1 /*
   2  * Copyright (c) 1997, 2017, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.
   3  * DO NOT ALTER OR REMOVE COPYRIGHT NOTICES OR THIS FILE HEADER.
   4  *
   5  * This code is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
   6  * under the terms of the GNU General Public License version 2 only, as
   7  * published by the Free Software Foundation.
   8  *
   9  * This code is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT
  10  * ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or
  11  * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the GNU General Public License
  12  * version 2 for more details (a copy is included in the LICENSE file that
  13  * accompanied this code).
  14  *
  15  * You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License version
  16  * 2 along with this work; if not, write to the Free Software Foundation,
  17  * Inc., 51 Franklin St, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA 02110-1301 USA.
  18  *
  19  * Please contact Oracle, 500 Oracle Parkway, Redwood Shores, CA 94065 USA
  20  * or visit www.oracle.com if you need additional information or have any
  21  * questions.
  22  *
  23  */
  24 
  25 #include "precompiled.hpp"
  26 #include "aot/aotLoader.hpp"
  27 #include "classfile/classLoader.hpp"
  28 #include "classfile/classLoaderData.hpp"
  29 #include "classfile/javaClasses.hpp"
  30 #include "classfile/stringTable.hpp"
  31 #include "classfile/systemDictionary.hpp"
  32 #include "classfile/vmSymbols.hpp"
  33 #include "code/codeCache.hpp"
  34 #include "code/dependencies.hpp"
  35 #include "gc/shared/cardTableModRefBS.hpp"
  36 #include "gc/shared/collectedHeap.inline.hpp"
  37 #include "gc/shared/gcLocker.inline.hpp"
  38 #include "gc/shared/genCollectedHeap.hpp"
  39 #include "gc/shared/generation.hpp"
  40 #include "gc/shared/gcTraceTime.inline.hpp"
  41 #include "gc/shared/space.hpp"
  42 #include "interpreter/interpreter.hpp"
  43 #include "logging/log.hpp"
  44 #include "logging/logStream.hpp"
  45 #include "memory/filemap.hpp"
  46 #include "memory/metadataFactory.hpp"
  47 #include "memory/metaspaceShared.hpp"
  48 #include "memory/oopFactory.hpp"
  49 #include "memory/resourceArea.hpp"
  50 #include "memory/universe.hpp"
  51 #include "memory/universe.inline.hpp"
  52 #include "oops/constantPool.hpp"
  53 #include "oops/instanceClassLoaderKlass.hpp"
  54 #include "oops/instanceKlass.hpp"
  55 #include "oops/instanceMirrorKlass.hpp"
  56 #include "oops/instanceRefKlass.hpp"
  57 #include "oops/objArrayOop.inline.hpp"
  58 #include "oops/oop.inline.hpp"
  59 #include "oops/typeArrayKlass.hpp"
  60 #include "prims/resolvedMethodTable.hpp"
  61 #include "runtime/arguments.hpp"
  62 #include "runtime/atomic.hpp"
  63 #include "runtime/commandLineFlagConstraintList.hpp"
  64 #include "runtime/deoptimization.hpp"
  65 #include "runtime/fprofiler.hpp"
  66 #include "runtime/handles.inline.hpp"
  67 #include "runtime/init.hpp"
  68 #include "runtime/java.hpp"
  69 #include "runtime/javaCalls.hpp"
  70 #include "runtime/sharedRuntime.hpp"
  71 #include "runtime/synchronizer.hpp"
  72 #include "runtime/thread.inline.hpp"
  73 #include "runtime/timerTrace.hpp"
  74 #include "runtime/vm_operations.hpp"
  75 #include "services/memoryService.hpp"
  76 #include "utilities/align.hpp"
  77 #include "utilities/copy.hpp"
  78 #include "utilities/debug.hpp"
  79 #include "utilities/events.hpp"
  80 #include "utilities/formatBuffer.hpp"
  81 #include "utilities/hashtable.inline.hpp"
  82 #include "utilities/macros.hpp"
  83 #include "utilities/ostream.hpp"
  84 #include "utilities/preserveException.hpp"
  85 #if INCLUDE_ALL_GCS
  86 #include "gc/cms/cmsCollectorPolicy.hpp"
  87 #include "gc/g1/g1CollectedHeap.inline.hpp"
  88 #include "gc/g1/g1CollectorPolicy.hpp"
  89 #include "gc/parallel/parallelScavengeHeap.hpp"
  90 #include "gc/shared/adaptiveSizePolicy.hpp"
  91 #endif // INCLUDE_ALL_GCS
  92 #if INCLUDE_CDS
  93 #include "classfile/sharedClassUtil.hpp"
  94 #endif
  95 
  96 // Known objects
  97 Klass* Universe::_boolArrayKlassObj                 = NULL;
  98 Klass* Universe::_byteArrayKlassObj                 = NULL;
  99 Klass* Universe::_charArrayKlassObj                 = NULL;
 100 Klass* Universe::_intArrayKlassObj                  = NULL;
 101 Klass* Universe::_shortArrayKlassObj                = NULL;
 102 Klass* Universe::_longArrayKlassObj                 = NULL;
 103 Klass* Universe::_singleArrayKlassObj               = NULL;
 104 Klass* Universe::_doubleArrayKlassObj               = NULL;
 105 Klass* Universe::_typeArrayKlassObjs[T_VOID+1]      = { NULL /*, NULL...*/ };
 106 Klass* Universe::_objectArrayKlassObj               = NULL;
 107 oop Universe::_int_mirror                             = NULL;
 108 oop Universe::_float_mirror                           = NULL;
 109 oop Universe::_double_mirror                          = NULL;
 110 oop Universe::_byte_mirror                            = NULL;
 111 oop Universe::_bool_mirror                            = NULL;
 112 oop Universe::_char_mirror                            = NULL;
 113 oop Universe::_long_mirror                            = NULL;
 114 oop Universe::_short_mirror                           = NULL;
 115 oop Universe::_void_mirror                            = NULL;
 116 oop Universe::_mirrors[T_VOID+1]                      = { NULL /*, NULL...*/ };
 117 oop Universe::_main_thread_group                      = NULL;
 118 oop Universe::_system_thread_group                    = NULL;
 119 objArrayOop Universe::_the_empty_class_klass_array    = NULL;
 120 Array<Klass*>* Universe::_the_array_interfaces_array = NULL;
 121 oop Universe::_the_null_string                        = NULL;
 122 oop Universe::_the_min_jint_string                   = NULL;
 123 LatestMethodCache* Universe::_finalizer_register_cache = NULL;
 124 LatestMethodCache* Universe::_loader_addClass_cache    = NULL;
 125 LatestMethodCache* Universe::_pd_implies_cache         = NULL;
 126 LatestMethodCache* Universe::_throw_illegal_access_error_cache = NULL;
 127 LatestMethodCache* Universe::_do_stack_walk_cache     = NULL;
 128 oop Universe::_out_of_memory_error_java_heap          = NULL;
 129 oop Universe::_out_of_memory_error_metaspace          = NULL;
 130 oop Universe::_out_of_memory_error_class_metaspace    = NULL;
 131 oop Universe::_out_of_memory_error_array_size         = NULL;
 132 oop Universe::_out_of_memory_error_gc_overhead_limit  = NULL;
 133 oop Universe::_out_of_memory_error_realloc_objects    = NULL;
 134 oop Universe::_delayed_stack_overflow_error_message   = NULL;
 135 objArrayOop Universe::_preallocated_out_of_memory_error_array = NULL;
 136 volatile jint Universe::_preallocated_out_of_memory_error_avail_count = 0;
 137 bool Universe::_verify_in_progress                    = false;
 138 long Universe::verify_flags                           = Universe::Verify_All;
 139 oop Universe::_null_ptr_exception_instance            = NULL;
 140 oop Universe::_arithmetic_exception_instance          = NULL;
 141 oop Universe::_virtual_machine_error_instance         = NULL;
 142 oop Universe::_vm_exception                           = NULL;
 143 oop Universe::_allocation_context_notification_obj    = NULL;
 144 oop Universe::_reference_pending_list                 = NULL;
 145 
 146 Array<int>* Universe::_the_empty_int_array            = NULL;
 147 Array<u2>* Universe::_the_empty_short_array           = NULL;
 148 Array<Klass*>* Universe::_the_empty_klass_array     = NULL;
 149 Array<Method*>* Universe::_the_empty_method_array   = NULL;
 150 
 151 // These variables are guarded by FullGCALot_lock.
