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src/hotspot/share/oops/valueKlass.cpp

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 251       while (map != end) {
 252         address doop_address = dst_oop_addr + map->offset();
 253         bs->write_ref_array((HeapWord*) doop_address, map->count());
 254         map++;
 255       }
 256     } else { // Buffered value case
 257       raw_field_copy(src, dst, raw_byte_size);
 258     }
 259   } else {   // Primitive-only case...
 260     raw_field_copy(src, dst, raw_byte_size);
 261   }
 262 }
 263 
 264 // Value type arguments are not passed by reference, instead each
 265 // field of the value type is passed as an argument. This helper
 266 // function collects the fields of the value types (including embedded
 267 // value type's fields) in a list. Included with the field's type is
 268 // the offset of each field in the value type: i2c and c2i adapters
 269 // need that to load or store fields. Finally, the list of fields is
 270 // sorted in order of increasing offsets: the adapters and the
 271 // compiled code need and agreed upon order of fields.
 272 //
 273 // The list of basic types that is returned starts with a T_VALUETYPE
 274 // and ends with an extra T_VOID. T_VALUETYPE/T_VOID are used as
 275 // delimiters. Every entry between the two is a field of the value
 276 // type. If there's an embedded value type in the list, it also starts
 277 // with a T_VALUETYPE and ends with a T_VOID. This is so we can
 278 // generate a unique fingerprint for the method's adapters and we can
 279 // generate the list of basic types from the interpreter point of view
 280 // (value types passed as reference: iterate on the list until a
 281 // T_VALUETYPE, drop everything until and including the closing
 282 // T_VOID) or the compiler point of view (each field of the value
 283 // types is an argument: drop all T_VALUETYPE/T_VOID from the list).
 284 GrowableArray<SigEntry> ValueKlass::collect_fields(int base_off) const {
 285   GrowableArray<SigEntry> sig_extended;
 286   sig_extended.push(SigEntry(T_VALUETYPE, base_off));
 287   for (JavaFieldStream fs(this); !fs.done(); fs.next()) {
 288     if (fs.access_flags().is_static()) continue;
 289     fieldDescriptor& fd = fs.field_descriptor();
 290     BasicType bt = fd.field_type();
 291     int offset = base_off + fd.offset() - (base_off > 0 ? first_field_offset() : 0);
 292     if (bt == T_VALUETYPE) {
 293       if (fd.is_flattened()) {
 294         Symbol* signature = fd.signature();
 295         JavaThread* THREAD = JavaThread::current();
 296         oop loader = class_loader();
 297         oop domain = protection_domain();
 298         ResetNoHandleMark rnhm;
 299         HandleMark hm;
 300         NoSafepointVerifier nsv;
 301         Klass* klass = SystemDictionary::resolve_or_null(signature,
 302                                                          Handle(THREAD, loader), Handle(THREAD, domain),
 303                                                          THREAD);
 304         assert(klass != NULL && !HAS_PENDING_EXCEPTION, "lookup shouldn't fail");
 305         const GrowableArray<SigEntry>& embedded = ValueKlass::cast(klass)->collect_fields(offset);
 306         sig_extended.appendAll(&embedded);
 307       } else {
 308         sig_extended.push(SigEntry(T_VALUETYPEPTR, offset));
 309       }
 310     } else {
 311       sig_extended.push(SigEntry(bt, offset));
 312       if (bt == T_LONG || bt == T_DOUBLE) {
 313         sig_extended.push(SigEntry(T_VOID, offset));
 314       }
 315     }
 316   }
 317   int offset = base_off + size_helper()*HeapWordSize - (base_off > 0 ? first_field_offset() : 0);
 318   sig_extended.push(SigEntry(T_VOID, offset)); // hack: use T_VOID to mark end of value type fields
 319   if (base_off == 0) {
 320     sig_extended.sort(SigEntry::compare);
 321   }
 322   assert(sig_extended.at(0)._bt == T_VALUETYPE && sig_extended.at(sig_extended.length()-1)._bt == T_VOID, "broken structure");
 323   return sig_extended;
 324 }
 325 
 326 void ValueKlass::initialize_calling_convention() {
 327   // Because the pack and unpack handler addresses need to be loadable from generated code,
 328   // they are stored at a fixed offset in the klass metadata. Since value type klasses do
 329   // not have a vtable, the vtable offset is used to store these addresses.
 330   //guarantee(vtable_length() == 0, "vtables are not supported in value klasses");
 331   if (ValueTypeReturnedAsFields || ValueTypePassFieldsAsArgs) {
 332     Thread* THREAD = Thread::current();
 333     assert(!HAS_PENDING_EXCEPTION, "should have no exception");
 334     ResourceMark rm;
 335     const GrowableArray<SigEntry>& sig_vk = collect_fields();
 336     int nb_fields = SigEntry::count_fields(sig_vk)+1;
 337     Array<SigEntry>* extended_sig = MetadataFactory::new_array<SigEntry>(class_loader_data(), sig_vk.length(), CHECK_AND_CLEAR);
 338     *((Array<SigEntry>**)adr_extended_sig()) = extended_sig;
 339     for (int i = 0; i < sig_vk.length(); i++) {
 340       extended_sig->at_put(i, sig_vk.at(i));
 341     }
 342 
 343     if (ValueTypeReturnedAsFields) {

