1 #
2 # DO NOT ALTER OR REMOVE COPYRIGHT NOTICES OR THIS FILE HEADER.
3 #
4 # This code is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
5 # under the terms of the GNU General Public License version 2 only, as
6 # published by the Free Software Foundation. Oracle designates this
7 # particular file as subject to the "Classpath" exception as provided
8 # by Oracle in the LICENSE file that accompanied this code.
9 #
10 # This code is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT
11 # ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or
12 # FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU General Public License
13 # version 2 for more details (a copy is included in the LICENSE file that
14 # accompanied this code).
15 #
16 # You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License version
17 # 2 along with this work; if not, write to the Free Software Foundation,
18 # Inc., 51 Franklin St, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA 02110-1301 USA.
19 #
20 # Please contact Oracle, 500 Oracle Parkway, Redwood Shores, CA 94065 USA
21 # or visit www.oracle.com if you need additional information or have any
22 # questions.
23 #
24 # <pre>
25 # This file is in the public domain, so clarified as of
26 # 2009-05-17 by Arthur David Olson.
27
28 # This data is by no means authoritative; if you think you know better,
29 # go ahead and edit the file (and please send any changes to
30 # tz@elsie.nci.nih.gov for general use in the future).
31
32 # From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):
33 # A good source for time zone historical data outside the U.S. is
34 # Thomas G. Shanks and Rique Pottenger, The International Atlas (6th edition),
35 # San Diego: ACS Publications, Inc. (2003).
36 #
37 # Gwillim Law writes that a good source
38 # for recent time zone data is the International Air Transport
39 # Association's Standard Schedules Information Manual (IATA SSIM),
40 # published semiannually. Law sent in several helpful summaries
41 # of the IATA's data after 1990.
42 #
43 # Except where otherwise noted, Shanks & Pottenger is the source for
44 # entries through 1991, and IATA SSIM is the source for entries afterwards.
45 #
46 # Other sources occasionally used include:
47 #
48 # Edward W. Whitman, World Time Differences,
49 # Whitman Publishing Co, 2 Niagara Av, Ealing, London (undated),
50 # which I found in the UCLA library.
51 #
52 # <a href="http://www.pettswoodvillage.co.uk/Daylight_Savings_William_Willett.pdf">
53 # William Willett, The Waste of Daylight, 19th edition
54 # </a> (1914-03)
55 #
56 # Brazil's Departamento Servico da Hora (DSH),
57 # <a href="http://pcdsh01.on.br/HISTHV.htm">
58 # History of Summer Time
59 # </a> (1998-09-21, in Portuguese)
60
61 #
62 # I invented the abbreviations marked `*' in the following table;
63 # the rest are from earlier versions of this file, or from other sources.
64 # Corrections are welcome!
65 # std dst 2dst
66 # LMT Local Mean Time
67 # -4:00 AST ADT Atlantic
68 # -3:00 WGT WGST Western Greenland*
69 # -1:00 EGT EGST Eastern Greenland*
70 # 0:00 GMT BST BDST Greenwich, British Summer
71 # 0:00 GMT IST Greenwich, Irish Summer
72 # 0:00 WET WEST WEMT Western Europe
73 # 0:19:32.13 AMT NST Amsterdam, Netherlands Summer (1835-1937)*
74 # 0:20 NET NEST Netherlands (1937-1940)*
75 # 1:00 CET CEST CEMT Central Europe
76 # 1:00:14 SET Swedish (1879-1899)*
77 # 2:00 EET EEST Eastern Europe
78 # 3:00 MSK MSD Moscow
79 #
80 # A reliable and entertaining source about time zones, especially in Britain,
81 # Derek Howse, Greenwich time and longitude, Philip Wilson Publishers (1997).
82
83 # From Peter Ilieve (1994-12-04),
84 # The original six [EU members]: Belgium, France, (West) Germany, Italy,
85 # Luxembourg, the Netherlands.
86 # Plus, from 1 Jan 73: Denmark, Ireland, United Kingdom.
87 # Plus, from 1 Jan 81: Greece.
88 # Plus, from 1 Jan 86: Spain, Portugal.
89 # Plus, from 1 Jan 95: Austria, Finland, Sweden. (Norway negotiated terms for
90 # entry but in a referendum on 28 Nov 94 the people voted No by 52.2% to 47.8%
91 # on a turnout of 88.6%. This was almost the same result as Norway's previous
92 # referendum in 1972, they are the only country to have said No twice.
93 # Referendums in the other three countries voted Yes.)
94 # ...
95 # Estonia ... uses EU dates but not at 01:00 GMT, they use midnight GMT.
96 # I don't think they know yet what they will do from 1996 onwards.
97 # ...
98 # There shouldn't be any [current members who are not using EU rules].
99 # A Directive has the force of law, member states are obliged to enact
100 # national law to implement it. The only contentious issue was the
101 # different end date for the UK and Ireland, and this was always allowed
102 # in the Directive.
103
104
105 ###############################################################################
106
107 # Britain (United Kingdom) and Ireland (Eire)
108
109 # From Peter Ilieve (1994-07-06):
110 #
111 # On 17 Jan 1994 the Independent, a UK quality newspaper, had a piece about
112 # historical vistas along the Thames in west London. There was a photo
113 # and a sketch map showing some of the sightlines involved. One paragraph
114 # of the text said:
115 #
116 # `An old stone obelisk marking a forgotten terrestrial meridian stands
117 # beside the river at Kew. In the 18th century, before time and longitude
118 # was standardised by the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, scholars observed
119 # this stone and the movement of stars from Kew Observatory nearby. They
120 # made their calculations and set the time for the Horse Guards and Parliament,
121 # but now the stone is obscured by scrubwood and can only be seen by walking
122 # along the towpath within a few yards of it.'
123 #
124 # I have a one inch to one mile map of London and my estimate of the stone's
125 # position is 51 deg. 28' 30" N, 0 deg. 18' 45" W. The longitude should
126 # be within about +-2". The Ordnance Survey grid reference is TQ172761.
127 #
128 # [This yields GMTOFF = -0:01:15 for London LMT in the 18th century.]
129
130 # From Paul Eggert (1993-11-18):
131 #
132 # Howse writes that Britain was the first country to use standard time.
133 # The railways cared most about the inconsistencies of local mean time,
134 # and it was they who forced a uniform time on the country.
135 # The original idea was credited to Dr. William Hyde Wollaston (1766-1828)
136 # and was popularized by Abraham Follett Osler (1808-1903).
137 # The first railway to adopt London time was the Great Western Railway
138 # in November 1840; other railways followed suit, and by 1847 most
139 # (though not all) railways used London time. On 1847-09-22 the
140 # Railway Clearing House, an industry standards body, recommended that GMT be
141 # adopted at all stations as soon as the General Post Office permitted it.
142 # The transition occurred on 12-01 for the L&NW, the Caledonian,
143 # and presumably other railways; the January 1848 Bradshaw's lists many
144 # railways as using GMT. By 1855 the vast majority of public
145 # clocks in Britain were set to GMT (though some, like the great clock
146 # on Tom Tower at Christ Church, Oxford, were fitted with two minute hands,
147 # one for local time and one for GMT). The last major holdout was the legal
148 # system, which stubbornly stuck to local time for many years, leading
149 # to oddities like polls opening at 08:13 and closing at 16:13.
150 # The legal system finally switched to GMT when the Statutes (Definition
151 # of Time) Act took effect; it received the Royal Assent on 1880-08-02.
152 #
153 # In the tables below, we condense this complicated story into a single
154 # transition date for London, namely 1847-12-01. We don't know as much
155 # about Dublin, so we use 1880-08-02, the legal transition time.
156
157 # From Paul Eggert (2003-09-27):
158 # Summer Time was first seriously proposed by William Willett (1857-1915),
159 # a London builder and member of the Royal Astronomical Society
160 # who circulated a pamphlet ``The Waste of Daylight'' (1907)
161 # that proposed advancing clocks 20 minutes on each of four Sundays in April,
162 # and retarding them by the same amount on four Sundays in September.
163 # A bill was drafted in 1909 and introduced in Parliament several times,
164 # but it met with ridicule and opposition, especially from farming interests.
165 # Later editions of the pamphlet proposed one-hour summer time, and
166 # it was eventually adopted as a wartime measure in 1916.
167 # See: Summer Time Arrives Early, The Times (2000-05-18).
168 # A monument to Willett was unveiled on 1927-05-21, in an open space in
169 # a 45-acre wood near Chislehurst, Kent that was purchased by popular
170 # subscription and open to the public. On the south face of the monolith,
171 # designed by G. W. Miller, is the...William Willett Memorial Sundial,
172 # which is permanently set to Summer Time.
173
174 # From Winston Churchill (1934-04-28):
175 # It is one of the paradoxes of history that we should owe the boon of
176 # summer time, which gives every year to the people of this country
177 # between 160 and 170 hours more daylight leisure, to a war which
178 # plunged Europe into darkness for four years, and shook the
179 # foundations of civilization throughout the world.
180 # -- <a href="http://www.winstonchurchill.org/fh114willett.htm">
181 # "A Silent Toast to William Willett", Pictorial Weekly
182 # </a>
183
184 # From Paul Eggert (1996-09-03):
185 # The OED Supplement says that the English originally said ``Daylight Saving''
186 # when they were debating the adoption of DST in 1908; but by 1916 this
187 # term appears only in quotes taken from DST's opponents, whereas the
188 # proponents (who eventually won the argument) are quoted as using ``Summer''.
189
190 # From Arthur David Olson (1989-01-19):
191 #
192 # A source at the British Information Office in New York avers that it's
193 # known as "British" Summer Time in all parts of the United Kingdom.
194
195 # Date: 4 Jan 89 08:57:25 GMT (Wed)
196 # From: Jonathan Leffler
197 # [British Summer Time] is fixed annually by Act of Parliament.
198 # If you can predict what Parliament will do, you should be in
199 # politics making a fortune, not computing.
200
201 # From Chris Carrier (1996-06-14):
202 # I remember reading in various wartime issues of the London Times the
203 # acronym BDST for British Double Summer Time. Look for the published
204 # time of sunrise and sunset in The Times, when BDST was in effect, and
205 # if you find a zone reference it will say, "All times B.D.S.T."
206
207 # From Joseph S. Myers (1999-09-02):
208 # ... some military cables (WO 219/4100 - this is a copy from the
209 # main SHAEF archives held in the US National Archives, SHAEF/5252/8/516)
210 # agree that the usage is BDST (this appears in a message dated 17 Feb 1945).
211
212 # From Joseph S. Myers (2000-10-03):
213 # On 18th April 1941, Sir Stephen Tallents of the BBC wrote to Sir
214 # Alexander Maxwell of the Home Office asking whether there was any
215 # official designation; the reply of the 21st was that there wasn't
216 # but he couldn't think of anything better than the "Double British
217 # Summer Time" that the BBC had been using informally.
218 # http://student.cusu.cam.ac.uk/~jsm28/british-time/bbc-19410418.png
219 # http://student.cusu.cam.ac.uk/~jsm28/british-time/ho-19410421.png
220
221 # From Sir Alexander Maxwell in the above-mentioned letter (1941-04-21):
222 # [N]o official designation has as far as I know been adopted for the time
223 # which is to be introduced in May....
224 # I cannot think of anything better than "Double British Summer Time"
225 # which could not be said to run counter to any official description.
226
227 # From Paul Eggert (2000-10-02):
228 # Howse writes (p 157) `DBST' too, but `BDST' seems to have been common
229 # and follows the more usual convention of putting the location name first,
230 # so we use `BDST'.
231
232 # Peter Ilieve (1998-04-19) described at length
233 # the history of summer time legislation in the United Kingdom.
234 # Since 1998 Joseph S. Myers has been updating
235 # and extending this list, which can be found in
236 # http://student.cusu.cam.ac.uk/~jsm28/british-time/
237 # <a href="http://www.polyomino.org.uk/british-time/">
238 # History of legal time in Britain
239 # </a>
240 # Rob Crowther (2012-01-04) reports that that URL no longer
241 # exists, and the article can now be found at:
242 # <a href="http://www.polyomino.org.uk/british-time/">
243 # http://www.polyomino.org.uk/british-time/
244 # </a>
245
246 # From Joseph S. Myers (1998-01-06):
247 #
248 # The legal time in the UK outside of summer time is definitely GMT, not UTC;
249 # see Lord Tanlaw's speech
250 # <a href="http://www.parliament.the-stationery-office.co.uk/pa/ld199697/ldhansrd/pdvn/lds97/text/70611-20.htm#70611-20_head0">
251 # (Lords Hansard 11 June 1997 columns 964 to 976)
252 # </a>.
253
254 # From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):
255 #
256 # For lack of other data, follow Shanks & Pottenger for Eire in 1940-1948.
257 #
258 # Given Ilieve and Myers's data, the following claims by Shanks & Pottenger
259 # are incorrect:
260 # * Wales did not switch from GMT to daylight saving time until
261 # 1921 Apr 3, when they began to conform with the rest of Great Britain.
262 # Actually, Wales was identical after 1880.
263 # * Eire had two transitions on 1916 Oct 1.
264 # It actually just had one transition.
265 # * Northern Ireland used single daylight saving time throughout WW II.
266 # Actually, it conformed to Britain.
267 # * GB-Eire changed standard time to 1 hour ahead of GMT on 1968-02-18.
268 # Actually, that date saw the usual switch to summer time.
269 # Standard time was not changed until 1968-10-27 (the clocks didn't change).
270 #
271 # Here is another incorrect claim by Shanks & Pottenger:
272 # * Jersey, Guernsey, and the Isle of Man did not switch from GMT
273 # to daylight saving time until 1921 Apr 3, when they began to
274 # conform with Great Britain.
275 # S.R.&O. 1916, No. 382 and HO 45/10811/312364 (quoted above) say otherwise.
276 #
277 # The following claim by Shanks & Pottenger is possible though doubtful;
278 # we'll ignore it for now.
279 # * Dublin's 1971-10-31 switch was at 02:00, even though London's was 03:00.
280 #
281 #
282 # Whitman says Dublin Mean Time was -0:25:21, which is more precise than
283 # Shanks & Pottenger.
284 # Perhaps this was Dunsink Observatory Time, as Dunsink Observatory
285 # (8 km NW of Dublin's center) seemingly was to Dublin as Greenwich was
286 # to London. For example:
287 #
288 # "Timeball on the ballast office is down. Dunsink time."
289 # -- James Joyce, Ulysses
290
291 # From Joseph S. Myers (2005-01-26):
292 # Irish laws are available online at www.irishstatutebook.ie. These include
293 # various relating to legal time, for example:
294 #
295 # ZZA13Y1923.html ZZA12Y1924.html ZZA8Y1925.html ZZSIV20PG1267.html
296 #
297 # ZZSI71Y1947.html ZZSI128Y1948.html ZZSI23Y1949.html ZZSI41Y1950.html
298 # ZZSI27Y1951.html ZZSI73Y1952.html
299 #
300 # ZZSI11Y1961.html ZZSI232Y1961.html ZZSI182Y1962.html
301 # ZZSI167Y1963.html ZZSI257Y1964.html ZZSI198Y1967.html
302 # ZZA23Y1968.html ZZA17Y1971.html
303 #
304 # ZZSI67Y1981.html ZZSI212Y1982.html ZZSI45Y1986.html
305 # ZZSI264Y1988.html ZZSI52Y1990.html ZZSI371Y1992.html
306 # ZZSI395Y1994.html ZZSI484Y1997.html ZZSI506Y2001.html
307 #
308 # [These are all relative to the root, e.g., the first is
309 # <http://www.irishstatutebook.ie/ZZA13Y1923.html>.]
310 #
311 # (These are those I found, but there could be more. In any case these
312 # should allow various updates to the comments in the europe file to cover
313 # the laws applicable in Ireland.)
314 #
315 # (Note that the time in the Republic of Ireland since 1968 has been defined
316 # in terms of standard time being GMT+1 with a period of winter time when it
317 # is GMT, rather than standard time being GMT with a period of summer time
318 # being GMT+1.)
319
320 # From Paul Eggert (1999-03-28):
321 # Clive Feather (<news:859845706.26043.0@office.demon.net>, 1997-03-31)
322 # reports that Folkestone (Cheriton) Shuttle Terminal uses Concession Time
323 # (CT), equivalent to French civil time.
324 # Julian Hill (<news:36118128.5A14@virgin.net>, 1998-09-30) reports that
325 # trains between Dollands Moor (the freight facility next door)
326 # and Frethun run in CT.
327 # My admittedly uninformed guess is that the terminal has two authorities,
328 # the French concession operators and the British civil authorities,
329 # and that the time depends on who you're talking to.
330 # If, say, the British police were called to the station for some reason,
331 # I would expect the official police report to use GMT/BST and not CET/CEST.
332 # This is a borderline case, but for now let's stick to GMT/BST.
333
334 # From an anonymous contributor (1996-06-02):
335 # The law governing time in Ireland is under Statutory Instrument SI 395/94,
336 # which gives force to European Union 7th Council Directive # 94/21/EC.
337 # Under this directive, the Minister for Justice in Ireland makes appropriate
338 # regulations. I spoke this morning with the Secretary of the Department of
339 # Justice (tel +353 1 678 9711) who confirmed to me that the correct name is
340 # "Irish Summer Time", abbreviated to "IST".
