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  22 # questions.
  23 #
  24 # <pre>
  25 # This file is in the public domain, so clarified as of
  26 # 2009-05-17 by Arthur David Olson.
  27 
  28 # From Paul Eggert (1999-11-15):
  29 # To keep things manageable, we list only locations occupied year-round; see
  30 # <a href="http://www.comnap.aq/comnap/comnap.nsf/P/Stations/">
  31 # COMNAP - Stations and Bases
  32 # </a>
  33 # and
  34 # <a href="http://www.spri.cam.ac.uk/bob/periant.htm">
  35 # Summary of the Peri-Antarctic Islands (1998-07-23)
  36 # </a>
  37 # for information.
  38 # Unless otherwise specified, we have no time zone information.
  39 #
  40 # Except for the French entries,
  41 # I made up all time zone abbreviations mentioned here; corrections welcome!
  42 # FORMAT is `zzz' and GMTOFF is 0 for locations while uninhabited.
  43 
  44 # These rules are stolen from the `southamerica' file.
  45 # Rule  NAME    FROM    TO      TYPE    IN      ON      AT      SAVE    LETTER/S
  46 Rule    ArgAQ   1964    1966    -       Mar      1      0:00    0       -
  47 Rule    ArgAQ   1964    1966    -       Oct     15      0:00    1:00    S
  48 Rule    ArgAQ   1967    only    -       Apr      2      0:00    0       -
  49 Rule    ArgAQ   1967    1968    -       Oct     Sun>=1       0:00    1:00    S
  50 Rule    ArgAQ   1968    1969    -       Apr     Sun>=1       0:00    0       -
  51 Rule    ArgAQ   1974    only    -       Jan     23      0:00    1:00    S
  52 Rule    ArgAQ   1974    only    -       May      1      0:00    0       -
  53 Rule    ChileAQ 1972    1986    -       Mar     Sun>=9       3:00u   0       -
  54 Rule    ChileAQ 1974    1987    -       Oct     Sun>=9       4:00u   1:00    S
  55 Rule    ChileAQ 1987    only    -       Apr     12      3:00u   0       -
  56 Rule    ChileAQ 1988    1989    -       Mar     Sun>=9       3:00u   0       -
  57 Rule    ChileAQ 1988    only    -       Oct     Sun>=1       4:00u   1:00    S
  58 Rule    ChileAQ 1989    only    -       Oct     Sun>=9       4:00u   1:00    S
  59 Rule    ChileAQ 1990    only    -       Mar     18      3:00u   0       -
  60 Rule    ChileAQ 1990    only    -       Sep     16      4:00u   1:00    S
  61 Rule    ChileAQ 1991    1996    -       Mar     Sun>=9       3:00u   0       -
  62 Rule    ChileAQ 1991    1997    -       Oct     Sun>=9       4:00u   1:00    S
  63 Rule    ChileAQ 1997    only    -       Mar     30      3:00u   0       -
  64 Rule    ChileAQ 1998    only    -       Mar     Sun>=9       3:00u   0       -
  65 Rule    ChileAQ 1998    only    -       Sep     27      4:00u   1:00    S
  66 Rule    ChileAQ 1999    only    -       Apr      4      3:00u   0       -
  67 Rule    ChileAQ 1999    2010    -       Oct     Sun>=9       4:00u   1:00    S
  68 Rule    ChileAQ 2000    2007    -       Mar     Sun>=9       3:00u   0       -
  69 # N.B.: the end of March 29 in Chile is March 30 in Universal time,
  70 # which is used below in specifying the transition.