 344       BasicType* sig_bt = NEW_RESOURCE_ARRAY(BasicType, nb_fields);
 345       sig_bt[0] = T_METADATA;
 346       SigEntry::fill_sig_bt(sig_vk, sig_bt+1, nb_fields-1, true);
 347       VMRegPair* regs = NEW_RESOURCE_ARRAY(VMRegPair, nb_fields);
 348       int total = SharedRuntime::java_return_convention(sig_bt, regs, nb_fields);
 349 
 350       if (total > 0) {
 351         Array<VMRegPair>* return_regs = MetadataFactory::new_array<VMRegPair>(class_loader_data(), nb_fields, CHECK_AND_CLEAR);
 352         *((Array<VMRegPair>**)adr_return_regs()) = return_regs;
 353         for (int i = 0; i < nb_fields; i++) {
 354           return_regs->at_put(i, regs[i]);
 355         }
 356 
 357         BufferedValueTypeBlob* buffered_blob = SharedRuntime::generate_buffered_value_type_adapter(this);
 358         *((address*)adr_pack_handler()) = buffered_blob->pack_fields();
 359         *((address*)adr_unpack_handler()) = buffered_blob->unpack_fields();
 360         assert(CodeCache::find_blob(pack_handler()) == buffered_blob, "lost track of blob");
 361       }
 362     }
 363   }
 364 }
 365 
 366 void ValueKlass::deallocate_contents(ClassLoaderData* loader_data) {
 367   if (extended_sig() != NULL) {
 368     MetadataFactory::free_array<SigEntry>(loader_data, extended_sig());
 369   }
 370   if (return_regs() != NULL) {
 371     MetadataFactory::free_array<VMRegPair>(loader_data, return_regs());


