1 /*
   2  * Copyright (c) 1997, 2016, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.
   3  * DO NOT ALTER OR REMOVE COPYRIGHT NOTICES OR THIS FILE HEADER.
   4  *
   5  * This code is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
   6  * under the terms of the GNU General Public License version 2 only, as
   7  * published by the Free Software Foundation.
   8  *
   9  * This code is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT
  10  * ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or
  11  * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the GNU General Public License
  12  * version 2 for more details (a copy is included in the LICENSE file that
  13  * accompanied this code).
  14  *
  15  * You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License version
  16  * 2 along with this work; if not, write to the Free Software Foundation,
  17  * Inc., 51 Franklin St, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA 02110-1301 USA.
  18  *
  19  * Please contact Oracle, 500 Oracle Parkway, Redwood Shores, CA 94065 USA
  20  * or visit www.oracle.com if you need additional information or have any
  21  * questions.
  22  *
  23  */
  24 
  25 #include "precompiled.hpp"
  26 #include "aot/aotLoader.hpp"
  27 #include "classfile/classLoader.hpp"
  28 #include "classfile/classLoaderData.hpp"
  29 #include "classfile/javaClasses.hpp"
  30 #include "classfile/stringTable.hpp"
  31 #include "classfile/systemDictionary.hpp"
  32 #include "classfile/vmSymbols.hpp"
  33 #include "code/codeCache.hpp"
  34 #include "code/dependencies.hpp"
  35 #include "gc/shared/cardTableModRefBS.hpp"
  36 #include "gc/shared/collectedHeap.inline.hpp"
  37 #include "gc/shared/gcLocker.inline.hpp"
  38 #include "gc/shared/genCollectedHeap.hpp"
  39 #include "gc/shared/generation.hpp"
  40 #include "gc/shared/gcTraceTime.inline.hpp"
  41 #include "gc/shared/space.hpp"
  42 #include "interpreter/interpreter.hpp"
  43 #include "logging/log.hpp"
  44 #include "memory/filemap.hpp"
  45 #include "memory/metadataFactory.hpp"
  46 #include "memory/metaspaceShared.hpp"
  47 #include "memory/oopFactory.hpp"
  48 #include "memory/resourceArea.hpp"
  49 #include "memory/universe.hpp"
  50 #include "memory/universe.inline.hpp"
  51 #include "oops/constantPool.hpp"
  52 #include "oops/instanceClassLoaderKlass.hpp"
  53 #include "oops/instanceKlass.hpp"
  54 #include "oops/instanceMirrorKlass.hpp"
  55 #include "oops/instanceRefKlass.hpp"
  56 #include "oops/objArrayOop.inline.hpp"
  57 #include "oops/oop.inline.hpp"
  58 #include "oops/typeArrayKlass.hpp"
  59 #include "runtime/arguments.hpp"
  60 #include "runtime/atomic.hpp"
  61 #include "runtime/commandLineFlagConstraintList.hpp"
  62 #include "runtime/deoptimization.hpp"
  63 #include "runtime/fprofiler.hpp"
  64 #include "runtime/handles.inline.hpp"
  65 #include "runtime/init.hpp"
  66 #include "runtime/java.hpp"
  67 #include "runtime/javaCalls.hpp"
  68 #include "runtime/sharedRuntime.hpp"
  69 #include "runtime/synchronizer.hpp"
  70 #include "runtime/thread.inline.hpp"
  71 #include "runtime/timerTrace.hpp"
  72 #include "runtime/vm_operations.hpp"
  73 #include "services/memoryService.hpp"
  74 #include "utilities/copy.hpp"
  75 #include "utilities/events.hpp"
  76 #include "utilities/hashtable.inline.hpp"
  77 #include "utilities/macros.hpp"
  78 #include "utilities/ostream.hpp"
  79 #include "utilities/preserveException.hpp"
  80 #if INCLUDE_ALL_GCS
  81 #include "gc/cms/cmsCollectorPolicy.hpp"
  82 #include "gc/g1/g1CollectedHeap.inline.hpp"
  83 #include "gc/g1/g1CollectorPolicy.hpp"
  84 #include "gc/parallel/parallelScavengeHeap.hpp"
  85 #include "gc/shared/adaptiveSizePolicy.hpp"
  86 #endif // INCLUDE_ALL_GCS
  87 #if INCLUDE_CDS
  88 #include "classfile/sharedClassUtil.hpp"
  89 #endif
  90 
  91 // Known objects
  92 Klass* Universe::_boolArrayKlassObj                 = NULL;
  93 Klass* Universe::_byteArrayKlassObj                 = NULL;
  94 Klass* Universe::_charArrayKlassObj                 = NULL;
  95 Klass* Universe::_intArrayKlassObj                  = NULL;
  96 Klass* Universe::_shortArrayKlassObj                = NULL;
  97 Klass* Universe::_longArrayKlassObj                 = NULL;
  98 Klass* Universe::_singleArrayKlassObj               = NULL;
  99 Klass* Universe::_doubleArrayKlassObj               = NULL;
 100 Klass* Universe::_typeArrayKlassObjs[T_VOID+1]      = { NULL /*, NULL...*/ };
 101 Klass* Universe::_objectArrayKlassObj               = NULL;
 102 oop Universe::_int_mirror                             = NULL;
 103 oop Universe::_float_mirror                           = NULL;
 104 oop Universe::_double_mirror                          = NULL;
 105 oop Universe::_byte_mirror                            = NULL;
 106 oop Universe::_bool_mirror                            = NULL;
 107 oop Universe::_char_mirror                            = NULL;
 108 oop Universe::_long_mirror                            = NULL;
 109 oop Universe::_short_mirror                           = NULL;
 110 oop Universe::_void_mirror                            = NULL;
 111 oop Universe::_mirrors[T_VOID+1]                      = { NULL /*, NULL...*/ };
 112 oop Universe::_main_thread_group                      = NULL;
 113 oop Universe::_system_thread_group                    = NULL;
 114 objArrayOop Universe::_the_empty_class_klass_array    = NULL;
 115 Array<Klass*>* Universe::_the_array_interfaces_array = NULL;
 116 oop Universe::_the_null_string                        = NULL;
 117 oop Universe::_the_min_jint_string                   = NULL;
 118 LatestMethodCache* Universe::_finalizer_register_cache = NULL;
 119 LatestMethodCache* Universe::_loader_addClass_cache    = NULL;
 120 LatestMethodCache* Universe::_pd_implies_cache         = NULL;
 121 LatestMethodCache* Universe::_throw_illegal_access_error_cache = NULL;
 122 LatestMethodCache* Universe::_do_stack_walk_cache     = NULL;
 123 oop Universe::_out_of_memory_error_java_heap          = NULL;
 124 oop Universe::_out_of_memory_error_metaspace          = NULL;
 125 oop Universe::_out_of_memory_error_class_metaspace    = NULL;
 126 oop Universe::_out_of_memory_error_array_size         = NULL;
 127 oop Universe::_out_of_memory_error_gc_overhead_limit  = NULL;
 128 oop Universe::_out_of_memory_error_realloc_objects    = NULL;
 129 oop Universe::_delayed_stack_overflow_error_message   = NULL;
 130 objArrayOop Universe::_preallocated_out_of_memory_error_array = NULL;
 131 volatile jint Universe::_preallocated_out_of_memory_error_avail_count = 0;
 132 bool Universe::_verify_in_progress                    = false;
 133 long Universe::verify_flags                           = Universe::Verify_All;
 134 oop Universe::_null_ptr_exception_instance            = NULL;
 135 oop Universe::_arithmetic_exception_instance          = NULL;
 136 oop Universe::_virtual_machine_error_instance         = NULL;
 137 oop Universe::_vm_exception                           = NULL;
 138 oop Universe::_allocation_context_notification_obj    = NULL;
 139 oop Universe::_reference_pending_list                 = NULL;
 140 
 141 Array<int>* Universe::_the_empty_int_array            = NULL;
 142 Array<u2>* Universe::_the_empty_short_array           = NULL;
 143 Array<Klass*>* Universe::_the_empty_klass_array     = NULL;
 144 Array<Method*>* Universe::_the_empty_method_array   = NULL;
 145 
 146 // These variables are guarded by FullGCALot_lock.
