT 7340 BO 43 1963.10.26
 954 #       PT 7491 BO 11 1964.03.14
 955 #       PT 7664 BO 43 1964.10.24
 956 #       PT 7846 BO 15 1965.04.10
 957 #       PT 7979 BO 42 1965.10.16
 958 #       PT 8146 BO 15 1966.04.09
 959 #       PT 8252 BO 41 1966.10.08
 960 #       PT 8429 BO 15 1967.04.15
 961 #       PT 8540 BO 41 1967.10.14
 962 #       PT 8735 BO 15 1968.04.13
 963 #       PT 8860 BO 41 1968.10.12
 964 #       PT 9035 BO 16 1969.04.19
 965 #       PT 9156 BO 42 1969.10.18
 966 #       PT 9328 BO 15 1970.04.11
 967 #       PT 9418 BO 41 1970.10.10
 968 #       PT 9587 BO 14 1971.04.03
 969 #       PT 9702 BO 41 1971.10.09
 970 #       PT 38-A/72 BO 14 1972.04.01
 971 #       PT 126-A/72 BO 41 1972.10.07
 972 #       PT 61/73 BO 14 1973.04.07
 973 #       PT 182/73 BO 40 1973.10.06
 974 #       PT 282/73 BO 51 1973.12.22
 975 #       PT 177/74 BO 41 1974.10.12
 976 #       PT 51/75 BO 15 1975.04.12
 977 #       PT 173/75 BO 41 1975.10.11
 978 #       PT 67/76/M BO 14 1976.04.03
 979 #       PT 169/76/M BO 41 1976.10.09
 980 #       PT 78/79/M BO 19 1979.05.12
 981 #       PT 166/79/M BO 42 1979.10.20
 982 # Note that DIL 732 does not belong to "HORÁRIO DE VERÃO" according to
 983 # LegisMac.... Note that between 1942 and 1945, the time switched
 984 # between GMT+9 and GMT+10.  Also in 1965 and 1965 the DST ended at 2:30am.
 985 
 986 # From Paul Eggert (2018-05-10):
 987 # The 1904 decree says that Macau changed from the meridian of
 988 # Fortaleza do Monte, presumably the basis for the 7:34:10 for LMT.
 989 
 990 # Rule  NAME    FROM    TO      TYPE    IN      ON      AT      SAVE    LETTER/S
 991 Rule    Macau   1942    1943    -       Apr     30      23:00   1:00    -
 992 Rule    Macau   1942    only    -       Nov     17      23:00   0       -
 993 Rule    Macau   1943    only    -       Sep     30      23:00   0       S
 994 Rule    Macau   1946    only    -       Apr     30      23:00s  1:00    D
 995 Rule    Macau   1946    only    -       Sep     30      23:00s  0       S
 996 Rule    Macau   1947    only    -       Apr     19      23:00s  1:00    D
 997 Rule    Macau   1947    only    -       Nov     30      23:00s  0       S
 998 Rule    Macau   1948    only    -       May      2      23:00s  1:00    D
 999 Rule    Macau   1948    only    -       Oct     31      23:00s  0       S
1000 Rule    Macau   1949    1950    -       Apr     Sat>=1       23:00s  1:00    D
1001 Rule    Macau   1949    1950    -       Oct     lastSat 23:00s  0       S
1002 Rule    Macau   1951    only    -       Mar     31      23:00s  1:00    D
1003 Rule    Macau   1951    only    -       Oct     28      23:00s  0       S
1004 Rule    Macau   1952    1953    -       Apr     Sat>=1       23:00s  1:00    D
1005 Rule    Macau   1952    only    -       Nov      1      23:00s  0       S
1006 Rule    Macau   1953    1954    -       Oct     lastSat 23:00s  0       S
1007 Rule    Macau   1954    1956    -       Mar     Sat>=17      23:00s  1:00    D
1008 Rule    Macau   1955    only    -       Nov      5      23:00s  0       S
1009 Rule    Macau   1956    1964    -       Nov     Sun>=1       03:30   0       S
1010 Rule    Macau   1957    1964    -       Mar     Sun>=18      03:30   1:00    D
1011 Rule    Macau   1965    1973    -       Apr     Sun>=16      03:30   1:00    D
1012 Rule    Macau   1965    1966    -       Oct     Sun>=16      02:30   0       S
1013 Rule    Macau   1967    1976    -       Oct     Sun>=16      03:30   0       S
1014 Rule    Macau   1973    only    -       Dec     30      03:30   1:00    D
1015 Rule    Macau   1975    1976    -       Apr     Sun>=16      03:30   1:00    D
1016 Rule    Macau   1979    only    -       May     13      03:30   1:00    D
1017 Rule    Macau   1979    only    -       Oct     Sun>=16      03:30   0       S
1018 
1019 # Zone  NAME            GMTOFF  RULES   FORMAT  [UNTIL]
1020 Zone    Asia/Macau      7:34:10 -       LMT     1904 Oct 30
1021                         8:00    -       CST     1941 Dec 21 23:00
1022                         9:00    Macau   +09/+10 1945 Sep 30 24:00
1023                         8:00    Macau   C%sT
1024 
1025 
1026 ###############################################################################
1027 
1028 # Cyprus
1029 
1030 # Milne says the Eastern Telegraph Company used 2:14:00.  Stick with LMT.
1031 # IATA SSIM (1998-09) has Cyprus using EU rules for the first time.
1032 
1033 # From Paul Eggert (2016-09-09):
1034 # Yesterday's Cyprus Mail reports that Northern Cyprus followed Turkey's
1035 # lead and switched from +02/+03 to +03 year-round.
1036 # http://cyprus-mail.com/2016/09/08/two-time-zones-cyprus-turkey-will-not-turn-clocks-back-next-month/
1037 #
1038 # From Even Scharning (2016-10-31):
1039 # Looks like the time zone split in Cyprus went through last night.
1040 # http://cyprus-mail.com/2016/10/30/cyprus-new-division-two-time-zones-now-reality/
1041 
1042 # From Paul Eggert (2017-10-18):
1043 # Northern Cyprus will reinstate winter time on October 29, thus
1044 # staying in sync with the rest of Cyprus.  See: Anastasiou A.
1045 # Cyprus to remain united in time.  Cyprus Mail 2017-10-17.
1046 # https://cyprus-mail.com/2017/10/17/cyprus-remain-united-time/
1047 
1048 # Rule  NAME    FROM    TO      TYPE    IN      ON      AT      SAVE    LETTER/S
1049 Rule    Cyprus  1975    only    -       Apr     13      0:00    1:00    S
1050 Rule    Cyprus  1975    only    -       Oct     12      0:00    0       -
1051 Rule    Cyprus  1976    only    -       May     15      0:00    1:00    S
1052 Rule    Cyprus  1976    only    -       Oct     11      0:00    0       -
1053 Rule    Cyprus  1977    1980    -       Apr     Sun>=1       0:00    1:00    S
1054 Rule    Cyprus  1977    only    -       Sep     25      0:00    0       -
1055 Rule    Cyprus  1978    only    -       Oct     2       0:00    0       -
1056 Rule    Cyprus  1979    1997    -       Sep     lastSun 0:00    0       -
1057 Rule    Cyprus  1981    1998    -       Mar     lastSun 0:00    1:00    S
1058 # Zone  NAME            GMTOFF  RULES   FORMAT  [UNTIL]
1059 Zone    Asia/Nicosia    2:13:28 -       LMT     1921 Nov 14
1060                         2:00    Cyprus  EE%sT   1998 Sep
1061                         2:00    EUAsia  EE%sT
1062 Zone    Asia/Famagusta  2:15:48 -       LMT     1921 Nov 14
1063                         2:00    Cyprus  EE%sT   1998 Sep
1064                         2:00    EUAsia  EE%sT   2016 Sep  8
1065                         3:00    -       +03     2017 Oct 29 1:00u
1066                         2:00    EUAsia  EE%sT
1067 
1068 # Classically, Cyprus belongs to Asia; e.g. see Herodotus, Histories, I.72.
1069 # However, for various reasons many users expect to find it under Europe.
1070 Link    Asia/Nicosia    Europe/Nicosia
1071 
1072 # Georgia
1073 # From Paul Eggert (1994-11-19):
1074 # Today's _Economist_ (p 60) reports that Georgia moved its clocks forward
1075 # an hour recently, due to a law proposed by Zurab Murvanidze,
1076 # an MP who went on a hunger strike for 11 days to force discussion about it!
1077 # We have no details, but we'll guess they didn't move the clocks back in fall.
1078 #
1079 # From Mathew Englander, quoting AP (1996-10-23 13:05-04):
1080 # Instead of putting back clocks at the end of October, Georgia
1081 # will stay on daylight savings time this winter to save energy,
1082 # President Eduard Shevardnadze decreed Wednesday.
1083 #
1084 # From the BBC via Joseph S. Myers (2004-06-27):
1085 #
1086 # Georgia moved closer to Western Europe on Sunday...  The former Soviet
1087 # republic has changed its time zone back to that of Moscow.  As a result it
1088 # is now just four hours ahead of Greenwich Mean Time, rather than five hours
1089 # ahead.  The switch was decreed by the pro-Western president of Georgia,
1090 # Mikheil Saakashvili, who said the change was partly prompted by the process
1091 # of integration into Europe.
1092 
1093 # From Teimuraz Abashidze (2005-11-07):
1094 # Government of Georgia ... decided to NOT CHANGE daylight savings time on
1095 # [Oct.] 30, as it was done before during last more than 10 years.
1096 # Currently, we are in fact GMT +4:00, as before 30 October it was GMT
1097 # +3:00.... The problem is, there is NO FORMAL LAW or governmental document
1098 # about it.  As far as I can find, I was told, that there is no document,
1099 # because we just DIDN'T ISSUE document about switching to winter time....
1100 # I don't know what can be done, especially knowing that some years ago our
1101 # DST rules where changed THREE TIMES during one month.
1102 
1103 # Milne 1899 says Tbilisi (Tiflis) time was 2:59:05.7.
1104 # Byalokoz 1919 says Georgia was 2:59:11.
1105 # Go with Byalokoz.
1106 
1107 # Zone  NAME            GMTOFF  RULES   FORMAT  [UNTIL]
1108 Zone    Asia/Tbilisi    2:59:11 -       LMT     1880
1109                         2:59:11 -       TBMT    1924 May  2 # Tbilisi Mean Time
1110                         3:00    -       +03     1957 Mar
1111                         4:00 RussiaAsia +04/+05 1991 Mar 31  2:00s
1112                         3:00 RussiaAsia +03/+04 1992
1113                         3:00 E-EurAsia  +03/+04 1994 Sep lastSun
1114                         4:00 E-EurAsia  +04/+05 1996 Oct lastSun
1115                         4:00    1:00    +05     1997 Mar lastSun
1116                         4:00 E-EurAsia  +04/+05 2004 Jun 27
1117                         3:00 RussiaAsia +03/+04 2005 Mar lastSun  2:00
1118                         4:00    -       +04
1119 
1120 # East Timor
1121 
1122 # See Indonesia for the 1945 transition.
1123 
1124 # From João Carrascalão, brother of the former governor of East Timor, in
1125 # East Timor may be late for its millennium
1126 # <https://etan.org/et99c/december/26-31/30ETMAY.htm> (1999-12-26/31):
1127 # Portugal tried to change the time forward in 1974 because the sun
1128 # rises too early but the suggestion raised a lot of problems with the
1129 # Timorese and I still don't think it would work today because it
1130 # conflicts with their way of life.
1131 
1132 # From Paul Eggert (2000-12-04):
1133 # We don't have any record of the above attempt.
1134 # Most likely our records are incomplete, but we have no better data.
1135 
1136 # From Manoel de Almeida e Silva, Deputy Spokesman for the UN Secretary-General
1137 # http://www.hri.org/news/world/undh/2000/00-08-16.undh.html
1138 # (2000-08-16):
1139 # The Cabinet of the East Timor Transition Administration decided
1140 # today to advance East Timor's time by one hour.  The time change,
1141 # which will be permanent, with no seasonal adjustment, will happen at
1142 # midnight on Saturday, September 16.
1143 
1144 # Zone  NAME            GMTOFF  RULES   FORMAT  [UNTIL]
1145 Zone    Asia/Dili       8:22:20 -       LMT     1912 Jan  1
1146                         8:00    -       +08     1942 Feb 21 23:00
1147                         9:00    -       +09     1976 May  3
1148                         8:00    -       +08     2000 Sep 17  0:00
1149                         9:00    -       +09
1150 
1151 # India
1152 
1153 # British astronomer Henry Park Hollis disliked India Standard Time's offset:
1154 # "A new time system has been proposed for India, Further India, and Burmah.
1155 # The scheme suggested is that the times of the meridians 5½ and 6½ hours
1156 # east of Greenwich should be adopted in these territories.  No reason is
1157 # given why hourly meridians five hours and six hours east should not be
1158 # chosen; a plan which would bring the time of India into harmony with
1159 # that of almost the whole of the civilised world."
1160 # Hollis HP. Universal Time, Longitudes, and Geodesy. Mon Not R Astron Soc.
1161 # 1905-02-10;65(4):405-6. https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/65.4.382
1162 
1163 # From Ian P. Beacock, in "A brief history of (modern) time", The Atlantic
1164 # https://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2015/12/the-creation-of-modern-time/421419/
1165 # (2015-12-22):
1166 # In January 1906, several thousand cotton-mill workers rioted on the
1167 # outskirts of Bombay....  They were protesting the proposed abolition of
1168 # local time in favor of Indian Standard Time....  Journalists called this
1169 # dispute the "Battle of the Clocks."  It lasted nearly half a century.
1170 
1171 # From Paul Eggert (2017-04-20):
1172 # Good luck trying to nail down old timekeeping records in India.
1173 # "... in the nineteenth century ... Madras Observatory took its magnetic
1174 # measurements on Göttingen time, its meteorological measurements on Madras
1175 # (local) time, dropped its time ball on Greenwich (ocean navigator's) time,
1176 # and distributed civil (local time)." -- Bartky IR. Selling the true time:
1177 # 19th-century timekeeping in america. Stanford U Press (2000), 247 note 19.
1178 # "A more potent cause of resistance to the general adoption of the present
1179 # standard time lies in the fact that it is Madras time.  The citizen of
1180 # Bombay, proud of being 'primus in Indis' and of Calcutta, equally proud of
1181 # his city being the Capital of India, and - for a part of the year - the Seat
1182 # of the Supreme Government, alike look down on Madras, and refuse to change
1183 # the time they are using, for that of what they regard as a benighted
1184 # Presidency; while Madras, having for long given the standard time to the
1185 # rest of India, would resist the adoption of any other Indian standard in its
1186 # place." -- Oldham RD. On Time in India: a suggestion for its improvement.
1187 # Proceedings of the Asiatic Society of Bengal (April 1899), 49-55.
1188 #
1189 # "In 1870 ... Madras time - 'now used by the telegraph and regulated from the
1190 # only government observatory' - was suggested as a standard railway time,
1191 # first to be adopted on the Great Indian Peninsular Railway (GIPR)....
1192 # Calcutta, Bombay, and Karachi, were to be allowed to continue with their
1193 # local time for civil purposes." - Prasad R. Tracks of Change: Railways and
1194 # Everyday Life in Colonial India. Cambridge University Press (2016), 145.
1195 #
1196 # Reed S, Low F. The Indian Year Book 1936-37. Bennett, Coleman, pp 27-8.
1197 # https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.282212
1198 # This lists +052110 as Madras local time used in railways, and says that on
1199 # 1906-01-01 railways and telegraphs in India switched to +0530.  Some
1200 # municipalities retained their former time, and the time in Calcutta
1201 # continued to depend on whether you were at the railway station or at
1202 # government offices.  Government time was at +055320 (according to Shanks) or
1203 # at +0554 (according to the Indian Year Book).  Railway time is more
1204 # appropriate for our purposes, as it was better documented, it is what we do
1205 # elsewhere (e.g., Europe/London before 1880), and after 1906 it was
1206 # consistent in the region now identified by Asia/Kolkata.  So, use railway
1207 # time for 1870-1941.  Shanks is our only (and dubious) source for the
1208 # 1941-1945 data.
1209 
1210 # Zone  NAME            GMTOFF  RULES   FORMAT  [UNTIL]
1211 Zone    Asia/Kolkata    5:53:28 -       LMT     1854 Jun 28 # Kolkata
1212                         5:53:20 -       HMT     1870        # Howrah Mean Time?
1213                         5:21:10 -       MMT     1906 Jan  1 # Madras local time
1214                         5:30    -       IST     1941 Oct
1215                         5:30    1:00    +0630   1942 May 15
1216                         5:30    -       IST     1942 Sep
1217                         5:30    1:00    +0630   1945 Oct 15
1218                         5:30    -       IST
1219 # Since 1970 the following are like Asia/Kolkata:
1220 #       Andaman Is
1221 #       Lakshadweep (Laccadive, Minicoy and Amindivi Is)
1222 #       Nicobar Is
1223 
1224 # Indonesia
1225 #
1226 # From Paul Eggert (2014-09-06):
1227 # The 1876 Report of the Secretary of the [US] Navy, p 306 says that Batavia
1228 # civil time was 7:07:12.5; round to even for Jakarta.
1229 #
1230 # From Gwillim Law (2001-05-28), overriding Shanks & Pottenger:
1231 # http://www.sumatera-inc.com/go_to_invest/about_indonesia.asp#standtime
1232 # says that Indonesia's time zones changed on 1988-01-01.  Looking at some
1233 # time zone maps, I think that must refer to Western Borneo (Kalimantan Barat
1234 # and Kalimantan Tengah) switching from UTC+8 to UTC+7.
1235 #
1236 # From Paul Eggert (2007-03-10):
1237 # Here is another correction to Shanks & Pottenger.
1238 # JohnTWB writes that Japanese forces did not surrender control in
1239 # Indonesia until 1945-09-01 00:00 at the earliest (in Jakarta) and
1240 # other formal surrender ceremonies were September 9, 11, and 13, plus
1241 # September 12 for the regional surrender to Mountbatten in Singapore.
1242 # These would be the earliest possible times for a change.
1243 # Régimes horaires pour le monde entier, by Henri Le Corre, (Éditions
1244 # Traditionnelles, 1987, Paris) says that Java and Madura switched
1245 # from UT +09 to +07:30 on 1945-09-23, and gives 1944-09-01 for Jayapura
1246 # (Hollandia).  For now, assume all Indonesian locations other than Jayapura
1247 # switched on 1945-09-23.
1248 #
1249 # From Paul Eggert (2013-08-11):
1250 # Normally the tz database uses English-language abbreviations, but in
1251 # Indonesia it's typical to use Indonesian-language abbreviations even
1252 # when writing in English.  For example, see the English-language
1253 # summary published by the Time and Frequency Laboratory of the
1254 # Research Center for Calibration, Instrumentation and Metrology,
1255 # Indonesia, <http://time.kim.lipi.go.id/time-eng.php> (2006-09-29).
1256 # The time zone abbreviations and UT offsets are:
1257 #
1258 # WIB  - +07 - Waktu Indonesia Barat (Indonesia western time)
1259 # WITA - +08 - Waktu Indonesia Tengah (Indonesia central time)
1260 # WIT  - +09 - Waktu Indonesia Timur (Indonesia eastern time)
1261 #
1262 # Zone  NAME            GMTOFF  RULES   FORMAT  [UNTIL]
1263 # Java, Sumatra
1264 Zone Asia/Jakarta       7:07:12 -       LMT     1867 Aug 10
1265 # Shanks & Pottenger say the next transition was at 1924 Jan 1 0:13,
1266 # but this must be a typo.
1267                         7:07:12 -       BMT     1923 Dec 31 23:47:12 # Batavia
1268                         7:20    -       +0720   1932 Nov
1269                         7:30    -       +0730   1942 Mar 23
1270                         9:00    -       +09     1945 Sep 23
1271                         7:30    -       +0730   1948 May
1272                         8:00    -       +08     1950 May
1273                         7:30    -       +0730   1964
1274                         7:00    -       WIB
1275 # west and central Borneo
1276 Zone Asia/Pontianak     7:17:20 -       LMT     1908 May
1277                         7:17:20 -       PMT     1932 Nov    # Pontianak MT
1278                         7:30    -       +0730   1942 Jan 29
1279                         9:00    -       +09     1945 Sep 23
1280                         7:30    -       +0730   1948 May
1281                         8:00    -       +08     1950 May
1282                         7:30    -       +0730   1964
1283                         8:00    -       WITA    1988 Jan  1
1284                         7:00    -       WIB
1285 # Sulawesi, Lesser Sundas, east and south Borneo
1286 Zone Asia/Makassar      7:57:36 -       LMT     1920
1287                         7:57:36 -       MMT     1932 Nov    # Macassar MT
1288                         8:00    -       +08     1942 Feb  9
1289                         9:00    -       +09     1945 Sep 23
1290                         8:00    -       WITA
1291 # Maluku Islands, West Papua, Papua
1292 Zone Asia/Jayapura      9:22:48 -       LMT     1932 Nov
1293                         9:00    -       +09     1944 Sep  1
1294                         9:30    -       +0930   1964
1295                         9:00    -       WIT
1296 
1297 # Iran
1298 
1299 # From Roozbeh Pournader (2003-03-15):
1300 # This is an English translation of what I just found (originally in Persian).
