1 #
   2 # DO NOT ALTER OR REMOVE COPYRIGHT NOTICES OR THIS FILE HEADER.
   3 #
   4 # This code is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
   5 # under the terms of the GNU General Public License version 2 only, as
   6 # published by the Free Software Foundation.  Oracle designates this
   7 # particular file as subject to the "Classpath" exception as provided
   8 # by Oracle in the LICENSE file that accompanied this code.
   9 #
  10 # This code is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT
  11 # ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or
  12 # FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the GNU General Public License
  13 # version 2 for more details (a copy is included in the LICENSE file that
  14 # accompanied this code).
  15 #
  16 # You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License version
  17 # 2 along with this work; if not, write to the Free Software Foundation,
  18 # Inc., 51 Franklin St, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA 02110-1301 USA.
  19 #
  20 # Please contact Oracle, 500 Oracle Parkway, Redwood Shores, CA 94065 USA
  21 # or visit www.oracle.com if you need additional information or have any
  22 # questions.
  23 #
  24 # <pre>
  25 # This file is in the public domain, so clarified as of
  26 # 2009-05-17 by Arthur David Olson.
  27 
  28 # This data is by no means authoritative; if you think you know better,
  29 # go ahead and edit the file (and please send any changes to
  30 # tz@iana.org for general use in the future).
  31 
  32 # From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):
  33 # A good source for time zone historical data outside the U.S. is
  34 # Thomas G. Shanks and Rique Pottenger, The International Atlas (6th edition),
  35 # San Diego: ACS Publications, Inc. (2003).
  36 #
  37 # Gwillim Law writes that a good source
  38 # for recent time zone data is the International Air Transport
  39 # Association's Standard Schedules Information Manual (IATA SSIM),
  40 # published semiannually.  Law sent in several helpful summaries
  41 # of the IATA's data after 1990.
  42 #
  43 # Except where otherwise noted, Shanks & Pottenger is the source for
  44 # entries through 1991, and IATA SSIM is the source for entries afterwards.
  45 #
  46 # Other sources occasionally used include:
  47 #
  48 #       Edward W. Whitman, World Time Differences,
  49 #       Whitman Publishing Co, 2 Niagara Av, Ealing, London (undated),
  50 #       which I found in the UCLA library.
  51 #
  52 #       <a href="http://www.pettswoodvillage.co.uk/Daylight_Savings_William_Willett.pdf">
  53 #       William Willett, The Waste of Daylight, 19th edition
  54 #       </a> (1914-03)
  55 #
  56 #       Milne J. Civil time. Geogr J. 1899 Feb;13(2):173-94
  57 #       <http://www.jstor.org/stable/1774359>.  He writes:
  58 #       "It is requested that corrections and additions to these tables
  59 #       may be sent to Mr. John Milne, Royal Geographical Society,
  60 #       Savile Row, London."  Nowadays please email them to tz@iana.org.
  61 #
  62 #       Brazil's Departamento Servico da Hora (DSH),
  63 #       <a href="http://pcdsh01.on.br/HISTHV.htm">
  64 #       History of Summer Time
  65 #       </a> (1998-09-21, in Portuguese)
  66 
  67 #
  68 # I invented the abbreviations marked `*' in the following table;
  69 # the rest are from earlier versions of this file, or from other sources.
  70 # Corrections are welcome!
  71 #                   std dst  2dst
  72 #                   LMT           Local Mean Time
  73 #       -4:00       AST ADT       Atlantic
  74 #       -3:00       WGT WGST      Western Greenland*
  75 #       -1:00       EGT EGST      Eastern Greenland*
  76 #        0:00       GMT BST  BDST Greenwich, British Summer
  77 #        0:00       GMT IST       Greenwich, Irish Summer
  78 #        0:00       WET WEST WEMT Western Europe
  79 #        0:19:32.13 AMT NST       Amsterdam, Netherlands Summer (1835-1937)*
  80 #        0:20       NET NEST      Netherlands (1937-1940)*
  81 #        1:00       CET CEST CEMT Central Europe
  82 #        1:00:14    SET           Swedish (1879-1899)*
  83 #        2:00       EET EEST      Eastern Europe
  84 #        3:00       MSK MSD       Moscow
  85 #
  86 # A reliable and entertaining source about time zones, especially in Britain,
  87 # Derek Howse, Greenwich time and longitude, Philip Wilson Publishers (1997).
  88 
  89 # From Peter Ilieve (1994-12-04),
  90 # The original six [EU members]: Belgium, France, (West) Germany, Italy,
  91 # Luxembourg, the Netherlands.
  92 # Plus, from 1 Jan 73: Denmark, Ireland, United Kingdom.
  93 # Plus, from 1 Jan 81: Greece.
  94 # Plus, from 1 Jan 86: Spain, Portugal.
  95 # Plus, from 1 Jan 95: Austria, Finland, Sweden. (Norway negotiated terms for
  96 # entry but in a referendum on 28 Nov 94 the people voted No by 52.2% to 47.8%
  97 # on a turnout of 88.6%. This was almost the same result as Norway's previous
  98 # referendum in 1972, they are the only country to have said No twice.
  99 # Referendums in the other three countries voted Yes.)
 100 # ...
 101 # Estonia ... uses EU dates but not at 01:00 GMT, they use midnight GMT.
 102 # I don't think they know yet what they will do from 1996 onwards.
 103 # ...
 104 # There shouldn't be any [current members who are not using EU rules].
 105 # A Directive has the force of law, member states are obliged to enact
 106 # national law to implement it. The only contentious issue was the
 107 # different end date for the UK and Ireland, and this was always allowed
 108 # in the Directive.
 109 
 110 
 111 ###############################################################################
 112 
 113 # Britain (United Kingdom) and Ireland (Eire)
 114 
 115 # From Peter Ilieve (1994-07-06):
 116 #
 117 # On 17 Jan 1994 the Independent, a UK quality newspaper, had a piece about
 118 # historical vistas along the Thames in west London. There was a photo
 119 # and a sketch map showing some of the sightlines involved. One paragraph
 120 # of the text said:
 121 #
 122 # `An old stone obelisk marking a forgotten terrestrial meridian stands
 123 # beside the river at Kew. In the 18th century, before time and longitude
 124 # was standardised by the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, scholars observed
 125 # this stone and the movement of stars from Kew Observatory nearby. They
 126 # made their calculations and set the time for the Horse Guards and Parliament,
 127 # but now the stone is obscured by scrubwood and can only be seen by walking
 128 # along the towpath within a few yards of it.'
 129 #
 130 # I have a one inch to one mile map of London and my estimate of the stone's
 131 # position is 51 deg. 28' 30" N, 0 deg. 18' 45" W. The longitude should
 132 # be within about +-2". The Ordnance Survey grid reference is TQ172761.
 133 #
 134 # [This yields GMTOFF = -0:01:15 for London LMT in the 18th century.]
 135 
 136 # From Paul Eggert (1993-11-18):
 137 #
 138 # Howse writes that Britain was the first country to use standard time.
 139 # The railways cared most about the inconsistencies of local mean time,
 140 # and it was they who forced a uniform time on the country.
 141 # The original idea was credited to Dr. William Hyde Wollaston (1766-1828)
 142 # and was popularized by Abraham Follett Osler (1808-1903).
 143 # The first railway to adopt London time was the Great Western Railway
 144 # in November 1840; other railways followed suit, and by 1847 most
 145 # (though not all) railways used London time.  On 1847-09-22 the
 146 # Railway Clearing House, an industry standards body, recommended that GMT be
 147 # adopted at all stations as soon as the General Post Office permitted it.
 148 # The transition occurred on 12-01 for the L&NW, the Caledonian,
 149 # and presumably other railways; the January 1848 Bradshaw's lists many
 150 # railways as using GMT.  By 1855 the vast majority of public
 151 # clocks in Britain were set to GMT (though some, like the great clock
 152 # on Tom Tower at Christ Church, Oxford, were fitted with two minute hands,
 153 # one for local time and one for GMT).  The last major holdout was the legal
 154 # system, which stubbornly stuck to local time for many years, leading
 155 # to oddities like polls opening at 08:13 and closing at 16:13.
 156 # The legal system finally switched to GMT when the Statutes (Definition
 157 # of Time) Act took effect; it received the Royal Assent on 1880-08-02.
 158 #
 159 # In the tables below, we condense this complicated story into a single
 160 # transition date for London, namely 1847-12-01.  We don't know as much
 161 # about Dublin, so we use 1880-08-02, the legal transition time.
 162 
 163 # From Paul Eggert (2003-09-27):
 164 # Summer Time was first seriously proposed by William Willett (1857-1915),
 165 # a London builder and member of the Royal Astronomical Society
 166 # who circulated a pamphlet ``The Waste of Daylight'' (1907)
 167 # that proposed advancing clocks 20 minutes on each of four Sundays in April,
 168 # and retarding them by the same amount on four Sundays in September.
 169 # A bill was drafted in 1909 and introduced in Parliament several times,
 170 # but it met with ridicule and opposition, especially from farming interests.
 171 # Later editions of the pamphlet proposed one-hour summer time, and
 172 # it was eventually adopted as a wartime measure in 1916.
 173 # See: Summer Time Arrives Early, The Times (2000-05-18).
 174 # A monument to Willett was unveiled on 1927-05-21, in an open space in
 175 # a 45-acre wood near Chislehurst, Kent that was purchased by popular
 176 # subscription and open to the public.  On the south face of the monolith,
 177 # designed by G. W. Miller, is the...William Willett Memorial Sundial,
 178 # which is permanently set to Summer Time.
 179 
 180 # From Winston Churchill (1934-04-28):
 181 # It is one of the paradoxes of history that we should owe the boon of
 182 # summer time, which gives every year to the people of this country
 183 # between 160 and 170 hours more daylight leisure, to a war which
 184 # plunged Europe into darkness for four years, and shook the
 185 # foundations of civilization throughout the world.
 186 #       -- <a href="http://www.winstonchurchill.org/fh114willett.htm">
 187 #       "A Silent Toast to William Willett", Pictorial Weekly
 188 #       </a>
 189 
 190 # From Paul Eggert (1996-09-03):
 191 # The OED Supplement says that the English originally said ``Daylight Saving''
 192 # when they were debating the adoption of DST in 1908; but by 1916 this
 193 # term appears only in quotes taken from DST's opponents, whereas the
 194 # proponents (who eventually won the argument) are quoted as using ``Summer''.
 195 
 196 # From Arthur David Olson (1989-01-19):
 197 #
 198 # A source at the British Information Office in New York avers that it's
 199 # known as "British" Summer Time in all parts of the United Kingdom.
 200 
 201 # Date: 4 Jan 89 08:57:25 GMT (Wed)
 202 # From: Jonathan Leffler
 203 # [British Summer Time] is fixed annually by Act of Parliament.
 204 # If you can predict what Parliament will do, you should be in
 205 # politics making a fortune, not computing.
 206 
 207 # From Chris Carrier (1996-06-14):
 208 # I remember reading in various wartime issues of the London Times the
 209 # acronym BDST for British Double Summer Time.  Look for the published
 210 # time of sunrise and sunset in The Times, when BDST was in effect, and
 211 # if you find a zone reference it will say, "All times B.D.S.T."
 212 
 213 # From Joseph S. Myers (1999-09-02):
 214 # ... some military cables (WO 219/4100 - this is a copy from the
 215 # main SHAEF archives held in the US National Archives, SHAEF/5252/8/516)
 216 # agree that the usage is BDST (this appears in a message dated 17 Feb 1945).
 217 
 218 # From Joseph S. Myers (2000-10-03):
 219 # On 18th April 1941, Sir Stephen Tallents of the BBC wrote to Sir
 220 # Alexander Maxwell of the Home Office asking whether there was any
 221 # official designation; the reply of the 21st was that there wasn't
 222 # but he couldn't think of anything better than the "Double British
 223 # Summer Time" that the BBC had been using informally.
 224 # http://student.cusu.cam.ac.uk/~jsm28/british-time/bbc-19410418.png
 225 # http://student.cusu.cam.ac.uk/~jsm28/british-time/ho-19410421.png
 226 
 227 # From Sir Alexander Maxwell in the above-mentioned letter (1941-04-21):
 228 # [N]o official designation has as far as I know been adopted for the time
 229 # which is to be introduced in May....
 230 # I cannot think of anything better than "Double British Summer Time"
 231 # which could not be said to run counter to any official description.
 232 
 233 # From Paul Eggert (2000-10-02):
 234 # Howse writes (p 157) `DBST' too, but `BDST' seems to have been common
 235 # and follows the more usual convention of putting the location name first,
 236 # so we use `BDST'.
 237 
 238 # Peter Ilieve (1998-04-19) described at length
 239 # the history of summer time legislation in the United Kingdom.
 240 # Since 1998 Joseph S. Myers has been updating
 241 # and extending this list, which can be found in
 242 # http://student.cusu.cam.ac.uk/~jsm28/british-time/
 243 # <a href="http://www.polyomino.org.uk/british-time/">
 244 # History of legal time in Britain
 245 # </a>
 246 # Rob Crowther (2012-01-04) reports that that URL no longer
 247 # exists, and the article can now be found at:
 248 # <a href="http://www.polyomino.org.uk/british-time/">
 249 # http://www.polyomino.org.uk/british-time/
 250 # </a>
 251 
 252 # From Joseph S. Myers (1998-01-06):
 253 #
 254 # The legal time in the UK outside of summer time is definitely GMT, not UTC;
 255 # see Lord Tanlaw's speech
 256 # <a href="http://www.parliament.the-stationery-office.co.uk/pa/ld199697/ldhansrd/pdvn/lds97/text/70611-20.htm#70611-20_head0">
 257 # (Lords Hansard 11 June 1997 columns 964 to 976)
 258 # </a>.
 259 
 260 # From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):
 261 #
 262 # For lack of other data, follow Shanks & Pottenger for Eire in 1940-1948.
 263 #
 264 # Given Ilieve and Myers's data, the following claims by Shanks & Pottenger
 265 # are incorrect:
 266 #     * Wales did not switch from GMT to daylight saving time until
 267 #       1921 Apr 3, when they began to conform with the rest of Great Britain.
 268 # Actually, Wales was identical after 1880.
 269 #     * Eire had two transitions on 1916 Oct 1.
 270 # It actually just had one transition.
 271 #     * Northern Ireland used single daylight saving time throughout WW II.
 272 # Actually, it conformed to Britain.
 273 #     * GB-Eire changed standard time to 1 hour ahead of GMT on 1968-02-18.
 274 # Actually, that date saw the usual switch to summer time.
 275 # Standard time was not changed until 1968-10-27 (the clocks didn't change).
 276 #
 277 # Here is another incorrect claim by Shanks & Pottenger:
 278 #     * Jersey, Guernsey, and the Isle of Man did not switch from GMT
 279 #       to daylight saving time until 1921 Apr 3, when they began to
 280 #       conform with Great Britain.
 281 # S.R.&O. 1916, No. 382 and HO 45/10811/312364 (quoted above) say otherwise.
 282 #
 283 # The following claim by Shanks & Pottenger is possible though doubtful;
 284 # we'll ignore it for now.
 285 #     * Dublin's 1971-10-31 switch was at 02:00, even though London's was 03:00.
 286 #
 287 #
 288 # Whitman says Dublin Mean Time was -0:25:21, which is more precise than
 289 # Shanks & Pottenger.
 290 # Perhaps this was Dunsink Observatory Time, as Dunsink Observatory
 291 # (8 km NW of Dublin's center) seemingly was to Dublin as Greenwich was
 292 # to London.  For example:
 293 #
 294 #   "Timeball on the ballast office is down.  Dunsink time."
 295 #   -- James Joyce, Ulysses
 296 
 297 # From Joseph S. Myers (2005-01-26):
 298 # Irish laws are available online at www.irishstatutebook.ie.  These include
 299 # various relating to legal time, for example:
 300 #
 301 # ZZA13Y1923.html ZZA12Y1924.html ZZA8Y1925.html ZZSIV20PG1267.html
 302 #
 303 # ZZSI71Y1947.html ZZSI128Y1948.html ZZSI23Y1949.html ZZSI41Y1950.html
 304 # ZZSI27Y1951.html ZZSI73Y1952.html
 305 #
 306 # ZZSI11Y1961.html ZZSI232Y1961.html ZZSI182Y1962.html
 307 # ZZSI167Y1963.html ZZSI257Y1964.html ZZSI198Y1967.html
 308 # ZZA23Y1968.html ZZA17Y1971.html
 309 #
 310 # ZZSI67Y1981.html ZZSI212Y1982.html ZZSI45Y1986.html
 311 # ZZSI264Y1988.html ZZSI52Y1990.html ZZSI371Y1992.html
 312 # ZZSI395Y1994.html ZZSI484Y1997.html ZZSI506Y2001.html
 313 #
 314 # [These are all relative to the root, e.g., the first is
 315 # <http://www.irishstatutebook.ie/ZZA13Y1923.html>.]
 316 #
 317 # (These are those I found, but there could be more.  In any case these
 318 # should allow various updates to the comments in the europe file to cover
 319 # the laws applicable in Ireland.)
 320 #
 321 # (Note that the time in the Republic of Ireland since 1968 has been defined
 322 # in terms of standard time being GMT+1 with a period of winter time when it
 323 # is GMT, rather than standard time being GMT with a period of summer time
 324 # being GMT+1.)
 325 
 326 # From Paul Eggert (1999-03-28):
 327 # Clive Feather (<news:859845706.26043.0@office.demon.net>, 1997-03-31)
 328 # reports that Folkestone (Cheriton) Shuttle Terminal uses Concession Time
 329 # (CT), equivalent to French civil time.
 330 # Julian Hill (<news:36118128.5A14@virgin.net>, 1998-09-30) reports that
 331 # trains between Dollands Moor (the freight facility next door)
 332 # and Frethun run in CT.
 333 # My admittedly uninformed guess is that the terminal has two authorities,
 334 # the French concession operators and the British civil authorities,
 335 # and that the time depends on who you're talking to.
 336 # If, say, the British police were called to the station for some reason,
 337 # I would expect the official police report to use GMT/BST and not CET/CEST.
 338 # This is a borderline case, but for now let's stick to GMT/BST.
 339 
 340 # From an anonymous contributor (1996-06-02):
 341 # The law governing time in Ireland is under Statutory Instrument SI 395/94,
 342 # which gives force to European Union 7th Council Directive # 94/21/EC.
 343 # Under this directive, the Minister for Justice in Ireland makes appropriate
 344 # regulations. I spoke this morning with the Secretary of the Department of
 345 # Justice (tel +353 1 678 9711) who confirmed to me that the correct name is
 346 # "Irish Summer Time", abbreviated to "IST".
 347 
 348 # Rule  NAME    FROM    TO      TYPE    IN      ON      AT      SAVE    LETTER/S
 349 # Summer Time Act, 1916
 350 Rule    GB-Eire 1916    only    -       May     21      2:00s   1:00    BST
 351 Rule    GB-Eire 1916    only    -       Oct      1      2:00s   0       GMT
 352 # S.R.&O. 1917, No. 358
 353 Rule    GB-Eire 1917    only    -       Apr      8      2:00s   1:00    BST
 354 Rule    GB-Eire 1917    only    -       Sep     17      2:00s   0       GMT
 355 # S.R.&O. 1918, No. 274
 356 Rule    GB-Eire 1918    only    -       Mar     24      2:00s   1:00    BST
 357 Rule    GB-Eire 1918    only    -       Sep     30      2:00s   0       GMT
 358 # S.R.&O. 1919, No. 297
 359 Rule    GB-Eire 1919    only    -       Mar     30      2:00s   1:00    BST
 360 Rule    GB-Eire 1919    only    -       Sep     29      2:00s   0       GMT
 361 # S.R.&O. 1920, No. 458
 362 Rule    GB-Eire 1920    only    -       Mar     28      2:00s   1:00    BST
 363 # S.R.&O. 1920, No. 1844
 364 Rule    GB-Eire 1920    only    -       Oct     25      2:00s   0       GMT
 365 # S.R.&O. 1921, No. 363
 366 Rule    GB-Eire 1921    only    -       Apr      3      2:00s   1:00    BST
 367 Rule    GB-Eire 1921    only    -       Oct      3      2:00s   0       GMT
 368 # S.R.&O. 1922, No. 264
 369 Rule    GB-Eire 1922    only    -       Mar     26      2:00s   1:00    BST
 370 Rule    GB-Eire 1922    only    -       Oct      8      2:00s   0       GMT
 371 # The Summer Time Act, 1922
 372 Rule    GB-Eire 1923    only    -       Apr     Sun>=16      2:00s   1:00    BST
 373 Rule    GB-Eire 1923    1924    -       Sep     Sun>=16      2:00s   0       GMT
 374 Rule    GB-Eire 1924    only    -       Apr     Sun>=9       2:00s   1:00    BST
 375 Rule    GB-Eire 1925    1926    -       Apr     Sun>=16      2:00s   1:00    BST
 376 # The Summer Time Act, 1925
 377 Rule    GB-Eire 1925    1938    -       Oct     Sun>=2       2:00s   0       GMT
 378 Rule    GB-Eire 1927    only    -       Apr     Sun>=9       2:00s   1:00    BST
 379 Rule    GB-Eire 1928    1929    -       Apr     Sun>=16      2:00s   1:00    BST
 380 Rule    GB-Eire 1930    only    -       Apr     Sun>=9       2:00s   1:00    BST
 381 Rule    GB-Eire 1931    1932    -       Apr     Sun>=16      2:00s   1:00    BST
 382 Rule    GB-Eire 1933    only    -       Apr     Sun>=9       2:00s   1:00    BST
 383 Rule    GB-Eire 1934    only    -       Apr     Sun>=16      2:00s   1:00    BST
 384 Rule    GB-Eire 1935    only    -       Apr     Sun>=9       2:00s   1:00    BST
 385 Rule    GB-Eire 1936    1937    -       Apr     Sun>=16      2:00s   1:00    BST
 386 Rule    GB-Eire 1938    only    -       Apr     Sun>=9       2:00s   1:00    BST
 387 Rule    GB-Eire 1939    only    -       Apr     Sun>=16      2:00s   1:00    BST
 388 # S.R.&O. 1939, No. 1379
 389 Rule    GB-Eire 1939    only    -       Nov     Sun>=16      2:00s   0       GMT
 390 # S.R.&O. 1940, No. 172 and No. 1883
 391 Rule    GB-Eire 1940    only    -       Feb     Sun>=23      2:00s   1:00    BST
 392 # S.R.&O. 1941, No. 476
 393 Rule    GB-Eire 1941    only    -       May     Sun>=2       1:00s   2:00    BDST
 394 Rule    GB-Eire 1941    1943    -       Aug     Sun>=9       1:00s   1:00    BST
 395 # S.R.&O. 1942, No. 506
 396 Rule    GB-Eire 1942    1944    -       Apr     Sun>=2       1:00s   2:00    BDST
 397 # S.R.&O. 1944, No. 932
 398 Rule    GB-Eire 1944    only    -       Sep     Sun>=16      1:00s   1:00    BST
 399 # S.R.&O. 1945, No. 312
 400 Rule    GB-Eire 1945    only    -       Apr     Mon>=2       1:00s   2:00    BDST
 401 Rule    GB-Eire 1945    only    -       Jul     Sun>=9       1:00s   1:00    BST
 402 # S.R.&O. 1945, No. 1208
 403 Rule    GB-Eire 1945    1946    -       Oct     Sun>=2       2:00s   0       GMT
 404 Rule    GB-Eire 1946    only    -       Apr     Sun>=9       2:00s   1:00    BST
 405 # The Summer Time Act, 1947
 406 Rule    GB-Eire 1947    only    -       Mar     16      2:00s   1:00    BST
 407 Rule    GB-Eire 1947    only    -       Apr     13      1:00s   2:00    BDST
 408 Rule    GB-Eire 1947    only    -       Aug     10      1:00s   1:00    BST
 409 Rule    GB-Eire 1947    only    -       Nov      2      2:00s   0       GMT
 410 # Summer Time Order, 1948 (S.I. 1948/495)
 411 Rule    GB-Eire 1948    only    -       Mar     14      2:00s   1:00    BST
 412 Rule    GB-Eire 1948    only    -       Oct     31      2:00s   0       GMT
 413 # Summer Time Order, 1949 (S.I. 1949/373)
 414 Rule    GB-Eire 1949    only    -       Apr      3      2:00s   1:00    BST
 415 Rule    GB-Eire 1949    only    -       Oct     30      2:00s   0       GMT
 416 # Summer Time Order, 1950 (S.I. 1950/518)
 417 # Summer Time Order, 1951 (S.I. 1951/430)
 418 # Summer Time Order, 1952 (S.I. 1952/451)
 419 Rule    GB-Eire 1950    1952    -       Apr     Sun>=14      2:00s   1:00    BST
 420 Rule    GB-Eire 1950    1952    -       Oct     Sun>=21      2:00s   0       GMT
 421 # revert to the rules of the Summer Time Act, 1925
 422 Rule    GB-Eire 1953    only    -       Apr     Sun>=16      2:00s   1:00    BST
 423 Rule    GB-Eire 1953    1960    -       Oct     Sun>=2       2:00s   0       GMT
 424 Rule    GB-Eire 1954    only    -       Apr     Sun>=9       2:00s   1:00    BST
 425 Rule    GB-Eire 1955    1956    -       Apr     Sun>=16      2:00s   1:00    BST
 426 Rule    GB-Eire 1957    only    -       Apr     Sun>=9       2:00s   1:00    BST
 427 Rule    GB-Eire 1958    1959    -       Apr     Sun>=16      2:00s   1:00    BST
 428 Rule    GB-Eire 1960    only    -       Apr     Sun>=9       2:00s   1:00    BST
 429 # Summer Time Order, 1961 (S.I. 1961/71)
 430 # Summer Time (1962) Order, 1961 (S.I. 1961/2465)
 431 # Summer Time Order, 1963 (S.I. 1963/81)
 432 Rule    GB-Eire 1961    1963    -       Mar     lastSun 2:00s   1:00    BST
 433 Rule    GB-Eire 1961    1968    -       Oct     Sun>=23      2:00s   0       GMT
 434 # Summer Time (1964) Order, 1963 (S.I. 1963/2101)
 435 # Summer Time Order, 1964 (S.I. 1964/1201)
 436 # Summer Time Order, 1967 (S.I. 1967/1148)
 437 Rule    GB-Eire 1964    1967    -       Mar     Sun>=19      2:00s   1:00    BST
 438 # Summer Time Order, 1968 (S.I. 1968/117)
 439 Rule    GB-Eire 1968    only    -       Feb     18      2:00s   1:00    BST
 440 # The British Standard Time Act, 1968
 441 #       (no summer time)
 442 # The Summer Time Act, 1972
 443 Rule    GB-Eire 1972    1980    -       Mar     Sun>=16      2:00s   1:00    BST
 444 Rule    GB-Eire 1972    1980    -       Oct     Sun>=23      2:00s   0       GMT
 445 # Summer Time Order, 1980 (S.I. 1980/1089)
 446 # Summer Time Order, 1982 (S.I. 1982/1673)
 447 # Summer Time Order, 1986 (S.I. 1986/223)
 448 # Summer Time Order, 1988 (S.I. 1988/931)
 449 Rule    GB-Eire 1981    1995    -       Mar     lastSun 1:00u   1:00    BST
 450 Rule    GB-Eire 1981    1989    -       Oct     Sun>=23      1:00u   0       GMT
 451 # Summer Time Order, 1989 (S.I. 1989/985)
 452 # Summer Time Order, 1992 (S.I. 1992/1729)
 453 # Summer Time Order 1994 (S.I. 1994/2798)
 454 Rule    GB-Eire 1990    1995    -       Oct     Sun>=22      1:00u   0       GMT
 455 # Summer Time Order 1997 (S.I. 1997/2982)
 456 # See EU for rules starting in 1996.