 152 debug_only(objArrayOop Universe::_fullgc_alot_dummy_array = NULL;)
 153 debug_only(int Universe::_fullgc_alot_dummy_next      = 0;)
 154 
 155 // Heap
 156 int             Universe::_verify_count = 0;
 157 
 158 // Oop verification (see MacroAssembler::verify_oop)
 159 uintptr_t       Universe::_verify_oop_mask = 0;
 160 uintptr_t       Universe::_verify_oop_bits = (uintptr_t) -1;
 161 
 162 int             Universe::_base_vtable_size = 0;
 163 bool            Universe::_bootstrapping = false;
 164 bool            Universe::_module_initialized = false;
 165 bool            Universe::_fully_initialized = false;
 166 
 167 size_t          Universe::_heap_capacity_at_last_gc;
 168 size_t          Universe::_heap_used_at_last_gc = 0;
 169 
 170 CollectedHeap*  Universe::_collectedHeap = NULL;
 171 
 172 NarrowPtrStruct Universe::_narrow_oop = { NULL, 0, true };
 173 NarrowPtrStruct Universe::_narrow_klass = { NULL, 0, true };
 174 address Universe::_narrow_ptrs_base;
 175 
 176 void Universe::basic_type_classes_do(void f(Klass*)) {
 177   f(boolArrayKlassObj());
 178   f(byteArrayKlassObj());
 179   f(charArrayKlassObj());
 180   f(intArrayKlassObj());
 181   f(shortArrayKlassObj());
 182   f(longArrayKlassObj());
 183   f(singleArrayKlassObj());
 184   f(doubleArrayKlassObj());
 185 }
 186 
 187 void Universe::oops_do(OopClosure* f, bool do_all) {
 188 
 189   f->do_oop((oop*) &_int_mirror);
 190   f->do_oop((oop*) &_float_mirror);
 191   f->do_oop((oop*) &_double_mirror);
 192   f->do_oop((oop*) &_byte_mirror);
 193   f->do_oop((oop*) &_bool_mirror);
 194   f->do_oop((oop*) &_char_mirror);
 195   f->do_oop((oop*) &_long_mirror);
 196   f->do_oop((oop*) &_short_mirror);
 197   f->do_oop((oop*) &_void_mirror);
 198 
 199   for (int i = T_BOOLEAN; i < T_VOID+1; i++) {
 200     f->do_oop((oop*) &_mirrors[i]);
 201   }
 202   assert(_mirrors[0] == NULL && _mirrors[T_BOOLEAN - 1] == NULL, "checking");
 203 
 204   f->do_oop((oop*)&_the_empty_class_klass_array);
 205   f->do_oop((oop*)&_the_null_string);
 206   f->do_oop((oop*)&_the_min_jint_string);
 207   f->do_oop((oop*)&_out_of_memory_error_java_heap);
 208   f->do_oop((oop*)&_out_of_memory_error_metaspace);
 209   f->do_oop((oop*)&_out_of_memory_error_class_metaspace);
 210   f->do_oop((oop*)&_out_of_memory_error_array_size);
 211   f->do_oop((oop*)&_out_of_memory_error_gc_overhead_limit);
 212   f->do_oop((oop*)&_out_of_memory_error_realloc_objects);
 213   f->do_oop((oop*)&_delayed_stack_overflow_error_message);
 214   f->do_oop((oop*)&_preallocated_out_of_memory_error_array);
 215   f->do_oop((oop*)&_null_ptr_exception_instance);
 216   f->do_oop((oop*)&_arithmetic_exception_instance);
 217   f->do_oop((oop*)&_virtual_machine_error_instance);
 218   f->do_oop((oop*)&_main_thread_group);
 219   f->do_oop((oop*)&_system_thread_group);
 220   f->do_oop((oop*)&_vm_exception);
 221   f->do_oop((oop*)&_allocation_context_notification_obj);
 222   f->do_oop((oop*)&_reference_pending_list);
 223   debug_only(f->do_oop((oop*)&_fullgc_alot_dummy_array);)
 224 }
 225 
 226 // Serialize metadata in and out of CDS archive, not oops.
 227 void Universe::serialize(SerializeClosure* f, bool do_all) {
 228 
 229   f->do_ptr((void**)&_boolArrayKlassObj);
 230   f->do_ptr((void**)&_byteArrayKlassObj);
 231   f->do_ptr((void**)&_charArrayKlassObj);
 232   f->do_ptr((void**)&_intArrayKlassObj);
 233   f->do_ptr((void**)&_shortArrayKlassObj);
 234   f->do_ptr((void**)&_longArrayKlassObj);
 235   f->do_ptr((void**)&_singleArrayKlassObj);
 236   f->do_ptr((void**)&_doubleArrayKlassObj);
 237   f->do_ptr((void**)&_objectArrayKlassObj);
 238 
 239   {
 240     for (int i = 0; i < T_VOID+1; i++) {
 241       if (_typeArrayKlassObjs[i] != NULL) {
 242         assert(i >= T_BOOLEAN, "checking");
 243         f->do_ptr((void**)&_typeArrayKlassObjs[i]);
 244       } else if (do_all) {
 245         f->do_ptr((void**)&_typeArrayKlassObjs[i]);
 246       }
 247     }
 248   }
 249 
 250   f->do_ptr((void**)&_the_array_interfaces_array);
 251   f->do_ptr((void**)&_the_empty_int_array);
 252   f->do_ptr((void**)&_the_empty_short_array);
 253   f->do_ptr((void**)&_the_empty_method_array);
 254   f->do_ptr((void**)&_the_empty_klass_array);
 255   _finalizer_register_cache->serialize(f);
 256   _loader_addClass_cache->serialize(f);
 257   _pd_implies_cache->serialize(f);
 258   _throw_illegal_access_error_cache->serialize(f);
 259   _do_stack_walk_cache->serialize(f);
 260 }
 261 
 262 void Universe::check_alignment(uintx size, uintx alignment, const char* name) {
 263   if (size < alignment || size % alignment != 0) {
 264     vm_exit_during_initialization(
 265       err_msg("Size of %s (" UINTX_FORMAT " bytes) must be aligned to " UINTX_FORMAT " bytes", name, size, alignment));
 266   }
 267 }
 268 
 269 void initialize_basic_type_klass(Klass* k, TRAPS) {
 270   Klass* ok = SystemDictionary::Object_klass();
 271   if (UseSharedSpaces) {
 272     ClassLoaderData* loader_data = ClassLoaderData::the_null_class_loader_data();
 273     assert(k->super() == ok, "u3");
 274     k->restore_unshareable_info(loader_data, Handle(), CHECK);
 275   } else {
 276     k->initialize_supers(ok, CHECK);
 277   }
 278   k->append_to_sibling_list();
 279 }
 280 
 281 void Universe::genesis(TRAPS) {
 282   ResourceMark rm;
 283 
 284   { FlagSetting fs(_bootstrapping, true);
 285 
 286     { MutexLocker mc(Compile_lock);
 287 
 288       // determine base vtable size; without that we cannot create the array klasses
 289       compute_base_vtable_size();
 290 
 291       if (!UseSharedSpaces) {
 292         _boolArrayKlassObj      = TypeArrayKlass::create_klass(T_BOOLEAN, sizeof(jboolean), CHECK);
 293         _charArrayKlassObj      = TypeArrayKlass::create_klass(T_CHAR,    sizeof(jchar),    CHECK);
 294         _singleArrayKlassObj    = TypeArrayKlass::create_klass(T_FLOAT,   sizeof(jfloat),   CHECK);
 295         _doubleArrayKlassObj    = TypeArrayKlass::create_klass(T_DOUBLE,  sizeof(jdouble),  CHECK);
 296         _byteArrayKlassObj      = TypeArrayKlass::create_klass(T_BYTE,    sizeof(jbyte),    CHECK);
 297         _shortArrayKlassObj     = TypeArrayKlass::create_klass(T_SHORT,   sizeof(jshort),   CHECK);
 298         _intArrayKlassObj       = TypeArrayKlass::create_klass(T_INT,     sizeof(jint),     CHECK);
 299         _longArrayKlassObj      = TypeArrayKlass::create_klass(T_LONG,    sizeof(jlong),    CHECK);
 300 
 301         _typeArrayKlassObjs[T_BOOLEAN] = _boolArrayKlassObj;
 302         _typeArrayKlassObjs[T_CHAR]    = _charArrayKlassObj;
 303         _typeArrayKlassObjs[T_FLOAT]   = _singleArrayKlassObj;
 304         _typeArrayKlassObjs[T_DOUBLE]  = _doubleArrayKlassObj;
 305         _typeArrayKlassObjs[T_BYTE]    = _byteArrayKlassObj;
 306         _typeArrayKlassObjs[T_SHORT]   = _shortArrayKlassObj;
 307         _typeArrayKlassObjs[T_INT]     = _intArrayKlassObj;
 308         _typeArrayKlassObjs[T_LONG]    = _longArrayKlassObj;
 309 
 310         ClassLoaderData* null_cld = ClassLoaderData::the_null_class_loader_data();
 311 
 312         _the_array_interfaces_array = MetadataFactory::new_array<Klass*>(null_cld, 2, NULL, CHECK);
 313         _the_empty_int_array        = MetadataFactory::new_array<int>(null_cld, 0, CHECK);
 314         _the_empty_short_array      = MetadataFactory::new_array<u2>(null_cld, 0, CHECK);
 315         _the_empty_method_array     = MetadataFactory::new_array<Method*>(null_cld, 0, CHECK);
 316         _the_empty_klass_array      = MetadataFactory::new_array<Klass*>(null_cld, 0, CHECK);
 317       }
 318     }
 319 
 320     vmSymbols::initialize(CHECK);
 321 
 322     SystemDictionary::initialize(CHECK);
 323 
 324     Klass* ok = SystemDictionary::Object_klass();
 325 
 326     _the_null_string            = StringTable::intern("null", CHECK);
 327     _the_min_jint_string       = StringTable::intern("-2147483648", CHECK);
 328 
 329     if (UseSharedSpaces) {
 330       // Verify shared interfaces array.