 147 debug_only(objArrayOop Universe::_fullgc_alot_dummy_array = NULL;)
 148 debug_only(int Universe::_fullgc_alot_dummy_next      = 0;)
 149 
 150 // Heap
 151 int             Universe::_verify_count = 0;
 152 
 153 // Oop verification (see MacroAssembler::verify_oop)
 154 uintptr_t       Universe::_verify_oop_mask = 0;
 155 uintptr_t       Universe::_verify_oop_bits = (uintptr_t) -1;
 156 
 157 int             Universe::_base_vtable_size = 0;
 158 bool            Universe::_bootstrapping = false;
 159 bool            Universe::_module_initialized = false;
 160 bool            Universe::_fully_initialized = false;
 161 
 162 size_t          Universe::_heap_capacity_at_last_gc;
 163 size_t          Universe::_heap_used_at_last_gc = 0;
 164 
 165 CollectedHeap*  Universe::_collectedHeap = NULL;
 166 
 167 NarrowPtrStruct Universe::_narrow_oop = { NULL, 0, true };
 168 NarrowPtrStruct Universe::_narrow_klass = { NULL, 0, true };
 169 address Universe::_narrow_ptrs_base;
 170 
 171 void Universe::basic_type_classes_do(void f(Klass*)) {
 172   f(boolArrayKlassObj());
 173   f(byteArrayKlassObj());
 174   f(charArrayKlassObj());
 175   f(intArrayKlassObj());
 176   f(shortArrayKlassObj());
 177   f(longArrayKlassObj());
 178   f(singleArrayKlassObj());
 179   f(doubleArrayKlassObj());
 180 }
 181 
 182 void Universe::oops_do(OopClosure* f, bool do_all) {
 183 
 184   f->do_oop((oop*) &_int_mirror);
 185   f->do_oop((oop*) &_float_mirror);
 186   f->do_oop((oop*) &_double_mirror);
 187   f->do_oop((oop*) &_byte_mirror);
 188   f->do_oop((oop*) &_bool_mirror);
 189   f->do_oop((oop*) &_char_mirror);
 190   f->do_oop((oop*) &_long_mirror);
 191   f->do_oop((oop*) &_short_mirror);
 192   f->do_oop((oop*) &_void_mirror);
 193 
 194   for (int i = T_BOOLEAN; i < T_VOID+1; i++) {
 195     f->do_oop((oop*) &_mirrors[i]);
 196   }
 197   assert(_mirrors[0] == NULL && _mirrors[T_BOOLEAN - 1] == NULL, "checking");
 198 
 199   f->do_oop((oop*)&_the_empty_class_klass_array);
 200   f->do_oop((oop*)&_the_null_string);
 201   f->do_oop((oop*)&_the_min_jint_string);
 202   f->do_oop((oop*)&_out_of_memory_error_java_heap);
 203   f->do_oop((oop*)&_out_of_memory_error_metaspace);
 204   f->do_oop((oop*)&_out_of_memory_error_class_metaspace);
 205   f->do_oop((oop*)&_out_of_memory_error_array_size);
 206   f->do_oop((oop*)&_out_of_memory_error_gc_overhead_limit);
 207   f->do_oop((oop*)&_out_of_memory_error_realloc_objects);
 208   f->do_oop((oop*)&_delayed_stack_overflow_error_message);
 209   f->do_oop((oop*)&_preallocated_out_of_memory_error_array);
 210   f->do_oop((oop*)&_null_ptr_exception_instance);
 211   f->do_oop((oop*)&_arithmetic_exception_instance);
 212   f->do_oop((oop*)&_virtual_machine_error_instance);
 213   f->do_oop((oop*)&_main_thread_group);
 214   f->do_oop((oop*)&_system_thread_group);
 215   f->do_oop((oop*)&_vm_exception);
 216   f->do_oop((oop*)&_allocation_context_notification_obj);
 217   f->do_oop((oop*)&_reference_pending_list);
 218   debug_only(f->do_oop((oop*)&_fullgc_alot_dummy_array);)
 219 }
 220 
 221 // Serialize metadata in and out of CDS archive, not oops.
 222 void Universe::serialize(SerializeClosure* f, bool do_all) {
 223 
 224   f->do_ptr((void**)&_boolArrayKlassObj);
 225   f->do_ptr((void**)&_byteArrayKlassObj);
 226   f->do_ptr((void**)&_charArrayKlassObj);
 227   f->do_ptr((void**)&_intArrayKlassObj);
 228   f->do_ptr((void**)&_shortArrayKlassObj);
 229   f->do_ptr((void**)&_longArrayKlassObj);
 230   f->do_ptr((void**)&_singleArrayKlassObj);
 231   f->do_ptr((void**)&_doubleArrayKlassObj);
 232   f->do_ptr((void**)&_objectArrayKlassObj);
 233 
 234   {
 235     for (int i = 0; i < T_VOID+1; i++) {
 236       if (_typeArrayKlassObjs[i] != NULL) {
 237         assert(i >= T_BOOLEAN, "checking");
 238         f->do_ptr((void**)&_typeArrayKlassObjs[i]);
 239       } else if (do_all) {
 240         f->do_ptr((void**)&_typeArrayKlassObjs[i]);
 241       }
 242     }
 243   }
 244 
 245   f->do_ptr((void**)&_the_array_interfaces_array);
 246   f->do_ptr((void**)&_the_empty_int_array);
 247   f->do_ptr((void**)&_the_empty_short_array);
 248   f->do_ptr((void**)&_the_empty_method_array);
 249   f->do_ptr((void**)&_the_empty_klass_array);
 250   _finalizer_register_cache->serialize(f);
 251   _loader_addClass_cache->serialize(f);
 252   _pd_implies_cache->serialize(f);
 253   _throw_illegal_access_error_cache->serialize(f);
 254   _do_stack_walk_cache->serialize(f);
 255 }
 256 
 257 void Universe::check_alignment(uintx size, uintx alignment, const char* name) {
 258   if (size < alignment || size % alignment != 0) {
 259     vm_exit_during_initialization(
 260       err_msg("Size of %s (" UINTX_FORMAT " bytes) must be aligned to " UINTX_FORMAT " bytes", name, size, alignment));
 261   }
 262 }
 263 
 264 void initialize_basic_type_klass(Klass* k, TRAPS) {
 265   Klass* ok = SystemDictionary::Object_klass();
 266   if (UseSharedSpaces) {
 267     ClassLoaderData* loader_data = ClassLoaderData::the_null_class_loader_data();
 268     assert(k->super() == ok, "u3");
 269     k->restore_unshareable_info(loader_data, Handle(), CHECK);
 270   } else {
 271     k->initialize_supers(ok, CHECK);
 272   }
 273   k->append_to_sibling_list();
 274 }
 275 
 276 void Universe::genesis(TRAPS) {
 277   ResourceMark rm;
 278 
 279   { FlagSetting fs(_bootstrapping, true);
 280 
 281     { MutexLocker mc(Compile_lock);
 282 
 283       // determine base vtable size; without that we cannot create the array klasses
 284       compute_base_vtable_size();
 285 
 286       if (!UseSharedSpaces) {
 287         _boolArrayKlassObj      = TypeArrayKlass::create_klass(T_BOOLEAN, sizeof(jboolean), CHECK);
 288         _charArrayKlassObj      = TypeArrayKlass::create_klass(T_CHAR,    sizeof(jchar),    CHECK);
 289         _singleArrayKlassObj    = TypeArrayKlass::create_klass(T_FLOAT,   sizeof(jfloat),   CHECK);
 290         _doubleArrayKlassObj    = TypeArrayKlass::create_klass(T_DOUBLE,  sizeof(jdouble),  CHECK);
 291         _byteArrayKlassObj      = TypeArrayKlass::create_klass(T_BYTE,    sizeof(jbyte),    CHECK);
 292         _shortArrayKlassObj     = TypeArrayKlass::create_klass(T_SHORT,   sizeof(jshort),   CHECK);
 293         _intArrayKlassObj       = TypeArrayKlass::create_klass(T_INT,     sizeof(jint),     CHECK);
 294         _longArrayKlassObj      = TypeArrayKlass::create_klass(T_LONG,    sizeof(jlong),    CHECK);
 295 
 296         _typeArrayKlassObjs[T_BOOLEAN] = _boolArrayKlassObj;
 297         _typeArrayKlassObjs[T_CHAR]    = _charArrayKlassObj;
 298         _typeArrayKlassObjs[T_FLOAT]   = _singleArrayKlassObj;
 299         _typeArrayKlassObjs[T_DOUBLE]  = _doubleArrayKlassObj;
 300         _typeArrayKlassObjs[T_BYTE]    = _byteArrayKlassObj;
 301         _typeArrayKlassObjs[T_SHORT]   = _shortArrayKlassObj;
 302         _typeArrayKlassObjs[T_INT]     = _intArrayKlassObj;
 303         _typeArrayKlassObjs[T_LONG]    = _longArrayKlassObj;
 304 
 305         ClassLoaderData* null_cld = ClassLoaderData::the_null_class_loader_data();
 306 
 307         _the_array_interfaces_array = MetadataFactory::new_array<Klass*>(null_cld, 2, NULL, CHECK);
 308         _the_empty_int_array        = MetadataFactory::new_array<int>(null_cld, 0, CHECK);
 309         _the_empty_short_array      = MetadataFactory::new_array<u2>(null_cld, 0, CHECK);
 310         _the_empty_method_array     = MetadataFactory::new_array<Method*>(null_cld, 0, CHECK);
 311         _the_empty_klass_array      = MetadataFactory::new_array<Klass*>(null_cld, 0, CHECK);
 312       }
 313     }
 314 
 315     vmSymbols::initialize(CHECK);
 316 
 317     SystemDictionary::initialize(CHECK);
 318 
 319     Klass* ok = SystemDictionary::Object_klass();
 320 
 321     _the_null_string            = StringTable::intern("null", CHECK);
 322     _the_min_jint_string       = StringTable::intern("-2147483648", CHECK);
 323 
 324     if (UseSharedSpaces) {
 325       // Verify shared interfaces array.