1301 # The Gregorian dates in brackets are mine:
1302 #
1303 #       Official Newspaper No. 13548-1370/6/25 [1991-09-16]
1304 #       No. 16760/T233 H                                1370/6/10 [1991-09-01]
1305 #
1306 #       The Rule About Change of the Official Time of the Country
1307 #
1308 #       The Board of Ministers, in the meeting dated 1370/5/23 [1991-08-14],
1309 #       based on the suggestion number 2221/D dated 1370/4/22 [1991-07-13]
1310 #       of the Country's Organization for Official and Employment Affairs,
1311 #       and referring to the law for equating the working hours of workers
1312 #       and officers in the whole country dated 1359/4/23 [1980-07-14], and
1313 #       for synchronizing the official times of the country, agreed that:
1314 #
1315 #       The official time of the country will should move forward one hour
1316 #       at the 24[:00] hours of the first day of Farvardin and should return
1317 #       to its previous state at the 24[:00] hours of the 30th day of
1318 #       Shahrivar.
1319 #
1320 #       First Deputy to the President - Hassan Habibi
1321 #
1322 # From personal experience, that agrees with what has been followed
1323 # for at least the last 5 years.  Before that, for a few years, the
1324 # date used was the first Thursday night of Farvardin and the last
1325 # Thursday night of Shahrivar, but I can't give exact dates....
1326 #
1327 # From Roozbeh Pournader (2005-04-05):
1328 # The text of the Iranian law, in effect since 1925, clearly mentions
1329 # that the true solar year is the measure, and there is no arithmetic
1330 # leap year calculation involved.  There has never been any serious
1331 # plan to change that law....
1332 #
1333 # From Paul Eggert (2018-11-30):
1334 # Go with Shanks & Pottenger before Sept. 1991, and with Pournader thereafter.
1335 # I used the following code in GNU Emacs 26.1 to generate the "Rule Iran"
1336 # lines from 2008 through 2087.  Emacs 26.1 uses Ed Reingold's
1337 # cal-persia implementation of Birashk's approximation, which in the
1338 # 2008-2087 range disagrees with the the astronomical Persian calendar
1339 # for Persian years 1404 (Gregorian 2025) and 1437 (Gregorian 2058),
1340 # so the following code special-case those years.  See Table 15.1, page 264, of:
1341 # Edward M. Reingold and Nachum Dershowitz, Calendrical Calculations:
1342 # The Ultimate Edition, Cambridge University Press (2018).
1343 # https://www.cambridge.org/fr/academic/subjects/computer-science/computing-general-interest/calendrical-calculations-ultimate-edition-4th-edition
1344 # Page 258, footnote 2, of this book says there is some dispute over what will
1345 # happen in 2091 (and some other years after that), so this code
1346 # stops in 2087, as 2088 and 2089 agree with the "max" rule below.
1347 # (cl-loop
1348 #  initially (require 'cal-persia)
1349 #  with first-persian-year = 1387
1350 #  with last-persian-year = 1466
1351 #  ;; Exceptional years in the above range,
1352 #  ;; from Reingold & Dershowitz Table 15.1, page 264:
1353 #  with exceptional-persian-years = '(1404 1437)
1354 #  with range-start = nil
1355 #  for persian-year from first-persian-year to last-persian-year
1356 #  do
1357 #  (let*
1358 #      ((exceptional-year-offset
1359 #        (if (member persian-year exceptional-persian-years) 1 0))
1360 #       (beg-dst-absolute
1361 #        (+ (calendar-persian-to-absolute (list 1 1 persian-year))
1362 #           exceptional-year-offset))
1363 #       (end-dst-absolute
1364 #        (+ (calendar-persian-to-absolute (list 6 30 persian-year))
1365 #           exceptional-year-offset))
1366 #       (next-year-beg-dst-absolute
1367 #        (+ (calendar-persian-to-absolute (list 1 1 (1+ persian-year)))
1368 #           (if (member (1+ persian-year) exceptional-persian-years) 1 0)))
1369 #       (beg-dst (calendar-gregorian-from-absolute beg-dst-absolute))
1370 #       (end-dst (calendar-gregorian-from-absolute end-dst-absolute))
1371 #       (next-year-beg-dst (calendar-gregorian-from-absolute
1372 #                           next-year-beg-dst-absolute))
1373 #       (year (calendar-extract-year beg-dst))
1374 #       (range-end (if range-start year "only")))
1375 #    (setq range-start (or range-start year))
1376 #    (when (or (/= (calendar-extract-day beg-dst)
1377 #                  (calendar-extract-day next-year-beg-dst))
1378 #              (= persian-year last-persian-year))
1379 #      (insert
1380 #       (format
1381 #        "Rule\tIran\t%d\t%s\t-\t%s\t%2d\t24:00\t1:00\t-\n"
1382 #        range-start range-end
1383 #        (calendar-month-name (calendar-extract-month beg-dst) t)
1384 #        (calendar-extract-day beg-dst)))
1385 #      (insert
1386 #       (format
1387 #        "Rule\tIran\t%d\t%s\t-\t%s\t%2d\t24:00\t0\t-\n"
1388 #        range-start range-end
1389 #        (calendar-month-name (calendar-extract-month end-dst) t)
1390 #        (calendar-extract-day end-dst)))
1391 #      (setq range-start nil))))
1392 #
1393 # From Oscar van Vlijmen (2005-03-30), writing about future
1394 # discrepancies between cal-persia and the Iranian calendar:
1395 # For 2091 solar-longitude-after yields 2091-03-20 08:40:07.7 UT for
1396 # the vernal equinox and that gets so close to 12:00 some local
1397 # Iranian time that the definition of the correct location needs to be
1398 # known exactly, amongst other factors.  2157 is even closer:
1399 # 2157-03-20 08:37:15.5 UT.  But the Gregorian year 2025 should give
1400 # no interpretation problem whatsoever.  By the way, another instant
1401 # in the near future where there will be a discrepancy between
1402 # arithmetical and astronomical Iranian calendars will be in 2058:
1403 # vernal equinox on 2058-03-20 09:03:05.9 UT.  The Java version of
1404 # Reingold's/Dershowitz' calculator gives correctly the Gregorian date
1405 # 2058-03-21 for 1 Farvardin 1437 (astronomical).
1406 #
1407 # From Steffen Thorsen (2006-03-22):
1408 # Several of my users have reported that Iran will not observe DST anymore:
1409 # http://www.irna.ir/en/news/view/line-17/0603193812164948.htm
1410 #
1411 # From Reuters (2007-09-16), with a heads-up from Jesper Nørgaard Welen:
1412 # ... the Guardian Council ... approved a law on Sunday to re-introduce
1413 # daylight saving time ...
1414 # https://uk.reuters.com/article/oilRpt/idUKBLA65048420070916
1415 #
1416 # From Roozbeh Pournader (2007-11-05):
1417 # This is quoted from Official Gazette of the Islamic Republic of
1418 # Iran, Volume 63, No. 18242, dated Tuesday 1386/6/24
1419 # [2007-10-16]. I am doing the best translation I can:...
1420 # The official time of the country will be moved forward for one hour
1421 # on the 24 hours of the first day of the month of Farvardin and will
1422 # be changed back to its previous state on the 24 hours of the
1423 # thirtieth day of Shahrivar.
1424 #
1425 # Rule  NAME    FROM    TO      TYPE    IN      ON      AT      SAVE    LETTER/S
1426 Rule    Iran    1978    1980    -       Mar     20      24:00   1:00    -
1427 Rule    Iran    1978    only    -       Oct     20      24:00   0       -
1428 Rule    Iran    1979    only    -       Sep     18      24:00   0       -
1429 Rule    Iran    1980    only    -       Sep     22      24:00   0       -
1430 Rule    Iran    1991    only    -       May      2      24:00   1:00    -
1431 Rule    Iran    1992    1995    -       Mar     21      24:00   1:00    -
1432 Rule    Iran    1991    1995    -       Sep     21      24:00   0       -
1433 Rule    Iran    1996    only    -       Mar     20      24:00   1:00    -
1434 Rule    Iran    1996    only    -       Sep     20      24:00   0       -
1435 Rule    Iran    1997    1999    -       Mar     21      24:00   1:00    -
1436 Rule    Iran    1997    1999    -       Sep     21      24:00   0       -
1437 Rule    Iran    2000    only    -       Mar     20      24:00   1:00    -
1438 Rule    Iran    2000    only    -       Sep     20      24:00   0       -
1439 Rule    Iran    2001    2003    -       Mar     21      24:00   1:00    -
1440 Rule    Iran    2001    2003    -       Sep     21      24:00   0       -
1441 Rule    Iran    2004    only    -       Mar     20      24:00   1:00    -
1442 Rule    Iran    2004    only    -       Sep     20      24:00   0       -
1443 Rule    Iran    2005    only    -       Mar     21      24:00   1:00    -
1444 Rule    Iran    2005    only    -       Sep     21      24:00   0       -
1445 Rule    Iran    2008    only    -       Mar     20      24:00   1:00    -
1446 Rule    Iran    2008    only    -       Sep     20      24:00   0       -
1447 Rule    Iran    2009    2011    -       Mar     21      24:00   1:00    -
1448 Rule    Iran    2009    2011    -       Sep     21      24:00   0       -
1449 Rule    Iran    2012    only    -       Mar     20      24:00   1:00    -
1450 Rule    Iran    2012    only    -       Sep     20      24:00   0       -
1451 Rule    Iran    2013    2015    -       Mar     21      24:00   1:00    -
1452 Rule    Iran    2013    2015    -       Sep     21      24:00   0       -
1453 Rule    Iran    2016    only    -       Mar     20      24:00   1:00    -
1454 Rule    Iran    2016    only    -       Sep     20      24:00   0       -
1455 Rule    Iran    2017    2019    -       Mar     21      24:00   1:00    -
1456 Rule    Iran    2017    2019    -       Sep     21      24:00   0       -
1457 Rule    Iran    2020    only    -       Mar     20      24:00   1:00    -
1458 Rule    Iran    2020    only    -       Sep     20      24:00   0       -
1459 Rule    Iran    2021    2023    -       Mar     21      24:00   1:00    -
1460 Rule    Iran    2021    2023    -       Sep     21      24:00   0       -
1461 Rule    Iran    2024    only    -       Mar     20      24:00   1:00    -
1462 Rule    Iran    2024    only    -       Sep     20      24:00   0       -
1463 Rule    Iran    2025    2027    -       Mar     21      24:00   1:00    -
1464 Rule    Iran    2025    2027    -       Sep     21      24:00   0       -
1465 Rule    Iran    2028    2029    -       Mar     20      24:00   1:00    -
1466 Rule    Iran    2028    2029    -       Sep     20      24:00   0       -
1467 Rule    Iran    2030    2031    -       Mar     21      24:00   1:00    -
1468 Rule    Iran    2030    2031    -       Sep     21      24:00   0       -
1469 Rule    Iran    2032    2033    -       Mar     20      24:00   1:00    -
1470 Rule    Iran    2032    2033    -       Sep     20      24:00   0       -
1471 Rule    Iran    2034    2035    -       Mar     21      24:00   1:00    -
1472 Rule    Iran    2034    2035    -       Sep     21      24:00   0       -
1473 Rule    Iran    2036    2037    -       Mar     20      24:00   1:00    -
1474 Rule    Iran    2036    2037    -       Sep     20      24:00   0       -
1475 Rule    Iran    2038    2039    -       Mar     21      24:00   1:00    -
1476 Rule    Iran    2038    2039    -       Sep     21      24:00   0       -
1477 Rule    Iran    2040    2041    -       Mar     20      24:00   1:00    -
1478 Rule    Iran    2040    2041    -       Sep     20      24:00   0       -
1479 Rule    Iran    2042    2043    -       Mar     21      24:00   1:00    -
1480 Rule    Iran    2042    2043    -       Sep     21      24:00   0       -
1481 Rule    Iran    2044    2045    -       Mar     20      24:00   1:00    -
1482 Rule    Iran    2044    2045    -       Sep     20      24:00   0       -
1483 Rule    Iran    2046    2047    -       Mar     21      24:00   1:00    -
1484 Rule    Iran    2046    2047    -       Sep     21      24:00   0       -
1485 Rule    Iran    2048    2049    -       Mar     20      24:00   1:00    -
1486 Rule    Iran    2048    2049    -       Sep     20      24:00   0       -
1487 Rule    Iran    2050    2051    -       Mar     21      24:00   1:00    -
1488 Rule    Iran    2050    2051    -       Sep     21      24:00   0       -
1489 Rule    Iran    2052    2053    -       Mar     20      24:00   1:00    -
1490 Rule    Iran    2052    2053    -       Sep     20      24:00   0       -
1491 Rule    Iran    2054    2055    -       Mar     21      24:00   1:00    -
1492 Rule    Iran    2054    2055    -       Sep     21      24:00   0       -
1493 Rule    Iran    2056    2057    -       Mar     20      24:00   1:00    -
1494 Rule    Iran    2056    2057    -       Sep     20      24:00   0       -
1495 Rule    Iran    2058    2059    -       Mar     21      24:00   1:00    -
1496 Rule    Iran    2058    2059    -       Sep     21      24:00   0       -
1497 Rule    Iran    2060    2062    -       Mar     20      24:00   1:00    -
1498 Rule    Iran    2060    2062    -       Sep     20      24:00   0       -
1499 Rule    Iran    2063    only    -       Mar     21      24:00   1:00    -
1500 Rule    Iran    2063    only    -       Sep     21      24:00   0       -
1501 Rule    Iran    2064    2066    -       Mar     20      24:00   1:00    -
1502 Rule    Iran    2064    2066    -       Sep     20      24:00   0       -
1503 Rule    Iran    2067    only    -       Mar     21      24:00   1:00    -
1504 Rule    Iran    2067    only    -       Sep     21      24:00   0       -
1505 Rule    Iran    2068    2070    -       Mar     20      24:00   1:00    -
1506 Rule    Iran    2068    2070    -       Sep     20      24:00   0       -
1507 Rule    Iran    2071    only    -       Mar     21      24:00   1:00    -
1508 Rule    Iran    2071    only    -       Sep     21      24:00   0       -
1509 Rule    Iran    2072    2074    -       Mar     20      24:00   1:00    -
1510 Rule    Iran    2072    2074    -       Sep     20      24:00   0       -
1511 Rule    Iran    2075    only    -       Mar     21      24:00   1:00    -
1512 Rule    Iran    2075    only    -       Sep     21      24:00   0       -
1513 Rule    Iran    2076    2078    -       Mar     20      24:00   1:00    -
1514 Rule    Iran    2076    2078    -       Sep     20      24:00   0       -
1515 Rule    Iran    2079    only    -       Mar     21      24:00   1:00    -
1516 Rule    Iran    2079    only    -       Sep     21      24:00   0       -
1517 Rule    Iran    2080    2082    -       Mar     20      24:00   1:00    -
1518 Rule    Iran    2080    2082    -       Sep     20      24:00   0       -
1519 Rule    Iran    2083    only    -       Mar     21      24:00   1:00    -
1520 Rule    Iran    2083    only    -       Sep     21      24:00   0       -
1521 Rule    Iran    2084    2086    -       Mar     20      24:00   1:00    -
1522 Rule    Iran    2084    2086    -       Sep     20      24:00   0       -
1523 Rule    Iran    2087    only    -       Mar     21      24:00   1:00    -
1524 Rule    Iran    2087    only    -       Sep     21      24:00   0       -
1525 #
1526 # The following rules are approximations starting in the year 2088.
1527 # These are the best post-2088 approximations available, given the
1528 # restrictions of a single rule using ordinary Gregorian dates.
1529 # At some point this table will need to be extended, though quite
1530 # possibly Iran will change the rules first.
1531 Rule    Iran    2088    max     -       Mar     20      24:00   1:00    -
1532 Rule    Iran    2088    max     -       Sep     20      24:00   0       -
1533 
1534 # Zone  NAME            GMTOFF  RULES   FORMAT  [UNTIL]
1535 Zone    Asia/Tehran     3:25:44 -       LMT     1916
1536                         3:25:44 -       TMT     1946     # Tehran Mean Time
1537                         3:30    -       +0330   1977 Nov
1538                         4:00    Iran    +04/+05 1979
1539                         3:30    Iran    +0330/+0430
1540 
1541 
1542 # Iraq
1543 #
1544 # From Jonathan Lennox (2000-06-12):
1545 # An article in this week's Economist ("Inside the Saddam-free zone", p. 50 in
1546 # the U.S. edition) on the Iraqi Kurds contains a paragraph:
1547 # "The three northern provinces ... switched their clocks this spring and
1548 # are an hour ahead of Baghdad."
1549 #
1550 # But Rives McDow (2000-06-18) quotes a contact in Iraqi-Kurdistan as follows:
1551 # In the past, some Kurdish nationalists, as a protest to the Iraqi
1552 # Government, did not adhere to daylight saving time.  They referred
1553 # to daylight saving as Saddam time.  But, as of today, the time zone
1554 # in Iraqi-Kurdistan is on standard time with Baghdad, Iraq.
1555 #
1556 # So we'll ignore the Economist's claim.
1557 
1558 # From Steffen Thorsen (2008-03-10):
1559 # The cabinet in Iraq abolished DST last week, according to the following
1560 # news sources (in Arabic):
1561 # http://www.aljeeran.net/wesima_articles/news-20080305-98602.html
1562 # http://www.aswataliraq.info/look/article.tpl?id=2047&IdLanguage=17&IdPublication=4&NrArticle=71743&NrIssue=1&NrSection=10
1563 #
1564 # We have published a short article in English about the change:
1565 # https://www.timeanddate.com/news/time/iraq-dumps-daylight-saving.html
1566 
1567 # Rule  NAME    FROM    TO      TYPE    IN      ON      AT      SAVE    LETTER/S
1568 Rule    Iraq    1982    only    -       May     1       0:00    1:00    -
1569 Rule    Iraq    1982    1984    -       Oct     1       0:00    0       -
1570 Rule    Iraq    1983    only    -       Mar     31      0:00    1:00    -
1571 Rule    Iraq    1984    1985    -       Apr     1       0:00    1:00    -
1572 Rule    Iraq    1985    1990    -       Sep     lastSun 1:00s   0       -
1573 Rule    Iraq    1986    1990    -       Mar     lastSun 1:00s   1:00    -
1574 # IATA SSIM (1991/1996) says Apr 1 12:01am UTC; guess the ':01' is a typo.
1575 # Shanks & Pottenger say Iraq did not observe DST 1992/1997; ignore this.
1576 #
1577 Rule    Iraq    1991    2007    -       Apr      1      3:00s   1:00    -
1578 Rule    Iraq    1991    2007    -       Oct      1      3:00s   0       -
1579 # Zone  NAME            GMTOFF  RULES   FORMAT  [UNTIL]
1580 Zone    Asia/Baghdad    2:57:40 -       LMT     1890
1581                         2:57:36 -       BMT     1918     # Baghdad Mean Time?
1582                         3:00    -       +03     1982 May
1583                         3:00    Iraq    +03/+04
1584 
1585 
1586 ###############################################################################
1587 
1588 # Israel
1589 
1590 # From Ephraim Silverberg (2001-01-11):
1591 #
1592 # I coined "IST/IDT" circa 1988.  Until then there were three
1593 # different abbreviations in use:
1594 #
1595 # JST  Jerusalem Standard Time [Danny Braniss, Hebrew University]
1596 # IZT  Israel Zonal (sic) Time [Prof. Haim Papo, Technion]
1597 # EEST Eastern Europe Standard Time [used by almost everyone else]
1598 #
1599 # Since timezones should be called by country and not capital cities,
1600 # I ruled out JST.  As Israel is in Asia Minor and not Eastern Europe,
1601 # EEST was equally unacceptable.  Since "zonal" was not compatible with
1602 # any other timezone abbreviation, I felt that 'IST' was the way to go
1603 # and, indeed, it has received almost universal acceptance in timezone
1604 # settings in Israeli computers.