 331       assert(_the_array_interfaces_array->at(0) ==
 332              SystemDictionary::Cloneable_klass(), "u3");
 333       assert(_the_array_interfaces_array->at(1) ==
 334              SystemDictionary::Serializable_klass(), "u3");
 335       MetaspaceShared::fixup_shared_string_regions();
 336     } else {
 337       // Set up shared interfaces array.  (Do this before supers are set up.)
 338       _the_array_interfaces_array->at_put(0, SystemDictionary::Cloneable_klass());
 339       _the_array_interfaces_array->at_put(1, SystemDictionary::Serializable_klass());
 340     }
 341 
 342     initialize_basic_type_klass(boolArrayKlassObj(), CHECK);
 343     initialize_basic_type_klass(charArrayKlassObj(), CHECK);
 344     initialize_basic_type_klass(singleArrayKlassObj(), CHECK);
 345     initialize_basic_type_klass(doubleArrayKlassObj(), CHECK);
 346     initialize_basic_type_klass(byteArrayKlassObj(), CHECK);
 347     initialize_basic_type_klass(shortArrayKlassObj(), CHECK);
 348     initialize_basic_type_klass(intArrayKlassObj(), CHECK);
 349     initialize_basic_type_klass(longArrayKlassObj(), CHECK);
 350   } // end of core bootstrapping
 351 
 352   // Maybe this could be lifted up now that object array can be initialized
 353   // during the bootstrapping.
 354 
 355   // OLD
 356   // Initialize _objectArrayKlass after core bootstraping to make
 357   // sure the super class is set up properly for _objectArrayKlass.
 358   // ---
 359   // NEW
 360   // Since some of the old system object arrays have been converted to
 361   // ordinary object arrays, _objectArrayKlass will be loaded when
 362   // SystemDictionary::initialize(CHECK); is run. See the extra check
 363   // for Object_klass_loaded in objArrayKlassKlass::allocate_objArray_klass_impl.
 364   _objectArrayKlassObj = InstanceKlass::
 365     cast(SystemDictionary::Object_klass())->array_klass(1, CHECK);
 366   // OLD
 367   // Add the class to the class hierarchy manually to make sure that
 368   // its vtable is initialized after core bootstrapping is completed.
 369   // ---
 370   // New
 371   // Have already been initialized.
 372   _objectArrayKlassObj->append_to_sibling_list();
 373 
 374   #ifdef ASSERT
 375   if (FullGCALot) {
 376     // Allocate an array of dummy objects.
 377     // We'd like these to be at the bottom of the old generation,
 378     // so that when we free one and then collect,
 379     // (almost) the whole heap moves
 380     // and we find out if we actually update all the oops correctly.
 381     // But we can't allocate directly in the old generation,
 382     // so we allocate wherever, and hope that the first collection
 383     // moves these objects to the bottom of the old generation.
 384     // We can allocate directly in the permanent generation, so we do.
 385     int size;
 386     if (UseConcMarkSweepGC) {
 387       log_warning(gc)("Using +FullGCALot with concurrent mark sweep gc will not force all objects to relocate");
 388       size = FullGCALotDummies;
 389     } else {
 390       size = FullGCALotDummies * 2;
 391     }
 392     objArrayOop    naked_array = oopFactory::new_objArray(SystemDictionary::Object_klass(), size, CHECK);
 393     objArrayHandle dummy_array(THREAD, naked_array);
 394     int i = 0;
 395     while (i < size) {
 396         // Allocate dummy in old generation
 397       oop dummy = SystemDictionary::Object_klass()->allocate_instance(CHECK);
 398       dummy_array->obj_at_put(i++, dummy);
 399     }
 400     {
 401       // Only modify the global variable inside the mutex.
 402       // If we had a race to here, the other dummy_array instances
 403       // and their elements just get dropped on the floor, which is fine.
 404       MutexLocker ml(FullGCALot_lock);
 405       if (_fullgc_alot_dummy_array == NULL) {
 406         _fullgc_alot_dummy_array = dummy_array();
 407       }
 408     }
 409     assert(i == _fullgc_alot_dummy_array->length(), "just checking");
 410   }
 411   #endif
 412 
 413   // Initialize dependency array for null class loader
 414   ClassLoaderData::the_null_class_loader_data()->init_dependencies(CHECK);
 415 
 416 }
 417 
 418 void Universe::initialize_basic_type_mirrors(TRAPS) {
 419     assert(_int_mirror==NULL, "basic type mirrors already initialized");
 420     _int_mirror     =
 421       java_lang_Class::create_basic_type_mirror("int",    T_INT, CHECK);
 422     _float_mirror   =
 423       java_lang_Class::create_basic_type_mirror("float",  T_FLOAT,   CHECK);
 424     _double_mirror  =
 425       java_lang_Class::create_basic_type_mirror("double", T_DOUBLE,  CHECK);
 426     _byte_mirror    =
 427       java_lang_Class::create_basic_type_mirror("byte",   T_BYTE, CHECK);
 428     _bool_mirror    =
 429       java_lang_Class::create_basic_type_mirror("boolean",T_BOOLEAN, CHECK);
 430     _char_mirror    =
 431       java_lang_Class::create_basic_type_mirror("char",   T_CHAR, CHECK);
 432     _long_mirror    =
 433       java_lang_Class::create_basic_type_mirror("long",   T_LONG, CHECK);
 434     _short_mirror   =
 435       java_lang_Class::create_basic_type_mirror("short",  T_SHORT,   CHECK);
 436     _void_mirror    =
 437       java_lang_Class::create_basic_type_mirror("void",   T_VOID, CHECK);
 438 
 439     _mirrors[T_INT]     = _int_mirror;
 440     _mirrors[T_FLOAT]   = _float_mirror;
 441     _mirrors[T_DOUBLE]  = _double_mirror;
 442     _mirrors[T_BYTE]    = _byte_mirror;
 443     _mirrors[T_BOOLEAN] = _bool_mirror;
 444     _mirrors[T_CHAR]    = _char_mirror;
 445     _mirrors[T_LONG]    = _long_mirror;
 446     _mirrors[T_SHORT]   = _short_mirror;
 447     _mirrors[T_VOID]    = _void_mirror;
 448   //_mirrors[T_OBJECT]  = _object_klass->java_mirror();
 449   //_mirrors[T_ARRAY]   = _object_klass->java_mirror();
 450 }
 451 
 452 void Universe::fixup_mirrors(TRAPS) {
 453   // Bootstrap problem: all classes gets a mirror (java.lang.Class instance) assigned eagerly,
 454   // but we cannot do that for classes created before java.lang.Class is loaded. Here we simply
 455   // walk over permanent objects created so far (mostly classes) and fixup their mirrors. Note
 456   // that the number of objects allocated at this point is very small.