341
342 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
343 # Summer Time Act, 1916
344 Rule GB-Eire 1916 only - May 21 2:00s 1:00 BST
345 Rule GB-Eire 1916 only - Oct 1 2:00s 0 GMT
346 # S.R.&O. 1917, No. 358
347 Rule GB-Eire 1917 only - Apr 8 2:00s 1:00 BST
348 Rule GB-Eire 1917 only - Sep 17 2:00s 0 GMT
349 # S.R.&O. 1918, No. 274
350 Rule GB-Eire 1918 only - Mar 24 2:00s 1:00 BST
351 Rule GB-Eire 1918 only - Sep 30 2:00s 0 GMT
352 # S.R.&O. 1919, No. 297
353 Rule GB-Eire 1919 only - Mar 30 2:00s 1:00 BST
354 Rule GB-Eire 1919 only - Sep 29 2:00s 0 GMT
355 # S.R.&O. 1920, No. 458
356 Rule GB-Eire 1920 only - Mar 28 2:00s 1:00 BST
357 # S.R.&O. 1920, No. 1844
358 Rule GB-Eire 1920 only - Oct 25 2:00s 0 GMT
359 # S.R.&O. 1921, No. 363
360 Rule GB-Eire 1921 only - Apr 3 2:00s 1:00 BST
361 Rule GB-Eire 1921 only - Oct 3 2:00s 0 GMT
362 # S.R.&O. 1922, No. 264
363 Rule GB-Eire 1922 only - Mar 26 2:00s 1:00 BST
364 Rule GB-Eire 1922 only - Oct 8 2:00s 0 GMT
365 # The Summer Time Act, 1922
366 Rule GB-Eire 1923 only - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST
367 Rule GB-Eire 1923 1924 - Sep Sun>=16 2:00s 0 GMT
368 Rule GB-Eire 1924 only - Apr Sun>=9 2:00s 1:00 BST
369 Rule GB-Eire 1925 1926 - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST
370 # The Summer Time Act, 1925
371 Rule GB-Eire 1925 1938 - Oct Sun>=2 2:00s 0 GMT
372 Rule GB-Eire 1927 only - Apr Sun>=9 2:00s 1:00 BST
373 Rule GB-Eire 1928 1929 - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST
374 Rule GB-Eire 1930 only - Apr Sun>=9 2:00s 1:00 BST
375 Rule GB-Eire 1931 1932 - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST
376 Rule GB-Eire 1933 only - Apr Sun>=9 2:00s 1:00 BST
377 Rule GB-Eire 1934 only - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST
378 Rule GB-Eire 1935 only - Apr Sun>=9 2:00s 1:00 BST
379 Rule GB-Eire 1936 1937 - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST
380 Rule GB-Eire 1938 only - Apr Sun>=9 2:00s 1:00 BST
381 Rule GB-Eire 1939 only - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST
382 # S.R.&O. 1939, No. 1379
383 Rule GB-Eire 1939 only - Nov Sun>=16 2:00s 0 GMT
384 # S.R.&O. 1940, No. 172 and No. 1883
385 Rule GB-Eire 1940 only - Feb Sun>=23 2:00s 1:00 BST
386 # S.R.&O. 1941, No. 476
387 Rule GB-Eire 1941 only - May Sun>=2 1:00s 2:00 BDST
388 Rule GB-Eire 1941 1943 - Aug Sun>=9 1:00s 1:00 BST
389 # S.R.&O. 1942, No. 506
390 Rule GB-Eire 1942 1944 - Apr Sun>=2 1:00s 2:00 BDST
391 # S.R.&O. 1944, No. 932
392 Rule GB-Eire 1944 only - Sep Sun>=16 1:00s 1:00 BST
393 # S.R.&O. 1945, No. 312
394 Rule GB-Eire 1945 only - Apr Mon>=2 1:00s 2:00 BDST
395 Rule GB-Eire 1945 only - Jul Sun>=9 1:00s 1:00 BST
396 # S.R.&O. 1945, No. 1208
397 Rule GB-Eire 1945 1946 - Oct Sun>=2 2:00s 0 GMT
398 Rule GB-Eire 1946 only - Apr Sun>=9 2:00s 1:00 BST
399 # The Summer Time Act, 1947
400 Rule GB-Eire 1947 only - Mar 16 2:00s 1:00 BST
401 Rule GB-Eire 1947 only - Apr 13 1:00s 2:00 BDST
402 Rule GB-Eire 1947 only - Aug 10 1:00s 1:00 BST
403 Rule GB-Eire 1947 only - Nov 2 2:00s 0 GMT
404 # Summer Time Order, 1948 (S.I. 1948/495)
405 Rule GB-Eire 1948 only - Mar 14 2:00s 1:00 BST
406 Rule GB-Eire 1948 only - Oct 31 2:00s 0 GMT
407 # Summer Time Order, 1949 (S.I. 1949/373)
408 Rule GB-Eire 1949 only - Apr 3 2:00s 1:00 BST
409 Rule GB-Eire 1949 only - Oct 30 2:00s 0 GMT
410 # Summer Time Order, 1950 (S.I. 1950/518)
411 # Summer Time Order, 1951 (S.I. 1951/430)
412 # Summer Time Order, 1952 (S.I. 1952/451)
413 Rule GB-Eire 1950 1952 - Apr Sun>=14 2:00s 1:00 BST
414 Rule GB-Eire 1950 1952 - Oct Sun>=21 2:00s 0 GMT
415 # revert to the rules of the Summer Time Act, 1925
416 Rule GB-Eire 1953 only - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST
417 Rule GB-Eire 1953 1960 - Oct Sun>=2 2:00s 0 GMT
418 Rule GB-Eire 1954 only - Apr Sun>=9 2:00s 1:00 BST
419 Rule GB-Eire 1955 1956 - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST
420 Rule GB-Eire 1957 only - Apr Sun>=9 2:00s 1:00 BST
421 Rule GB-Eire 1958 1959 - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST
422 Rule GB-Eire 1960 only - Apr Sun>=9 2:00s 1:00 BST
423 # Summer Time Order, 1961 (S.I. 1961/71)
424 # Summer Time (1962) Order, 1961 (S.I. 1961/2465)
425 # Summer Time Order, 1963 (S.I. 1963/81)
426 Rule GB-Eire 1961 1963 - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 BST
427 Rule GB-Eire 1961 1968 - Oct Sun>=23 2:00s 0 GMT
428 # Summer Time (1964) Order, 1963 (S.I. 1963/2101)
429 # Summer Time Order, 1964 (S.I. 1964/1201)
430 # Summer Time Order, 1967 (S.I. 1967/1148)
431 Rule GB-Eire 1964 1967 - Mar Sun>=19 2:00s 1:00 BST
432 # Summer Time Order, 1968 (S.I. 1968/117)
433 Rule GB-Eire 1968 only - Feb 18 2:00s 1:00 BST
434 # The British Standard Time Act, 1968
435 # (no summer time)
436 # The Summer Time Act, 1972
437 Rule GB-Eire 1972 1980 - Mar Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST
438 Rule GB-Eire 1972 1980 - Oct Sun>=23 2:00s 0 GMT
439 # Summer Time Order, 1980 (S.I. 1980/1089)
440 # Summer Time Order, 1982 (S.I. 1982/1673)
441 # Summer Time Order, 1986 (S.I. 1986/223)
442 # Summer Time Order, 1988 (S.I. 1988/931)
443 Rule GB-Eire 1981 1995 - Mar lastSun 1:00u 1:00 BST
444 Rule GB-Eire 1981 1989 - Oct Sun>=23 1:00u 0 GMT
445 # Summer Time Order, 1989 (S.I. 1989/985)
446 # Summer Time Order, 1992 (S.I. 1992/1729)
447 # Summer Time Order 1994 (S.I. 1994/2798)
448 Rule GB-Eire 1990 1995 - Oct Sun>=22 1:00u 0 GMT
449 # Summer Time Order 1997 (S.I. 1997/2982)
450 # See EU for rules starting in 1996.
451
452 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
453 Zone Europe/London -0:01:15 - LMT 1847 Dec 1 0:00s
454 0:00 GB-Eire %s 1968 Oct 27
455 1:00 - BST 1971 Oct 31 2:00u
456 0:00 GB-Eire %s 1996
457 0:00 EU GMT/BST
458 Link Europe/London Europe/Jersey
459 Link Europe/London Europe/Guernsey
460 Link Europe/London Europe/Isle_of_Man
461 Zone Europe/Dublin -0:25:00 - LMT 1880 Aug 2
462 -0:25:21 - DMT 1916 May 21 2:00
463 -0:25:21 1:00 IST 1916 Oct 1 2:00s
464 0:00 GB-Eire %s 1921 Dec 6 # independence
465 0:00 GB-Eire GMT/IST 1940 Feb 25 2:00
466 0:00 1:00 IST 1946 Oct 6 2:00
467 0:00 - GMT 1947 Mar 16 2:00
468 0:00 1:00 IST 1947 Nov 2 2:00
469 0:00 - GMT 1948 Apr 18 2:00
470 0:00 GB-Eire GMT/IST 1968 Oct 27
471 1:00 - IST 1971 Oct 31 2:00u
472 0:00 GB-Eire GMT/IST 1996
473 0:00 EU GMT/IST
474
475 ###############################################################################
476
477 # Europe
478
479 # EU rules are for the European Union, previously known as the EC, EEC,
480 # Common Market, etc.
481
482 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
483 Rule EU 1977 1980 - Apr Sun>=1 1:00u 1:00 S
484 Rule EU 1977 only - Sep lastSun 1:00u 0 -
485 Rule EU 1978 only - Oct 1 1:00u 0 -
486 Rule EU 1979 1995 - Sep lastSun 1:00u 0 -
487 Rule EU 1981 max - Mar lastSun 1:00u 1:00 S
488 Rule EU 1996 max - Oct lastSun 1:00u 0 -
489 # The most recent directive covers the years starting in 2002. See:
490 # <a="http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=CELEX:32000L0084:EN:NOT">
491 # Directive 2000/84/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council
492 # of 19 January 2001 on summer-time arrangements.
493 # </a>
494
495 # W-Eur differs from EU only in that W-Eur uses standard time.
496 Rule W-Eur 1977 1980 - Apr Sun>=1 1:00s 1:00 S
497 Rule W-Eur 1977 only - Sep lastSun 1:00s 0 -
498 Rule W-Eur 1978 only - Oct 1 1:00s 0 -
499 Rule W-Eur 1979 1995 - Sep lastSun 1:00s 0 -
500 Rule W-Eur 1981 max - Mar lastSun 1:00s 1:00 S
501 Rule W-Eur 1996 max - Oct lastSun 1:00s 0 -
502
503 # Older C-Eur rules are for convenience in the tables.
504 # From 1977 on, C-Eur differs from EU only in that C-Eur uses standard time.
505 Rule C-Eur 1916 only - Apr 30 23:00 1:00 S
506 Rule C-Eur 1916 only - Oct 1 1:00 0 -
507 Rule C-Eur 1917 1918 - Apr Mon>=15 2:00s 1:00 S
508 Rule C-Eur 1917 1918 - Sep Mon>=15 2:00s 0 -
509 Rule C-Eur 1940 only - Apr 1 2:00s 1:00 S
510 Rule C-Eur 1942 only - Nov 2 2:00s 0 -
511 Rule C-Eur 1943 only - Mar 29 2:00s 1:00 S
512 Rule C-Eur 1943 only - Oct 4 2:00s 0 -
513 Rule C-Eur 1944 1945 - Apr Mon>=1 2:00s 1:00 S
514 # Whitman gives 1944 Oct 7; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
515 Rule C-Eur 1944 only - Oct 2 2:00s 0 -
516 # From Jesper Norgaard Welen (2008-07-13):
517 #
518 # I found what is probably a typo of 2:00 which should perhaps be 2:00s
519 # in the C-Eur rule from tz database version 2008d (this part was
520 # corrected in version 2008d). The circumstancial evidence is simply the
521 # tz database itself, as seen below:
522 #
523 # Zone Europe/Paris 0:09:21 - LMT 1891 Mar 15 0:01
524 # 0:00 France WE%sT 1945 Sep 16 3:00
525 #
526 # Zone Europe/Monaco 0:29:32 - LMT 1891 Mar 15
527 # 0:00 France WE%sT 1945 Sep 16 3:00
528 #
529 # Zone Europe/Belgrade 1:22:00 - LMT 1884
530 # 1:00 1:00 CEST 1945 Sep 16 2:00s
531 #
532 # Rule France 1945 only - Sep 16 3:00 0 -
533 # Rule Belgium 1945 only - Sep 16 2:00s 0 -
534 # Rule Neth 1945 only - Sep 16 2:00s 0 -
535 #
536 # The rule line to be changed is:
537 #
538 # Rule C-Eur 1945 only - Sep 16 2:00 0 -
539 #
540 # It seems that Paris, Monaco, Rule France, Rule Belgium all agree on
541 # 2:00 standard time, e.g. 3:00 local time. However there are no
542 # countries that use C-Eur rules in September 1945, so the only items
543 # affected are apparently these ficticious zones that translates acronyms
544 # CET and MET:
545 #
546 # Zone CET 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT
547 # Zone MET 1:00 C-Eur ME%sT
548 #
549 # It this is right then the corrected version would look like:
550 #
551 # Rule C-Eur 1945 only - Sep 16 2:00s 0 -
552 #
553 # A small step for mankind though 8-)
554 Rule C-Eur 1945 only - Sep 16 2:00s 0 -
555 Rule C-Eur 1977 1980 - Apr Sun>=1 2:00s 1:00 S
556 Rule C-Eur 1977 only - Sep lastSun 2:00s 0 -
557 Rule C-Eur 1978 only - Oct 1 2:00s 0 -
558 Rule C-Eur 1979 1995 - Sep lastSun 2:00s 0 -
559 Rule C-Eur 1981 max - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 S
560 Rule C-Eur 1996 max - Oct lastSun 2:00s 0 -
561
562 # E-Eur differs from EU only in that E-Eur switches at midnight local time.
563 Rule E-Eur 1977 1980 - Apr Sun>=1 0:00 1:00 S
564 Rule E-Eur 1977 only - Sep lastSun 0:00 0 -
565 Rule E-Eur 1978 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
566 Rule E-Eur 1979 1995 - Sep lastSun 0:00 0 -
567 Rule E-Eur 1981 max - Mar lastSun 0:00 1:00 S
568 Rule E-Eur 1996 max - Oct lastSun 0:00 0 -
569
570 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
571 Rule Russia 1917 only - Jul 1 23:00 1:00 MST # Moscow Summer Time
572 Rule Russia 1917 only - Dec 28 0:00 0 MMT # Moscow Mean Time
573 Rule Russia 1918 only - May 31 22:00 2:00 MDST # Moscow Double Summer Time
574 Rule Russia 1918 only - Sep 16 1:00 1:00 MST
575 Rule Russia 1919 only - May 31 23:00 2:00 MDST
576 Rule Russia 1919 only - Jul 1 2:00 1:00 S
577 Rule Russia 1919 only - Aug 16 0:00 0 -
578 Rule Russia 1921 only - Feb 14 23:00 1:00 S
579 Rule Russia 1921 only - Mar 20 23:00 2:00 M # Midsummer
580 Rule Russia 1921 only - Sep 1 0:00 1:00 S
581 Rule Russia 1921 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
582 # Act No.925 of the Council of Ministers of the USSR (1980-10-24):
583 Rule Russia 1981 1984 - Apr 1 0:00 1:00 S
584 Rule Russia 1981 1983 - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
585 # Act No.967 of the Council of Ministers of the USSR (1984-09-13), repeated in
586 # Act No.227 of the Council of Ministers of the USSR (1989-03-14):
587 Rule Russia 1984 1991 - Sep lastSun 2:00s 0 -
588 Rule Russia 1985 1991 - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 S
589 #
590 Rule Russia 1992 only - Mar lastSat 23:00 1:00 S
591 Rule Russia 1992 only - Sep lastSat 23:00 0 -
592 Rule Russia 1993 2010 - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 S
593 Rule Russia 1993 1995 - Sep lastSun 2:00s 0 -
594 Rule Russia 1996 2010 - Oct lastSun 2:00s 0 -
595
596 # From Alexander Krivenyshev (2011-06-14):
597 # According to Kremlin press service, Russian President Dmitry Medvedev
598 # signed a federal law "On calculation of time" on June 9, 2011.
599 # According to the law Russia is abolishing daylight saving time.
600 #
601 # Medvedev signed a law "On the Calculation of Time" (in russian):
602 # <a href="http://bmockbe.ru/events/?ID=7583">
603 # http://bmockbe.ru/events/?ID=7583
604 # </a>
605 #
606 # Medvedev signed a law on the calculation of the time (in russian):
607 # <a href="http://www.regnum.ru/news/polit/1413906.html">
608 # http://www.regnum.ru/news/polit/1413906.html
609 # </a>
610
611 # From Arthur David Olson (2011-06-15):
612 # Take "abolishing daylight saving time" to mean that time is now considered
613 # to be standard.
614
615 # These are for backward compatibility with older versions.
616
617 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
618 Zone WET 0:00 EU WE%sT
619 Zone CET 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT
620 Zone MET 1:00 C-Eur ME%sT
621 Zone EET 2:00 EU EE%sT
622
623 # Previous editions of this database used abbreviations like MET DST
624 # for Central European Summer Time, but this didn't agree with common usage.
625
626 # From Markus Kuhn (1996-07-12):
627 # The official German names ... are
628 #
629 # Mitteleuropaeische Zeit (MEZ) = UTC+01:00
630 # Mitteleuropaeische Sommerzeit (MESZ) = UTC+02:00
631 #
632 # as defined in the German Time Act (Gesetz ueber die Zeitbestimmung (ZeitG),
633 # 1978-07-25, Bundesgesetzblatt, Jahrgang 1978, Teil I, S. 1110-1111)....
634 # I wrote ... to the German Federal Physical-Technical Institution
635 #
636 # Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB)
637 # Laboratorium 4.41 "Zeiteinheit"
638 # Postfach 3345
639 # D-38023 Braunschweig
640 # phone: +49 531 592-0
641 #
642 # ... I received today an answer letter from Dr. Peter Hetzel, head of the PTB
643 # department for time and frequency transmission. He explained that the
644 # PTB translates MEZ and MESZ into English as
645 #
646 # Central European Time (CET) = UTC+01:00
647 # Central European Summer Time (CEST) = UTC+02:00
648
649
650 # Albania
651 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
652 Rule Albania 1940 only - Jun 16 0:00 1:00 S
653 Rule Albania 1942 only - Nov 2 3:00 0 -
654 Rule Albania 1943 only - Mar 29 2:00 1:00 S
655 Rule Albania 1943 only - Apr 10 3:00 0 -
656 Rule Albania 1974 only - May 4 0:00 1:00 S
657 Rule Albania 1974 only - Oct 2 0:00 0 -
658 Rule Albania 1975 only - May 1 0:00 1:00 S
659 Rule Albania 1975 only - Oct 2 0:00 0 -
660 Rule Albania 1976 only - May 2 0:00 1:00 S
661 Rule Albania 1976 only - Oct 3 0:00 0 -
662 Rule Albania 1977 only - May 8 0:00 1:00 S
663 Rule Albania 1977 only - Oct 2 0:00 0 -
664 Rule Albania 1978 only - May 6 0:00 1:00 S
665 Rule Albania 1978 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
666 Rule Albania 1979 only - May 5 0:00 1:00 S
667 Rule Albania 1979 only - Sep 30 0:00 0 -
668 Rule Albania 1980 only - May 3 0:00 1:00 S
669 Rule Albania 1980 only - Oct 4 0:00 0 -
670 Rule Albania 1981 only - Apr 26 0:00 1:00 S
671 Rule Albania 1981 only - Sep 27 0:00 0 -
672 Rule Albania 1982 only - May 2 0:00 1:00 S
673 Rule Albania 1982 only - Oct 3 0:00 0 -
674 Rule Albania 1983 only - Apr 18 0:00 1:00 S
675 Rule Albania 1983 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
676 Rule Albania 1984 only - Apr 1 0:00 1:00 S
677 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
678 Zone Europe/Tirane 1:19:20 - LMT 1914
679 1:00 - CET 1940 Jun 16
680 1:00 Albania CE%sT 1984 Jul
681 1:00 EU CE%sT
682
683 # Andorra
684 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
685 Zone Europe/Andorra 0:06:04 - LMT 1901
686 0:00 - WET 1946 Sep 30
687 1:00 - CET 1985 Mar 31 2:00
688 1:00 EU CE%sT
689
690 # Austria
691
692 # From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22): Shanks & Pottenger give 1918-06-16 and
693 # 1945-11-18, but the Austrian Federal Office of Metrology and
694 # Surveying (BEV) gives 1918-09-16 and for Vienna gives the "alleged"
695 # date of 1945-04-12 with no time. For the 1980-04-06 transition
696 # Shanks & Pottenger give 02:00, the BEV 00:00. Go with the BEV,
697 # and guess 02:00 for 1945-04-12.
698
699 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
700 Rule Austria 1920 only - Apr 5 2:00s 1:00 S
701 Rule Austria 1920 only - Sep 13 2:00s 0 -
702 Rule Austria 1946 only - Apr 14 2:00s 1:00 S
703 Rule Austria 1946 1948 - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
704 Rule Austria 1947 only - Apr 6 2:00s 1:00 S
705 Rule Austria 1948 only - Apr 18 2:00s 1:00 S
706 Rule Austria 1980 only - Apr 6 0:00 1:00 S
707 Rule Austria 1980 only - Sep 28 0:00 0 -
708 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
709 Zone Europe/Vienna 1:05:20 - LMT 1893 Apr
710 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1920
711 1:00 Austria CE%sT 1940 Apr 1 2:00s
712 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 Apr 2 2:00s
713 1:00 1:00 CEST 1945 Apr 12 2:00s
714 1:00 - CET 1946
715 1:00 Austria CE%sT 1981
716 1:00 EU CE%sT
717
718 # Belarus
719 # From Yauhen Kharuzhy (2011-09-16):
720 # By latest Belarus government act Europe/Minsk timezone was changed to
721 # GMT+3 without DST (was GMT+2 with DST).
722 #
723 # Sources (Russian language):
724 # 1.
725 # <a href="http://www.belta.by/ru/all_news/society/V-Belarusi-otmenjaetsja-perexod-na-sezonnoe-vremja_i_572952.html">
726 # http://www.belta.by/ru/all_news/society/V-Belarusi-otmenjaetsja-perexod-na-sezonnoe-vremja_i_572952.html
727 # </a>
728 # 2.
729 # <a href="http://naviny.by/rubrics/society/2011/09/16/ic_articles_116_175144/">
730 # http://naviny.by/rubrics/society/2011/09/16/ic_articles_116_175144/
731 # </a>
732 # 3.
733 # <a href="http://news.tut.by/society/250578.html">
734 # http://news.tut.by/society/250578.html
735 # </a>
736 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
737 Zone Europe/Minsk 1:50:16 - LMT 1880
738 1:50 - MMT 1924 May 2 # Minsk Mean Time
739 2:00 - EET 1930 Jun 21
740 3:00 - MSK 1941 Jun 28
741 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Jul 3
742 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1990
743 3:00 - MSK 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
744 2:00 1:00 EEST 1991 Sep 29 2:00s
745 2:00 - EET 1992 Mar 29 0:00s
746 2:00 1:00 EEST 1992 Sep 27 0:00s
747 2:00 Russia EE%sT 2011 Mar 27 2:00s
748 3:00 - FET # Further-eastern European Time
749
750 # Belgium
751 #
752 # From Paul Eggert (1997-07-02):
753 # Entries from 1918 through 1991 are taken from:
754 # Annuaire de L'Observatoire Royal de Belgique,
755 # Avenue Circulaire, 3, B-1180 BRUXELLES, CLVIIe annee, 1991
756 # (Imprimerie HAYEZ, s.p.r.l., Rue Fin, 4, 1080 BRUXELLES, MCMXC),
757 # pp 8-9.