 385     BufferBlob::free((BufferBlob*)buffered_blob);
 386     *((address*)adr_pack_handler()) = NULL;
 387     *((address*)adr_unpack_handler()) = NULL;
 388   }
 389 }
 390 
 391 // Can this value type be returned as multiple values?
 392 bool ValueKlass::can_be_returned_as_fields() const {
 393   return return_regs() != NULL;
 394 }
 395 
 396 // Create handles for all oop fields returned in registers that are going to be live across a safepoint
 397 void ValueKlass::save_oop_fields(const RegisterMap& reg_map, GrowableArray<Handle>& handles) const {
 398   Thread* thread = Thread::current();
 399   const Array<SigEntry>* sig_vk = extended_sig();
 400   const Array<VMRegPair>* regs = return_regs();
 401   int j = 1;
 402 
 403   for (int i = 0; i < sig_vk->length(); i++) {
 404     BasicType bt = sig_vk->at(i)._bt;
 405     if (bt == T_OBJECT || bt == T_VALUETYPEPTR || bt == T_ARRAY) {
 406       int off = sig_vk->at(i)._offset;
 407       VMRegPair pair = regs->at(j);
 408       address loc = reg_map.location(pair.first());
 409       oop v = *(oop*)loc;
 410       assert(v == NULL || oopDesc::is_oop(v), "not an oop?");
 411       assert(Universe::heap()->is_in_or_null(v), "must be heap pointer");
 412       handles.push(Handle(thread, v));
 413     }
 414     if (bt == T_VALUETYPE) {
 415       continue;
 416     }
 417     if (bt == T_VOID &&
 418         sig_vk->at(i-1)._bt != T_LONG &&
 419         sig_vk->at(i-1)._bt != T_DOUBLE) {
 420       continue;
 421     }
 422     j++;
 423   }
 424   assert(j == regs->length(), "missed a field?");
 425 }
 426 
 427 // Update oop fields in registers from handles after a safepoint
 428 void ValueKlass::restore_oop_results(RegisterMap& reg_map, GrowableArray<Handle>& handles) const {
 429   assert(ValueTypeReturnedAsFields, "inconsistent");
 430   const Array<SigEntry>* sig_vk = extended_sig();
 431   const Array<VMRegPair>* regs = return_regs();
 432   assert(regs != NULL, "inconsistent");
 433 
 434   int j = 1;
 435   for (int i = 0, k = 0; i < sig_vk->length(); i++) {
 436     BasicType bt = sig_vk->at(i)._bt;
 437     if (bt == T_OBJECT || bt == T_ARRAY) {
 438       int off = sig_vk->at(i)._offset;
 439       VMRegPair pair = regs->at(j);
 440       address loc = reg_map.location(pair.first());
 441       *(oop*)loc = handles.at(k++)();
 442     }
 443     if (bt == T_VALUETYPE) {
 444       continue;
 445     }
 446     if (bt == T_VOID &&
 447         sig_vk->at(i-1)._bt != T_LONG &&
 448         sig_vk->at(i-1)._bt != T_DOUBLE) {
 449       continue;
 450     }
 451     j++;
 452   }
 453   assert(j == regs->length(), "missed a field?");
 454 }
 455 
 456 // Fields are in registers. Create an instance of the value type and
 457 // initialize it with the values of the fields.
 458 oop ValueKlass::realloc_result(const RegisterMap& reg_map, const GrowableArray<Handle>& handles, TRAPS) {
 459 
 460   oop new_vt = allocate_instance(CHECK_NULL);
 461   const Array<SigEntry>* sig_vk = extended_sig();
 462   const Array<VMRegPair>* regs = return_regs();
 463 
 464   int j = 1;
 465   int k = 0;
 466   for (int i = 0; i < sig_vk->length(); i++) {
 467     BasicType bt = sig_vk->at(i)._bt;
 468     if (bt == T_VALUETYPE) {
 469       continue;
 470     }
 471     if (bt == T_VOID) {
 472       if (sig_vk->at(i-1)._bt == T_LONG ||
 473           sig_vk->at(i-1)._bt == T_DOUBLE) {
 474         j++;
 475       }
 476       continue;
 477     }
 478     int off = sig_vk->at(i)._offset;

 479     VMRegPair pair = regs->at(j);
 480     address loc = reg_map.location(pair.first());
 481     switch(bt) {
 482     case T_BOOLEAN: {
 483       jboolean v = *(intptr_t*)loc;
 484       *(jboolean*)((address)new_vt + off) = v;
 485       break;
 486     }
 487     case T_CHAR: {
 488       jchar v = *(intptr_t*)loc;
 489       *(jchar*)((address)new_vt + off) = v;
 490       break;
 491     }
 492     case T_BYTE: {
 493       jbyte v = *(intptr_t*)loc;
 494       *(jbyte*)((address)new_vt + off) = v;
 495       break;
 496     }
 497     case T_SHORT: {
 498       jshort v = *(intptr_t*)loc;
 499       *(jshort*)((address)new_vt + off) = v;
 500       break;
 501     }
 502     case T_INT: {
 503       jint v = *(intptr_t*)loc;
 504       *(jint*)((address)new_vt + off) = v;
 505       break;
 506     }
 507     case T_LONG: {
 508 #ifdef _LP64
 509       jlong v = *(intptr_t*)loc;
 510       *(jlong*)((address)new_vt + off) = v;
 511 #else
 512       Unimplemented();
 513 #endif
 514       break;
 515     }
 516     case T_OBJECT:
 517     case T_VALUETYPEPTR:
 518     case T_ARRAY: {
 519       Handle handle = handles.at(k++);
 520       HeapAccess<>::oop_store_at(new_vt, off, handle());
 521       break;
 522     }
 523     case T_FLOAT: {
 524       jfloat v = *(jfloat*)loc;
 525       *(jfloat*)((address)new_vt + off) = v;
 526       break;
 527     }
 528     case T_DOUBLE: {
 529       jdouble v = *(jdouble*)loc;
 530       *(jdouble*)((address)new_vt + off) = v;
 531       break;
 532     }
 533     default:
 534       ShouldNotReachHere();
 535     }
 536     *(intptr_t*)loc = 0xDEAD;
 537     j++;
 538   }
 539   assert(j == regs->length(), "missed a field?");
 540   assert(k == handles.length(), "missed an oop?");
 541   return new_vt;
 542 }
 543 
 544 // Check the return register for a ValueKlass oop
 545 ValueKlass* ValueKlass::returned_value_klass(const RegisterMap& map) {
 546   BasicType bt = T_METADATA;
 547   VMRegPair pair;
 548   int nb = SharedRuntime::java_return_convention(&bt, &pair, 1);
 549   assert(nb == 1, "broken");
 550 