 457 
 458 # Zone  NAME            GMTOFF  RULES   FORMAT  [UNTIL]
 459 Zone    Europe/London   -0:01:15 -      LMT     1847 Dec  1 0:00s
 460                          0:00   GB-Eire %s      1968 Oct 27
 461                          1:00   -       BST     1971 Oct 31 2:00u
 462                          0:00   GB-Eire %s      1996
 463                          0:00   EU      GMT/BST
 464 Link    Europe/London   Europe/Jersey
 465 Link    Europe/London   Europe/Guernsey
 466 Link    Europe/London   Europe/Isle_of_Man
 467 Zone    Europe/Dublin   -0:25:00 -      LMT     1880 Aug  2
 468                         -0:25:21 -      DMT     1916 May 21 2:00
 469                         -0:25:21 1:00   IST     1916 Oct  1 2:00s
 470                          0:00   GB-Eire %s      1921 Dec  6 # independence
 471                          0:00   GB-Eire GMT/IST 1940 Feb 25 2:00
 472                          0:00   1:00    IST     1946 Oct  6 2:00
 473                          0:00   -       GMT     1947 Mar 16 2:00
 474                          0:00   1:00    IST     1947 Nov  2 2:00
 475                          0:00   -       GMT     1948 Apr 18 2:00
 476                          0:00   GB-Eire GMT/IST 1968 Oct 27
 477                          1:00   -       IST     1971 Oct 31 2:00u
 478                          0:00   GB-Eire GMT/IST 1996
 479                          0:00   EU      GMT/IST
 480 
 481 ###############################################################################
 482 
 483 # Europe
 484 
 485 # EU rules are for the European Union, previously known as the EC, EEC,
 486 # Common Market, etc.
 487 
 488 # Rule  NAME    FROM    TO      TYPE    IN      ON      AT      SAVE    LETTER/S
 489 Rule    EU      1977    1980    -       Apr     Sun>=1        1:00u  1:00    S
 490 Rule    EU      1977    only    -       Sep     lastSun  1:00u  0       -
 491 Rule    EU      1978    only    -       Oct      1       1:00u  0       -
 492 Rule    EU      1979    1995    -       Sep     lastSun  1:00u  0       -
 493 Rule    EU      1981    max     -       Mar     lastSun  1:00u  1:00    S
 494 Rule    EU      1996    max     -       Oct     lastSun  1:00u  0       -
 495 # The most recent directive covers the years starting in 2002.  See:
 496 # <a="http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=CELEX:32000L0084:EN:NOT">
 497 # Directive 2000/84/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council
 498 # of 19 January 2001 on summer-time arrangements.
 499 # </a>
 500 
 501 # W-Eur differs from EU only in that W-Eur uses standard time.
 502 Rule    W-Eur   1977    1980    -       Apr     Sun>=1        1:00s  1:00    S
 503 Rule    W-Eur   1977    only    -       Sep     lastSun  1:00s  0       -
 504 Rule    W-Eur   1978    only    -       Oct      1       1:00s  0       -
 505 Rule    W-Eur   1979    1995    -       Sep     lastSun  1:00s  0       -
 506 Rule    W-Eur   1981    max     -       Mar     lastSun  1:00s  1:00    S
 507 Rule    W-Eur   1996    max     -       Oct     lastSun  1:00s  0       -
 508 
 509 # Older C-Eur rules are for convenience in the tables.
 510 # From 1977 on, C-Eur differs from EU only in that C-Eur uses standard time.
 511 Rule    C-Eur   1916    only    -       Apr     30      23:00   1:00    S
 512 Rule    C-Eur   1916    only    -       Oct      1       1:00   0       -
 513 Rule    C-Eur   1917    1918    -       Apr     Mon>=15       2:00s  1:00    S
 514 Rule    C-Eur   1917    1918    -       Sep     Mon>=15       2:00s  0       -
 515 Rule    C-Eur   1940    only    -       Apr      1       2:00s  1:00    S
 516 Rule    C-Eur   1942    only    -       Nov      2       2:00s  0       -
 517 Rule    C-Eur   1943    only    -       Mar     29       2:00s  1:00    S
 518 Rule    C-Eur   1943    only    -       Oct      4       2:00s  0       -
 519 Rule    C-Eur   1944    1945    -       Apr     Mon>=1        2:00s  1:00    S
 520 # Whitman gives 1944 Oct 7; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
 521 Rule    C-Eur   1944    only    -       Oct      2       2:00s  0       -
 522 # From Jesper Norgaard Welen (2008-07-13):
 523 #
 524 # I found what is probably a typo of 2:00 which should perhaps be 2:00s
 525 # in the C-Eur rule from tz database version 2008d (this part was
 526 # corrected in version 2008d). The circumstancial evidence is simply the
 527 # tz database itself, as seen below:
 528 #
 529 # Zone Europe/Paris 0:09:21 - LMT 1891 Mar 15  0:01
 530 #    0:00 France WE%sT 1945 Sep 16  3:00
 531 #
 532 # Zone Europe/Monaco 0:29:32 - LMT 1891 Mar 15
 533 #    0:00 France WE%sT 1945 Sep 16 3:00
 534 #
 535 # Zone Europe/Belgrade 1:22:00 - LMT 1884
 536 #    1:00 1:00 CEST 1945 Sep 16  2:00s
 537 #
 538 # Rule France 1945 only - Sep 16  3:00 0 -
 539 # Rule Belgium 1945 only - Sep 16  2:00s 0 -
 540 # Rule Neth 1945 only - Sep 16 2:00s 0 -
 541 #
 542 # The rule line to be changed is:
 543 #
 544 # Rule C-Eur 1945 only - Sep 16  2:00 0 -
 545 #
 546 # It seems that Paris, Monaco, Rule France, Rule Belgium all agree on
 547 # 2:00 standard time, e.g. 3:00 local time.  However there are no
 548 # countries that use C-Eur rules in September 1945, so the only items
 549 # affected are apparently these fictitious zones that translate acronyms
 550 # CET and MET:
 551 #
 552 # Zone CET  1:00 C-Eur CE%sT
 553 # Zone MET  1:00 C-Eur ME%sT
 554 #
 555 # It this is right then the corrected version would look like:
 556 #
 557 # Rule C-Eur 1945 only - Sep 16  2:00s 0 -
 558 #
 559 # A small step for mankind though 8-)
 560 Rule    C-Eur   1945    only    -       Sep     16       2:00s  0       -
 561 Rule    C-Eur   1977    1980    -       Apr     Sun>=1        2:00s  1:00    S
 562 Rule    C-Eur   1977    only    -       Sep     lastSun  2:00s  0       -
 563 Rule    C-Eur   1978    only    -       Oct      1       2:00s  0       -
 564 Rule    C-Eur   1979    1995    -       Sep     lastSun  2:00s  0       -
 565 Rule    C-Eur   1981    max     -       Mar     lastSun  2:00s  1:00    S
 566 Rule    C-Eur   1996    max     -       Oct     lastSun  2:00s  0       -
 567 
 568 # E-Eur differs from EU only in that E-Eur switches at midnight local time.
 569 Rule    E-Eur   1977    1980    -       Apr     Sun>=1        0:00   1:00    S
 570 Rule    E-Eur   1977    only    -       Sep     lastSun  0:00   0       -
 571 Rule    E-Eur   1978    only    -       Oct      1       0:00   0       -
 572 Rule    E-Eur   1979    1995    -       Sep     lastSun  0:00   0       -
 573 Rule    E-Eur   1981    max     -       Mar     lastSun  0:00   1:00    S
 574 Rule    E-Eur   1996    max     -       Oct     lastSun  0:00   0       -
 575 
 576 # Rule  NAME    FROM    TO      TYPE    IN      ON      AT      SAVE    LETTER/S
 577 Rule    Russia  1917    only    -       Jul      1      23:00   1:00    MST     # Moscow Summer Time
 578 Rule    Russia  1917    only    -       Dec     28       0:00   0       MMT     # Moscow Mean Time
 579 Rule    Russia  1918    only    -       May     31      22:00   2:00    MDST    # Moscow Double Summer Time
 580 Rule    Russia  1918    only    -       Sep     16       1:00   1:00    MST
 581 Rule    Russia  1919    only    -       May     31      23:00   2:00    MDST
 582 Rule    Russia  1919    only    -       Jul      1       2:00   1:00    S
 583 Rule    Russia  1919    only    -       Aug     16       0:00   0       -
 584 Rule    Russia  1921    only    -       Feb     14      23:00   1:00    S
 585 Rule    Russia  1921    only    -       Mar     20      23:00   2:00    M # Midsummer
 586 Rule    Russia  1921    only    -       Sep      1       0:00   1:00    S
 587 Rule    Russia  1921    only    -       Oct      1       0:00   0       -
 588 # Act No.925 of the Council of Ministers of the USSR (1980-10-24):
 589 Rule    Russia  1981    1984    -       Apr      1       0:00   1:00    S
 590 Rule    Russia  1981    1983    -       Oct      1       0:00   0       -
 591 # Act No.967 of the Council of Ministers of the USSR (1984-09-13), repeated in
 592 # Act No.227 of the Council of Ministers of the USSR (1989-03-14):
 593 Rule    Russia  1984    1991    -       Sep     lastSun  2:00s  0       -
 594 Rule    Russia  1985    1991    -       Mar     lastSun  2:00s  1:00    S
 595 #
 596 Rule    Russia  1992    only    -       Mar     lastSat  23:00  1:00    S
 597 Rule    Russia  1992    only    -       Sep     lastSat  23:00  0       -
 598 Rule    Russia  1993    2010    -       Mar     lastSun  2:00s  1:00    S
 599 Rule    Russia  1993    1995    -       Sep     lastSun  2:00s  0       -
 600 Rule    Russia  1996    2010    -       Oct     lastSun  2:00s  0       -
 601 
 602 # From Alexander Krivenyshev (2011-06-14):
 603 # According to Kremlin press service, Russian President Dmitry Medvedev
 604 # signed a federal law "On calculation of time" on June 9, 2011.
 605 # According to the law Russia is abolishing daylight saving time.
 606 #
 607 # Medvedev signed a law "On the Calculation of Time" (in russian):
 608 # <a href="http://bmockbe.ru/events/?ID=7583">
 609 # http://bmockbe.ru/events/?ID=7583
 610 # </a>
 611 #
 612 # Medvedev signed a law on the calculation of the time (in russian):
 613 # <a href="http://www.regnum.ru/news/polit/1413906.html">
 614 # http://www.regnum.ru/news/polit/1413906.html
 615 # </a>
 616 
 617 # From Arthur David Olson (2011-06-15):
 618 # Take "abolishing daylight saving time" to mean that time is now considered
 619 # to be standard.
 620 
 621 # These are for backward compatibility with older versions.
 622 
 623 # Zone  NAME            GMTOFF  RULES   FORMAT  [UNTIL]
 624 Zone    WET             0:00    EU      WE%sT
 625 Zone    CET             1:00    C-Eur   CE%sT
 626 Zone    MET             1:00    C-Eur   ME%sT
 627 Zone    EET             2:00    EU      EE%sT
 628 
 629 # Previous editions of this database used abbreviations like MET DST
 630 # for Central European Summer Time, but this didn't agree with common usage.
 631 
 632 # From Markus Kuhn (1996-07-12):
 633 # The official German names ... are
 634 #
 635 #       Mitteleuropaeische Zeit (MEZ)         = UTC+01:00
 636 #       Mitteleuropaeische Sommerzeit (MESZ)  = UTC+02:00
 637 #
 638 # as defined in the German Time Act (Gesetz ueber die Zeitbestimmung (ZeitG),
 639 # 1978-07-25, Bundesgesetzblatt, Jahrgang 1978, Teil I, S. 1110-1111)....
 640 # I wrote ... to the German Federal Physical-Technical Institution
 641 #
 642 #       Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB)
 643 #       Laboratorium 4.41 "Zeiteinheit"
 644 #       Postfach 3345
 645 #       D-38023 Braunschweig
 646 #       phone: +49 531 592-0
 647 #
 648 # ... I received today an answer letter from Dr. Peter Hetzel, head of the PTB
 649 # department for time and frequency transmission.  He explained that the
 650 # PTB translates MEZ and MESZ into English as
 651 #
 652 #       Central European Time (CET)         = UTC+01:00
 653 #       Central European Summer Time (CEST) = UTC+02:00
 654 
 655 
 656 # Albania
 657 # Rule  NAME    FROM    TO      TYPE    IN      ON      AT      SAVE    LETTER/S
 658 Rule    Albania 1940    only    -       Jun     16      0:00    1:00    S
 659 Rule    Albania 1942    only    -       Nov      2      3:00    0       -
 660 Rule    Albania 1943    only    -       Mar     29      2:00    1:00    S
 661 Rule    Albania 1943    only    -       Apr     10      3:00    0       -
 662 Rule    Albania 1974    only    -       May      4      0:00    1:00    S
 663 Rule    Albania 1974    only    -       Oct      2      0:00    0       -
 664 Rule    Albania 1975    only    -       May      1      0:00    1:00    S
 665 Rule    Albania 1975    only    -       Oct      2      0:00    0       -
 666 Rule    Albania 1976    only    -       May      2      0:00    1:00    S
 667 Rule    Albania 1976    only    -       Oct      3      0:00    0       -
 668 Rule    Albania 1977    only    -       May      8      0:00    1:00    S
 669 Rule    Albania 1977    only    -       Oct      2      0:00    0       -
 670 Rule    Albania 1978    only    -       May      6      0:00    1:00    S
 671 Rule    Albania 1978    only    -       Oct      1      0:00    0       -
 672 Rule    Albania 1979    only    -       May      5      0:00    1:00    S
 673 Rule    Albania 1979    only    -       Sep     30      0:00    0       -
 674 Rule    Albania 1980    only    -       May      3      0:00    1:00    S
 675 Rule    Albania 1980    only    -       Oct      4      0:00    0       -
 676 Rule    Albania 1981    only    -       Apr     26      0:00    1:00    S
 677 Rule    Albania 1981    only    -       Sep     27      0:00    0       -
 678 Rule    Albania 1982    only    -       May      2      0:00    1:00    S
 679 Rule    Albania 1982    only    -       Oct      3      0:00    0       -
 680 Rule    Albania 1983    only    -       Apr     18      0:00    1:00    S
 681 Rule    Albania 1983    only    -       Oct      1      0:00    0       -
 682 Rule    Albania 1984    only    -       Apr      1      0:00    1:00    S
 683 # Zone  NAME            GMTOFF  RULES   FORMAT  [UNTIL]
 684 Zone    Europe/Tirane   1:19:20 -       LMT     1914
 685                         1:00    -       CET     1940 Jun 16
 686                         1:00    Albania CE%sT   1984 Jul
 687                         1:00    EU      CE%sT
 688 
 689 # Andorra
 690 # Zone  NAME            GMTOFF  RULES   FORMAT  [UNTIL]
 691 Zone    Europe/Andorra  0:06:04 -       LMT     1901
 692                         0:00    -       WET     1946 Sep 30
 693                         1:00    -       CET     1985 Mar 31 2:00
 694                         1:00    EU      CE%sT
 695 
 696 # Austria
 697 
 698 # Milne says Vienna time was 1:05:21.
 699 
 700 # From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22): Shanks & Pottenger give 1918-06-16 and
 701 # 1945-11-18, but the Austrian Federal Office of Metrology and
 702 # Surveying (BEV) gives 1918-09-16 and for Vienna gives the "alleged"
 703 # date of 1945-04-12 with no time.  For the 1980-04-06 transition
 704 # Shanks & Pottenger give 02:00, the BEV 00:00.  Go with the BEV,
 705 # and guess 02:00 for 1945-04-12.
 706 
 707 # Rule  NAME    FROM    TO      TYPE    IN      ON      AT      SAVE    LETTER/S
 708 Rule    Austria 1920    only    -       Apr      5      2:00s   1:00    S
 709 Rule    Austria 1920    only    -       Sep     13      2:00s   0       -
 710 Rule    Austria 1946    only    -       Apr     14      2:00s   1:00    S
 711 Rule    Austria 1946    1948    -       Oct     Sun>=1       2:00s   0       -
 712 Rule    Austria 1947    only    -       Apr      6      2:00s   1:00    S
 713 Rule    Austria 1948    only    -       Apr     18      2:00s   1:00    S
 714 Rule    Austria 1980    only    -       Apr      6      0:00    1:00    S
 715 Rule    Austria 1980    only    -       Sep     28      0:00    0       -
 716 # Zone  NAME            GMTOFF  RULES   FORMAT  [UNTIL]
 717 Zone    Europe/Vienna   1:05:21 -       LMT     1893 Apr
 718                         1:00    C-Eur   CE%sT   1920
 719                         1:00    Austria CE%sT   1940 Apr  1 2:00s
 720                         1:00    C-Eur   CE%sT   1945 Apr  2 2:00s
 721                         1:00    1:00    CEST    1945 Apr 12 2:00s
 722                         1:00    -       CET     1946
 723                         1:00    Austria CE%sT   1981
 724                         1:00    EU      CE%sT
 725 
 726 # Belarus
 727 # From Yauhen Kharuzhy (2011-09-16):
 728 # By latest Belarus government act Europe/Minsk timezone was changed to
 729 # GMT+3 without DST (was GMT+2 with DST).
 730 #
 731 # Sources (Russian language):
 732 # 1.
 733 # <a href="http://www.belta.by/ru/all_news/society/V-Belarusi-otmenjaetsja-perexod-na-sezonnoe-vremja_i_572952.html">
 734 # http://www.belta.by/ru/all_news/society/V-Belarusi-otmenjaetsja-perexod-na-sezonnoe-vremja_i_572952.html
 735 # </a>
 736 # 2.
 737 # <a href="http://naviny.by/rubrics/society/2011/09/16/ic_articles_116_175144/">
 738 # http://naviny.by/rubrics/society/2011/09/16/ic_articles_116_175144/
 739 # </a>
 740 # 3.
 741 # <a href="http://news.tut.by/society/250578.html">
 742 # http://news.tut.by/society/250578.html
 743 # </a>
 744 # Zone  NAME            GMTOFF  RULES   FORMAT  [UNTIL]
 745 Zone    Europe/Minsk    1:50:16 -       LMT     1880
 746                         1:50    -       MMT     1924 May 2 # Minsk Mean Time
 747                         2:00    -       EET     1930 Jun 21
 748                         3:00    -       MSK     1941 Jun 28
 749                         1:00    C-Eur   CE%sT   1944 Jul  3
 750                         3:00    Russia  MSK/MSD 1990
 751                         3:00    -       MSK     1991 Mar 31 2:00s
 752                         2:00    1:00    EEST    1991 Sep 29 2:00s
 753                         2:00    -       EET     1992 Mar 29 0:00s
 754                         2:00    1:00    EEST    1992 Sep 27 0:00s
 755                         2:00    Russia  EE%sT   2011 Mar 27 2:00s
 756                         3:00    -       FET # Further-eastern European Time
 757 
 758 # Belgium
 759 #
 760 # From Paul Eggert (1997-07-02):
 761 # Entries from 1918 through 1991 are taken from:
 762 #       Annuaire de L'Observatoire Royal de Belgique,
 763 #       Avenue Circulaire, 3, B-1180 BRUXELLES, CLVIIe annee, 1991
 764 #       (Imprimerie HAYEZ, s.p.r.l., Rue Fin, 4, 1080 BRUXELLES, MCMXC),
 765 #       pp 8-9.
 766 # LMT before 1892 was 0:17:30, according to the official journal of Belgium:
 767 #       Moniteur Belge, Samedi 30 Avril 1892, N.121.
 768 # Thanks to Pascal Delmoitie for these references.