758 # LMT before 1892 was 0:17:30, according to the official journal of Belgium:
759 # Moniteur Belge, Samedi 30 Avril 1892, N.121.
760 # Thanks to Pascal Delmoitie for these references.
761 # The 1918 rules are listed for completeness; they apply to unoccupied Belgium.
762 # Assume Brussels switched to WET in 1918 when the armistice took effect.
763 #
764 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
765 Rule Belgium 1918 only - Mar 9 0:00s 1:00 S
766 Rule Belgium 1918 1919 - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 -
767 Rule Belgium 1919 only - Mar 1 23:00s 1:00 S
768 Rule Belgium 1920 only - Feb 14 23:00s 1:00 S
769 Rule Belgium 1920 only - Oct 23 23:00s 0 -
770 Rule Belgium 1921 only - Mar 14 23:00s 1:00 S
771 Rule Belgium 1921 only - Oct 25 23:00s 0 -
772 Rule Belgium 1922 only - Mar 25 23:00s 1:00 S
773 Rule Belgium 1922 1927 - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 -
774 Rule Belgium 1923 only - Apr 21 23:00s 1:00 S
775 Rule Belgium 1924 only - Mar 29 23:00s 1:00 S
776 Rule Belgium 1925 only - Apr 4 23:00s 1:00 S
777 # DSH writes that a royal decree of 1926-02-22 specified the Sun following 3rd
778 # Sat in Apr (except if it's Easter, in which case it's one Sunday earlier),
779 # to Sun following 1st Sat in Oct, and that a royal decree of 1928-09-15
780 # changed the transition times to 02:00 GMT.
781 Rule Belgium 1926 only - Apr 17 23:00s 1:00 S
782 Rule Belgium 1927 only - Apr 9 23:00s 1:00 S
783 Rule Belgium 1928 only - Apr 14 23:00s 1:00 S
784 Rule Belgium 1928 1938 - Oct Sun>=2 2:00s 0 -
785 Rule Belgium 1929 only - Apr 21 2:00s 1:00 S
786 Rule Belgium 1930 only - Apr 13 2:00s 1:00 S
787 Rule Belgium 1931 only - Apr 19 2:00s 1:00 S
788 Rule Belgium 1932 only - Apr 3 2:00s 1:00 S
789 Rule Belgium 1933 only - Mar 26 2:00s 1:00 S
790 Rule Belgium 1934 only - Apr 8 2:00s 1:00 S
791 Rule Belgium 1935 only - Mar 31 2:00s 1:00 S
792 Rule Belgium 1936 only - Apr 19 2:00s 1:00 S
793 Rule Belgium 1937 only - Apr 4 2:00s 1:00 S
794 Rule Belgium 1938 only - Mar 27 2:00s 1:00 S
795 Rule Belgium 1939 only - Apr 16 2:00s 1:00 S
796 Rule Belgium 1939 only - Nov 19 2:00s 0 -
797 Rule Belgium 1940 only - Feb 25 2:00s 1:00 S
798 Rule Belgium 1944 only - Sep 17 2:00s 0 -
799 Rule Belgium 1945 only - Apr 2 2:00s 1:00 S
800 Rule Belgium 1945 only - Sep 16 2:00s 0 -
801 Rule Belgium 1946 only - May 19 2:00s 1:00 S
802 Rule Belgium 1946 only - Oct 7 2:00s 0 -
803 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
804 Zone Europe/Brussels 0:17:30 - LMT 1880
805 0:17:30 - BMT 1892 May 1 12:00 # Brussels MT
806 0:00 - WET 1914 Nov 8
807 1:00 - CET 1916 May 1 0:00
808 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1918 Nov 11 11:00u
809 0:00 Belgium WE%sT 1940 May 20 2:00s
810 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Sep 3
811 1:00 Belgium CE%sT 1977
812 1:00 EU CE%sT
813
814 # Bosnia and Herzegovina
815 # see Serbia
816
817 # Bulgaria
818 #
819 # From Plamen Simenov via Steffen Thorsen (1999-09-09):
820 # A document of Government of Bulgaria (No.94/1997) says:
821 # EET --> EETDST is in 03:00 Local time in last Sunday of March ...
822 # EETDST --> EET is in 04:00 Local time in last Sunday of October
823 #
824 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
825 Rule Bulg 1979 only - Mar 31 23:00 1:00 S
826 Rule Bulg 1979 only - Oct 1 1:00 0 -
827 Rule Bulg 1980 1982 - Apr Sat>=1 23:00 1:00 S
828 Rule Bulg 1980 only - Sep 29 1:00 0 -
829 Rule Bulg 1981 only - Sep 27 2:00 0 -
830 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
831 Zone Europe/Sofia 1:33:16 - LMT 1880
832 1:56:56 - IMT 1894 Nov 30 # Istanbul MT?
833 2:00 - EET 1942 Nov 2 3:00
834 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945
835 1:00 - CET 1945 Apr 2 3:00
836 2:00 - EET 1979 Mar 31 23:00
837 2:00 Bulg EE%sT 1982 Sep 26 2:00
838 2:00 C-Eur EE%sT 1991
839 2:00 E-Eur EE%sT 1997
840 2:00 EU EE%sT
841
842 # Croatia
843 # see Serbia
844
845 # Cyprus
846 # Please see the `asia' file for Asia/Nicosia.
847
848 # Czech Republic
849 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
850 Rule Czech 1945 only - Apr 8 2:00s 1:00 S
851 Rule Czech 1945 only - Nov 18 2:00s 0 -
852 Rule Czech 1946 only - May 6 2:00s 1:00 S
853 Rule Czech 1946 1949 - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
854 Rule Czech 1947 only - Apr 20 2:00s 1:00 S
855 Rule Czech 1948 only - Apr 18 2:00s 1:00 S
856 Rule Czech 1949 only - Apr 9 2:00s 1:00 S
857 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
858 Zone Europe/Prague 0:57:44 - LMT 1850
859 0:57:44 - PMT 1891 Oct # Prague Mean Time
860 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Sep 17 2:00s
861 1:00 Czech CE%sT 1979
862 1:00 EU CE%sT
863
864 # Denmark, Faroe Islands, and Greenland
865
866 # From Jesper Norgaard Welen (2005-04-26):
867 # http://www.hum.aau.dk/~poe/tid/tine/DanskTid.htm says that the law
868 # [introducing standard time] was in effect from 1894-01-01....
869 # The page http://www.retsinfo.dk/_GETDOCI_/ACCN/A18930008330-REGL
870 # confirms this, and states that the law was put forth 1893-03-29.
871 #
872 # The EU treaty with effect from 1973:
873 # http://www.retsinfo.dk/_GETDOCI_/ACCN/A19722110030-REGL
874 #
875 # This provoked a new law from 1974 to make possible summer time changes
876 # in subsequenet decrees with the law
877 # http://www.retsinfo.dk/_GETDOCI_/ACCN/A19740022330-REGL
878 #
879 # It seems however that no decree was set forward until 1980. I have
880 # not found any decree, but in another related law, the effecting DST
881 # changes are stated explicitly to be from 1980-04-06 at 02:00 to
882 # 1980-09-28 at 02:00. If this is true, this differs slightly from
883 # the EU rule in that DST runs to 02:00, not 03:00. We don't know
884 # when Denmark began using the EU rule correctly, but we have only
885 # confirmation of the 1980-time, so I presume it was correct in 1981:
886 # The law is about the management of the extra hour, concerning
887 # working hours reported and effect on obligatory-rest rules (which
888 # was suspended on that night):
889 # http://www.retsinfo.dk/_GETDOCI_/ACCN/C19801120554-REGL
890
891 # From Jesper Norgaard Welen (2005-06-11):
892 # The Herning Folkeblad (1980-09-26) reported that the night between
893 # Saturday and Sunday the clock is set back from three to two.
894
895 # From Paul Eggert (2005-06-11):
896 # Hence the "02:00" of the 1980 law refers to standard time, not
897 # wall-clock time, and so the EU rules were in effect in 1980.
898
899 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
900 Rule Denmark 1916 only - May 14 23:00 1:00 S
901 Rule Denmark 1916 only - Sep 30 23:00 0 -
902 Rule Denmark 1940 only - May 15 0:00 1:00 S
903 Rule Denmark 1945 only - Apr 2 2:00s 1:00 S
904 Rule Denmark 1945 only - Aug 15 2:00s 0 -
905 Rule Denmark 1946 only - May 1 2:00s 1:00 S
906 Rule Denmark 1946 only - Sep 1 2:00s 0 -
907 Rule Denmark 1947 only - May 4 2:00s 1:00 S
908 Rule Denmark 1947 only - Aug 10 2:00s 0 -
909 Rule Denmark 1948 only - May 9 2:00s 1:00 S
910 Rule Denmark 1948 only - Aug 8 2:00s 0 -
911 #
912 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
913 Zone Europe/Copenhagen 0:50:20 - LMT 1890
914 0:50:20 - CMT 1894 Jan 1 # Copenhagen MT
915 1:00 Denmark CE%sT 1942 Nov 2 2:00s
916 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 Apr 2 2:00
917 1:00 Denmark CE%sT 1980
918 1:00 EU CE%sT
919 Zone Atlantic/Faroe -0:27:04 - LMT 1908 Jan 11 # Torshavn
920 0:00 - WET 1981
921 0:00 EU WE%sT
922 #
923 # From Paul Eggert (2004-10-31):
924 # During World War II, Germany maintained secret manned weather stations in
925 # East Greenland and Franz Josef Land, but we don't know their time zones.
926 # My source for this is Wilhelm Dege's book mentioned under Svalbard.
927 #
928 # From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):
929 # Greenland joined the EU as part of Denmark, obtained home rule on 1979-05-01,
930 # and left the EU on 1985-02-01. It therefore should have been using EU
931 # rules at least through 1984. Shanks & Pottenger say Scoresbysund and Godthab
932 # used C-Eur rules after 1980, but IATA SSIM (1991/1996) says they use EU
933 # rules since at least 1991. Assume EU rules since 1980.
934
935 # From Gwillin Law (2001-06-06), citing
936 # <http://www.statkart.no/efs/efshefter/2001/efs5-2001.pdf> (2001-03-15),
937 # and with translations corrected by Steffen Thorsen:
938 #
939 # Greenland has four local times, and the relation to UTC
940 # is according to the following time line:
941 #
942 # The military zone near Thule UTC-4
943 # Standard Greenland time UTC-3
944 # Scoresbysund UTC-1
945 # Danmarkshavn UTC
946 #
947 # In the military area near Thule and in Danmarkshavn DST will not be
948 # introduced.
949
950 # From Rives McDow (2001-11-01):
951 #
952 # I correspond regularly with the Dansk Polarcenter, and wrote them at
953 # the time to clarify the situation in Thule. Unfortunately, I have
954 # not heard back from them regarding my recent letter. [But I have
955 # info from earlier correspondence.]
956 #
957 # According to the center, a very small local time zone around Thule
958 # Air Base keeps the time according to UTC-4, implementing daylight
959 # savings using North America rules, changing the time at 02:00 local time....
960 #
961 # The east coast of Greenland north of the community of Scoresbysund
962 # uses UTC in the same way as in Iceland, year round, with no dst.
963 # There are just a few stations on this coast, including the
964 # Danmarkshavn ICAO weather station mentioned in your September 29th
965 # email. The other stations are two sledge patrol stations in
966 # Mestersvig and Daneborg, the air force base at Station Nord, and the
967 # DPC research station at Zackenberg.
968 #
969 # Scoresbysund and two small villages nearby keep time UTC-1 and use
970 # the same daylight savings time period as in West Greenland (Godthab).
971 #
972 # The rest of Greenland, including Godthab (this area, although it
973 # includes central Greenland, is known as west Greenland), keeps time
974 # UTC-3, with daylight savings methods according to European rules.
975 #
976 # It is common procedure to use UTC 0 in the wilderness of East and
977 # North Greenland, because it is mainly Icelandic aircraft operators
978 # maintaining traffic in these areas. However, the official status of
979 # this area is that it sticks with Godthab time. This area might be
980 # considered a dual time zone in some respects because of this.
981
982 # From Rives McDow (2001-11-19):
983 # I heard back from someone stationed at Thule; the time change took place
984 # there at 2:00 AM.
985
986 # From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):
987 # From 1997 on the CIA map shows Danmarkshavn on GMT;
988 # the 1995 map as like Godthab.
989 # For lack of better info, assume they were like Godthab before 1996.
990 # startkart.no says Thule does not observe DST, but this is clearly an error,
991 # so go with Shanks & Pottenger for Thule transitions until this year.
992 # For 2007 on assume Thule will stay in sync with US DST rules.
993 #
994 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
995 Rule Thule 1991 1992 - Mar lastSun 2:00 1:00 D
996 Rule Thule 1991 1992 - Sep lastSun 2:00 0 S
997 Rule Thule 1993 2006 - Apr Sun>=1 2:00 1:00 D
998 Rule Thule 1993 2006 - Oct lastSun 2:00 0 S
999 Rule Thule 2007 max - Mar Sun>=8 2:00 1:00 D
1000 Rule Thule 2007 max - Nov Sun>=1 2:00 0 S
1001 #
1002 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1003 Zone America/Danmarkshavn -1:14:40 - LMT 1916 Jul 28
1004 -3:00 - WGT 1980 Apr 6 2:00
1005 -3:00 EU WG%sT 1996
1006 0:00 - GMT
1007 Zone America/Scoresbysund -1:27:52 - LMT 1916 Jul 28 # Ittoqqortoormiit
1008 -2:00 - CGT 1980 Apr 6 2:00
1009 -2:00 C-Eur CG%sT 1981 Mar 29
1010 -1:00 EU EG%sT
1011 Zone America/Godthab -3:26:56 - LMT 1916 Jul 28 # Nuuk
1012 -3:00 - WGT 1980 Apr 6 2:00
1013 -3:00 EU WG%sT
1014 Zone America/Thule -4:35:08 - LMT 1916 Jul 28 # Pituffik air base
1015 -4:00 Thule A%sT
1016
1017 # Estonia
1018 # From Peter Ilieve (1994-10-15):
1019 # A relative in Tallinn confirms the accuracy of the data for 1989 onwards
1020 # [through 1994] and gives the legal authority for it,
1021 # a regulation of the Government of Estonia, No. 111 of 1989....
1022 #
1023 # From Peter Ilieve (1996-10-28):
1024 # [IATA SSIM (1992/1996) claims that the Baltic republics switch at 01:00s,
1025 # but a relative confirms that Estonia still switches at 02:00s, writing:]
1026 # ``I do not [know] exactly but there are some little different
1027 # (confusing) rules for International Air and Railway Transport Schedules
1028 # conversion in Sunday connected with end of summer time in Estonia....
1029 # A discussion is running about the summer time efficiency and effect on
1030 # human physiology. It seems that Estonia maybe will not change to
1031 # summer time next spring.''
1032
1033 # From Peter Ilieve (1998-11-04), heavily edited:
1034 # <a href="http://trip.rk.ee/cgi-bin/thw?${BASE}=akt&${OOHTML}=rtd&TA=1998&TO=1&AN=1390">
1035 # The 1998-09-22 Estonian time law
1036 # </a>
1037 # refers to the Eighth Directive and cites the association agreement between
1038 # the EU and Estonia, ratified by the Estonian law (RT II 1995, 22--27, 120).
1039 #
1040 # I also asked [my relative] whether they use any standard abbreviation
1041 # for their standard and summer times. He says no, they use "suveaeg"
1042 # (summer time) and "talveaeg" (winter time).
1043
1044 # From <a href="http://www.baltictimes.com/">The Baltic Times</a> (1999-09-09)
1045 # via Steffen Thorsen:
1046 # This year will mark the last time Estonia shifts to summer time,
1047 # a council of the ruling coalition announced Sept. 6....
1048 # But what this could mean for Estonia's chances of joining the European
1049 # Union are still unclear. In 1994, the EU declared summer time compulsory
1050 # for all member states until 2001. Brussels has yet to decide what to do
1051 # after that.
1052
1053 # From Mart Oruaas (2000-01-29):
1054 # Regulation no. 301 (1999-10-12) obsoletes previous regulation
1055 # no. 206 (1998-09-22) and thus sticks Estonia to +02:00 GMT for all
1056 # the year round. The regulation is effective 1999-11-01.
1057
1058 # From Toomas Soome (2002-02-21):
1059 # The Estonian government has changed once again timezone politics.
1060 # Now we are using again EU rules.
1061 #
1062 # From Urmet Jaanes (2002-03-28):
1063 # The legislative reference is Government decree No. 84 on 2002-02-21.
1064
1065 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1066 Zone Europe/Tallinn 1:39:00 - LMT 1880
1067 1:39:00 - TMT 1918 Feb # Tallinn Mean Time
1068 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1919 Jul
1069 1:39:00 - TMT 1921 May
1070 2:00 - EET 1940 Aug 6
1071 3:00 - MSK 1941 Sep 15
1072 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Sep 22
1073 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1989 Mar 26 2:00s
1074 2:00 1:00 EEST 1989 Sep 24 2:00s
1075 2:00 C-Eur EE%sT 1998 Sep 22
1076 2:00 EU EE%sT 1999 Nov 1
1077 2:00 - EET 2002 Feb 21
1078 2:00 EU EE%sT
1079
1080 # Finland
1081
1082 # From Hannu Strang (1994-09-25 06:03:37 UTC):
1083 # Well, here in Helsinki we're just changing from summer time to regular one,
1084 # and it's supposed to change at 4am...
1085
1086 # From Janne Snabb (2010-0715):
1087 #
1088 # I noticed that the Finland data is not accurate for years 1981 and 1982.
1089 # During these two first trial years the DST adjustment was made one hour
1090 # earlier than in forthcoming years. Starting 1983 the adjustment was made
1091 # according to the central European standards.
1092 #
1093 # This is documented in Heikki Oja: Aikakirja 2007, published by The Almanac
1094 # Office of University of Helsinki, ISBN 952-10-3221-9, available online (in
1095 # Finnish) at
1096 #
1097 # <a href="http://almanakka.helsinki.fi/aikakirja/Aikakirja2007kokonaan.pdf">
1098 # http://almanakka.helsinki.fi/aikakirja/Aikakirja2007kokonaan.pdf
1099 # </a>
1100 #
1101 # Page 105 (56 in PDF version) has a handy table of all past daylight savings
1102 # transitions. It is easy enough to interpret without Finnish skills.
1103 #
1104 # This is also confirmed by Finnish Broadcasting Company's archive at:
1105 #
1106 # <a href="http://www.yle.fi/elavaarkisto/?s=s&g=1&ag=5&t=&a=3401">
1107 # http://www.yle.fi/elavaarkisto/?s=s&g=1&ag=5&t=&a=3401
1108 # </a>
1109 #
1110 # The news clip from 1981 says that "the time between 2 and 3 o'clock does not
1111 # exist tonight."
1112
1113 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1114 Rule Finland 1942 only - Apr 3 0:00 1:00 S
1115 Rule Finland 1942 only - Oct 3 0:00 0 -
1116 Rule Finland 1981 1982 - Mar lastSun 2:00 1:00 S
1117 Rule Finland 1981 1982 - Sep lastSun 3:00 0 -
1118 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1119 Zone Europe/Helsinki 1:39:52 - LMT 1878 May 31
1120 1:39:52 - HMT 1921 May # Helsinki Mean Time
1121 2:00 Finland EE%sT 1983
1122 2:00 EU EE%sT
1123
1124 # Aaland Is
1125 Link Europe/Helsinki Europe/Mariehamn
1126
1127
1128 # France
1129
1130 # From Ciro Discepolo (2000-12-20):
1131 #
1132 # Henri Le Corre, Regimes Horaires pour le monde entier, Editions
1133 # Traditionnelles - Paris 2 books, 1993
1134 #
1135 # Gabriel, Traite de l'heure dans le monde, Guy Tredaniel editeur,
1136 # Paris, 1991
1137 #
1138 # Francoise Gauquelin, Problemes de l'heure resolus en astrologie,
1139 # Guy tredaniel, Paris 1987
1140
1141
1142 #
1143 # Shank & Pottenger seem to use `24:00' ambiguously; resolve it with Whitman.