 251       while (map != end) {
 252         address doop_address = dst_oop_addr + map->offset();
 253         bs->write_ref_array((HeapWord*) doop_address, map->count());
 254         map++;
 255       }
 256     } else { // Buffered value case
 257       raw_field_copy(src, dst, raw_byte_size);
 258     }
 259   } else {   // Primitive-only case...
 260     raw_field_copy(src, dst, raw_byte_size);
 261   }
 262 }
 263 
 264 // Value type arguments are not passed by reference, instead each
 265 // field of the value type is passed as an argument. This helper
 266 // function collects the fields of the value types (including embedded
 267 // value type's fields) in a list. Included with the field's type is
 268 // the offset of each field in the value type: i2c and c2i adapters
 269 // need that to load or store fields. Finally, the list of fields is
 270 // sorted in order of increasing offsets: the adapters and the
 271 // compiled code need to agree upon the order of fields.
 272 //
 273 // The list of basic types that is returned starts with a T_VALUETYPE
 274 // and ends with an extra T_VOID. T_VALUETYPE/T_VOID pairs are used as
 275 // delimiters. Every entry between the two is a field of the value
 276 // type. If there's an embedded value type in the list, it also starts
 277 // with a T_VALUETYPE and ends with a T_VOID. This is so we can
 278 // generate a unique fingerprint for the method's adapters and we can
 279 // generate the list of basic types from the interpreter point of view
 280 // (value types passed as reference: iterate on the list until a
 281 // T_VALUETYPE, drop everything until and including the closing
 282 // T_VOID) or the compiler point of view (each field of the value
 283 // types is an argument: drop all T_VALUETYPE/T_VOID from the list).
 284 int ValueKlass::collect_fields(GrowableArray<SigEntry>* sig, int base_off) const {
 285   int count = 0;
 286   SigEntry::add_entry(sig, T_VALUETYPE, base_off);
 287   for (JavaFieldStream fs(this); !fs.done(); fs.next()) {
 288     if (fs.access_flags().is_static()) continue;
 289     int offset = base_off + fs.offset() - (base_off > 0 ? first_field_offset() : 0);
 290     if (fs.is_flattened()) {
 291       // Resolve klass of flattened value type field and recursively collect fields
 292       Klass* vk = get_value_field_klass(fs.index());
 293       count += ValueKlass::cast(vk)->collect_fields(sig, offset);
















 294     } else {
 295       BasicType bt = FieldType::basic_type(fs.signature());
 296       SigEntry::add_entry(sig, bt, offset);
 297       count += type2size[bt];

 298     }
 299   }
 300   int offset = base_off + size_helper()*HeapWordSize - (base_off > 0 ? first_field_offset() : 0);
 301   SigEntry::add_entry(sig, T_VOID, offset);
 302   if (base_off == 0) {
 303     sig->sort(SigEntry::compare);
 304   }
 305   assert(sig->at(0)._bt == T_VALUETYPE && sig->at(sig->length()-1)._bt == T_VOID, "broken structure");
 306   return count;
 307 }
 308 
 309 void ValueKlass::initialize_calling_convention(TRAPS) {
 310   // Because the pack and unpack handler addresses need to be loadable from generated code,
 311   // they are stored at a fixed offset in the klass metadata. Since value type klasses do
 312   // not have a vtable, the vtable offset is used to store these addresses.