 457   assert(SystemDictionary::Class_klass_loaded(), "java.lang.Class should be loaded");
 458   HandleMark hm(THREAD);
 459   // Cache the start of the static fields
 460   InstanceMirrorKlass::init_offset_of_static_fields();
 461 
 462   GrowableArray <Klass*>* list = java_lang_Class::fixup_mirror_list();
 463   int list_length = list->length();
 464   for (int i = 0; i < list_length; i++) {
 465     Klass* k = list->at(i);
 466     assert(k->is_klass(), "List should only hold classes");
 467     EXCEPTION_MARK;
 468     java_lang_Class::fixup_mirror(k, CATCH);
 469   }
 470   delete java_lang_Class::fixup_mirror_list();
 471   java_lang_Class::set_fixup_mirror_list(NULL);
 472 }
 473 
 474 #define assert_pll_locked(test) \
 475   assert(Heap_lock->test(), "Reference pending list access requires lock")
 476 
 477 #define assert_pll_ownership() assert_pll_locked(owned_by_self)
 478 
 479 oop Universe::reference_pending_list() {
 480   assert_pll_ownership();
 481   return _reference_pending_list;
 482 }
 483 
 484 void Universe::set_reference_pending_list(oop list) {
 485   assert_pll_ownership();
 486   _reference_pending_list = list;
 487 }
 488 
 489 bool Universe::has_reference_pending_list() {
 490   assert_pll_ownership();
 491   return _reference_pending_list != NULL;
 492 }
 493 
 494 oop Universe::swap_reference_pending_list(oop list) {
 495   assert_pll_locked(is_locked);
 496   return (oop)Atomic::xchg_ptr(list, &_reference_pending_list);
 497 }
 498 
 499 #undef assert_pll_locked
 500 #undef assert_pll_ownership
 501 
 502 
 503 static bool has_run_finalizers_on_exit = false;
 504 
 505 void Universe::run_finalizers_on_exit() {
 506   if (has_run_finalizers_on_exit) return;
 507   has_run_finalizers_on_exit = true;
 508 
 509   // Called on VM exit. This ought to be run in a separate thread.
 510   log_trace(ref)("Callback to run finalizers on exit");
 511   {
 512     PRESERVE_EXCEPTION_MARK;
 513     Klass* finalizer_klass = SystemDictionary::Finalizer_klass();
 514     JavaValue result(T_VOID);
 515     JavaCalls::call_static(
 516       &result,
 517       finalizer_klass,
 518       vmSymbols::run_finalizers_on_exit_name(),
 519       vmSymbols::void_method_signature(),
 520       THREAD
 521     );
 522     // Ignore any pending exceptions
 523     CLEAR_PENDING_EXCEPTION;
 524   }
 525 }
 526 
 527 
 528 // initialize_vtable could cause gc if
 529 // 1) we specified true to initialize_vtable and
 530 // 2) this ran after gc was enabled
 531 // In case those ever change we use handles for oops
 532 void Universe::reinitialize_vtable_of(Klass* ko, TRAPS) {
 533   // init vtable of k and all subclasses
 534   ko->vtable().initialize_vtable(false, CHECK);
 535   if (ko->is_instance_klass()) {
 536     for (Klass* sk = ko->subklass();
 537          sk != NULL;
 538          sk = sk->next_sibling()) {
 539       reinitialize_vtable_of(sk, CHECK);
 540     }
 541   }
 542 }
 543 
 544 
 545 void initialize_itable_for_klass(Klass* k, TRAPS) {
 546   InstanceKlass::cast(k)->itable().initialize_itable(false, CHECK);
 547 }
 548 
 549 
 550 void Universe::reinitialize_itables(TRAPS) {
 551   SystemDictionary::classes_do(initialize_itable_for_klass, CHECK);
 552 
 553 }
 554 
 555 
 556 bool Universe::on_page_boundary(void* addr) {
 557   return is_aligned(addr, os::vm_page_size());
 558 }
 559 
 560 
 561 bool Universe::should_fill_in_stack_trace(Handle throwable) {
 562   // never attempt to fill in the stack trace of preallocated errors that do not have
 563   // backtrace. These errors are kept alive forever and may be "re-used" when all
 564   // preallocated errors with backtrace have been consumed. Also need to avoid
 565   // a potential loop which could happen if an out of memory occurs when attempting
 566   // to allocate the backtrace.
 567   return ((throwable() != Universe::_out_of_memory_error_java_heap) &&
 568           (throwable() != Universe::_out_of_memory_error_metaspace)  &&
 569           (throwable() != Universe::_out_of_memory_error_class_metaspace)  &&
 570           (throwable() != Universe::_out_of_memory_error_array_size) &&
 571           (throwable() != Universe::_out_of_memory_error_gc_overhead_limit) &&
 572           (throwable() != Universe::_out_of_memory_error_realloc_objects));
 573 }
 574 
 575 
 576 oop Universe::gen_out_of_memory_error(oop default_err) {
 577   // generate an out of memory error:
 578   // - if there is a preallocated error and stack traces are available
 579   //   (j.l.Throwable is initialized), then return the preallocated
 580   //   error with a filled in stack trace, and with the message
 581   //   provided by the default error.
 582   // - otherwise, return the default error, without a stack trace.
 583   int next;
 584   if ((_preallocated_out_of_memory_error_avail_count > 0) &&
 585       SystemDictionary::Throwable_klass()->is_initialized()) {
 586     next = (int)Atomic::add(-1, &_preallocated_out_of_memory_error_avail_count);
 587     assert(next < (int)PreallocatedOutOfMemoryErrorCount, "avail count is corrupt");
 588   } else {
 589     next = -1;
 590   }
 591   if (next < 0) {
 592     // all preallocated errors have been used.
 593     // return default
 594     return default_err;
 595   } else {
 596     Thread* THREAD = Thread::current();
 597     Handle default_err_h(THREAD, default_err);
 598     // get the error object at the slot and set set it to NULL so that the
 599     // array isn't keeping it alive anymore.
 600     Handle exc(THREAD, preallocated_out_of_memory_errors()->obj_at(next));
 601     assert(exc() != NULL, "slot has been used already");
 602     preallocated_out_of_memory_errors()->obj_at_put(next, NULL);
 603 
 604     // use the message from the default error
 605     oop msg = java_lang_Throwable::message(default_err_h());
 606     assert(msg != NULL, "no message");
 607     java_lang_Throwable::set_message(exc(), msg);
 608 
 609     // populate the stack trace and return it.
 610     java_lang_Throwable::fill_in_stack_trace_of_preallocated_backtrace(exc);
 611     return exc();
 612   }
 613 }
 614 
 615 intptr_t Universe::_non_oop_bits = 0;
 616 
 617 void* Universe::non_oop_word() {
 618   // Neither the high bits nor the low bits of this value is allowed
 619   // to look like (respectively) the high or low bits of a real oop.
 620   //
 621   // High and low are CPU-specific notions, but low always includes
 622   // the low-order bit.  Since oops are always aligned at least mod 4,
 623   // setting the low-order bit will ensure that the low half of the
 624   // word will never look like that of a real oop.
 625   //
 626   // Using the OS-supplied non-memory-address word (usually 0 or -1)
 627   // will take care of the high bits, however many there are.