1605 #
1606 # In any case, I am happy to share timezone abbreviations with India,
1607 # high on my favorite-country list (and not only because my wife's
1608 # family is from India).
1609 
1610 # From Shanks & Pottenger:
1611 # Rule  NAME    FROM    TO      TYPE    IN      ON      AT      SAVE    LETTER/S
1612 Rule    Zion    1940    only    -       Jun      1      0:00    1:00    D
1613 Rule    Zion    1942    1944    -       Nov      1      0:00    0       S
1614 Rule    Zion    1943    only    -       Apr      1      2:00    1:00    D
1615 Rule    Zion    1944    only    -       Apr      1      0:00    1:00    D
1616 Rule    Zion    1945    only    -       Apr     16      0:00    1:00    D
1617 Rule    Zion    1945    only    -       Nov      1      2:00    0       S
1618 Rule    Zion    1946    only    -       Apr     16      2:00    1:00    D
1619 Rule    Zion    1946    only    -       Nov      1      0:00    0       S
1620 Rule    Zion    1948    only    -       May     23      0:00    2:00    DD
1621 Rule    Zion    1948    only    -       Sep      1      0:00    1:00    D
1622 Rule    Zion    1948    1949    -       Nov      1      2:00    0       S
1623 Rule    Zion    1949    only    -       May      1      0:00    1:00    D
1624 Rule    Zion    1950    only    -       Apr     16      0:00    1:00    D
1625 Rule    Zion    1950    only    -       Sep     15      3:00    0       S
1626 Rule    Zion    1951    only    -       Apr      1      0:00    1:00    D
1627 Rule    Zion    1951    only    -       Nov     11      3:00    0       S
1628 Rule    Zion    1952    only    -       Apr     20      2:00    1:00    D
1629 Rule    Zion    1952    only    -       Oct     19      3:00    0       S
1630 Rule    Zion    1953    only    -       Apr     12      2:00    1:00    D
1631 Rule    Zion    1953    only    -       Sep     13      3:00    0       S
1632 Rule    Zion    1954    only    -       Jun     13      0:00    1:00    D
1633 Rule    Zion    1954    only    -       Sep     12      0:00    0       S
1634 Rule    Zion    1955    only    -       Jun     11      2:00    1:00    D
1635 Rule    Zion    1955    only    -       Sep     11      0:00    0       S
1636 Rule    Zion    1956    only    -       Jun      3      0:00    1:00    D
1637 Rule    Zion    1956    only    -       Sep     30      3:00    0       S
1638 Rule    Zion    1957    only    -       Apr     29      2:00    1:00    D
1639 Rule    Zion    1957    only    -       Sep     22      0:00    0       S
1640 Rule    Zion    1974    only    -       Jul      7      0:00    1:00    D
1641 Rule    Zion    1974    only    -       Oct     13      0:00    0       S
1642 Rule    Zion    1975    only    -       Apr     20      0:00    1:00    D
1643 Rule    Zion    1975    only    -       Aug     31      0:00    0       S
1644 
1645 # From Alois Treindl (2019-03-06):
1646 # http://www.moin.gov.il/Documents/שעון קיץ/clock-50-years-7-2014.pdf
1647 # From Isaac Starkman (2019-03-06):
1648 # Summer time was in that period in 1980 and 1984, see
1649 # https://www.ynet.co.il/articles/0,7340,L-3951073,00.html
1650 # You can of course read it in translation.
1651 # I checked the local newspapers for that years.
1652 # It started on midnight and end at 01.00 am.
1653 # From Paul Eggert (2019-03-06):
1654 # Also see this thread about the moin.gov.il URL:
1655 # https://mm.icann.org/pipermail/tz/2018-November/027194.html
1656 Rule    Zion    1980    only    -       Aug      2      0:00    1:00    D
1657 Rule    Zion    1980    only    -       Sep     13      1:00    0       S
1658 Rule    Zion    1984    only    -       May      5      0:00    1:00    D
1659 Rule    Zion    1984    only    -       Aug     25      1:00    0       S
1660 
1661 # From Shanks & Pottenger:
1662 Rule    Zion    1985    only    -       Apr     14      0:00    1:00    D
1663 Rule    Zion    1985    only    -       Sep     15      0:00    0       S
1664 Rule    Zion    1986    only    -       May     18      0:00    1:00    D
1665 Rule    Zion    1986    only    -       Sep      7      0:00    0       S
1666 Rule    Zion    1987    only    -       Apr     15      0:00    1:00    D
1667 Rule    Zion    1987    only    -       Sep     13      0:00    0       S
1668 
1669 # From Avigdor Finkelstein (2014-03-05):
1670 # I check the Parliament (Knesset) records and there it's stated that the
1671 # [1988] transition should take place on Saturday night, when the Sabbath
1672 # ends and changes to Sunday.
1673 Rule    Zion    1988    only    -       Apr     10      0:00    1:00    D
1674 Rule    Zion    1988    only    -       Sep      4      0:00    0       S
1675 
1676 # From Ephraim Silverberg
1677 # (1997-03-04, 1998-03-16, 1998-12-28, 2000-01-17, 2000-07-25, 2004-12-22,
1678 # and 2005-02-17):
1679 
1680 # According to the Office of the Secretary General of the Ministry of
1681 # Interior, there is NO set rule for Daylight-Savings/Standard time changes.
1682 # One thing is entrenched in law, however: that there must be at least 150
1683 # days of daylight savings time annually.  From 1993-1998, the change to
1684 # daylight savings time was on a Friday morning from midnight IST to
1685 # 1 a.m IDT; up until 1998, the change back to standard time was on a
1686 # Saturday night from midnight daylight savings time to 11 p.m. standard
1687 # time.  1996 is an exception to this rule where the change back to standard
1688 # time took place on Sunday night instead of Saturday night to avoid
1689 # conflicts with the Jewish New Year.  In 1999, the change to
1690 # daylight savings time was still on a Friday morning but from
1691 # 2 a.m. IST to 3 a.m. IDT; furthermore, the change back to standard time
1692 # was also on a Friday morning from 2 a.m. IDT to 1 a.m. IST for
1693 # 1999 only.  In the year 2000, the change to daylight savings time was
1694 # similar to 1999, but although the change back will be on a Friday, it
1695 # will take place from 1 a.m. IDT to midnight IST.  Starting in 2001, all
1696 # changes to/from will take place at 1 a.m. old time, but now there is no
1697 # rule as to what day of the week it will take place in as the start date
1698 # (except in 2003) is the night after the Passover Seder (i.e. the eve
1699 # of the 16th of Nisan in the lunar Hebrew calendar) and the end date
1700 # (except in 2002) is three nights before Yom Kippur [Day of Atonement]
1701 # (the eve of the 7th of Tishrei in the lunar Hebrew calendar).
1702 
1703 # Rule  NAME    FROM    TO      TYPE    IN      ON      AT      SAVE    LETTER/S
1704 Rule    Zion    1989    only    -       Apr     30      0:00    1:00    D
1705 Rule    Zion    1989    only    -       Sep      3      0:00    0       S
1706 Rule    Zion    1990    only    -       Mar     25      0:00    1:00    D
1707 Rule    Zion    1990    only    -       Aug     26      0:00    0       S
1708 Rule    Zion    1991    only    -       Mar     24      0:00    1:00    D
1709 Rule    Zion    1991    only    -       Sep      1      0:00    0       S
1710 Rule    Zion    1992    only    -       Mar     29      0:00    1:00    D
1711 Rule    Zion    1992    only    -       Sep      6      0:00    0       S
1712 Rule    Zion    1993    only    -       Apr      2      0:00    1:00    D
1713 Rule    Zion    1993    only    -       Sep      5      0:00    0       S
1714 
1715 # The dates for 1994-1995 were obtained from Office of the Spokeswoman for the
1716 # Ministry of Interior, Jerusalem, Israel.  The spokeswoman can be reached by
1717 # calling the office directly at 972-2-6701447 or 972-2-6701448.
1718 
1719 # Rule  NAME    FROM    TO      TYPE    IN      ON      AT      SAVE    LETTER/S
1720 Rule    Zion    1994    only    -       Apr      1      0:00    1:00    D
1721 Rule    Zion    1994    only    -       Aug     28      0:00    0       S
1722 Rule    Zion    1995    only    -       Mar     31      0:00    1:00    D
1723 Rule    Zion    1995    only    -       Sep      3      0:00    0       S
1724 
1725 # The dates for 1996 were determined by the Minister of Interior of the
1726 # time, Haim Ramon.  The official announcement regarding 1996-1998
1727 # (with the dates for 1997-1998 no longer being relevant) can be viewed at:
1728 #
1729 #   ftp://ftp.cs.huji.ac.il/pub/tz/announcements/1996-1998.ramon.ps.gz
1730 #
1731 # The dates for 1997-1998 were altered by his successor, Rabbi Eli Suissa.
1732 #
1733 # The official announcements for the years 1997-1999 can be viewed at:
1734 #
1735 #   ftp://ftp.cs.huji.ac.il/pub/tz/announcements/YYYY.ps.gz
1736 #
1737 #       where YYYY is the relevant year.
1738 
1739 # Rule  NAME    FROM    TO      TYPE    IN      ON      AT      SAVE    LETTER/S
1740 Rule    Zion    1996    only    -       Mar     15      0:00    1:00    D
1741 Rule    Zion    1996    only    -       Sep     16      0:00    0       S
1742 Rule    Zion    1997    only    -       Mar     21      0:00    1:00    D
1743 Rule    Zion    1997    only    -       Sep     14      0:00    0       S
1744 Rule    Zion    1998    only    -       Mar     20      0:00    1:00    D
1745 Rule    Zion    1998    only    -       Sep      6      0:00    0       S
1746 Rule    Zion    1999    only    -       Apr      2      2:00    1:00    D
1747 Rule    Zion    1999    only    -       Sep      3      2:00    0       S
1748 
1749 # The Knesset Interior Committee has changed the dates for 2000 for
1750 # the third time in just over a year and have set new dates for the
1751 # years 2001-2004 as well.
1752 #
1753 # The official announcement for the start date of 2000 can be viewed at:
1754 #
1755 #       ftp://ftp.cs.huji.ac.il/pub/tz/announcements/2000-start.ps.gz
1756 #
1757 # The official announcement for the end date of 2000 and the dates
1758 # for the years 2001-2004 can be viewed at:
1759 #
1760 #       ftp://ftp.cs.huji.ac.il/pub/tz/announcements/2000-2004.ps.gz
1761 
1762 # Rule  NAME    FROM    TO      TYPE    IN      ON      AT      SAVE    LETTER/S
1763 Rule    Zion    2000    only    -       Apr     14      2:00    1:00    D
1764 Rule    Zion    2000    only    -       Oct      6      1:00    0       S
1765 Rule    Zion    2001    only    -       Apr      9      1:00    1:00    D
1766 Rule    Zion    2001    only    -       Sep     24      1:00    0       S
1767 Rule    Zion    2002    only    -       Mar     29      1:00    1:00    D
1768 Rule    Zion    2002    only    -       Oct      7      1:00    0       S
1769 Rule    Zion    2003    only    -       Mar     28      1:00    1:00    D
1770 Rule    Zion    2003    only    -       Oct      3      1:00    0       S
1771 Rule    Zion    2004    only    -       Apr      7      1:00    1:00    D
1772 Rule    Zion    2004    only    -       Sep     22      1:00    0       S
1773 
1774 # The proposed law agreed upon by the Knesset Interior Committee on
1775 # 2005-02-14 is that, for 2005 and beyond, DST starts at 02:00 the
1776 # last Friday before April 2nd (i.e. the last Friday in March or April
1777 # 1st itself if it falls on a Friday) and ends at 02:00 on the Saturday
1778 # night _before_ the fast of Yom Kippur.
1779 #
1780 # Those who can read Hebrew can view the announcement at:
1781 #
1782 #       ftp://ftp.cs.huji.ac.il/pub/tz/announcements/2005+beyond.ps
1783 
1784 # From Paul Eggert (2012-10-26):
1785 # I used Ephraim Silverberg's dst-israel.el program
1786 # <ftp://ftp.cs.huji.ac.il/pub/tz/software/dst-israel.el> (2005-02-20)
1787 # along with Ed Reingold's cal-hebrew in GNU Emacs 21.4,
1788 # to generate the transitions from 2005 through 2012.
1789 # (I replaced "lastFri" with "Fri>=26" by hand.)
1790 # The spring transitions all correspond to the following Rule:
1791 #
1792 # Rule  Zion    2005    2012    -       Mar     Fri>=26      2:00    1:00    D
1793 #
1794 # but older zic implementations (e.g., Solaris 8) do not support
1795 # "Fri>=26" to mean April 1 in years like 2005, so for now we list the
1796 # springtime transitions explicitly.
1797 
1798 # Rule  NAME    FROM    TO      TYPE    IN      ON      AT      SAVE    LETTER/S
1799 Rule    Zion    2005    only    -       Apr      1      2:00    1:00    D
1800 Rule    Zion    2005    only    -       Oct      9      2:00    0       S
1801 Rule    Zion    2006    2010    -       Mar     Fri>=26      2:00    1:00    D
1802 Rule    Zion    2006    only    -       Oct      1      2:00    0       S
1803 Rule    Zion    2007    only    -       Sep     16      2:00    0       S
1804 Rule    Zion    2008    only    -       Oct      5      2:00    0       S
1805 Rule    Zion    2009    only    -       Sep     27      2:00    0       S
1806 Rule    Zion    2010    only    -       Sep     12      2:00    0       S
1807 Rule    Zion    2011    only    -       Apr      1      2:00    1:00    D
1808 Rule    Zion    2011    only    -       Oct      2      2:00    0       S
1809 Rule    Zion    2012    only    -       Mar     Fri>=26      2:00    1:00    D
1810 Rule    Zion    2012    only    -       Sep     23      2:00    0       S
1811 
1812 # From Ephraim Silverberg (2013-06-27):
1813 # On June 23, 2013, the Israeli government approved changes to the
1814 # Time Decree Law.  The next day, the changes passed the First Reading
1815 # in the Knesset.  The law is expected to pass the Second and Third
1816 # (final) Readings by the beginning of September 2013.
1817 #
1818 # As of 2013, DST starts at 02:00 on the Friday before the last Sunday
1819 # in March.  DST ends at 02:00 on the last Sunday of October.
1820 
1821 # Rule  NAME    FROM    TO      TYPE    IN      ON      AT      SAVE    LETTER/S
1822 Rule    Zion    2013    max     -       Mar     Fri>=23      2:00    1:00    D
1823 Rule    Zion    2013    max     -       Oct     lastSun 2:00    0       S
1824 
1825 # Zone  NAME            GMTOFF  RULES   FORMAT  [UNTIL]
1826 Zone    Asia/Jerusalem  2:20:54 -       LMT     1880
1827                         2:20:40 -       JMT     1918 # Jerusalem Mean Time?
1828                         2:00    Zion    I%sT
1829 
1830 
1831 
1832 ###############################################################################
1833 
1834 # Japan
1835 
1836 # '9:00' and 'JST' is from Guy Harris.
1837 
1838 # From Paul Eggert (1995-03-06):
1839 # Today's _Asahi Evening News_ (page 4) reports that Japan had
1840 # daylight saving between 1948 and 1951, but "the system was discontinued
1841 # because the public believed it would lead to longer working hours."
1842 
1843 # From Mayumi Negishi in the 2005-08-10 Japan Times:
1844 # http://www.japantimes.co.jp/cgi-bin/getarticle.pl5?nn20050810f2.htm
1845 # Occupation authorities imposed daylight-saving time on Japan on
1846 # [1948-05-01]....  But lack of prior debate and the execution of
1847 # daylight-saving time just three days after the bill was passed generated
1848 # deep hatred of the concept....  The Diet unceremoniously passed a bill to
1849 # dump the unpopular system in October 1951, less than a month after the San
1850 # Francisco Peace Treaty was signed.  (A government poll in 1951 showed 53%
1851 # of the Japanese wanted to scrap daylight-saving time, as opposed to 30% who
1852 # wanted to keep it.)
1853 
1854 # From Takayuki Nikai (2018-01-19):
1855 # The source of information is Japanese law.
1856 # http://www.shugiin.go.jp/internet/itdb_housei.nsf/html/houritsu/00219480428029.htm
1857 # http://www.shugiin.go.jp/internet/itdb_housei.nsf/html/houritsu/00719500331039.htm
1858 # ... In summary, it is written as follows.  From 24:00 on the first Saturday
1859 # in May, until 0:00 on the day after the second Saturday in September.
1860 
1861 # From Phake Nick (2018-09-27):
1862 # [T]he webpage authored by National Astronomical Observatory of Japan
1863 # https://eco.mtk.nao.ac.jp/koyomi/wiki/BBFEB9EF2FB2C6BBFEB9EF.html
1864 # ... mentioned that using Showa 23 (year 1948) as example, 13pm of September
1865 # 11 in summer time will equal to 0am of September 12 in standard time.
1866 # It cited a document issued by the Liaison Office which briefly existed
1867 # during the postwar period of Japan, where the detail on implementation
1868 # of the summer time is described in the document.
1869 # https://eco.mtk.nao.ac.jp/koyomi/wiki/BBFEB9EF2FB2C6BBFEB9EFB2C6BBFEB9EFA4CEBCC2BBDCA4CBA4C4A4A4A4C6.pdf
1870 # The text in the document do instruct a fall back to occur at
1871 # September 11, 13pm in summer time, while ordinary citizens can
1872 # change the clock before they sleep.
1873 #
1874 # From Paul Eggert (2018-09-27):
1875 # This instruction is equivalent to "Sat>=8 25:00", so use that.  zic treats
1876 # it like "Sun>=9 01:00", which is not quite the same but is the best we can
1877 # do in any POSIX or C platform.  The "25:00" assumes zic from 2007 or later,
1878 # which should be safe now.
1879 
1880 # Rule  NAME    FROM    TO      TYPE    IN      ON      AT      SAVE    LETTER/S
1881 Rule    Japan   1948    only    -       May     Sat>=1       24:00   1:00    D
1882 Rule    Japan   1948    1951    -       Sep     Sun>=9        1:00   0       S
1883 Rule    Japan   1949    only    -       Apr     Sat>=1       24:00   1:00    D
1884 Rule    Japan   1950    1951    -       May     Sat>=1       24:00   1:00    D
1885 
1886 # From Hideyuki Suzuki (1998-11-09):
1887 # 'Tokyo' usually stands for the former location of Tokyo Astronomical
1888 # Observatory: 139° 44' 40.90" E (9h 18m 58.727s), 35° 39' 16.0" N.
1889 # This data is from 'Rika Nenpyou (Chronological Scientific Tables) 1996'
1890 # edited by National Astronomical Observatory of Japan....
1891 # JST (Japan Standard Time) has been used since 1888-01-01 00:00 (JST).
1892 # The law is enacted on 1886-07-07.
1893 
1894 # From Hideyuki Suzuki (1998-11-16):
1895 # The ordinance No. 51 (1886) established "standard time" in Japan,
1896 # which stands for the time on 135° E.
1897 # In the ordinance No. 167 (1895), "standard time" was renamed to "central
1898 # standard time".  And the same ordinance also established "western standard
1899 # time", which stands for the time on 120° E....  But "western standard
1900 # time" was abolished in the ordinance No. 529 (1937).  In the ordinance No.
1901 # 167, there is no mention regarding for what place western standard time is
1902 # standard....
1903 #
1904 # I wrote "ordinance" above, but I don't know how to translate.
1905 # In Japanese it's "chokurei", which means ordinance from emperor.
1906 
1907 # From Yu-Cheng Chuang (2013-07-12):
1908 # ...the Meiji Emperor announced Ordinance No. 167 of Meiji Year 28 "The clause
1909 # about standard time" ... The adoption began from Jan 1, 1896.
1910 # https://ja.wikisource.org/wiki/標準時ニ關スル件_(公布時)
1911 #
1912 # ...the Showa Emperor announced Ordinance No. 529 of Showa Year 12 ... which
1913 # means the whole Japan territory, including later occupations, adopt Japan
1914 # Central Time (UT+9). The adoption began on Oct 1, 1937.
1915 # https://ja.wikisource.org/wiki/明治二十八年勅令第百六十七號標準時ニ關スル件中改正ノ件
1916 
1917 # Zone  NAME            GMTOFF  RULES   FORMAT  [UNTIL]
1918 Zone    Asia/Tokyo      9:18:59 -       LMT     1887 Dec 31 15:00u
1919                         9:00    Japan   J%sT
1920 # Since 1938, all Japanese possessions have been like Asia/Tokyo,
1921 # except that Truk (Chuuk), Ponape (Pohnpei), and Jaluit (Kosrae) did not
1922 # switch from +10 to +09 until 1941-04-01; see the 'australasia' file.