 313   if (ValueTypeReturnedAsFields || ValueTypePassFieldsAsArgs) {


 314     ResourceMark rm;
 315     GrowableArray<SigEntry> sig_vk;
 316     int nb_fields = collect_fields(&sig_vk);
 317     Array<SigEntry>* extended_sig = MetadataFactory::new_array<SigEntry>(class_loader_data(), sig_vk.length(), CHECK);
 318     *((Array<SigEntry>**)adr_extended_sig()) = extended_sig;
 319     for (int i = 0; i < sig_vk.length(); i++) {
 320       extended_sig->at_put(i, sig_vk.at(i));
 321     }
 322 
 323     if (ValueTypeReturnedAsFields) {
 324       nb_fields++;
 325       BasicType* sig_bt = NEW_RESOURCE_ARRAY(BasicType, nb_fields);
 326       sig_bt[0] = T_METADATA;
 327       SigEntry::fill_sig_bt(&sig_vk, sig_bt+1);
 328       VMRegPair* regs = NEW_RESOURCE_ARRAY(VMRegPair, nb_fields);
 329       int total = SharedRuntime::java_return_convention(sig_bt, regs, nb_fields);
 330 
 331       if (total > 0) {
 332         Array<VMRegPair>* return_regs = MetadataFactory::new_array<VMRegPair>(class_loader_data(), nb_fields, CHECK);
 333         *((Array<VMRegPair>**)adr_return_regs()) = return_regs;
 334         for (int i = 0; i < nb_fields; i++) {
 335           return_regs->at_put(i, regs[i]);
 336         }
 337 
 338         BufferedValueTypeBlob* buffered_blob = SharedRuntime::generate_buffered_value_type_adapter(this);
 339         *((address*)adr_pack_handler()) = buffered_blob->pack_fields();
 340         *((address*)adr_unpack_handler()) = buffered_blob->unpack_fields();
 341         assert(CodeCache::find_blob(pack_handler()) == buffered_blob, "lost track of blob");
 342       }
 343     }
 344   }
 345 }
 346 
 347 void ValueKlass::deallocate_contents(ClassLoaderData* loader_data) {
 348   if (extended_sig() != NULL) {
 349     MetadataFactory::free_array<SigEntry>(loader_data, extended_sig());
 350   }
 351   if (return_regs() != NULL) {
 352     MetadataFactory::free_array<VMRegPair>(loader_data, return_regs());


 366     BufferBlob::free((BufferBlob*)buffered_blob);
 367     *((address*)adr_pack_handler()) = NULL;
 368     *((address*)adr_unpack_handler()) = NULL;
 369   }
 370 }
 371 
 372 // Can this value type be returned as multiple values?
 373 bool ValueKlass::can_be_returned_as_fields() const {
 374   return return_regs() != NULL;
 375 }
 376 
 377 // Create handles for all oop fields returned in registers that are going to be live across a safepoint
 378 void ValueKlass::save_oop_fields(const RegisterMap& reg_map, GrowableArray<Handle>& handles) const {
 379   Thread* thread = Thread::current();
 380   const Array<SigEntry>* sig_vk = extended_sig();
 381   const Array<VMRegPair>* regs = return_regs();
 382   int j = 1;
 383 
 384   for (int i = 0; i < sig_vk->length(); i++) {
 385     BasicType bt = sig_vk->at(i)._bt;
 386     if (bt == T_OBJECT || bt == T_ARRAY) {

 387       VMRegPair pair = regs->at(j);
 388       address loc = reg_map.location(pair.first());
 389       oop v = *(oop*)loc;
 390       assert(v == NULL || oopDesc::is_oop(v), "not an oop?");
 391       assert(Universe::heap()->is_in_or_null(v), "must be heap pointer");
 392       handles.push(Handle(thread, v));
 393     }
 394     if (bt == T_VALUETYPE) {
 395       continue;
 396     }
 397     if (bt == T_VOID &&
 398         sig_vk->at(i-1)._bt != T_LONG &&
 399         sig_vk->at(i-1)._bt != T_DOUBLE) {
 400       continue;
 401     }
 402     j++;
 403   }
 404   assert(j == regs->length(), "missed a field?");
 405 }
 406 
 407 // Update oop fields in registers from handles after a safepoint
 408 void ValueKlass::restore_oop_results(RegisterMap& reg_map, GrowableArray<Handle>& handles) const {
 409   assert(ValueTypeReturnedAsFields, "inconsistent");
 410   const Array<SigEntry>* sig_vk = extended_sig();
 411   const Array<VMRegPair>* regs = return_regs();
 412   assert(regs != NULL, "inconsistent");
 413 
 414   int j = 1;
 415   for (int i = 0, k = 0; i < sig_vk->length(); i++) {
 416     BasicType bt = sig_vk->at(i)._bt;
 417     if (bt == T_OBJECT || bt == T_ARRAY) {