 628 
 629   if (_non_oop_bits == 0) {
 630     _non_oop_bits = (intptr_t)os::non_memory_address_word() | 1;
 631   }
 632 
 633   return (void*)_non_oop_bits;
 634 }
 635 
 636 jint universe_init() {
 637   assert(!Universe::_fully_initialized, "called after initialize_vtables");
 638   guarantee(1 << LogHeapWordSize == sizeof(HeapWord),
 639          "LogHeapWordSize is incorrect.");
 640   guarantee(sizeof(oop) >= sizeof(HeapWord), "HeapWord larger than oop?");
 641   guarantee(sizeof(oop) % sizeof(HeapWord) == 0,
 642             "oop size is not not a multiple of HeapWord size");
 643 
 644   TraceTime timer("Genesis", TRACETIME_LOG(Info, startuptime));
 645 
 646   JavaClasses::compute_hard_coded_offsets();
 647 
 648   jint status = Universe::initialize_heap();
 649   if (status != JNI_OK) {
 650     return status;
 651   }
 652 
 653   Metaspace::global_initialize();
 654 
 655   AOTLoader::universe_init();
 656 
 657   // Checks 'AfterMemoryInit' constraints.
 658   if (!CommandLineFlagConstraintList::check_constraints(CommandLineFlagConstraint::AfterMemoryInit)) {
 659     return JNI_EINVAL;
 660   }
 661 
 662   // Create memory for metadata.  Must be after initializing heap for
 663   // DumpSharedSpaces.
 664   ClassLoaderData::init_null_class_loader_data();
 665 
 666   // We have a heap so create the Method* caches before
 667   // Metaspace::initialize_shared_spaces() tries to populate them.
 668   Universe::_finalizer_register_cache = new LatestMethodCache();
 669   Universe::_loader_addClass_cache    = new LatestMethodCache();
 670   Universe::_pd_implies_cache         = new LatestMethodCache();
 671   Universe::_throw_illegal_access_error_cache = new LatestMethodCache();
 672   Universe::_do_stack_walk_cache = new LatestMethodCache();
 673 
 674   if (UseSharedSpaces) {
 675     // Read the data structures supporting the shared spaces (shared
 676     // system dictionary, symbol table, etc.).  After that, access to
 677     // the file (other than the mapped regions) is no longer needed, and
 678     // the file is closed. Closing the file does not affect the
 679     // currently mapped regions.
 680     MetaspaceShared::initialize_shared_spaces();
 681     StringTable::create_table();
 682   } else {
 683     SymbolTable::create_table();
 684     StringTable::create_table();
 685 
 686     if (DumpSharedSpaces) {
 687       MetaspaceShared::prepare_for_dumping();
 688     }
 689   }
 690   if (strlen(VerifySubSet) > 0) {
 691     Universe::initialize_verify_flags();
 692   }
 693 
 694   ResolvedMethodTable::create_table();
 695 
 696   return JNI_OK;
 697 }
 698 
 699 CollectedHeap* Universe::create_heap() {
 700   assert(_collectedHeap == NULL, "Heap already created");
 701 #if !INCLUDE_ALL_GCS
 702   if (UseParallelGC) {
 703     fatal("UseParallelGC not supported in this VM.");
 704   } else if (UseG1GC) {
 705     fatal("UseG1GC not supported in this VM.");
 706   } else if (UseConcMarkSweepGC) {
 707     fatal("UseConcMarkSweepGC not supported in this VM.");
 708 #else
 709   if (UseParallelGC) {
 710     return Universe::create_heap_with_policy<ParallelScavengeHeap, GenerationSizer>();
 711   } else if (UseG1GC) {
 712     return Universe::create_heap_with_policy<G1CollectedHeap, G1CollectorPolicy>();
 713   } else if (UseConcMarkSweepGC) {
 714     return Universe::create_heap_with_policy<GenCollectedHeap, ConcurrentMarkSweepPolicy>();
 715 #endif
 716   } else if (UseSerialGC) {
 717     return Universe::create_heap_with_policy<GenCollectedHeap, MarkSweepPolicy>();
 718   }
 719 
 720   ShouldNotReachHere();
 721   return NULL;
 722 }
 723 
 724 // Choose the heap base address and oop encoding mode
 725 // when compressed oops are used:
 726 // Unscaled  - Use 32-bits oops without encoding when
 727 //     NarrowOopHeapBaseMin + heap_size < 4Gb
 728 // ZeroBased - Use zero based compressed oops with encoding when
 729 //     NarrowOopHeapBaseMin + heap_size < 32Gb
 730 // HeapBased - Use compressed oops with heap base + encoding.
 731 
 732 jint Universe::initialize_heap() {
 733   jint status = JNI_ERR;
 734 
 735   _collectedHeap = create_heap_ext();
 736   if (_collectedHeap == NULL) {
 737     _collectedHeap = create_heap();
 738   }
 739 
 740   status = _collectedHeap->initialize();
 741   if (status != JNI_OK) {
 742     return status;
 743   }
 744   log_info(gc)("Using %s", _collectedHeap->name());
 745 
 746   ThreadLocalAllocBuffer::set_max_size(Universe::heap()->max_tlab_size());
 747 
 748 #ifdef _LP64
 749   if (UseCompressedOops) {
 750     // Subtract a page because something can get allocated at heap base.
 751     // This also makes implicit null checking work, because the
 752     // memory+1 page below heap_base needs to cause a signal.
 753     // See needs_explicit_null_check.
 754     // Only set the heap base for compressed oops because it indicates
 755     // compressed oops for pstack code.
 756     if ((uint64_t)Universe::heap()->reserved_region().end() > UnscaledOopHeapMax) {
 757       // Didn't reserve heap below 4Gb.  Must shift.
 758       Universe::set_narrow_oop_shift(LogMinObjAlignmentInBytes);
 759     }
 760     if ((uint64_t)Universe::heap()->reserved_region().end() <= OopEncodingHeapMax) {
 761       // Did reserve heap below 32Gb. Can use base == 0;
 762       Universe::set_narrow_oop_base(0);
 763     }
 764 
 765     Universe::set_narrow_ptrs_base(Universe::narrow_oop_base());
 766 
 767     LogTarget(Info, gc, heap, coops) lt;
 768     if (lt.is_enabled()) {
 769       ResourceMark rm;
 770       LogStream ls(lt);
 771       Universe::print_compressed_oops_mode(&ls);
 772     }
 773 
 774     // Tell tests in which mode we run.
 775     Arguments::PropertyList_add(new SystemProperty("java.vm.compressedOopsMode",
 776                                                    narrow_oop_mode_to_string(narrow_oop_mode()),
 777                                                    false));
 778   }
 779   // Universe::narrow_oop_base() is one page below the heap.
 780   assert((intptr_t)Universe::narrow_oop_base() <= (intptr_t)(Universe::heap()->base() -
 781          os::vm_page_size()) ||
 782          Universe::narrow_oop_base() == NULL, "invalid value");
 783   assert(Universe::narrow_oop_shift() == LogMinObjAlignmentInBytes ||
 784          Universe::narrow_oop_shift() == 0, "invalid value");
 785 #endif
 786 
 787   // We will never reach the CATCH below since Exceptions::_throw will cause
 788   // the VM to exit if an exception is thrown during initialization
 789 
 790   if (UseTLAB) {
 791     assert(Universe::heap()->supports_tlab_allocation(),
 792            "Should support thread-local allocation buffers");
 793     ThreadLocalAllocBuffer::startup_initialization();
 794   }
 795   return JNI_OK;
 796 }
 797 
 798 void Universe::print_compressed_oops_mode(outputStream* st) {
 799   st->print("Heap address: " PTR_FORMAT ", size: " SIZE_FORMAT " MB",
 800             p2i(Universe::heap()->base()), Universe::heap()->reserved_region().byte_size()/M);
 801 
 802   st->print(", Compressed Oops mode: %s", narrow_oop_mode_to_string(narrow_oop_mode()));
 803 
 804   if (Universe::narrow_oop_base() != 0) {
 805     st->print(": " PTR_FORMAT, p2i(Universe::narrow_oop_base()));
 806   }
 807 
 808   if (Universe::narrow_oop_shift() != 0) {
 809     st->print(", Oop shift amount: %d", Universe::narrow_oop_shift());
 810   }
 811 
 812   if (!Universe::narrow_oop_use_implicit_null_checks()) {
 813     st->print(", no protected page in front of the heap");
 814   }
 815   st->cr();
 816 }
 817 
 818 ReservedSpace Universe::reserve_heap(size_t heap_size, size_t alignment) {
 819 
 820   assert(alignment <= Arguments::conservative_max_heap_alignment(),
 821          "actual alignment " SIZE_FORMAT " must be within maximum heap alignment " SIZE_FORMAT,
 822          alignment, Arguments::conservative_max_heap_alignment());
 823 
 824   size_t total_reserved = align_up(heap_size, alignment);
 825   assert(!UseCompressedOops || (total_reserved <= (OopEncodingHeapMax - os::vm_page_size())),
 826       "heap size is too big for compressed oops");
 827 
 828   bool use_large_pages = UseLargePages && is_aligned(alignment, os::large_page_size());
 829   assert(!UseLargePages
 830       || UseParallelGC
 831       || use_large_pages, "Wrong alignment to use large pages");
 832 
 833   // Now create the space.