1144 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1145 Rule France 1916 only - Jun 14 23:00s 1:00 S
1146 Rule France 1916 1919 - Oct Sun>=1 23:00s 0 -
1147 Rule France 1917 only - Mar 24 23:00s 1:00 S
1148 Rule France 1918 only - Mar 9 23:00s 1:00 S
1149 Rule France 1919 only - Mar 1 23:00s 1:00 S
1150 Rule France 1920 only - Feb 14 23:00s 1:00 S
1151 Rule France 1920 only - Oct 23 23:00s 0 -
1152 Rule France 1921 only - Mar 14 23:00s 1:00 S
1153 Rule France 1921 only - Oct 25 23:00s 0 -
1154 Rule France 1922 only - Mar 25 23:00s 1:00 S
1155 # DSH writes that a law of 1923-05-24 specified 3rd Sat in Apr at 23:00 to 1st
1156 # Sat in Oct at 24:00; and that in 1930, because of Easter, the transitions
1157 # were Apr 12 and Oct 5. Go with Shanks & Pottenger.
1158 Rule France 1922 1938 - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 -
1159 Rule France 1923 only - May 26 23:00s 1:00 S
1160 Rule France 1924 only - Mar 29 23:00s 1:00 S
1161 Rule France 1925 only - Apr 4 23:00s 1:00 S
1162 Rule France 1926 only - Apr 17 23:00s 1:00 S
1163 Rule France 1927 only - Apr 9 23:00s 1:00 S
1164 Rule France 1928 only - Apr 14 23:00s 1:00 S
1165 Rule France 1929 only - Apr 20 23:00s 1:00 S
1166 Rule France 1930 only - Apr 12 23:00s 1:00 S
1167 Rule France 1931 only - Apr 18 23:00s 1:00 S
1168 Rule France 1932 only - Apr 2 23:00s 1:00 S
1169 Rule France 1933 only - Mar 25 23:00s 1:00 S
1170 Rule France 1934 only - Apr 7 23:00s 1:00 S
1171 Rule France 1935 only - Mar 30 23:00s 1:00 S
1172 Rule France 1936 only - Apr 18 23:00s 1:00 S
1173 Rule France 1937 only - Apr 3 23:00s 1:00 S
1174 Rule France 1938 only - Mar 26 23:00s 1:00 S
1175 Rule France 1939 only - Apr 15 23:00s 1:00 S
1176 Rule France 1939 only - Nov 18 23:00s 0 -
1177 Rule France 1940 only - Feb 25 2:00 1:00 S
1178 # The French rules for 1941-1944 were not used in Paris, but Shanks & Pottenger
1179 # write that they were used in Monaco and in many French locations.
1180 # Le Corre writes that the upper limit of the free zone was Arneguy, Orthez,
1181 # Mont-de-Marsan, Bazas, Langon, Lamotte-Montravel, Marouil, La
1182 # Rochefoucault, Champagne-Mouton, La Roche-Posay, La Haye-Descartes,
1183 # Loches, Montrichard, Vierzon, Bourges, Moulins, Digoin,
1184 # Paray-le-Monial, Montceau-les-Mines, Chalons-sur-Saone, Arbois,
1185 # Dole, Morez, St-Claude, and Collonges (Haute-Savoie).
1186 Rule France 1941 only - May 5 0:00 2:00 M # Midsummer
1187 # Shanks & Pottenger say this transition occurred at Oct 6 1:00,
1188 # but go with Denis Excoffier (1997-12-12),
1189 # who quotes the Ephemerides Astronomiques for 1998 from Bureau des Longitudes
1190 # as saying 5/10/41 22hUT.
1191 Rule France 1941 only - Oct 6 0:00 1:00 S
1192 Rule France 1942 only - Mar 9 0:00 2:00 M
1193 Rule France 1942 only - Nov 2 3:00 1:00 S
1194 Rule France 1943 only - Mar 29 2:00 2:00 M
1195 Rule France 1943 only - Oct 4 3:00 1:00 S
1196 Rule France 1944 only - Apr 3 2:00 2:00 M
1197 Rule France 1944 only - Oct 8 1:00 1:00 S
1198 Rule France 1945 only - Apr 2 2:00 2:00 M
1199 Rule France 1945 only - Sep 16 3:00 0 -
1200 # Shanks & Pottenger give Mar 28 2:00 and Sep 26 3:00;
1201 # go with Excoffier's 28/3/76 0hUT and 25/9/76 23hUT.
1202 Rule France 1976 only - Mar 28 1:00 1:00 S
1203 Rule France 1976 only - Sep 26 1:00 0 -
1204 # Shanks & Pottenger give 0:09:20 for Paris Mean Time, and Whitman 0:09:05,
1205 # but Howse quotes the actual French legislation as saying 0:09:21.
1206 # Go with Howse. Howse writes that the time in France was officially based
1207 # on PMT-0:09:21 until 1978-08-09, when the time base finally switched to UTC.
1208 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1209 Zone Europe/Paris 0:09:21 - LMT 1891 Mar 15 0:01
1210 0:09:21 - PMT 1911 Mar 11 0:01 # Paris MT
1211 # Shanks & Pottenger give 1940 Jun 14 0:00; go with Excoffier and Le Corre.
1212 0:00 France WE%sT 1940 Jun 14 23:00
1213 # Le Corre says Paris stuck with occupied-France time after the liberation;
1214 # go with Shanks & Pottenger.
1215 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Aug 25
1216 0:00 France WE%sT 1945 Sep 16 3:00
1217 1:00 France CE%sT 1977
1218 1:00 EU CE%sT
1219
1220 # Germany
1221
1222 # From Markus Kuhn (1998-09-29):
1223 # The German time zone web site by the Physikalisch-Technische
1224 # Bundesanstalt contains DST information back to 1916.
1225 # [See tz-link.htm for the URL.]
1226
1227 # From Joerg Schilling (2002-10-23):
1228 # In 1945, Berlin was switched to Moscow Summer time (GMT+4) by
1229 # <a href="http://www.dhm.de/lemo/html/biografien/BersarinNikolai/">
1230 # General [Nikolai] Bersarin</a>.
1231
1232 # From Paul Eggert (2003-03-08):
1233 # <a href="http://www.parlament-berlin.de/pds-fraktion.nsf/727459127c8b66ee8525662300459099/defc77cb784f180ac1256c2b0030274b/$FILE/bersarint.pdf">
1234 # http://www.parlament-berlin.de/pds-fraktion.nsf/727459127c8b66ee8525662300459099/defc77cb784f180ac1256c2b0030274b/$FILE/bersarint.pdf
1235 # </a>
1236 # says that Bersarin issued an order to use Moscow time on May 20.
1237 # However, Moscow did not observe daylight saving in 1945, so
1238 # this was equivalent to CEMT (GMT+3), not GMT+4.
1239
1240
1241 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1242 Rule Germany 1946 only - Apr 14 2:00s 1:00 S
1243 Rule Germany 1946 only - Oct 7 2:00s 0 -
1244 Rule Germany 1947 1949 - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
1245 # http://www.ptb.de/de/org/4/44/441/salt.htm says the following transition
1246 # occurred at 3:00 MEZ, not the 2:00 MEZ given in Shanks & Pottenger.
1247 # Go with the PTB.
1248 Rule Germany 1947 only - Apr 6 3:00s 1:00 S
1249 Rule Germany 1947 only - May 11 2:00s 2:00 M
1250 Rule Germany 1947 only - Jun 29 3:00 1:00 S
1251 Rule Germany 1948 only - Apr 18 2:00s 1:00 S
1252 Rule Germany 1949 only - Apr 10 2:00s 1:00 S
1253
1254 Rule SovietZone 1945 only - May 24 2:00 2:00 M # Midsummer
1255 Rule SovietZone 1945 only - Sep 24 3:00 1:00 S
1256 Rule SovietZone 1945 only - Nov 18 2:00s 0 -
1257
1258 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1259 Zone Europe/Berlin 0:53:28 - LMT 1893 Apr
1260 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 May 24 2:00
1261 1:00 SovietZone CE%sT 1946
1262 1:00 Germany CE%sT 1980
1263 1:00 EU CE%sT
1264
1265 # Georgia
1266 # Please see the "asia" file for Asia/Tbilisi.
1267 # Herodotus (Histories, IV.45) says Georgia north of the Phasis (now Rioni)
1268 # is in Europe. Our reference location Tbilisi is in the Asian part.
1269
1270 # Gibraltar
1271 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1272 Zone Europe/Gibraltar -0:21:24 - LMT 1880 Aug 2 0:00s
1273 0:00 GB-Eire %s 1957 Apr 14 2:00
1274 1:00 - CET 1982
1275 1:00 EU CE%sT
1276
1277 # Greece
1278 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1279 # Whitman gives 1932 Jul 5 - Nov 1; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
1280 Rule Greece 1932 only - Jul 7 0:00 1:00 S
1281 Rule Greece 1932 only - Sep 1 0:00 0 -
1282 # Whitman gives 1941 Apr 25 - ?; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
1283 Rule Greece 1941 only - Apr 7 0:00 1:00 S
1284 # Whitman gives 1942 Feb 2 - ?; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
1285 Rule Greece 1942 only - Nov 2 3:00 0 -
1286 Rule Greece 1943 only - Mar 30 0:00 1:00 S
1287 Rule Greece 1943 only - Oct 4 0:00 0 -
1288 # Whitman gives 1944 Oct 3 - Oct 31; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
1289 Rule Greece 1952 only - Jul 1 0:00 1:00 S
1290 Rule Greece 1952 only - Nov 2 0:00 0 -
1291 Rule Greece 1975 only - Apr 12 0:00s 1:00 S
1292 Rule Greece 1975 only - Nov 26 0:00s 0 -
1293 Rule Greece 1976 only - Apr 11 2:00s 1:00 S
1294 Rule Greece 1976 only - Oct 10 2:00s 0 -
1295 Rule Greece 1977 1978 - Apr Sun>=1 2:00s 1:00 S
1296 Rule Greece 1977 only - Sep 26 2:00s 0 -
1297 Rule Greece 1978 only - Sep 24 4:00 0 -
1298 Rule Greece 1979 only - Apr 1 9:00 1:00 S
1299 Rule Greece 1979 only - Sep 29 2:00 0 -
1300 Rule Greece 1980 only - Apr 1 0:00 1:00 S
1301 Rule Greece 1980 only - Sep 28 0:00 0 -
1302 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1303 Zone Europe/Athens 1:34:52 - LMT 1895 Sep 14
1304 1:34:52 - AMT 1916 Jul 28 0:01 # Athens MT
1305 2:00 Greece EE%sT 1941 Apr 30
1306 1:00 Greece CE%sT 1944 Apr 4
1307 2:00 Greece EE%sT 1981
1308 # Shanks & Pottenger say it switched to C-Eur in 1981;
1309 # go with EU instead, since Greece joined it on Jan 1.
1310 2:00 EU EE%sT
1311
1312 # Hungary
1313 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1314 Rule Hungary 1918 only - Apr 1 3:00 1:00 S
1315 Rule Hungary 1918 only - Sep 29 3:00 0 -
1316 Rule Hungary 1919 only - Apr 15 3:00 1:00 S
1317 Rule Hungary 1919 only - Sep 15 3:00 0 -
1318 Rule Hungary 1920 only - Apr 5 3:00 1:00 S
1319 Rule Hungary 1920 only - Sep 30 3:00 0 -
1320 Rule Hungary 1945 only - May 1 23:00 1:00 S
1321 Rule Hungary 1945 only - Nov 3 0:00 0 -
1322 Rule Hungary 1946 only - Mar 31 2:00s 1:00 S
1323 Rule Hungary 1946 1949 - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
1324 Rule Hungary 1947 1949 - Apr Sun>=4 2:00s 1:00 S
1325 Rule Hungary 1950 only - Apr 17 2:00s 1:00 S
1326 Rule Hungary 1950 only - Oct 23 2:00s 0 -
1327 Rule Hungary 1954 1955 - May 23 0:00 1:00 S
1328 Rule Hungary 1954 1955 - Oct 3 0:00 0 -
1329 Rule Hungary 1956 only - Jun Sun>=1 0:00 1:00 S
1330 Rule Hungary 1956 only - Sep lastSun 0:00 0 -
1331 Rule Hungary 1957 only - Jun Sun>=1 1:00 1:00 S
1332 Rule Hungary 1957 only - Sep lastSun 3:00 0 -
1333 Rule Hungary 1980 only - Apr 6 1:00 1:00 S
1334 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1335 Zone Europe/Budapest 1:16:20 - LMT 1890 Oct
1336 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1918
1337 1:00 Hungary CE%sT 1941 Apr 6 2:00
1338 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945
1339 1:00 Hungary CE%sT 1980 Sep 28 2:00s
1340 1:00 EU CE%sT
1341
1342 # Iceland
1343 #
1344 # From Adam David (1993-11-06):
1345 # The name of the timezone in Iceland for system / mail / news purposes is GMT.
1346 #
1347 # (1993-12-05):
1348 # This material is paraphrased from the 1988 edition of the University of
1349 # Iceland Almanak.
1350 #
1351 # From January 1st, 1908 the whole of Iceland was standardised at 1 hour
1352 # behind GMT. Previously, local mean solar time was used in different parts
1353 # of Iceland, the almanak had been based on Reykjavik mean solar time which
1354 # was 1 hour and 28 minutes behind GMT.
1355 #
1356 # "first day of winter" referred to [below] means the first day of the 26 weeks
1357 # of winter, according to the old icelandic calendar that dates back to the
1358 # time the norsemen first settled Iceland. The first day of winter is always
1359 # Saturday, but is not dependent on the Julian or Gregorian calendars.
1360 #
1361 # (1993-12-10):
1362 # I have a reference from the Oxford Icelandic-English dictionary for the
1363 # beginning of winter, which ties it to the ecclesiastical calendar (and thus
1364 # to the julian/gregorian calendar) over the period in question.
1365 # the winter begins on the Saturday next before St. Luke's day
1366 # (old style), or on St. Luke's day, if a Saturday.
1367 # St. Luke's day ought to be traceable from ecclesiastical sources. "old style"
1368 # might be a reference to the Julian calendar as opposed to Gregorian, or it
1369 # might mean something else (???).
1370 #
1371 # From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):
1372 # The Iceland Almanak, Shanks & Pottenger, and Whitman disagree on many points.
1373 # We go with the Almanak, except for one claim from Shanks & Pottenger, namely
1374 # that Reykavik was 21W57 from 1837 to 1908, local mean time before that.
1375 #
1376 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1377 Rule Iceland 1917 1918 - Feb 19 23:00 1:00 S
1378 Rule Iceland 1917 only - Oct 21 1:00 0 -
1379 Rule Iceland 1918 only - Nov 16 1:00 0 -
1380 Rule Iceland 1939 only - Apr 29 23:00 1:00 S
1381 Rule Iceland 1939 only - Nov 29 2:00 0 -
1382 Rule Iceland 1940 only - Feb 25 2:00 1:00 S
1383 Rule Iceland 1940 only - Nov 3 2:00 0 -
1384 Rule Iceland 1941 only - Mar 2 1:00s 1:00 S
1385 Rule Iceland 1941 only - Nov 2 1:00s 0 -
1386 Rule Iceland 1942 only - Mar 8 1:00s 1:00 S
1387 Rule Iceland 1942 only - Oct 25 1:00s 0 -
1388 # 1943-1946 - first Sunday in March until first Sunday in winter
1389 Rule Iceland 1943 1946 - Mar Sun>=1 1:00s 1:00 S
1390 Rule Iceland 1943 1948 - Oct Sun>=22 1:00s 0 -
1391 # 1947-1967 - first Sunday in April until first Sunday in winter
1392 Rule Iceland 1947 1967 - Apr Sun>=1 1:00s 1:00 S
1393 # 1949 Oct transition delayed by 1 week
1394 Rule Iceland 1949 only - Oct 30 1:00s 0 -
1395 Rule Iceland 1950 1966 - Oct Sun>=22 1:00s 0 -
1396 Rule Iceland 1967 only - Oct 29 1:00s 0 -
1397 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1398 Zone Atlantic/Reykjavik -1:27:24 - LMT 1837
1399 -1:27:48 - RMT 1908 # Reykjavik Mean Time?
1400 -1:00 Iceland IS%sT 1968 Apr 7 1:00s
1401 0:00 - GMT
1402
1403 # Italy
1404 #
1405 # From Paul Eggert (2001-03-06):
1406 # Sicily and Sardinia each had their own time zones from 1866 to 1893,
1407 # called Palermo Time (+00:53:28) and Cagliari Time (+00:36:32).
1408 # During World War II, German-controlled Italy used German time.
1409 # But these events all occurred before the 1970 cutoff,
1410 # so record only the time in Rome.
1411 #
1412 # From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):
1413 # For Italian DST we have three sources: Shanks & Pottenger, Whitman, and
1414 # F. Pollastri
1415 # <a href="http://toi.iriti.cnr.it/uk/ienitlt.html">
1416 # Day-light Saving Time in Italy (2006-02-03)
1417 # </a>
1418 # (`FP' below), taken from an Italian National Electrotechnical Institute
1419 # publication. When the three sources disagree, guess who's right, as follows:
1420 #
1421 # year FP Shanks&P. (S) Whitman (W) Go with:
1422 # 1916 06-03 06-03 24:00 06-03 00:00 FP & W
1423 # 09-30 09-30 24:00 09-30 01:00 FP; guess 24:00s
1424 # 1917 04-01 03-31 24:00 03-31 00:00 FP & S
1425 # 09-30 09-29 24:00 09-30 01:00 FP & W
1426 # 1918 03-09 03-09 24:00 03-09 00:00 FP & S
1427 # 10-06 10-05 24:00 10-06 01:00 FP & W
1428 # 1919 03-01 03-01 24:00 03-01 00:00 FP & S
1429 # 10-04 10-04 24:00 10-04 01:00 FP; guess 24:00s
1430 # 1920 03-20 03-20 24:00 03-20 00:00 FP & S
1431 # 09-18 09-18 24:00 10-01 01:00 FP; guess 24:00s
1432 # 1944 04-02 04-03 02:00 S (see C-Eur)
1433 # 09-16 10-02 03:00 FP; guess 24:00s
1434 # 1945 09-14 09-16 24:00 FP; guess 24:00s
1435 # 1970 05-21 05-31 00:00 S
1436 # 09-20 09-27 00:00 S
1437 #
1438 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1439 Rule Italy 1916 only - Jun 3 0:00s 1:00 S
1440 Rule Italy 1916 only - Oct 1 0:00s 0 -
1441 Rule Italy 1917 only - Apr 1 0:00s 1:00 S
1442 Rule Italy 1917 only - Sep 30 0:00s 0 -
1443 Rule Italy 1918 only - Mar 10 0:00s 1:00 S
1444 Rule Italy 1918 1919 - Oct Sun>=1 0:00s 0 -
1445 Rule Italy 1919 only - Mar 2 0:00s 1:00 S
1446 Rule Italy 1920 only - Mar 21 0:00s 1:00 S
1447 Rule Italy 1920 only - Sep 19 0:00s 0 -
1448 Rule Italy 1940 only - Jun 15 0:00s 1:00 S
1449 Rule Italy 1944 only - Sep 17 0:00s 0 -
1450 Rule Italy 1945 only - Apr 2 2:00 1:00 S
1451 Rule Italy 1945 only - Sep 15 0:00s 0 -
1452 Rule Italy 1946 only - Mar 17 2:00s 1:00 S
1453 Rule Italy 1946 only - Oct 6 2:00s 0 -
1454 Rule Italy 1947 only - Mar 16 0:00s 1:00 S
1455 Rule Italy 1947 only - Oct 5 0:00s 0 -
1456 Rule Italy 1948 only - Feb 29 2:00s 1:00 S
1457 Rule Italy 1948 only - Oct 3 2:00s 0 -
1458 Rule Italy 1966 1968 - May Sun>=22 0:00 1:00 S
1459 Rule Italy 1966 1969 - Sep Sun>=22 0:00 0 -
1460 Rule Italy 1969 only - Jun 1 0:00 1:00 S
1461 Rule Italy 1970 only - May 31 0:00 1:00 S
1462 Rule Italy 1970 only - Sep lastSun 0:00 0 -
1463 Rule Italy 1971 1972 - May Sun>=22 0:00 1:00 S
1464 Rule Italy 1971 only - Sep lastSun 1:00 0 -
1465 Rule Italy 1972 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
1466 Rule Italy 1973 only - Jun 3 0:00 1:00 S
1467 Rule Italy 1973 1974 - Sep lastSun 0:00 0 -
1468 Rule Italy 1974 only - May 26 0:00 1:00 S
1469 Rule Italy 1975 only - Jun 1 0:00s 1:00 S
1470 Rule Italy 1975 1977 - Sep lastSun 0:00s 0 -
1471 Rule Italy 1976 only - May 30 0:00s 1:00 S
1472 Rule Italy 1977 1979 - May Sun>=22 0:00s 1:00 S
1473 Rule Italy 1978 only - Oct 1 0:00s 0 -
1474 Rule Italy 1979 only - Sep 30 0:00s 0 -
1475 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1476 Zone Europe/Rome 0:49:56 - LMT 1866 Sep 22
1477 0:49:56 - RMT 1893 Nov 1 0:00s # Rome Mean
1478 1:00 Italy CE%sT 1942 Nov 2 2:00s
1479 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Jul
1480 1:00 Italy CE%sT 1980
1481 1:00 EU CE%sT
1482
1483 Link Europe/Rome Europe/Vatican
1484 Link Europe/Rome Europe/San_Marino
1485
1486 # Latvia
1487
1488 # From Liene Kanepe (1998-09-17):
1489
1490 # I asked about this matter Scientific Secretary of the Institute of Astronomy
1491 # of The University of Latvia Dr. paed Mr. Ilgonis Vilks. I also searched the
1492 # correct data in juridical acts and I found some juridical documents about
1493 # changes in the counting of time in Latvia from 1981....