  71 Rule    ChileAQ 2008    only    -       Mar     30      3:00u   0       -
  72 Rule    ChileAQ 2009    only    -       Mar     Sun>=9       3:00u   0       -
  73 Rule    ChileAQ 2010    only    -       Apr     Sun>=1       3:00u   0       -
  74 Rule    ChileAQ 2011    only    -       May     Sun>=2       3:00u   0       -
  75 Rule    ChileAQ 2011    only    -       Aug     Sun>=16      4:00u   1:00    S
  76 Rule    ChileAQ 2012    max     -       Apr     Sun>=23      3:00u   0       -
  77 Rule    ChileAQ 2012    max     -       Sep     Sun>=2       4:00u   1:00    S
  78 
  79 # Argentina - year-round bases
  80 # Belgrano II, Confin Coast, -770227-0343737, since 1972-02-05
  81 # Esperanza, San Martin Land, -6323-05659, since 1952-12-17
  82 # Jubany, Potter Peninsula, King George Island, -6414-0602320, since 1982-01
  83 # Marambio, Seymour I, -6414-05637, since 1969-10-29
  84 # Orcadas, Laurie I, -6016-04444, since 1904-02-22
  85 # San Martin, Debenham I, -6807-06708, since 1951-03-21
  86 #       (except 1960-03 / 1976-03-21)
  87 
  88 # Australia - territories
  89 # Heard Island, McDonald Islands (uninhabited)
  90 #       previously sealers and scientific personnel wintered
  91 #       <a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20021204222245/http://www.dstc.qut.edu.au/DST/marg/daylight.html">
  92 #       Margaret Turner reports
  93 #       </a> (1999-09-30) that they're UTC+5, with no DST;
  94 #       presumably this is when they have visitors.
  95 #
  96 # year-round bases
  97 # Casey, Bailey Peninsula, -6617+11032, since 1969
  98 # Davis, Vestfold Hills, -6835+07759, since 1957-01-13
  99 #       (except 1964-11 - 1969-02)
 100 # Mawson, Holme Bay, -6736+06253, since 1954-02-13
 101 
 102 # From Steffen Thorsen (2009-03-11):
 103 # Three Australian stations in Antarctica have changed their time zone:
 104 # Casey moved from UTC+8 to UTC+11
 105 # Davis moved from UTC+7 to UTC+5
 106 # Mawson moved from UTC+6 to UTC+5
 107 # The changes occurred on 2009-10-18 at 02:00 (local times).
 108 #
 109 # Government source: (Australian Antarctic Division)
 110 # <a href="http://www.aad.gov.au/default.asp?casid=37079">
 111 # http://www.aad.gov.au/default.asp?casid=37079
 112 # </a>
 113 #
 114 # We have more background information here:
 115 # <a href="http://www.timeanddate.com/news/time/antarctica-new-times.html">
 116 # http://www.timeanddate.com/news/time/antarctica-new-times.html
 117 # </a>
 118 
 119 # From Steffen Thorsen (2010-03-10):
 120 # We got these changes from the Australian Antarctic Division: ...
 121 #
 122 # - Casey station reverted to its normal time of UTC+8 on 5 March 2010.
 123 # The change to UTC+11 is being considered as a regular summer thing but
 124 # has not been decided yet.
 125 #
 126 # - Davis station will revert to its normal time of UTC+7 at 10 March 2010
 127 # 20:00 UTC.
 128 #
 129 # - Mawson station stays on UTC+5.
 130 #
 131 # Background:
 132 # <a href="http://www.timeanddate.com/news/time/antartica-time-changes-2010.html">
 133 # http://www.timeanddate.com/news/time/antartica-time-changes-2010.html
 134 # </a>
 135 
 136 # Zone  NAME            GMTOFF  RULES   FORMAT  [UNTIL]
 137 Zone Antarctica/Casey   0       -       zzz     1969
 138                         8:00    -       WST     2009 Oct 18 2:00
 139                                                 # Western (Aus) Standard Time
 140                         11:00   -       CAST    2010 Mar 5 2:00
 141                                                 # Casey Time
 142                         8:00    -       WST     2011 Oct 28 2:00
 143                         11:00   -       CAST    2012 Feb 21 17:00u
 144                         8:00    -       WST
 145 Zone Antarctica/Davis   0       -       zzz     1957 Jan 13
 146                         7:00    -       DAVT    1964 Nov # Davis Time
 147                         0       -       zzz     1969 Feb
 148                         7:00    -       DAVT    2009 Oct 18 2:00
 149                         5:00    -       DAVT    2010 Mar 10 20:00u