 326       assert(_the_array_interfaces_array->at(0) ==
 327              SystemDictionary::Cloneable_klass(), "u3");
 328       assert(_the_array_interfaces_array->at(1) ==
 329              SystemDictionary::Serializable_klass(), "u3");
 330       MetaspaceShared::fixup_shared_string_regions();
 331     } else {
 332       // Set up shared interfaces array.  (Do this before supers are set up.)
 333       _the_array_interfaces_array->at_put(0, SystemDictionary::Cloneable_klass());
 334       _the_array_interfaces_array->at_put(1, SystemDictionary::Serializable_klass());
 335     }
 336 
 337     initialize_basic_type_klass(boolArrayKlassObj(), CHECK);
 338     initialize_basic_type_klass(charArrayKlassObj(), CHECK);
 339     initialize_basic_type_klass(singleArrayKlassObj(), CHECK);
 340     initialize_basic_type_klass(doubleArrayKlassObj(), CHECK);
 341     initialize_basic_type_klass(byteArrayKlassObj(), CHECK);
 342     initialize_basic_type_klass(shortArrayKlassObj(), CHECK);
 343     initialize_basic_type_klass(intArrayKlassObj(), CHECK);
 344     initialize_basic_type_klass(longArrayKlassObj(), CHECK);
 345   } // end of core bootstrapping
 346 
 347   // Maybe this could be lifted up now that object array can be initialized
 348   // during the bootstrapping.
 349 
 350   // OLD
 351   // Initialize _objectArrayKlass after core bootstraping to make
 352   // sure the super class is set up properly for _objectArrayKlass.
 353   // ---
 354   // NEW
 355   // Since some of the old system object arrays have been converted to
 356   // ordinary object arrays, _objectArrayKlass will be loaded when
 357   // SystemDictionary::initialize(CHECK); is run. See the extra check
 358   // for Object_klass_loaded in objArrayKlassKlass::allocate_objArray_klass_impl.
 359   _objectArrayKlassObj = InstanceKlass::
 360     cast(SystemDictionary::Object_klass())->array_klass(1, CHECK);
 361   // OLD
 362   // Add the class to the class hierarchy manually to make sure that
 363   // its vtable is initialized after core bootstrapping is completed.
 364   // ---
 365   // New
 366   // Have already been initialized.
 367   _objectArrayKlassObj->append_to_sibling_list();
 368 
 369   #ifdef ASSERT
 370   if (FullGCALot) {
 371     // Allocate an array of dummy objects.
 372     // We'd like these to be at the bottom of the old generation,
 373     // so that when we free one and then collect,
 374     // (almost) the whole heap moves
 375     // and we find out if we actually update all the oops correctly.
 376     // But we can't allocate directly in the old generation,
 377     // so we allocate wherever, and hope that the first collection
 378     // moves these objects to the bottom of the old generation.
 379     // We can allocate directly in the permanent generation, so we do.
 380     int size;
 381     if (UseConcMarkSweepGC) {
 382       log_warning(gc)("Using +FullGCALot with concurrent mark sweep gc will not force all objects to relocate");
 383       size = FullGCALotDummies;
 384     } else {
 385       size = FullGCALotDummies * 2;
 386     }
 387     objArrayOop    naked_array = oopFactory::new_objArray(SystemDictionary::Object_klass(), size, CHECK);
 388     objArrayHandle dummy_array(THREAD, naked_array);
 389     int i = 0;
 390     while (i < size) {
 391         // Allocate dummy in old generation
 392       oop dummy = SystemDictionary::Object_klass()->allocate_instance(CHECK);
 393       dummy_array->obj_at_put(i++, dummy);
 394     }
 395     {
 396       // Only modify the global variable inside the mutex.
 397       // If we had a race to here, the other dummy_array instances
 398       // and their elements just get dropped on the floor, which is fine.
 399       MutexLocker ml(FullGCALot_lock);
 400       if (_fullgc_alot_dummy_array == NULL) {
 401         _fullgc_alot_dummy_array = dummy_array();
 402       }
 403     }
 404     assert(i == _fullgc_alot_dummy_array->length(), "just checking");
 405   }
 406   #endif
 407 
 408   // Initialize dependency array for null class loader
 409   ClassLoaderData::the_null_class_loader_data()->init_dependencies(CHECK);
 410 
 411 }
 412 
 413 // CDS support for patching vtables in metadata in the shared archive.
 414 // All types inherited from Metadata have vtables, but not types inherited
 415 // from MetaspaceObj, because the latter does not have virtual functions.
 416 // If the metadata type has a vtable, it cannot be shared in the read-only
 417 // section of the CDS archive, because the vtable pointer is patched.
 418 static inline void add_vtable(void** list, int* n, void* o, int count) {
 419   guarantee((*n) < count, "vtable list too small");
 420   void* vtable = dereference_vptr(o);
 421   assert(*(void**)(vtable) != NULL, "invalid vtable");
 422   list[(*n)++] = vtable;
 423 }
 424 
 425 void Universe::init_self_patching_vtbl_list(void** list, int count) {
 426   int n = 0;
 427   { InstanceKlass o;          add_vtable(list, &n, &o, count); }
 428   { InstanceClassLoaderKlass o; add_vtable(list, &n, &o, count); }
 429   { InstanceMirrorKlass o;    add_vtable(list, &n, &o, count); }
 430   { InstanceRefKlass o;       add_vtable(list, &n, &o, count); }
 431   { TypeArrayKlass o;         add_vtable(list, &n, &o, count); }
 432   { ObjArrayKlass o;          add_vtable(list, &n, &o, count); }
 433   { Method o;                 add_vtable(list, &n, &o, count); }
 434   { ConstantPool o;           add_vtable(list, &n, &o, count); }
 435 }
 436 
 437 void Universe::initialize_basic_type_mirrors(TRAPS) {
 438     assert(_int_mirror==NULL, "basic type mirrors already initialized");
 439     _int_mirror     =
 440       java_lang_Class::create_basic_type_mirror("int",    T_INT, CHECK);
 441     _float_mirror   =
 442       java_lang_Class::create_basic_type_mirror("float",  T_FLOAT,   CHECK);
 443     _double_mirror  =
 444       java_lang_Class::create_basic_type_mirror("double", T_DOUBLE,  CHECK);
 445     _byte_mirror    =
 446       java_lang_Class::create_basic_type_mirror("byte",   T_BYTE, CHECK);
 447     _bool_mirror    =
 448       java_lang_Class::create_basic_type_mirror("boolean",T_BOOLEAN, CHECK);
 449     _char_mirror    =
 450       java_lang_Class::create_basic_type_mirror("char",   T_CHAR, CHECK);
 451     _long_mirror    =
 452       java_lang_Class::create_basic_type_mirror("long",   T_LONG, CHECK);
 453     _short_mirror   =
 454       java_lang_Class::create_basic_type_mirror("short",  T_SHORT,   CHECK);
 455     _void_mirror    =
 456       java_lang_Class::create_basic_type_mirror("void",   T_VOID, CHECK);
 457 
 458     _mirrors[T_INT]     = _int_mirror;
 459     _mirrors[T_FLOAT]   = _float_mirror;
 460     _mirrors[T_DOUBLE]  = _double_mirror;
 461     _mirrors[T_BYTE]    = _byte_mirror;
 462     _mirrors[T_BOOLEAN] = _bool_mirror;
 463     _mirrors[T_CHAR]    = _char_mirror;
 464     _mirrors[T_LONG]    = _long_mirror;
 465     _mirrors[T_SHORT]   = _short_mirror;
 466     _mirrors[T_VOID]    = _void_mirror;
 467   //_mirrors[T_OBJECT]  = _object_klass->java_mirror();
 468   //_mirrors[T_ARRAY]   = _object_klass->java_mirror();
 469 }
 470 
 471 void Universe::fixup_mirrors(TRAPS) {
 472   // Bootstrap problem: all classes gets a mirror (java.lang.Class instance) assigned eagerly,
 473   // but we cannot do that for classes created before java.lang.Class is loaded. Here we simply
 474   // walk over permanent objects created so far (mostly classes) and fixup their mirrors. Note
 475   // that the number of objects allocated at this point is very small.