1494 #
1495 # Act No.35 of the Council of Ministers of Latvian SSR of 1981-01-22 ...
1496 # according to the Act No.925 of the Council of Ministers of USSR of 1980-10-24
1497 # ...: all year round the time of 2nd time zone + 1 hour, in addition turning
1498 # the hands of the clock 1 hour forward on 1 April at 00:00 (GMT 31 March 21:00)
1499 # and 1 hour backward on the 1 October at 00:00 (GMT 30 September 20:00).
1500 #
1501 # Act No.592 of the Council of Ministers of Latvian SSR of 1984-09-24 ...
1502 # according to the Act No.967 of the Council of Ministers of USSR of 1984-09-13
1503 # ...: all year round the time of 2nd time zone + 1 hour, in addition turning
1504 # the hands of the clock 1 hour forward on the last Sunday of March at 02:00
1505 # (GMT 23:00 on the previous day) and 1 hour backward on the last Sunday of
1506 # September at 03:00 (GMT 23:00 on the previous day).
1507 #
1508 # Act No.81 of the Council of Ministers of Latvian SSR of 1989-03-22 ...
1509 # according to the Act No.227 of the Council of Ministers of USSR of 1989-03-14
1510 # ...: since the last Sunday of March 1989 in Lithuanian SSR, Latvian SSR,
1511 # Estonian SSR and Kaliningrad region of Russian Federation all year round the
1512 # time of 2nd time zone (Moscow time minus one hour). On the territory of Latvia
1513 # transition to summer time is performed on the last Sunday of March at 02:00
1514 # (GMT 00:00), turning the hands of the clock 1 hour forward. The end of
1515 # daylight saving time is performed on the last Sunday of September at 03:00
1516 # (GMT 00:00), turning the hands of the clock 1 hour backward. Exception is
1517 # 1989-03-26, when we must not turn the hands of the clock....
1518 #
1519 # The Regulations of the Cabinet of Ministers of the Republic of Latvia of
1520 # 1997-01-21 on transition to Summer time ... established the same order of
1521 # daylight savings time settings as in the States of the European Union.
1522
1523 # From Andrei Ivanov (2000-03-06):
1524 # This year Latvia will not switch to Daylight Savings Time (as specified in
1525 # <a href="http://www.lv-laiks.lv/wwwraksti/2000/071072/vd4.htm">
1526 # The Regulations of the Cabinet of Ministers of the Rep. of Latvia of
1527 # 29-Feb-2000 (#79)</a>, in Latvian for subscribers only).
1528
1529 # <a href="http://www.rferl.org/newsline/2001/01/3-CEE/cee-030101.html">
1530 # From RFE/RL Newsline (2001-01-03), noted after a heads-up by Rives McDow:
1531 # </a>
1532 # The Latvian government on 2 January decided that the country will
1533 # institute daylight-saving time this spring, LETA reported.
1534 # Last February the three Baltic states decided not to turn back their
1535 # clocks one hour in the spring....
1536 # Minister of Economy Aigars Kalvitis noted that Latvia had too few
1537 # daylight hours and thus decided to comply with a draft European
1538 # Commission directive that provides for instituting daylight-saving
1539 # time in EU countries between 2002 and 2006. The Latvian government
1540 # urged Lithuania and Estonia to adopt a similar time policy, but it
1541 # appears that they will not do so....
1542
1543 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1544 Rule Latvia 1989 1996 - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 S
1545 Rule Latvia 1989 1996 - Sep lastSun 2:00s 0 -
1546 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1547 Zone Europe/Riga 1:36:24 - LMT 1880
1548 1:36:24 - RMT 1918 Apr 15 2:00 #Riga Mean Time
1549 1:36:24 1:00 LST 1918 Sep 16 3:00 #Latvian Summer
1550 1:36:24 - RMT 1919 Apr 1 2:00
1551 1:36:24 1:00 LST 1919 May 22 3:00
1552 1:36:24 - RMT 1926 May 11
1553 2:00 - EET 1940 Aug 5
1554 3:00 - MSK 1941 Jul
1555 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Oct 13
1556 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1989 Mar lastSun 2:00s
1557 2:00 1:00 EEST 1989 Sep lastSun 2:00s
1558 2:00 Latvia EE%sT 1997 Jan 21
1559 2:00 EU EE%sT 2000 Feb 29
1560 2:00 - EET 2001 Jan 2
1561 2:00 EU EE%sT
1562
1563 # Liechtenstein
1564 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1565 Zone Europe/Vaduz 0:38:04 - LMT 1894 Jun
1566 1:00 - CET 1981
1567 1:00 EU CE%sT
1568
1569 # Lithuania
1570
1571 # From Paul Eggert (1996-11-22):
1572 # IATA SSIM (1992/1996) says Lithuania uses W-Eur rules, but since it is
1573 # known to be wrong about Estonia and Latvia, assume it's wrong here too.
1574
1575 # From Marius Gedminas (1998-08-07):
1576 # I would like to inform that in this year Lithuanian time zone
1577 # (Europe/Vilnius) was changed.
1578
1579 # From <a href="http://www.elta.lt/">ELTA</a> No. 972 (2582) (1999-09-29),
1580 # via Steffen Thorsen:
1581 # Lithuania has shifted back to the second time zone (GMT plus two hours)
1582 # to be valid here starting from October 31,
1583 # as decided by the national government on Wednesday....
1584 # The Lithuanian government also announced plans to consider a
1585 # motion to give up shifting to summer time in spring, as it was
1586 # already done by Estonia.
1587
1588 # From the <a href="http://www.tourism.lt/informa/ff.htm">
1589 # Fact File, Lithuanian State Department of Tourism
1590 # </a> (2000-03-27): Local time is GMT+2 hours ..., no daylight saving.
1591
1592 # From a user via Klaus Marten (2003-02-07):
1593 # As a candidate for membership of the European Union, Lithuania will
1594 # observe Summer Time in 2003, changing its clocks at the times laid
1595 # down in EU Directive 2000/84 of 19.I.01 (i.e. at the same times as its
1596 # neighbour Latvia). The text of the Lithuanian government Order of
1597 # 7.XI.02 to this effect can be found at
1598 # http://www.lrvk.lt/nut/11/n1749.htm
1599
1600
1601 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1602 Zone Europe/Vilnius 1:41:16 - LMT 1880
1603 1:24:00 - WMT 1917 # Warsaw Mean Time
1604 1:35:36 - KMT 1919 Oct 10 # Kaunas Mean Time
1605 1:00 - CET 1920 Jul 12
1606 2:00 - EET 1920 Oct 9
1607 1:00 - CET 1940 Aug 3
1608 3:00 - MSK 1941 Jun 24
1609 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Aug
1610 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
1611 2:00 1:00 EEST 1991 Sep 29 2:00s
1612 2:00 C-Eur EE%sT 1998
1613 2:00 - EET 1998 Mar 29 1:00u
1614 1:00 EU CE%sT 1999 Oct 31 1:00u
1615 2:00 - EET 2003 Jan 1
1616 2:00 EU EE%sT
1617
1618 # Luxembourg
1619 # Whitman disagrees with most of these dates in minor ways;
1620 # go with Shanks & Pottenger.
1621 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1622 Rule Lux 1916 only - May 14 23:00 1:00 S
1623 Rule Lux 1916 only - Oct 1 1:00 0 -
1624 Rule Lux 1917 only - Apr 28 23:00 1:00 S
1625 Rule Lux 1917 only - Sep 17 1:00 0 -
1626 Rule Lux 1918 only - Apr Mon>=15 2:00s 1:00 S
1627 Rule Lux 1918 only - Sep Mon>=15 2:00s 0 -
1628 Rule Lux 1919 only - Mar 1 23:00 1:00 S
1629 Rule Lux 1919 only - Oct 5 3:00 0 -
1630 Rule Lux 1920 only - Feb 14 23:00 1:00 S
1631 Rule Lux 1920 only - Oct 24 2:00 0 -
1632 Rule Lux 1921 only - Mar 14 23:00 1:00 S
1633 Rule Lux 1921 only - Oct 26 2:00 0 -
1634 Rule Lux 1922 only - Mar 25 23:00 1:00 S
1635 Rule Lux 1922 only - Oct Sun>=2 1:00 0 -
1636 Rule Lux 1923 only - Apr 21 23:00 1:00 S
1637 Rule Lux 1923 only - Oct Sun>=2 2:00 0 -
1638 Rule Lux 1924 only - Mar 29 23:00 1:00 S
1639 Rule Lux 1924 1928 - Oct Sun>=2 1:00 0 -
1640 Rule Lux 1925 only - Apr 5 23:00 1:00 S
1641 Rule Lux 1926 only - Apr 17 23:00 1:00 S
1642 Rule Lux 1927 only - Apr 9 23:00 1:00 S
1643 Rule Lux 1928 only - Apr 14 23:00 1:00 S
1644 Rule Lux 1929 only - Apr 20 23:00 1:00 S
1645 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1646 Zone Europe/Luxembourg 0:24:36 - LMT 1904 Jun
1647 1:00 Lux CE%sT 1918 Nov 25
1648 0:00 Lux WE%sT 1929 Oct 6 2:00s
1649 0:00 Belgium WE%sT 1940 May 14 3:00
1650 1:00 C-Eur WE%sT 1944 Sep 18 3:00
1651 1:00 Belgium CE%sT 1977
1652 1:00 EU CE%sT
1653
1654 # Macedonia
1655 # see Serbia
1656
1657 # Malta
1658 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1659 Rule Malta 1973 only - Mar 31 0:00s 1:00 S
1660 Rule Malta 1973 only - Sep 29 0:00s 0 -
1661 Rule Malta 1974 only - Apr 21 0:00s 1:00 S
1662 Rule Malta 1974 only - Sep 16 0:00s 0 -
1663 Rule Malta 1975 1979 - Apr Sun>=15 2:00 1:00 S
1664 Rule Malta 1975 1980 - Sep Sun>=15 2:00 0 -
1665 Rule Malta 1980 only - Mar 31 2:00 1:00 S
1666 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1667 Zone Europe/Malta 0:58:04 - LMT 1893 Nov 2 0:00s # Valletta
1668 1:00 Italy CE%sT 1942 Nov 2 2:00s
1669 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 Apr 2 2:00s
1670 1:00 Italy CE%sT 1973 Mar 31
1671 1:00 Malta CE%sT 1981
1672 1:00 EU CE%sT
1673
1674 # Moldova
1675
1676 # From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):
1677 # A previous version of this database followed Shanks & Pottenger, who write
1678 # that Tiraspol switched to Moscow time on 1992-01-19 at 02:00.
1679 # However, this is most likely an error, as Moldova declared independence
1680 # on 1991-08-27 (the 1992-01-19 date is that of a Russian decree).
1681 # In early 1992 there was large-scale interethnic violence in the area
1682 # and it's possible that some Russophones continued to observe Moscow time.
1683 # But [two people] separately reported via
1684 # Jesper Norgaard that as of 2001-01-24 Tiraspol was like Chisinau.
1685 # The Tiraspol entry has therefore been removed for now.
1686 #
1687 # From Alexander Krivenyshev (2011-10-17):
1688 # Pridnestrovian Moldavian Republic (PMR, also known as
1689 # "Pridnestrovie") has abolished seasonal clock change (no transition
1690 # to the Winter Time).
1691 #
1692 # News (in Russian):
1693 # <a href="http://www.kyivpost.ua/russia/news/pridnestrove-otkazalos-ot-perehoda-na-zimnee-vremya-30954.html">
1694 # http://www.kyivpost.ua/russia/news/pridnestrove-otkazalos-ot-perehoda-na-zimnee-vremya-30954.html
1695 # </a>
1696 #
1697 # <a href="http://www.allmoldova.com/moldova-news/1249064116.html">
1698 # http://www.allmoldova.com/moldova-news/1249064116.html
1699 # </a>
1700 #
1701 # The substance of this change (reinstatement of the Tiraspol entry)
1702 # is from a patch from Petr Machata (2011-10-17)
1703 #
1704 # From Tim Parenti (2011-10-19)
1705 # In addition, being situated at +4651+2938 would give Tiraspol
1706 # a pre-1880 LMT offset of 1:58:32.
1707 #
1708 # (which agrees with the earlier entry that had been removed)
1709 #
1710 # From Alexander Krivenyshev (2011-10-26)
1711 # NO need to divide Moldova into two timezones at this point.
1712 # As of today, Transnistria (Pridnestrovie)- Tiraspol reversed its own
1713 # decision to abolish DST this winter.
1714 # Following Moldova and neighboring Ukraine- Transnistria (Pridnestrovie)-
1715 # Tiraspol will go back to winter time on October 30, 2011.
1716 # News from Moldova (in russian):
1717 # <a href="http://ru.publika.md/link_317061.html">
1718 # http://ru.publika.md/link_317061.html
1719 # </a>
1720
1721
1722 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1723 Zone Europe/Chisinau 1:55:20 - LMT 1880
1724 1:55 - CMT 1918 Feb 15 # Chisinau MT
1725 1:44:24 - BMT 1931 Jul 24 # Bucharest MT
1726 2:00 Romania EE%sT 1940 Aug 15
1727 2:00 1:00 EEST 1941 Jul 17
1728 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Aug 24
1729 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1990
1730 3:00 - MSK 1990 May 6
1731 2:00 - EET 1991
1732 2:00 Russia EE%sT 1992
1733 2:00 E-Eur EE%sT 1997
1734 # See Romania commentary for the guessed 1997 transition to EU rules.
1735 2:00 EU EE%sT
1736
1737 # Monaco
1738 # Shanks & Pottenger give 0:09:20 for Paris Mean Time; go with Howse's
1739 # more precise 0:09:21.
1740 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1741 Zone Europe/Monaco 0:29:32 - LMT 1891 Mar 15
1742 0:09:21 - PMT 1911 Mar 11 # Paris Mean Time
1743 0:00 France WE%sT 1945 Sep 16 3:00
1744 1:00 France CE%sT 1977
1745 1:00 EU CE%sT
1746
1747 # Montenegro
1748 # see Serbia
1749
1750 # Netherlands
1751
1752 # Howse writes that the Netherlands' railways used GMT between 1892 and 1940,
1753 # but for other purposes the Netherlands used Amsterdam mean time.
1754
1755 # However, Robert H. van Gent writes (2001-04-01):
1756 # Howse's statement is only correct up to 1909. From 1909-05-01 (00:00:00
1757 # Amsterdam mean time) onwards, the whole of the Netherlands (including
1758 # the Dutch railways) was required by law to observe Amsterdam mean time
1759 # (19 minutes 32.13 seconds ahead of GMT). This had already been the
1760 # common practice (except for the railways) for many decades but it was
1761 # not until 1909 when the Dutch government finally defined this by law.
1762 # On 1937-07-01 this was changed to 20 minutes (exactly) ahead of GMT and
1763 # was generally known as Dutch Time ("Nederlandse Tijd").
1764 #
1765 # (2001-04-08):
1766 # 1892-05-01 was the date when the Dutch railways were by law required to
1767 # observe GMT while the remainder of the Netherlands adhered to the common
1768 # practice of following Amsterdam mean time.
1769 #
1770 # (2001-04-09):
1771 # In 1835 the authorities of the province of North Holland requested the
1772 # municipal authorities of the towns and cities in the province to observe
1773 # Amsterdam mean time but I do not know in how many cases this request was
1774 # actually followed.
1775 #
1776 # From 1852 onwards the Dutch telegraph offices were by law required to
1777 # observe Amsterdam mean time. As the time signals from the observatory of
1778 # Leiden were also distributed by the telegraph system, I assume that most
1779 # places linked up with the telegraph (and railway) system automatically
1780 # adopted Amsterdam mean time.
1781 #
1782 # Although the early Dutch railway companies initially observed a variety
1783 # of times, most of them had adopted Amsterdam mean time by 1858 but it
1784 # was not until 1866 when they were all required by law to observe
1785 # Amsterdam mean time.
1786
1787 # The data before 1945 are taken from
1788 # <http://www.phys.uu.nl/~vgent/wettijd/wettijd.htm>.
1789
1790 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1791 Rule Neth 1916 only - May 1 0:00 1:00 NST # Netherlands Summer Time
1792 Rule Neth 1916 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 AMT # Amsterdam Mean Time
1793 Rule Neth 1917 only - Apr 16 2:00s 1:00 NST
1794 Rule Neth 1917 only - Sep 17 2:00s 0 AMT
1795 Rule Neth 1918 1921 - Apr Mon>=1 2:00s 1:00 NST
1796 Rule Neth 1918 1921 - Sep lastMon 2:00s 0 AMT
1797 Rule Neth 1922 only - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 NST
1798 Rule Neth 1922 1936 - Oct Sun>=2 2:00s 0 AMT
1799 Rule Neth 1923 only - Jun Fri>=1 2:00s 1:00 NST
1800 Rule Neth 1924 only - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 NST
1801 Rule Neth 1925 only - Jun Fri>=1 2:00s 1:00 NST
1802 # From 1926 through 1939 DST began 05-15, except that it was delayed by a week
1803 # in years when 05-15 fell in the Pentecost weekend.
1804 Rule Neth 1926 1931 - May 15 2:00s 1:00 NST
1805 Rule Neth 1932 only - May 22 2:00s 1:00 NST
1806 Rule Neth 1933 1936 - May 15 2:00s 1:00 NST
1807 Rule Neth 1937 only - May 22 2:00s 1:00 NST
1808 Rule Neth 1937 only - Jul 1 0:00 1:00 S
1809 Rule Neth 1937 1939 - Oct Sun>=2 2:00s 0 -
1810 Rule Neth 1938 1939 - May 15 2:00s 1:00 S
1811 Rule Neth 1945 only - Apr 2 2:00s 1:00 S
1812 Rule Neth 1945 only - Sep 16 2:00s 0 -
1813 #
1814 # Amsterdam Mean Time was +00:19:32.13 exactly, but the .13 is omitted
1815 # below because the current format requires GMTOFF to be an integer.
1816 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1817 Zone Europe/Amsterdam 0:19:32 - LMT 1835
1818 0:19:32 Neth %s 1937 Jul 1
1819 0:20 Neth NE%sT 1940 May 16 0:00 # Dutch Time
1820 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 Apr 2 2:00
1821 1:00 Neth CE%sT 1977
1822 1:00 EU CE%sT
1823
1824 # Norway
1825 # http://met.no/met/met_lex/q_u/sommertid.html (2004-01) agrees with Shanks &
1826 # Pottenger.