 769 # The 1918 rules are listed for completeness; they apply to unoccupied Belgium.
 770 # Assume Brussels switched to WET in 1918 when the armistice took effect.
 771 #
 772 # Rule  NAME    FROM    TO      TYPE    IN      ON      AT      SAVE    LETTER/S
 773 Rule    Belgium 1918    only    -       Mar      9       0:00s  1:00    S
 774 Rule    Belgium 1918    1919    -       Oct     Sat>=1       23:00s  0       -
 775 Rule    Belgium 1919    only    -       Mar      1      23:00s  1:00    S
 776 Rule    Belgium 1920    only    -       Feb     14      23:00s  1:00    S
 777 Rule    Belgium 1920    only    -       Oct     23      23:00s  0       -
 778 Rule    Belgium 1921    only    -       Mar     14      23:00s  1:00    S
 779 Rule    Belgium 1921    only    -       Oct     25      23:00s  0       -
 780 Rule    Belgium 1922    only    -       Mar     25      23:00s  1:00    S
 781 Rule    Belgium 1922    1927    -       Oct     Sat>=1       23:00s  0       -
 782 Rule    Belgium 1923    only    -       Apr     21      23:00s  1:00    S
 783 Rule    Belgium 1924    only    -       Mar     29      23:00s  1:00    S
 784 Rule    Belgium 1925    only    -       Apr      4      23:00s  1:00    S
 785 # DSH writes that a royal decree of 1926-02-22 specified the Sun following 3rd
 786 # Sat in Apr (except if it's Easter, in which case it's one Sunday earlier),
 787 # to Sun following 1st Sat in Oct, and that a royal decree of 1928-09-15
 788 # changed the transition times to 02:00 GMT.
 789 Rule    Belgium 1926    only    -       Apr     17      23:00s  1:00    S
 790 Rule    Belgium 1927    only    -       Apr      9      23:00s  1:00    S
 791 Rule    Belgium 1928    only    -       Apr     14      23:00s  1:00    S
 792 Rule    Belgium 1928    1938    -       Oct     Sun>=2        2:00s  0       -
 793 Rule    Belgium 1929    only    -       Apr     21       2:00s  1:00    S
 794 Rule    Belgium 1930    only    -       Apr     13       2:00s  1:00    S
 795 Rule    Belgium 1931    only    -       Apr     19       2:00s  1:00    S
 796 Rule    Belgium 1932    only    -       Apr      3       2:00s  1:00    S
 797 Rule    Belgium 1933    only    -       Mar     26       2:00s  1:00    S
 798 Rule    Belgium 1934    only    -       Apr      8       2:00s  1:00    S
 799 Rule    Belgium 1935    only    -       Mar     31       2:00s  1:00    S
 800 Rule    Belgium 1936    only    -       Apr     19       2:00s  1:00    S
 801 Rule    Belgium 1937    only    -       Apr      4       2:00s  1:00    S
 802 Rule    Belgium 1938    only    -       Mar     27       2:00s  1:00    S
 803 Rule    Belgium 1939    only    -       Apr     16       2:00s  1:00    S
 804 Rule    Belgium 1939    only    -       Nov     19       2:00s  0       -
 805 Rule    Belgium 1940    only    -       Feb     25       2:00s  1:00    S
 806 Rule    Belgium 1944    only    -       Sep     17       2:00s  0       -
 807 Rule    Belgium 1945    only    -       Apr      2       2:00s  1:00    S
 808 Rule    Belgium 1945    only    -       Sep     16       2:00s  0       -
 809 Rule    Belgium 1946    only    -       May     19       2:00s  1:00    S
 810 Rule    Belgium 1946    only    -       Oct      7       2:00s  0       -
 811 # Zone  NAME            GMTOFF  RULES   FORMAT  [UNTIL]
 812 Zone    Europe/Brussels 0:17:30 -       LMT     1880
 813                         0:17:30 -       BMT     1892 May  1 12:00 # Brussels MT
 814                         0:00    -       WET     1914 Nov  8
 815                         1:00    -       CET     1916 May  1  0:00
 816                         1:00    C-Eur   CE%sT   1918 Nov 11 11:00u
 817                         0:00    Belgium WE%sT   1940 May 20  2:00s
 818                         1:00    C-Eur   CE%sT   1944 Sep  3
 819                         1:00    Belgium CE%sT   1977
 820                         1:00    EU      CE%sT
 821 
 822 # Bosnia and Herzegovina
 823 # see Serbia
 824 
 825 # Bulgaria
 826 #
 827 # From Plamen Simenov via Steffen Thorsen (1999-09-09):
 828 # A document of Government of Bulgaria (No.94/1997) says:
 829 # EET --> EETDST is in 03:00 Local time in last Sunday of March ...
 830 # EETDST --> EET is in 04:00 Local time in last Sunday of October
 831 #
 832 # Rule  NAME    FROM    TO      TYPE    IN      ON      AT      SAVE    LETTER/S
 833 Rule    Bulg    1979    only    -       Mar     31      23:00   1:00    S
 834 Rule    Bulg    1979    only    -       Oct      1       1:00   0       -
 835 Rule    Bulg    1980    1982    -       Apr     Sat>=1       23:00   1:00    S
 836 Rule    Bulg    1980    only    -       Sep     29       1:00   0       -
 837 Rule    Bulg    1981    only    -       Sep     27       2:00   0       -
 838 # Zone  NAME            GMTOFF  RULES   FORMAT  [UNTIL]
 839 Zone    Europe/Sofia    1:33:16 -       LMT     1880
 840                         1:56:56 -       IMT     1894 Nov 30 # Istanbul MT?
 841                         2:00    -       EET     1942 Nov  2  3:00
 842                         1:00    C-Eur   CE%sT   1945
 843                         1:00    -       CET     1945 Apr 2 3:00
 844                         2:00    -       EET     1979 Mar 31 23:00
 845                         2:00    Bulg    EE%sT   1982 Sep 26  2:00
 846                         2:00    C-Eur   EE%sT   1991
 847                         2:00    E-Eur   EE%sT   1997
 848                         2:00    EU      EE%sT
 849 
 850 # Croatia
 851 # see Serbia
 852 
 853 # Cyprus
 854 # Please see the `asia' file for Asia/Nicosia.
 855 
 856 # Czech Republic
 857 # Rule  NAME    FROM    TO      TYPE    IN      ON      AT      SAVE    LETTER/S
 858 Rule    Czech   1945    only    -       Apr      8      2:00s   1:00    S
 859 Rule    Czech   1945    only    -       Nov     18      2:00s   0       -
 860 Rule    Czech   1946    only    -       May      6      2:00s   1:00    S
 861 Rule    Czech   1946    1949    -       Oct     Sun>=1       2:00s   0       -
 862 Rule    Czech   1947    only    -       Apr     20      2:00s   1:00    S
 863 Rule    Czech   1948    only    -       Apr     18      2:00s   1:00    S
 864 Rule    Czech   1949    only    -       Apr      9      2:00s   1:00    S
 865 # Zone  NAME            GMTOFF  RULES   FORMAT  [UNTIL]
 866 Zone    Europe/Prague   0:57:44 -       LMT     1850
 867                         0:57:44 -       PMT     1891 Oct     # Prague Mean Time
 868                         1:00    C-Eur   CE%sT   1944 Sep 17 2:00s
 869                         1:00    Czech   CE%sT   1979
 870                         1:00    EU      CE%sT
 871 
 872 # Denmark, Faroe Islands, and Greenland
 873 
 874 # From Jesper Norgaard Welen (2005-04-26):
 875 # http://www.hum.aau.dk/~poe/tid/tine/DanskTid.htm says that the law
 876 # [introducing standard time] was in effect from 1894-01-01....
 877 # The page http://www.retsinfo.dk/_GETDOCI_/ACCN/A18930008330-REGL
 878 # confirms this, and states that the law was put forth 1893-03-29.
 879 #
 880 # The EU treaty with effect from 1973:
 881 # http://www.retsinfo.dk/_GETDOCI_/ACCN/A19722110030-REGL
 882 #
 883 # This provoked a new law from 1974 to make possible summer time changes
 884 # in subsequenet decrees with the law
 885 # http://www.retsinfo.dk/_GETDOCI_/ACCN/A19740022330-REGL
 886 #
 887 # It seems however that no decree was set forward until 1980.  I have
 888 # not found any decree, but in another related law, the effecting DST
 889 # changes are stated explicitly to be from 1980-04-06 at 02:00 to
 890 # 1980-09-28 at 02:00.  If this is true, this differs slightly from
 891 # the EU rule in that DST runs to 02:00, not 03:00.  We don't know
 892 # when Denmark began using the EU rule correctly, but we have only
 893 # confirmation of the 1980-time, so I presume it was correct in 1981:
 894 # The law is about the management of the extra hour, concerning
 895 # working hours reported and effect on obligatory-rest rules (which
 896 # was suspended on that night):
 897 # http://www.retsinfo.dk/_GETDOCI_/ACCN/C19801120554-REGL
 898 
 899 # From Jesper Norgaard Welen (2005-06-11):
 900 # The Herning Folkeblad (1980-09-26) reported that the night between
 901 # Saturday and Sunday the clock is set back from three to two.
 902 
 903 # From Paul Eggert (2005-06-11):
 904 # Hence the "02:00" of the 1980 law refers to standard time, not
 905 # wall-clock time, and so the EU rules were in effect in 1980.
 906 
 907 # Rule  NAME    FROM    TO      TYPE    IN      ON      AT      SAVE    LETTER/S
 908 Rule    Denmark 1916    only    -       May     14      23:00   1:00    S
 909 Rule    Denmark 1916    only    -       Sep     30      23:00   0       -
 910 Rule    Denmark 1940    only    -       May     15       0:00   1:00    S
 911 Rule    Denmark 1945    only    -       Apr      2       2:00s  1:00    S
 912 Rule    Denmark 1945    only    -       Aug     15       2:00s  0       -
 913 Rule    Denmark 1946    only    -       May      1       2:00s  1:00    S
 914 Rule    Denmark 1946    only    -       Sep      1       2:00s  0       -
 915 Rule    Denmark 1947    only    -       May      4       2:00s  1:00    S
 916 Rule    Denmark 1947    only    -       Aug     10       2:00s  0       -
 917 Rule    Denmark 1948    only    -       May      9       2:00s  1:00    S
 918 Rule    Denmark 1948    only    -       Aug      8       2:00s  0       -
 919 #
 920 # Zone  NAME            GMTOFF  RULES   FORMAT  [UNTIL]
 921 Zone Europe/Copenhagen   0:50:20 -      LMT     1890
 922                          0:50:20 -      CMT     1894 Jan  1 # Copenhagen MT
 923                          1:00   Denmark CE%sT   1942 Nov  2 2:00s
 924                          1:00   C-Eur   CE%sT   1945 Apr  2 2:00
 925                          1:00   Denmark CE%sT   1980
 926                          1:00   EU      CE%sT
 927 Zone Atlantic/Faroe     -0:27:04 -      LMT     1908 Jan 11     # Torshavn
 928                          0:00   -       WET     1981
 929                          0:00   EU      WE%sT
 930 #
 931 # From Paul Eggert (2004-10-31):
 932 # During World War II, Germany maintained secret manned weather stations in
 933 # East Greenland and Franz Josef Land, but we don't know their time zones.
 934 # My source for this is Wilhelm Dege's book mentioned under Svalbard.
 935 #
 936 # From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):
 937 # Greenland joined the EU as part of Denmark, obtained home rule on 1979-05-01,
 938 # and left the EU on 1985-02-01.  It therefore should have been using EU
 939 # rules at least through 1984.  Shanks & Pottenger say Scoresbysund and Godthab
 940 # used C-Eur rules after 1980, but IATA SSIM (1991/1996) says they use EU
 941 # rules since at least 1991.  Assume EU rules since 1980.
 942 
 943 # From Gwillin Law (2001-06-06), citing
 944 # <http://www.statkart.no/efs/efshefter/2001/efs5-2001.pdf> (2001-03-15),
 945 # and with translations corrected by Steffen Thorsen:
 946 #
 947 # Greenland has four local times, and the relation to UTC
 948 # is according to the following time line:
 949 #
 950 # The military zone near Thule  UTC-4
 951 # Standard Greenland time       UTC-3
 952 # Scoresbysund                  UTC-1
 953 # Danmarkshavn                  UTC
 954 #
 955 # In the military area near Thule and in Danmarkshavn DST will not be
 956 # introduced.
 957 
 958 # From Rives McDow (2001-11-01):
 959 #
 960 # I correspond regularly with the Dansk Polarcenter, and wrote them at
 961 # the time to clarify the situation in Thule.  Unfortunately, I have
 962 # not heard back from them regarding my recent letter.  [But I have
 963 # info from earlier correspondence.]
 964 #
 965 # According to the center, a very small local time zone around Thule
 966 # Air Base keeps the time according to UTC-4, implementing daylight
 967 # savings using North America rules, changing the time at 02:00 local time....
 968 #
 969 # The east coast of Greenland north of the community of Scoresbysund
 970 # uses UTC in the same way as in Iceland, year round, with no dst.
 971 # There are just a few stations on this coast, including the
 972 # Danmarkshavn ICAO weather station mentioned in your September 29th
 973 # email.  The other stations are two sledge patrol stations in
 974 # Mestersvig and Daneborg, the air force base at Station Nord, and the
 975 # DPC research station at Zackenberg.
 976 #
 977 # Scoresbysund and two small villages nearby keep time UTC-1 and use
 978 # the same daylight savings time period as in West Greenland (Godthab).
 979 #
 980 # The rest of Greenland, including Godthab (this area, although it
 981 # includes central Greenland, is known as west Greenland), keeps time
 982 # UTC-3, with daylight savings methods according to European rules.
 983 #
 984 # It is common procedure to use UTC 0 in the wilderness of East and
 985 # North Greenland, because it is mainly Icelandic aircraft operators
 986 # maintaining traffic in these areas.  However, the official status of
 987 # this area is that it sticks with Godthab time.  This area might be
 988 # considered a dual time zone in some respects because of this.
 989 
 990 # From Rives McDow (2001-11-19):
 991 # I heard back from someone stationed at Thule; the time change took place
 992 # there at 2:00 AM.
 993 
 994 # From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):
 995 # From 1997 on the CIA map shows Danmarkshavn on GMT;
 996 # the 1995 map as like Godthab.
 997 # For lack of better info, assume they were like Godthab before 1996.
 998 # startkart.no says Thule does not observe DST, but this is clearly an error,
 999 # so go with Shanks & Pottenger for Thule transitions until this year.
1000 # For 2007 on assume Thule will stay in sync with US DST rules.
1001 #
1002 # Rule  NAME    FROM    TO      TYPE    IN      ON      AT      SAVE    LETTER/S
1003 Rule    Thule   1991    1992    -       Mar     lastSun 2:00    1:00    D
1004 Rule    Thule   1991    1992    -       Sep     lastSun 2:00    0       S
1005 Rule    Thule   1993    2006    -       Apr     Sun>=1       2:00    1:00    D
1006 Rule    Thule   1993    2006    -       Oct     lastSun 2:00    0       S
1007 Rule    Thule   2007    max     -       Mar     Sun>=8       2:00    1:00    D
1008 Rule    Thule   2007    max     -       Nov     Sun>=1       2:00    0       S
1009 #
1010 # Zone  NAME            GMTOFF  RULES   FORMAT  [UNTIL]
1011 Zone America/Danmarkshavn -1:14:40 -    LMT     1916 Jul 28
1012                         -3:00   -       WGT     1980 Apr  6 2:00
1013                         -3:00   EU      WG%sT   1996
1014                         0:00    -       GMT
1015 Zone America/Scoresbysund -1:27:52 -    LMT     1916 Jul 28 # Ittoqqortoormiit
1016                         -2:00   -       CGT     1980 Apr  6 2:00
1017                         -2:00   C-Eur   CG%sT   1981 Mar 29
1018                         -1:00   EU      EG%sT
1019 Zone America/Godthab    -3:26:56 -      LMT     1916 Jul 28 # Nuuk
1020                         -3:00   -       WGT     1980 Apr  6 2:00
1021                         -3:00   EU      WG%sT
1022 Zone America/Thule      -4:35:08 -      LMT     1916 Jul 28 # Pituffik air base
1023                         -4:00   Thule   A%sT
1024 
1025 # Estonia
1026 # From Peter Ilieve (1994-10-15):
1027 # A relative in Tallinn confirms the accuracy of the data for 1989 onwards
1028 # [through 1994] and gives the legal authority for it,
1029 # a regulation of the Government of Estonia, No. 111 of 1989....
1030 #
1031 # From Peter Ilieve (1996-10-28):
1032 # [IATA SSIM (1992/1996) claims that the Baltic republics switch at 01:00s,
1033 # but a relative confirms that Estonia still switches at 02:00s, writing:]
1034 # ``I do not [know] exactly but there are some little different
1035 # (confusing) rules for International Air and Railway Transport Schedules
1036 # conversion in Sunday connected with end of summer time in Estonia....
1037 # A discussion is running about the summer time efficiency and effect on
1038 # human physiology.  It seems that Estonia maybe will not change to
1039 # summer time next spring.''
1040 
1041 # From Peter Ilieve (1998-11-04), heavily edited:
1042 # <a href="http://trip.rk.ee/cgi-bin/thw?${BASE}=akt&${OOHTML}=rtd&TA=1998&TO=1&AN=1390">
1043 # The 1998-09-22 Estonian time law
1044 # </a>
1045 # refers to the Eighth Directive and cites the association agreement between
1046 # the EU and Estonia, ratified by the Estonian law (RT II 1995, 22--27, 120).
1047 #
1048 # I also asked [my relative] whether they use any standard abbreviation
1049 # for their standard and summer times. He says no, they use "suveaeg"
1050 # (summer time) and "talveaeg" (winter time).
1051 
1052 # From <a href="http://www.baltictimes.com/">The Baltic Times</a> (1999-09-09)
1053 # via Steffen Thorsen:
1054 # This year will mark the last time Estonia shifts to summer time,
1055 # a council of the ruling coalition announced Sept. 6....
1056 # But what this could mean for Estonia's chances of joining the European
1057 # Union are still unclear.  In 1994, the EU declared summer time compulsory
1058 # for all member states until 2001.  Brussels has yet to decide what to do
1059 # after that.
1060 
1061 # From Mart Oruaas (2000-01-29):
1062 # Regulation no. 301 (1999-10-12) obsoletes previous regulation
1063 # no. 206 (1998-09-22) and thus sticks Estonia to +02:00 GMT for all
1064 # the year round.  The regulation is effective 1999-11-01.
1065 
1066 # From Toomas Soome (2002-02-21):
1067 # The Estonian government has changed once again timezone politics.
1068 # Now we are using again EU rules.
1069 #
1070 # From Urmet Jaanes (2002-03-28):
1071 # The legislative reference is Government decree No. 84 on 2002-02-21.
1072 
1073 # Zone  NAME            GMTOFF  RULES   FORMAT  [UNTIL]
1074 Zone    Europe/Tallinn  1:39:00 -       LMT     1880
1075                         1:39:00 -       TMT     1918 Feb # Tallinn Mean Time
1076                         1:00    C-Eur   CE%sT   1919 Jul
1077                         1:39:00 -       TMT     1921 May
1078                         2:00    -       EET     1940 Aug  6
1079                         3:00    -       MSK     1941 Sep 15
1080                         1:00    C-Eur   CE%sT   1944 Sep 22
1081                         3:00    Russia  MSK/MSD 1989 Mar 26 2:00s
1082                         2:00    1:00    EEST    1989 Sep 24 2:00s
1083                         2:00    C-Eur   EE%sT   1998 Sep 22
1084                         2:00    EU      EE%sT   1999 Nov  1
1085                         2:00    -       EET     2002 Feb 21
1086                         2:00    EU      EE%sT
1087 
1088 # Finland
1089 
1090 # From Hannu Strang (1994-09-25 06:03:37 UTC):
1091 # Well, here in Helsinki we're just changing from summer time to regular one,
1092 # and it's supposed to change at 4am...
1093 
1094 # From Janne Snabb (2010-0715):
1095 #
1096 # I noticed that the Finland data is not accurate for years 1981 and 1982.
1097 # During these two first trial years the DST adjustment was made one hour
1098 # earlier than in forthcoming years. Starting 1983 the adjustment was made
1099 # according to the central European standards.
1100 #
1101 # This is documented in Heikki Oja: Aikakirja 2007, published by The Almanac
1102 # Office of University of Helsinki, ISBN 952-10-3221-9, available online (in
1103 # Finnish) at
1104 #
1105 # <a href="http://almanakka.helsinki.fi/aikakirja/Aikakirja2007kokonaan.pdf">
1106 # http://almanakka.helsinki.fi/aikakirja/Aikakirja2007kokonaan.pdf
1107 # </a>
1108 #
1109 # Page 105 (56 in PDF version) has a handy table of all past daylight savings
1110 # transitions. It is easy enough to interpret without Finnish skills.
1111 #
1112 # This is also confirmed by Finnish Broadcasting Company's archive at:
1113 #
1114 # <a href="http://www.yle.fi/elavaarkisto/?s=s&g=1&ag=5&t=&a=3401">
1115 # http://www.yle.fi/elavaarkisto/?s=s&g=1&ag=5&t=&a=3401
1116 # </a>
1117 #
1118 # The news clip from 1981 says that "the time between 2 and 3 o'clock does not
1119 # exist tonight."
1120 
1121 # Rule  NAME    FROM    TO      TYPE    IN      ON      AT      SAVE    LETTER/S
1122 Rule    Finland 1942    only    -       Apr     3       0:00    1:00    S
1123 Rule    Finland 1942    only    -       Oct     3       0:00    0       -
1124 Rule    Finland 1981    1982    -       Mar     lastSun 2:00    1:00    S
1125 Rule    Finland 1981    1982    -       Sep     lastSun 3:00    0       -
1126 # Zone  NAME            GMTOFF  RULES   FORMAT  [UNTIL]
1127 Zone    Europe/Helsinki 1:39:52 -       LMT     1878 May 31
1128                         1:39:52 -       HMT     1921 May    # Helsinki Mean Time
1129                         2:00    Finland EE%sT   1983
1130                         2:00    EU      EE%sT
1131 
1132 # Aaland Is
1133 Link    Europe/Helsinki Europe/Mariehamn
1134 
1135 
1136 # France
1137 
1138 # From Ciro Discepolo (2000-12-20):
1139 #
1140 # Henri Le Corre, Regimes Horaires pour le monde entier, Editions
1141 # Traditionnelles - Paris 2 books, 1993
1142 #
1143 # Gabriel, Traite de l'heure dans le monde, Guy Tredaniel editeur,
1144 # Paris, 1991
1145 #
1146 # Francoise Gauquelin, Problemes de l'heure resolus en astrologie,
1147 # Guy tredaniel, Paris 1987
1148 
1149 
1150 #
1151 # Shank & Pottenger seem to use `24:00' ambiguously; resolve it with Whitman.
1152 # Rule  NAME    FROM    TO      TYPE    IN      ON      AT      SAVE    LETTER/S
1153 Rule    France  1916    only    -       Jun     14      23:00s  1:00    S
1154 Rule    France  1916    1919    -       Oct     Sun>=1       23:00s  0       -
1155 Rule    France  1917    only    -       Mar     24      23:00s  1:00    S
1156 Rule    France  1918    only    -       Mar      9      23:00s  1:00    S
1157 Rule    France  1919    only    -       Mar      1      23:00s  1:00    S
1158 Rule    France  1920    only    -       Feb     14      23:00s  1:00    S
1159 Rule    France  1920    only    -       Oct     23      23:00s  0       -
1160 Rule    France  1921    only    -       Mar     14      23:00s  1:00    S
1161 Rule    France  1921    only    -       Oct     25      23:00s  0       -
1162 Rule    France  1922    only    -       Mar     25      23:00s  1:00    S
1163 # DSH writes that a law of 1923-05-24 specified 3rd Sat in Apr at 23:00 to 1st
1164 # Sat in Oct at 24:00; and that in 1930, because of Easter, the transitions
1165 # were Apr 12 and Oct 5.  Go with Shanks & Pottenger.