 834   ReservedHeapSpace total_rs(total_reserved, alignment, use_large_pages);
 835 
 836   if (total_rs.is_reserved()) {
 837     assert((total_reserved == total_rs.size()) && ((uintptr_t)total_rs.base() % alignment == 0),
 838            "must be exactly of required size and alignment");
 839     // We are good.
 840 
 841     if (UseCompressedOops) {
 842       // Universe::initialize_heap() will reset this to NULL if unscaled
 843       // or zero-based narrow oops are actually used.
 844       // Else heap start and base MUST differ, so that NULL can be encoded nonambigous.
 845       Universe::set_narrow_oop_base((address)total_rs.compressed_oop_base());
 846     }
 847 
 848     return total_rs;
 849   }
 850 
 851   vm_exit_during_initialization(
 852     err_msg("Could not reserve enough space for " SIZE_FORMAT "KB object heap",
 853             total_reserved/K));
 854 
 855   // satisfy compiler
 856   ShouldNotReachHere();
 857   return ReservedHeapSpace(0, 0, false);
 858 }
 859 
 860 
 861 // It's the caller's responsibility to ensure glitch-freedom
 862 // (if required).
 863 void Universe::update_heap_info_at_gc() {
 864   _heap_capacity_at_last_gc = heap()->capacity();
 865   _heap_used_at_last_gc     = heap()->used();
 866 }
 867 
 868 
 869 const char* Universe::narrow_oop_mode_to_string(Universe::NARROW_OOP_MODE mode) {
 870   switch (mode) {
 871     case UnscaledNarrowOop:
 872       return "32-bit";
 873     case ZeroBasedNarrowOop:
 874       return "Zero based";
 875     case DisjointBaseNarrowOop:
 876       return "Non-zero disjoint base";
 877     case HeapBasedNarrowOop:
 878       return "Non-zero based";
 879     default:
 880       ShouldNotReachHere();
 881       return "";
 882   }
 883 }
 884 
 885 
 886 Universe::NARROW_OOP_MODE Universe::narrow_oop_mode() {
 887   if (narrow_oop_base_disjoint()) {
 888     return DisjointBaseNarrowOop;
 889   }
 890 
 891   if (narrow_oop_base() != 0) {
 892     return HeapBasedNarrowOop;
 893   }
 894 
 895   if (narrow_oop_shift() != 0) {
 896     return ZeroBasedNarrowOop;
 897   }
 898 
 899   return UnscaledNarrowOop;
 900 }
 901 
 902 void initialize_known_method(LatestMethodCache* method_cache,
 903                              InstanceKlass* ik,
 904                              const char* method,
 905                              Symbol* signature,
 906                              bool is_static, TRAPS)
 907 {
 908   TempNewSymbol name = SymbolTable::new_symbol(method, CHECK);
 909   Method* m = NULL;
 910   // The klass must be linked before looking up the method.
 911   if (!ik->link_class_or_fail(THREAD) ||
 912       ((m = ik->find_method(name, signature)) == NULL) ||
 913       is_static != m->is_static()) {
 914     ResourceMark rm(THREAD);
 915     // NoSuchMethodException doesn't actually work because it tries to run the
 916     // <init> function before java_lang_Class is linked. Print error and exit.
 917     vm_exit_during_initialization(err_msg("Unable to link/verify %s.%s method",
 918                                  ik->name()->as_C_string(), method));
 919   }
 920   method_cache->init(ik, m);
 921 }
 922 
 923 void Universe::initialize_known_methods(TRAPS) {
 924   // Set up static method for registering finalizers
 925   initialize_known_method(_finalizer_register_cache,
 926                           SystemDictionary::Finalizer_klass(),
 927                           "register",
 928                           vmSymbols::object_void_signature(), true, CHECK);
 929 
 930   initialize_known_method(_throw_illegal_access_error_cache,
 931                           SystemDictionary::internal_Unsafe_klass(),
 932                           "throwIllegalAccessError",
 933                           vmSymbols::void_method_signature(), true, CHECK);
 934 
 935   // Set up method for registering loaded classes in class loader vector
 936   initialize_known_method(_loader_addClass_cache,
 937                           SystemDictionary::ClassLoader_klass(),
 938                           "addClass",
 939                           vmSymbols::class_void_signature(), false, CHECK);
 940 
 941   // Set up method for checking protection domain
 942   initialize_known_method(_pd_implies_cache,
 943                           SystemDictionary::ProtectionDomain_klass(),
 944                           "impliesCreateAccessControlContext",
 945                           vmSymbols::void_boolean_signature(), false, CHECK);
 946 
 947   // Set up method for stack walking
 948   initialize_known_method(_do_stack_walk_cache,
 949                           SystemDictionary::AbstractStackWalker_klass(),
 950                           "doStackWalk",
 951                           vmSymbols::doStackWalk_signature(), false, CHECK);
 952 }
 953 
 954 void universe2_init() {
 955   EXCEPTION_MARK;
 956   Universe::genesis(CATCH);
 957 }
 958 
 959 // Set after initialization of the module runtime, call_initModuleRuntime
 960 void universe_post_module_init() {
 961   Universe::_module_initialized = true;
 962 }
 963 
 964 bool universe_post_init() {
 965   assert(!is_init_completed(), "Error: initialization not yet completed!");
 966   Universe::_fully_initialized = true;
 967   EXCEPTION_MARK;
 968   { ResourceMark rm;
 969     Interpreter::initialize();      // needed for interpreter entry points
 970     if (!UseSharedSpaces) {
 971       HandleMark hm(THREAD);
 972       Klass* ok = SystemDictionary::Object_klass();
 973       Universe::reinitialize_vtable_of(ok, CHECK_false);
 974       Universe::reinitialize_itables(CHECK_false);
 975     }
 976   }
 977 
 978   HandleMark hm(THREAD);
 979   // Setup preallocated empty java.lang.Class array
 980   Universe::_the_empty_class_klass_array = oopFactory::new_objArray(SystemDictionary::Class_klass(), 0, CHECK_false);
 981 
 982   // Setup preallocated OutOfMemoryError errors
 983   Klass* k = SystemDictionary::resolve_or_fail(vmSymbols::java_lang_OutOfMemoryError(), true, CHECK_false);
 984   InstanceKlass* ik = InstanceKlass::cast(k);
 985   Universe::_out_of_memory_error_java_heap = ik->allocate_instance(CHECK_false);
 986   Universe::_out_of_memory_error_metaspace = ik->allocate_instance(CHECK_false);
 987   Universe::_out_of_memory_error_class_metaspace = ik->allocate_instance(CHECK_false);
 988   Universe::_out_of_memory_error_array_size = ik->allocate_instance(CHECK_false);
 989   Universe::_out_of_memory_error_gc_overhead_limit =
 990     ik->allocate_instance(CHECK_false);
 991   Universe::_out_of_memory_error_realloc_objects = ik->allocate_instance(CHECK_false);
 992 
 993   // Setup preallocated cause message for delayed StackOverflowError
 994   if (StackReservedPages > 0) {
 995     Universe::_delayed_stack_overflow_error_message =
 996       java_lang_String::create_oop_from_str("Delayed StackOverflowError due to ReservedStackAccess annotated method", CHECK_false);
 997   }
 998 
 999   // Setup preallocated NullPointerException
1000   // (this is currently used for a cheap & dirty solution in compiler exception handling)
1001   k = SystemDictionary::resolve_or_fail(vmSymbols::java_lang_NullPointerException(), true, CHECK_false);
1002   Universe::_null_ptr_exception_instance = InstanceKlass::cast(k)->allocate_instance(CHECK_false);
1003   // Setup preallocated ArithmeticException
1004   // (this is currently used for a cheap & dirty solution in compiler exception handling)
1005   k = SystemDictionary::resolve_or_fail(vmSymbols::java_lang_ArithmeticException(), true, CHECK_false);
1006   Universe::_arithmetic_exception_instance = InstanceKlass::cast(k)->allocate_instance(CHECK_false);
1007   // Virtual Machine Error for when we get into a situation we can't resolve
1008   k = SystemDictionary::resolve_or_fail(
1009     vmSymbols::java_lang_VirtualMachineError(), true, CHECK_false);
1010   bool linked = InstanceKlass::cast(k)->link_class_or_fail(CHECK_false);
1011   if (!linked) {
1012      tty->print_cr("Unable to link/verify VirtualMachineError class");
1013      return false; // initialization failed
1014   }
1015   Universe::_virtual_machine_error_instance =
1016     InstanceKlass::cast(k)->allocate_instance(CHECK_false);
1017 
1018   Universe::_vm_exception = InstanceKlass::cast(k)->allocate_instance(CHECK_false);
1019 
1020   if (!DumpSharedSpaces) {
1021     // These are the only Java fields that are currently set during shared space dumping.