1923 
1924 # Jordan
1925 #
1926 # From <http://star.arabia.com/990701/JO9.html>
1927 # Jordan Week (1999-07-01) via Steffen Thorsen (1999-09-09):
1928 # Clocks in Jordan were forwarded one hour on Wednesday at midnight,
1929 # in accordance with the government's decision to implement summer time
1930 # all year round.
1931 #
1932 # From <http://star.arabia.com/990930/JO9.html>
1933 # Jordan Week (1999-09-30) via Steffen Thorsen (1999-11-09):
1934 # Winter time starts today Thursday, 30 September. Clocks will be turned back
1935 # by one hour.  This is the latest government decision and it's final!
1936 # The decision was taken because of the increase in working hours in
1937 # government's departments from six to seven hours.
1938 #
1939 # From Paul Eggert (2005-11-22):
1940 # Starting 2003 transitions are from Steffen Thorsen's web site timeanddate.com.
1941 #
1942 # From Steffen Thorsen (2005-11-23):
1943 # For Jordan I have received multiple independent user reports every year
1944 # about DST end dates, as the end-rule is different every year.
1945 #
1946 # From Steffen Thorsen (2006-10-01), after a heads-up from Hilal Malawi:
1947 # http://www.petranews.gov.jo/nepras/2006/Sep/05/4000.htm
1948 # "Jordan will switch to winter time on Friday, October 27".
1949 #
1950 
1951 # From Steffen Thorsen (2009-04-02):
1952 # This single one might be good enough, (2009-03-24, Arabic):
1953 # http://petra.gov.jo/Artical.aspx?Lng=2&Section=8&Artical=95279
1954 #
1955 # Google's translation:
1956 #
1957 # > The Council of Ministers decided in 2002 to adopt the principle of timely
1958 # > submission of the summer at 60 minutes as of midnight on the last Thursday
1959 # > of the month of March of each year.
1960 #
1961 # So - this means the midnight between Thursday and Friday since 2002.
1962 
1963 # From Arthur David Olson (2009-04-06):
1964 # We still have Jordan switching to DST on Thursdays in 2000 and 2001.
1965 
1966 # From Steffen Thorsen (2012-10-25):
1967 # Yesterday the government in Jordan announced that they will not
1968 # switch back to standard time this winter, so the will stay on DST
1969 # until about the same time next year (at least).
1970 # http://www.petra.gov.jo/Public_News/Nws_NewsDetails.aspx?NewsID=88950
1971 
1972 # From Steffen Thorsen (2013-12-11):
1973 # Jordan Times and other sources say that Jordan is going back to
1974 # UTC+2 on 2013-12-19 at midnight:
1975 # http://jordantimes.com/govt-decides-to-switch-back-to-wintertime
1976 # Official, in Arabic:
1977 # http://www.petra.gov.jo/public_news/Nws_NewsDetails.aspx?Menu_ID=&Site_Id=2&lang=1&NewsID=133230&CatID=14
1978 # ... Our background/permalink about it
1979 # https://www.timeanddate.com/news/time/jordan-reverses-dst-decision.html
1980 # ...
1981 # http://www.petra.gov.jo/Public_News/Nws_NewsDetails.aspx?lang=2&site_id=1&NewsID=133313&Type=P
1982 # ... says midnight for the coming one and 1:00 for the ones in the future
1983 # (and they will use DST again next year, using the normal schedule).
1984 
1985 # From Paul Eggert (2013-12-11):
1986 # As Steffen suggested, consider the past 21-month experiment to be DST.
1987 
1988 # Rule  NAME    FROM    TO      TYPE    IN      ON      AT      SAVE    LETTER/S
1989 Rule    Jordan  1973    only    -       Jun     6       0:00    1:00    S
1990 Rule    Jordan  1973    1975    -       Oct     1       0:00    0       -
1991 Rule    Jordan  1974    1977    -       May     1       0:00    1:00    S
1992 Rule    Jordan  1976    only    -       Nov     1       0:00    0       -
1993 Rule    Jordan  1977    only    -       Oct     1       0:00    0       -
1994 Rule    Jordan  1978    only    -       Apr     30      0:00    1:00    S
1995 Rule    Jordan  1978    only    -       Sep     30      0:00    0       -
1996 Rule    Jordan  1985    only    -       Apr     1       0:00    1:00    S
1997 Rule    Jordan  1985    only    -       Oct     1       0:00    0       -
1998 Rule    Jordan  1986    1988    -       Apr     Fri>=1       0:00    1:00    S
1999 Rule    Jordan  1986    1990    -       Oct     Fri>=1       0:00    0       -
2000 Rule    Jordan  1989    only    -       May     8       0:00    1:00    S
2001 Rule    Jordan  1990    only    -       Apr     27      0:00    1:00    S
2002 Rule    Jordan  1991    only    -       Apr     17      0:00    1:00    S
2003 Rule    Jordan  1991    only    -       Sep     27      0:00    0       -
2004 Rule    Jordan  1992    only    -       Apr     10      0:00    1:00    S
2005 Rule    Jordan  1992    1993    -       Oct     Fri>=1       0:00    0       -
2006 Rule    Jordan  1993    1998    -       Apr     Fri>=1       0:00    1:00    S
2007 Rule    Jordan  1994    only    -       Sep     Fri>=15      0:00    0       -
2008 Rule    Jordan  1995    1998    -       Sep     Fri>=15      0:00s   0       -
2009 Rule    Jordan  1999    only    -       Jul      1      0:00s   1:00    S
2010 Rule    Jordan  1999    2002    -       Sep     lastFri 0:00s   0       -
2011 Rule    Jordan  2000    2001    -       Mar     lastThu 0:00s   1:00    S
2012 Rule    Jordan  2002    2012    -       Mar     lastThu 24:00   1:00    S
2013 Rule    Jordan  2003    only    -       Oct     24      0:00s   0       -
2014 Rule    Jordan  2004    only    -       Oct     15      0:00s   0       -
2015 Rule    Jordan  2005    only    -       Sep     lastFri 0:00s   0       -
2016 Rule    Jordan  2006    2011    -       Oct     lastFri 0:00s   0       -
2017 Rule    Jordan  2013    only    -       Dec     20      0:00    0       -
2018 Rule    Jordan  2014    max     -       Mar     lastThu 24:00   1:00    S
2019 Rule    Jordan  2014    max     -       Oct     lastFri 0:00s   0       -
2020 # Zone  NAME            GMTOFF  RULES   FORMAT  [UNTIL]
2021 Zone    Asia/Amman      2:23:44 -       LMT     1931
2022                         2:00    Jordan  EE%sT
2023 
2024 
2025 # Kazakhstan
2026 
2027 # From Kazakhstan Embassy's News Bulletin No. 11
2028 # <http://www.kazsociety.org.uk/news/2005/03/30.htm> (2005-03-21):
2029 # The Government of Kazakhstan passed a resolution March 15 abolishing
2030 # daylight saving time citing lack of economic benefits and health
2031 # complications coupled with a decrease in productivity.
2032 #
2033 # From Branislav Kojic (in Astana) via Gwillim Law (2005-06-28):
2034 # ... what happened was that the former Kazakhstan Eastern time zone
2035 # was "blended" with the Central zone.  Therefore, Kazakhstan now has
2036 # two time zones, and difference between them is one hour.  The zone
2037 # closer to UTC is the former Western zone (probably still called the
2038 # same), encompassing four provinces in the west: Aqtöbe, Atyraū,
2039 # Mangghystaū, and West Kazakhstan.  The other zone encompasses
2040 # everything else....  I guess that would make Kazakhstan time zones
2041 # de jure UTC+5 and UTC+6 respectively.
2042 
2043 # From Stepan Golosunov (2016-03-27):
2044 # Review of the linked documents from http://adilet.zan.kz/
2045 # produced the following data for post-1991 Kazakhstan:
2046 #
2047 # 0. Act of the Cabinet of Ministers of the USSR
2048 # from 1991-02-04 No. 20
2049 # http://pravo.gov.ru/proxy/ips/?docbody=&nd=102010545
2050 # removed the extra hour ("decree time") on the territory of the USSR
2051 # starting with the last Sunday of March 1991.
2052 # It also allowed (but not mandated) Kazakh SSR, Kirghiz SSR, Tajik SSR,
2053 # Turkmen SSR and Uzbek SSR to not have "summer" time.
2054 #
2055 # The 1992-01-13 act also refers to the act of the Cabinet of Ministers
2056 # of the Kazakh SSR from 1991-03-20 No. 170 "About the act of the Cabinet
2057 # of Ministers of the USSR from 1991-02-04 No. 20" but I didn't found its
2058 # text.
2059 #
2060 # According to Izvestia newspaper No. 68 (23334) from 1991-03-20
2061 # (page 6; available at http://libinfo.org/newsr/newsr2574.djvu via
2062 # http://libinfo.org/index.php?id=58564) on 1991-03-31 at 2:00 during
2063 # transition to "summer" time:
2064 # Republic of Georgia, Latvian SSR, Lithuanian SSR, SSR Moldova,
2065 # Estonian SSR; Komi ASSR; Kaliningrad oblast; Nenets autonomous okrug
2066 # were to move clocks 1 hour forward.
2067 # Kazakh SSR (excluding Uralsk oblast); Republic of Kyrgyzstan, Tajik
2068 # SSR; Andijan, Jizzakh, Namangan, Sirdarya, Tashkent, Fergana oblasts
2069 # of the Uzbek SSR were to move clocks 1 hour backwards.
2070 # Other territories were to not move clocks.
2071 # When the "summer" time would end on 1991-09-29, clocks were to be
2072 # moved 1 hour backwards on the territory of the USSR excluding
2073 # Kazakhstan, Kirghizia, Uzbekistan, Turkmenia, Tajikistan.
2074 #
2075 # Apparently there were last minute changes. Apparently Kazakh act No. 170
2076 # was one of such changes.
2077 #
2078 # https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Декретное время
2079 # claims that Sovetskaya Rossiya newspaper on 1991-03-29 published that
2080 # Nenets autonomous okrug, Komi and Kazakhstan (excluding Uralsk oblast)
2081 # were to not move clocks and Uralsk oblast was to move clocks
2082 # forward; on 1991-09-29 Kazakhstan was to move clocks backwards.
2083 # (Probably there were changes even after that publication. There is an
2084 # article claiming that Kaliningrad oblast decided on 1991-03-29 to not
2085 # move clocks.)
2086 #
2087 # This implies that on 1991-03-31 Asia/Oral remained on +04/+05 while
2088 # the rest of Kazakhstan switched from +06/+07 to +05/06 or from +05/06
2089 # to +04/+05. It's unclear how Qyzylorda oblast moved into the fifth
2090 # time belt. (By switching from +04/+05 to +05/+06 on 1991-09-29?) ...
2091 #
2092 # 1. Act of the Cabinet of Ministers of the Republic of Kazakhstan
2093 # from 1992-01-13 No. 28
2094 # http://adilet.zan.kz/rus/docs/P920000028_
2095 # (text includes modification from the 1996 act)
2096 # introduced new rules for calculation of time, mirroring Russian
2097 # 1992-01-08 act.  It specified that time would be calculated
2098 # according to time belts plus extra hour ("decree time"), moved clocks
2099 # on the whole territory of Kazakhstan 1 hour forward on 1992-01-19 at
2100 # 2:00, specified DST rules.  It acknowledged that Kazakhstan was
2101 # located in the fourth and the fifth time belts and specified the
2102 # border between them to be located east of Qostanay and Aktyubinsk
2103 # oblasts (notably including Turgai and Qyzylorda oblasts into the fifth
2104 # time belt).
2105 #
2106 # This means switch on 1992-01-19 at 2:00 from +04/+05 to +05/+06 for
2107 # Asia/Aqtau, Asia/Aqtobe, Asia/Oral, Atyraū and Qostanay oblasts; from
2108 # +05/+06 to +06/+07 for Asia/Almaty and Asia/Qyzylorda (and Arkalyk)....
2109 #
2110 # 2. Act of the Cabinet of Ministers of the Republic of Kazakhstan
2111 # from 1992-03-27 No. 284
2112 # http://adilet.zan.kz/rus/docs/P920000284_
2113 # cancels extra hour ("decree time") for Uralsk and Qyzylorda oblasts
2114 # since the last Sunday of March 1992, while keeping them in the fourth
2115 # and the fifth time belts respectively.
2116 #
2117 # 3. Order of the Prime Minister of the Republic of Kazakhstan
2118 # from 1994-09-23 No. 384
2119 # http://adilet.zan.kz/rus/docs/R940000384_
2120 # cancels the extra hour ("decree time") on the territory of Mangghystaū
2121 # oblast since the last Sunday of September 1994 (saying that time on
2122 # the territory would correspond to the third time belt as a
2123 # result)....
2124 #
2125 # 4. Act of the Government of the Republic of Kazakhstan
2126 # from 1996-05-08 No. 575
2127 # http://adilet.zan.kz/rus/docs/P960000575_
2128 # amends the 1992-01-13 act to end summer time in October instead
2129 # of September, mirroring identical Russian change from 1996-04-23 act.
2130 #
2131 # 5. Act of the Government of the Republic of Kazakhstan
2132 # from 1999-03-26 No. 305
2133 # http://adilet.zan.kz/rus/docs/P990000305_
2134 # cancels the extra hour ("decree time") for Atyraū oblast since the
2135 # last Sunday of March 1999 while retaining the oblast in the fourth
2136 # time belt.
2137 #
2138 # This means change from +05/+06 to +04/+05....
2139 #
2140 # 6. Act of the Government of the Republic of Kazakhstan
2141 # from 2000-11-23 No. 1749
2142 # http://adilet.zan.kz/rus/archive/docs/P000001749_/23.11.2000
2143 # replaces the previous five documents.
2144 #
2145 # The only changes I noticed are in definition of the border between the
2146 # fourth and the fifth time belts.  They account for changes in spelling
2147 # and administrative division (splitting of Turgai oblast in 1997
2148 # probably changed time in territories incorporated into Qostanay oblast
2149 # (including Arkalyk) from +06/+07 to +05/+06) and move Qyzylorda oblast
2150 # from being in the fifth time belt and not using decree time into the
2151 # fourth time belt (no change in practice).
2152 #
2153 # 7. Act of the Government of the Republic of Kazakhstan
2154 # from 2003-12-29 No. 1342
2155 # http://adilet.zan.kz/rus/docs/P030001342_
2156 # modified the 2000-11-23 act.  No relevant changes, apparently.
2157 #
2158 # 8. Act of the Government of the Republic of Kazakhstan
2159 # from 2004-07-20 No. 775
2160 # http://adilet.zan.kz/rus/archive/docs/P040000775_/20.07.2004
2161 # modified the 2000-11-23 act to move Qostanay and Qyzylorda oblasts into
2162 # the fifth time belt and add Aktobe oblast to the list of regions not
2163 # using extra hour ("decree time"), leaving Kazakhstan with only 2 time
2164 # zones (+04/+05 and +06/+07).  The changes were to be implemented
2165 # during DST transitions in 2004 and 2005 but the acts got radically
2166 # amended before implementation happened.
2167 #
2168 # 9. Act of the Government of the Republic of Kazakhstan
2169 # from 2004-09-15 No. 1059
2170 # http://adilet.zan.kz/rus/docs/P040001059_
2171 # modified the 2000-11-23 act to remove exceptions from the "decree time"
2172 # (leaving Kazakhstan in +05/+06 and +06/+07 zones), amended the
2173 # 2004-07-20 act to implement changes for Atyraū, West Kazakhstan,
2174 # Qostanay, Qyzylorda and Mangghystaū oblasts by not moving clocks
2175 # during the 2004 transition to "winter" time.
2176 #
2177 # This means transition from +04/+05 to +05/+06 for Atyraū oblast (no
2178 # zone currently), Asia/Oral, Asia/Aqtau and transition from +05/+06 to
2179 # +06/+07 for Qostanay oblast (Qostanay and Arkalyk, no zones currently)
2180 # and Asia/Qyzylorda on 2004-10-31 at 3:00....
2181 #
2182 # 10. Act of the Government of the Republic of Kazakhstan
2183 # from 2005-03-15 No. 231
2184 # http://adilet.zan.kz/rus/docs/P050000231_
2185 # removes DST provisions from the 2000-11-23 act, removes most of the
2186 # (already implemented) provisions from the 2004-07-20 and 2004-09-15
2187 # acts, comes into effect 10 days after official publication.
2188 # The only practical effect seems to be the abolition of the summer
2189 # time.
2190 #
2191 # Unamended version of the act of the Government of the Russian Federation
2192 # No. 23 from 1992-01-08 [See 'europe' file for details].
2193 # Kazakh 1992-01-13 act appears to provide the same rules and 1992-03-27
2194 # act was to be enacted on the last Sunday of March 1992.
2195 
2196 # From Stepan Golosunov (2016-11-08):
2197 # Turgai reorganization should affect only southern part of Qostanay
2198 # oblast.  Which should probably be separated into Asia/Arkalyk zone.
2199 # (There were also 1970, 1988 and 1990 Turgai oblast reorganizations
2200 # according to wikipedia.)
2201 #
2202 # [For Qostanay] http://www.ng.kz/gazeta/195/hranit/
2203 # suggests that clocks were to be moved 40 minutes backwards on
2204 # 1920-01-01 to the fourth time belt.  But I do not understand
2205 # how that could happen....
2206 #
2207 # [For Atyrau and Oral] 1919 decree
2208 # (http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_russia-1919-02-08.html
2209 # and in Byalokoz) lists Ural river (plus 10 versts on its left bank) in
2210 # the third time belt (before 1930 this means +03).
2211 
2212 # From Alexander Konzurovski (2018-12-20):
2213 # Qyzyolrda Region (Asia/Qyzylorda) is changing its time zone from
2214 # UTC+6 to UTC+5 effective December 21st, 2018. The legal document is
2215 # located here: http://adilet.zan.kz/rus/docs/P1800000817 (russian language).
2216 
2217 # Zone  NAME            GMTOFF  RULES   FORMAT  [UNTIL]
2218 #
2219 # Almaty (formerly Alma-Ata), representing most locations in Kazakhstan
2220 # This includes KZ-AKM, KZ-ALA, KZ-ALM, KZ-AST, KZ-BAY, KZ-VOS, KZ-ZHA,
2221 # KZ-KAR, KZ-SEV, KZ-PAV, and KZ-YUZ.
2222 Zone    Asia/Almaty     5:07:48 -       LMT     1924 May  2 # or Alma-Ata
2223                         5:00    -       +05     1930 Jun 21
2224                         6:00 RussiaAsia +06/+07 1991 Mar 31  2:00s
2225                         5:00 RussiaAsia +05/+06 1992 Jan 19  2:00s
2226                         6:00 RussiaAsia +06/+07 2004 Oct 31  2:00s
2227                         6:00    -       +06
2228 # Qyzylorda (aka Kyzylorda, Kizilorda, Kzyl-Orda, etc.) (KZ-KZY)
2229 Zone    Asia/Qyzylorda  4:21:52 -       LMT     1924 May  2
2230                         4:00    -       +04     1930 Jun 21
2231                         5:00    -       +05     1981 Apr  1
2232                         5:00    1:00    +06     1981 Oct  1
2233                         6:00    -       +06     1982 Apr  1
2234                         5:00 RussiaAsia +05/+06 1991 Mar 31  2:00s
2235                         4:00 RussiaAsia +04/+05 1991 Sep 29  2:00s
2236                         5:00 RussiaAsia +05/+06 1992 Jan 19  2:00s
2237                         6:00 RussiaAsia +06/+07 1992 Mar 29  2:00s
2238                         5:00 RussiaAsia +05/+06 2004 Oct 31  2:00s
2239                         6:00    -       +06     2018 Dec 21  0:00
2240                         5:00    -       +05
2241 #
2242 # Qostanay (aka Kostanay, Kustanay) (KZ-KUS)
2243 # The 1991/2 rules are unclear partly because of the 1997 Turgai
2244 # reorganization.