1166 Rule    France  1922    1938    -       Oct     Sat>=1       23:00s  0       -
1167 Rule    France  1923    only    -       May     26      23:00s  1:00    S
1168 Rule    France  1924    only    -       Mar     29      23:00s  1:00    S
1169 Rule    France  1925    only    -       Apr      4      23:00s  1:00    S
1170 Rule    France  1926    only    -       Apr     17      23:00s  1:00    S
1171 Rule    France  1927    only    -       Apr      9      23:00s  1:00    S
1172 Rule    France  1928    only    -       Apr     14      23:00s  1:00    S
1173 Rule    France  1929    only    -       Apr     20      23:00s  1:00    S
1174 Rule    France  1930    only    -       Apr     12      23:00s  1:00    S
1175 Rule    France  1931    only    -       Apr     18      23:00s  1:00    S
1176 Rule    France  1932    only    -       Apr      2      23:00s  1:00    S
1177 Rule    France  1933    only    -       Mar     25      23:00s  1:00    S
1178 Rule    France  1934    only    -       Apr      7      23:00s  1:00    S
1179 Rule    France  1935    only    -       Mar     30      23:00s  1:00    S
1180 Rule    France  1936    only    -       Apr     18      23:00s  1:00    S
1181 Rule    France  1937    only    -       Apr      3      23:00s  1:00    S
1182 Rule    France  1938    only    -       Mar     26      23:00s  1:00    S
1183 Rule    France  1939    only    -       Apr     15      23:00s  1:00    S
1184 Rule    France  1939    only    -       Nov     18      23:00s  0       -
1185 Rule    France  1940    only    -       Feb     25       2:00   1:00    S
1186 # The French rules for 1941-1944 were not used in Paris, but Shanks & Pottenger
1187 # write that they were used in Monaco and in many French locations.
1188 # Le Corre writes that the upper limit of the free zone was Arneguy, Orthez,
1189 # Mont-de-Marsan, Bazas, Langon, Lamotte-Montravel, Marouil, La
1190 # Rochefoucault, Champagne-Mouton, La Roche-Posay, La Haye-Descartes,
1191 # Loches, Montrichard, Vierzon, Bourges, Moulins, Digoin,
1192 # Paray-le-Monial, Montceau-les-Mines, Chalons-sur-Saone, Arbois,
1193 # Dole, Morez, St-Claude, and Collonges (Haute-Savoie).
1194 Rule    France  1941    only    -       May      5       0:00   2:00    M # Midsummer
1195 # Shanks & Pottenger say this transition occurred at Oct 6 1:00,
1196 # but go with Denis Excoffier (1997-12-12),
1197 # who quotes the Ephemerides Astronomiques for 1998 from Bureau des Longitudes
1198 # as saying 5/10/41 22hUT.
1199 Rule    France  1941    only    -       Oct      6       0:00   1:00    S
1200 Rule    France  1942    only    -       Mar      9       0:00   2:00    M
1201 Rule    France  1942    only    -       Nov      2       3:00   1:00    S
1202 Rule    France  1943    only    -       Mar     29       2:00   2:00    M
1203 Rule    France  1943    only    -       Oct      4       3:00   1:00    S
1204 Rule    France  1944    only    -       Apr      3       2:00   2:00    M
1205 Rule    France  1944    only    -       Oct      8       1:00   1:00    S
1206 Rule    France  1945    only    -       Apr      2       2:00   2:00    M
1207 Rule    France  1945    only    -       Sep     16       3:00   0       -
1208 # Shanks & Pottenger give Mar 28 2:00 and Sep 26 3:00;
1209 # go with Excoffier's 28/3/76 0hUT and 25/9/76 23hUT.
1210 Rule    France  1976    only    -       Mar     28       1:00   1:00    S
1211 Rule    France  1976    only    -       Sep     26       1:00   0       -
1212 # Shanks & Pottenger give 0:09:20 for Paris Mean Time, and Whitman 0:09:05,
1213 # but Howse quotes the actual French legislation as saying 0:09:21.
1214 # Go with Howse.  Howse writes that the time in France was officially based
1215 # on PMT-0:09:21 until 1978-08-09, when the time base finally switched to UTC.
1216 # Zone  NAME            GMTOFF  RULES   FORMAT  [UNTIL]
1217 Zone    Europe/Paris    0:09:21 -       LMT     1891 Mar 15  0:01
1218                         0:09:21 -       PMT     1911 Mar 11  0:01  # Paris MT
1219 # Shanks & Pottenger give 1940 Jun 14 0:00; go with Excoffier and Le Corre.
1220                         0:00    France  WE%sT   1940 Jun 14 23:00
1221 # Le Corre says Paris stuck with occupied-France time after the liberation;
1222 # go with Shanks & Pottenger.
1223                         1:00    C-Eur   CE%sT   1944 Aug 25
1224                         0:00    France  WE%sT   1945 Sep 16  3:00
1225                         1:00    France  CE%sT   1977
1226                         1:00    EU      CE%sT
1227 
1228 # Germany
1229 
1230 # From Markus Kuhn (1998-09-29):
1231 # The German time zone web site by the Physikalisch-Technische
1232 # Bundesanstalt contains DST information back to 1916.
1233 # [See tz-link.htm for the URL.]
1234 
1235 # From Joerg Schilling (2002-10-23):
1236 # In 1945, Berlin was switched to Moscow Summer time (GMT+4) by
1237 # <a href="http://www.dhm.de/lemo/html/biografien/BersarinNikolai/">
1238 # General [Nikolai] Bersarin</a>.
1239 
1240 # From Paul Eggert (2003-03-08):
1241 # <a href="http://www.parlament-berlin.de/pds-fraktion.nsf/727459127c8b66ee8525662300459099/defc77cb784f180ac1256c2b0030274b/$FILE/bersarint.pdf">
1242 # http://www.parlament-berlin.de/pds-fraktion.nsf/727459127c8b66ee8525662300459099/defc77cb784f180ac1256c2b0030274b/$FILE/bersarint.pdf
1243 # </a>
1244 # says that Bersarin issued an order to use Moscow time on May 20.
1245 # However, Moscow did not observe daylight saving in 1945, so
1246 # this was equivalent to CEMT (GMT+3), not GMT+4.
1247 
1248 
1249 # Rule  NAME    FROM    TO      TYPE    IN      ON      AT      SAVE    LETTER/S
1250 Rule    Germany 1946    only    -       Apr     14      2:00s   1:00    S
1251 Rule    Germany 1946    only    -       Oct      7      2:00s   0       -
1252 Rule    Germany 1947    1949    -       Oct     Sun>=1       2:00s   0       -
1253 # http://www.ptb.de/de/org/4/44/441/salt.htm says the following transition
1254 # occurred at 3:00 MEZ, not the 2:00 MEZ given in Shanks & Pottenger.
1255 # Go with the PTB.
1256 Rule    Germany 1947    only    -       Apr      6      3:00s   1:00    S
1257 Rule    Germany 1947    only    -       May     11      2:00s   2:00    M
1258 Rule    Germany 1947    only    -       Jun     29      3:00    1:00    S
1259 Rule    Germany 1948    only    -       Apr     18      2:00s   1:00    S
1260 Rule    Germany 1949    only    -       Apr     10      2:00s   1:00    S
1261 
1262 Rule SovietZone 1945    only    -       May     24      2:00    2:00    M # Midsummer
1263 Rule SovietZone 1945    only    -       Sep     24      3:00    1:00    S
1264 Rule SovietZone 1945    only    -       Nov     18      2:00s   0       -
1265 
1266 # Zone  NAME            GMTOFF  RULES   FORMAT  [UNTIL]
1267 Zone    Europe/Berlin   0:53:28 -       LMT     1893 Apr
1268                         1:00    C-Eur   CE%sT   1945 May 24 2:00
1269                         1:00 SovietZone CE%sT   1946
1270                         1:00    Germany CE%sT   1980
1271                         1:00    EU      CE%sT
1272 
1273 # From Tobias Conradi (2011-09-12):
1274 # Busingen <http://www.buesingen.de>, surrounded by the Swiss canton
1275 # Schaffhausen, did not start observing DST in 1980 as the rest of DE
1276 # (West Germany at that time) and DD (East Germany at that time) did.
1277 # DD merged into DE, the area is currently covered by code DE in ISO 3166-1,
1278 # which in turn is covered by the zone Europe/Berlin.
1279 #
1280 # Source for the time in Busingen 1980:
1281 # http://www.srf.ch/player/video?id=c012c029-03b7-4c2b-9164-aa5902cd58d3
1282 
1283 # From Arthur David Olson (2012-03-03):
1284 # Busingen and Zurich have shared clocks since 1970.
1285 
1286 Link    Europe/Zurich   Europe/Busingen
1287 
1288 # Georgia
1289 # Please see the "asia" file for Asia/Tbilisi.
1290 # Herodotus (Histories, IV.45) says Georgia north of the Phasis (now Rioni)
1291 # is in Europe.  Our reference location Tbilisi is in the Asian part.
1292 
1293 # Gibraltar
1294 # Zone  NAME            GMTOFF  RULES   FORMAT  [UNTIL]
1295 Zone Europe/Gibraltar   -0:21:24 -      LMT     1880 Aug  2 0:00s
1296                         0:00    GB-Eire %s      1957 Apr 14 2:00
1297                         1:00    -       CET     1982
1298                         1:00    EU      CE%sT
1299 
1300 # Greece
1301 # Rule  NAME    FROM    TO      TYPE    IN      ON      AT      SAVE    LETTER/S
1302 # Whitman gives 1932 Jul 5 - Nov 1; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
1303 Rule    Greece  1932    only    -       Jul      7      0:00    1:00    S
1304 Rule    Greece  1932    only    -       Sep      1      0:00    0       -
1305 # Whitman gives 1941 Apr 25 - ?; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
1306 Rule    Greece  1941    only    -       Apr      7      0:00    1:00    S
1307 # Whitman gives 1942 Feb 2 - ?; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
1308 Rule    Greece  1942    only    -       Nov      2      3:00    0       -
1309 Rule    Greece  1943    only    -       Mar     30      0:00    1:00    S
1310 Rule    Greece  1943    only    -       Oct      4      0:00    0       -
1311 # Whitman gives 1944 Oct 3 - Oct 31; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
1312 Rule    Greece  1952    only    -       Jul      1      0:00    1:00    S
1313 Rule    Greece  1952    only    -       Nov      2      0:00    0       -
1314 Rule    Greece  1975    only    -       Apr     12      0:00s   1:00    S
1315 Rule    Greece  1975    only    -       Nov     26      0:00s   0       -
1316 Rule    Greece  1976    only    -       Apr     11      2:00s   1:00    S
1317 Rule    Greece  1976    only    -       Oct     10      2:00s   0       -
1318 Rule    Greece  1977    1978    -       Apr     Sun>=1       2:00s   1:00    S
1319 Rule    Greece  1977    only    -       Sep     26      2:00s   0       -
1320 Rule    Greece  1978    only    -       Sep     24      4:00    0       -
1321 Rule    Greece  1979    only    -       Apr      1      9:00    1:00    S
1322 Rule    Greece  1979    only    -       Sep     29      2:00    0       -
1323 Rule    Greece  1980    only    -       Apr      1      0:00    1:00    S
1324 Rule    Greece  1980    only    -       Sep     28      0:00    0       -
1325 # Zone  NAME            GMTOFF  RULES   FORMAT  [UNTIL]
1326 Zone    Europe/Athens   1:34:52 -       LMT     1895 Sep 14
1327                         1:34:52 -       AMT     1916 Jul 28 0:01     # Athens MT
1328                         2:00    Greece  EE%sT   1941 Apr 30
1329                         1:00    Greece  CE%sT   1944 Apr  4
1330                         2:00    Greece  EE%sT   1981
1331                         # Shanks & Pottenger say it switched to C-Eur in 1981;
1332                         # go with EU instead, since Greece joined it on Jan 1.
1333                         2:00    EU      EE%sT
1334 
1335 # Hungary
1336 # Rule  NAME    FROM    TO      TYPE    IN      ON      AT      SAVE    LETTER/S
1337 Rule    Hungary 1918    only    -       Apr      1       3:00   1:00    S
1338 Rule    Hungary 1918    only    -       Sep     29       3:00   0       -
1339 Rule    Hungary 1919    only    -       Apr     15       3:00   1:00    S
1340 Rule    Hungary 1919    only    -       Sep     15       3:00   0       -
1341 Rule    Hungary 1920    only    -       Apr      5       3:00   1:00    S
1342 Rule    Hungary 1920    only    -       Sep     30       3:00   0       -
1343 Rule    Hungary 1945    only    -       May      1      23:00   1:00    S
1344 Rule    Hungary 1945    only    -       Nov      3       0:00   0       -
1345 Rule    Hungary 1946    only    -       Mar     31       2:00s  1:00    S
1346 Rule    Hungary 1946    1949    -       Oct     Sun>=1        2:00s  0       -
1347 Rule    Hungary 1947    1949    -       Apr     Sun>=4        2:00s  1:00    S
1348 Rule    Hungary 1950    only    -       Apr     17       2:00s  1:00    S
1349 Rule    Hungary 1950    only    -       Oct     23       2:00s  0       -
1350 Rule    Hungary 1954    1955    -       May     23       0:00   1:00    S
1351 Rule    Hungary 1954    1955    -       Oct      3       0:00   0       -
1352 Rule    Hungary 1956    only    -       Jun     Sun>=1        0:00   1:00    S
1353 Rule    Hungary 1956    only    -       Sep     lastSun  0:00   0       -
1354 Rule    Hungary 1957    only    -       Jun     Sun>=1        1:00   1:00    S
1355 Rule    Hungary 1957    only    -       Sep     lastSun  3:00   0       -
1356 Rule    Hungary 1980    only    -       Apr      6       1:00   1:00    S
1357 # Zone  NAME            GMTOFF  RULES   FORMAT  [UNTIL]
1358 Zone    Europe/Budapest 1:16:20 -       LMT     1890 Oct
1359                         1:00    C-Eur   CE%sT   1918
1360                         1:00    Hungary CE%sT   1941 Apr  6  2:00
1361                         1:00    C-Eur   CE%sT   1945
1362                         1:00    Hungary CE%sT   1980 Sep 28  2:00s
1363                         1:00    EU      CE%sT
1364 
1365 # Iceland
1366 #
1367 # From Adam David (1993-11-06):
1368 # The name of the timezone in Iceland for system / mail / news purposes is GMT.
1369 #
1370 # (1993-12-05):
1371 # This material is paraphrased from the 1988 edition of the University of
1372 # Iceland Almanak.
1373 #
1374 # From January 1st, 1908 the whole of Iceland was standardised at 1 hour
1375 # behind GMT. Previously, local mean solar time was used in different parts
1376 # of Iceland, the almanak had been based on Reykjavik mean solar time which
1377 # was 1 hour and 28 minutes behind GMT.
1378 #
1379 # "first day of winter" referred to [below] means the first day of the 26 weeks
1380 # of winter, according to the old icelandic calendar that dates back to the
1381 # time the norsemen first settled Iceland.  The first day of winter is always
1382 # Saturday, but is not dependent on the Julian or Gregorian calendars.
1383 #
1384 # (1993-12-10):
1385 # I have a reference from the Oxford Icelandic-English dictionary for the
1386 # beginning of winter, which ties it to the ecclesiastical calendar (and thus
1387 # to the julian/gregorian calendar) over the period in question.
1388 #       the winter begins on the Saturday next before St. Luke's day
1389 #       (old style), or on St. Luke's day, if a Saturday.
1390 # St. Luke's day ought to be traceable from ecclesiastical sources. "old style"
1391 # might be a reference to the Julian calendar as opposed to Gregorian, or it
1392 # might mean something else (???).
1393 #
1394 # From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):
1395 # The Iceland Almanak, Shanks & Pottenger, and Whitman disagree on many points.
1396 # We go with the Almanak, except for one claim from Shanks & Pottenger, namely
1397 # that Reykavik was 21W57 from 1837 to 1908, local mean time before that.
1398 #
1399 # Rule  NAME    FROM    TO      TYPE    IN      ON      AT      SAVE    LETTER/S
1400 Rule    Iceland 1917    1918    -       Feb     19      23:00   1:00    S
1401 Rule    Iceland 1917    only    -       Oct     21       1:00   0       -
1402 Rule    Iceland 1918    only    -       Nov     16       1:00   0       -
1403 Rule    Iceland 1939    only    -       Apr     29      23:00   1:00    S
1404 Rule    Iceland 1939    only    -       Nov     29       2:00   0       -
1405 Rule    Iceland 1940    only    -       Feb     25       2:00   1:00    S
1406 Rule    Iceland 1940    only    -       Nov      3       2:00   0       -
1407 Rule    Iceland 1941    only    -       Mar      2       1:00s  1:00    S
1408 Rule    Iceland 1941    only    -       Nov      2       1:00s  0       -
1409 Rule    Iceland 1942    only    -       Mar      8       1:00s  1:00    S
1410 Rule    Iceland 1942    only    -       Oct     25       1:00s  0       -
1411 # 1943-1946 - first Sunday in March until first Sunday in winter
1412 Rule    Iceland 1943    1946    -       Mar     Sun>=1        1:00s  1:00    S
1413 Rule    Iceland 1943    1948    -       Oct     Sun>=22       1:00s  0       -
1414 # 1947-1967 - first Sunday in April until first Sunday in winter
1415 Rule    Iceland 1947    1967    -       Apr     Sun>=1        1:00s  1:00    S
1416 # 1949 Oct transition delayed by 1 week
1417 Rule    Iceland 1949    only    -       Oct     30       1:00s  0       -
1418 Rule    Iceland 1950    1966    -       Oct     Sun>=22       1:00s  0       -
1419 Rule    Iceland 1967    only    -       Oct     29       1:00s  0       -
1420 # Zone  NAME            GMTOFF  RULES   FORMAT  [UNTIL]
1421 Zone Atlantic/Reykjavik -1:27:24 -      LMT     1837
1422                         -1:27:48 -      RMT     1908 # Reykjavik Mean Time?
1423                         -1:00   Iceland IS%sT   1968 Apr 7 1:00s
1424                          0:00   -       GMT
1425 
1426 # Italy
1427 #
1428 # From Paul Eggert (2001-03-06):
1429 # Sicily and Sardinia each had their own time zones from 1866 to 1893,
1430 # called Palermo Time (+00:53:28) and Cagliari Time (+00:36:32).
1431 # During World War II, German-controlled Italy used German time.
1432 # But these events all occurred before the 1970 cutoff,
1433 # so record only the time in Rome.
1434 #
1435 # From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):
1436 # For Italian DST we have three sources: Shanks & Pottenger, Whitman, and
1437 # F. Pollastri
1438 # <a href="http://toi.iriti.cnr.it/uk/ienitlt.html">
1439 # Day-light Saving Time in Italy (2006-02-03)
1440 # </a>
1441 # (`FP' below), taken from an Italian National Electrotechnical Institute
1442 # publication. When the three sources disagree, guess who's right, as follows:
1443 #
1444 # year  FP      Shanks&P. (S)       Whitman (W)     Go with:
1445 # 1916  06-03   06-03 24:00     06-03 00:00     FP & W
1446 #       09-30   09-30 24:00     09-30 01:00     FP; guess 24:00s
1447 # 1917  04-01   03-31 24:00     03-31 00:00     FP & S
1448 #       09-30   09-29 24:00     09-30 01:00     FP & W
1449 # 1918  03-09   03-09 24:00     03-09 00:00     FP & S
1450 #       10-06   10-05 24:00     10-06 01:00     FP & W
1451 # 1919  03-01   03-01 24:00     03-01 00:00     FP & S
1452 #       10-04   10-04 24:00     10-04 01:00     FP; guess 24:00s
1453 # 1920  03-20   03-20 24:00     03-20 00:00     FP & S
1454 #       09-18   09-18 24:00     10-01 01:00     FP; guess 24:00s
1455 # 1944  04-02   04-03 02:00                     S (see C-Eur)
1456 #       09-16   10-02 03:00                     FP; guess 24:00s
1457 # 1945  09-14   09-16 24:00                     FP; guess 24:00s
1458 # 1970  05-21   05-31 00:00                     S
1459 #       09-20   09-27 00:00                     S
1460 #
1461 # Rule  NAME    FROM    TO      TYPE    IN      ON      AT      SAVE    LETTER/S
1462 Rule    Italy   1916    only    -       Jun      3      0:00s   1:00    S
1463 Rule    Italy   1916    only    -       Oct      1      0:00s   0       -
1464 Rule    Italy   1917    only    -       Apr      1      0:00s   1:00    S
1465 Rule    Italy   1917    only    -       Sep     30      0:00s   0       -
1466 Rule    Italy   1918    only    -       Mar     10      0:00s   1:00    S
1467 Rule    Italy   1918    1919    -       Oct     Sun>=1       0:00s   0       -
1468 Rule    Italy   1919    only    -       Mar      2      0:00s   1:00    S
1469 Rule    Italy   1920    only    -       Mar     21      0:00s   1:00    S
1470 Rule    Italy   1920    only    -       Sep     19      0:00s   0       -
1471 Rule    Italy   1940    only    -       Jun     15      0:00s   1:00    S
1472 Rule    Italy   1944    only    -       Sep     17      0:00s   0       -
1473 Rule    Italy   1945    only    -       Apr      2      2:00    1:00    S
1474 Rule    Italy   1945    only    -       Sep     15      0:00s   0       -
1475 Rule    Italy   1946    only    -       Mar     17      2:00s   1:00    S
1476 Rule    Italy   1946    only    -       Oct      6      2:00s   0       -
1477 Rule    Italy   1947    only    -       Mar     16      0:00s   1:00    S
1478 Rule    Italy   1947    only    -       Oct      5      0:00s   0       -
1479 Rule    Italy   1948    only    -       Feb     29      2:00s   1:00    S
1480 Rule    Italy   1948    only    -       Oct      3      2:00s   0       -
1481 Rule    Italy   1966    1968    -       May     Sun>=22      0:00    1:00    S
1482 Rule    Italy   1966    1969    -       Sep     Sun>=22      0:00    0       -
1483 Rule    Italy   1969    only    -       Jun      1      0:00    1:00    S
1484 Rule    Italy   1970    only    -       May     31      0:00    1:00    S
1485 Rule    Italy   1970    only    -       Sep     lastSun 0:00    0       -
1486 Rule    Italy   1971    1972    -       May     Sun>=22      0:00    1:00    S
1487 Rule    Italy   1971    only    -       Sep     lastSun 1:00    0       -
1488 Rule    Italy   1972    only    -       Oct      1      0:00    0       -
1489 Rule    Italy   1973    only    -       Jun      3      0:00    1:00    S
1490 Rule    Italy   1973    1974    -       Sep     lastSun 0:00    0       -
1491 Rule    Italy   1974    only    -       May     26      0:00    1:00    S
1492 Rule    Italy   1975    only    -       Jun      1      0:00s   1:00    S
1493 Rule    Italy   1975    1977    -       Sep     lastSun 0:00s   0       -
1494 Rule    Italy   1976    only    -       May     30      0:00s   1:00    S
1495 Rule    Italy   1977    1979    -       May     Sun>=22      0:00s   1:00    S
1496 Rule    Italy   1978    only    -       Oct      1      0:00s   0       -
1497 Rule    Italy   1979    only    -       Sep     30      0:00s   0       -
1498 # Zone  NAME            GMTOFF  RULES   FORMAT  [UNTIL]
1499 Zone    Europe/Rome     0:49:56 -       LMT     1866 Sep 22
1500                         0:49:56 -       RMT     1893 Nov  1 0:00s # Rome Mean
1501                         1:00    Italy   CE%sT   1942 Nov  2 2:00s
1502                         1:00    C-Eur   CE%sT   1944 Jul
1503                         1:00    Italy   CE%sT   1980
1504                         1:00    EU      CE%sT
1505 
1506 Link    Europe/Rome     Europe/Vatican
1507 Link    Europe/Rome     Europe/San_Marino
1508 
1509 # Latvia
1510 
1511 # From Liene Kanepe (1998-09-17):
1512 
1513 # I asked about this matter Scientific Secretary of the Institute of Astronomy
1514 # of The University of Latvia Dr. paed Mr. Ilgonis Vilks. I also searched the
1515 # correct data in juridical acts and I found some juridical documents about
1516 # changes in the counting of time in Latvia from 1981....