1827 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1828 Rule Norway 1916 only - May 22 1:00 1:00 S
1829 Rule Norway 1916 only - Sep 30 0:00 0 -
1830 Rule Norway 1945 only - Apr 2 2:00s 1:00 S
1831 Rule Norway 1945 only - Oct 1 2:00s 0 -
1832 Rule Norway 1959 1964 - Mar Sun>=15 2:00s 1:00 S
1833 Rule Norway 1959 1965 - Sep Sun>=15 2:00s 0 -
1834 Rule Norway 1965 only - Apr 25 2:00s 1:00 S
1835 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1836 Zone Europe/Oslo 0:43:00 - LMT 1895 Jan 1
1837 1:00 Norway CE%sT 1940 Aug 10 23:00
1838 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 Apr 2 2:00
1839 1:00 Norway CE%sT 1980
1840 1:00 EU CE%sT
1841
1842 # Svalbard & Jan Mayen
1843
1844 # From Steffen Thorsen (2001-05-01):
1845 # Although I could not find it explicitly, it seems that Jan Mayen and
1846 # Svalbard have been using the same time as Norway at least since the
1847 # time they were declared as parts of Norway. Svalbard was declared
1848 # as a part of Norway by law of 1925-07-17 no 11, section 4 and Jan
1849 # Mayen by law of 1930-02-27 no 2, section 2. (From
1850 # http://www.lovdata.no/all/nl-19250717-011.html and
1851 # http://www.lovdata.no/all/nl-19300227-002.html). The law/regulation
1852 # for normal/standard time in Norway is from 1894-06-29 no 1 (came
1853 # into operation on 1895-01-01) and Svalbard/Jan Mayen seem to be a
1854 # part of this law since 1925/1930. (From
1855 # http://www.lovdata.no/all/nl-18940629-001.html ) I have not been
1856 # able to find if Jan Mayen used a different time zone (e.g. -0100)
1857 # before 1930. Jan Mayen has only been "inhabitated" since 1921 by
1858 # Norwegian meteorologists and maybe used the same time as Norway ever
1859 # since 1921. Svalbard (Arctic/Longyearbyen) has been inhabited since
1860 # before 1895, and therefore probably changed the local time somewhere
1861 # between 1895 and 1925 (inclusive).
1862
1863 # From Paul Eggert (2001-05-01):
1864 #
1865 # Actually, Jan Mayen was never occupied by Germany during World War II,
1866 # so it must have diverged from Oslo time during the war, as Oslo was
1867 # keeping Berlin time.
1868 #
1869 # <http://home.no.net/janmayen/history.htm> says that the meteorologists
1870 # burned down their station in 1940 and left the island, but returned in
1871 # 1941 with a small Norwegian garrison and continued operations despite
1872 # frequent air ttacks from Germans. In 1943 the Americans established a
1873 # radiolocating station on the island, called "Atlantic City". Possibly
1874 # the UTC offset changed during the war, but I think it unlikely that
1875 # Jan Mayen used German daylight-saving rules.
1876 #
1877 # Svalbard is more complicated, as it was raided in August 1941 by an
1878 # Allied party that evacuated the civilian population to England (says
1879 # <http://www.bartleby.com/65/sv/Svalbard.html>). The Svalbard FAQ
1880 # <http://www.svalbard.com/SvalbardFAQ.html> says that the Germans were
1881 # expelled on 1942-05-14. However, small parties of Germans did return,
1882 # and according to Wilhelm Dege's book "War North of 80" (1954)
1883 # <http://www.ucalgary.ca/UofC/departments/UP/1-55238/1-55238-110-2.html>
1884 # the German armed forces at the Svalbard weather station code-named
1885 # Haudegen did not surrender to the Allies until September 1945.
1886 #
1887 # All these events predate our cutoff date of 1970. Unless we can
1888 # come up with more definitive info about the timekeeping during the
1889 # war years it's probably best just do...the following for now:
1890 Link Europe/Oslo Arctic/Longyearbyen
1891
1892 # Poland
1893 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1894 Rule Poland 1918 1919 - Sep 16 2:00s 0 -
1895 Rule Poland 1919 only - Apr 15 2:00s 1:00 S
1896 Rule Poland 1944 only - Apr 3 2:00s 1:00 S
1897 # Whitman gives 1944 Nov 30; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
1898 Rule Poland 1944 only - Oct 4 2:00 0 -
1899 # For 1944-1948 Whitman gives the previous day; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
1900 Rule Poland 1945 only - Apr 29 0:00 1:00 S
1901 Rule Poland 1945 only - Nov 1 0:00 0 -
1902 # For 1946 on the source is Kazimierz Borkowski,
1903 # Torun Center for Astronomy, Dept. of Radio Astronomy, Nicolaus Copernicus U.,
1904 # <http://www.astro.uni.torun.pl/~kb/Artykuly/U-PA/Czas2.htm#tth_tAb1>
1905 # Thanks to Przemyslaw Augustyniak (2005-05-28) for this reference.
1906 # He also gives these further references:
1907 # Mon Pol nr 13, poz 162 (1995) <http://www.abc.com.pl/serwis/mp/1995/0162.htm>
1908 # Druk nr 2180 (2003) <http://www.senat.gov.pl/k5/dok/sejm/053/2180.pdf>
1909 Rule Poland 1946 only - Apr 14 0:00s 1:00 S
1910 Rule Poland 1946 only - Oct 7 2:00s 0 -
1911 Rule Poland 1947 only - May 4 2:00s 1:00 S
1912 Rule Poland 1947 1949 - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
1913 Rule Poland 1948 only - Apr 18 2:00s 1:00 S
1914 Rule Poland 1949 only - Apr 10 2:00s 1:00 S
1915 Rule Poland 1957 only - Jun 2 1:00s 1:00 S
1916 Rule Poland 1957 1958 - Sep lastSun 1:00s 0 -
1917 Rule Poland 1958 only - Mar 30 1:00s 1:00 S
1918 Rule Poland 1959 only - May 31 1:00s 1:00 S
1919 Rule Poland 1959 1961 - Oct Sun>=1 1:00s 0 -
1920 Rule Poland 1960 only - Apr 3 1:00s 1:00 S
1921 Rule Poland 1961 1964 - May lastSun 1:00s 1:00 S
1922 Rule Poland 1962 1964 - Sep lastSun 1:00s 0 -
1923 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1924 Zone Europe/Warsaw 1:24:00 - LMT 1880
1925 1:24:00 - WMT 1915 Aug 5 # Warsaw Mean Time
1926 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1918 Sep 16 3:00
1927 2:00 Poland EE%sT 1922 Jun
1928 1:00 Poland CE%sT 1940 Jun 23 2:00
1929 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Oct
1930 1:00 Poland CE%sT 1977
1931 1:00 W-Eur CE%sT 1988
1932 1:00 EU CE%sT
1933
1934 # Portugal
1935 #
1936 # From Rui Pedro Salgueiro (1992-11-12):
1937 # Portugal has recently (September, 27) changed timezone
1938 # (from WET to MET or CET) to harmonize with EEC.
1939 #
1940 # Martin Bruckmann (1996-02-29) reports via Peter Ilieve
1941 # that Portugal is reverting to 0:00 by not moving its clocks this spring.
1942 # The new Prime Minister was fed up with getting up in the dark in the winter.
1943 #
1944 # From Paul Eggert (1996-11-12):
1945 # IATA SSIM (1991-09) reports several 1991-09 and 1992-09 transitions
1946 # at 02:00u, not 01:00u. Assume that these are typos.
1947 # IATA SSIM (1991/1992) reports that the Azores were at -1:00.
1948 # IATA SSIM (1993-02) says +0:00; later issues (through 1996-09) say -1:00.
1949 # Guess that the Azores changed to EU rules in 1992 (since that's when Portugal
1950 # harmonized with the EU), and that they stayed +0:00 that winter.
1951 #
1952 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1953 # DSH writes that despite Decree 1,469 (1915), the change to the clocks was not
1954 # done every year, depending on what Spain did, because of railroad schedules.
1955 # Go with Shanks & Pottenger.
1956 Rule Port 1916 only - Jun 17 23:00 1:00 S
1957 # Whitman gives 1916 Oct 31; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
1958 Rule Port 1916 only - Nov 1 1:00 0 -
1959 Rule Port 1917 only - Feb 28 23:00s 1:00 S
1960 Rule Port 1917 1921 - Oct 14 23:00s 0 -
1961 Rule Port 1918 only - Mar 1 23:00s 1:00 S
1962 Rule Port 1919 only - Feb 28 23:00s 1:00 S
1963 Rule Port 1920 only - Feb 29 23:00s 1:00 S
1964 Rule Port 1921 only - Feb 28 23:00s 1:00 S
1965 Rule Port 1924 only - Apr 16 23:00s 1:00 S
1966 Rule Port 1924 only - Oct 14 23:00s 0 -
1967 Rule Port 1926 only - Apr 17 23:00s 1:00 S
1968 Rule Port 1926 1929 - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 -
1969 Rule Port 1927 only - Apr 9 23:00s 1:00 S
1970 Rule Port 1928 only - Apr 14 23:00s 1:00 S
1971 Rule Port 1929 only - Apr 20 23:00s 1:00 S
1972 Rule Port 1931 only - Apr 18 23:00s 1:00 S
1973 # Whitman gives 1931 Oct 8; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
1974 Rule Port 1931 1932 - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 -
1975 Rule Port 1932 only - Apr 2 23:00s 1:00 S
1976 Rule Port 1934 only - Apr 7 23:00s 1:00 S
1977 # Whitman gives 1934 Oct 5; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
1978 Rule Port 1934 1938 - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 -
1979 # Shanks & Pottenger give 1935 Apr 30; go with Whitman.
1980 Rule Port 1935 only - Mar 30 23:00s 1:00 S
1981 Rule Port 1936 only - Apr 18 23:00s 1:00 S
1982 # Whitman gives 1937 Apr 2; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
1983 Rule Port 1937 only - Apr 3 23:00s 1:00 S
1984 Rule Port 1938 only - Mar 26 23:00s 1:00 S
1985 Rule Port 1939 only - Apr 15 23:00s 1:00 S
1986 # Whitman gives 1939 Oct 7; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
1987 Rule Port 1939 only - Nov 18 23:00s 0 -
1988 Rule Port 1940 only - Feb 24 23:00s 1:00 S
1989 # Shanks & Pottenger give 1940 Oct 7; go with Whitman.
1990 Rule Port 1940 1941 - Oct 5 23:00s 0 -
1991 Rule Port 1941 only - Apr 5 23:00s 1:00 S
1992 Rule Port 1942 1945 - Mar Sat>=8 23:00s 1:00 S
1993 Rule Port 1942 only - Apr 25 22:00s 2:00 M # Midsummer
1994 Rule Port 1942 only - Aug 15 22:00s 1:00 S
1995 Rule Port 1942 1945 - Oct Sat>=24 23:00s 0 -
1996 Rule Port 1943 only - Apr 17 22:00s 2:00 M
1997 Rule Port 1943 1945 - Aug Sat>=25 22:00s 1:00 S
1998 Rule Port 1944 1945 - Apr Sat>=21 22:00s 2:00 M
1999 Rule Port 1946 only - Apr Sat>=1 23:00s 1:00 S
2000 Rule Port 1946 only - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 -
2001 Rule Port 1947 1949 - Apr Sun>=1 2:00s 1:00 S
2002 Rule Port 1947 1949 - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
2003 # Shanks & Pottenger say DST was observed in 1950; go with Whitman.
2004 # Whitman gives Oct lastSun for 1952 on; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
2005 Rule Port 1951 1965 - Apr Sun>=1 2:00s 1:00 S
2006 Rule Port 1951 1965 - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
2007 Rule Port 1977 only - Mar 27 0:00s 1:00 S
2008 Rule Port 1977 only - Sep 25 0:00s 0 -
2009 Rule Port 1978 1979 - Apr Sun>=1 0:00s 1:00 S
2010 Rule Port 1978 only - Oct 1 0:00s 0 -
2011 Rule Port 1979 1982 - Sep lastSun 1:00s 0 -
2012 Rule Port 1980 only - Mar lastSun 0:00s 1:00 S
2013 Rule Port 1981 1982 - Mar lastSun 1:00s 1:00 S
2014 Rule Port 1983 only - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 S
2015 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
2016 # Shanks & Pottenger say the transition from LMT to WET occurred 1911-05-24;
2017 # Willett says 1912-01-01. Go with Willett.
2018 Zone Europe/Lisbon -0:36:32 - LMT 1884
2019 -0:36:32 - LMT 1912 Jan 1 # Lisbon Mean Time
2020 0:00 Port WE%sT 1966 Apr 3 2:00
2021 1:00 - CET 1976 Sep 26 1:00
2022 0:00 Port WE%sT 1983 Sep 25 1:00s
2023 0:00 W-Eur WE%sT 1992 Sep 27 1:00s
2024 1:00 EU CE%sT 1996 Mar 31 1:00u
2025 0:00 EU WE%sT
2026 Zone Atlantic/Azores -1:42:40 - LMT 1884 # Ponta Delgada
2027 -1:54:32 - HMT 1911 May 24 # Horta Mean Time
2028 -2:00 Port AZO%sT 1966 Apr 3 2:00 # Azores Time
2029 -1:00 Port AZO%sT 1983 Sep 25 1:00s
2030 -1:00 W-Eur AZO%sT 1992 Sep 27 1:00s
2031 0:00 EU WE%sT 1993 Mar 28 1:00u
2032 -1:00 EU AZO%sT
2033 Zone Atlantic/Madeira -1:07:36 - LMT 1884 # Funchal
2034 -1:07:36 - FMT 1911 May 24 # Funchal Mean Time
2035 -1:00 Port MAD%sT 1966 Apr 3 2:00 # Madeira Time
2036 0:00 Port WE%sT 1983 Sep 25 1:00s
2037 0:00 EU WE%sT
2038
2039 # Romania
2040 #
2041 # From Paul Eggert (1999-10-07):
2042 # <a href="http://www.nineoclock.ro/POL/1778pol.html">
2043 # Nine O'clock</a> (1998-10-23) reports that the switch occurred at
2044 # 04:00 local time in fall 1998. For lack of better info,
2045 # assume that Romania and Moldova switched to EU rules in 1997,
2046 # the same year as Bulgaria.
2047 #
2048 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
2049 Rule Romania 1932 only - May 21 0:00s 1:00 S
2050 Rule Romania 1932 1939 - Oct Sun>=1 0:00s 0 -
2051 Rule Romania 1933 1939 - Apr Sun>=2 0:00s 1:00 S
2052 Rule Romania 1979 only - May 27 0:00 1:00 S
2053 Rule Romania 1979 only - Sep lastSun 0:00 0 -
2054 Rule Romania 1980 only - Apr 5 23:00 1:00 S
2055 Rule Romania 1980 only - Sep lastSun 1:00 0 -
2056 Rule Romania 1991 1993 - Mar lastSun 0:00s 1:00 S
2057 Rule Romania 1991 1993 - Sep lastSun 0:00s 0 -
2058 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
2059 Zone Europe/Bucharest 1:44:24 - LMT 1891 Oct
2060 1:44:24 - BMT 1931 Jul 24 # Bucharest MT
2061 2:00 Romania EE%sT 1981 Mar 29 2:00s
2062 2:00 C-Eur EE%sT 1991
2063 2:00 Romania EE%sT 1994
2064 2:00 E-Eur EE%sT 1997
2065 2:00 EU EE%sT
2066
2067 # Russia
2068
2069 # From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):
2070 # Except for Moscow after 1919-07-01, I invented the time zone abbreviations.
2071 # Moscow time zone abbreviations after 1919-07-01, and Moscow rules after 1991,
2072 # are from Andrey A. Chernov. The rest is from Shanks & Pottenger,
2073 # except we follow Chernov's report that 1992 DST transitions were Sat
2074 # 23:00, not Sun 02:00s.
2075 #
2076 # From Stanislaw A. Kuzikowski (1994-06-29):
2077 # But now it is some months since Novosibirsk is 3 hours ahead of Moscow!
2078 # I do not know why they have decided to make this change;
2079 # as far as I remember it was done exactly during winter->summer switching
2080 # so we (Novosibirsk) simply did not switch.
2081 #
2082 # From Andrey A. Chernov (1996-10-04):
2083 # `MSK' and `MSD' were born and used initially on Moscow computers with
2084 # UNIX-like OSes by several developer groups (e.g. Demos group, Kiae group)....
2085 # The next step was the UUCP network, the Relcom predecessor
2086 # (used mainly for mail), and MSK/MSD was actively used there.
2087 #
2088 # From Chris Carrier (1996-10-30):
2089 # According to a friend of mine who rode the Trans-Siberian Railroad from
2090 # Moscow to Irkutsk in 1995, public air and rail transport in Russia ...
2091 # still follows Moscow time, no matter where in Russia it is located.
2092 #
2093 # For Grozny, Chechnya, we have the following story from
2094 # John Daniszewski, "Scavengers in the Rubble", Los Angeles Times (2001-02-07):
2095 # News--often false--is spread by word of mouth. A rumor that it was
2096 # time to move the clocks back put this whole city out of sync with
2097 # the rest of Russia for two weeks--even soldiers stationed here began
2098 # enforcing curfew at the wrong time.
2099 #
2100 # From Gwillim Law (2001-06-05):
2101 # There's considerable evidence that Sakhalin Island used to be in
2102 # UTC+11, and has changed to UTC+10, in this decade. I start with the
2103 # SSIM, which listed Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk in zone RU10 along with Magadan
2104 # until February 1997, and then in RU9 with Khabarovsk and Vladivostok
2105 # since September 1997.... Although the Kuril Islands are
2106 # administratively part of Sakhalin oblast', they appear to have
2107 # remained on UTC+11 along with Magadan.
2108 #
2109 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
2110 #
2111 # Kaliningradskaya oblast'.
2112 Zone Europe/Kaliningrad 1:22:00 - LMT 1893 Apr
2113 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945
2114 2:00 Poland CE%sT 1946
2115 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2116 2:00 Russia EE%sT 2011 Mar 27 2:00s
2117 3:00 - FET # Further-eastern European Time
2118 #
2119 # From Oscar van Vlijmen (2001-08-25): [This region consists of]
2120 # Respublika Adygeya, Arkhangel'skaya oblast',
2121 # Belgorodskaya oblast', Bryanskaya oblast', Vladimirskaya oblast',
2122 # Vologodskaya oblast', Voronezhskaya oblast',
2123 # Respublika Dagestan, Ivanovskaya oblast', Respublika Ingushetiya,
2124 # Kabarbino-Balkarskaya Respublika, Respublika Kalmykiya,
2125 # Kalyzhskaya oblast', Respublika Karachaevo-Cherkessiya,
2126 # Respublika Kareliya, Respublika Komi,
2127 # Kostromskaya oblast', Krasnodarskij kraj, Kurskaya oblast',
2128 # Leningradskaya oblast', Lipetskaya oblast', Respublika Marij El,
2129 # Respublika Mordoviya, Moskva, Moskovskaya oblast',
2130 # Murmanskaya oblast', Nenetskij avtonomnyj okrug,
2131 # Nizhegorodskaya oblast', Novgorodskaya oblast', Orlovskaya oblast',
2132 # Penzenskaya oblast', Pskovskaya oblast', Rostovskaya oblast',
2133 # Ryazanskaya oblast', Sankt-Peterburg,
2134 # Respublika Severnaya Osetiya, Smolenskaya oblast',
2135 # Stavropol'skij kraj, Tambovskaya oblast', Respublika Tatarstan,
2136 # Tverskaya oblast', Tyl'skaya oblast', Ul'yanovskaya oblast',
2137 # Chechenskaya Respublika, Chuvashskaya oblast',
2138 # Yaroslavskaya oblast'
2139 Zone Europe/Moscow 2:30:20 - LMT 1880
2140 2:30 - MMT 1916 Jul 3 # Moscow Mean Time
2141 2:30:48 Russia %s 1919 Jul 1 2:00
2142 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1922 Oct
2143 2:00 - EET 1930 Jun 21
2144 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2145 2:00 Russia EE%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
2146 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 2011 Mar 27 2:00s
2147 4:00 - MSK
2148 #
2149 # Astrakhanskaya oblast', Kirovskaya oblast', Saratovskaya oblast',
2150 # Volgogradskaya oblast'. Shanks & Pottenger say Kirov is still at +0400
2151 # but Wikipedia (2006-05-09) says +0300. Perhaps it switched after the
2152 # others? But we have no data.