2245 Zone    Asia/Qostanay   4:14:28 -       LMT     1924 May  2
2246                         4:00    -       +04     1930 Jun 21
2247                         5:00    -       +05     1981 Apr  1
2248                         5:00    1:00    +06     1981 Oct  1
2249                         6:00    -       +06     1982 Apr  1
2250                         5:00 RussiaAsia +05/+06 1991 Mar 31  2:00s
2251                         4:00 RussiaAsia +04/+05 1992 Jan 19  2:00s
2252                         5:00 RussiaAsia +05/+06 2004 Oct 31  2:00s
2253                         6:00    -       +06
2254 
2255 # Aqtöbe (aka Aktobe, formerly Aktyubinsk) (KZ-AKT)
2256 Zone    Asia/Aqtobe     3:48:40 -       LMT     1924 May  2
2257                         4:00    -       +04     1930 Jun 21
2258                         5:00    -       +05     1981 Apr  1
2259                         5:00    1:00    +06     1981 Oct  1
2260                         6:00    -       +06     1982 Apr  1
2261                         5:00 RussiaAsia +05/+06 1991 Mar 31  2:00s
2262                         4:00 RussiaAsia +04/+05 1992 Jan 19  2:00s
2263                         5:00 RussiaAsia +05/+06 2004 Oct 31  2:00s
2264                         5:00    -       +05
2265 # Mangghystaū (KZ-MAN)
2266 # Aqtau was not founded until 1963, but it represents an inhabited region,
2267 # so include timestamps before 1963.
2268 Zone    Asia/Aqtau      3:21:04 -       LMT     1924 May  2
2269                         4:00    -       +04     1930 Jun 21
2270                         5:00    -       +05     1981 Oct  1
2271                         6:00    -       +06     1982 Apr  1
2272                         5:00 RussiaAsia +05/+06 1991 Mar 31  2:00s
2273                         4:00 RussiaAsia +04/+05 1992 Jan 19  2:00s
2274                         5:00 RussiaAsia +05/+06 1994 Sep 25  2:00s
2275                         4:00 RussiaAsia +04/+05 2004 Oct 31  2:00s
2276                         5:00    -       +05
2277 # Atyraū (KZ-ATY) is like Mangghystaū except it switched from
2278 # +04/+05 to +05/+06 in spring 1999, not fall 1994.
2279 Zone    Asia/Atyrau     3:27:44 -       LMT     1924 May  2
2280                         3:00    -       +03     1930 Jun 21
2281                         5:00    -       +05     1981 Oct  1
2282                         6:00    -       +06     1982 Apr  1
2283                         5:00 RussiaAsia +05/+06 1991 Mar 31  2:00s
2284                         4:00 RussiaAsia +04/+05 1992 Jan 19  2:00s
2285                         5:00 RussiaAsia +05/+06 1999 Mar 28  2:00s
2286                         4:00 RussiaAsia +04/+05 2004 Oct 31  2:00s
2287                         5:00    -       +05
2288 # West Kazakhstan (KZ-ZAP)
2289 # From Paul Eggert (2016-03-18):
2290 # The 1989 transition is from USSR act No. 227 (1989-03-14).
2291 Zone    Asia/Oral       3:25:24 -       LMT     1924 May  2 # or Ural'sk
2292                         3:00    -       +03     1930 Jun 21
2293                         5:00    -       +05     1981 Apr  1
2294                         5:00    1:00    +06     1981 Oct  1
2295                         6:00    -       +06     1982 Apr  1
2296                         5:00 RussiaAsia +05/+06 1989 Mar 26  2:00s
2297                         4:00 RussiaAsia +04/+05 1992 Jan 19  2:00s
2298                         5:00 RussiaAsia +05/+06 1992 Mar 29  2:00s
2299                         4:00 RussiaAsia +04/+05 2004 Oct 31  2:00s
2300                         5:00    -       +05
2301 
2302 # Kyrgyzstan (Kirgizstan)
2303 # Transitions through 1991 are from Shanks & Pottenger.
2304 
2305 # From Paul Eggert (2005-08-15):
2306 # According to an article dated today in the Kyrgyzstan Development Gateway
2307 # http://eng.gateway.kg/cgi-bin/page.pl?id=1&story_name=doc9979.shtml
2308 # Kyrgyzstan is canceling the daylight saving time system.  I take the article
2309 # to mean that they will leave their clocks at 6 hours ahead of UTC.
2310 # From Malik Abdugaliev (2005-09-21):
2311 # Our government cancels daylight saving time 6th of August 2005.
2312 # From 2005-08-12 our GMT-offset is +6, w/o any daylight saving.
2313 
2314 # Rule  NAME    FROM    TO      TYPE    IN      ON      AT      SAVE    LETTER/S
2315 Rule    Kyrgyz  1992    1996    -       Apr     Sun>=7       0:00s   1:00    -
2316 Rule    Kyrgyz  1992    1996    -       Sep     lastSun 0:00    0       -
2317 Rule    Kyrgyz  1997    2005    -       Mar     lastSun 2:30    1:00    -
2318 Rule    Kyrgyz  1997    2004    -       Oct     lastSun 2:30    0       -
2319 # Zone  NAME            GMTOFF  RULES   FORMAT  [UNTIL]
2320 Zone    Asia/Bishkek    4:58:24 -       LMT     1924 May  2
2321                         5:00    -       +05     1930 Jun 21
2322                         6:00 RussiaAsia +06/+07 1991 Mar 31  2:00s
2323                         5:00 RussiaAsia +05/+06 1991 Aug 31  2:00
2324                         5:00    Kyrgyz  +05/+06 2005 Aug 12
2325                         6:00    -       +06
2326 
2327 ###############################################################################
2328 
2329 # Korea (North and South)
2330 
2331 # From Annie I. Bang (2006-07-10):
2332 # http://www.koreaherald.com/view.php?ud=200607100012
2333 # Korea ran a daylight saving program from 1949-61 but stopped it
2334 # during the 1950-53 Korean War.  The system was temporarily enforced
2335 # between 1987 and 1988 ...
2336 
2337 # From Sanghyuk Jung (2014-10-29):
2338 # https://mm.icann.org/pipermail/tz/2014-October/021830.html
2339 # According to the Korean Wikipedia
2340 # https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/한국_표준시
2341 # [oldid=12896437 2014-09-04 08:03 UTC]
2342 # DST in Republic of Korea was as follows....  And I checked old
2343 # newspapers in Korean, all articles correspond with data in Wikipedia.
2344 # For example, the article in 1948 (Korean Language) proved that DST
2345 # started at June 1 in that year.  For another example, the article in
2346 # 1988 said that DST started at 2:00 AM in that year.
2347 
2348 # From Phake Nick (2018-10-27):
2349 # 1. According to official announcement from Korean government, the DST end
2350 # date in South Korea should be
2351 # 1955-09-08 without specifying time
2352 # http://theme.archives.go.kr/next/common/viewEbook.do?singleData=N&archiveEventId=0027977557
2353 # 1956-09-29 without specifying time
2354 # http://theme.archives.go.kr/next/common/viewEbook.do?singleData=N&archiveEventId=0027978341
2355 # 1957-09-21 24 o'clock
2356 # http://theme.archives.go.kr/next/common/viewEbook.do?singleData=N&archiveEventId=0027979690#3
2357 # 1958-09-20 24 o'clock
2358 # http://theme.archives.go.kr/next/common/viewEbook.do?singleData=N&archiveEventId=0027981189
2359 # 1959-09-19 24 o'clock
2360 # http://theme.archives.go.kr/next/common/viewEbook.do?singleData=N&archiveEventId=0027982974#2
2361 # 1960-09-17 24 o'clock
2362 # http://theme.archives.go.kr/next/common/viewEbook.do?singleData=N&archiveEventId=0028044104
2363 # ...
2364 # 2.... https://namu.wiki/w/대한민국%20표준시 ... [says]
2365 # when Korea was using GMT+8:30 as standard time, the international
2366 # aviation/marine/meteorological industry in the country refused to
2367 # follow and continued to use GMT+9:00 for interoperability.
2368 
2369 
2370 # Rule  NAME    FROM    TO      TYPE    IN      ON      AT      SAVE    LETTER/S
2371 Rule    ROK     1948    only    -       Jun      1       0:00   1:00    D
2372 Rule    ROK     1948    only    -       Sep     12      24:00   0       S
2373 Rule    ROK     1949    only    -       Apr      3       0:00   1:00    D
2374 Rule    ROK     1949    1951    -       Sep     Sat>=7       24:00   0       S
2375 Rule    ROK     1950    only    -       Apr      1       0:00   1:00    D
2376 Rule    ROK     1951    only    -       May      6       0:00   1:00    D
2377 Rule    ROK     1955    only    -       May      5       0:00   1:00    D
2378 Rule    ROK     1955    only    -       Sep      8      24:00   0       S
2379 Rule    ROK     1956    only    -       May     20       0:00   1:00    D
2380 Rule    ROK     1956    only    -       Sep     29      24:00   0       S
2381 Rule    ROK     1957    1960    -       May     Sun>=1        0:00   1:00    D
2382 Rule    ROK     1957    1960    -       Sep     Sat>=17      24:00   0       S
2383 Rule    ROK     1987    1988    -       May     Sun>=8        2:00   1:00    D
2384 Rule    ROK     1987    1988    -       Oct     Sun>=8        3:00   0       S
2385 
2386 # From Paul Eggert (2016-08-23):
2387 # The Korean Wikipedia entry gives the following sources for UT offsets:
2388 #
2389 # 1908: Official Journal Article No. 3994 (decree No. 5)
2390 # 1912: Governor-General of Korea Official Gazette Issue No. 367
2391 #       (Announcement No. 338)
2392 # 1954: Presidential Decree No. 876 (1954-03-17)
2393 # 1961: Law No. 676 (1961-08-07)
2394 #
2395 # (Another source "1987: Law No. 3919 (1986-12-31)" was in the 2014-10-30
2396 # edition of the Korean Wikipedia entry.)
2397 #
2398 # I guessed that time zone abbreviations through 1945 followed the same
2399 # rules as discussed under Taiwan, with nominal switches from JST to KST
2400 # when the respective cities were taken over by the Allies after WWII.
2401 #
2402 # For Pyongyang, guess no changes from World War II until 2015, as we
2403 # have no information otherwise.
2404 
2405 # From Steffen Thorsen (2015-08-07):
2406 # According to many news sources, North Korea is going to change to
2407 # the 8:30 time zone on August 15, one example:
2408 # http://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-33815049
2409 #
2410 # From Paul Eggert (2015-08-15):
2411 # Bells rang out midnight (00:00) Friday as part of the celebrations.  See:
2412 # Talmadge E. North Korea celebrates new time zone, 'Pyongyang Time'
2413 # http://news.yahoo.com/north-korea-celebrates-time-zone-pyongyang-time-164038128.html
2414 # There is no common English-language abbreviation for this time zone.
2415 # Use KST, as that's what we already use for 1954-1961 in ROK.
2416 
2417 # From Kang Seonghoon (2018-04-29):
2418 # North Korea will revert its time zone from UTC+8:30 (PYT; Pyongyang
2419 # Time) back to UTC+9 (KST; Korea Standard Time).
2420 #
2421 # From Seo Sanghyeon (2018-04-30):
2422 # Rodong Sinmun 2018-04-30 announced Pyongyang Time transition plan.
2423 # https://www.nknews.org/kcna/wp-content/uploads/sites/5/2018/04/rodong-2018-04-30.pdf
2424 # ... the transition date is 2018-05-05 ...  Citation should be Decree
2425 # No. 2232 of April 30, 2018, of the Presidium of the Supreme People's
2426 # Assembly, as published in Rodong Sinmun.
2427 # From Tim Parenti (2018-04-29):
2428 # It appears to be the front page story at the top in the right-most column.
2429 #
2430 # From Paul Eggert (2018-05-04):
2431 # The BBC reported that the transition was from 23:30 to 24:00 today.
2432 # https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-44010705
2433 
2434 # Zone  NAME            GMTOFF  RULES   FORMAT  [UNTIL]
2435 Zone    Asia/Seoul      8:27:52 -       LMT     1908 Apr  1
2436                         8:30    -       KST     1912 Jan  1
2437                         9:00    -       JST     1945 Sep  8
2438                         9:00    -       KST     1954 Mar 21
2439                         8:30    ROK     K%sT    1961 Aug 10
2440                         9:00    ROK     K%sT
2441 Zone    Asia/Pyongyang  8:23:00 -       LMT     1908 Apr  1
2442                         8:30    -       KST     1912 Jan  1
2443                         9:00    -       JST     1945 Aug 24
2444                         9:00    -       KST     2015 Aug 15 00:00
2445                         8:30    -       KST     2018 May  4 23:30
2446                         9:00    -       KST
2447 
2448 ###############################################################################
2449 
2450 # Kuwait
2451 # See Asia/Riyadh.
2452 
2453 # Laos
2454 # See Asia/Bangkok.
2455 
2456 
2457 # Lebanon
2458 # Rule  NAME    FROM    TO      TYPE    IN      ON      AT      SAVE    LETTER/S
2459 Rule    Lebanon 1920    only    -       Mar     28      0:00    1:00    S
2460 Rule    Lebanon 1920    only    -       Oct     25      0:00    0       -
2461 Rule    Lebanon 1921    only    -       Apr     3       0:00    1:00    S
2462 Rule    Lebanon 1921    only    -       Oct     3       0:00    0       -
2463 Rule    Lebanon 1922    only    -       Mar     26      0:00    1:00    S
2464 Rule    Lebanon 1922    only    -       Oct     8       0:00    0       -
2465 Rule    Lebanon 1923    only    -       Apr     22      0:00    1:00    S
2466 Rule    Lebanon 1923    only    -       Sep     16      0:00    0       -
2467 Rule    Lebanon 1957    1961    -       May     1       0:00    1:00    S
2468 Rule    Lebanon 1957    1961    -       Oct     1       0:00    0       -
2469 Rule    Lebanon 1972    only    -       Jun     22      0:00    1:00    S
2470 Rule    Lebanon 1972    1977    -       Oct     1       0:00    0       -
2471 Rule    Lebanon 1973    1977    -       May     1       0:00    1:00    S
2472 Rule    Lebanon 1978    only    -       Apr     30      0:00    1:00    S
2473 Rule    Lebanon 1978    only    -       Sep     30      0:00    0       -
2474 Rule    Lebanon 1984    1987    -       May     1       0:00    1:00    S
2475 Rule    Lebanon 1984    1991    -       Oct     16      0:00    0       -
2476 Rule    Lebanon 1988    only    -       Jun     1       0:00    1:00    S
2477 Rule    Lebanon 1989    only    -       May     10      0:00    1:00    S
2478 Rule    Lebanon 1990    1992    -       May     1       0:00    1:00    S
2479 Rule    Lebanon 1992    only    -       Oct     4       0:00    0       -
2480 Rule    Lebanon 1993    max     -       Mar     lastSun 0:00    1:00    S
2481 Rule    Lebanon 1993    1998    -       Sep     lastSun 0:00    0       -
2482 Rule    Lebanon 1999    max     -       Oct     lastSun 0:00    0       -
2483 # Zone  NAME            GMTOFF  RULES   FORMAT  [UNTIL]
2484 Zone    Asia/Beirut     2:22:00 -       LMT     1880
2485                         2:00    Lebanon EE%sT
2486 
2487 # Malaysia
2488 # Rule  NAME    FROM    TO      TYPE    IN      ON      AT      SAVE    LETTER/S
2489 Rule    NBorneo 1935    1941    -       Sep     14      0:00    0:20    -
2490 Rule    NBorneo 1935    1941    -       Dec     14      0:00    0       -
2491 #
2492 # peninsular Malaysia
2493 # taken from Mok Ly Yng (2003-10-30)
2494 # http://www.math.nus.edu.sg/aslaksen/teaching/timezone.html
2495 # Zone  NAME            GMTOFF  RULES   FORMAT  [UNTIL]
2496 Zone Asia/Kuala_Lumpur  6:46:46 -       LMT     1901 Jan  1
2497                         6:55:25 -       SMT     1905 Jun  1 # Singapore M.T.
2498                         7:00    -       +07     1933 Jan  1
2499                         7:00    0:20    +0720   1936 Jan  1
2500                         7:20    -       +0720   1941 Sep  1
2501                         7:30    -       +0730   1942 Feb 16
2502                         9:00    -       +09     1945 Sep 12
2503                         7:30    -       +0730   1982 Jan  1
2504                         8:00    -       +08
2505 # Sabah & Sarawak
2506 # From Paul Eggert (2014-08-12):
2507 # The data entries here are mostly from Shanks & Pottenger, but the 1942, 1945
2508 # and 1982 transition dates are from Mok Ly Yng.
2509 # Zone  NAME            GMTOFF  RULES   FORMAT  [UNTIL]
2510 Zone Asia/Kuching       7:21:20 -       LMT     1926 Mar
2511                         7:30    -       +0730   1933
2512                         8:00 NBorneo  +08/+0820 1942 Feb 16
2513                         9:00    -       +09     1945 Sep 12
2514                         8:00    -       +08
2515 
2516 # Maldives
2517 # Zone  NAME            GMTOFF  RULES   FORMAT  [UNTIL]
2518 Zone    Indian/Maldives 4:54:00 -       LMT     1880 # Malé
2519                         4:54:00 -       MMT     1960 # Malé Mean Time
2520                         5:00    -       +05
2521 
2522 # Mongolia
2523 
2524 # Shanks & Pottenger say that Mongolia has three time zones, but
2525 # The USNO (1995-12-21) and the CIA map Standard Time Zones of the World
2526 # (2005-03) both say that it has just one.
2527 
2528 # From Oscar van Vlijmen (1999-12-11):
2529 # General Information Mongolia
2530 # <http://www.mongoliatourism.gov.mn/general.htm> (1999-09)
2531 # "Time: Mongolia has two time zones. Three westernmost provinces of
2532 # Bayan-Ölgii, Uvs, and Hovd are one hour earlier than the capital city, and
2533 # the rest of the country follows the Ulaanbaatar time, which is UTC/GMT plus
2534 # eight hours."
2535 
2536 # From Rives McDow (1999-12-13):
2537 # Mongolia discontinued the use of daylight savings time in 1999; 1998
2538 # being the last year it was implemented.  The dates of implementation I am
2539 # unsure of, but most probably it was similar to Russia, except for the time
2540 # of implementation may have been different....
2541 # Some maps in the past have indicated that there was an additional time
2542 # zone in the eastern part of Mongolia, including the provinces of Dornod,
2543 # Sükhbaatar, and possibly Khentii.
2544 
2545 # From Paul Eggert (1999-12-15):
2546 # Naming and spelling is tricky in Mongolia.
2547 # We'll use Hovd (also spelled Chovd and Khovd) to represent the west zone;
2548 # the capital of the Hovd province is sometimes called Hovd, sometimes Dund-Us,
2549 # and sometimes Jirgalanta (with variant spellings), but the name Hovd
2550 # is good enough for our purposes.
2551 
2552 # From Rives McDow (2001-05-13):
2553 # In addition to Mongolia starting daylight savings as reported earlier
2554 # (adopted DST on 2001-04-27 02:00 local time, ending 2001-09-28),
2555 # there are three time zones.
2556 #
2557 # Provinces [at 7:00]: Bayan-Ölgii, Uvs, Khovd, Zavkhan, Govi-Altai
2558 # Provinces [at 8:00]: Khövsgöl, Bulgan, Arkhangai, Khentii, Töv,
2559 #       Bayankhongor, Övörkhangai, Dundgovi, Dornogovi, Ömnögovi
2560 # Provinces [at 9:00]: Dornod, Sükhbaatar
2561 #
2562 # [The province of Selenge is omitted from the above lists.]
2563 
2564 # From Ganbold Ts., Ulaanbaatar (2004-04-17):
2565 # Daylight saving occurs at 02:00 local time last Saturday of March.
2566 # It will change back to normal at 02:00 local time last Saturday of
2567 # September.... As I remember this rule was changed in 2001.
2568 #
2569 # From Paul Eggert (2004-04-17):
2570 # For now, assume Rives McDow's informant got confused about Friday vs
2571 # Saturday, and that his 2001 dates should have 1 added to them.
2572 
2573 # From Paul Eggert (2005-07-26):
2574 # We have wildly conflicting information about Mongolia's time zones.
2575 # Bill Bonnet (2005-05-19) reports that the US Embassy in Ulaanbaatar says
2576 # there is only one time zone and that DST is observed, citing Microsoft
2577 # Windows XP as the source.  Risto Nykänen (2005-05-16) reports that
2578 # travelmongolia.org says there are two time zones (UT +07, +08) with no DST.
2579 # Oscar van Vlijmen (2005-05-20) reports that the Mongolian Embassy in
2580 # Washington, DC says there are two time zones, with DST observed.
2581 # He also found
2582 # http://ubpost.mongolnews.mn/index.php?subaction=showcomments&id=1111634894&archive=&start_from=&ucat=1&
2583 # which also says that there is DST, and which has a comment by "Toddius"
2584 # (2005-03-31 06:05 +0700) saying "Mongolia actually has 3.5 time zones.
2585 # The West (OLGII) is +7 GMT, most of the country is ULAT is +8 GMT
2586 # and some Eastern provinces are +9 GMT but Sükhbaatar Aimag is SUHK +8.5 GMT.