 150                         7:00    -       DAVT    2011 Oct 28 2:00
 151                         5:00    -       DAVT    2012 Feb 21 20:00u
 152                         7:00    -       DAVT
 153 Zone Antarctica/Mawson  0       -       zzz     1954 Feb 13
 154                         6:00    -       MAWT    2009 Oct 18 2:00
 155                                                 # Mawson Time
 156                         5:00    -       MAWT
 157 # References:
 158 # <a href="http://www.antdiv.gov.au/aad/exop/sfo/casey/casey_aws.html">
 159 # Casey Weather (1998-02-26)
 160 # </a>
 161 # <a href="http://www.antdiv.gov.au/aad/exop/sfo/davis/video.html">
 162 # Davis Station, Antarctica (1998-02-26)
 163 # </a>
 164 # <a href="http://www.antdiv.gov.au/aad/exop/sfo/mawson/video.html">
 165 # Mawson Station, Antarctica (1998-02-25)
 166 # </a>
 167 
 168 # Brazil - year-round base
 169 # Comandante Ferraz, King George Island, -6205+05824, since 1983/4
 170 
 171 # Chile - year-round bases and towns
 172 # Escudero, South Shetland Is, -621157-0585735, since 1994
 173 # Presidente Eduadro Frei, King George Island, -6214-05848, since 1969-03-07
 174 # General Bernardo O'Higgins, Antarctic Peninsula, -6319-05704, since 1948-02
 175 # Capitan Arturo Prat, -6230-05941
 176 # Villa Las Estrellas (a town), around the Frei base, since 1984-04-09
 177 # These locations have always used Santiago time; use TZ='America/Santiago'.
 178 
 179 # China - year-round bases
 180 # Great Wall, King George Island, -6213-05858, since 1985-02-20
 181 # Zhongshan, Larsemann Hills, Prydz Bay, -6922+07623, since 1989-02-26
 182 
 183 # France - year-round bases
 184 #
 185 # From Antoine Leca (1997-01-20):
 186 # Time data are from Nicole Pailleau at the IFRTP
 187 # (French Institute for Polar Research and Technology).
 188 # She confirms that French Southern Territories and Terre Adelie bases
 189 # don't observe daylight saving time, even if Terre Adelie supplies came
 190 # from Tasmania.
 191 #
 192 # French Southern Territories with year-round inhabitants
 193 #
 194 # Martin-de-Vivies Base, Amsterdam Island, -374105+0773155, since 1950
 195 # Alfred-Faure Base, Crozet Islands, -462551+0515152, since 1964
 196 # Port-aux-Francais, Kerguelen Islands, -492110+0701303, since 1951;
 197 #       whaling & sealing station operated 1908/1914, 1920/1929, and 1951/1956
 198 #
 199 # St Paul Island - near Amsterdam, uninhabited
 200 #       fishing stations operated variously 1819/1931
 201 #
 202 # Zone  NAME            GMTOFF  RULES   FORMAT  [UNTIL]
 203 Zone Indian/Kerguelen   0       -       zzz     1950    # Port-aux-Francais
 204                         5:00    -       TFT     # ISO code TF Time
 205 #
 206 # year-round base in the main continent
 207 # Dumont-d'Urville, Ile des Petrels, -6640+14001, since 1956-11
 208 #
 209 # Another base at Port-Martin, 50km east, began operation in 1947.
 210 # It was destroyed by fire on 1952-01-14.
 211 #
 212 # Zone  NAME            GMTOFF  RULES   FORMAT  [UNTIL]
 213 Zone Antarctica/DumontDUrville 0 -      zzz     1947
 214                         10:00   -       PMT     1952 Jan 14 # Port-Martin Time
 215                         0       -       zzz     1956 Nov
 216                         10:00   -       DDUT    # Dumont-d'Urville Time
 217 # Reference:
 218 # <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dumont_d'Urville_Station">
 219 # Dumont d'Urville Station (2005-12-05)
 220 # </a>
 221 
 222 # Germany - year-round base
 223 # Georg von Neumayer, -7039-00815
 224 
 225 # India - year-round base
 226 # Dakshin Gangotri, -7005+01200
 227 
 228 # Japan - year-round bases
 229 # Dome Fuji, -7719+03942
 230 # Syowa, -690022+0393524
 231 #
 232 # From Hideyuki Suzuki (1999-02-06):
 233 # In all Japanese stations, +0300 is used as the standard time.
 234 #
 235 # Syowa station, which is the first antarctic station of Japan,
 236 # was established on 1957-01-29.  Since Syowa station is still the main
 237 # station of Japan, it's appropriate for the principal location.