 476   assert(SystemDictionary::Class_klass_loaded(), "java.lang.Class should be loaded");
 477   HandleMark hm(THREAD);
 478   // Cache the start of the static fields
 479   InstanceMirrorKlass::init_offset_of_static_fields();
 480 
 481   GrowableArray <Klass*>* list = java_lang_Class::fixup_mirror_list();
 482   int list_length = list->length();
 483   for (int i = 0; i < list_length; i++) {
 484     Klass* k = list->at(i);
 485     assert(k->is_klass(), "List should only hold classes");
 486     EXCEPTION_MARK;
 487     KlassHandle kh(THREAD, k);
 488     java_lang_Class::fixup_mirror(kh, CATCH);
 489 }
 490   delete java_lang_Class::fixup_mirror_list();
 491   java_lang_Class::set_fixup_mirror_list(NULL);
 492 }
 493 
 494 #define assert_pll_locked(test) \
 495   assert(Heap_lock->test(), "Reference pending list access requires lock")
 496 
 497 #define assert_pll_ownership() assert_pll_locked(owned_by_self)
 498 
 499 oop Universe::reference_pending_list() {
 500   assert_pll_ownership();
 501   return _reference_pending_list;
 502 }
 503 
 504 void Universe::set_reference_pending_list(oop list) {
 505   assert_pll_ownership();
 506   _reference_pending_list = list;
 507 }
 508 
 509 bool Universe::has_reference_pending_list() {
 510   assert_pll_ownership();
 511   return _reference_pending_list != NULL;
 512 }
 513 
 514 oop Universe::swap_reference_pending_list(oop list) {
 515   assert_pll_locked(is_locked);
 516   return (oop)Atomic::xchg_ptr(list, &_reference_pending_list);
 517 }
 518 
 519 #undef assert_pll_locked
 520 #undef assert_pll_ownership
 521 
 522 
 523 static bool has_run_finalizers_on_exit = false;
 524 
 525 void Universe::run_finalizers_on_exit() {
 526   if (has_run_finalizers_on_exit) return;
 527   has_run_finalizers_on_exit = true;
 528 
 529   // Called on VM exit. This ought to be run in a separate thread.
 530   log_trace(ref)("Callback to run finalizers on exit");
 531   {
 532     PRESERVE_EXCEPTION_MARK;
 533     KlassHandle finalizer_klass(THREAD, SystemDictionary::Finalizer_klass());
 534     JavaValue result(T_VOID);
 535     JavaCalls::call_static(
 536       &result,
 537       finalizer_klass,
 538       vmSymbols::run_finalizers_on_exit_name(),
 539       vmSymbols::void_method_signature(),
 540       THREAD
 541     );
 542     // Ignore any pending exceptions
 543     CLEAR_PENDING_EXCEPTION;
 544   }
 545 }
 546 
 547 
 548 // initialize_vtable could cause gc if
 549 // 1) we specified true to initialize_vtable and
 550 // 2) this ran after gc was enabled
 551 // In case those ever change we use handles for oops
 552 void Universe::reinitialize_vtable_of(KlassHandle k_h, TRAPS) {
 553   // init vtable of k and all subclasses
 554   Klass* ko = k_h();
 555   klassVtable* vt = ko->vtable();
 556   if (vt) vt->initialize_vtable(false, CHECK);
 557   if (ko->is_instance_klass()) {
 558     for (KlassHandle s_h(THREAD, ko->subklass());
 559          s_h() != NULL;
 560          s_h = KlassHandle(THREAD, s_h()->next_sibling())) {
 561       reinitialize_vtable_of(s_h, CHECK);
 562     }
 563   }
 564 }
 565 
 566 
 567 void initialize_itable_for_klass(Klass* k, TRAPS) {
 568   InstanceKlass::cast(k)->itable()->initialize_itable(false, CHECK);
 569 }
 570 
 571 
 572 void Universe::reinitialize_itables(TRAPS) {
 573   SystemDictionary::classes_do(initialize_itable_for_klass, CHECK);
 574 
 575 }
 576 
 577 
 578 bool Universe::on_page_boundary(void* addr) {
 579   return ((uintptr_t) addr) % os::vm_page_size() == 0;
 580 }
 581 
 582 
 583 bool Universe::should_fill_in_stack_trace(Handle throwable) {
 584   // never attempt to fill in the stack trace of preallocated errors that do not have
 585   // backtrace. These errors are kept alive forever and may be "re-used" when all
 586   // preallocated errors with backtrace have been consumed. Also need to avoid
 587   // a potential loop which could happen if an out of memory occurs when attempting
 588   // to allocate the backtrace.
 589   return ((throwable() != Universe::_out_of_memory_error_java_heap) &&
 590           (throwable() != Universe::_out_of_memory_error_metaspace)  &&
 591           (throwable() != Universe::_out_of_memory_error_class_metaspace)  &&
 592           (throwable() != Universe::_out_of_memory_error_array_size) &&
 593           (throwable() != Universe::_out_of_memory_error_gc_overhead_limit) &&
 594           (throwable() != Universe::_out_of_memory_error_realloc_objects));
 595 }
 596 
 597 
 598 oop Universe::gen_out_of_memory_error(oop default_err) {
 599   // generate an out of memory error:
 600   // - if there is a preallocated error and stack traces are available
 601   //   (j.l.Throwable is initialized), then return the preallocated
 602   //   error with a filled in stack trace, and with the message
 603   //   provided by the default error.
 604   // - otherwise, return the default error, without a stack trace.
 605   int next;
 606   if ((_preallocated_out_of_memory_error_avail_count > 0) &&
 607       SystemDictionary::Throwable_klass()->is_initialized()) {
 608     next = (int)Atomic::add(-1, &_preallocated_out_of_memory_error_avail_count);
 609     assert(next < (int)PreallocatedOutOfMemoryErrorCount, "avail count is corrupt");
 610   } else {
 611     next = -1;
 612   }
 613   if (next < 0) {
 614     // all preallocated errors have been used.
 615     // return default
 616     return default_err;
 617   } else {
 618     // get the error object at the slot and set set it to NULL so that the
 619     // array isn't keeping it alive anymore.
 620     oop exc = preallocated_out_of_memory_errors()->obj_at(next);
 621     assert(exc != NULL, "slot has been used already");
 622     preallocated_out_of_memory_errors()->obj_at_put(next, NULL);
 623 
 624     // use the message from the default error
 625     oop msg = java_lang_Throwable::message(default_err);
 626     assert(msg != NULL, "no message");
 627     java_lang_Throwable::set_message(exc, msg);
 628 
 629     // populate the stack trace and return it.