1022     // We prefer to not handle this generally, so we always reinitialize these detail messages.
1023     Handle msg = java_lang_String::create_from_str("Java heap space", CHECK_false);
1024     java_lang_Throwable::set_message(Universe::_out_of_memory_error_java_heap, msg());
1025 
1026     msg = java_lang_String::create_from_str("Metaspace", CHECK_false);
1027     java_lang_Throwable::set_message(Universe::_out_of_memory_error_metaspace, msg());
1028     msg = java_lang_String::create_from_str("Compressed class space", CHECK_false);
1029     java_lang_Throwable::set_message(Universe::_out_of_memory_error_class_metaspace, msg());
1030 
1031     msg = java_lang_String::create_from_str("Requested array size exceeds VM limit", CHECK_false);
1032     java_lang_Throwable::set_message(Universe::_out_of_memory_error_array_size, msg());
1033 
1034     msg = java_lang_String::create_from_str("GC overhead limit exceeded", CHECK_false);
1035     java_lang_Throwable::set_message(Universe::_out_of_memory_error_gc_overhead_limit, msg());
1036 
1037     msg = java_lang_String::create_from_str("Java heap space: failed reallocation of scalar replaced objects", CHECK_false);
1038     java_lang_Throwable::set_message(Universe::_out_of_memory_error_realloc_objects, msg());
1039 
1040     msg = java_lang_String::create_from_str("/ by zero", CHECK_false);
1041     java_lang_Throwable::set_message(Universe::_arithmetic_exception_instance, msg());
1042 
1043     // Setup the array of errors that have preallocated backtrace
1044     k = Universe::_out_of_memory_error_java_heap->klass();
1045     assert(k->name() == vmSymbols::java_lang_OutOfMemoryError(), "should be out of memory error");
1046     ik = InstanceKlass::cast(k);
1047 
1048     int len = (StackTraceInThrowable) ? (int)PreallocatedOutOfMemoryErrorCount : 0;
1049     Universe::_preallocated_out_of_memory_error_array = oopFactory::new_objArray(ik, len, CHECK_false);
1050     for (int i=0; i<len; i++) {
1051       oop err = ik->allocate_instance(CHECK_false);
1052       Handle err_h = Handle(THREAD, err);
1053       java_lang_Throwable::allocate_backtrace(err_h, CHECK_false);
1054       Universe::preallocated_out_of_memory_errors()->obj_at_put(i, err_h());
1055     }
1056     Universe::_preallocated_out_of_memory_error_avail_count = (jint)len;
1057   }
1058 
1059   Universe::initialize_known_methods(CHECK_false);
1060 
1061   // This needs to be done before the first scavenge/gc, since
1062   // it's an input to soft ref clearing policy.
1063   {
1064     MutexLocker x(Heap_lock);
1065     Universe::update_heap_info_at_gc();
1066   }
1067 
1068   // ("weak") refs processing infrastructure initialization
1069   Universe::heap()->post_initialize();
1070 
1071   // Initialize performance counters for metaspaces
1072   MetaspaceCounters::initialize_performance_counters();
1073   CompressedClassSpaceCounters::initialize_performance_counters();
1074 
1075   MemoryService::add_metaspace_memory_pools();
1076 
1077   MemoryService::set_universe_heap(Universe::heap());
1078 #if INCLUDE_CDS
1079   SharedClassUtil::initialize(CHECK_false);
1080 #endif
1081   return true;
1082 }
1083 
1084 
1085 void Universe::compute_base_vtable_size() {
1086   _base_vtable_size = ClassLoader::compute_Object_vtable();
1087 }
1088 
1089 void Universe::print_on(outputStream* st) {
1090   GCMutexLocker hl(Heap_lock); // Heap_lock might be locked by caller thread.
1091   st->print_cr("Heap");
1092   heap()->print_on(st);
1093 }
1094 
1095 void Universe::print_heap_at_SIGBREAK() {
1096   if (PrintHeapAtSIGBREAK) {
1097     print_on(tty);
1098     tty->cr();
1099     tty->flush();
1100   }
1101 }
1102 
1103 void Universe::print_heap_before_gc() {
1104   LogTarget(Debug, gc, heap) lt;
1105   if (lt.is_enabled()) {
1106     LogStream ls(lt);
1107     ls.print("Heap before GC invocations=%u (full %u):", heap()->total_collections(), heap()->total_full_collections());
1108     ResourceMark rm;
1109     heap()->print_on(&ls);
1110   }
1111 }
1112 
1113 void Universe::print_heap_after_gc() {
1114   LogTarget(Debug, gc, heap) lt;
1115   if (lt.is_enabled()) {
1116     LogStream ls(lt);
1117     ls.print("Heap after GC invocations=%u (full %u):", heap()->total_collections(), heap()->total_full_collections());
1118     ResourceMark rm;
1119     heap()->print_on(&ls);
1120   }
1121 }
1122 
1123 void Universe::initialize_verify_flags() {
1124   verify_flags = 0;
1125   const char delimiter[] = " ,";
1126 
1127   size_t length = strlen(VerifySubSet);
1128   char* subset_list = NEW_C_HEAP_ARRAY(char, length + 1, mtInternal);
1129   strncpy(subset_list, VerifySubSet, length + 1);
1130 
1131   char* token = strtok(subset_list, delimiter);
1132   while (token != NULL) {
1133     if (strcmp(token, "threads") == 0) {
1134       verify_flags |= Verify_Threads;
1135     } else if (strcmp(token, "heap") == 0) {
1136       verify_flags |= Verify_Heap;
1137     } else if (strcmp(token, "symbol_table") == 0) {
1138       verify_flags |= Verify_SymbolTable;
1139     } else if (strcmp(token, "string_table") == 0) {
1140       verify_flags |= Verify_StringTable;
1141     } else if (strcmp(token, "codecache") == 0) {
1142       verify_flags |= Verify_CodeCache;
1143     } else if (strcmp(token, "dictionary") == 0) {
1144       verify_flags |= Verify_SystemDictionary;
1145     } else if (strcmp(token, "classloader_data_graph") == 0) {
1146       verify_flags |= Verify_ClassLoaderDataGraph;
1147     } else if (strcmp(token, "metaspace") == 0) {
1148       verify_flags |= Verify_MetaspaceAux;
1149     } else if (strcmp(token, "jni_handles") == 0) {
1150       verify_flags |= Verify_JNIHandles;
1151     } else if (strcmp(token, "codecache_oops") == 0) {
1152       verify_flags |= Verify_CodeCacheOops;
1153     } else {
1154       vm_exit_during_initialization(err_msg("VerifySubSet: \'%s\' memory sub-system is unknown, please correct it", token));
1155     }
1156     token = strtok(NULL, delimiter);
1157   }
1158   FREE_C_HEAP_ARRAY(char, subset_list);
1159 }
1160 
1161 bool Universe::should_verify_subset(uint subset) {
1162   if (verify_flags & subset) {
1163     return true;
1164   }
1165   return false;
1166 }
1167 
1168 void Universe::verify(VerifyOption option, const char* prefix) {
1169   // The use of _verify_in_progress is a temporary work around for
1170   // 6320749.  Don't bother with a creating a class to set and clear
1171   // it since it is only used in this method and the control flow is
1172   // straight forward.