 238 # Zone  NAME            GMTOFF  RULES   FORMAT  [UNTIL]
 239 Zone Antarctica/Syowa   0       -       zzz     1957 Jan 29
 240                         3:00    -       SYOT    # Syowa Time
 241 # See:
 242 # <a href="http://www.nipr.ac.jp/english/ara01.html">
 243 # NIPR Antarctic Research Activities (1999-08-17)
 244 # </a>
 245 
 246 # S Korea - year-round base
 247 # King Sejong, King George Island, -6213-05847, since 1988
 248 
 249 # New Zealand - claims
 250 # Balleny Islands (never inhabited)
 251 # Scott Island (never inhabited)
 252 #
 253 # year-round base
 254 # Scott, Ross Island, since 1957-01, is like Antarctica/McMurdo.
 255 #
 256 # These rules for New Zealand are stolen from the `australasia' file.
 257 # Rule  NAME    FROM    TO      TYPE    IN      ON      AT      SAVE    LETTER/S
 258 Rule    NZAQ    1974    only    -       Nov      3      2:00s   1:00    D
 259 Rule    NZAQ    1975    1988    -       Oct     lastSun 2:00s   1:00    D
 260 Rule    NZAQ    1989    only    -       Oct      8      2:00s   1:00    D
 261 Rule    NZAQ    1990    2006    -       Oct     Sun>=1       2:00s   1:00    D
 262 Rule    NZAQ    1975    only    -       Feb     23      2:00s   0       S
 263 Rule    NZAQ    1976    1989    -       Mar     Sun>=1       2:00s   0       S
 264 Rule    NZAQ    1990    2007    -       Mar     Sun>=15      2:00s   0       S
 265 Rule    NZAQ    2007    max     -       Sep     lastSun 2:00s   1:00    D
 266 Rule    NZAQ    2008    max     -       Apr     Sun>=1       2:00s   0       S
 267 
 268 # Norway - territories
 269 # Bouvet (never inhabited)
 270 #
 271 # claims
 272 # Peter I Island (never inhabited)
 273 
 274 # Poland - year-round base
 275 # Arctowski, King George Island, -620945-0582745, since 1977
 276 
 277 # Russia - year-round bases
 278 # Bellingshausen, King George Island, -621159-0585337, since 1968-02-22
 279 # Mirny, Davis coast, -6633+09301, since 1956-02
 280 # Molodezhnaya, Alasheyev Bay, -6740+04551,
 281 #       year-round from 1962-02 to 1999-07-01
 282 # Novolazarevskaya, Queen Maud Land, -7046+01150,
 283 #       year-round from 1960/61 to 1992
 284 
 285 # Vostok, since 1957-12-16, temporarily closed 1994-02/1994-11
 286 # <a href="http://quest.arc.nasa.gov/antarctica/QA/computers/Directions,Time,ZIP">
 287 # From Craig Mundell (1994-12-15)</a>:
 288 # Vostok, which is one of the Russian stations, is set on the same
 289 # time as Moscow, Russia.
 290 #
 291 # From Lee Hotz (2001-03-08):
 292 # I queried the folks at Columbia who spent the summer at Vostok and this is
 293 # what they had to say about time there:
 294 # ``in the US Camp (East Camp) we have been on New Zealand (McMurdo)
 295 # time, which is 12 hours ahead of GMT. The Russian Station Vostok was
 296 # 6 hours behind that (although only 2 miles away, i.e. 6 hours ahead
 297 # of GMT). This is a time zone I think two hours east of Moscow. The
 298 # natural time zone is in between the two: 8 hours ahead of GMT.''
 299 #
 300 # From Paul Eggert (2001-05-04):
 301 # This seems to be hopelessly confusing, so I asked Lee Hotz about it
 302 # in person.  He said that some Antartic locations set their local
 303 # time so that noon is the warmest part of the day, and that this
 304 # changes during the year and does not necessarily correspond to mean
 305 # solar noon.  So the Vostok time might have been whatever the clocks
 306 # happened to be during their visit.  So we still don't really know what time
 307 # it is at Vostok.  But we'll guess UTC+6.