 418       VMRegPair pair = regs->at(j);
 419       address loc = reg_map.location(pair.first());
 420       *(oop*)loc = handles.at(k++)();
 421     }
 422     if (bt == T_VALUETYPE) {
 423       continue;
 424     }
 425     if (bt == T_VOID &&
 426         sig_vk->at(i-1)._bt != T_LONG &&
 427         sig_vk->at(i-1)._bt != T_DOUBLE) {
 428       continue;
 429     }
 430     j++;
 431   }
 432   assert(j == regs->length(), "missed a field?");
 433 }
 434 
 435 // Fields are in registers. Create an instance of the value type and
 436 // initialize it with the values of the fields.
 437 oop ValueKlass::realloc_result(const RegisterMap& reg_map, const GrowableArray<Handle>& handles, TRAPS) {

 438   oop new_vt = allocate_instance(CHECK_NULL);
 439   const Array<SigEntry>* sig_vk = extended_sig();
 440   const Array<VMRegPair>* regs = return_regs();
 441 
 442   int j = 1;
 443   int k = 0;
 444   for (int i = 0; i < sig_vk->length(); i++) {
 445     BasicType bt = sig_vk->at(i)._bt;
 446     if (bt == T_VALUETYPE) {
 447       continue;
 448     }
 449     if (bt == T_VOID) {
 450       if (sig_vk->at(i-1)._bt == T_LONG ||
 451           sig_vk->at(i-1)._bt == T_DOUBLE) {
 452         j++;
 453       }
 454       continue;
 455     }
 456     int off = sig_vk->at(i)._offset;
 457     assert(off > 0, "offset in object should be positive");
 458     VMRegPair pair = regs->at(j);
 459     address loc = reg_map.location(pair.first());
 460     switch(bt) {
 461     case T_BOOLEAN: {
 462       new_vt->bool_field_put(off, *(jboolean*)loc);

 463       break;
 464     }
 465     case T_CHAR: {
 466       new_vt->char_field_put(off, *(jchar*)loc);

 467       break;
 468     }
 469     case T_BYTE: {
 470       new_vt->byte_field_put(off, *(jbyte*)loc);

 471       break;
 472     }
 473     case T_SHORT: {
 474       new_vt->short_field_put(off, *(jshort*)loc);

 475       break;
 476     }
 477     case T_INT: {
 478       new_vt->int_field_put(off, *(jint*)loc);

 479       break;
 480     }
 481     case T_LONG: {
 482 #ifdef _LP64
 483       new_vt->double_field_put(off,  *(jdouble*)loc);

 484 #else
 485       Unimplemented();
 486 #endif
 487       break;
 488     }
 489     case T_OBJECT:

 490     case T_ARRAY: {
 491       Handle handle = handles.at(k++);
 492       new_vt->obj_field_put(off, handle());
 493       break;
 494     }
 495     case T_FLOAT: {
 496       new_vt->float_field_put(off,  *(jfloat*)loc);

 497       break;
 498     }
 499     case T_DOUBLE: {
 500       new_vt->double_field_put(off, *(jdouble*)loc);

 501       break;
 502     }
 503     default:
 504       ShouldNotReachHere();
 505     }
 506     *(intptr_t*)loc = 0xDEAD;
 507     j++;
 508   }
 509   assert(j == regs->length(), "missed a field?");
 510   assert(k == handles.length(), "missed an oop?");
 511   return new_vt;
 512 }
 513 
 514 // Check the return register for a ValueKlass oop
 515 ValueKlass* ValueKlass::returned_value_klass(const RegisterMap& map) {
 516   BasicType bt = T_METADATA;
 517   VMRegPair pair;
 518   int nb = SharedRuntime::java_return_convention(&bt, &pair, 1);
 519   assert(nb == 1, "broken");
 520 


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