 630     java_lang_Throwable::fill_in_stack_trace_of_preallocated_backtrace(exc);
 631     return exc;
 632   }
 633 }
 634 
 635 intptr_t Universe::_non_oop_bits = 0;
 636 
 637 void* Universe::non_oop_word() {
 638   // Neither the high bits nor the low bits of this value is allowed
 639   // to look like (respectively) the high or low bits of a real oop.
 640   //
 641   // High and low are CPU-specific notions, but low always includes
 642   // the low-order bit.  Since oops are always aligned at least mod 4,
 643   // setting the low-order bit will ensure that the low half of the
 644   // word will never look like that of a real oop.
 645   //
 646   // Using the OS-supplied non-memory-address word (usually 0 or -1)
 647   // will take care of the high bits, however many there are.
 648 
 649   if (_non_oop_bits == 0) {
 650     _non_oop_bits = (intptr_t)os::non_memory_address_word() | 1;
 651   }
 652 
 653   return (void*)_non_oop_bits;
 654 }
 655 
 656 jint universe_init() {
 657   assert(!Universe::_fully_initialized, "called after initialize_vtables");
 658   guarantee(1 << LogHeapWordSize == sizeof(HeapWord),
 659          "LogHeapWordSize is incorrect.");
 660   guarantee(sizeof(oop) >= sizeof(HeapWord), "HeapWord larger than oop?");
 661   guarantee(sizeof(oop) % sizeof(HeapWord) == 0,
 662             "oop size is not not a multiple of HeapWord size");
 663 
 664   TraceTime timer("Genesis", TRACETIME_LOG(Info, startuptime));
 665 
 666   JavaClasses::compute_hard_coded_offsets();
 667 
 668   jint status = Universe::initialize_heap();
 669   if (status != JNI_OK) {
 670     return status;
 671   }
 672 
 673   Metaspace::global_initialize();
 674 
 675   AOTLoader::universe_init();
 676 
 677   // Checks 'AfterMemoryInit' constraints.
 678   if (!CommandLineFlagConstraintList::check_constraints(CommandLineFlagConstraint::AfterMemoryInit)) {
 679     return JNI_EINVAL;
 680   }
 681 
 682   // Create memory for metadata.  Must be after initializing heap for
 683   // DumpSharedSpaces.
 684   ClassLoaderData::init_null_class_loader_data();
 685 
 686   // We have a heap so create the Method* caches before
 687   // Metaspace::initialize_shared_spaces() tries to populate them.
 688   Universe::_finalizer_register_cache = new LatestMethodCache();
 689   Universe::_loader_addClass_cache    = new LatestMethodCache();
 690   Universe::_pd_implies_cache         = new LatestMethodCache();
 691   Universe::_throw_illegal_access_error_cache = new LatestMethodCache();
 692   Universe::_do_stack_walk_cache = new LatestMethodCache();
 693 
 694   if (UseSharedSpaces) {
 695     // Read the data structures supporting the shared spaces (shared
 696     // system dictionary, symbol table, etc.).  After that, access to
 697     // the file (other than the mapped regions) is no longer needed, and
 698     // the file is closed. Closing the file does not affect the
 699     // currently mapped regions.
 700     MetaspaceShared::initialize_shared_spaces();
 701     StringTable::create_table();
 702   } else {
 703     SymbolTable::create_table();
 704     StringTable::create_table();
 705 
 706     if (DumpSharedSpaces) {
 707       MetaspaceShared::prepare_for_dumping();
 708     }
 709   }
 710   if (strlen(VerifySubSet) > 0) {
 711     Universe::initialize_verify_flags();
 712   }
 713 
 714   return JNI_OK;
 715 }
 716 
 717 CollectedHeap* Universe::create_heap() {
 718   assert(_collectedHeap == NULL, "Heap already created");
 719 #if !INCLUDE_ALL_GCS
 720   if (UseParallelGC) {
 721     fatal("UseParallelGC not supported in this VM.");
 722   } else if (UseG1GC) {
 723     fatal("UseG1GC not supported in this VM.");
 724   } else if (UseConcMarkSweepGC) {
 725     fatal("UseConcMarkSweepGC not supported in this VM.");
 726 #else
 727   if (UseParallelGC) {
 728     return Universe::create_heap_with_policy<ParallelScavengeHeap, GenerationSizer>();
 729   } else if (UseG1GC) {
 730     return Universe::create_heap_with_policy<G1CollectedHeap, G1CollectorPolicy>();
 731   } else if (UseConcMarkSweepGC) {
 732     return Universe::create_heap_with_policy<GenCollectedHeap, ConcurrentMarkSweepPolicy>();
 733 #endif
 734   } else if (UseSerialGC) {
 735     return Universe::create_heap_with_policy<GenCollectedHeap, MarkSweepPolicy>();
 736   }
 737 
 738   ShouldNotReachHere();
 739   return NULL;
 740 }
 741 
 742 // Choose the heap base address and oop encoding mode
 743 // when compressed oops are used:
 744 // Unscaled  - Use 32-bits oops without encoding when
 745 //     NarrowOopHeapBaseMin + heap_size < 4Gb
 746 // ZeroBased - Use zero based compressed oops with encoding when
 747 //     NarrowOopHeapBaseMin + heap_size < 32Gb
 748 // HeapBased - Use compressed oops with heap base + encoding.
 749 
 750 jint Universe::initialize_heap() {
 751   jint status = JNI_ERR;
 752 
 753   _collectedHeap = create_heap_ext();
 754   if (_collectedHeap == NULL) {
 755     _collectedHeap = create_heap();
 756   }
 757 
 758   status = _collectedHeap->initialize();
 759   if (status != JNI_OK) {
 760     return status;
 761   }
 762   log_info(gc)("Using %s", _collectedHeap->name());
 763 
 764   ThreadLocalAllocBuffer::set_max_size(Universe::heap()->max_tlab_size());
 765 
 766 #ifdef _LP64
 767   if (UseCompressedOops) {
 768     // Subtract a page because something can get allocated at heap base.
 769     // This also makes implicit null checking work, because the
 770     // memory+1 page below heap_base needs to cause a signal.
 771     // See needs_explicit_null_check.
 772     // Only set the heap base for compressed oops because it indicates
 773     // compressed oops for pstack code.
 774     if ((uint64_t)Universe::heap()->reserved_region().end() > UnscaledOopHeapMax) {
 775       // Didn't reserve heap below 4Gb.  Must shift.
 776       Universe::set_narrow_oop_shift(LogMinObjAlignmentInBytes);
 777     }
 778     if ((uint64_t)Universe::heap()->reserved_region().end() <= OopEncodingHeapMax) {
 779       // Did reserve heap below 32Gb. Can use base == 0;
 780       Universe::set_narrow_oop_base(0);
 781     }
 782 
 783     Universe::set_narrow_ptrs_base(Universe::narrow_oop_base());
 784 
 785     if (log_is_enabled(Info, gc, heap, coops)) {
 786       ResourceMark rm;
 787       outputStream* logst = Log(gc, heap, coops)::info_stream();
 788       Universe::print_compressed_oops_mode(logst);
 789     }
 790 
 791     // Tell tests in which mode we run.
 792     Arguments::PropertyList_add(new SystemProperty("java.vm.compressedOopsMode",
 793                                                    narrow_oop_mode_to_string(narrow_oop_mode()),
 794                                                    false));
 795   }
 796   // Universe::narrow_oop_base() is one page below the heap.