2587 # The SUKH timezone is new this year, it is one of the few things the
2588 # parliament passed during the tumultuous winter session."
2589 # For now, let's ignore this information, until we have more confirmation.
2590 
2591 # From Ganbold Ts. (2007-02-26):
2592 # Parliament of Mongolia has just changed the daylight-saving rule in February.
2593 # They decided not to adopt daylight-saving time....
2594 # http://www.mongolnews.mn/index.php?module=unuudur&sec=view&id=15742
2595 
2596 # From Deborah Goldsmith (2008-03-30):
2597 # We received a bug report claiming that the tz database UTC offset for
2598 # Asia/Choibalsan (GMT+09:00) is incorrect, and that it should be GMT
2599 # +08:00 instead. Different sources appear to disagree with the tz
2600 # database on this, e.g.:
2601 #
2602 # https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/city.html?n=1026
2603 # http://www.worldtimeserver.com/current_time_in_MN.aspx
2604 #
2605 # both say GMT+08:00.
2606 
2607 # From Steffen Thorsen (2008-03-31):
2608 # eznis airways, which operates several domestic flights, has a flight
2609 # schedule here:
2610 # http://www.eznis.com/Container.jsp?id=112
2611 # (click the English flag for English)
2612 #
2613 # There it appears that flights between Choibalsan and Ulaanbaatar arrive
2614 # about 1:35 - 1:50 hours later in local clock time, no matter the
2615 # direction, while Ulaanbaatar-Khovd takes 2 hours in the Eastern
2616 # direction and 3:35 back, which indicates that Ulaanbaatar and Khovd are
2617 # in different time zones (like we know about), while Choibalsan and
2618 # Ulaanbaatar are in the same time zone (correction needed).
2619 
2620 # From Arthur David Olson (2008-05-19):
2621 # Assume that Choibalsan is indeed offset by 8:00.
2622 # XXX--in the absence of better information, assume that transition
2623 # was at the start of 2008-03-31 (the day of Steffen Thorsen's report);
2624 # this is almost surely wrong.
2625 
2626 # From Ganbold Tsagaankhuu (2015-03-10):
2627 # It seems like yesterday Mongolian Government meeting has concluded to use
2628 # daylight saving time in Mongolia....  Starting at 2:00AM of last Saturday of
2629 # March 2015, daylight saving time starts.  And 00:00AM of last Saturday of
2630 # September daylight saving time ends.  Source:
2631 # http://zasag.mn/news/view/8969
2632 
2633 # Rule  NAME    FROM    TO      TYPE    IN      ON      AT      SAVE    LETTER/S
2634 Rule    Mongol  1983    1984    -       Apr     1       0:00    1:00    -
2635 Rule    Mongol  1983    only    -       Oct     1       0:00    0       -
2636 # Shanks & Pottenger and IATA SSIM say 1990s switches occurred at 00:00,
2637 # but McDow says the 2001 switches occurred at 02:00.  Also, IATA SSIM
2638 # (1996-09) says 1996-10-25.  Go with Shanks & Pottenger through 1998.
2639 #
2640 # Shanks & Pottenger say that the Sept. 1984 through Sept. 1990 switches
2641 # in Choibalsan (more precisely, in Dornod and Sükhbaatar) took place
2642 # at 02:00 standard time, not at 00:00 local time as in the rest of
2643 # the country.  That would be odd, and possibly is a result of their
2644 # correction of 02:00 (in the previous edition) not being done correctly
2645 # in the latest edition; so ignore it for now.
2646 
2647 # From Ganbold Tsagaankhuu (2017-02-09):
2648 # Mongolian Government meeting has concluded today to cancel daylight
2649 # saving time adoption in Mongolia.  Source: http://zasag.mn/news/view/16192
2650 
2651 Rule    Mongol  1985    1998    -       Mar     lastSun 0:00    1:00    -
2652 Rule    Mongol  1984    1998    -       Sep     lastSun 0:00    0       -
2653 # IATA SSIM (1999-09) says Mongolia no longer observes DST.
2654 Rule    Mongol  2001    only    -       Apr     lastSat 2:00    1:00    -
2655 Rule    Mongol  2001    2006    -       Sep     lastSat 2:00    0       -
2656 Rule    Mongol  2002    2006    -       Mar     lastSat 2:00    1:00    -
2657 Rule    Mongol  2015    2016    -       Mar     lastSat 2:00    1:00    -
2658 Rule    Mongol  2015    2016    -       Sep     lastSat 0:00    0       -
2659 
2660 # Zone  NAME            GMTOFF  RULES   FORMAT  [UNTIL]
2661 # Hovd, a.k.a. Chovd, Dund-Us, Dzhargalant, Khovd, Jirgalanta
2662 Zone    Asia/Hovd       6:06:36 -       LMT     1905 Aug
2663                         6:00    -       +06     1978
2664                         7:00    Mongol  +07/+08
2665 # Ulaanbaatar, a.k.a. Ulan Bataar, Ulan Bator, Urga
2666 Zone    Asia/Ulaanbaatar 7:07:32 -      LMT     1905 Aug
2667                         7:00    -       +07     1978
2668                         8:00    Mongol  +08/+09
2669 # Choibalsan, a.k.a. Bajan Tümen, Bajan Tumen, Chojbalsan,
2670 # Choybalsan, Sanbejse, Tchoibalsan
2671 Zone    Asia/Choibalsan 7:38:00 -       LMT     1905 Aug
2672                         7:00    -       +07     1978
2673                         8:00    -       +08     1983 Apr
2674                         9:00    Mongol  +09/+10 2008 Mar 31
2675                         8:00    Mongol  +08/+09
2676 
2677 # Nepal
2678 # Zone  NAME            GMTOFF  RULES   FORMAT  [UNTIL]
2679 Zone    Asia/Kathmandu  5:41:16 -       LMT     1920
2680                         5:30    -       +0530   1986
2681                         5:45    -       +0545
2682 
2683 # Oman
2684 # See Asia/Dubai.
2685 
2686 # Pakistan
2687 
2688 # From Rives McDow (2002-03-13):
2689 # I have been advised that Pakistan has decided to adopt dst on a
2690 # TRIAL basis for one year, starting 00:01 local time on April 7, 2002
2691 # and ending at 00:01 local time October 6, 2002.  This is what I was
2692 # told, but I believe that the actual time of change may be 00:00; the
2693 # 00:01 was to make it clear which day it was on.
2694 
2695 # From Paul Eggert (2002-03-15):
2696 # Jesper Nørgaard found this URL:
2697 # http://www.pak.gov.pk/public/news/app/app06_dec.htm
2698 # (dated 2001-12-06) which says that the Cabinet adopted a scheme "to
2699 # advance the clocks by one hour on the night between the first
2700 # Saturday and Sunday of April and revert to the original position on
2701 # 15th October each year".  This agrees with McDow's 04-07 at 00:00,
2702 # but disagrees about the October transition, and makes it sound like
2703 # it's not on a trial basis.  Also, the "between the first Saturday
2704 # and Sunday of April" phrase, if taken literally, means that the
2705 # transition takes place at 00:00 on the first Sunday on or after 04-02.
2706 
2707 # From Paul Eggert (2003-02-09):
2708 # DAWN <http://www.dawn.com/2002/10/06/top13.htm> reported on 2002-10-05
2709 # that 2002 DST ended that day at midnight.  Go with McDow for now.
2710 
2711 # From Steffen Thorsen (2003-03-14):
2712 # According to http://www.dawn.com/2003/03/07/top15.htm
2713 # there will be no DST in Pakistan this year:
2714 #
2715 # ISLAMABAD, March 6: Information and Media Development Minister Sheikh
2716 # Rashid Ahmed on Thursday said the cabinet had reversed a previous
2717 # decision to advance clocks by one hour in summer and put them back by
2718 # one hour in winter with the aim of saving light hours and energy.
2719 #
2720 # The minister told a news conference that the experiment had rather
2721 # shown 8 per cent higher consumption of electricity.
2722 
2723 # From Alex Krivenyshev (2008-05-15):
2724 #
2725 # Here is an article that Pakistan plan to introduce Daylight Saving Time
2726 # on June 1, 2008 for 3 months.
2727 #
2728 # "... The federal cabinet on Wednesday announced a new conservation plan to
2729 # help reduce load shedding by approving the closure of commercial centres at
2730 # 9pm and moving clocks forward by one hour for the next three months. ...."
2731 #
2732 # http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_pakistan01.html
2733 # http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp?page=2008%5C05%5C15%5Cstory_15-5-2008_pg1_4
2734 
2735 # From Arthur David Olson (2008-05-19):
2736 # XXX--midnight transitions is a guess; 2008 only is a guess.
2737 
2738 # From Alexander Krivenyshev (2008-08-28):
2739 # Pakistan government has decided to keep the watches one-hour advanced
2740 # for another 2 months - plan to return to Standard Time on October 31
2741 # instead of August 31.
2742 #
2743 # http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_pakistan02.html
2744 # http://dailymailnews.com/200808/28/news/dmbrn03.html
2745 
2746 # From Alexander Krivenyshev (2009-04-08):
2747 # Based on previous media reports that "... proposed plan to
2748 # advance clocks by one hour from May 1 will cause disturbance
2749 # to the working schedules rather than bringing discipline in
2750 # official working."
2751 # http://www.thenews.com.pk/daily_detail.asp?id=171280
2752 #
2753 # recent news that instead of May 2009 - Pakistan plan to
2754 # introduce DST from April 15, 2009
2755 #
2756 # FYI: Associated Press Of Pakistan
2757 # April 08, 2009
2758 # Cabinet okays proposal to advance clocks by one hour from April 15
2759 # http://www.app.com.pk/en_/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=73043&Itemid=1
2760 # http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_pakistan05.html
2761 #
2762 # ....
2763 # The Federal Cabinet on Wednesday approved the proposal to
2764 # advance clocks in the country by one hour from April 15 to
2765 # conserve energy"
2766 
2767 # From Steffen Thorsen (2009-09-17):
2768 # "The News International," Pakistan reports that: "The Federal
2769 # Government has decided to restore the previous time by moving the
2770 # clocks backward by one hour from October 1. A formal announcement to
2771 # this effect will be made after the Prime Minister grants approval in
2772 # this regard."
2773 # http://www.thenews.com.pk/updates.asp?id=87168
2774 
2775 # From Alexander Krivenyshev (2009-09-28):
2776 # According to Associated Press Of Pakistan, it is confirmed that
2777 # Pakistan clocks across the country would be turned back by an hour from
2778 # October 1, 2009.
2779 #
2780 # "Clocks to go back one hour from 1 Oct"
2781 # http://www.app.com.pk/en_/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=86715&Itemid=2
2782 # http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_pakistan07.htm
2783 #
2784 # From Steffen Thorsen (2009-09-29):
2785 # Now they seem to have changed their mind, November 1 is the new date:
2786 # http://www.thenews.com.pk/top_story_detail.asp?Id=24742
2787 # "The country's clocks will be reversed by one hour on November 1.
2788 # Officials of Federal Ministry for Interior told this to Geo News on
2789 # Monday."
2790 #
2791 # And more importantly, it seems that these dates will be kept every year:
2792 # "It has now been decided that clocks will be wound forward by one hour
2793 # on April 15 and reversed by an hour on November 1 every year without
2794 # obtaining prior approval, the officials added."
2795 #
2796 # We have confirmed this year's end date with both with the Ministry of
2797 # Water and Power and the Pakistan Electric Power Company:
2798 # https://www.timeanddate.com/news/time/pakistan-ends-dst09.html
2799 
2800 # From Christoph Göhre (2009-10-01):
2801 # [T]he German Consulate General in Karachi reported me today that Pakistan
2802 # will go back to standard time on 1st of November.
2803 
2804 # From Steffen Thorsen (2010-03-26):
2805 # Steffen Thorsen wrote:
2806 # > On Thursday (2010-03-25) it was announced that DST would start in
2807 # > Pakistan on 2010-04-01.
2808 # >
2809 # > Then today, the president said that they might have to revert the
2810 # > decision if it is not supported by the parliament. So at the time
2811 # > being, it seems unclear if DST will be actually observed or not - but
2812 # > April 1 could be a more likely date than April 15.
2813 # Now, it seems that the decision to not observe DST in final:
2814 #
2815 # "Govt Withdraws Plan To Advance Clocks"
2816 # http://www.apakistannews.com/govt-withdraws-plan-to-advance-clocks-172041
2817 #
2818 # "People laud PM's announcement to end DST"
2819 # http://www.app.com.pk/en_/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=99374&Itemid=2
2820 
2821 # Rule  NAME    FROM    TO      TYPE    IN      ON      AT      SAVE    LETTER/S
2822 Rule Pakistan   2002    only    -       Apr     Sun>=2       0:00    1:00    S
2823 Rule Pakistan   2002    only    -       Oct     Sun>=2       0:00    0       -
2824 Rule Pakistan   2008    only    -       Jun     1       0:00    1:00    S
2825 Rule Pakistan   2008    2009    -       Nov     1       0:00    0       -
2826 Rule Pakistan   2009    only    -       Apr     15      0:00    1:00    S
2827 
2828 # Zone  NAME            GMTOFF  RULES   FORMAT  [UNTIL]
2829 Zone    Asia/Karachi    4:28:12 -       LMT     1907
2830                         5:30    -       +0530   1942 Sep
2831                         5:30    1:00    +0630   1945 Oct 15
2832                         5:30    -       +0530   1951 Sep 30
2833                         5:00    -       +05     1971 Mar 26
2834                         5:00 Pakistan   PK%sT   # Pakistan Time
2835 
2836 # Palestine
2837 
2838 # From Amos Shapir (1998-02-15):
2839 #
2840 # From 1917 until 1948-05-15, all of Palestine, including the parts now
2841 # known as the Gaza Strip and the West Bank, was under British rule.
2842 # Therefore the rules given for Israel for that period, apply there too...
2843 #
2844 # The Gaza Strip was under Egyptian rule between 1948-05-15 until 1967-06-05
2845 # (except a short occupation by Israel from 1956-11 till 1957-03, but no
2846 # time zone was affected then).  It was never formally annexed to Egypt,
2847 # though.
2848 #
2849 # The rest of Palestine was under Jordanian rule at that time, formally
2850 # annexed in 1950 as the West Bank (and the word "Trans" was dropped from
2851 # the country's previous name of "the Hashemite Kingdom of the
2852 # Trans-Jordan").  So the rules for Jordan for that time apply.  Major
2853 # towns in that area are Nablus (Shchem), El-Halil (Hebron), Ramallah, and
2854 # East Jerusalem.
2855 #
2856 # Both areas were occupied by Israel in June 1967, but not annexed (except
2857 # for East Jerusalem).  They were on Israel time since then; there might
2858 # have been a Military Governor's order about time zones, but I'm not aware
2859 # of any (such orders may have been issued semi-annually whenever summer
2860 # time was in effect, but maybe the legal aspect of time was just neglected).
2861 #
2862 # The Palestinian Authority was established in 1993, and got hold of most
2863 # towns in the West Bank and Gaza by 1995.  I know that in order to
2864 # demonstrate...independence, they have been switching to
2865 # summer time and back on a different schedule than Israel's, but I don't
2866 # know when this was started, or what algorithm is used (most likely the
2867 # Jordanian one).
2868 #
2869 # To summarize, the table should probably look something like that:
2870 #
2871 # Area \ when | 1918-1947 | 1948-1967 | 1967-1995 | 1996-
2872 # ------------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------
2873 # Israel      | Zion      | Zion      | Zion      | Zion
2874 # West bank   | Zion      | Jordan    | Zion      | Jordan
2875 # Gaza        | Zion      | Egypt     | Zion      | Jordan
2876 #
2877 # I guess more info may be available from the PA's web page (if/when they
2878 # have one).
2879 
2880 # From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):
2881 # Shanks & Pottenger write that Gaza did not observe DST until 1957, but go
2882 # with Shapir and assume that it observed DST from 1940 through 1947,
2883 # and that it used Jordanian rules starting in 1996.
2884 # We don't yet need a separate entry for the West Bank, since
2885 # the only differences between it and Gaza that we know about
2886 # occurred before our cutoff date of 1970.
2887 # However, as we get more information, we may need to add entries
2888 # for parts of the West Bank as they transitioned from Israel's rules
2889 # to Palestine's rules.
2890 
2891 # From IINS News Service - Israel - 1998-03-23 10:38:07 Israel time,
2892 # forwarded by Ephraim Silverberg:
2893 #
2894 # Despite the fact that Israel changed over to daylight savings time
2895 # last week, the PLO Authority (PA) has decided not to turn its clocks
2896 # one-hour forward at this time.  As a sign of independence from Israeli rule,
2897 # the PA has decided to implement DST in April.
2898 
2899 # From Paul Eggert (1999-09-20):
2900 # Daoud Kuttab writes in Holiday havoc
2901 # http://www.jpost.com/com/Archive/22.Apr.1999/Opinion/Article-2.html
2902 # (Jerusalem Post, 1999-04-22) that
2903 # the Palestinian National Authority changed to DST on 1999-04-15.
2904 # I vaguely recall that they switch back in October (sorry, forgot the source).
2905 # For now, let's assume that the spring switch was at 24:00,
2906 # and that they switch at 0:00 on the 3rd Fridays of April and October.
2907 
2908 # From Paul Eggert (2005-11-22):
2909 # Starting 2004 transitions are from Steffen Thorsen's web site timeanddate.com.
2910 
2911 # From Steffen Thorsen (2005-11-23):
2912 # A user from Gaza reported that Gaza made the change early because of
2913 # the Ramadan.  Next year Ramadan will be even earlier, so I think
2914 # there is a good chance next year's end date will be around two weeks
2915 # earlier - the same goes for Jordan.
2916 
2917 # From Steffen Thorsen (2006-08-17):
2918 # I was informed by a user in Bethlehem that in Bethlehem it started the
2919 # same day as Israel, and after checking with other users in the area, I
2920 # was informed that they started DST one day after Israel.  I was not
2921 # able to find any authoritative sources at the time, nor details if
2922 # Gaza changed as well, but presumed Gaza to follow the same rules as
2923 # the West Bank.
2924 
2925 # From Steffen Thorsen (2006-09-26):
2926 # according to the Palestine News Network (2006-09-19):
2927 # http://english.pnn.ps/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=596&Itemid=5
2928 # > The Council of Ministers announced that this year its winter schedule
2929 # > will begin early, as of midnight Thursday.  It is also time to turn
2930 # > back the clocks for winter.  Friday will begin an hour late this week.
2931 # I guess it is likely that next year's date will be moved as well,
2932 # because of the Ramadan.
2933 
2934 # From Jesper Nørgaard Welen (2007-09-18):
2935 # According to Steffen Thorsen's web site the Gaza Strip and the rest of the
2936 # Palestinian territories left DST early on 13.th. of September at 2:00.
2937 
2938 # From Paul Eggert (2007-09-20):
2939 # My understanding is that Gaza and the West Bank disagree even over when
2940 # the weekend is (Thursday+Friday versus Friday+Saturday), so I'd be a bit
2941 # surprised if they agreed about DST.  But for now, assume they agree.
2942 # For lack of better information, predict that future changes will be
2943 # the 2nd Thursday of September at 02:00.
2944 
2945 # From Alexander Krivenyshev (2008-08-28):
2946 # Here is an article, that Mideast running on different clocks at Ramadan.
2947 #
2948 # Gaza Strip (as Egypt) ended DST at midnight Thursday (Aug 28, 2008), while
2949 # the West Bank will end Daylight Saving Time at midnight Sunday (Aug 31, 2008).
2950 #
2951 # http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/feedarticle/7759001
2952 # http://www.abcnews.go.com/International/wireStory?id=5676087
2953 # http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_gazastrip01.html
2954 
2955 # From Alexander Krivenyshev (2009-03-26):
2956 # According to the Palestine News Network (arabic.pnn.ps), Palestinian
2957 # government decided to start Daylight Time on Thursday night March
2958 # 26 and continue until the night of 27 September 2009.
2959 #
2960 # (in Arabic)
2961 # http://arabic.pnn.ps/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=50850
2962 #
2963 # (English translation)
2964 # http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_westbank01.html
2965 
2966 # From Steffen Thorsen (2009-08-31):
2967 # Palestine's Council of Ministers announced that they will revert back to
2968 # winter time on Friday, 2009-09-04.
2969 #
2970 # One news source:
2971 # http://www.safa.ps/ara/?action=showdetail&seid=4158
2972 # (Palestinian press agency, Arabic),
2973 # Google translate: "Decided that the Palestinian government in Ramallah
2974 # headed by Salam Fayyad, the start of work in time for the winter of
2975 # 2009, starting on Friday approved the fourth delay Sept. clock sixty
2976 # minutes per hour as of Friday morning."