1517 #
1518 # Act No.35 of the Council of Ministers of Latvian SSR of 1981-01-22 ...
1519 # according to the Act No.925 of the Council of Ministers of USSR of 1980-10-24
1520 # ...: all year round the time of 2nd time zone + 1 hour, in addition turning
1521 # the hands of the clock 1 hour forward on 1 April at 00:00 (GMT 31 March 21:00)
1522 # and 1 hour backward on the 1 October at 00:00 (GMT 30 September 20:00).
1523 #
1524 # Act No.592 of the Council of Ministers of Latvian SSR of 1984-09-24 ...
1525 # according to the Act No.967 of the Council of Ministers of USSR of 1984-09-13
1526 # ...: all year round the time of 2nd time zone + 1 hour, in addition turning
1527 # the hands of the clock 1 hour forward on the last Sunday of March at 02:00
1528 # (GMT 23:00 on the previous day) and 1 hour backward on the last Sunday of
1529 # September at 03:00 (GMT 23:00 on the previous day).
1530 #
1531 # Act No.81 of the Council of Ministers of Latvian SSR of 1989-03-22 ...
1532 # according to the Act No.227 of the Council of Ministers of USSR of 1989-03-14
1533 # ...: since the last Sunday of March 1989 in Lithuanian SSR, Latvian SSR,
1534 # Estonian SSR and Kaliningrad region of Russian Federation all year round the
1535 # time of 2nd time zone (Moscow time minus one hour). On the territory of Latvia
1536 # transition to summer time is performed on the last Sunday of March at 02:00
1537 # (GMT 00:00), turning the hands of the clock 1 hour forward.  The end of
1538 # daylight saving time is performed on the last Sunday of September at 03:00
1539 # (GMT 00:00), turning the hands of the clock 1 hour backward. Exception is
1540 # 1989-03-26, when we must not turn the hands of the clock....
1541 #
1542 # The Regulations of the Cabinet of Ministers of the Republic of Latvia of
1543 # 1997-01-21 on transition to Summer time ... established the same order of
1544 # daylight savings time settings as in the States of the European Union.
1545 
1546 # From Andrei Ivanov (2000-03-06):
1547 # This year Latvia will not switch to Daylight Savings Time (as specified in
1548 # <a href="http://www.lv-laiks.lv/wwwraksti/2000/071072/vd4.htm">
1549 # The Regulations of the Cabinet of Ministers of the Rep. of Latvia of
1550 # 29-Feb-2000 (#79)</a>, in Latvian for subscribers only).
1551 
1552 # <a href="http://www.rferl.org/newsline/2001/01/3-CEE/cee-030101.html">
1553 # From RFE/RL Newsline (2001-01-03), noted after a heads-up by Rives McDow:
1554 # </a>
1555 # The Latvian government on 2 January decided that the country will
1556 # institute daylight-saving time this spring, LETA reported.
1557 # Last February the three Baltic states decided not to turn back their
1558 # clocks one hour in the spring....
1559 # Minister of Economy Aigars Kalvitis noted that Latvia had too few
1560 # daylight hours and thus decided to comply with a draft European
1561 # Commission directive that provides for instituting daylight-saving
1562 # time in EU countries between 2002 and 2006. The Latvian government
1563 # urged Lithuania and Estonia to adopt a similar time policy, but it
1564 # appears that they will not do so....
1565 
1566 # Rule  NAME    FROM    TO      TYPE    IN      ON      AT      SAVE    LETTER/S
1567 Rule    Latvia  1989    1996    -       Mar     lastSun  2:00s  1:00    S
1568 Rule    Latvia  1989    1996    -       Sep     lastSun  2:00s  0       -
1569 # Zone  NAME            GMTOFF  RULES   FORMAT  [UNTIL]
1570 Zone    Europe/Riga     1:36:24 -       LMT     1880
1571                         1:36:24 -       RMT     1918 Apr 15 2:00 #Riga Mean Time
1572                         1:36:24 1:00    LST     1918 Sep 16 3:00 #Latvian Summer
1573                         1:36:24 -       RMT     1919 Apr  1 2:00
1574                         1:36:24 1:00    LST     1919 May 22 3:00
1575                         1:36:24 -       RMT     1926 May 11
1576                         2:00    -       EET     1940 Aug  5
1577                         3:00    -       MSK     1941 Jul
1578                         1:00    C-Eur   CE%sT   1944 Oct 13
1579                         3:00    Russia  MSK/MSD 1989 Mar lastSun 2:00s
1580                         2:00    1:00    EEST    1989 Sep lastSun 2:00s
1581                         2:00    Latvia  EE%sT   1997 Jan 21
1582                         2:00    EU      EE%sT   2000 Feb 29
1583                         2:00    -       EET     2001 Jan  2
1584                         2:00    EU      EE%sT
1585 
1586 # Liechtenstein
1587 # Zone  NAME            GMTOFF  RULES   FORMAT  [UNTIL]
1588 Zone    Europe/Vaduz    0:38:04 -       LMT     1894 Jun
1589                         1:00    -       CET     1981
1590                         1:00    EU      CE%sT
1591 
1592 # Lithuania
1593 
1594 # From Paul Eggert (1996-11-22):
1595 # IATA SSIM (1992/1996) says Lithuania uses W-Eur rules, but since it is
1596 # known to be wrong about Estonia and Latvia, assume it's wrong here too.
1597 
1598 # From Marius Gedminas (1998-08-07):
1599 # I would like to inform that in this year Lithuanian time zone
1600 # (Europe/Vilnius) was changed.
1601 
1602 # From <a href="http://www.elta.lt/">ELTA</a> No. 972 (2582) (1999-09-29),
1603 # via Steffen Thorsen:
1604 # Lithuania has shifted back to the second time zone (GMT plus two hours)
1605 # to be valid here starting from October 31,
1606 # as decided by the national government on Wednesday....
1607 # The Lithuanian government also announced plans to consider a
1608 # motion to give up shifting to summer time in spring, as it was
1609 # already done by Estonia.
1610 
1611 # From the <a href="http://www.tourism.lt/informa/ff.htm">
1612 # Fact File, Lithuanian State Department of Tourism
1613 # </a> (2000-03-27): Local time is GMT+2 hours ..., no daylight saving.
1614 
1615 # From a user via Klaus Marten (2003-02-07):
1616 # As a candidate for membership of the European Union, Lithuania will
1617 # observe Summer Time in 2003, changing its clocks at the times laid
1618 # down in EU Directive 2000/84 of 19.I.01 (i.e. at the same times as its
1619 # neighbour Latvia). The text of the Lithuanian government Order of
1620 # 7.XI.02 to this effect can be found at
1621 # http://www.lrvk.lt/nut/11/n1749.htm
1622 
1623 
1624 # Zone  NAME            GMTOFF  RULES   FORMAT  [UNTIL]
1625 Zone    Europe/Vilnius  1:41:16 -       LMT     1880
1626                         1:24:00 -       WMT     1917        # Warsaw Mean Time
1627                         1:35:36 -       KMT     1919 Oct 10 # Kaunas Mean Time
1628                         1:00    -       CET     1920 Jul 12
1629                         2:00    -       EET     1920 Oct  9
1630                         1:00    -       CET     1940 Aug  3
1631                         3:00    -       MSK     1941 Jun 24
1632                         1:00    C-Eur   CE%sT   1944 Aug
1633                         3:00    Russia  MSK/MSD 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
1634                         2:00    1:00    EEST    1991 Sep 29 2:00s
1635                         2:00    C-Eur   EE%sT   1998
1636                         2:00    -       EET     1998 Mar 29 1:00u
1637                         1:00    EU      CE%sT   1999 Oct 31 1:00u
1638                         2:00    -       EET     2003 Jan  1
1639                         2:00    EU      EE%sT
1640 
1641 # Luxembourg
1642 # Whitman disagrees with most of these dates in minor ways;
1643 # go with Shanks & Pottenger.
1644 # Rule  NAME    FROM    TO      TYPE    IN      ON      AT      SAVE    LETTER/S
1645 Rule    Lux     1916    only    -       May     14      23:00   1:00    S
1646 Rule    Lux     1916    only    -       Oct      1       1:00   0       -
1647 Rule    Lux     1917    only    -       Apr     28      23:00   1:00    S
1648 Rule    Lux     1917    only    -       Sep     17       1:00   0       -
1649 Rule    Lux     1918    only    -       Apr     Mon>=15       2:00s  1:00    S
1650 Rule    Lux     1918    only    -       Sep     Mon>=15       2:00s  0       -
1651 Rule    Lux     1919    only    -       Mar      1      23:00   1:00    S
1652 Rule    Lux     1919    only    -       Oct      5       3:00   0       -
1653 Rule    Lux     1920    only    -       Feb     14      23:00   1:00    S
1654 Rule    Lux     1920    only    -       Oct     24       2:00   0       -
1655 Rule    Lux     1921    only    -       Mar     14      23:00   1:00    S
1656 Rule    Lux     1921    only    -       Oct     26       2:00   0       -
1657 Rule    Lux     1922    only    -       Mar     25      23:00   1:00    S
1658 Rule    Lux     1922    only    -       Oct     Sun>=2        1:00   0       -
1659 Rule    Lux     1923    only    -       Apr     21      23:00   1:00    S
1660 Rule    Lux     1923    only    -       Oct     Sun>=2        2:00   0       -
1661 Rule    Lux     1924    only    -       Mar     29      23:00   1:00    S
1662 Rule    Lux     1924    1928    -       Oct     Sun>=2        1:00   0       -
1663 Rule    Lux     1925    only    -       Apr      5      23:00   1:00    S
1664 Rule    Lux     1926    only    -       Apr     17      23:00   1:00    S
1665 Rule    Lux     1927    only    -       Apr      9      23:00   1:00    S
1666 Rule    Lux     1928    only    -       Apr     14      23:00   1:00    S
1667 Rule    Lux     1929    only    -       Apr     20      23:00   1:00    S
1668 # Zone  NAME            GMTOFF  RULES   FORMAT  [UNTIL]
1669 Zone Europe/Luxembourg  0:24:36 -       LMT     1904 Jun
1670                         1:00    Lux     CE%sT   1918 Nov 25
1671                         0:00    Lux     WE%sT   1929 Oct  6 2:00s
1672                         0:00    Belgium WE%sT   1940 May 14 3:00
1673                         1:00    C-Eur   WE%sT   1944 Sep 18 3:00
1674                         1:00    Belgium CE%sT   1977
1675                         1:00    EU      CE%sT
1676 
1677 # Macedonia
1678 # see Serbia
1679 
1680 # Malta
1681 # Rule  NAME    FROM    TO      TYPE    IN      ON      AT      SAVE    LETTER/S
1682 Rule    Malta   1973    only    -       Mar     31      0:00s   1:00    S
1683 Rule    Malta   1973    only    -       Sep     29      0:00s   0       -
1684 Rule    Malta   1974    only    -       Apr     21      0:00s   1:00    S
1685 Rule    Malta   1974    only    -       Sep     16      0:00s   0       -
1686 Rule    Malta   1975    1979    -       Apr     Sun>=15      2:00    1:00    S
1687 Rule    Malta   1975    1980    -       Sep     Sun>=15      2:00    0       -
1688 Rule    Malta   1980    only    -       Mar     31      2:00    1:00    S
1689 # Zone  NAME            GMTOFF  RULES   FORMAT  [UNTIL]
1690 Zone    Europe/Malta    0:58:04 -       LMT     1893 Nov  2 0:00s # Valletta
1691                         1:00    Italy   CE%sT   1942 Nov  2 2:00s
1692                         1:00    C-Eur   CE%sT   1945 Apr  2 2:00s
1693                         1:00    Italy   CE%sT   1973 Mar 31
1694                         1:00    Malta   CE%sT   1981
1695                         1:00    EU      CE%sT
1696 
1697 # Moldova
1698 
1699 # From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):
1700 # A previous version of this database followed Shanks & Pottenger, who write
1701 # that Tiraspol switched to Moscow time on 1992-01-19 at 02:00.
1702 # However, this is most likely an error, as Moldova declared independence
1703 # on 1991-08-27 (the 1992-01-19 date is that of a Russian decree).
1704 # In early 1992 there was large-scale interethnic violence in the area
1705 # and it's possible that some Russophones continued to observe Moscow time.
1706 # But [two people] separately reported via
1707 # Jesper Norgaard that as of 2001-01-24 Tiraspol was like Chisinau.
1708 # The Tiraspol entry has therefore been removed for now.
1709 #
1710 # From Alexander Krivenyshev (2011-10-17):
1711 # Pridnestrovian Moldavian Republic (PMR, also known as
1712 # "Pridnestrovie") has abolished seasonal clock change (no transition
1713 # to the Winter Time).
1714 #
1715 # News (in Russian):
1716 # <a href="http://www.kyivpost.ua/russia/news/pridnestrove-otkazalos-ot-perehoda-na-zimnee-vremya-30954.html">
1717 # http://www.kyivpost.ua/russia/news/pridnestrove-otkazalos-ot-perehoda-na-zimnee-vremya-30954.html
1718 # </a>
1719 #
1720 # <a href="http://www.allmoldova.com/moldova-news/1249064116.html">
1721 # http://www.allmoldova.com/moldova-news/1249064116.html
1722 # </a>
1723 #
1724 # The substance of this change (reinstatement of the Tiraspol entry)
1725 # is from a patch from Petr Machata (2011-10-17)
1726 #
1727 # From Tim Parenti (2011-10-19)
1728 # In addition, being situated at +4651+2938 would give Tiraspol
1729 # a pre-1880 LMT offset of 1:58:32.
1730 #
1731 # (which agrees with the earlier entry that had been removed)
1732 #
1733 # From Alexander Krivenyshev (2011-10-26)
1734 # NO need to divide Moldova into two timezones at this point.
1735 # As of today, Transnistria (Pridnestrovie)- Tiraspol reversed its own
1736 # decision to abolish DST this winter.
1737 # Following Moldova and neighboring Ukraine- Transnistria (Pridnestrovie)-
1738 # Tiraspol will go back to winter time on October 30, 2011.
1739 # News from Moldova (in russian):
1740 # <a href="http://ru.publika.md/link_317061.html">
1741 # http://ru.publika.md/link_317061.html
1742 # </a>
1743 
1744 
1745 # Zone  NAME            GMTOFF  RULES   FORMAT  [UNTIL]
1746 Zone    Europe/Chisinau 1:55:20 -       LMT     1880
1747                         1:55    -       CMT     1918 Feb 15 # Chisinau MT
1748                         1:44:24 -       BMT     1931 Jul 24 # Bucharest MT
1749                         2:00    Romania EE%sT   1940 Aug 15
1750                         2:00    1:00    EEST    1941 Jul 17
1751                         1:00    C-Eur   CE%sT   1944 Aug 24
1752                         3:00    Russia  MSK/MSD 1990
1753                         3:00    -       MSK     1990 May 6
1754                         2:00    -       EET     1991
1755                         2:00    Russia  EE%sT   1992
1756                         2:00    E-Eur   EE%sT   1997
1757 # See Romania commentary for the guessed 1997 transition to EU rules.
1758                         2:00    EU      EE%sT
1759 
1760 # Monaco
1761 # Shanks & Pottenger give 0:09:20 for Paris Mean Time; go with Howse's
1762 # more precise 0:09:21.
1763 # Zone  NAME            GMTOFF  RULES   FORMAT  [UNTIL]
1764 Zone    Europe/Monaco   0:29:32 -       LMT     1891 Mar 15
1765                         0:09:21 -       PMT     1911 Mar 11    # Paris Mean Time
1766                         0:00    France  WE%sT   1945 Sep 16 3:00
1767                         1:00    France  CE%sT   1977
1768                         1:00    EU      CE%sT
1769 
1770 # Montenegro
1771 # see Serbia
1772 
1773 # Netherlands
1774 
1775 # Howse writes that the Netherlands' railways used GMT between 1892 and 1940,
1776 # but for other purposes the Netherlands used Amsterdam mean time.
1777 
1778 # However, Robert H. van Gent writes (2001-04-01):
1779 # Howse's statement is only correct up to 1909. From 1909-05-01 (00:00:00
1780 # Amsterdam mean time) onwards, the whole of the Netherlands (including
1781 # the Dutch railways) was required by law to observe Amsterdam mean time
1782 # (19 minutes 32.13 seconds ahead of GMT). This had already been the
1783 # common practice (except for the railways) for many decades but it was
1784 # not until 1909 when the Dutch government finally defined this by law.
1785 # On 1937-07-01 this was changed to 20 minutes (exactly) ahead of GMT and
1786 # was generally known as Dutch Time ("Nederlandse Tijd").
1787 #
1788 # (2001-04-08):
1789 # 1892-05-01 was the date when the Dutch railways were by law required to
1790 # observe GMT while the remainder of the Netherlands adhered to the common
1791 # practice of following Amsterdam mean time.
1792 #
1793 # (2001-04-09):
1794 # In 1835 the authorities of the province of North Holland requested the
1795 # municipal authorities of the towns and cities in the province to observe
1796 # Amsterdam mean time but I do not know in how many cases this request was
1797 # actually followed.
1798 #
1799 # From 1852 onwards the Dutch telegraph offices were by law required to
1800 # observe Amsterdam mean time. As the time signals from the observatory of
1801 # Leiden were also distributed by the telegraph system, I assume that most
1802 # places linked up with the telegraph (and railway) system automatically
1803 # adopted Amsterdam mean time.
1804 #
1805 # Although the early Dutch railway companies initially observed a variety
1806 # of times, most of them had adopted Amsterdam mean time by 1858 but it
1807 # was not until 1866 when they were all required by law to observe
1808 # Amsterdam mean time.
1809 
1810 # The data before 1945 are taken from
1811 # <http://www.phys.uu.nl/~vgent/wettijd/wettijd.htm>.
1812 
1813 # Rule  NAME    FROM    TO      TYPE    IN      ON      AT      SAVE    LETTER/S
1814 Rule    Neth    1916    only    -       May      1      0:00    1:00    NST     # Netherlands Summer Time
1815 Rule    Neth    1916    only    -       Oct      1      0:00    0       AMT     # Amsterdam Mean Time
1816 Rule    Neth    1917    only    -       Apr     16      2:00s   1:00    NST
1817 Rule    Neth    1917    only    -       Sep     17      2:00s   0       AMT
1818 Rule    Neth    1918    1921    -       Apr     Mon>=1       2:00s   1:00    NST
1819 Rule    Neth    1918    1921    -       Sep     lastMon 2:00s   0       AMT
1820 Rule    Neth    1922    only    -       Mar     lastSun 2:00s   1:00    NST
1821 Rule    Neth    1922    1936    -       Oct     Sun>=2       2:00s   0       AMT
1822 Rule    Neth    1923    only    -       Jun     Fri>=1       2:00s   1:00    NST
1823 Rule    Neth    1924    only    -       Mar     lastSun 2:00s   1:00    NST
1824 Rule    Neth    1925    only    -       Jun     Fri>=1       2:00s   1:00    NST
1825 # From 1926 through 1939 DST began 05-15, except that it was delayed by a week
1826 # in years when 05-15 fell in the Pentecost weekend.
1827 Rule    Neth    1926    1931    -       May     15      2:00s   1:00    NST
1828 Rule    Neth    1932    only    -       May     22      2:00s   1:00    NST
1829 Rule    Neth    1933    1936    -       May     15      2:00s   1:00    NST
1830 Rule    Neth    1937    only    -       May     22      2:00s   1:00    NST
1831 Rule    Neth    1937    only    -       Jul      1      0:00    1:00    S
1832 Rule    Neth    1937    1939    -       Oct     Sun>=2       2:00s   0       -
1833 Rule    Neth    1938    1939    -       May     15      2:00s   1:00    S
1834 Rule    Neth    1945    only    -       Apr      2      2:00s   1:00    S
1835 Rule    Neth    1945    only    -       Sep     16      2:00s   0       -
1836 #
1837 # Amsterdam Mean Time was +00:19:32.13 exactly, but the .13 is omitted
1838 # below because the current format requires GMTOFF to be an integer.
1839 # Zone  NAME            GMTOFF  RULES   FORMAT  [UNTIL]
1840 Zone Europe/Amsterdam   0:19:32 -       LMT     1835
1841                         0:19:32 Neth    %s      1937 Jul  1
1842                         0:20    Neth    NE%sT   1940 May 16 0:00 # Dutch Time
1843                         1:00    C-Eur   CE%sT   1945 Apr  2 2:00
1844                         1:00    Neth    CE%sT   1977
1845                         1:00    EU      CE%sT
1846 
1847 # Norway
1848 # http://met.no/met/met_lex/q_u/sommertid.html (2004-01) agrees with Shanks &
1849 # Pottenger.
1850 # Rule  NAME    FROM    TO      TYPE    IN      ON      AT      SAVE    LETTER/S
1851 Rule    Norway  1916    only    -       May     22      1:00    1:00    S
1852 Rule    Norway  1916    only    -       Sep     30      0:00    0       -
1853 Rule    Norway  1945    only    -       Apr      2      2:00s   1:00    S
1854 Rule    Norway  1945    only    -       Oct      1      2:00s   0       -
1855 Rule    Norway  1959    1964    -       Mar     Sun>=15      2:00s   1:00    S
1856 Rule    Norway  1959    1965    -       Sep     Sun>=15      2:00s   0       -
1857 Rule    Norway  1965    only    -       Apr     25      2:00s   1:00    S
1858 # Zone  NAME            GMTOFF  RULES   FORMAT  [UNTIL]
1859 Zone    Europe/Oslo     0:43:00 -       LMT     1895 Jan  1
1860                         1:00    Norway  CE%sT   1940 Aug 10 23:00
1861                         1:00    C-Eur   CE%sT   1945 Apr  2  2:00
1862                         1:00    Norway  CE%sT   1980
1863                         1:00    EU      CE%sT
1864 
1865 # Svalbard & Jan Mayen
1866 
1867 # From Steffen Thorsen (2001-05-01):
1868 # Although I could not find it explicitly, it seems that Jan Mayen and
1869 # Svalbard have been using the same time as Norway at least since the
1870 # time they were declared as parts of Norway.  Svalbard was declared
1871 # as a part of Norway by law of 1925-07-17 no 11, section 4 and Jan
1872 # Mayen by law of 1930-02-27 no 2, section 2. (From
1873 # http://www.lovdata.no/all/nl-19250717-011.html and
1874 # http://www.lovdata.no/all/nl-19300227-002.html).  The law/regulation
1875 # for normal/standard time in Norway is from 1894-06-29 no 1 (came
1876 # into operation on 1895-01-01) and Svalbard/Jan Mayen seem to be a
1877 # part of this law since 1925/1930. (From
1878 # http://www.lovdata.no/all/nl-18940629-001.html ) I have not been
1879 # able to find if Jan Mayen used a different time zone (e.g. -0100)
1880 # before 1930. Jan Mayen has only been "inhabitated" since 1921 by
1881 # Norwegian meteorologists and maybe used the same time as Norway ever
1882 # since 1921.  Svalbard (Arctic/Longyearbyen) has been inhabited since
1883 # before 1895, and therefore probably changed the local time somewhere
1884 # between 1895 and 1925 (inclusive).