2153 Zone Europe/Volgograd 2:57:40 - LMT 1920 Jan 3
2154 3:00 - TSAT 1925 Apr 6 # Tsaritsyn Time
2155 3:00 - STAT 1930 Jun 21 # Stalingrad Time
2156 4:00 - STAT 1961 Nov 11
2157 4:00 Russia VOL%sT 1989 Mar 26 2:00s # Volgograd T
2158 3:00 Russia VOL%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2159 4:00 - VOLT 1992 Mar 29 2:00s
2160 3:00 Russia VOL%sT 2011 Mar 27 2:00s
2161 4:00 - VOLT
2162 #
2163 # From Oscar van Vlijmen (2001-08-25): [This region consists of]
2164 # Samarskaya oblast', Udmyrtskaya respublika
2165 Zone Europe/Samara 3:20:36 - LMT 1919 Jul 1 2:00
2166 3:00 - SAMT 1930 Jun 21
2167 4:00 - SAMT 1935 Jan 27
2168 4:00 Russia KUY%sT 1989 Mar 26 2:00s # Kuybyshev
2169 3:00 Russia KUY%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2170 2:00 Russia KUY%sT 1991 Sep 29 2:00s
2171 3:00 - KUYT 1991 Oct 20 3:00
2172 4:00 Russia SAM%sT 2010 Mar 28 2:00s # Samara Time
2173 3:00 Russia SAM%sT 2011 Mar 27 2:00s
2174 4:00 - SAMT
2175
2176 #
2177 # From Oscar van Vlijmen (2001-08-25): [This region consists of]
2178 # Respublika Bashkortostan, Komi-Permyatskij avtonomnyj okrug,
2179 # Kurganskaya oblast', Orenburgskaya oblast', Permskaya oblast',
2180 # Sverdlovskaya oblast', Tyumenskaya oblast',
2181 # Khanty-Manskijskij avtonomnyj okrug, Chelyabinskaya oblast',
2182 # Yamalo-Nenetskij avtonomnyj okrug.
2183 Zone Asia/Yekaterinburg 4:02:24 - LMT 1919 Jul 15 4:00
2184 4:00 - SVET 1930 Jun 21 # Sverdlovsk Time
2185 5:00 Russia SVE%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2186 4:00 Russia SVE%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
2187 5:00 Russia YEK%sT 2011 Mar 27 2:00s
2188 6:00 - YEKT # Yekaterinburg Time
2189 #
2190 # From Oscar van Vlijmen (2001-08-25): [This region consists of]
2191 # Respublika Altaj, Altajskij kraj, Omskaya oblast'.
2192 Zone Asia/Omsk 4:53:36 - LMT 1919 Nov 14
2193 5:00 - OMST 1930 Jun 21 # Omsk TIme
2194 6:00 Russia OMS%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2195 5:00 Russia OMS%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
2196 6:00 Russia OMS%sT 2011 Mar 27 2:00s
2197 7:00 - OMST
2198 #
2199 # From Paul Eggert (2006-08-19): I'm guessing about Tomsk here; it's
2200 # not clear when it switched from +7 to +6.
2201 # Novosibirskaya oblast', Tomskaya oblast'.
2202 Zone Asia/Novosibirsk 5:31:40 - LMT 1919 Dec 14 6:00
2203 6:00 - NOVT 1930 Jun 21 # Novosibirsk Time
2204 7:00 Russia NOV%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2205 6:00 Russia NOV%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
2206 7:00 Russia NOV%sT 1993 May 23 # say Shanks & P.
2207 6:00 Russia NOV%sT 2011 Mar 27 2:00s
2208 7:00 - NOVT
2209
2210 # From Alexander Krivenyshev (2009-10-13):
2211 # Kemerovo oblast' (Kemerovo region) in Russia will change current time zone on
2212 # March 28, 2010:
2213 # from current Russia Zone 6 - Krasnoyarsk Time Zone (KRA) UTC +0700
2214 # to Russia Zone 5 - Novosibirsk Time Zone (NOV) UTC +0600
2215 #
2216 # This is according to Government of Russia decree # 740, on September
2217 # 14, 2009 "Application in the territory of the Kemerovo region the Fifth
2218 # time zone." ("Russia Zone 5" or old "USSR Zone 5" is GMT +0600)
2219 #
2220 # Russian Government web site (Russian language)
2221 # <a href="http://www.government.ru/content/governmentactivity/rfgovernmentdecisions/archiv">
2222 # http://www.government.ru/content/governmentactivity/rfgovernmentdecisions/archive/2009/09/14/991633.htm
2223 # </a>
2224 # or Russian-English translation by WorldTimeZone.com with reference
2225 # map to local region and new Russia Time Zone map after March 28, 2010
2226 # <a href="http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_russia03.html">
2227 # http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_russia03.html
2228 # </a>
2229 #
2230 # Thus, when Russia will switch to DST on the night of March 28, 2010
2231 # Kemerovo region (Kemerovo oblast') will not change the clock.
2232 #
2233 # As a result, Kemerovo oblast' will be in the same time zone as
2234 # Novosibirsk, Omsk, Tomsk, Barnaul and Altai Republic.
2235
2236 Zone Asia/Novokuznetsk 5:48:48 - NMT 1920 Jan 6
2237 6:00 - KRAT 1930 Jun 21 # Krasnoyarsk Time
2238 7:00 Russia KRA%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2239 6:00 Russia KRA%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
2240 7:00 Russia KRA%sT 2010 Mar 28 2:00s
2241 6:00 Russia NOV%sT 2011 Mar 27 2:00s
2242 7:00 - NOVT # Novosibirsk/Novokuznetsk Time
2243
2244 #
2245 # From Oscar van Vlijmen (2001-08-25): [This region consists of]
2246 # Krasnoyarskij kraj,
2247 # Tajmyrskij (Dolgano-Nenetskij) avtonomnyj okrug,
2248 # Respublika Tuva, Respublika Khakasiya, Evenkijskij avtonomnyj okrug.
2249 Zone Asia/Krasnoyarsk 6:11:20 - LMT 1920 Jan 6
2250 6:00 - KRAT 1930 Jun 21 # Krasnoyarsk Time
2251 7:00 Russia KRA%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2252 6:00 Russia KRA%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
2253 7:00 Russia KRA%sT 2011 Mar 27 2:00s
2254 8:00 - KRAT
2255 #
2256 # From Oscar van Vlijmen (2001-08-25): [This region consists of]
2257 # Respublika Buryatiya, Irkutskaya oblast',
2258 # Ust'-Ordynskij Buryatskij avtonomnyj okrug.
2259 Zone Asia/Irkutsk 6:57:20 - LMT 1880
2260 6:57:20 - IMT 1920 Jan 25 # Irkutsk Mean Time
2261 7:00 - IRKT 1930 Jun 21 # Irkutsk Time
2262 8:00 Russia IRK%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2263 7:00 Russia IRK%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
2264 8:00 Russia IRK%sT 2011 Mar 27 2:00s
2265 9:00 - IRKT
2266 #
2267 # From Oscar van Vlijmen (2003-10-18): [This region consists of]
2268 # Aginskij Buryatskij avtonomnyj okrug, Amurskaya oblast',
2269 # [parts of] Respublika Sakha (Yakutiya), Chitinskaya oblast'.
2270
2271 # From Oscar van Vlijmen (2009-11-29):
2272 # ...some regions of [Russia] were merged with others since 2005...
2273 # Some names were changed, no big deal, except for one instance: a new name.
2274 # YAK/YAKST: UTC+9 Zabajkal'skij kraj.
2275
2276 # From Oscar van Vlijmen (2009-11-29):
2277 # The Sakha districts are: Aldanskij, Amginskij, Anabarskij,
2278 # Verkhnevilyujskij, Vilyujskij, Gornyj,
2279 # Zhiganskij, Kobyajskij, Lenskij, Megino-Kangalasskij, Mirninskij,
2280 # Namskij, Nyurbinskij, Olenyokskij, Olyokminskij,
2281 # Suntarskij, Tattinskij, Ust'-Aldanskij, Khangalasskij,
2282 # Churapchinskij, Eveno-Bytantajskij Natsional'nij.
2283
2284 Zone Asia/Yakutsk 8:38:40 - LMT 1919 Dec 15
2285 8:00 - YAKT 1930 Jun 21 # Yakutsk Time
2286 9:00 Russia YAK%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2287 8:00 Russia YAK%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
2288 9:00 Russia YAK%sT 2011 Mar 27 2:00s
2289 10:00 - YAKT
2290 #
2291 # From Oscar van Vlijmen (2003-10-18): [This region consists of]
2292 # Evrejskaya avtonomnaya oblast', Khabarovskij kraj, Primorskij kraj,
2293 # [parts of] Respublika Sakha (Yakutiya).
2294
2295 # From Oscar van Vlijmen (2009-11-29):
2296 # The Sakha districts are: Bulunskij, Verkhoyanskij, Tomponskij, Ust'-Majskij,
2297 # Ust'-Yanskij.
2298 Zone Asia/Vladivostok 8:47:44 - LMT 1922 Nov 15
2299 9:00 - VLAT 1930 Jun 21 # Vladivostok Time
2300 10:00 Russia VLA%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2301 9:00 Russia VLA%sST 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
2302 10:00 Russia VLA%sT 2011 Mar 27 2:00s
2303 11:00 - VLAT
2304 #
2305 # Sakhalinskaya oblast'.
2306 # The Zone name should be Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk, but that's too long.
2307 Zone Asia/Sakhalin 9:30:48 - LMT 1905 Aug 23
2308 9:00 - CJT 1938
2309 9:00 - JST 1945 Aug 25
2310 11:00 Russia SAK%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s # Sakhalin T.
2311 10:00 Russia SAK%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
2312 11:00 Russia SAK%sT 1997 Mar lastSun 2:00s
2313 10:00 Russia SAK%sT 2011 Mar 27 2:00s
2314 11:00 - SAKT
2315 #
2316 # From Oscar van Vlijmen (2003-10-18): [This region consists of]
2317 # Magadanskaya oblast', Respublika Sakha (Yakutiya).
2318 # Probably also: Kuril Islands.
2319
2320 # From Oscar van Vlijmen (2009-11-29):
2321 # The Sakha districts are: Abyjskij, Allaikhovskij, Verkhhhnekolymskij, Momskij,
2322 # Nizhnekolymskij, Ojmyakonskij, Srednekolymskij.
2323 Zone Asia/Magadan 10:03:12 - LMT 1924 May 2
2324 10:00 - MAGT 1930 Jun 21 # Magadan Time
2325 11:00 Russia MAG%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2326 10:00 Russia MAG%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
2327 11:00 Russia MAG%sT 2011 Mar 27 2:00s
2328 12:00 - MAGT
2329 #
2330 # From Oscar van Vlijmen (2001-08-25): [This region consists of]
2331 # Kamchatskaya oblast', Koryakskij avtonomnyj okrug.
2332 #
2333 # The Zone name should be Asia/Petropavlovsk-Kamchatski, but that's too long.
2334 Zone Asia/Kamchatka 10:34:36 - LMT 1922 Nov 10
2335 11:00 - PETT 1930 Jun 21 # P-K Time
2336 12:00 Russia PET%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2337 11:00 Russia PET%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
2338 12:00 Russia PET%sT 2010 Mar 28 2:00s
2339 11:00 Russia PET%sT 2011 Mar 27 2:00s
2340 12:00 - PETT
2341 #
2342 # Chukotskij avtonomnyj okrug
2343 Zone Asia/Anadyr 11:49:56 - LMT 1924 May 2
2344 12:00 - ANAT 1930 Jun 21 # Anadyr Time
2345 13:00 Russia ANA%sT 1982 Apr 1 0:00s
2346 12:00 Russia ANA%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2347 11:00 Russia ANA%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
2348 12:00 Russia ANA%sT 2010 Mar 28 2:00s
2349 11:00 Russia ANA%sT 2011 Mar 27 2:00s
2350 12:00 - ANAT
2351
2352 # Serbia
2353 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
2354 Zone Europe/Belgrade 1:22:00 - LMT 1884
2355 1:00 - CET 1941 Apr 18 23:00
2356 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945
2357 1:00 - CET 1945 May 8 2:00s
2358 1:00 1:00 CEST 1945 Sep 16 2:00s
2359 # Metod Kozelj reports that the legal date of
2360 # transition to EU rules was 1982-11-27, for all of Yugoslavia at the time.
2361 # Shanks & Pottenger don't give as much detail, so go with Kozelj.
2362 1:00 - CET 1982 Nov 27
2363 1:00 EU CE%sT
2364 Link Europe/Belgrade Europe/Ljubljana # Slovenia
2365 Link Europe/Belgrade Europe/Podgorica # Montenegro
2366 Link Europe/Belgrade Europe/Sarajevo # Bosnia and Herzegovina
2367 Link Europe/Belgrade Europe/Skopje # Macedonia
2368 Link Europe/Belgrade Europe/Zagreb # Croatia
2369
2370 # Slovakia
2371 Link Europe/Prague Europe/Bratislava
2372
2373 # Slovenia
2374 # see Serbia
2375
2376 # Spain
2377 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
2378 # For 1917-1919 Whitman gives Apr Sat>=1 - Oct Sat>=1;
2379 # go with Shanks & Pottenger.
2380 Rule Spain 1917 only - May 5 23:00s 1:00 S
2381 Rule Spain 1917 1919 - Oct 6 23:00s 0 -
2382 Rule Spain 1918 only - Apr 15 23:00s 1:00 S
2383 Rule Spain 1919 only - Apr 5 23:00s 1:00 S
2384 # Whitman gives 1921 Feb 28 - Oct 14; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
2385 Rule Spain 1924 only - Apr 16 23:00s 1:00 S
2386 # Whitman gives 1924 Oct 14; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
2387 Rule Spain 1924 only - Oct 4 23:00s 0 -
2388 Rule Spain 1926 only - Apr 17 23:00s 1:00 S
2389 # Whitman says no DST in 1929; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
2390 Rule Spain 1926 1929 - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 -
2391 Rule Spain 1927 only - Apr 9 23:00s 1:00 S
2392 Rule Spain 1928 only - Apr 14 23:00s 1:00 S
2393 Rule Spain 1929 only - Apr 20 23:00s 1:00 S
2394 # Whitman gives 1937 Jun 16, 1938 Apr 16, 1940 Apr 13;
2395 # go with Shanks & Pottenger.
2396 Rule Spain 1937 only - May 22 23:00s 1:00 S
2397 Rule Spain 1937 1939 - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 -
2398 Rule Spain 1938 only - Mar 22 23:00s 1:00 S
2399 Rule Spain 1939 only - Apr 15 23:00s 1:00 S
2400 Rule Spain 1940 only - Mar 16 23:00s 1:00 S
2401 # Whitman says no DST 1942-1945; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
2402 Rule Spain 1942 only - May 2 22:00s 2:00 M # Midsummer
2403 Rule Spain 1942 only - Sep 1 22:00s 1:00 S
2404 Rule Spain 1943 1946 - Apr Sat>=13 22:00s 2:00 M
2405 Rule Spain 1943 only - Oct 3 22:00s 1:00 S
2406 Rule Spain 1944 only - Oct 10 22:00s 1:00 S
2407 Rule Spain 1945 only - Sep 30 1:00 1:00 S
2408 Rule Spain 1946 only - Sep 30 0:00 0 -
2409 Rule Spain 1949 only - Apr 30 23:00 1:00 S
2410 Rule Spain 1949 only - Sep 30 1:00 0 -
2411 Rule Spain 1974 1975 - Apr Sat>=13 23:00 1:00 S
2412 Rule Spain 1974 1975 - Oct Sun>=1 1:00 0 -
2413 Rule Spain 1976 only - Mar 27 23:00 1:00 S
2414 Rule Spain 1976 1977 - Sep lastSun 1:00 0 -
2415 Rule Spain 1977 1978 - Apr 2 23:00 1:00 S
2416 Rule Spain 1978 only - Oct 1 1:00 0 -
2417 # The following rules are copied from Morocco from 1967 through 1978.
2418 Rule SpainAfrica 1967 only - Jun 3 12:00 1:00 S
2419 Rule SpainAfrica 1967 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
2420 Rule SpainAfrica 1974 only - Jun 24 0:00 1:00 S
2421 Rule SpainAfrica 1974 only - Sep 1 0:00 0 -
2422 Rule SpainAfrica 1976 1977 - May 1 0:00 1:00 S
2423 Rule SpainAfrica 1976 only - Aug 1 0:00 0 -
2424 Rule SpainAfrica 1977 only - Sep 28 0:00 0 -
2425 Rule SpainAfrica 1978 only - Jun 1 0:00 1:00 S
2426 Rule SpainAfrica 1978 only - Aug 4 0:00 0 -
2427 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
2428 Zone Europe/Madrid -0:14:44 - LMT 1901 Jan 1 0:00s
2429 0:00 Spain WE%sT 1946 Sep 30
2430 1:00 Spain CE%sT 1979
2431 1:00 EU CE%sT
2432 Zone Africa/Ceuta -0:21:16 - LMT 1901
2433 0:00 - WET 1918 May 6 23:00
2434 0:00 1:00 WEST 1918 Oct 7 23:00
2435 0:00 - WET 1924
2436 0:00 Spain WE%sT 1929
2437 0:00 SpainAfrica WE%sT 1984 Mar 16
2438 1:00 - CET 1986
2439 1:00 EU CE%sT
2440 Zone Atlantic/Canary -1:01:36 - LMT 1922 Mar # Las Palmas de Gran C.
2441 -1:00 - CANT 1946 Sep 30 1:00 # Canaries Time
2442 0:00 - WET 1980 Apr 6 0:00s
2443 0:00 1:00 WEST 1980 Sep 28 0:00s
2444 0:00 EU WE%sT
2445 # IATA SSIM (1996-09) says the Canaries switch at 2:00u, not 1:00u.
2446 # Ignore this for now, as the Canaries are part of the EU.
2447
2448 # Sweden
2449
2450 # From Ivan Nilsson (2001-04-13), superseding Shanks & Pottenger:
2451 #
2452 # The law "Svensk forfattningssamling 1878, no 14" about standard time in 1879:
2453 # From the beginning of 1879 (that is 01-01 00:00) the time for all
2454 # places in the country is "the mean solar time for the meridian at
2455 # three degrees, or twelve minutes of time, to the west of the
2456 # meridian of the Observatory of Stockholm". The law is dated 1878-05-31.
2457 #
2458 # The observatory at that time had the meridian 18 degrees 03' 30"
2459 # eastern longitude = 01:12:14 in time. Less 12 minutes gives the
2460 # national standard time as 01:00:14 ahead of GMT....
2461 #
2462 # About the beginning of CET in Sweden. The lawtext ("Svensk
2463 # forfattningssamling 1899, no 44") states, that "from the beginning
2464 # of 1900... ... the same as the mean solar time for the meridian at
2465 # the distance of one hour of time from the meridian of the English
2466 # observatory at Greenwich, or at 12 minutes 14 seconds to the west
2467 # from the meridian of the Observatory of Stockholm". The law is dated
2468 # 1899-06-16. In short: At 1900-01-01 00:00:00 the new standard time
2469 # in Sweden is 01:00:00 ahead of GMT.
2470 #
2471 # 1916: The lawtext ("Svensk forfattningssamling 1916, no 124") states
2472 # that "1916-05-15 is considered to begin one hour earlier". It is
2473 # pretty obvious that at 05-14 23:00 the clocks are set to 05-15 00:00....
2474 # Further the law says, that "1916-09-30 is considered to end one hour later".
2475 #
2476 # The laws regulating [DST] are available on the site of the Swedish
2477 # Parliament beginning with 1985 - the laws regulating 1980/1984 are
2478 # not available on the site (to my knowledge they are only available
2479 # in Swedish): <http://www.riksdagen.se/english/work/sfst.asp> (type
2480 # "sommartid" without the quotes in the field "Fritext" and then click
2481 # the Sok-button).
2482 #
2483 # (2001-05-13):
2484 #
2485 # I have now found a newspaper stating that at 1916-10-01 01:00
2486 # summertime the church-clocks etc were set back one hour to show
2487 # 1916-10-01 00:00 standard time. The article also reports that some
2488 # people thought the switch to standard time would take place already
2489 # at 1916-10-01 00:00 summer time, but they had to wait for another
2490 # hour before the event took place.
2491 #
2492 # Source: The newspaper "Dagens Nyheter", 1916-10-01, page 7 upper left.
2493
2494 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
2495 Zone Europe/Stockholm 1:12:12 - LMT 1879 Jan 1
2496 1:00:14 - SET 1900 Jan 1 # Swedish Time
2497 1:00 - CET 1916 May 14 23:00
2498 1:00 1:00 CEST 1916 Oct 1 01:00
2499 1:00 - CET 1980
2500 1:00 EU CE%sT
2501
2502 # Switzerland
2503 # From Howse:
2504 # By the end of the 18th century clocks and watches became commonplace
2505 # and their performance improved enormously. Communities began to keep
2506 # mean time in preference to apparent time -- Geneva from 1780 ....