2977 #
2978 # We are not sure if Gaza will do the same, last year they had a different
2979 # end date, we will keep this page updated:
2980 # https://www.timeanddate.com/news/time/westbank-gaza-dst-2009.html
2981 
2982 # From Alexander Krivenyshev (2009-09-02):
2983 # Seems that Gaza Strip will go back to Winter Time same date as West Bank.
2984 #
2985 # According to Palestinian Ministry Of Interior, West Bank and Gaza Strip plan
2986 # to change time back to Standard time on September 4, 2009.
2987 #
2988 # "Winter time unite the West Bank and Gaza"
2989 # (from Palestinian National Authority):
2990 # http://www.moi.gov.ps/en/?page=633167343250594025&nid=11505
2991 # http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_gazastrip02.html
2992 
2993 # From Alexander Krivenyshev (2010-03-19):
2994 # According to Voice of Palestine DST will last for 191 days, from March
2995 # 26, 2010 till "the last Sunday before the tenth day of Tishri
2996 # (October), each year" (October 03, 2010?)
2997 #
2998 # http://palvoice.org/forums/showthread.php?t=245697
2999 # (in Arabic)
3000 # http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_westbank03.html
3001 
3002 # From Steffen Thorsen (2010-03-24):
3003 # ...Ma'an News Agency reports that Hamas cabinet has decided it will
3004 # start one day later, at 12:01am. Not sure if they really mean 12:01am or
3005 # noon though:
3006 #
3007 # http://www.maannews.net/eng/ViewDetails.aspx?ID=271178
3008 # (Ma'an News Agency)
3009 # "At 12:01am Friday, clocks in Israel and the West Bank will change to
3010 # 1:01am, while Gaza clocks will change at 12:01am Saturday morning."
3011 
3012 # From Steffen Thorsen (2010-08-11):
3013 # According to several sources, including
3014 # http://www.maannews.net/eng/ViewDetails.aspx?ID=306795
3015 # the clocks were set back one hour at 2010-08-11 00:00:00 local time in
3016 # Gaza and the West Bank.
3017 # Some more background info:
3018 # https://www.timeanddate.com/news/time/westbank-gaza-end-dst-2010.html
3019 
3020 # From Steffen Thorsen (2011-08-26):
3021 # Gaza and the West Bank did go back to standard time in the beginning of
3022 # August, and will now enter daylight saving time again on 2011-08-30
3023 # 00:00 (so two periods of DST in 2011). The pause was because of
3024 # Ramadan.
3025 #
3026 # http://www.maannews.net/eng/ViewDetails.aspx?ID=416217
3027 # Additional info:
3028 # https://www.timeanddate.com/news/time/palestine-dst-2011.html
3029 
3030 # From Alexander Krivenyshev (2011-08-27):
3031 # According to the article in The Jerusalem Post:
3032 # "...Earlier this month, the Palestinian government in the West Bank decided to
3033 # move to standard time for 30 days, during Ramadan. The Palestinians in the
3034 # Gaza Strip accepted the change and also moved their clocks one hour back.
3035 # The Hamas government said on Saturday that it won't observe summertime after
3036 # the Muslim feast of Id al-Fitr, which begins on Tuesday..."
3037 # ...
3038 # https://www.jpost.com/MiddleEast/Article.aspx?id=235650
3039 # http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_gazastrip05.html
3040 # The rules for Egypt are stolen from the 'africa' file.
3041 
3042 # From Steffen Thorsen (2011-09-30):
3043 # West Bank did end Daylight Saving Time this morning/midnight (2011-09-30
3044 # 00:00).
3045 # So West Bank and Gaza now have the same time again.
3046 #
3047 # Many sources, including:
3048 # http://www.maannews.net/eng/ViewDetails.aspx?ID=424808
3049 
3050 # From Steffen Thorsen (2012-03-26):
3051 # Palestinian news sources tell that both Gaza and West Bank will start DST
3052 # on Friday (Thursday midnight, 2012-03-29 24:00).
3053 # Some of many sources in Arabic:
3054 # http://www.samanews.com/index.php?act=Show&id=122638
3055 #
3056 # http://safa.ps/details/news/74352/%D8%A8%D8%AF%D8%A1-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%82%D9%8A%D8%AA-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B5%D9%8A%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B6%D9%81%D8%A9-%D9%88%D8%BA%D8%B2%D8%A9-%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%84%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%A9.html
3057 #
3058 # Our brief summary:
3059 # https://www.timeanddate.com/news/time/gaza-west-bank-dst-2012.html
3060 
3061 # From Steffen Thorsen (2013-03-26):
3062 # The following news sources tells that Palestine will "start daylight saving
3063 # time from midnight on Friday, March 29, 2013" (translated).
3064 # [These are in Arabic and are for Gaza and for Ramallah, respectively.]
3065 # http://www.samanews.com/index.php?act=Show&id=154120
3066 # http://safa.ps/details/news/99844/%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%85-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%84%D9%87-%D8%A8%D8%AF%D8%A1-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%82%D9%8A%D8%AA-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B5%D9%8A%D9%81%D9%8A-29-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A.html
3067 
3068 # From Steffen Thorsen (2013-09-24):
3069 # The Gaza and West Bank are ending DST Thursday at midnight
3070 # (2013-09-27 00:00:00) (one hour earlier than last year...).
3071 # This source in English, says "that winter time will go into effect
3072 # at midnight on Thursday in the West Bank and Gaza Strip":
3073 # http://english.wafa.ps/index.php?action=detail&id=23246
3074 # official source...:
3075 # http://www.palestinecabinet.gov.ps/ar/Views/ViewDetails.aspx?pid=1252
3076 
3077 # From Steffen Thorsen (2015-03-03):
3078 # Sources such as http://www.alquds.com/news/article/view/id/548257
3079 # and https://www.raya.ps/ar/news/890705.html say Palestine areas will
3080 # start DST on 2015-03-28 00:00 which is one day later than expected.
3081 #
3082 # From Paul Eggert (2015-03-03):
3083 # https://www.timeanddate.com/time/change/west-bank/ramallah?year=2014
3084 # says that the fall 2014 transition was Oct 23 at 24:00.
3085 
3086 # From Hannah Kreitem (2016-03-09):
3087 # http://www.palestinecabinet.gov.ps/WebSite/ar/ViewDetails?ID=31728
3088 # [Google translation]: "The Council also decided to start daylight
3089 # saving in Palestine as of one o'clock on Saturday morning,
3090 # 2016-03-26, to provide the clock 60 minutes ahead."
3091 
3092 # From Sharef Mustafa (2016-10-19):
3093 # [T]he Palestinian cabinet decision (Mar 8th 2016) published on
3094 # http://www.palestinecabinet.gov.ps/WebSite/Upload/Decree/GOV_17/16032016134830.pdf
3095 # states that summer time will end on Oct 29th at 01:00.
3096 #
3097 # From Tim Parenti (2016-10-19):
3098 # Predict fall transitions on October's last Saturday at 01:00 from now on.
3099 # This is consistent with the 2016 transition as well as our spring
3100 # predictions.
3101 #
3102 # From Paul Eggert (2016-10-19):
3103 # It's also consistent with predictions in the following URLs today:
3104 # https://www.timeanddate.com/time/change/gaza-strip/gaza
3105 # https://www.timeanddate.com/time/change/west-bank/hebron
3106 
3107 # From Sharef Mustafa (2018-03-16):
3108 # Palestine summer time will start on Mar 24th 2018 by advancing the
3109 # clock by 60 minutes as per Palestinian cabinet decision published on
3110 # the official website, though the decree did not specify the exact
3111 # time of the time shift.
3112 # http://www.palestinecabinet.gov.ps/Website/AR/NDecrees/ViewFile.ashx?ID=e7a42ab7-ee23-435a-b9c8-a4f7e81f3817
3113 
3114 # From Even Scharning (2019-03-23):
3115 # DST in Palestine will start on 30 March this year, not 23 March as the time
3116 # zone database predicted.
3117 # https://ramallah.news/post/123610
3118 #
3119 # From Tim Parenti (2019-03-23):
3120 # Combining this with the rules observed since 2016, adjust our spring
3121 # transition guess to Mar Sat>=24.
3122 
3123 # Rule  NAME    FROM    TO      TYPE    IN      ON      AT      SAVE    LETTER/S
3124 Rule EgyptAsia  1957    only    -       May     10      0:00    1:00    S
3125 Rule EgyptAsia  1957    1958    -       Oct      1      0:00    0       -
3126 Rule EgyptAsia  1958    only    -       May      1      0:00    1:00    S
3127 Rule EgyptAsia  1959    1967    -       May      1      1:00    1:00    S
3128 Rule EgyptAsia  1959    1965    -       Sep     30      3:00    0       -
3129 Rule EgyptAsia  1966    only    -       Oct      1      3:00    0       -
3130 
3131 Rule Palestine  1999    2005    -       Apr     Fri>=15      0:00    1:00    S
3132 Rule Palestine  1999    2003    -       Oct     Fri>=15      0:00    0       -
3133 Rule Palestine  2004    only    -       Oct      1      1:00    0       -
3134 Rule Palestine  2005    only    -       Oct      4      2:00    0       -
3135 Rule Palestine  2006    2007    -       Apr      1      0:00    1:00    S
3136 Rule Palestine  2006    only    -       Sep     22      0:00    0       -
3137 Rule Palestine  2007    only    -       Sep     Thu>=8       2:00    0       -
3138 Rule Palestine  2008    2009    -       Mar     lastFri 0:00    1:00    S
3139 Rule Palestine  2008    only    -       Sep      1      0:00    0       -
3140 Rule Palestine  2009    only    -       Sep     Fri>=1       1:00    0       -
3141 Rule Palestine  2010    only    -       Mar     26      0:00    1:00    S
3142 Rule Palestine  2010    only    -       Aug     11      0:00    0       -
3143 Rule Palestine  2011    only    -       Apr      1      0:01    1:00    S
3144 Rule Palestine  2011    only    -       Aug      1      0:00    0       -
3145 Rule Palestine  2011    only    -       Aug     30      0:00    1:00    S
3146 Rule Palestine  2011    only    -       Sep     30      0:00    0       -
3147 Rule Palestine  2012    2014    -       Mar     lastThu 24:00   1:00    S
3148 Rule Palestine  2012    only    -       Sep     21      1:00    0       -
3149 Rule Palestine  2013    only    -       Sep     Fri>=21      0:00    0       -
3150 Rule Palestine  2014    2015    -       Oct     Fri>=21      0:00    0       -
3151 Rule Palestine  2015    only    -       Mar     lastFri 24:00   1:00    S
3152 Rule Palestine  2016    max     -       Mar     Sat>=24      1:00    1:00    S
3153 Rule Palestine  2016    max     -       Oct     lastSat 1:00    0       -
3154 
3155 # Zone  NAME            GMTOFF  RULES   FORMAT  [UNTIL]
3156 Zone    Asia/Gaza       2:17:52 -       LMT     1900 Oct
3157                         2:00    Zion    EET/EEST 1948 May 15
3158                         2:00 EgyptAsia  EE%sT   1967 Jun  5
3159                         2:00    Zion    I%sT    1996
3160                         2:00    Jordan  EE%sT   1999
3161                         2:00 Palestine  EE%sT   2008 Aug 29  0:00
3162                         2:00    -       EET     2008 Sep
3163                         2:00 Palestine  EE%sT   2010
3164                         2:00    -       EET     2010 Mar 27  0:01
3165                         2:00 Palestine  EE%sT   2011 Aug  1
3166                         2:00    -       EET     2012
3167                         2:00 Palestine  EE%sT
3168 
3169 Zone    Asia/Hebron     2:20:23 -       LMT     1900 Oct
3170                         2:00    Zion    EET/EEST 1948 May 15
3171                         2:00 EgyptAsia  EE%sT   1967 Jun  5
3172                         2:00    Zion    I%sT    1996
3173                         2:00    Jordan  EE%sT   1999
3174                         2:00 Palestine  EE%sT
3175 
3176 # Paracel Is
3177 # no information
3178 
3179 # Philippines
3180 
3181 # From Paul Eggert (2018-11-18):
3182 # The Spanish initially used American (west-of-Greenwich) time.
3183 # It is unknown what time Manila kept when the British occupied it from
3184 # 1762-10-06 through 1764-04; for now assume it kept American time.
3185 # On 1844-08-16, Narciso Clavería, governor-general of the
3186 # Philippines, issued a proclamation announcing that 1844-12-30 was to
3187 # be immediately followed by 1845-01-01; see R.H. van Gent's
3188 # History of the International Date Line
3189 # https://www.staff.science.uu.nl/~gent0113/idl/idl_philippines.htm
3190 # The rest of the data entries are from Shanks & Pottenger.
3191 
3192 # From Jesper Nørgaard Welen (2006-04-26):
3193 # ... claims that Philippines had DST last time in 1990:
3194 # http://story.philippinetimes.com/p.x/ct/9/id/145be20cc6b121c0/cid/3e5bbccc730d258c/
3195 # [a story dated 2006-04-25 by Cris Larano of Dow Jones Newswires,
3196 # but no details]
3197 
3198 # From Paul Eggert (2014-08-14):
3199 # The following source says DST may be instituted November-January and again
3200 # March-June, but this is not definite.  It also says DST was last proclaimed
3201 # during the Ramos administration (1992-1998); but again, no details.
3202 # Carcamo D. PNoy urged to declare use of daylight saving time.
3203 # Philippine Star 2014-08-05
3204 # http://www.philstar.com/headlines/2014/08/05/1354152/pnoy-urged-declare-use-daylight-saving-time
3205 
3206 # From Paul Goyette (2018-06-15):
3207 # In the Philippines, there is a national law, Republic Act No. 10535
3208 # which declares the official time here as "Philippine Standard Time".
3209 # The act [1] even specifies use of PST as the abbreviation, although
3210 # the FAQ provided by PAGASA [2] uses the "acronym PhST to distinguish
3211 # it from the Pacific Standard Time (PST)."
3212 # [1] http://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/2013/05/15/republic-act-no-10535/
3213 # [2] https://www1.pagasa.dost.gov.ph/index.php/astronomy/philippine-standard-time#republic-act-10535
3214 #
3215 # From Paul Eggert (2018-06-19):
3216 # I surveyed recent news reports, and my impression is that "PST" is
3217 # more popular among reliable English-language news sources.  This is
3218 # not just a measure of Google hit counts: it's also the sizes and
3219 # influence of the sources.  There is no current abbreviation for DST,
3220 # so use "PDT", the usual American style.
3221 
3222 # Rule  NAME    FROM    TO      TYPE    IN      ON      AT      SAVE    LETTER/S
3223 Rule    Phil    1936    only    -       Nov     1       0:00    1:00    D
3224 Rule    Phil    1937    only    -       Feb     1       0:00    0       S
3225 Rule    Phil    1954    only    -       Apr     12      0:00    1:00    D
3226 Rule    Phil    1954    only    -       Jul     1       0:00    0       S
3227 Rule    Phil    1978    only    -       Mar     22      0:00    1:00    D
3228 Rule    Phil    1978    only    -       Sep     21      0:00    0       S
3229 # Zone  NAME            GMTOFF  RULES   FORMAT  [UNTIL]
3230 Zone    Asia/Manila     -15:56:00 -     LMT     1844 Dec 31
3231                         8:04:00 -       LMT     1899 May 11
3232                         8:00    Phil    P%sT    1942 May
3233                         9:00    -       JST     1944 Nov
3234                         8:00    Phil    P%sT
3235 
3236 # Qatar
3237 # Zone  NAME            GMTOFF  RULES   FORMAT  [UNTIL]
3238 Zone    Asia/Qatar      3:26:08 -       LMT     1920     # Al Dawhah / Doha
3239                         4:00    -       +04     1972 Jun
3240                         3:00    -       +03
3241 Link Asia/Qatar Asia/Bahrain
3242 
3243 # Saudi Arabia
3244 #
3245 # From Paul Eggert (2018-08-29):
3246 # Time in Saudi Arabia and other countries in the Arabian peninsula was not
3247 # standardized until 1968 or so; we don't know exactly when, and possibly it
3248 # has never been made official.  Richard P Hunt, in "Islam city yielding to
3249 # modern times", New York Times (1961-04-09), p 20, wrote that only airlines
3250 # observed standard time, and that people in Jeddah mostly observed quasi-solar
3251 # time, doing so by setting their watches at sunrise to 6 o'clock (or to 12
3252 # o'clock for "Arab" time).
3253 #
3254 # Timekeeping differed depending on who you were and which part of Saudi
3255 # Arabia you were in.  In 1969, Elias Antar wrote that although a common
3256 # practice had been to set one's watch to 12:00 (i.e., midnight) at sunset -
3257 # which meant that the time on one side of a mountain could differ greatly from
3258 # the time on the other side - many foreigners set their watches to 6pm
3259 # instead, while airlines instead used UTC +03 (except in Dhahran, where they
3260 # used UTC +04), Aramco used UTC +03 with DST, and the Trans-Arabian Pipe Line
3261 # Company used Aramco time in eastern Saudi Arabia and airline time in western.
3262 # (The American Military Aid Advisory Group used plain UTC.)  Antar writes,
3263 # "A man named Higgins, so the story goes, used to run a local power
3264 # station. One day, the whole thing became too much for Higgins and he
3265 # assembled his staff and laid down the law. 'I've had enough of this,' he
3266 # shrieked. 'It is now 12 o'clock Higgins Time, and from now on this station is
3267 # going to run on Higgins Time.' And so, until last year, it did."  See:
3268 # Antar E. Dinner at When? Saudi Aramco World, 1969 March/April. 2-3.
3269 # http://archive.aramcoworld.com/issue/196902/dinner.at.when.htm
3270 # Also see: Antar EN. Arabian flying is confusing.
3271 # Port Angeles (WA) Evening News. 1965-03-10. page 3.
3272 #
3273 # The TZ database cannot represent quasi-solar time; airline time is the best
3274 # we can do.  The 1946 foreign air news digest of the U.S. Civil Aeronautics
3275 # Board (OCLC 42299995) reported that the "... Arabian Government, inaugurated
3276 # a weekly Dhahran-Cairo service, via the Saudi Arabian cities of Riyadh and
3277 # Jidda, on March 14, 1947".  Shanks & Pottenger guessed 1950; go with the
3278 # earlier date.
3279 #
3280 # Shanks & Pottenger also state that until 1968-05-01 Saudi Arabia had two
3281 # time zones; the other zone, at UT +04, was in the far eastern part of
3282 # the country.  Presumably this is documenting airline time.  Ignore this,
3283 # as it's before our 1970 cutoff.
3284 #
3285 # Zone  NAME            GMTOFF  RULES   FORMAT  [UNTIL]
3286 Zone    Asia/Riyadh     3:06:52 -       LMT     1947 Mar 14
3287                         3:00    -       +03
3288 Link Asia/Riyadh Asia/Aden      # Yemen
3289 Link Asia/Riyadh Asia/Kuwait
3290 
3291 # Singapore
3292 # taken from Mok Ly Yng (2003-10-30)
3293 # http://www.math.nus.edu.sg/aslaksen/teaching/timezone.html
3294 # Zone  NAME            GMTOFF  RULES   FORMAT  [UNTIL]
3295 Zone    Asia/Singapore  6:55:25 -       LMT     1901 Jan  1
3296                         6:55:25 -       SMT     1905 Jun  1 # Singapore M.T.
3297                         7:00    -       +07     1933 Jan  1
3298                         7:00    0:20    +0720   1936 Jan  1
3299                         7:20    -       +0720   1941 Sep  1
3300                         7:30    -       +0730   1942 Feb 16
3301                         9:00    -       +09     1945 Sep 12
3302                         7:30    -       +0730   1982 Jan  1
3303                         8:00    -       +08
3304 
3305 # Spratly Is
3306 # no information
3307 
3308 # Sri Lanka
3309 
3310 # From Paul Eggert (2013-02-21):
3311 # Milne says "Madras mean time use from May 1, 1898.  Prior to this Colombo
3312 # mean time, 5h. 4m. 21.9s. F., was used."  But 5:04:21.9 differs considerably
3313 # from Colombo's meridian 5:19:24, so for now ignore Milne and stick with
3314 # Shanks and Pottenger.
3315 
3316 # From Paul Eggert (1996-09-03):
3317 # "Sri Lanka advances clock by an hour to avoid blackout"
3318 # (<http://www.virtual-pc.com/lankaweb/news/items/240596-2.html>, 1996-05-24,
3319 # no longer available as of 1999-08-17)
3320 # reported "the country's standard time will be put forward by one hour at
3321 # midnight Friday (1830 GMT) 'in the light of the present power crisis'."