 308 #
 309 Zone Antarctica/Vostok  0       -       zzz     1957 Dec 16
 310                         6:00    -       VOST    # Vostok time
 311 
 312 # S Africa - year-round bases
 313 # Marion Island, -4653+03752
 314 # Sanae, -7141-00250
 315 
 316 # UK
 317 #
 318 # British Antarctic Territories (BAT) claims
 319 # South Orkney Islands
 320 #       scientific station from 1903
 321 #       whaling station at Signy I 1920/1926
 322 # South Shetland Islands
 323 #
 324 # year-round bases
 325 # Bird Island, South Georgia, -5400-03803, since 1983
 326 # Deception Island, -6259-06034, whaling station 1912/1931,
 327 #       scientific station 1943/1967,
 328 #       previously sealers and a scientific expedition wintered by accident,
 329 #       and a garrison was deployed briefly
 330 # Halley, Coates Land, -7535-02604, since 1956-01-06
 331 #       Halley is on a moving ice shelf and is periodically relocated
 332 #       so that it is never more than 10km from its nominal location.
 333 # Rothera, Adelaide Island, -6734-6808, since 1976-12-01
 334 #
 335 # From Paul Eggert (2002-10-22)
 336 # <http://webexhibits.org/daylightsaving/g.html> says Rothera is -03 all year.
 337 #
 338 # Zone  NAME            GMTOFF  RULES   FORMAT  [UNTIL]
 339 Zone Antarctica/Rothera 0       -       zzz     1976 Dec  1
 340                         -3:00   -       ROTT    # Rothera time
 341 
 342 # Uruguay - year round base
 343 # Artigas, King George Island, -621104-0585107
 344 
 345 # USA - year-round bases
 346 #
 347 # Palmer, Anvers Island, since 1965 (moved 2 miles in 1968)
 348 #
 349 # From Ethan Dicks (1996-10-06):
 350 # It keeps the same time as Punta Arenas, Chile, because, just like us
 351 # and the South Pole, that's the other end of their supply line....
 352 # I verified with someone who was there that since 1980,
 353 # Palmer has followed Chile.  Prior to that, before the Falklands War,
 354 # Palmer used to be supplied from Argentina.
 355 #
 356 # Zone  NAME            GMTOFF  RULES   FORMAT  [UNTIL]
 357 Zone Antarctica/Palmer  0       -       zzz     1965
 358                         -4:00   ArgAQ   AR%sT   1969 Oct 5
 359                         -3:00   ArgAQ   AR%sT   1982 May
 360                         -4:00   ChileAQ CL%sT
 361 #
 362 #
 363 # McMurdo, Ross Island, since 1955-12
 364 # Zone  NAME            GMTOFF  RULES   FORMAT  [UNTIL]
 365 Zone Antarctica/McMurdo 0       -       zzz     1956
 366                         12:00   NZAQ    NZ%sT
 367 #
 368 # Amundsen-Scott, South Pole, continuously occupied since 1956-11-20
 369 #
 370 # From Paul Eggert (1996-09-03):
 371 # Normally it wouldn't have a separate entry, since it's like the
 372 # larger Antarctica/McMurdo since 1970, but it's too famous to omit.
 373 #
 374 # From Chris Carrier (1996-06-27):
 375 # Siple, the first commander of the South Pole station,
 376 # stated that he would have liked to have kept GMT at the station,
 377 # but that he found it more convenient to keep GMT+12
 378 # as supplies for the station were coming from McMurdo Sound,
 379 # which was on GMT+12 because New Zealand was on GMT+12 all year
 380 # at that time (1957).  (Source: Siple's book 90 degrees SOUTH.)
 381 #
 382 # From Susan Smith
 383 # http://www.cybertours.com/whs/pole10.html
 384 # (1995-11-13 16:24:56 +1300, no longer available):
 385 # We use the same time as McMurdo does.
 386 # And they use the same time as Christchurch, NZ does....
 387 # One last quirk about South Pole time.
 388 # All the electric clocks are usually wrong.
 389 # Something about the generators running at 60.1hertz or something
 390 # makes all of the clocks run fast.  So every couple of days,
 391 # we have to go around and set them back 5 minutes or so.
 392 # Maybe if we let them run fast all of the time, we'd get to leave here sooner!!
 393 #
 394 Link    Antarctica/McMurdo      Antarctica/South_Pole