2507 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
2508 # From Whitman (who writes ``Midnight?''):
2509 # Rule Swiss 1940 only - Nov 2 0:00 1:00 S
2510 # Rule Swiss 1940 only - Dec 31 0:00 0 -
2511 # From Shanks & Pottenger:
2512 # Rule Swiss 1941 1942 - May Sun>=1 2:00 1:00 S
2513 # Rule Swiss 1941 1942 - Oct Sun>=1 0:00 0 -
2514
2515 # From Alois Treindl (2008-12-17):
2516 # I have researched the DST usage in Switzerland during the 1940ies.
2517 #
2518 # As I wrote in an earlier message, I suspected the current tzdata values
2519 # to be wrong. This is now verified.
2520 #
2521 # I have found copies of the original ruling by the Swiss Federal
2522 # government, in 'Eidgen[o]ssische Gesetzessammlung 1941 and 1942' (Swiss
2523 # federal law collection)...
2524 #
2525 # DST began on Monday 5 May 1941, 1:00 am by shifting the clocks to 2:00 am
2526 # DST ended on Monday 6 Oct 1941, 2:00 am by shifting the clocks to 1:00 am.
2527 #
2528 # DST began on Monday, 4 May 1942 at 01:00 am
2529 # DST ended on Monday, 5 Oct 1942 at 02:00 am
2530 #
2531 # There was no DST in 1940, I have checked the law collection carefully.
2532 # It is also indicated by the fact that the 1942 entry in the law
2533 # collection points back to 1941 as a reference, but no reference to any
2534 # other years are made.
2535 #
2536 # Newspaper articles I have read in the archives on 6 May 1941 reported
2537 # about the introduction of DST (Sommerzeit in German) during the previous
2538 # night as an absolute novelty, because this was the first time that such
2539 # a thing had happened in Switzerland.
2540 #
2541 # I have also checked 1916, because one book source (Gabriel, Traite de
2542 # l'heure dans le monde) claims that Switzerland had DST in 1916. This is
2543 # false, no official document could be found. Probably Gabriel got misled
2544 # by references to Germany, which introduced DST in 1916 for the first time.
2545 #
2546 # The tzdata rules for Switzerland must be changed to:
2547 # Rule Swiss 1941 1942 - May Mon>=1 1:00 1:00 S
2548 # Rule Swiss 1941 1942 - Oct Mon>=1 2:00 0 -
2549 #
2550 # The 1940 rules must be deleted.
2551 #
2552 # One further detail for Switzerland, which is probably out of scope for
2553 # most users of tzdata:
2554 # The zone file
2555 # Zone Europe/Zurich 0:34:08 - LMT 1848 Sep 12
2556 # 0:29:44 - BMT 1894 Jun #Bern Mean Time
2557 # 1:00 Swiss CE%sT 1981
2558 # 1:00 EU CE%sT
2559 # describes all of Switzerland correctly, with the exception of
2560 # the Cantone Geneve (Geneva, Genf). Between 1848 and 1894 Geneve did not
2561 # follow Bern Mean Time but kept its own local mean time.
2562 # To represent this, an extra zone would be needed.
2563
2564 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
2565 Rule Swiss 1941 1942 - May Mon>=1 1:00 1:00 S
2566 Rule Swiss 1941 1942 - Oct Mon>=1 2:00 0 -
2567 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
2568 Zone Europe/Zurich 0:34:08 - LMT 1848 Sep 12
2569 0:29:44 - BMT 1894 Jun # Bern Mean Time
2570 1:00 Swiss CE%sT 1981
2571 1:00 EU CE%sT
2572
2573 # Turkey
2574
2575 # From Amar Devegowda (2007-01-03):
2576 # The time zone rules for Istanbul, Turkey have not been changed for years now.
2577 # ... The latest rules are available at -
2578 # http://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/timezone.html?n=107
2579 # From Steffen Thorsen (2007-01-03):
2580 # I have been able to find press records back to 1996 which all say that
2581 # DST started 01:00 local time and end at 02:00 local time. I am not sure
2582 # what happened before that. One example for each year from 1996 to 2001:
2583 # http://newspot.byegm.gov.tr/arsiv/1996/21/N4.htm
2584 # http://www.byegm.gov.tr/YAYINLARIMIZ/CHR/ING97/03/97X03X25.TXT
2585 # http://www.byegm.gov.tr/YAYINLARIMIZ/CHR/ING98/03/98X03X02.HTM
2586 # http://www.byegm.gov.tr/YAYINLARIMIZ/CHR/ING99/10/99X10X26.HTM#%2016
2587 # http://www.byegm.gov.tr/YAYINLARIMIZ/CHR/ING2000/03/00X03X06.HTM#%2021
2588 # http://www.byegm.gov.tr/YAYINLARIMIZ/CHR/ING2001/03/23x03x01.HTM#%2027
2589 # From Paul Eggert (2007-01-03):
2590 # Prefer the above source to Shanks & Pottenger for time stamps after 1990.
2591
2592 # From Steffen Thorsen (2007-03-09):
2593 # Starting 2007 though, it seems that they are adopting EU's 1:00 UTC
2594 # start/end time, according to the following page (2007-03-07):
2595 # http://www.ntvmsnbc.com/news/402029.asp
2596 # The official document is located here - it is in Turkish...:
2597 # http://rega.basbakanlik.gov.tr/eskiler/2007/03/20070307-7.htm
2598 # I was able to locate the following seemingly official document
2599 # (on a non-government server though) describing dates between 2002 and 2006:
2600 # http://www.alomaliye.com/bkk_2002_3769.htm
2601
2602 # From Gökdeniz Karadağ (2011-03-10):
2603 #
2604 # According to the articles linked below, Turkey will change into summer
2605 # time zone (GMT+3) on March 28, 2011 at 3:00 a.m. instead of March 27.
2606 # This change is due to a nationwide exam on 27th.
2607 #
2608 # <a href="http://www.worldbulletin.net/?aType=haber&ArticleID=70872">
2609 # http://www.worldbulletin.net/?aType=haber&ArticleID=70872
2610 # </a>
2611 # Turkish:
2612 # <a href="http://www.hurriyet.com.tr/ekonomi/17230464.asp?gid=373">
2613 # http://www.hurriyet.com.tr/ekonomi/17230464.asp?gid=373
2614 # </a>
2615
2616 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
2617 Rule Turkey 1916 only - May 1 0:00 1:00 S
2618 Rule Turkey 1916 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
2619 Rule Turkey 1920 only - Mar 28 0:00 1:00 S
2620 Rule Turkey 1920 only - Oct 25 0:00 0 -
2621 Rule Turkey 1921 only - Apr 3 0:00 1:00 S
2622 Rule Turkey 1921 only - Oct 3 0:00 0 -
2623 Rule Turkey 1922 only - Mar 26 0:00 1:00 S
2624 Rule Turkey 1922 only - Oct 8 0:00 0 -
2625 # Whitman gives 1923 Apr 28 - Sep 16 and no DST in 1924-1925;
2626 # go with Shanks & Pottenger.
2627 Rule Turkey 1924 only - May 13 0:00 1:00 S
2628 Rule Turkey 1924 1925 - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
2629 Rule Turkey 1925 only - May 1 0:00 1:00 S
2630 Rule Turkey 1940 only - Jun 30 0:00 1:00 S
2631 Rule Turkey 1940 only - Oct 5 0:00 0 -
2632 Rule Turkey 1940 only - Dec 1 0:00 1:00 S
2633 Rule Turkey 1941 only - Sep 21 0:00 0 -
2634 Rule Turkey 1942 only - Apr 1 0:00 1:00 S
2635 # Whitman omits the next two transition and gives 1945 Oct 1;
2636 # go with Shanks & Pottenger.
2637 Rule Turkey 1942 only - Nov 1 0:00 0 -
2638 Rule Turkey 1945 only - Apr 2 0:00 1:00 S
2639 Rule Turkey 1945 only - Oct 8 0:00 0 -
2640 Rule Turkey 1946 only - Jun 1 0:00 1:00 S
2641 Rule Turkey 1946 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
2642 Rule Turkey 1947 1948 - Apr Sun>=16 0:00 1:00 S
2643 Rule Turkey 1947 1950 - Oct Sun>=2 0:00 0 -
2644 Rule Turkey 1949 only - Apr 10 0:00 1:00 S
2645 Rule Turkey 1950 only - Apr 19 0:00 1:00 S
2646 Rule Turkey 1951 only - Apr 22 0:00 1:00 S
2647 Rule Turkey 1951 only - Oct 8 0:00 0 -
2648 Rule Turkey 1962 only - Jul 15 0:00 1:00 S
2649 Rule Turkey 1962 only - Oct 8 0:00 0 -
2650 Rule Turkey 1964 only - May 15 0:00 1:00 S
2651 Rule Turkey 1964 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
2652 Rule Turkey 1970 1972 - May Sun>=2 0:00 1:00 S
2653 Rule Turkey 1970 1972 - Oct Sun>=2 0:00 0 -
2654 Rule Turkey 1973 only - Jun 3 1:00 1:00 S
2655 Rule Turkey 1973 only - Nov 4 3:00 0 -
2656 Rule Turkey 1974 only - Mar 31 2:00 1:00 S
2657 Rule Turkey 1974 only - Nov 3 5:00 0 -
2658 Rule Turkey 1975 only - Mar 30 0:00 1:00 S
2659 Rule Turkey 1975 1976 - Oct lastSun 0:00 0 -
2660 Rule Turkey 1976 only - Jun 1 0:00 1:00 S
2661 Rule Turkey 1977 1978 - Apr Sun>=1 0:00 1:00 S
2662 Rule Turkey 1977 only - Oct 16 0:00 0 -
2663 Rule Turkey 1979 1980 - Apr Sun>=1 3:00 1:00 S
2664 Rule Turkey 1979 1982 - Oct Mon>=11 0:00 0 -
2665 Rule Turkey 1981 1982 - Mar lastSun 3:00 1:00 S
2666 Rule Turkey 1983 only - Jul 31 0:00 1:00 S
2667 Rule Turkey 1983 only - Oct 2 0:00 0 -
2668 Rule Turkey 1985 only - Apr 20 0:00 1:00 S
2669 Rule Turkey 1985 only - Sep 28 0:00 0 -
2670 Rule Turkey 1986 1990 - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 S
2671 Rule Turkey 1986 1990 - Sep lastSun 2:00s 0 -
2672 Rule Turkey 1991 2006 - Mar lastSun 1:00s 1:00 S
2673 Rule Turkey 1991 1995 - Sep lastSun 1:00s 0 -
2674 Rule Turkey 1996 2006 - Oct lastSun 1:00s 0 -
2675 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
2676 Zone Europe/Istanbul 1:55:52 - LMT 1880
2677 1:56:56 - IMT 1910 Oct # Istanbul Mean Time?
2678 2:00 Turkey EE%sT 1978 Oct 15
2679 3:00 Turkey TR%sT 1985 Apr 20 # Turkey Time
2680 2:00 Turkey EE%sT 2007
2681 2:00 EU EE%sT 2011 Mar 27 1:00u
2682 2:00 - EET 2011 Mar 28 1:00u
2683 2:00 EU EE%sT
2684 Link Europe/Istanbul Asia/Istanbul # Istanbul is in both continents.
2685
2686 # Ukraine
2687 #
2688 # From Igor Karpov, who works for the Ukranian Ministry of Justice,
2689 # via Garrett Wollman (2003-01-27):
2690 # BTW, I've found the official document on this matter. It's goverment
2691 # regulations number 509, May 13, 1996. In my poor translation it says:
2692 # "Time in Ukraine is set to second timezone (Kiev time). Each last Sunday
2693 # of March at 3am the time is changing to 4am and each last Sunday of
2694 # October the time at 4am is changing to 3am"
2695
2696 # From Alexander Krivenyshev (2011-09-20):
2697 # On September 20, 2011 the deputies of the Verkhovna Rada agreed to
2698 # abolish the transfer clock to winter time.
2699 #
2700 # Bill number 8330 of MP from the Party of Regions Oleg Nadoshi got
2701 # approval from 266 deputies.
2702 #
2703 # Ukraine abolishes transter back to the winter time (in Russian)
2704 # <a href="http://news.mail.ru/politics/6861560/">
2705 # http://news.mail.ru/politics/6861560/
2706 # </a>
2707 #
2708 # The Ukrainians will no longer change the clock (in Russian)
2709 # <a href="http://www.segodnya.ua/news/14290482.html">
2710 # http://www.segodnya.ua/news/14290482.html
2711 # </a>
2712 #
2713 # Deputies cancelled the winter time (in Russian)
2714 # <a href="http://www.pravda.com.ua/rus/news/2011/09/20/6600616/">
2715 # http://www.pravda.com.ua/rus/news/2011/09/20/6600616/
2716 # </a>
2717 #
2718 # From Philip Pizzey (2011-10-18):
2719 # Today my Ukrainian colleagues have informed me that the
2720 # Ukrainian parliament have decided that they will go to winter
2721 # time this year after all.
2722 #
2723 # From Udo Schwedt (2011-10-18):
2724 # As far as I understand, the recent change to the Ukranian time zone
2725 # (Europe/Kiev) to introduce permanent daylight saving time (similar
2726 # to Russia) was reverted today:
2727 #
2728 # <a href="http://portal.rada.gov.ua/rada/control/en/publish/article/info_left?art_id=287324&cat_id=105995">
2729 # http://portal.rada.gov.ua/rada/control/en/publish/article/info_left?art_id=287324&cat_id=105995
2730 # </a>
2731 #
2732 # Also reported by Alexander Bokovoy (2011-10-18) who also noted:
2733 # The law documents themselves are at
2734 #
2735 # <a href="http://w1.c1.rada.gov.ua/pls/zweb_n/webproc4_1?id=&pf3511=41484">
2736 # http://w1.c1.rada.gov.ua/pls/zweb_n/webproc4_1?id=&pf3511=41484
2737 # </a>
2738
2739
2740 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
2741 # Most of Ukraine since 1970 has been like Kiev.
2742 # "Kyiv" is the transliteration of the Ukrainian name, but
2743 # "Kiev" is more common in English.
2744 Zone Europe/Kiev 2:02:04 - LMT 1880
2745 2:02:04 - KMT 1924 May 2 # Kiev Mean Time
2746 2:00 - EET 1930 Jun 21
2747 3:00 - MSK 1941 Sep 20
2748 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1943 Nov 6
2749 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1990
2750 3:00 - MSK 1990 Jul 1 2:00
2751 2:00 - EET 1992
2752 2:00 E-Eur EE%sT 1995
2753 2:00 EU EE%sT
2754 # Ruthenia used CET 1990/1991.
2755 # "Uzhhorod" is the transliteration of the Ukrainian name, but
2756 # "Uzhgorod" is more common in English.
2757 Zone Europe/Uzhgorod 1:29:12 - LMT 1890 Oct
2758 1:00 - CET 1940
2759 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Oct
2760 1:00 1:00 CEST 1944 Oct 26
2761 1:00 - CET 1945 Jun 29
2762 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1990
2763 3:00 - MSK 1990 Jul 1 2:00
2764 1:00 - CET 1991 Mar 31 3:00
2765 2:00 - EET 1992
2766 2:00 E-Eur EE%sT 1995
2767 2:00 EU EE%sT
2768 # Zaporozh'ye and eastern Lugansk oblasts observed DST 1990/1991.
2769 # "Zaporizhia" is the transliteration of the Ukrainian name, but
2770 # "Zaporozh'ye" is more common in English. Use the common English
2771 # spelling, except omit the apostrophe as it is not allowed in
2772 # portable Posix file names.
2773 Zone Europe/Zaporozhye 2:20:40 - LMT 1880
2774 2:20 - CUT 1924 May 2 # Central Ukraine T
2775 2:00 - EET 1930 Jun 21
2776 3:00 - MSK 1941 Aug 25
2777 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1943 Oct 25
2778 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1991 Mar 31 2:00
2779 2:00 E-Eur EE%sT 1995
2780 2:00 EU EE%sT
2781 # Central Crimea used Moscow time 1994/1997.
2782 Zone Europe/Simferopol 2:16:24 - LMT 1880
2783 2:16 - SMT 1924 May 2 # Simferopol Mean T
2784 2:00 - EET 1930 Jun 21
2785 3:00 - MSK 1941 Nov
2786 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Apr 13
2787 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1990
2788 3:00 - MSK 1990 Jul 1 2:00
2789 2:00 - EET 1992
2790 # From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):
2791 # The _Economist_ (1994-05-28, p 45) reports that central Crimea switched
2792 # from Kiev to Moscow time sometime after the January 1994 elections.
2793 # Shanks (1999) says ``date of change uncertain'', but implies that it happened
2794 # sometime between the 1994 DST switches. Shanks & Pottenger simply say
2795 # 1994-09-25 03:00, but that can't be right. For now, guess it
2796 # changed in May.
2797 2:00 E-Eur EE%sT 1994 May
2798 # From IATA SSIM (1994/1997), which also says that Kerch is still like Kiev.
2799 3:00 E-Eur MSK/MSD 1996 Mar 31 3:00s
2800 3:00 1:00 MSD 1996 Oct 27 3:00s
2801 # IATA SSIM (1997-09) says Crimea switched to EET/EEST.
2802 # Assume it happened in March by not changing the clocks.
2803 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1997
2804 3:00 - MSK 1997 Mar lastSun 1:00u
2805 2:00 EU EE%sT
2806
2807 ###############################################################################
2808
2809 # One source shows that Bulgaria, Cyprus, Finland, and Greece observe DST from
2810 # the last Sunday in March to the last Sunday in September in 1986.
2811 # The source shows Romania changing a day later than everybody else.
2812 #
2813 # According to Bernard Sieloff's source, Poland is in the MET time zone but
2814 # uses the WE DST rules. The Western USSR uses EET+1 and ME DST rules.
2815 # Bernard Sieloff's source claims Romania switches on the same day, but at
2816 # 00:00 standard time (i.e., 01:00 DST). It also claims that Turkey
2817 # switches on the same day, but switches on at 01:00 standard time
2818 # and off at 00:00 standard time (i.e., 01:00 DST)
2819
2820 # ...
2821 # Date: Wed, 28 Jan 87 16:56:27 -0100
2822 # From: Tom Hofmann
2823 # ...
2824 #
2825 # ...the European time rules are...standardized since 1981, when
2826 # most European coun[tr]ies started DST. Before that year, only
2827 # a few countries (UK, France, Italy) had DST, each according
2828 # to own national rules. In 1981, however, DST started on
2829 # 'Apr firstSun', and not on 'Mar lastSun' as in the following
2830 # years...
2831 # But also since 1981 there are some more national exceptions
2832 # than listed in 'europe': Switzerland, for example, joined DST
2833 # one year later, Denmark ended DST on 'Oct 1' instead of 'Sep
2834 # lastSun' in 1981---I don't know how they handle now.
2835 #
2836 # Finally, DST ist always from 'Apr 1' to 'Oct 1' in the
2837 # Soviet Union (as far as I know).
2838 #
2839 # Tom Hofmann, Scientific Computer Center, CIBA-GEIGY AG,
2840 # 4002 Basle, Switzerland
2841 # ...
2842
2843 # ...
2844 # Date: Wed, 4 Feb 87 22:35:22 +0100
2845 # From: Dik T. Winter
2846 # ...
2847 #
2848 # The information from Tom Hofmann is (as far as I know) not entirely correct.
2849 # After a request from chongo at amdahl I tried to retrieve all information
2850 # about DST in Europe. I was able to find all from about 1969.
2851 #
2852 # ...standardization on DST in Europe started in about 1977 with switches on
2853 # first Sunday in April and last Sunday in September...
2854 # In 1981 UK joined Europe insofar that
2855 # the starting day for both shifted to last Sunday in March. And from 1982
2856 # the whole of Europe used DST, with switch dates April 1 and October 1 in
2857 # the Sov[i]et Union. In 1985 the SU reverted to standard Europe[a]n switch
2858 # dates...
2859 #
2860 # It should also be remembered that time-zones are not constants; e.g.
2861 # Portugal switched in 1976 from MET (or CET) to WET with DST...
2862 # Note also that though there were rules for switch dates not
2863 # all countries abided to these dates, and many individual deviations
2864 # occurred, though not since 1982 I believe. Another note: it is always
2865 # assumed that DST is 1 hour ahead of normal time, this need not be the
2866 # case; at least in the Netherlands there have been times when DST was 2 hours
2867 # in advance of normal time.
2868 #
2869 # ...
2870 # dik t. winter, cwi, amsterdam, nederland
2871 # ...
2872
2873 # From Bob Devine (1988-01-28):
2874 # ...
2875 # Greece: Last Sunday in April to last Sunday in September (iffy on dates).
2876 # Since 1978. Change at midnight.
2877 # ...
2878 # Monaco: has same DST as France.
2879 # ...