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22 # questions.
23 #
24 # <pre>
25 # This file is in the public domain, so clarified as of
26 # 2009-05-17 by Arthur David Olson.
27
28 # This data is by no means authoritative; if you think you know better,
29 # go ahead and edit the file (and please send any changes to
30 # tz@iana.org for general use in the future).
31
32 # From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):
33 # A good source for time zone historical data outside the U.S. is
34 # Thomas G. Shanks and Rique Pottenger, The International Atlas (6th edition),
35 # San Diego: ACS Publications, Inc. (2003).
36 #
37 # Gwillim Law writes that a good source
38 # for recent time zone data is the International Air Transport
39 # Association's Standard Schedules Information Manual (IATA SSIM),
40 # published semiannually. Law sent in several helpful summaries
41 # of the IATA's data after 1990.
42 #
43 # Except where otherwise noted, Shanks & Pottenger is the source for
44 # entries through 1991, and IATA SSIM is the source for entries afterwards.
45 #
46 # Other sources occasionally used include:
47 #
48 # Edward W. Whitman, World Time Differences,
49 # Whitman Publishing Co, 2 Niagara Av, Ealing, London (undated),
50 # which I found in the UCLA library.
51 #
52 # <a href="http://www.pettswoodvillage.co.uk/Daylight_Savings_William_Willett.pdf">
53 # William Willett, The Waste of Daylight, 19th edition
54 # </a> (1914-03)
55 #
56 # Milne J. Civil time. Geogr J. 1899 Feb;13(2):173-94
57 # <http://www.jstor.org/stable/1774359>. He writes:
58 # "It is requested that corrections and additions to these tables
59 # may be sent to Mr. John Milne, Royal Geographical Society,
60 # Savile Row, London." Nowadays please email them to tz@iana.org.
61 #
62 # Brazil's Departamento Servico da Hora (DSH),
63 # <a href="http://pcdsh01.on.br/HISTHV.htm">
64 # History of Summer Time
65 # </a> (1998-09-21, in Portuguese)
66
67 #
68 # I invented the abbreviations marked '*' in the following table;
69 # the rest are from earlier versions of this file, or from other sources.
70 # Corrections are welcome!
71 # std dst 2dst
72 # LMT Local Mean Time
73 # -4:00 AST ADT Atlantic
74 # -3:00 WGT WGST Western Greenland*
75 # -1:00 EGT EGST Eastern Greenland*
76 # 0:00 GMT BST BDST Greenwich, British Summer
77 # 0:00 GMT IST Greenwich, Irish Summer
78 # 0:00 WET WEST WEMT Western Europe
79 # 0:19:32.13 AMT NST Amsterdam, Netherlands Summer (1835-1937)*
80 # 0:20 NET NEST Netherlands (1937-1940)*
81 # 1:00 CET CEST CEMT Central Europe
82 # 1:00:14 SET Swedish (1879-1899)*
83 # 2:00 EET EEST Eastern Europe
84 # 3:00 MSK MSD Moscow
85 #
86 # A reliable and entertaining source about time zones, especially in Britain,
87 # Derek Howse, Greenwich time and longitude, Philip Wilson Publishers (1997).
88
89 # From Peter Ilieve (1994-12-04),
90 # The original six [EU members]: Belgium, France, (West) Germany, Italy,
91 # Luxembourg, the Netherlands.
92 # Plus, from 1 Jan 73: Denmark, Ireland, United Kingdom.
93 # Plus, from 1 Jan 81: Greece.
94 # Plus, from 1 Jan 86: Spain, Portugal.
95 # Plus, from 1 Jan 95: Austria, Finland, Sweden. (Norway negotiated terms for
96 # entry but in a referendum on 28 Nov 94 the people voted No by 52.2% to 47.8%
97 # on a turnout of 88.6%. This was almost the same result as Norway's previous
98 # referendum in 1972, they are the only country to have said No twice.
99 # Referendums in the other three countries voted Yes.)
100 # ...
101 # Estonia ... uses EU dates but not at 01:00 GMT, they use midnight GMT.
102 # I don't think they know yet what they will do from 1996 onwards.
103 # ...
104 # There shouldn't be any [current members who are not using EU rules].
105 # A Directive has the force of law, member states are obliged to enact
106 # national law to implement it. The only contentious issue was the
107 # different end date for the UK and Ireland, and this was always allowed
108 # in the Directive.
