1 /*
   2  * Copyright (c) 1997, 2013, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.
   3  * DO NOT ALTER OR REMOVE COPYRIGHT NOTICES OR THIS FILE HEADER.
   4  *
   5  * This code is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
   6  * under the terms of the GNU General Public License version 2 only, as
   7  * published by the Free Software Foundation.  Oracle designates this
   8  * particular file as subject to the "Classpath" exception as provided
   9  * by Oracle in the LICENSE file that accompanied this code.
  10  *
  11  * This code is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT
  12  * ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or
  13  * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the GNU General Public License
  14  * version 2 for more details (a copy is included in the LICENSE file that
  15  * accompanied this code).
  16  *
  17  * You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License version
  18  * 2 along with this work; if not, write to the Free Software Foundation,
  19  * Inc., 51 Franklin St, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA 02110-1301 USA.
  20  *
  21  * Please contact Oracle, 500 Oracle Parkway, Redwood Shores, CA 94065 USA
  22  * or visit www.oracle.com if you need additional information or have any
  23  * questions.
  24  */
  25 
  26 package java.lang.ref;
  27 
  28 import sun.misc.Cleaner;
  29 
  30 /**
  31  * Abstract base class for reference objects.  This class defines the
  32  * operations common to all reference objects.  Because reference objects are
  33  * implemented in close cooperation with the garbage collector, this class may
  34  * not be subclassed directly.
  35  *
  36  * @author   Mark Reinhold
  37  * @since    1.2
  38  */
  39 
  40 public abstract class Reference<T> {
  41 
  42     /* A Reference instance is in one of four possible internal states:
  43      *
  44      *     Active: Subject to special treatment by the garbage collector.  Some
  45      *     time after the collector detects that the reachability of the
  46      *     referent has changed to the appropriate state, it changes the
  47      *     instance's state to either Pending or Inactive, depending upon
  48      *     whether or not the instance was registered with a queue when it was
  49      *     created.  In the former case it also adds the instance to the
  50      *     pending-Reference list.  Newly-created instances are Active.
  51      *
  52      *     Pending: An element of the pending-Reference list, waiting to be
  53      *     enqueued by the Reference-handler thread.  Unregistered instances
  54      *     are never in this state.
  55      *
  56      *     Enqueued: An element of the queue with which the instance was
  57      *     registered when it was created.  When an instance is removed from
  58      *     its ReferenceQueue, it is made Inactive.  Unregistered instances are
  59      *     never in this state.
  60      *
  61      *     Inactive: Nothing more to do.  Once an instance becomes Inactive its
  62      *     state will never change again.
  63      *
  64      * The state is encoded in the queue and next fields as follows:
  65      *
  66      *     Active: queue = ReferenceQueue with which instance is registered, or
  67      *     ReferenceQueue.NULL if it was not registered with a queue; next =
  68      *     null.
  69      *
  70      *     Pending: queue = ReferenceQueue with which instance is registered;
  71      *     next = this
  72      *
  73      *     Enqueued: queue = ReferenceQueue.ENQUEUED; next = Following instance
  74      *     in queue, or this if at end of list.
  75      *
  76      *     Inactive: queue = ReferenceQueue.NULL; next = this.
  77      *
  78      * With this scheme the collector need only examine the next field in order
  79      * to determine whether a Reference instance requires special treatment: If
  80      * the next field is null then the instance is active; if it is non-null,
  81      * then the collector should treat the instance normally.
  82      *
  83      * To ensure that a concurrent collector can discover active Reference
  84      * objects without interfering with application threads that may apply
  85      * the enqueue() method to those objects, collectors should link
  86      * discovered objects through the discovered field. The discovered
  87      * field is also used for linking Reference objects in the pending list.
  88      */
  89 
  90     private T referent;         /* Treated specially by GC */
  91 
  92     ReferenceQueue<? super T> queue;
  93 
  94     /* When active:   NULL
  95      *     pending:   this
  96      *    Enqueued:   next reference in queue (or this if last)
  97      *    Inactive:   this
  98      */
  99     Reference next;
 100 
 101     /* When active:   next element in a discovered reference list maintained by GC (or this if last)
 102      *     pending:   next element in the pending list (or null if last)
 103      *   otherwise:   NULL
 104      */
 105     transient private Reference<T> discovered;  /* used by VM */
 106 
 107 
 108     /* Object used to synchronize with the garbage collector.  The collector
 109      * must acquire this lock at the beginning of each collection cycle.  It is
 110      * therefore critical that any code holding this lock complete as quickly
 111      * as possible, allocate no new objects, and avoid calling user code.