 797   assert((intptr_t)Universe::narrow_oop_base() <= (intptr_t)(Universe::heap()->base() -
 798          os::vm_page_size()) ||
 799          Universe::narrow_oop_base() == NULL, "invalid value");
 800   assert(Universe::narrow_oop_shift() == LogMinObjAlignmentInBytes ||
 801          Universe::narrow_oop_shift() == 0, "invalid value");
 802 #endif
 803 
 804   // We will never reach the CATCH below since Exceptions::_throw will cause
 805   // the VM to exit if an exception is thrown during initialization
 806 
 807   if (UseTLAB) {
 808     assert(Universe::heap()->supports_tlab_allocation(),
 809            "Should support thread-local allocation buffers");
 810     ThreadLocalAllocBuffer::startup_initialization();
 811   }
 812   return JNI_OK;
 813 }
 814 
 815 void Universe::print_compressed_oops_mode(outputStream* st) {
 816   st->print("Heap address: " PTR_FORMAT ", size: " SIZE_FORMAT " MB",
 817             p2i(Universe::heap()->base()), Universe::heap()->reserved_region().byte_size()/M);
 818 
 819   st->print(", Compressed Oops mode: %s", narrow_oop_mode_to_string(narrow_oop_mode()));
 820 
 821   if (Universe::narrow_oop_base() != 0) {
 822     st->print(": " PTR_FORMAT, p2i(Universe::narrow_oop_base()));
 823   }
 824 
 825   if (Universe::narrow_oop_shift() != 0) {
 826     st->print(", Oop shift amount: %d", Universe::narrow_oop_shift());
 827   }
 828 
 829   if (!Universe::narrow_oop_use_implicit_null_checks()) {
 830     st->print(", no protected page in front of the heap");
 831   }
 832   st->cr();
 833 }
 834 
 835 ReservedSpace Universe::reserve_heap(size_t heap_size, size_t alignment) {
 836 
 837   assert(alignment <= Arguments::conservative_max_heap_alignment(),
 838          "actual alignment " SIZE_FORMAT " must be within maximum heap alignment " SIZE_FORMAT,
 839          alignment, Arguments::conservative_max_heap_alignment());
 840 
 841   size_t total_reserved = align_size_up(heap_size, alignment);
 842   assert(!UseCompressedOops || (total_reserved <= (OopEncodingHeapMax - os::vm_page_size())),
 843       "heap size is too big for compressed oops");
 844 
 845   bool use_large_pages = UseLargePages && is_size_aligned(alignment, os::large_page_size());
 846   assert(!UseLargePages
 847       || UseParallelGC
 848       || use_large_pages, "Wrong alignment to use large pages");
 849 
 850   // Now create the space.
 851   ReservedHeapSpace total_rs(total_reserved, alignment, use_large_pages);
 852 
 853   if (total_rs.is_reserved()) {
 854     assert((total_reserved == total_rs.size()) && ((uintptr_t)total_rs.base() % alignment == 0),
 855            "must be exactly of required size and alignment");
 856     // We are good.
 857 
 858     if (UseCompressedOops) {
 859       // Universe::initialize_heap() will reset this to NULL if unscaled
 860       // or zero-based narrow oops are actually used.
 861       // Else heap start and base MUST differ, so that NULL can be encoded nonambigous.
 862       Universe::set_narrow_oop_base((address)total_rs.compressed_oop_base());
 863     }
 864 
 865     return total_rs;
 866   }
 867 
 868   vm_exit_during_initialization(
 869     err_msg("Could not reserve enough space for " SIZE_FORMAT "KB object heap",
 870             total_reserved/K));
 871 
 872   // satisfy compiler
 873   ShouldNotReachHere();
 874   return ReservedHeapSpace(0, 0, false);
 875 }
 876 
 877 
 878 // It's the caller's responsibility to ensure glitch-freedom
 879 // (if required).
 880 void Universe::update_heap_info_at_gc() {
 881   _heap_capacity_at_last_gc = heap()->capacity();
 882   _heap_used_at_last_gc     = heap()->used();
 883 }
 884 
 885 
 886 const char* Universe::narrow_oop_mode_to_string(Universe::NARROW_OOP_MODE mode) {
 887   switch (mode) {
 888     case UnscaledNarrowOop:
 889       return "32-bit";
 890     case ZeroBasedNarrowOop:
 891       return "Zero based";
 892     case DisjointBaseNarrowOop:
 893       return "Non-zero disjoint base";
 894     case HeapBasedNarrowOop:
 895       return "Non-zero based";
 896   }
 897 
 898   ShouldNotReachHere();
 899   return "";
 900 }
 901 
 902 
 903 Universe::NARROW_OOP_MODE Universe::narrow_oop_mode() {
 904   if (narrow_oop_base_disjoint()) {
 905     return DisjointBaseNarrowOop;
 906   }
 907 
 908   if (narrow_oop_base() != 0) {
 909     return HeapBasedNarrowOop;
 910   }
 911 
 912   if (narrow_oop_shift() != 0) {
 913     return ZeroBasedNarrowOop;
 914   }
 915 
 916   return UnscaledNarrowOop;
 917 }
 918 
 919 void initialize_known_method(LatestMethodCache* method_cache,
 920                              InstanceKlass* ik,
 921                              const char* method,
 922                              Symbol* signature,
 923                              bool is_static, TRAPS)
 924 {
 925   TempNewSymbol name = SymbolTable::new_symbol(method, CHECK);
 926   Method* m = NULL;
 927   // The klass must be linked before looking up the method.
 928   if (!ik->link_class_or_fail(THREAD) ||
 929       ((m = ik->find_method(name, signature)) == NULL) ||
 930       is_static != m->is_static()) {
 931     ResourceMark rm(THREAD);
 932     // NoSuchMethodException doesn't actually work because it tries to run the
 933     // <init> function before java_lang_Class is linked. Print error and exit.
 934     vm_exit_during_initialization(err_msg("Unable to link/verify %s.%s method",
 935                                  ik->name()->as_C_string(), method));
 936   }
 937   method_cache->init(ik, m);
 938 }
 939 
 940 void Universe::initialize_known_methods(TRAPS) {
 941   // Set up static method for registering finalizers
 942   initialize_known_method(_finalizer_register_cache,
 943                           SystemDictionary::Finalizer_klass(),
 944                           "register",
 945                           vmSymbols::object_void_signature(), true, CHECK);
 946 
 947   initialize_known_method(_throw_illegal_access_error_cache,
 948                           SystemDictionary::internal_Unsafe_klass(),
 949                           "throwIllegalAccessError",
 950                           vmSymbols::void_method_signature(), true, CHECK);
 951 
 952   // Set up method for registering loaded classes in class loader vector
 953   initialize_known_method(_loader_addClass_cache,
 954                           SystemDictionary::ClassLoader_klass(),
 955                           "addClass",
 956                           vmSymbols::class_void_signature(), false, CHECK);
 957 
 958   // Set up method for checking protection domain
 959   initialize_known_method(_pd_implies_cache,
 960                           SystemDictionary::ProtectionDomain_klass(),
 961                           "impliesCreateAccessControlContext",
 962                           vmSymbols::void_boolean_signature(), false, CHECK);
 963 
 964   // Set up method for stack walking
 965   initialize_known_method(_do_stack_walk_cache,
 966                           SystemDictionary::AbstractStackWalker_klass(),
 967                           "doStackWalk",
 968                           vmSymbols::doStackWalk_signature(), false, CHECK);
 969 }
 970 
 971 void universe2_init() {
 972   EXCEPTION_MARK;
 973   Universe::genesis(CATCH);
 974 }
 975 
 976 // Set after initialization of the module runtime, call_initModuleRuntime
 977 void universe_post_module_init() {
 978   Universe::_module_initialized = true;
 979 }
 980 
 981 bool universe_post_init() {
 982   assert(!is_init_completed(), "Error: initialization not yet completed!");
 983   Universe::_fully_initialized = true;
 984   EXCEPTION_MARK;
 985   { ResourceMark rm;
 986     Interpreter::initialize();      // needed for interpreter entry points
 987     if (!UseSharedSpaces) {
 988       HandleMark hm(THREAD);
 989       KlassHandle ok_h(THREAD, SystemDictionary::Object_klass());
 990       Universe::reinitialize_vtable_of(ok_h, CHECK_false);
 991       Universe::reinitialize_itables(CHECK_false);
 992     }
 993   }
 994 
 995   HandleMark hm(THREAD);
 996   Klass* k;
 997   instanceKlassHandle k_h;
 998   // Setup preallocated empty java.lang.Class array
 999   Universe::_the_empty_class_klass_array = oopFactory::new_objArray(SystemDictionary::Class_klass(), 0, CHECK_false);
1000 
1001   // Setup preallocated OutOfMemoryError errors
1002   k = SystemDictionary::resolve_or_fail(vmSymbols::java_lang_OutOfMemoryError(), true, CHECK_false);
1003   k_h = instanceKlassHandle(THREAD, k);
1004   Universe::_out_of_memory_error_java_heap = k_h->allocate_instance(CHECK_false);
1005   Universe::_out_of_memory_error_metaspace = k_h->allocate_instance(CHECK_false);
1006   Universe::_out_of_memory_error_class_metaspace = k_h->allocate_instance(CHECK_false);
1007   Universe::_out_of_memory_error_array_size = k_h->allocate_instance(CHECK_false);
1008   Universe::_out_of_memory_error_gc_overhead_limit =
1009     k_h->allocate_instance(CHECK_false);
1010   Universe::_out_of_memory_error_realloc_objects = k_h->allocate_instance(CHECK_false);
1011 
1012   // Setup preallocated cause message for delayed StackOverflowError
1013   if (StackReservedPages > 0) {
1014     Universe::_delayed_stack_overflow_error_message =
1015       java_lang_String::create_oop_from_str("Delayed StackOverflowError due to ReservedStackAccess annotated method", CHECK_false);
1016   }
1017 
1018   // Setup preallocated NullPointerException
1019   // (this is currently used for a cheap & dirty solution in compiler exception handling)
1020   k = SystemDictionary::resolve_or_fail(vmSymbols::java_lang_NullPointerException(), true, CHECK_false);
1021   Universe::_null_ptr_exception_instance = InstanceKlass::cast(k)->allocate_instance(CHECK_false);
1022   // Setup preallocated ArithmeticException
1023   // (this is currently used for a cheap & dirty solution in compiler exception handling)
1024   k = SystemDictionary::resolve_or_fail(vmSymbols::java_lang_ArithmeticException(), true, CHECK_false);
1025   Universe::_arithmetic_exception_instance = InstanceKlass::cast(k)->allocate_instance(CHECK_false);
1026   // Virtual Machine Error for when we get into a situation we can't resolve
1027   k = SystemDictionary::resolve_or_fail(
1028     vmSymbols::java_lang_VirtualMachineError(), true, CHECK_false);
1029   bool linked = InstanceKlass::cast(k)->link_class_or_fail(CHECK_false);
1030   if (!linked) {
1031     tty->print_cr("Unable to link/verify VirtualMachineError class");
1032     return false; // initialization failed
1033   }
1034   Universe::_virtual_machine_error_instance =
1035     InstanceKlass::cast(k)->allocate_instance(CHECK_false);
1036 
1037   Universe::_vm_exception = InstanceKlass::cast(k)->allocate_instance(CHECK_false);
1038 
1039   if (!DumpSharedSpaces) {
1040     // These are the only Java fields that are currently set during shared space dumping.