1885 
1886 # From Paul Eggert (2001-05-01):
1887 #
1888 # Actually, Jan Mayen was never occupied by Germany during World War II,
1889 # so it must have diverged from Oslo time during the war, as Oslo was
1890 # keeping Berlin time.
1891 #
1892 # <http://home.no.net/janmayen/history.htm> says that the meteorologists
1893 # burned down their station in 1940 and left the island, but returned in
1894 # 1941 with a small Norwegian garrison and continued operations despite
1895 # frequent air ttacks from Germans.  In 1943 the Americans established a
1896 # radiolocating station on the island, called "Atlantic City".  Possibly
1897 # the UTC offset changed during the war, but I think it unlikely that
1898 # Jan Mayen used German daylight-saving rules.
1899 #
1900 # Svalbard is more complicated, as it was raided in August 1941 by an
1901 # Allied party that evacuated the civilian population to England (says
1902 # <http://www.bartleby.com/65/sv/Svalbard.html>).  The Svalbard FAQ
1903 # <http://www.svalbard.com/SvalbardFAQ.html> says that the Germans were
1904 # expelled on 1942-05-14.  However, small parties of Germans did return,
1905 # and according to Wilhelm Dege's book "War North of 80" (1954)
1906 # <http://www.ucalgary.ca/UofC/departments/UP/1-55238/1-55238-110-2.html>
1907 # the German armed forces at the Svalbard weather station code-named
1908 # Haudegen did not surrender to the Allies until September 1945.
1909 #
1910 # All these events predate our cutoff date of 1970.  Unless we can
1911 # come up with more definitive info about the timekeeping during the
1912 # war years it's probably best just do...the following for now:
1913 Link    Europe/Oslo     Arctic/Longyearbyen
1914 
1915 # Poland
1916 # Rule  NAME    FROM    TO      TYPE    IN      ON      AT      SAVE    LETTER/S
1917 Rule    Poland  1918    1919    -       Sep     16      2:00s   0       -
1918 Rule    Poland  1919    only    -       Apr     15      2:00s   1:00    S
1919 Rule    Poland  1944    only    -       Apr      3      2:00s   1:00    S
1920 # Whitman gives 1944 Nov 30; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
1921 Rule    Poland  1944    only    -       Oct      4      2:00    0       -
1922 # For 1944-1948 Whitman gives the previous day; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
1923 Rule    Poland  1945    only    -       Apr     29      0:00    1:00    S
1924 Rule    Poland  1945    only    -       Nov      1      0:00    0       -
1925 # For 1946 on the source is Kazimierz Borkowski,
1926 # Torun Center for Astronomy, Dept. of Radio Astronomy, Nicolaus Copernicus U.,
1927 # <http://www.astro.uni.torun.pl/~kb/Artykuly/U-PA/Czas2.htm#tth_tAb1>
1928 # Thanks to Przemyslaw Augustyniak (2005-05-28) for this reference.
1929 # He also gives these further references:
1930 # Mon Pol nr 13, poz 162 (1995) <http://www.abc.com.pl/serwis/mp/1995/0162.htm>
1931 # Druk nr 2180 (2003) <http://www.senat.gov.pl/k5/dok/sejm/053/2180.pdf>
1932 Rule    Poland  1946    only    -       Apr     14      0:00s   1:00    S
1933 Rule    Poland  1946    only    -       Oct      7      2:00s   0       -
1934 Rule    Poland  1947    only    -       May      4      2:00s   1:00    S
1935 Rule    Poland  1947    1949    -       Oct     Sun>=1       2:00s   0       -
1936 Rule    Poland  1948    only    -       Apr     18      2:00s   1:00    S
1937 Rule    Poland  1949    only    -       Apr     10      2:00s   1:00    S
1938 Rule    Poland  1957    only    -       Jun      2      1:00s   1:00    S
1939 Rule    Poland  1957    1958    -       Sep     lastSun 1:00s   0       -
1940 Rule    Poland  1958    only    -       Mar     30      1:00s   1:00    S
1941 Rule    Poland  1959    only    -       May     31      1:00s   1:00    S
1942 Rule    Poland  1959    1961    -       Oct     Sun>=1       1:00s   0       -
1943 Rule    Poland  1960    only    -       Apr      3      1:00s   1:00    S
1944 Rule    Poland  1961    1964    -       May     lastSun 1:00s   1:00    S
1945 Rule    Poland  1962    1964    -       Sep     lastSun 1:00s   0       -
1946 # Zone  NAME            GMTOFF  RULES   FORMAT  [UNTIL]
1947 Zone    Europe/Warsaw   1:24:00 -       LMT     1880
1948                         1:24:00 -       WMT     1915 Aug  5   # Warsaw Mean Time
1949                         1:00    C-Eur   CE%sT   1918 Sep 16 3:00
1950                         2:00    Poland  EE%sT   1922 Jun
1951                         1:00    Poland  CE%sT   1940 Jun 23 2:00
1952                         1:00    C-Eur   CE%sT   1944 Oct
1953                         1:00    Poland  CE%sT   1977
1954                         1:00    W-Eur   CE%sT   1988
1955                         1:00    EU      CE%sT
1956 
1957 # Portugal
1958 #
1959 # From Rui Pedro Salgueiro (1992-11-12):
1960 # Portugal has recently (September, 27) changed timezone
1961 # (from WET to MET or CET) to harmonize with EEC.
1962 #
1963 # Martin Bruckmann (1996-02-29) reports via Peter Ilieve
1964 # that Portugal is reverting to 0:00 by not moving its clocks this spring.
1965 # The new Prime Minister was fed up with getting up in the dark in the winter.
1966 #
1967 # From Paul Eggert (1996-11-12):
1968 # IATA SSIM (1991-09) reports several 1991-09 and 1992-09 transitions
1969 # at 02:00u, not 01:00u.  Assume that these are typos.
1970 # IATA SSIM (1991/1992) reports that the Azores were at -1:00.
1971 # IATA SSIM (1993-02) says +0:00; later issues (through 1996-09) say -1:00.
1972 # Guess that the Azores changed to EU rules in 1992 (since that's when Portugal
1973 # harmonized with the EU), and that they stayed +0:00 that winter.
1974 #
1975 # Rule  NAME    FROM    TO      TYPE    IN      ON      AT      SAVE    LETTER/S
1976 # DSH writes that despite Decree 1,469 (1915), the change to the clocks was not
1977 # done every year, depending on what Spain did, because of railroad schedules.
1978 # Go with Shanks & Pottenger.
1979 Rule    Port    1916    only    -       Jun     17      23:00   1:00    S
1980 # Whitman gives 1916 Oct 31; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
1981 Rule    Port    1916    only    -       Nov      1       1:00   0       -
1982 Rule    Port    1917    only    -       Feb     28      23:00s  1:00    S
1983 Rule    Port    1917    1921    -       Oct     14      23:00s  0       -
1984 Rule    Port    1918    only    -       Mar      1      23:00s  1:00    S
1985 Rule    Port    1919    only    -       Feb     28      23:00s  1:00    S
1986 Rule    Port    1920    only    -       Feb     29      23:00s  1:00    S
1987 Rule    Port    1921    only    -       Feb     28      23:00s  1:00    S
1988 Rule    Port    1924    only    -       Apr     16      23:00s  1:00    S
1989 Rule    Port    1924    only    -       Oct     14      23:00s  0       -
1990 Rule    Port    1926    only    -       Apr     17      23:00s  1:00    S
1991 Rule    Port    1926    1929    -       Oct     Sat>=1       23:00s  0       -
1992 Rule    Port    1927    only    -       Apr      9      23:00s  1:00    S
1993 Rule    Port    1928    only    -       Apr     14      23:00s  1:00    S
1994 Rule    Port    1929    only    -       Apr     20      23:00s  1:00    S
1995 Rule    Port    1931    only    -       Apr     18      23:00s  1:00    S
1996 # Whitman gives 1931 Oct 8; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
1997 Rule    Port    1931    1932    -       Oct     Sat>=1       23:00s  0       -
1998 Rule    Port    1932    only    -       Apr      2      23:00s  1:00    S
1999 Rule    Port    1934    only    -       Apr      7      23:00s  1:00    S
2000 # Whitman gives 1934 Oct 5; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
2001 Rule    Port    1934    1938    -       Oct     Sat>=1       23:00s  0       -
2002 # Shanks & Pottenger give 1935 Apr 30; go with Whitman.
2003 Rule    Port    1935    only    -       Mar     30      23:00s  1:00    S
2004 Rule    Port    1936    only    -       Apr     18      23:00s  1:00    S
2005 # Whitman gives 1937 Apr 2; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
2006 Rule    Port    1937    only    -       Apr      3      23:00s  1:00    S
2007 Rule    Port    1938    only    -       Mar     26      23:00s  1:00    S
2008 Rule    Port    1939    only    -       Apr     15      23:00s  1:00    S
2009 # Whitman gives 1939 Oct 7; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
2010 Rule    Port    1939    only    -       Nov     18      23:00s  0       -
2011 Rule    Port    1940    only    -       Feb     24      23:00s  1:00    S
2012 # Shanks & Pottenger give 1940 Oct 7; go with Whitman.
2013 Rule    Port    1940    1941    -       Oct      5      23:00s  0       -
2014 Rule    Port    1941    only    -       Apr      5      23:00s  1:00    S
2015 Rule    Port    1942    1945    -       Mar     Sat>=8       23:00s  1:00    S
2016 Rule    Port    1942    only    -       Apr     25      22:00s  2:00    M # Midsummer
2017 Rule    Port    1942    only    -       Aug     15      22:00s  1:00    S
2018 Rule    Port    1942    1945    -       Oct     Sat>=24      23:00s  0       -
2019 Rule    Port    1943    only    -       Apr     17      22:00s  2:00    M
2020 Rule    Port    1943    1945    -       Aug     Sat>=25      22:00s  1:00    S
2021 Rule    Port    1944    1945    -       Apr     Sat>=21      22:00s  2:00    M
2022 Rule    Port    1946    only    -       Apr     Sat>=1       23:00s  1:00    S
2023 Rule    Port    1946    only    -       Oct     Sat>=1       23:00s  0       -
2024 Rule    Port    1947    1949    -       Apr     Sun>=1        2:00s  1:00    S
2025 Rule    Port    1947    1949    -       Oct     Sun>=1        2:00s  0       -
2026 # Shanks & Pottenger say DST was observed in 1950; go with Whitman.
2027 # Whitman gives Oct lastSun for 1952 on; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
2028 Rule    Port    1951    1965    -       Apr     Sun>=1        2:00s  1:00    S
2029 Rule    Port    1951    1965    -       Oct     Sun>=1        2:00s  0       -
2030 Rule    Port    1977    only    -       Mar     27       0:00s  1:00    S
2031 Rule    Port    1977    only    -       Sep     25       0:00s  0       -
2032 Rule    Port    1978    1979    -       Apr     Sun>=1        0:00s  1:00    S
2033 Rule    Port    1978    only    -       Oct      1       0:00s  0       -
2034 Rule    Port    1979    1982    -       Sep     lastSun  1:00s  0       -
2035 Rule    Port    1980    only    -       Mar     lastSun  0:00s  1:00    S
2036 Rule    Port    1981    1982    -       Mar     lastSun  1:00s  1:00    S
2037 Rule    Port    1983    only    -       Mar     lastSun  2:00s  1:00    S
2038 # Zone  NAME            GMTOFF  RULES   FORMAT  [UNTIL]
2039 # Shanks & Pottenger say the transition from LMT to WET occurred 1911-05-24;
2040 # Willett says 1912-01-01.  Go with Willett.
2041 Zone    Europe/Lisbon   -0:36:32 -      LMT     1884
2042                         -0:36:32 -      LMT     1912 Jan  1  # Lisbon Mean Time
2043                          0:00   Port    WE%sT   1966 Apr  3 2:00
2044                          1:00   -       CET     1976 Sep 26 1:00
2045                          0:00   Port    WE%sT   1983 Sep 25 1:00s
2046                          0:00   W-Eur   WE%sT   1992 Sep 27 1:00s
2047                          1:00   EU      CE%sT   1996 Mar 31 1:00u
2048                          0:00   EU      WE%sT
2049 Zone Atlantic/Azores    -1:42:40 -      LMT     1884            # Ponta Delgada
2050                         -1:54:32 -      HMT     1911 May 24  # Horta Mean Time
2051                         -2:00   Port    AZO%sT  1966 Apr  3 2:00 # Azores Time
2052                         -1:00   Port    AZO%sT  1983 Sep 25 1:00s
2053                         -1:00   W-Eur   AZO%sT  1992 Sep 27 1:00s
2054                          0:00   EU      WE%sT   1993 Mar 28 1:00u
2055                         -1:00   EU      AZO%sT
2056 Zone Atlantic/Madeira   -1:07:36 -      LMT     1884            # Funchal
2057                         -1:07:36 -      FMT     1911 May 24  # Funchal Mean Time
2058                         -1:00   Port    MAD%sT  1966 Apr  3 2:00 # Madeira Time
2059                          0:00   Port    WE%sT   1983 Sep 25 1:00s
2060                          0:00   EU      WE%sT
2061 
2062 # Romania
2063 #
2064 # From Paul Eggert (1999-10-07):
2065 # <a href="http://www.nineoclock.ro/POL/1778pol.html">
2066 # Nine O'clock</a> (1998-10-23) reports that the switch occurred at
2067 # 04:00 local time in fall 1998.  For lack of better info,
2068 # assume that Romania and Moldova switched to EU rules in 1997,
2069 # the same year as Bulgaria.
2070 #
2071 # Rule  NAME    FROM    TO      TYPE    IN      ON      AT      SAVE    LETTER/S
2072 Rule    Romania 1932    only    -       May     21       0:00s  1:00    S
2073 Rule    Romania 1932    1939    -       Oct     Sun>=1        0:00s  0       -
2074 Rule    Romania 1933    1939    -       Apr     Sun>=2        0:00s  1:00    S
2075 Rule    Romania 1979    only    -       May     27       0:00   1:00    S
2076 Rule    Romania 1979    only    -       Sep     lastSun  0:00   0       -
2077 Rule    Romania 1980    only    -       Apr      5      23:00   1:00    S
2078 Rule    Romania 1980    only    -       Sep     lastSun  1:00   0       -
2079 Rule    Romania 1991    1993    -       Mar     lastSun  0:00s  1:00    S
2080 Rule    Romania 1991    1993    -       Sep     lastSun  0:00s  0       -
2081 # Zone  NAME            GMTOFF  RULES   FORMAT  [UNTIL]
2082 Zone Europe/Bucharest   1:44:24 -       LMT     1891 Oct
2083                         1:44:24 -       BMT     1931 Jul 24     # Bucharest MT
2084                         2:00    Romania EE%sT   1981 Mar 29 2:00s
2085                         2:00    C-Eur   EE%sT   1991
2086                         2:00    Romania EE%sT   1994
2087                         2:00    E-Eur   EE%sT   1997
2088                         2:00    EU      EE%sT
2089 
2090 # Russia
2091 
2092 # From Alexander Krivenyshev (2011-09-15):
2093 # Based on last Russian Government Decree # 725 on August 31, 2011
2094 # (Government document
2095 # <a href="http://www.government.ru/gov/results/16355/print/">
2096 # http://www.government.ru/gov/results/16355/print/
2097 # </a>
2098 # in Russian)
2099 # there are few corrections have to be made for some Russian time zones...
2100 # All updated Russian Time Zones were placed in table and translated to English
2101 # by WorldTimeZone.com at the link below:
2102 # <a href="http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_russia36.htm">
2103 # http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_russia36.htm
2104 # </a>
2105 
2106 # From Sanjeev Gupta (2011-09-27):
2107 # Scans of [Decree #23 of January 8, 1992] are available at:
2108 # <a href="http://government.consultant.ru/page.aspx?1223966">
2109 # http://government.consultant.ru/page.aspx?1223966
2110 # They are in Cyrillic letters (presumably Russian).
2111 
2112 # From Arthur David Olson (2012-05-09):
2113 # Regarding the instant when clocks in time-zone-shifting parts of Russia
2114 # changed in September 2011:
2115 #
2116 # One source is
2117 # < a href="http://government.ru/gov/results/16355/>
2118 # http://government.ru/gov/results/16355/
2119 # </a>
2120 # which, according to translate.google.com, begins "Decree of August 31,
2121 # 2011 No 725" and contains no other dates or "effective date" information.
2122 #
2123 # Another source is
2124 # <a href="http://www.rg.ru/2011/09/06/chas-zona-dok.html">
2125 # http://www.rg.ru/2011/09/06/chas-zona-dok.html
2126 # </a>
2127 # which, according to translate.google.com, begins "Resolution of the
2128 # Government of the Russian Federation on August 31, 2011 N 725" and also
2129 # contains "Date first official publication: September 6, 2011 Posted on:
2130 # in the 'RG' - Federal Issue number 5573 September 6, 2011" but which
2131 # does not contain any "effective date" information.
2132 #
2133 # Another source is
2134 # <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oymyakonsky_District#cite_note-RuTime-7">
2135 # http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oymyakonsky_District#cite_note-RuTime-7
2136 # </a>
2137 # which, in note 8, contains "Resolution #725 of August 31, 2011...
2138 # Effective as of after 7 days following the day of the official publication"
2139 # but which does not contain any reference to September 6, 2011.
2140 #
2141 # The Wikipedia article refers to
2142 # <a href="http://base.consultant.ru/cons/cgi/online.cgi?req=doc;base=LAW;n=118896">
2143 # http://base.consultant.ru/cons/cgi/online.cgi?req=doc;base=LAW;n=118896
2144 # </a>
2145 # which seems to copy the text of the government.ru page.
2146 #
2147 # Tobias Conradi combines Wikipedia's
2148 # "as of after 7 days following the day of the official publication"
2149 # with www.rg.ru's "Date of first official publication: September 6, 2011" to get
2150 # September 13, 2011 as the cutover date (unusually, a Tuesday, as Tobias Conradi notes).
2151 #
2152 # None of the sources indicates a time of day for changing clocks.
2153 #
2154 # Go with 2011-09-13 0:00s.
2155 
2156 # From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):
2157 # Except for Moscow after 1919-07-01, I invented the time zone abbreviations.
2158 # Moscow time zone abbreviations after 1919-07-01, and Moscow rules after 1991,
2159 # are from Andrey A. Chernov.  The rest is from Shanks & Pottenger,
2160 # except we follow Chernov's report that 1992 DST transitions were Sat
2161 # 23:00, not Sun 02:00s.
2162 #
2163 # From Stanislaw A. Kuzikowski (1994-06-29):
2164 # But now it is some months since Novosibirsk is 3 hours ahead of Moscow!
2165 # I do not know why they have decided to make this change;
2166 # as far as I remember it was done exactly during winter->summer switching
2167 # so we (Novosibirsk) simply did not switch.
2168 #
2169 # From Andrey A. Chernov (1996-10-04):
2170 # `MSK' and `MSD' were born and used initially on Moscow computers with
2171 # UNIX-like OSes by several developer groups (e.g. Demos group, Kiae group)....
2172 # The next step was the UUCP network, the Relcom predecessor
2173 # (used mainly for mail), and MSK/MSD was actively used there.
2174 #
2175 # From Chris Carrier (1996-10-30):
2176 # According to a friend of mine who rode the Trans-Siberian Railroad from
2177 # Moscow to Irkutsk in 1995, public air and rail transport in Russia ...
2178 # still follows Moscow time, no matter where in Russia it is located.
2179 #
2180 # For Grozny, Chechnya, we have the following story from
2181 # John Daniszewski, "Scavengers in the Rubble", Los Angeles Times (2001-02-07):
2182 # News--often false--is spread by word of mouth.  A rumor that it was
2183 # time to move the clocks back put this whole city out of sync with
2184 # the rest of Russia for two weeks--even soldiers stationed here began
2185 # enforcing curfew at the wrong time.
2186 #
2187 # From Gwillim Law (2001-06-05):
2188 # There's considerable evidence that Sakhalin Island used to be in
2189 # UTC+11, and has changed to UTC+10, in this decade.  I start with the
2190 # SSIM, which listed Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk in zone RU10 along with Magadan
2191 # until February 1997, and then in RU9 with Khabarovsk and Vladivostok
2192 # since September 1997....  Although the Kuril Islands are
2193 # administratively part of Sakhalin oblast', they appear to have
2194 # remained on UTC+11 along with Magadan.
2195 #
2196 # Zone  NAME            GMTOFF  RULES   FORMAT  [UNTIL]
2197 #
2198 # Kaliningradskaya oblast'.
2199 Zone Europe/Kaliningrad  1:22:00 -      LMT     1893 Apr
2200                          1:00   C-Eur   CE%sT   1945
2201                          2:00   Poland  CE%sT   1946
2202                          3:00   Russia  MSK/MSD 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2203                          2:00   Russia  EE%sT   2011 Mar 27 2:00s
2204                          3:00   -       FET # Further-eastern European Time
2205 #
2206 # From Oscar van Vlijmen (2001-08-25): [This region consists of]
2207 # Respublika Adygeya, Arkhangel'skaya oblast',
2208 # Belgorodskaya oblast', Bryanskaya oblast', Vladimirskaya oblast',
2209 # Vologodskaya oblast', Voronezhskaya oblast',
2210 # Respublika Dagestan, Ivanovskaya oblast', Respublika Ingushetiya,
2211 # Kabarbino-Balkarskaya Respublika, Respublika Kalmykiya,
2212 # Kalyzhskaya oblast', Respublika Karachaevo-Cherkessiya,
2213 # Respublika Kareliya, Respublika Komi,
2214 # Kostromskaya oblast', Krasnodarskij kraj, Kurskaya oblast',
2215 # Leningradskaya oblast', Lipetskaya oblast', Respublika Marij El,
2216 # Respublika Mordoviya, Moskva, Moskovskaya oblast',
2217 # Murmanskaya oblast', Nenetskij avtonomnyj okrug,
2218 # Nizhegorodskaya oblast', Novgorodskaya oblast', Orlovskaya oblast',
2219 # Penzenskaya oblast', Pskovskaya oblast', Rostovskaya oblast',
2220 # Ryazanskaya oblast', Sankt-Peterburg,
2221 # Respublika Severnaya Osetiya, Smolenskaya oblast',
2222 # Stavropol'skij kraj, Tambovskaya oblast', Respublika Tatarstan,
2223 # Tverskaya oblast', Tyl'skaya oblast', Ul'yanovskaya oblast',
2224 # Chechenskaya Respublika, Chuvashskaya oblast',
2225 # Yaroslavskaya oblast'
2226 Zone Europe/Moscow       2:30:20 -      LMT     1880
2227                          2:30   -       MMT     1916 Jul  3 # Moscow Mean Time
2228                          2:30:48 Russia %s      1919 Jul  1 2:00
2229                          3:00   Russia  MSK/MSD 1922 Oct
2230                          2:00   -       EET     1930 Jun 21
2231                          3:00   Russia  MSK/MSD 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2232                          2:00   Russia  EE%sT   1992 Jan 19 2:00s
2233                          3:00   Russia  MSK/MSD 2011 Mar 27 2:00s
2234                          4:00   -       MSK
2235 #
2236 # Astrakhanskaya oblast', Kirovskaya oblast', Saratovskaya oblast',
2237 # Volgogradskaya oblast'.  Shanks & Pottenger say Kirov is still at +0400
2238 # but Wikipedia (2006-05-09) says +0300.  Perhaps it switched after the
2239 # others?  But we have no data.