3322 #
3323 # From Dharmasiri Senanayake, Sri Lanka Media Minister (1996-10-24), as quoted
3324 # by Shamindra in Daily News - Hot News Section
3325 # <news:54rka5$m5h@mtinsc01-mgt.ops.worldnet.att.net> (1996-10-26):
3326 # With effect from 12.30 a.m. on 26th October 1996
3327 # Sri Lanka will be six (06) hours ahead of GMT.
3328 
3329 # From Jesper Nørgaard Welen (2006-04-14), quoting Sri Lanka News Online
3330 # <http://news.sinhalaya.com/wmview.php?ArtID=11002> (2006-04-13):
3331 # 0030 hrs on April 15, 2006 (midnight of April 14, 2006 +30 minutes)
3332 # at present, become 2400 hours of April 14, 2006 (midnight of April 14, 2006).
3333 
3334 # From Peter Apps and Ranga Sirila of Reuters (2006-04-12) in:
3335 # http://today.reuters.co.uk/news/newsArticle.aspx?type=scienceNews&storyID=2006-04-12T172228Z_01_COL295762_RTRIDST_0_SCIENCE-SRILANKA-TIME-DC.XML
3336 # [The Tamil Tigers] never accepted the original 1996 time change and simply
3337 # kept their clocks set five and a half hours ahead of Greenwich Mean
3338 # Time (GMT), in line with neighbor India.
3339 # From Paul Eggert (2006-04-18):
3340 # People who live in regions under Tamil control can use [TZ='Asia/Kolkata'],
3341 # as that zone has agreed with the Tamil areas since our cutoff date of 1970.
3342 
3343 # From Sadika Sumanapala (2016-10-19):
3344 # According to http://www.sltime.org (maintained by Measurement Units,
3345 # Standards & Services Department, Sri Lanka) abbreviation for Sri Lanka
3346 # standard time is SLST.
3347 #
3348 # From Paul Eggert (2016-10-18):
3349 # "SLST" seems to be reasonably recent and rarely-used outside time
3350 # zone nerd sources.  I searched Google News and found three uses of
3351 # it in the International Business Times of India in February and
3352 # March of this year when discussing cricket match times, but nothing
3353 # since then (though there has been a lot of cricket) and nothing in
3354 # other English-language news sources.  Our old abbreviation "LKT" is
3355 # even worse.  For now, let's use a numeric abbreviation; we can
3356 # switch to "SLST" if it catches on.
3357 
3358 # Zone  NAME            GMTOFF  RULES   FORMAT  [UNTIL]
3359 Zone    Asia/Colombo    5:19:24 -       LMT     1880
3360                         5:19:32 -       MMT     1906        # Moratuwa Mean Time
3361                         5:30    -       +0530   1942 Jan  5
3362                         5:30    0:30    +06     1942 Sep
3363                         5:30    1:00    +0630   1945 Oct 16  2:00
3364                         5:30    -       +0530   1996 May 25  0:00
3365                         6:30    -       +0630   1996 Oct 26  0:30
3366                         6:00    -       +06     2006 Apr 15  0:30
3367                         5:30    -       +0530
3368 
3369 # Syria
3370 # Rule  NAME    FROM    TO      TYPE    IN      ON      AT      SAVE    LETTER/S
3371 Rule    Syria   1920    1923    -       Apr     Sun>=15      2:00    1:00    S
3372 Rule    Syria   1920    1923    -       Oct     Sun>=1       2:00    0       -
3373 Rule    Syria   1962    only    -       Apr     29      2:00    1:00    S
3374 Rule    Syria   1962    only    -       Oct     1       2:00    0       -
3375 Rule    Syria   1963    1965    -       May     1       2:00    1:00    S
3376 Rule    Syria   1963    only    -       Sep     30      2:00    0       -
3377 Rule    Syria   1964    only    -       Oct     1       2:00    0       -
3378 Rule    Syria   1965    only    -       Sep     30      2:00    0       -
3379 Rule    Syria   1966    only    -       Apr     24      2:00    1:00    S
3380 Rule    Syria   1966    1976    -       Oct     1       2:00    0       -
3381 Rule    Syria   1967    1978    -       May     1       2:00    1:00    S
3382 Rule    Syria   1977    1978    -       Sep     1       2:00    0       -
3383 Rule    Syria   1983    1984    -       Apr     9       2:00    1:00    S
3384 Rule    Syria   1983    1984    -       Oct     1       2:00    0       -
3385 Rule    Syria   1986    only    -       Feb     16      2:00    1:00    S
3386 Rule    Syria   1986    only    -       Oct     9       2:00    0       -
3387 Rule    Syria   1987    only    -       Mar     1       2:00    1:00    S
3388 Rule    Syria   1987    1988    -       Oct     31      2:00    0       -
3389 Rule    Syria   1988    only    -       Mar     15      2:00    1:00    S
3390 Rule    Syria   1989    only    -       Mar     31      2:00    1:00    S
3391 Rule    Syria   1989    only    -       Oct     1       2:00    0       -
3392 Rule    Syria   1990    only    -       Apr     1       2:00    1:00    S
3393 Rule    Syria   1990    only    -       Sep     30      2:00    0       -
3394 Rule    Syria   1991    only    -       Apr      1      0:00    1:00    S
3395 Rule    Syria   1991    1992    -       Oct      1      0:00    0       -
3396 Rule    Syria   1992    only    -       Apr      8      0:00    1:00    S
3397 Rule    Syria   1993    only    -       Mar     26      0:00    1:00    S
3398 Rule    Syria   1993    only    -       Sep     25      0:00    0       -
3399 # IATA SSIM (1998-02) says 1998-04-02;
3400 # (1998-09) says 1999-03-29 and 1999-09-29; (1999-02) says 1999-04-02,
3401 # 2000-04-02, and 2001-04-02; (1999-09) says 2000-03-31 and 2001-03-31;
3402 # (2006) says 2006-03-31 and 2006-09-22;
3403 # for now ignore all these claims and go with Shanks & Pottenger,
3404 # except for the 2006-09-22 claim (which seems right for Ramadan).
3405 Rule    Syria   1994    1996    -       Apr      1      0:00    1:00    S
3406 Rule    Syria   1994    2005    -       Oct      1      0:00    0       -
3407 Rule    Syria   1997    1998    -       Mar     lastMon 0:00    1:00    S
3408 Rule    Syria   1999    2006    -       Apr      1      0:00    1:00    S
3409 # From Stephen Colebourne (2006-09-18):
3410 # According to IATA data, Syria will change DST on 21st September [21:00 UTC]
3411 # this year [only]....  This is probably related to Ramadan, like Egypt.
3412 Rule    Syria   2006    only    -       Sep     22      0:00    0       -
3413 # From Paul Eggert (2007-03-29):
3414 # Today the AP reported "Syria will switch to summertime at midnight Thursday."
3415 # http://www.iht.com/articles/ap/2007/03/29/africa/ME-GEN-Syria-Time-Change.php
3416 Rule    Syria   2007    only    -       Mar     lastFri 0:00    1:00    S
3417 # From Jesper Nørgaard (2007-10-27):
3418 # The sister center ICARDA of my work CIMMYT is confirming that Syria DST will
3419 # not take place 1st November at 0:00 o'clock but 1st November at 24:00 or
3420 # rather Midnight between Thursday and Friday. This does make more sense than
3421 # having it between Wednesday and Thursday (two workdays in Syria) since the
3422 # weekend in Syria is not Saturday and Sunday, but Friday and Saturday. So now
3423 # it is implemented at midnight of the last workday before weekend...
3424 #
3425 # From Steffen Thorsen (2007-10-27):
3426 # Jesper Nørgaard Welen wrote:
3427 #
3428 # > "Winter local time in Syria will be observed at midnight of Thursday 1
3429 # > November 2007, and the clock will be put back 1 hour."
3430 #
3431 # I found confirmation on this in this gov.sy-article (Arabic):
3432 # http://wehda.alwehda.gov.sy/_print_veiw.asp?FileName=12521710520070926111247
3433 #
3434 # which using Google's translate tools says:
3435 # Council of Ministers also approved the commencement of work on
3436 # identifying the winter time as of Friday, 2/11/2007 where the 60th
3437 # minute delay at midnight Thursday 1/11/2007.
3438 Rule    Syria   2007    only    -       Nov      Fri>=1      0:00    0       -
3439 
3440 # From Stephen Colebourne (2008-03-17):
3441 # For everyone's info, I saw an IATA time zone change for [Syria] for
3442 # this month (March 2008) in the last day or so....
3443 # Country     Time Standard   --- DST Start ---   --- DST End ---  DST
3444 # Name        Zone Variation   Time    Date        Time    Date
3445 # Variation
3446 # Syrian Arab
3447 # Republic    SY    +0200      2200  03APR08       2100  30SEP08   +0300
3448 #                              2200  02APR09       2100  30SEP09   +0300
3449 #                              2200  01APR10       2100  30SEP10   +0300
3450 
3451 # From Arthur David Olson (2008-03-17):
3452 # Here's a link to English-language coverage by the Syrian Arab News
3453 # Agency (SANA)...
3454 # http://www.sana.sy/eng/21/2008/03/11/165173.htm
3455 # ...which reads (in part) "The Cabinet approved the suggestion of the
3456 # Ministry of Electricity to begin daylight savings time on Friday April
3457 # 4th, advancing clocks one hour ahead on midnight of Thursday April 3rd."
3458 # Since Syria is two hours east of UTC, the 2200 and 2100 transition times
3459 # shown above match up with midnight in Syria.
3460 
3461 # From Arthur David Olson (2008-03-18):
3462 # My best guess at a Syrian rule is "the Friday nearest April 1";
3463 # coding that involves either using a "Mar Fri>=29" construct that old time zone
3464 # compilers can't handle  or having multiple Rules (a la Israel).
3465 # For now, use "Apr Fri>=1", and go with IATA on a uniform Sep 30 end.
3466 
3467 # From Steffen Thorsen (2008-10-07):
3468 # Syria has now officially decided to end DST on 2008-11-01 this year,
3469 # according to the following article in the Syrian Arab News Agency (SANA).
3470 #
3471 # The article is in Arabic, and seems to tell that they will go back to
3472 # winter time on 2008-11-01 at 00:00 local daylight time (delaying/setting
3473 # clocks back 60 minutes).
3474 #
3475 # http://sana.sy/ara/2/2008/10/07/195459.htm
3476 
3477 # From Steffen Thorsen (2009-03-19):
3478 # Syria will start DST on 2009-03-27 00:00 this year according to many sources,
3479 # two examples:
3480 #
3481 # http://www.sana.sy/eng/21/2009/03/17/217563.htm
3482 # (English, Syrian Arab News # Agency)
3483 # http://thawra.alwehda.gov.sy/_View_news2.asp?FileName=94459258720090318012209
3484 # (Arabic, gov-site)
3485 #
3486 # We have not found any sources saying anything about when DST ends this year.
3487 #
3488 # Our summary
3489 # https://www.timeanddate.com/news/time/syria-dst-starts-march-27-2009.html
3490 
3491 # From Steffen Thorsen (2009-10-27):
3492 # The Syrian Arab News Network on 2009-09-29 reported that Syria will
3493 # revert back to winter (standard) time on midnight between Thursday
3494 # 2009-10-29 and Friday 2009-10-30:
3495 # http://www.sana.sy/ara/2/2009/09/29/247012.htm (Arabic)
3496 
3497 # From Arthur David Olson (2009-10-28):
3498 # We'll see if future DST switching times turn out to be end of the last
3499 # Thursday of the month or the start of the last Friday of the month or
3500 # something else. For now, use the start of the last Friday.
3501 
3502 # From Steffen Thorsen (2010-03-17):
3503 # The "Syrian News Station" reported on 2010-03-16 that the Council of
3504 # Ministers has decided that Syria will start DST on midnight Thursday
3505 # 2010-04-01: (midnight between Thursday and Friday):
3506 # http://sns.sy/sns/?path=news/read/11421 (Arabic)
3507 
3508 # From Steffen Thorsen (2012-03-26):
3509 # Today, Syria's government announced that they will start DST early on Friday
3510 # (00:00). This is a bit earlier than the past two years.
3511 #
3512 # From Syrian Arab News Agency, in Arabic:
3513 # http://www.sana.sy/ara/2/2012/03/26/408215.htm
3514 #
3515 # Our brief summary:
3516 # https://www.timeanddate.com/news/time/syria-dst-2012.html
3517 
3518 # From Arthur David Olson (2012-03-27):
3519 # Assume last Friday in March going forward XXX.
3520 
3521 Rule    Syria   2008    only    -       Apr     Fri>=1       0:00    1:00    S
3522 Rule    Syria   2008    only    -       Nov     1       0:00    0       -
3523 Rule    Syria   2009    only    -       Mar     lastFri 0:00    1:00    S
3524 Rule    Syria   2010    2011    -       Apr     Fri>=1       0:00    1:00    S
3525 Rule    Syria   2012    max     -       Mar     lastFri 0:00    1:00    S
3526 Rule    Syria   2009    max     -       Oct     lastFri 0:00    0       -
3527 
3528 # Zone  NAME            GMTOFF  RULES   FORMAT  [UNTIL]
3529 Zone    Asia/Damascus   2:25:12 -       LMT     1920 # Dimashq
3530                         2:00    Syria   EE%sT
3531 
3532 # Tajikistan
3533 # From Shanks & Pottenger.
3534 # Zone  NAME            GMTOFF  RULES   FORMAT  [UNTIL]
3535 Zone    Asia/Dushanbe   4:35:12 -       LMT     1924 May  2
3536                         5:00    -       +05     1930 Jun 21
3537                         6:00 RussiaAsia +06/+07 1991 Mar 31  2:00s
3538                         5:00    1:00    +05/+06 1991 Sep  9  2:00s
3539                         5:00    -       +05
3540 
3541 # Thailand
3542 # Zone  NAME            GMTOFF  RULES   FORMAT  [UNTIL]
3543 Zone    Asia/Bangkok    6:42:04 -       LMT     1880
3544                         6:42:04 -       BMT     1920 Apr # Bangkok Mean Time
3545                         7:00    -       +07
3546 Link Asia/Bangkok Asia/Phnom_Penh       # Cambodia
3547 Link Asia/Bangkok Asia/Vientiane        # Laos
3548 
3549 # Turkmenistan
3550 # From Shanks & Pottenger.
3551 # Zone  NAME            GMTOFF  RULES   FORMAT  [UNTIL]
3552 Zone    Asia/Ashgabat   3:53:32 -       LMT     1924 May  2 # or Ashkhabad
3553                         4:00    -       +04     1930 Jun 21
3554                         5:00 RussiaAsia +05/+06 1991 Mar 31  2:00
3555                         4:00 RussiaAsia +04/+05 1992 Jan 19  2:00
3556                         5:00    -       +05
3557 
3558 # United Arab Emirates
3559 # Zone  NAME            GMTOFF  RULES   FORMAT  [UNTIL]
3560 Zone    Asia/Dubai      3:41:12 -       LMT     1920
3561                         4:00    -       +04
3562 Link Asia/Dubai Asia/Muscat     # Oman
3563 
3564 # Uzbekistan
3565 # Byalokoz 1919 says Uzbekistan was 4:27:53.
3566 # Zone  NAME            GMTOFF  RULES   FORMAT  [UNTIL]
3567 Zone    Asia/Samarkand  4:27:53 -       LMT     1924 May  2
3568                         4:00    -       +04     1930 Jun 21
3569                         5:00    -       +05     1981 Apr  1
3570                         5:00    1:00    +06     1981 Oct  1
3571                         6:00    -       +06     1982 Apr  1
3572                         5:00 RussiaAsia +05/+06 1992
3573                         5:00    -       +05
3574 # Milne says Tashkent was 4:37:10.8; round to nearest.
3575 Zone    Asia/Tashkent   4:37:11 -       LMT     1924 May  2
3576                         5:00    -       +05     1930 Jun 21
3577                         6:00 RussiaAsia +06/+07 1991 Mar 31  2:00
3578                         5:00 RussiaAsia +05/+06 1992
3579                         5:00    -       +05
3580 
3581 # Vietnam
3582 
3583 # From Paul Eggert (2014-10-04):
3584 # Milne gives 7:16:56 for the meridian of Saigon in 1899, as being
3585 # used in Lower Laos, Cambodia, and Annam.  But this is quite a ways
3586 # from Saigon's location.  For now, ignore this and stick with Shanks
3587 # and Pottenger for LMT before 1906.
3588 
3589 # From Arthur David Olson (2008-03-18):
3590 # The English-language name of Vietnam's most populous city is "Ho Chi Minh
3591 # City"; use Ho_Chi_Minh below to avoid a name of more than 14 characters.
3592 
3593 # From Paul Eggert (2014-10-21) after a heads-up from Trần Ngọc Quân:
3594 # Trần Tiến Bình's authoritative book "Lịch Việt Nam: thế kỷ XX-XXI (1901-2100)"
3595 # (Nhà xuất bản Văn Hoá - Thông Tin, Hanoi, 2005), pp 49-50,
3596 # is quoted verbatim in:
3597 # http://www.thoigian.com.vn/?mPage=P80D01
3598 # is translated by Brian Inglis in:
3599 # https://mm.icann.org/pipermail/tz/2014-October/021654.html
3600 # and is the basis for the information below.
3601 #
3602 # The 1906 transition was effective July 1 and standardized Indochina to
3603 # Phù Liễn Observatory, legally 104° 17' 17" east of Paris.
3604 # It's unclear whether this meant legal Paris Mean Time (00:09:21) or
3605 # the Paris Meridian (2° 20' 14.03" E); the former yields 07:06:30.1333...
3606 # and the latter 07:06:29.333... so either way it rounds to 07:06:30,
3607 # which is used below even though the modern-day Phù Liễn Observatory
3608 # is closer to 07:06:31.  Abbreviate Phù Liễn Mean Time as PLMT.
3609 #
3610 # The following transitions occurred in Indochina in general (before 1954)
3611 # and in South Vietnam in particular (after 1954):
3612 # To 07:00 on 1911-05-01.
3613 # To 08:00 on 1942-12-31 at 23:00.
3614 # To 09:00 in 1945-03-14 at 23:00.
3615 # To 07:00 on 1945-09-02 in Vietnam.
3616 # To 08:00 on 1947-04-01 in French-controlled Indochina.
3617 # To 07:00 on 1955-07-01 in South Vietnam.
3618 # To 08:00 on 1959-12-31 at 23:00 in South Vietnam.
3619 # To 07:00 on 1975-06-13 in South Vietnam.
3620 #
3621 # Trần cites the following sources; it's unclear which supplied the info above.
3622 #
3623 # Hoàng Xuân Hãn: "Lịch và lịch Việt Nam". Tập san Khoa học Xã hội,
3624 # No. 9, Paris, February 1982.
3625 #
3626 # Lê Thành Lân: "Lịch và niên biểu lịch sử hai mươi thế kỷ (0001-2010)",
3627 # NXB Thống kê, Hanoi, 2000.
3628 #
3629 # Lê Thành Lân: "Lịch hai thế kỷ (1802-2010) và các lịch vĩnh cửu",
3630 # NXB Thuận Hoá, Huế, 1995.
3631 
3632 # Zone  NAME            GMTOFF  RULES   FORMAT  [UNTIL]
3633 Zone Asia/Ho_Chi_Minh   7:06:40 -       LMT     1906 Jul  1
3634                         7:06:30 -       PLMT    1911 May  1 # Phù Liễn MT
3635                         7:00    -       +07     1942 Dec 31 23:00
3636                         8:00    -       +08     1945 Mar 14 23:00
3637                         9:00    -       +09     1945 Sep  2
3638                         7:00    -       +07     1947 Apr  1
3639                         8:00    -       +08     1955 Jul  1
3640                         7:00    -       +07     1959 Dec 31 23:00
3641                         8:00    -       +08     1975 Jun 13
3642                         7:00    -       +07
3643 
3644 # From Paul Eggert (2019-02-19):
3645 #
3646 # The Ho Chi Minh entry suffices for most purposes as it agrees with all of
3647 # Vietnam since 1975-06-13.  Presumably clocks often changed in south Vietnam
3648 # in the early 1970s as locations changed hands during the war; however the
3649 # details are unknown and would likely be too voluminous for this database.
3650 #
3651 # For timestamps in north Vietnam back to 1970 (the tzdb cutoff),
3652 # use Asia/Bangkok; see the VN entries in the file zone1970.tab.
3653 # For timestamps before 1970, see Asia/Hanoi in the file 'backzone'.
3654 
3655 
3656 # Yemen
3657 # See Asia/Riyadh.