1041     // We prefer to not handle this generally, so we always reinitialize these detail messages.
1042     Handle msg = java_lang_String::create_from_str("Java heap space", CHECK_false);
1043     java_lang_Throwable::set_message(Universe::_out_of_memory_error_java_heap, msg());
1044 
1045     msg = java_lang_String::create_from_str("Metaspace", CHECK_false);
1046     java_lang_Throwable::set_message(Universe::_out_of_memory_error_metaspace, msg());
1047     msg = java_lang_String::create_from_str("Compressed class space", CHECK_false);
1048     java_lang_Throwable::set_message(Universe::_out_of_memory_error_class_metaspace, msg());
1049 
1050     msg = java_lang_String::create_from_str("Requested array size exceeds VM limit", CHECK_false);
1051     java_lang_Throwable::set_message(Universe::_out_of_memory_error_array_size, msg());
1052 
1053     msg = java_lang_String::create_from_str("GC overhead limit exceeded", CHECK_false);
1054     java_lang_Throwable::set_message(Universe::_out_of_memory_error_gc_overhead_limit, msg());
1055 
1056     msg = java_lang_String::create_from_str("Java heap space: failed reallocation of scalar replaced objects", CHECK_false);
1057     java_lang_Throwable::set_message(Universe::_out_of_memory_error_realloc_objects, msg());
1058 
1059     msg = java_lang_String::create_from_str("/ by zero", CHECK_false);
1060     java_lang_Throwable::set_message(Universe::_arithmetic_exception_instance, msg());
1061 
1062     // Setup the array of errors that have preallocated backtrace
1063     k = Universe::_out_of_memory_error_java_heap->klass();
1064     assert(k->name() == vmSymbols::java_lang_OutOfMemoryError(), "should be out of memory error");
1065     k_h = instanceKlassHandle(THREAD, k);
1066 
1067     int len = (StackTraceInThrowable) ? (int)PreallocatedOutOfMemoryErrorCount : 0;
1068     Universe::_preallocated_out_of_memory_error_array = oopFactory::new_objArray(k_h(), len, CHECK_false);
1069     for (int i=0; i<len; i++) {
1070       oop err = k_h->allocate_instance(CHECK_false);
1071       Handle err_h = Handle(THREAD, err);
1072       java_lang_Throwable::allocate_backtrace(err_h, CHECK_false);
1073       Universe::preallocated_out_of_memory_errors()->obj_at_put(i, err_h());
1074     }
1075     Universe::_preallocated_out_of_memory_error_avail_count = (jint)len;
1076   }
1077 
1078   Universe::initialize_known_methods(CHECK_false);
1079 
1080   // This needs to be done before the first scavenge/gc, since
1081   // it's an input to soft ref clearing policy.
1082   {
1083     MutexLocker x(Heap_lock);
1084     Universe::update_heap_info_at_gc();
1085   }
1086 
1087   // ("weak") refs processing infrastructure initialization
1088   Universe::heap()->post_initialize();
1089 
1090   // Initialize performance counters for metaspaces
1091   MetaspaceCounters::initialize_performance_counters();
1092   CompressedClassSpaceCounters::initialize_performance_counters();
1093 
1094   MemoryService::add_metaspace_memory_pools();
1095 
1096   MemoryService::set_universe_heap(Universe::heap());
1097 #if INCLUDE_CDS
1098   SharedClassUtil::initialize(CHECK_false);
1099 #endif
1100   return true;
1101 }
1102 
1103 
1104 void Universe::compute_base_vtable_size() {
1105   _base_vtable_size = ClassLoader::compute_Object_vtable();
1106 }
1107 
1108 void Universe::print_on(outputStream* st) {
1109   GCMutexLocker hl(Heap_lock); // Heap_lock might be locked by caller thread.
1110   st->print_cr("Heap");
1111   heap()->print_on(st);
1112 }
1113 
1114 void Universe::print_heap_at_SIGBREAK() {
1115   if (PrintHeapAtSIGBREAK) {
1116     print_on(tty);
1117     tty->cr();
1118     tty->flush();
1119   }
1120 }
1121 
1122 void Universe::print_heap_before_gc() {
1123   Log(gc, heap) log;
1124   if (log.is_debug()) {
1125     log.debug("Heap before GC invocations=%u (full %u):", heap()->total_collections(), heap()->total_full_collections());
1126     ResourceMark rm;
1127     heap()->print_on(log.debug_stream());
1128   }
1129 }
1130 
1131 void Universe::print_heap_after_gc() {
1132   Log(gc, heap) log;
1133   if (log.is_debug()) {
1134     log.debug("Heap after GC invocations=%u (full %u):", heap()->total_collections(), heap()->total_full_collections());
1135     ResourceMark rm;
1136     heap()->print_on(log.debug_stream());
1137   }
1138 }
1139 
1140 void Universe::initialize_verify_flags() {
1141   verify_flags = 0;
1142   const char delimiter[] = " ,";
1143 
1144   size_t length = strlen(VerifySubSet);
1145   char* subset_list = NEW_C_HEAP_ARRAY(char, length + 1, mtInternal);
1146   strncpy(subset_list, VerifySubSet, length + 1);
1147 
1148   char* token = strtok(subset_list, delimiter);
1149   while (token != NULL) {
1150     if (strcmp(token, "threads") == 0) {
1151       verify_flags |= Verify_Threads;
1152     } else if (strcmp(token, "heap") == 0) {
1153       verify_flags |= Verify_Heap;
1154     } else if (strcmp(token, "symbol_table") == 0) {
1155       verify_flags |= Verify_SymbolTable;
1156     } else if (strcmp(token, "string_table") == 0) {
1157       verify_flags |= Verify_StringTable;
1158     } else if (strcmp(token, "codecache") == 0) {
1159       verify_flags |= Verify_CodeCache;
1160     } else if (strcmp(token, "dictionary") == 0) {
1161       verify_flags |= Verify_SystemDictionary;
1162     } else if (strcmp(token, "classloader_data_graph") == 0) {
1163       verify_flags |= Verify_ClassLoaderDataGraph;
1164     } else if (strcmp(token, "metaspace") == 0) {
1165       verify_flags |= Verify_MetaspaceAux;
1166     } else if (strcmp(token, "jni_handles") == 0) {
1167       verify_flags |= Verify_JNIHandles;
1168     } else if (strcmp(token, "codecache_oops") == 0) {
1169       verify_flags |= Verify_CodeCacheOops;
1170     } else {
1171       vm_exit_during_initialization(err_msg("VerifySubSet: \'%s\' memory sub-system is unknown, please correct it", token));
1172     }
1173     token = strtok(NULL, delimiter);
1174   }
1175   FREE_C_HEAP_ARRAY(char, subset_list);
1176 }
1177 
1178 bool Universe::should_verify_subset(uint subset) {
1179   if (verify_flags & subset) {
1180     return true;
1181   }
1182   return false;
1183 }
1184 
1185 void Universe::verify(VerifyOption option, const char* prefix) {
1186   // The use of _verify_in_progress is a temporary work around for
1187   // 6320749.  Don't bother with a creating a class to set and clear
1188   // it since it is only used in this method and the control flow is
1189   // straight forward.