2240 Zone Europe/Volgograd    2:57:40 -      LMT     1920 Jan  3
2241                          3:00   -       TSAT    1925 Apr  6 # Tsaritsyn Time
2242                          3:00   -       STAT    1930 Jun 21 # Stalingrad Time
2243                          4:00   -       STAT    1961 Nov 11
2244                          4:00   Russia  VOL%sT  1989 Mar 26 2:00s # Volgograd T
2245                          3:00   Russia  VOL%sT  1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2246                          4:00   -       VOLT    1992 Mar 29 2:00s
2247                          3:00   Russia  VOL%sT  2011 Mar 27 2:00s
2248                          4:00   -       VOLT
2249 #
2250 # From Oscar van Vlijmen (2001-08-25): [This region consists of]
2251 # Samarskaya oblast', Udmyrtskaya respublika
2252 Zone Europe/Samara       3:20:36 -      LMT     1919 Jul  1 2:00
2253                          3:00   -       SAMT    1930 Jun 21
2254                          4:00   -       SAMT    1935 Jan 27
2255                          4:00   Russia  KUY%sT  1989 Mar 26 2:00s # Kuybyshev
2256                          3:00   Russia  KUY%sT  1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2257                          2:00   Russia  KUY%sT  1991 Sep 29 2:00s
2258                          3:00   -       KUYT    1991 Oct 20 3:00
2259                          4:00   Russia  SAM%sT  2010 Mar 28 2:00s # Samara Time
2260                          3:00   Russia  SAM%sT  2011 Mar 27 2:00s
2261                          4:00   -       SAMT
2262 
2263 #
2264 # From Oscar van Vlijmen (2001-08-25): [This region consists of]
2265 # Respublika Bashkortostan, Komi-Permyatskij avtonomnyj okrug,
2266 # Kurganskaya oblast', Orenburgskaya oblast', Permskaya oblast',
2267 # Sverdlovskaya oblast', Tyumenskaya oblast',
2268 # Khanty-Manskijskij avtonomnyj okrug, Chelyabinskaya oblast',
2269 # Yamalo-Nenetskij avtonomnyj okrug.
2270 Zone Asia/Yekaterinburg  4:02:24 -      LMT     1919 Jul 15 4:00
2271                          4:00   -       SVET    1930 Jun 21 # Sverdlovsk Time
2272                          5:00   Russia  SVE%sT  1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2273                          4:00   Russia  SVE%sT  1992 Jan 19 2:00s
2274                          5:00   Russia  YEK%sT  2011 Mar 27 2:00s
2275                          6:00   -       YEKT    # Yekaterinburg Time
2276 #
2277 # From Oscar van Vlijmen (2001-08-25): [This region consists of]
2278 # Respublika Altaj, Altajskij kraj, Omskaya oblast'.
2279 Zone Asia/Omsk           4:53:36 -      LMT     1919 Nov 14
2280                          5:00   -       OMST    1930 Jun 21 # Omsk TIme
2281                          6:00   Russia  OMS%sT  1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2282                          5:00   Russia  OMS%sT  1992 Jan 19 2:00s
2283                          6:00   Russia  OMS%sT  2011 Mar 27 2:00s
2284                          7:00   -       OMST
2285 #
2286 # From Paul Eggert (2006-08-19): I'm guessing about Tomsk here; it's
2287 # not clear when it switched from +7 to +6.
2288 # Novosibirskaya oblast', Tomskaya oblast'.
2289 Zone Asia/Novosibirsk    5:31:40 -      LMT     1919 Dec 14 6:00
2290                          6:00   -       NOVT    1930 Jun 21 # Novosibirsk Time
2291                          7:00   Russia  NOV%sT  1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2292                          6:00   Russia  NOV%sT  1992 Jan 19 2:00s
2293                          7:00   Russia  NOV%sT  1993 May 23 # say Shanks & P.
2294                          6:00   Russia  NOV%sT  2011 Mar 27 2:00s
2295                          7:00   -       NOVT
2296 
2297 # From Alexander Krivenyshev (2009-10-13):
2298 # Kemerovo oblast' (Kemerovo region) in Russia will change current time zone on
2299 # March 28, 2010:
2300 # from current Russia Zone 6 - Krasnoyarsk Time Zone (KRA) UTC +0700
2301 # to Russia Zone 5 - Novosibirsk Time Zone (NOV) UTC +0600
2302 #
2303 # This is according to Government of Russia decree # 740, on September
2304 # 14, 2009 "Application in the territory of the Kemerovo region the Fifth
2305 # time zone." ("Russia Zone 5" or old "USSR Zone 5" is GMT +0600)
2306 #
2307 # Russian Government web site (Russian language)
2308 # <a href="http://www.government.ru/content/governmentactivity/rfgovernmentdecisions/archiv">
2309 # http://www.government.ru/content/governmentactivity/rfgovernmentdecisions/archive/2009/09/14/991633.htm
2310 # </a>
2311 # or Russian-English translation by WorldTimeZone.com with reference
2312 # map to local region and new Russia Time Zone map after March 28, 2010
2313 # <a href="http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_russia03.html">
2314 # http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_russia03.html
2315 # </a>
2316 #
2317 # Thus, when Russia will switch to DST on the night of March 28, 2010
2318 # Kemerovo region (Kemerovo oblast') will not change the clock.
2319 #
2320 # As a result, Kemerovo oblast' will be in the same time zone as
2321 # Novosibirsk, Omsk, Tomsk, Barnaul and Altai Republic.
2322 
2323 Zone Asia/Novokuznetsk   5:48:48 -      NMT     1920 Jan  6
2324                          6:00   -       KRAT    1930 Jun 21 # Krasnoyarsk Time
2325                          7:00   Russia  KRA%sT  1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2326                          6:00   Russia  KRA%sT  1992 Jan 19 2:00s
2327                          7:00   Russia  KRA%sT  2010 Mar 28 2:00s
2328                          6:00   Russia  NOV%sT  2011 Mar 27 2:00s
2329                          7:00   -       NOVT # Novosibirsk/Novokuznetsk Time
2330 
2331 #
2332 # From Oscar van Vlijmen (2001-08-25): [This region consists of]
2333 # Krasnoyarskij kraj,
2334 # Tajmyrskij (Dolgano-Nenetskij) avtonomnyj okrug,
2335 # Respublika Tuva, Respublika Khakasiya, Evenkijskij avtonomnyj okrug.
2336 Zone Asia/Krasnoyarsk    6:11:20 -      LMT     1920 Jan  6
2337                          6:00   -       KRAT    1930 Jun 21 # Krasnoyarsk Time
2338                          7:00   Russia  KRA%sT  1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2339                          6:00   Russia  KRA%sT  1992 Jan 19 2:00s
2340                          7:00   Russia  KRA%sT  2011 Mar 27 2:00s
2341                          8:00   -       KRAT
2342 #
2343 # From Oscar van Vlijmen (2001-08-25): [This region consists of]
2344 # Respublika Buryatiya, Irkutskaya oblast',
2345 # Ust'-Ordynskij Buryatskij avtonomnyj okrug.
2346 Zone Asia/Irkutsk        6:57:20 -      LMT     1880
2347                          6:57:20 -      IMT     1920 Jan 25 # Irkutsk Mean Time
2348                          7:00   -       IRKT    1930 Jun 21 # Irkutsk Time
2349                          8:00   Russia  IRK%sT  1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2350                          7:00   Russia  IRK%sT  1992 Jan 19 2:00s
2351                          8:00   Russia  IRK%sT  2011 Mar 27 2:00s
2352                          9:00   -       IRKT
2353 #
2354 # From Oscar van Vlijmen (2003-10-18): [This region consists of]
2355 # Aginskij Buryatskij avtonomnyj okrug, Amurskaya oblast',
2356 # [parts of] Respublika Sakha (Yakutiya), Chitinskaya oblast'.
2357 
2358 # From Oscar van Vlijmen (2009-11-29):
2359 # ...some regions of [Russia] were merged with others since 2005...
2360 # Some names were changed, no big deal, except for one instance: a new name.
2361 # YAK/YAKST: UTC+9 Zabajkal'skij kraj.
2362 
2363 # From Oscar van Vlijmen (2009-11-29):
2364 # The Sakha districts are: Aldanskij, Amginskij, Anabarskij,
2365 # Verkhnevilyujskij, Vilyujskij, Gornyj,
2366 # Zhiganskij, Kobyajskij, Lenskij, Megino-Kangalasskij, Mirninskij,
2367 # Namskij, Nyurbinskij, Olenyokskij, Olyokminskij,
2368 # Suntarskij, Tattinskij, Ust'-Aldanskij, Khangalasskij,
2369 # Churapchinskij, Eveno-Bytantajskij Natsional'nij.
2370 
2371 Zone Asia/Yakutsk        8:38:40 -      LMT     1919 Dec 15
2372                          8:00   -       YAKT    1930 Jun 21 # Yakutsk Time
2373                          9:00   Russia  YAK%sT  1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2374                          8:00   Russia  YAK%sT  1992 Jan 19 2:00s
2375                          9:00   Russia  YAK%sT  2011 Mar 27 2:00s
2376                          10:00  -       YAKT
2377 #
2378 # From Oscar van Vlijmen (2003-10-18): [This region consists of]
2379 # Evrejskaya avtonomnaya oblast', Khabarovskij kraj, Primorskij kraj,
2380 # [parts of] Respublika Sakha (Yakutiya).
2381 
2382 # From Oscar van Vlijmen (2009-11-29):
2383 # The Sakha districts are: Bulunskij, Verkhoyanskij, ... Ust'-Yanskij.
2384 Zone Asia/Vladivostok    8:47:44 -      LMT     1922 Nov 15
2385                          9:00   -       VLAT    1930 Jun 21 # Vladivostok Time
2386                         10:00   Russia  VLA%sT  1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2387                          9:00   Russia  VLA%sST 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
2388                         10:00   Russia  VLA%sT  2011 Mar 27 2:00s
2389                         11:00   -       VLAT
2390 
2391 # From Arthur David Olson (2012-05-09):
2392 # Tomponskij and Ust'-Majskij switched from Vladivostok time to Yakutsk time
2393 # in 2011.
2394 #
2395 # From Paul Eggert (2012-11-25):
2396 # Shanks and Pottenger (2003) has Khandyga on Yakutsk time.
2397 # Make a wild guess that it switched to Vladivostok time in 2004.
2398 # This transition is no doubt wrong, but we have no better info.
2399 #
2400 Zone Asia/Khandyga       9:02:13 -      LMT     1919 Dec 15
2401                          8:00   -       YAKT    1930 Jun 21 # Yakutsk Time
2402                          9:00   Russia  YAK%sT  1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2403                          8:00   Russia  YAK%sT  1992 Jan 19 2:00s
2404                          9:00   Russia  YAK%sT  2004
2405                         10:00   Russia  VLA%sT  2011 Mar 27 2:00s
2406                         11:00   -       VLAT    2011 Sep 13 0:00s # Decree 725?
2407                         10:00   -       YAKT
2408 
2409 #
2410 # Sakhalinskaya oblast'.
2411 # The Zone name should be Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk, but that's too long.
2412 Zone Asia/Sakhalin       9:30:48 -      LMT     1905 Aug 23
2413                          9:00   -       CJT     1938
2414                          9:00   -       JST     1945 Aug 25
2415                         11:00   Russia  SAK%sT  1991 Mar 31 2:00s # Sakhalin T.
2416                         10:00   Russia  SAK%sT  1992 Jan 19 2:00s
2417                         11:00   Russia  SAK%sT  1997 Mar lastSun 2:00s
2418                         10:00   Russia  SAK%sT  2011 Mar 27 2:00s
2419                         11:00   -       SAKT
2420 #
2421 # From Oscar van Vlijmen (2003-10-18): [This region consists of]
2422 # Magadanskaya oblast', Respublika Sakha (Yakutiya).
2423 # Probably also: Kuril Islands.
2424 
2425 # From Oscar van Vlijmen (2009-11-29):
2426 # The Sakha districts are: Abyjskij, Allaikhovskij, Verkhhhnekolymskij, Momskij,
2427 # Nizhnekolymskij, ... Srednekolymskij.
2428 Zone Asia/Magadan       10:03:12 -      LMT     1924 May  2
2429                         10:00   -       MAGT    1930 Jun 21 # Magadan Time
2430                         11:00   Russia  MAG%sT  1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2431                         10:00   Russia  MAG%sT  1992 Jan 19 2:00s
2432                         11:00   Russia  MAG%sT  2011 Mar 27 2:00s
2433                         12:00   -       MAGT
2434 
2435 # From Arthur David Olson (2012-05-09):
2436 # Ojmyakonskij and the Kuril Islands switched from
2437 # Magadan time to Vladivostok time in 2011.
2438 Zone Asia/Ust-Nera       9:32:54 -      LMT     1919 Dec 15
2439                          8:00   -       YAKT    1930 Jun 21 # Yakutsk Time
2440                          9:00   Russia  YAKT    1981 Apr  1
2441                         11:00   Russia  MAG%sT  1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2442                         10:00   Russia  MAG%sT  1992 Jan 19 2:00s
2443                         11:00   Russia  MAG%sT  2011 Mar 27 2:00s
2444                         12:00   -       MAGT    2011 Sep 13 0:00s # Decree 725?
2445                         11:00   -       VLAT
2446 
2447 # From Oscar van Vlijmen (2001-08-25): [This region consists of]
2448 # Kamchatskaya oblast', Koryakskij avtonomnyj okrug.
2449 #
2450 # The Zone name should be Asia/Petropavlovsk-Kamchatski, but that's too long.
2451 Zone Asia/Kamchatka     10:34:36 -      LMT     1922 Nov 10
2452                         11:00   -       PETT    1930 Jun 21 # P-K Time
2453                         12:00   Russia  PET%sT  1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2454                         11:00   Russia  PET%sT  1992 Jan 19 2:00s
2455                         12:00   Russia  PET%sT  2010 Mar 28 2:00s
2456                         11:00   Russia  PET%sT  2011 Mar 27 2:00s
2457                         12:00   -       PETT
2458 #
2459 # Chukotskij avtonomnyj okrug
2460 Zone Asia/Anadyr        11:49:56 -      LMT     1924 May  2
2461                         12:00   -       ANAT    1930 Jun 21 # Anadyr Time
2462                         13:00   Russia  ANA%sT  1982 Apr  1 0:00s
2463                         12:00   Russia  ANA%sT  1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2464                         11:00   Russia  ANA%sT  1992 Jan 19 2:00s
2465                         12:00   Russia  ANA%sT  2010 Mar 28 2:00s
2466                         11:00   Russia  ANA%sT  2011 Mar 27 2:00s
2467                         12:00   -       ANAT
2468 
2469 # Serbia
2470 # Zone  NAME            GMTOFF  RULES   FORMAT  [UNTIL]
2471 Zone    Europe/Belgrade 1:22:00 -       LMT     1884
2472                         1:00    -       CET     1941 Apr 18 23:00
2473                         1:00    C-Eur   CE%sT   1945
2474                         1:00    -       CET     1945 May 8 2:00s
2475                         1:00    1:00    CEST    1945 Sep 16  2:00s
2476 # Metod Kozelj reports that the legal date of
2477 # transition to EU rules was 1982-11-27, for all of Yugoslavia at the time.
2478 # Shanks & Pottenger don't give as much detail, so go with Kozelj.
2479                         1:00    -       CET     1982 Nov 27
2480                         1:00    EU      CE%sT
2481 Link Europe/Belgrade Europe/Ljubljana   # Slovenia
2482 Link Europe/Belgrade Europe/Podgorica   # Montenegro
2483 Link Europe/Belgrade Europe/Sarajevo    # Bosnia and Herzegovina
2484 Link Europe/Belgrade Europe/Skopje      # Macedonia
2485 Link Europe/Belgrade Europe/Zagreb      # Croatia
2486 
2487 # Slovakia
2488 Link Europe/Prague Europe/Bratislava
2489 
2490 # Slovenia
2491 # see Serbia
2492 
2493 # Spain
2494 # Rule  NAME    FROM    TO      TYPE    IN      ON      AT      SAVE    LETTER/S
2495 # For 1917-1919 Whitman gives Apr Sat>=1 - Oct Sat>=1;
2496 # go with Shanks & Pottenger.
2497 Rule    Spain   1917    only    -       May      5      23:00s  1:00    S
2498 Rule    Spain   1917    1919    -       Oct      6      23:00s  0       -
2499 Rule    Spain   1918    only    -       Apr     15      23:00s  1:00    S
2500 Rule    Spain   1919    only    -       Apr      5      23:00s  1:00    S
2501 # Whitman gives 1921 Feb 28 - Oct 14; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
2502 Rule    Spain   1924    only    -       Apr     16      23:00s  1:00    S
2503 # Whitman gives 1924 Oct 14; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
2504 Rule    Spain   1924    only    -       Oct      4      23:00s  0       -
2505 Rule    Spain   1926    only    -       Apr     17      23:00s  1:00    S
2506 # Whitman says no DST in 1929; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
2507 Rule    Spain   1926    1929    -       Oct     Sat>=1       23:00s  0       -
2508 Rule    Spain   1927    only    -       Apr      9      23:00s  1:00    S
2509 Rule    Spain   1928    only    -       Apr     14      23:00s  1:00    S
2510 Rule    Spain   1929    only    -       Apr     20      23:00s  1:00    S
2511 # Whitman gives 1937 Jun 16, 1938 Apr 16, 1940 Apr 13;
2512 # go with Shanks & Pottenger.
2513 Rule    Spain   1937    only    -       May     22      23:00s  1:00    S
2514 Rule    Spain   1937    1939    -       Oct     Sat>=1       23:00s  0       -
2515 Rule    Spain   1938    only    -       Mar     22      23:00s  1:00    S
2516 Rule    Spain   1939    only    -       Apr     15      23:00s  1:00    S
2517 Rule    Spain   1940    only    -       Mar     16      23:00s  1:00    S
2518 # Whitman says no DST 1942-1945; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
2519 Rule    Spain   1942    only    -       May      2      22:00s  2:00    M # Midsummer
2520 Rule    Spain   1942    only    -       Sep      1      22:00s  1:00    S
2521 Rule    Spain   1943    1946    -       Apr     Sat>=13      22:00s  2:00    M
2522 Rule    Spain   1943    only    -       Oct      3      22:00s  1:00    S
2523 Rule    Spain   1944    only    -       Oct     10      22:00s  1:00    S
2524 Rule    Spain   1945    only    -       Sep     30       1:00   1:00    S
2525 Rule    Spain   1946    only    -       Sep     30       0:00   0       -
2526 Rule    Spain   1949    only    -       Apr     30      23:00   1:00    S
2527 Rule    Spain   1949    only    -       Sep     30       1:00   0       -
2528 Rule    Spain   1974    1975    -       Apr     Sat>=13      23:00   1:00    S
2529 Rule    Spain   1974    1975    -       Oct     Sun>=1        1:00   0       -
2530 Rule    Spain   1976    only    -       Mar     27      23:00   1:00    S
2531 Rule    Spain   1976    1977    -       Sep     lastSun  1:00   0       -
2532 Rule    Spain   1977    1978    -       Apr      2      23:00   1:00    S
2533 Rule    Spain   1978    only    -       Oct      1       1:00   0       -
2534 # The following rules are copied from Morocco from 1967 through 1978.
2535 Rule SpainAfrica 1967   only    -       Jun      3      12:00   1:00    S
2536 Rule SpainAfrica 1967   only    -       Oct      1       0:00   0       -
2537 Rule SpainAfrica 1974   only    -       Jun     24       0:00   1:00    S
2538 Rule SpainAfrica 1974   only    -       Sep      1       0:00   0       -
2539 Rule SpainAfrica 1976   1977    -       May      1       0:00   1:00    S
2540 Rule SpainAfrica 1976   only    -       Aug      1       0:00   0       -
2541 Rule SpainAfrica 1977   only    -       Sep     28       0:00   0       -
2542 Rule SpainAfrica 1978   only    -       Jun      1       0:00   1:00    S
2543 Rule SpainAfrica 1978   only    -       Aug      4       0:00   0       -
2544 # Zone  NAME            GMTOFF  RULES   FORMAT  [UNTIL]
2545 Zone    Europe/Madrid   -0:14:44 -      LMT     1901 Jan  1  0:00s
2546                          0:00   Spain   WE%sT   1946 Sep 30
2547                          1:00   Spain   CE%sT   1979
2548                          1:00   EU      CE%sT
2549 Zone    Africa/Ceuta    -0:21:16 -      LMT     1901
2550                          0:00   -       WET     1918 May  6 23:00
2551                          0:00   1:00    WEST    1918 Oct  7 23:00
2552                          0:00   -       WET     1924
2553                          0:00   Spain   WE%sT   1929
2554                          0:00 SpainAfrica WE%sT 1984 Mar 16
2555                          1:00   -       CET     1986
2556                          1:00   EU      CE%sT
2557 Zone    Atlantic/Canary -1:01:36 -      LMT     1922 Mar # Las Palmas de Gran C.
2558                         -1:00   -       CANT    1946 Sep 30 1:00 # Canaries Time
2559                          0:00   -       WET     1980 Apr  6 0:00s
2560                          0:00   1:00    WEST    1980 Sep 28 0:00s
2561                          0:00   EU      WE%sT
2562 # IATA SSIM (1996-09) says the Canaries switch at 2:00u, not 1:00u.
2563 # Ignore this for now, as the Canaries are part of the EU.
2564 
2565 # Sweden
2566 
2567 # From Ivan Nilsson (2001-04-13), superseding Shanks & Pottenger:
2568 #
2569 # The law "Svensk forfattningssamling 1878, no 14" about standard time in 1879:
2570 # From the beginning of 1879 (that is 01-01 00:00) the time for all
2571 # places in the country is "the mean solar time for the meridian at
2572 # three degrees, or twelve minutes of time, to the west of the
2573 # meridian of the Observatory of Stockholm".  The law is dated 1878-05-31.
2574 #
2575 # The observatory at that time had the meridian 18 degrees 03' 30"
2576 # eastern longitude = 01:12:14 in time.  Less 12 minutes gives the
2577 # national standard time as 01:00:14 ahead of GMT....
2578 #
2579 # About the beginning of CET in Sweden. The lawtext ("Svensk
2580 # forfattningssamling 1899, no 44") states, that "from the beginning
2581 # of 1900... ... the same as the mean solar time for the meridian at
2582 # the distance of one hour of time from the meridian of the English
2583 # observatory at Greenwich, or at 12 minutes 14 seconds to the west
2584 # from the meridian of the Observatory of Stockholm". The law is dated
2585 # 1899-06-16.  In short: At 1900-01-01 00:00:00 the new standard time
2586 # in Sweden is 01:00:00 ahead of GMT.
2587 #
2588 # 1916: The lawtext ("Svensk forfattningssamling 1916, no 124") states
2589 # that "1916-05-15 is considered to begin one hour earlier". It is
2590 # pretty obvious that at 05-14 23:00 the clocks are set to 05-15 00:00....
2591 # Further the law says, that "1916-09-30 is considered to end one hour later".
2592 #
2593 # The laws regulating [DST] are available on the site of the Swedish
2594 # Parliament beginning with 1985 - the laws regulating 1980/1984 are
2595 # not available on the site (to my knowledge they are only available
2596 # in Swedish): <http://www.riksdagen.se/english/work/sfst.asp> (type
2597 # "sommartid" without the quotes in the field "Fritext" and then click
2598 # the Sok-button).