 112      */
 113     static private class Lock { };
 114     private static Lock lock = new Lock();
 115 
 116 
 117     /* List of References waiting to be enqueued.  The collector adds
 118      * References to this list, while the Reference-handler thread removes
 119      * them.  This list is protected by the above lock object. The
 120      * list uses the discovered field to link its elements.
 121      */
 122     private static Reference pending = null;
 123 
 124     /* High-priority thread to enqueue pending References
 125      */
 126     private static class ReferenceHandler extends Thread {
 127 
 128         ReferenceHandler(ThreadGroup g, String name) {
 129             super(g, name);
 130         }
 131 
 132         public void run() {
 133             for (;;) {
 134                 Reference r;
 135                 synchronized (lock) {
 136                     if (pending != null) {
 137                         r = pending;
 138                         pending = r.discovered;
 139                         r.discovered = null;
 140                     } else {
 141                         // The waiting on the lock may cause an OOME because it may try to allocate
 142                         // exception objects, so also catch OOME here to avoid silent exit of the
 143                         // reference handler thread.
 144                         //
 145                         // Explicitly define the order of the two exceptions we catch here
 146                         // when waiting for the lock.
 147                         //
 148                         // We do not want to try to potentially load the InterruptedException class
 149                         // (which would be done if this was its first use, and InterruptedException
 150                         // were checked first) in this situation.
 151                         //
 152                         // This may lead to the VM not ever trying to load the InterruptedException
 153                         // class again.
 154                         try {
 155                             try {
 156                                 lock.wait();
 157                             } catch (OutOfMemoryError x) { }
 158                         } catch (InterruptedException x) { }
 159                         continue;
 160                     }
 161                 }
 162 
 163                 // Fast path for cleaners
 164                 if (r instanceof Cleaner) {
 165                     ((Cleaner)r).clean();
 166                     continue;
 167                 }
 168 
 169                 ReferenceQueue q = r.queue;
 170                 if (q != ReferenceQueue.NULL) q.enqueue(r);
 171             }
 172         }
 173     }
 174 
 175     static {
 176         ThreadGroup tg = Thread.currentThread().getThreadGroup();
 177         for (ThreadGroup tgn = tg;
 178              tgn != null;
 179              tg = tgn, tgn = tg.getParent());
 180         Thread handler = new ReferenceHandler(tg, "Reference Handler");
 181         /* If there were a special system-only priority greater than
 182          * MAX_PRIORITY, it would be used here
 183          */
 184         handler.setPriority(Thread.MAX_PRIORITY);
 185         handler.setDaemon(true);
 186         handler.start();
 187     }
 188 
 189 
 190     /* -- Referent accessor and setters -- */
 191 
 192     /**
 193      * Returns this reference object's referent.  If this reference object has
 194      * been cleared, either by the program or by the garbage collector, then
 195      * this method returns <code>null</code>.
 196      *
 197      * @return   The object to which this reference refers, or
 198      *           <code>null</code> if this reference object has been cleared
 199      */
 200     public T get() {
 201         return this.referent;
 202     }
 203 
 204     /**
 205      * Clears this reference object.  Invoking this method will not cause this
 206      * object to be enqueued.
 207      *
 208      * <p> This method is invoked only by Java code; when the garbage collector
 209      * clears references it does so directly, without invoking this method.
 210      */
 211     public void clear() {
 212         this.referent = null;
 213     }
 214 
 215 
 216     /* -- Queue operations -- */
 217 
 218     /**
 219      * Tells whether or not this reference object has been enqueued, either by
 220      * the program or by the garbage collector.  If this reference object was
 221      * not registered with a queue when it was created, then this method will
 222      * always return <code>false</code>.
 223      *
 224      * @return   <code>true</code> if and only if this reference object has
 225      *           been enqueued
 226      */
 227     public boolean isEnqueued() {
 228         synchronized (this) {
 229             return (this.next != null && this.queue == ReferenceQueue.ENQUEUED);
 230         }
 231     }
 232 
 233     /**
 234      * Adds this reference object to the queue with which it is registered,
 235      * if any.
 236      *
 237      * <p> This method is invoked only by Java code; when the garbage collector
 238      * enqueues references it does so directly, without invoking this method.
 239      *
 240      * @return   <code>true</code> if this reference object was successfully
 241      *           enqueued; <code>false</code> if it was already enqueued or if
 242      *           it was not registered with a queue when it was created
 243      */
 244     public boolean enqueue() {
 245         return this.queue.enqueue(this);
 246     }
 247 
 248 
 249     /* -- Constructors -- */
 250 
 251     Reference(T referent) {
 252         this(referent, null);
 253     }
 254 
 255     Reference(T referent, ReferenceQueue<? super T> queue) {
 256         this.referent = referent;
 257         this.queue = (queue == null) ? ReferenceQueue.NULL : queue;
 258     }
 259 
 260 }