1173   _verify_in_progress = true;
1174 
1175   COMPILER2_PRESENT(
1176     assert(!DerivedPointerTable::is_active(),
1177          "DPT should not be active during verification "
1178          "(of thread stacks below)");
1179   )
1180 
1181   ResourceMark rm;
1182   HandleMark hm;  // Handles created during verification can be zapped
1183   _verify_count++;
1184 
1185   FormatBuffer<> title("Verifying %s", prefix);
1186   GCTraceTime(Info, gc, verify) tm(title.buffer());
1187   if (should_verify_subset(Verify_Threads)) {
1188     log_debug(gc, verify)("Threads");
1189     Threads::verify();
1190   }
1191   if (should_verify_subset(Verify_Heap)) {
1192     log_debug(gc, verify)("Heap");
1193     heap()->verify(option);
1194   }
1195   if (should_verify_subset(Verify_SymbolTable)) {
1196     log_debug(gc, verify)("SymbolTable");
1197     SymbolTable::verify();
1198   }
1199   if (should_verify_subset(Verify_StringTable)) {
1200     log_debug(gc, verify)("StringTable");
1201     StringTable::verify();
1202   }
1203   if (should_verify_subset(Verify_CodeCache)) {
1204   {
1205     MutexLockerEx mu(CodeCache_lock, Mutex::_no_safepoint_check_flag);
1206     log_debug(gc, verify)("CodeCache");
1207     CodeCache::verify();
1208   }
1209   }
1210   if (should_verify_subset(Verify_SystemDictionary)) {
1211     log_debug(gc, verify)("SystemDictionary");
1212     SystemDictionary::verify();
1213   }
1214 #ifndef PRODUCT
1215   if (should_verify_subset(Verify_ClassLoaderDataGraph)) {
1216     log_debug(gc, verify)("ClassLoaderDataGraph");
1217     ClassLoaderDataGraph::verify();
1218   }
1219 #endif
1220   if (should_verify_subset(Verify_MetaspaceAux)) {
1221     log_debug(gc, verify)("MetaspaceAux");
1222     MetaspaceAux::verify_free_chunks();
1223   }
1224   if (should_verify_subset(Verify_JNIHandles)) {
1225     log_debug(gc, verify)("JNIHandles");
1226     JNIHandles::verify();
1227   }
1228   if (should_verify_subset(Verify_CodeCacheOops)) {
1229     log_debug(gc, verify)("CodeCache Oops");
1230     CodeCache::verify_oops();
1231   }
1232 
1233   _verify_in_progress = false;
1234 }
1235 
1236 
1237 #ifndef PRODUCT
1238 void Universe::calculate_verify_data(HeapWord* low_boundary, HeapWord* high_boundary) {
1239   assert(low_boundary < high_boundary, "bad interval");
1240 
1241   // decide which low-order bits we require to be clear:
1242   size_t alignSize = MinObjAlignmentInBytes;
1243   size_t min_object_size = CollectedHeap::min_fill_size();
1244 
1245   // make an inclusive limit:
1246   uintptr_t max = (uintptr_t)high_boundary - min_object_size*wordSize;
1247   uintptr_t min = (uintptr_t)low_boundary;
1248   assert(min < max, "bad interval");
1249   uintptr_t diff = max ^ min;
1250 
1251   // throw away enough low-order bits to make the diff vanish
1252   uintptr_t mask = (uintptr_t)(-1);
1253   while ((mask & diff) != 0)
1254     mask <<= 1;
1255   uintptr_t bits = (min & mask);
1256   assert(bits == (max & mask), "correct mask");
1257   // check an intermediate value between min and max, just to make sure:
1258   assert(bits == ((min + (max-min)/2) & mask), "correct mask");
1259 
1260   // require address alignment, too:
1261   mask |= (alignSize - 1);
1262 
1263   if (!(_verify_oop_mask == 0 && _verify_oop_bits == (uintptr_t)-1)) {
1264     assert(_verify_oop_mask == mask && _verify_oop_bits == bits, "mask stability");
1265   }
1266   _verify_oop_mask = mask;
1267   _verify_oop_bits = bits;
1268 }
1269 
1270 // Oop verification (see MacroAssembler::verify_oop)
1271 
1272 uintptr_t Universe::verify_oop_mask() {
1273   MemRegion m = heap()->reserved_region();
1274   calculate_verify_data(m.start(), m.end());
1275   return _verify_oop_mask;
1276 }
1277 
1278 uintptr_t Universe::verify_oop_bits() {
1279   MemRegion m = heap()->reserved_region();
1280   calculate_verify_data(m.start(), m.end());
1281   return _verify_oop_bits;
1282 }
1283 
1284 uintptr_t Universe::verify_mark_mask() {
1285   return markOopDesc::lock_mask_in_place;
1286 }
1287 
1288 uintptr_t Universe::verify_mark_bits() {
1289   intptr_t mask = verify_mark_mask();
1290   intptr_t bits = (intptr_t)markOopDesc::prototype();
1291   assert((bits & ~mask) == 0, "no stray header bits");
1292   return bits;
1293 }
1294 #endif // PRODUCT
1295 
1296 
1297 void Universe::compute_verify_oop_data() {
1298   verify_oop_mask();
1299   verify_oop_bits();
1300   verify_mark_mask();
1301   verify_mark_bits();
1302 }
1303 
1304 
1305 void LatestMethodCache::init(Klass* k, Method* m) {
1306   if (!UseSharedSpaces) {
1307     _klass = k;
1308   }
1309 #ifndef PRODUCT
1310   else {
1311     // sharing initilization should have already set up _klass
1312     assert(_klass != NULL, "just checking");
1313   }
1314 #endif
1315 
1316   _method_idnum = m->method_idnum();
1317   assert(_method_idnum >= 0, "sanity check");
1318 }
1319 
1320 
1321 Method* LatestMethodCache::get_method() {
1322   if (klass() == NULL) return NULL;
1323   InstanceKlass* ik = InstanceKlass::cast(klass());
1324   Method* m = ik->method_with_idnum(method_idnum());
1325   assert(m != NULL, "sanity check");
1326   return m;
1327 }
1328 
1329 
1330 #ifdef ASSERT
1331 // Release dummy object(s) at bottom of heap
1332 bool Universe::release_fullgc_alot_dummy() {
1333   MutexLocker ml(FullGCALot_lock);
1334   if (_fullgc_alot_dummy_array != NULL) {
1335     if (_fullgc_alot_dummy_next >= _fullgc_alot_dummy_array->length()) {
1336       // No more dummies to release, release entire array instead
1337       _fullgc_alot_dummy_array = NULL;
1338       return false;
1339     }
1340     if (!UseConcMarkSweepGC) {
1341       // Release dummy at bottom of old generation
1342       _fullgc_alot_dummy_array->obj_at_put(_fullgc_alot_dummy_next++, NULL);
1343     }
1344     // Release dummy at bottom of permanent generation
1345     _fullgc_alot_dummy_array->obj_at_put(_fullgc_alot_dummy_next++, NULL);
1346   }
1347   return true;
1348 }
1349 
1350 #endif // ASSERT