1190   _verify_in_progress = true;
1191 
1192   COMPILER2_PRESENT(
1193     assert(!DerivedPointerTable::is_active(),
1194          "DPT should not be active during verification "
1195          "(of thread stacks below)");
1196   )
1197 
1198   ResourceMark rm;
1199   HandleMark hm;  // Handles created during verification can be zapped
1200   _verify_count++;
1201 
1202   FormatBuffer<> title("Verifying %s", prefix);
1203   GCTraceTime(Info, gc, verify) tm(title.buffer());
1204   if (should_verify_subset(Verify_Threads)) {
1205     log_debug(gc, verify)("Threads");
1206     Threads::verify();
1207   }
1208   if (should_verify_subset(Verify_Heap)) {
1209     log_debug(gc, verify)("Heap");
1210     heap()->verify(option);
1211   }
1212   if (should_verify_subset(Verify_SymbolTable)) {
1213     log_debug(gc, verify)("SymbolTable");
1214     SymbolTable::verify();
1215   }
1216   if (should_verify_subset(Verify_StringTable)) {
1217     log_debug(gc, verify)("StringTable");
1218     StringTable::verify();
1219   }
1220   if (should_verify_subset(Verify_CodeCache)) {
1221   {
1222     MutexLockerEx mu(CodeCache_lock, Mutex::_no_safepoint_check_flag);
1223     log_debug(gc, verify)("CodeCache");
1224     CodeCache::verify();
1225   }
1226   }
1227   if (should_verify_subset(Verify_SystemDictionary)) {
1228     log_debug(gc, verify)("SystemDictionary");
1229     SystemDictionary::verify();
1230   }
1231 #ifndef PRODUCT
1232   if (should_verify_subset(Verify_ClassLoaderDataGraph)) {
1233     log_debug(gc, verify)("ClassLoaderDataGraph");
1234     ClassLoaderDataGraph::verify();
1235   }
1236 #endif
1237   if (should_verify_subset(Verify_MetaspaceAux)) {
1238     log_debug(gc, verify)("MetaspaceAux");
1239     MetaspaceAux::verify_free_chunks();
1240   }
1241   if (should_verify_subset(Verify_JNIHandles)) {
1242     log_debug(gc, verify)("JNIHandles");
1243     JNIHandles::verify();
1244   }
1245   if (should_verify_subset(Verify_CodeCacheOops)) {
1246     log_debug(gc, verify)("CodeCache Oops");
1247     CodeCache::verify_oops();
1248   }
1249 
1250   _verify_in_progress = false;
1251 }
1252 
1253 
1254 #ifndef PRODUCT
1255 void Universe::calculate_verify_data(HeapWord* low_boundary, HeapWord* high_boundary) {
1256   assert(low_boundary < high_boundary, "bad interval");
1257 
1258   // decide which low-order bits we require to be clear:
1259   size_t alignSize = MinObjAlignmentInBytes;
1260   size_t min_object_size = CollectedHeap::min_fill_size();
1261 
1262   // make an inclusive limit:
1263   uintptr_t max = (uintptr_t)high_boundary - min_object_size*wordSize;
1264   uintptr_t min = (uintptr_t)low_boundary;
1265   assert(min < max, "bad interval");
1266   uintptr_t diff = max ^ min;
1267 
1268   // throw away enough low-order bits to make the diff vanish
1269   uintptr_t mask = (uintptr_t)(-1);
1270   while ((mask & diff) != 0)
1271     mask <<= 1;
1272   uintptr_t bits = (min & mask);
1273   assert(bits == (max & mask), "correct mask");
1274   // check an intermediate value between min and max, just to make sure:
1275   assert(bits == ((min + (max-min)/2) & mask), "correct mask");
1276 
1277   // require address alignment, too:
1278   mask |= (alignSize - 1);
1279 
1280   if (!(_verify_oop_mask == 0 && _verify_oop_bits == (uintptr_t)-1)) {
1281     assert(_verify_oop_mask == mask && _verify_oop_bits == bits, "mask stability");
1282   }
1283   _verify_oop_mask = mask;
1284   _verify_oop_bits = bits;
1285 }
1286 
1287 // Oop verification (see MacroAssembler::verify_oop)
1288 
1289 uintptr_t Universe::verify_oop_mask() {
1290   MemRegion m = heap()->reserved_region();
1291   calculate_verify_data(m.start(), m.end());
1292   return _verify_oop_mask;
1293 }
1294 
1295 uintptr_t Universe::verify_oop_bits() {
1296   MemRegion m = heap()->reserved_region();
1297   calculate_verify_data(m.start(), m.end());
1298   return _verify_oop_bits;
1299 }
1300 
1301 uintptr_t Universe::verify_mark_mask() {
1302   return markOopDesc::lock_mask_in_place;
1303 }
1304 
1305 uintptr_t Universe::verify_mark_bits() {
1306   intptr_t mask = verify_mark_mask();
1307   intptr_t bits = (intptr_t)markOopDesc::prototype();
1308   assert((bits & ~mask) == 0, "no stray header bits");
1309   return bits;
1310 }
1311 #endif // PRODUCT
1312 
1313 
1314 void Universe::compute_verify_oop_data() {
1315   verify_oop_mask();
1316   verify_oop_bits();
1317   verify_mark_mask();
1318   verify_mark_bits();
1319 }
1320 
1321 
1322 void LatestMethodCache::init(Klass* k, Method* m) {
1323   if (!UseSharedSpaces) {
1324     _klass = k;
1325   }
1326 #ifndef PRODUCT
1327   else {
1328     // sharing initilization should have already set up _klass
1329     assert(_klass != NULL, "just checking");
1330   }
1331 #endif
1332 
1333   _method_idnum = m->method_idnum();
1334   assert(_method_idnum >= 0, "sanity check");
1335 }
1336 
1337 
1338 Method* LatestMethodCache::get_method() {
1339   if (klass() == NULL) return NULL;
1340   InstanceKlass* ik = InstanceKlass::cast(klass());
1341   Method* m = ik->method_with_idnum(method_idnum());
1342   assert(m != NULL, "sanity check");
1343   return m;
1344 }
1345 
1346 
1347 #ifdef ASSERT
1348 // Release dummy object(s) at bottom of heap
1349 bool Universe::release_fullgc_alot_dummy() {
1350   MutexLocker ml(FullGCALot_lock);
1351   if (_fullgc_alot_dummy_array != NULL) {
1352     if (_fullgc_alot_dummy_next >= _fullgc_alot_dummy_array->length()) {
1353       // No more dummies to release, release entire array instead
1354       _fullgc_alot_dummy_array = NULL;
1355       return false;
1356     }
1357     if (!UseConcMarkSweepGC) {
1358       // Release dummy at bottom of old generation
1359       _fullgc_alot_dummy_array->obj_at_put(_fullgc_alot_dummy_next++, NULL);
1360     }
1361     // Release dummy at bottom of permanent generation
1362     _fullgc_alot_dummy_array->obj_at_put(_fullgc_alot_dummy_next++, NULL);
1363   }
1364   return true;
1365 }
1366 
1367 #endif // ASSERT