2599 #
2600 # (2001-05-13):
2601 #
2602 # I have now found a newspaper stating that at 1916-10-01 01:00
2603 # summertime the church-clocks etc were set back one hour to show
2604 # 1916-10-01 00:00 standard time.  The article also reports that some
2605 # people thought the switch to standard time would take place already
2606 # at 1916-10-01 00:00 summer time, but they had to wait for another
2607 # hour before the event took place.
2608 #
2609 # Source: The newspaper "Dagens Nyheter", 1916-10-01, page 7 upper left.
2610 
2611 # Zone  NAME            GMTOFF  RULES   FORMAT  [UNTIL]
2612 Zone Europe/Stockholm   1:12:12 -       LMT     1879 Jan  1
2613                         1:00:14 -       SET     1900 Jan  1     # Swedish Time
2614                         1:00    -       CET     1916 May 14 23:00
2615                         1:00    1:00    CEST    1916 Oct  1 01:00
2616                         1:00    -       CET     1980
2617                         1:00    EU      CE%sT
2618 
2619 # Switzerland
2620 # From Howse:
2621 # By the end of the 18th century clocks and watches became commonplace
2622 # and their performance improved enormously.  Communities began to keep
2623 # mean time in preference to apparent time -- Geneva from 1780 ....
2624 # Rule  NAME    FROM    TO      TYPE    IN      ON      AT      SAVE    LETTER/S
2625 # From Whitman (who writes ``Midnight?''):
2626 # Rule  Swiss   1940    only    -       Nov      2      0:00    1:00    S
2627 # Rule  Swiss   1940    only    -       Dec     31      0:00    0       -
2628 # From Shanks & Pottenger:
2629 # Rule  Swiss   1941    1942    -       May     Sun>=1       2:00    1:00    S
2630 # Rule  Swiss   1941    1942    -       Oct     Sun>=1       0:00    0       -
2631 
2632 # From Alois Treindl (2008-12-17):
2633 # I have researched the DST usage in Switzerland during the 1940ies.
2634 #
2635 # As I wrote in an earlier message, I suspected the current tzdata values
2636 # to be wrong. This is now verified.
2637 #
2638 # I have found copies of the original ruling by the Swiss Federal
2639 # government, in 'Eidgen[o]ssische Gesetzessammlung 1941 and 1942' (Swiss
2640 # federal law collection)...
2641 #
2642 # DST began on Monday 5 May 1941, 1:00 am by shifting the clocks to 2:00 am
2643 # DST ended on Monday 6 Oct 1941, 2:00 am by shifting the clocks to 1:00 am.
2644 #
2645 # DST began on Monday, 4 May 1942 at 01:00 am
2646 # DST ended on Monday, 5 Oct 1942 at 02:00 am
2647 #
2648 # There was no DST in 1940, I have checked the law collection carefully.
2649 # It is also indicated by the fact that the 1942 entry in the law
2650 # collection points back to 1941 as a reference, but no reference to any
2651 # other years are made.
2652 #
2653 # Newspaper articles I have read in the archives on 6 May 1941 reported
2654 # about the introduction of DST (Sommerzeit in German) during the previous
2655 # night as an absolute novelty, because this was the first time that such
2656 # a thing had happened in Switzerland.
2657 #
2658 # I have also checked 1916, because one book source (Gabriel, Traite de
2659 # l'heure dans le monde) claims that Switzerland had DST in 1916. This is
2660 # false, no official document could be found. Probably Gabriel got misled
2661 # by references to Germany, which introduced DST in 1916 for the first time.
2662 #
2663 # The tzdata rules for Switzerland must be changed to:
2664 # Rule  Swiss   1941    1942    -       May     Mon>=1  1:00    1:00    S
2665 # Rule  Swiss   1941    1942    -       Oct     Mon>=1  2:00    0       -
2666 #
2667 # The 1940 rules must be deleted.
2668 #
2669 # One further detail for Switzerland, which is probably out of scope for
2670 # most users of tzdata:
2671 # The zone file
2672 # Zone    Europe/Zurich   0:34:08 -       LMT     1848 Sep 12
2673 #                          0:29:44 -       BMT     1894 Jun #Bern Mean Time
2674 #                          1:00    Swiss   CE%sT   1981
2675 #                          1:00    EU      CE%sT
2676 # describes all of Switzerland correctly, with the exception of
2677 # the Cantone Geneve (Geneva, Genf). Between 1848 and 1894 Geneve did not
2678 # follow Bern Mean Time but kept its own local mean time.
2679 # To represent this, an extra zone would be needed.
2680 
2681 # Rule  NAME    FROM    TO      TYPE    IN      ON      AT      SAVE    LETTER/S
2682 Rule    Swiss   1941    1942    -       May     Mon>=1       1:00    1:00    S
2683 Rule    Swiss   1941    1942    -       Oct     Mon>=1       2:00    0       -
2684 # Zone  NAME            GMTOFF  RULES   FORMAT  [UNTIL]
2685 Zone    Europe/Zurich   0:34:08 -       LMT     1848 Sep 12
2686                         0:29:44 -       BMT     1894 Jun # Bern Mean Time
2687                         1:00    Swiss   CE%sT   1981
2688                         1:00    EU      CE%sT
2689 
2690 # Turkey
2691 
2692 # From Amar Devegowda (2007-01-03):
2693 # The time zone rules for Istanbul, Turkey have not been changed for years now.
2694 # ... The latest rules are available at -
2695 # http://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/timezone.html?n=107
2696 # From Steffen Thorsen (2007-01-03):
2697 # I have been able to find press records back to 1996 which all say that
2698 # DST started 01:00 local time and end at 02:00 local time.  I am not sure
2699 # what happened before that.  One example for each year from 1996 to 2001:
2700 # http://newspot.byegm.gov.tr/arsiv/1996/21/N4.htm
2701 # http://www.byegm.gov.tr/YAYINLARIMIZ/CHR/ING97/03/97X03X25.TXT
2702 # http://www.byegm.gov.tr/YAYINLARIMIZ/CHR/ING98/03/98X03X02.HTM
2703 # http://www.byegm.gov.tr/YAYINLARIMIZ/CHR/ING99/10/99X10X26.HTM#%2016
2704 # http://www.byegm.gov.tr/YAYINLARIMIZ/CHR/ING2000/03/00X03X06.HTM#%2021
2705 # http://www.byegm.gov.tr/YAYINLARIMIZ/CHR/ING2001/03/23x03x01.HTM#%2027
2706 # From Paul Eggert (2007-01-03):
2707 # Prefer the above source to Shanks & Pottenger for time stamps after 1990.
2708 
2709 # From Steffen Thorsen (2007-03-09):
2710 # Starting 2007 though, it seems that they are adopting EU's 1:00 UTC
2711 # start/end time, according to the following page (2007-03-07):
2712 # http://www.ntvmsnbc.com/news/402029.asp
2713 # The official document is located here - it is in Turkish...:
2714 # http://rega.basbakanlik.gov.tr/eskiler/2007/03/20070307-7.htm
2715 # I was able to locate the following seemingly official document
2716 # (on a non-government server though) describing dates between 2002 and 2006:
2717 # http://www.alomaliye.com/bkk_2002_3769.htm
2718 
2719 # From G&ouml;kdeniz Karada&#x011f; (2011-03-10):
2720 #
2721 # According to the articles linked below, Turkey will change into summer
2722 # time zone (GMT+3) on March 28, 2011 at 3:00 a.m. instead of March 27.
2723 # This change is due to a nationwide exam on 27th.
2724 #
2725 # <a href="http://www.worldbulletin.net/?aType=haber&ArticleID=70872">
2726 # http://www.worldbulletin.net/?aType=haber&ArticleID=70872
2727 # </a>
2728 # Turkish:
2729 # <a href="http://www.hurriyet.com.tr/ekonomi/17230464.asp?gid=373">
2730 # http://www.hurriyet.com.tr/ekonomi/17230464.asp?gid=373
2731 # </a>
2732 
2733 # Rule  NAME    FROM    TO      TYPE    IN      ON      AT      SAVE    LETTER/S
2734 Rule    Turkey  1916    only    -       May      1      0:00    1:00    S
2735 Rule    Turkey  1916    only    -       Oct      1      0:00    0       -
2736 Rule    Turkey  1920    only    -       Mar     28      0:00    1:00    S
2737 Rule    Turkey  1920    only    -       Oct     25      0:00    0       -
2738 Rule    Turkey  1921    only    -       Apr      3      0:00    1:00    S
2739 Rule    Turkey  1921    only    -       Oct      3      0:00    0       -
2740 Rule    Turkey  1922    only    -       Mar     26      0:00    1:00    S
2741 Rule    Turkey  1922    only    -       Oct      8      0:00    0       -
2742 # Whitman gives 1923 Apr 28 - Sep 16 and no DST in 1924-1925;
2743 # go with Shanks & Pottenger.
2744 Rule    Turkey  1924    only    -       May     13      0:00    1:00    S
2745 Rule    Turkey  1924    1925    -       Oct      1      0:00    0       -
2746 Rule    Turkey  1925    only    -       May      1      0:00    1:00    S
2747 Rule    Turkey  1940    only    -       Jun     30      0:00    1:00    S
2748 Rule    Turkey  1940    only    -       Oct      5      0:00    0       -
2749 Rule    Turkey  1940    only    -       Dec      1      0:00    1:00    S
2750 Rule    Turkey  1941    only    -       Sep     21      0:00    0       -
2751 Rule    Turkey  1942    only    -       Apr      1      0:00    1:00    S
2752 # Whitman omits the next two transition and gives 1945 Oct 1;
2753 # go with Shanks & Pottenger.
2754 Rule    Turkey  1942    only    -       Nov      1      0:00    0       -
2755 Rule    Turkey  1945    only    -       Apr      2      0:00    1:00    S
2756 Rule    Turkey  1945    only    -       Oct      8      0:00    0       -
2757 Rule    Turkey  1946    only    -       Jun      1      0:00    1:00    S
2758 Rule    Turkey  1946    only    -       Oct      1      0:00    0       -
2759 Rule    Turkey  1947    1948    -       Apr     Sun>=16      0:00    1:00    S
2760 Rule    Turkey  1947    1950    -       Oct     Sun>=2       0:00    0       -
2761 Rule    Turkey  1949    only    -       Apr     10      0:00    1:00    S
2762 Rule    Turkey  1950    only    -       Apr     19      0:00    1:00    S
2763 Rule    Turkey  1951    only    -       Apr     22      0:00    1:00    S
2764 Rule    Turkey  1951    only    -       Oct      8      0:00    0       -
2765 Rule    Turkey  1962    only    -       Jul     15      0:00    1:00    S
2766 Rule    Turkey  1962    only    -       Oct      8      0:00    0       -
2767 Rule    Turkey  1964    only    -       May     15      0:00    1:00    S
2768 Rule    Turkey  1964    only    -       Oct      1      0:00    0       -
2769 Rule    Turkey  1970    1972    -       May     Sun>=2       0:00    1:00    S
2770 Rule    Turkey  1970    1972    -       Oct     Sun>=2       0:00    0       -
2771 Rule    Turkey  1973    only    -       Jun      3      1:00    1:00    S
2772 Rule    Turkey  1973    only    -       Nov      4      3:00    0       -
2773 Rule    Turkey  1974    only    -       Mar     31      2:00    1:00    S
2774 Rule    Turkey  1974    only    -       Nov      3      5:00    0       -
2775 Rule    Turkey  1975    only    -       Mar     30      0:00    1:00    S
2776 Rule    Turkey  1975    1976    -       Oct     lastSun 0:00    0       -
2777 Rule    Turkey  1976    only    -       Jun      1      0:00    1:00    S
2778 Rule    Turkey  1977    1978    -       Apr     Sun>=1       0:00    1:00    S
2779 Rule    Turkey  1977    only    -       Oct     16      0:00    0       -
2780 Rule    Turkey  1979    1980    -       Apr     Sun>=1       3:00    1:00    S
2781 Rule    Turkey  1979    1982    -       Oct     Mon>=11      0:00    0       -
2782 Rule    Turkey  1981    1982    -       Mar     lastSun 3:00    1:00    S
2783 Rule    Turkey  1983    only    -       Jul     31      0:00    1:00    S
2784 Rule    Turkey  1983    only    -       Oct      2      0:00    0       -
2785 Rule    Turkey  1985    only    -       Apr     20      0:00    1:00    S
2786 Rule    Turkey  1985    only    -       Sep     28      0:00    0       -
2787 Rule    Turkey  1986    1990    -       Mar     lastSun 2:00s   1:00    S
2788 Rule    Turkey  1986    1990    -       Sep     lastSun 2:00s   0       -
2789 Rule    Turkey  1991    2006    -       Mar     lastSun 1:00s   1:00    S
2790 Rule    Turkey  1991    1995    -       Sep     lastSun 1:00s   0       -
2791 Rule    Turkey  1996    2006    -       Oct     lastSun 1:00s   0       -
2792 # Zone  NAME            GMTOFF  RULES   FORMAT  [UNTIL]
2793 Zone    Europe/Istanbul 1:55:52 -       LMT     1880
2794                         1:56:56 -       IMT     1910 Oct # Istanbul Mean Time?
2795                         2:00    Turkey  EE%sT   1978 Oct 15
2796                         3:00    Turkey  TR%sT   1985 Apr 20 # Turkey Time
2797                         2:00    Turkey  EE%sT   2007
2798                         2:00    EU      EE%sT   2011 Mar 27 1:00u
2799                         2:00    -       EET     2011 Mar 28 1:00u
2800                         2:00    EU      EE%sT
2801 Link    Europe/Istanbul Asia/Istanbul   # Istanbul is in both continents.
2802 
2803 # Ukraine
2804 #
2805 # From Igor Karpov, who works for the Ukrainian Ministry of Justice,
2806 # via Garrett Wollman (2003-01-27):
2807 # BTW, I've found the official document on this matter. It's government
2808 # regulations number 509, May 13, 1996. In my poor translation it says:
2809 # "Time in Ukraine is set to second timezone (Kiev time). Each last Sunday
2810 # of March at 3am the time is changing to 4am and each last Sunday of
2811 # October the time at 4am is changing to 3am"
2812 
2813 # From Alexander Krivenyshev (2011-09-20):
2814 # On September 20, 2011 the deputies of the Verkhovna Rada agreed to
2815 # abolish the transfer clock to winter time.
2816 #
2817 # Bill number 8330 of MP from the Party of Regions Oleg Nadoshi got
2818 # approval from 266 deputies.
2819 #
2820 # Ukraine abolishes transter back to the winter time (in Russian)
2821 # <a href="http://news.mail.ru/politics/6861560/">
2822 # http://news.mail.ru/politics/6861560/
2823 # </a>
2824 #
2825 # The Ukrainians will no longer change the clock (in Russian)
2826 # <a href="http://www.segodnya.ua/news/14290482.html">
2827 # http://www.segodnya.ua/news/14290482.html
2828 # </a>
2829 #
2830 # Deputies cancelled the winter time (in Russian)
2831 # <a href="http://www.pravda.com.ua/rus/news/2011/09/20/6600616/">
2832 # http://www.pravda.com.ua/rus/news/2011/09/20/6600616/
2833 # </a>
2834 #
2835 # From Philip Pizzey (2011-10-18):
2836 # Today my Ukrainian colleagues have informed me that the
2837 # Ukrainian parliament have decided that they will go to winter
2838 # time this year after all.
2839 #
2840 # From Udo Schwedt (2011-10-18):
2841 # As far as I understand, the recent change to the Ukrainian time zone
2842 # (Europe/Kiev) to introduce permanent daylight saving time (similar
2843 # to Russia) was reverted today:
2844 #
2845 # <a href="http://portal.rada.gov.ua/rada/control/en/publish/article/info_left?art_id=287324&cat_id=105995">
2846 # http://portal.rada.gov.ua/rada/control/en/publish/article/info_left?art_id=287324&cat_id=105995
2847 # </a>
2848 #
2849 # Also reported by Alexander Bokovoy (2011-10-18) who also noted:
2850 # The law documents themselves are at
2851 #
2852 # <a href="http://w1.c1.rada.gov.ua/pls/zweb_n/webproc4_1?id=&pf3511=41484">
2853 # http://w1.c1.rada.gov.ua/pls/zweb_n/webproc4_1?id=&pf3511=41484
2854 # </a>
2855 
2856 
2857 # Zone  NAME            GMTOFF  RULES   FORMAT  [UNTIL]
2858 # Most of Ukraine since 1970 has been like Kiev.
2859 # "Kyiv" is the transliteration of the Ukrainian name, but
2860 # "Kiev" is more common in English.
2861 Zone Europe/Kiev        2:02:04 -       LMT     1880
2862                         2:02:04 -       KMT     1924 May  2 # Kiev Mean Time
2863                         2:00    -       EET     1930 Jun 21
2864                         3:00    -       MSK     1941 Sep 20
2865                         1:00    C-Eur   CE%sT   1943 Nov  6
2866                         3:00    Russia  MSK/MSD 1990
2867                         3:00    -       MSK     1990 Jul  1 2:00
2868                         2:00    -       EET     1992
2869                         2:00    E-Eur   EE%sT   1995
2870                         2:00    EU      EE%sT
2871 # Ruthenia used CET 1990/1991.
2872 # "Uzhhorod" is the transliteration of the Ukrainian name, but
2873 # "Uzhgorod" is more common in English.
2874 Zone Europe/Uzhgorod    1:29:12 -       LMT     1890 Oct
2875                         1:00    -       CET     1940
2876                         1:00    C-Eur   CE%sT   1944 Oct
2877                         1:00    1:00    CEST    1944 Oct 26
2878                         1:00    -       CET     1945 Jun 29
2879                         3:00    Russia  MSK/MSD 1990
2880                         3:00    -       MSK     1990 Jul  1 2:00
2881                         1:00    -       CET     1991 Mar 31 3:00
2882                         2:00    -       EET     1992
2883                         2:00    E-Eur   EE%sT   1995
2884                         2:00    EU      EE%sT
2885 # Zaporozh'ye and eastern Lugansk oblasts observed DST 1990/1991.
2886 # "Zaporizhia" is the transliteration of the Ukrainian name, but
2887 # "Zaporozh'ye" is more common in English.  Use the common English
2888 # spelling, except omit the apostrophe as it is not allowed in
2889 # portable Posix file names.
2890 Zone Europe/Zaporozhye  2:20:40 -       LMT     1880
2891                         2:20    -       CUT     1924 May  2 # Central Ukraine T
2892                         2:00    -       EET     1930 Jun 21
2893                         3:00    -       MSK     1941 Aug 25
2894                         1:00    C-Eur   CE%sT   1943 Oct 25
2895                         3:00    Russia  MSK/MSD 1991 Mar 31 2:00
2896                         2:00    E-Eur   EE%sT   1995
2897                         2:00    EU      EE%sT
2898 # Central Crimea used Moscow time 1994/1997.
2899 Zone Europe/Simferopol  2:16:24 -       LMT     1880
2900                         2:16    -       SMT     1924 May  2 # Simferopol Mean T
2901                         2:00    -       EET     1930 Jun 21
2902                         3:00    -       MSK     1941 Nov
2903                         1:00    C-Eur   CE%sT   1944 Apr 13
2904                         3:00    Russia  MSK/MSD 1990
2905                         3:00    -       MSK     1990 Jul  1 2:00
2906                         2:00    -       EET     1992
2907 # From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):
2908 # The _Economist_ (1994-05-28, p 45) reports that central Crimea switched
2909 # from Kiev to Moscow time sometime after the January 1994 elections.
2910 # Shanks (1999) says ``date of change uncertain'', but implies that it happened
2911 # sometime between the 1994 DST switches.  Shanks & Pottenger simply say
2912 # 1994-09-25 03:00, but that can't be right.  For now, guess it
2913 # changed in May.
2914                         2:00    E-Eur   EE%sT   1994 May
2915 # From IATA SSIM (1994/1997), which also says that Kerch is still like Kiev.
2916                         3:00    E-Eur   MSK/MSD 1996 Mar 31 3:00s
2917                         3:00    1:00    MSD     1996 Oct 27 3:00s
2918 # IATA SSIM (1997-09) says Crimea switched to EET/EEST.
2919 # Assume it happened in March by not changing the clocks.
2920                         3:00    Russia  MSK/MSD 1997
2921                         3:00    -       MSK     1997 Mar lastSun 1:00u
2922                         2:00    EU      EE%sT
2923 
2924 ###############################################################################
2925 
2926 # One source shows that Bulgaria, Cyprus, Finland, and Greece observe DST from
2927 # the last Sunday in March to the last Sunday in September in 1986.
2928 # The source shows Romania changing a day later than everybody else.
2929 #
2930 # According to Bernard Sieloff's source, Poland is in the MET time zone but
2931 # uses the WE DST rules.  The Western USSR uses EET+1 and ME DST rules.
2932 # Bernard Sieloff's source claims Romania switches on the same day, but at
2933 # 00:00 standard time (i.e., 01:00 DST).  It also claims that Turkey
2934 # switches on the same day, but switches on at 01:00 standard time
2935 # and off at 00:00 standard time (i.e., 01:00 DST)
2936 
2937 # ...
2938 # Date: Wed, 28 Jan 87 16:56:27 -0100
2939 # From: Tom Hofmann
2940 # ...
2941 #
2942 # ...the European time rules are...standardized since 1981, when
2943 # most European coun[tr]ies started DST.  Before that year, only
2944 # a few countries (UK, France, Italy) had DST, each according
2945 # to own national rules.  In 1981, however, DST started on
2946 # 'Apr firstSun', and not on 'Mar lastSun' as in the following
2947 # years...
2948 # But also since 1981 there are some more national exceptions
2949 # than listed in 'europe': Switzerland, for example, joined DST
2950 # one year later, Denmark ended DST on 'Oct 1' instead of 'Sep
2951 # lastSun' in 1981---I don't know how they handle now.
2952 #
2953 # Finally, DST ist always from 'Apr 1' to 'Oct 1' in the
2954 # Soviet Union (as far as I know).
2955 #
2956 # Tom Hofmann, Scientific Computer Center, CIBA-GEIGY AG,
2957 # 4002 Basle, Switzerland
2958 # ...
2959 
2960 # ...
2961 # Date: Wed, 4 Feb 87 22:35:22 +0100
2962 # From: Dik T. Winter
2963 # ...
2964 #
2965 # The information from Tom Hofmann is (as far as I know) not entirely correct.
2966 # After a request from chongo at amdahl I tried to retrieve all information
2967 # about DST in Europe.  I was able to find all from about 1969.
2968 #
2969 # ...standardization on DST in Europe started in about 1977 with switches on
2970 # first Sunday in April and last Sunday in September...
2971 # In 1981 UK joined Europe insofar that
2972 # the starting day for both shifted to last Sunday in March.  And from 1982
2973 # the whole of Europe used DST, with switch dates April 1 and October 1 in
2974 # the Sov[i]et Union.  In 1985 the SU reverted to standard Europe[a]n switch
2975 # dates...
2976 #
2977 # It should also be remembered that time-zones are not constants; e.g.
2978 # Portugal switched in 1976 from MET (or CET) to WET with DST...
2979 # Note also that though there were rules for switch dates not
2980 # all countries abided to these dates, and many individual deviations
2981 # occurred, though not since 1982 I believe.  Another note: it is always
2982 # assumed that DST is 1 hour ahead of normal time, this need not be the
2983 # case; at least in the Netherlands there have been times when DST was 2 hours
2984 # in advance of normal time.
2985 #
2986 # ...
2987 # dik t. winter, cwi, amsterdam, nederland
2988 # ...
2989 
2990 # From Bob Devine (1988-01-28):
2991 # ...
2992 # Greece: Last Sunday in April to last Sunday in September (iffy on dates).
2993 # Since 1978.  Change at midnight.
2994 # ...
2995 # Monaco: has same DST as France.
2996 # ...