109
110
111 ###############################################################################
112
113 # Britain (United Kingdom) and Ireland (Eire)
114
115 # From Peter Ilieve (1994-07-06):
116 #
117 # On 17 Jan 1994 the Independent, a UK quality newspaper, had a piece about
118 # historical vistas along the Thames in west London. There was a photo
119 # and a sketch map showing some of the sightlines involved. One paragraph
120 # of the text said:
121 #
122 # 'An old stone obelisk marking a forgotten terrestrial meridian stands
123 # beside the river at Kew. In the 18th century, before time and longitude
124 # was standardised by the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, scholars observed
125 # this stone and the movement of stars from Kew Observatory nearby. They
126 # made their calculations and set the time for the Horse Guards and Parliament,
127 # but now the stone is obscured by scrubwood and can only be seen by walking
128 # along the towpath within a few yards of it.'
129 #
130 # I have a one inch to one mile map of London and my estimate of the stone's
131 # position is 51 deg. 28' 30" N, 0 deg. 18' 45" W. The longitude should
132 # be within about +-2". The Ordnance Survey grid reference is TQ172761.
133 #
134 # [This yields GMTOFF = -0:01:15 for London LMT in the 18th century.]
135
136 # From Paul Eggert (1993-11-18):
137 #
138 # Howse writes that Britain was the first country to use standard time.
139 # The railways cared most about the inconsistencies of local mean time,
140 # and it was they who forced a uniform time on the country.
141 # The original idea was credited to Dr. William Hyde Wollaston (1766-1828)
142 # and was popularized by Abraham Follett Osler (1808-1903).
143 # The first railway to adopt London time was the Great Western Railway
144 # in November 1840; other railways followed suit, and by 1847 most
145 # (though not all) railways used London time. On 1847-09-22 the
146 # Railway Clearing House, an industry standards body, recommended that GMT be
147 # adopted at all stations as soon as the General Post Office permitted it.
148 # The transition occurred on 12-01 for the L&NW, the Caledonian,
149 # and presumably other railways; the January 1848 Bradshaw's lists many
150 # railways as using GMT. By 1855 the vast majority of public
151 # clocks in Britain were set to GMT (though some, like the great clock
152 # on Tom Tower at Christ Church, Oxford, were fitted with two minute hands,
153 # one for local time and one for GMT). The last major holdout was the legal
154 # system, which stubbornly stuck to local time for many years, leading
155 # to oddities like polls opening at 08:13 and closing at 16:13.
156 # The legal system finally switched to GMT when the Statutes (Definition
157 # of Time) Act took effect; it received the Royal Assent on 1880-08-02.
158 #
159 # In the tables below, we condense this complicated story into a single
160 # transition date for London, namely 1847-12-01. We don't know as much
161 # about Dublin, so we use 1880-08-02, the legal transition time.
162
163 # From Paul Eggert (2003-09-27):
164 # Summer Time was first seriously proposed by William Willett (1857-1915),
165 # a London builder and member of the Royal Astronomical Society
166 # who circulated a pamphlet "The Waste of Daylight" (1907)
167 # that proposed advancing clocks 20 minutes on each of four Sundays in April,
168 # and retarding them by the same amount on four Sundays in September.
169 # A bill was drafted in 1909 and introduced in Parliament several times,
170 # but it met with ridicule and opposition, especially from farming interests.
171 # Later editions of the pamphlet proposed one-hour summer time, and
172 # it was eventually adopted as a wartime measure in 1916.
173 # See: Summer Time Arrives Early, The Times (2000-05-18).
174 # A monument to Willett was unveiled on 1927-05-21, in an open space in
175 # a 45-acre wood near Chislehurst, Kent that was purchased by popular
176 # subscription and open to the public. On the south face of the monolith,
177 # designed by G. W. Miller, is the...William Willett Memorial Sundial,
178 # which is permanently set to Summer Time.
179
180 # From Winston Churchill (1934-04-28):
181 # It is one of the paradoxes of history that we should owe the boon of
182 # summer time, which gives every year to the people of this country
183 # between 160 and 170 hours more daylight leisure, to a war which
184 # plunged Europe into darkness for four years, and shook the
185 # foundations of civilization throughout the world.
186 # -- <a href="http://www.winstonchurchill.org/fh114willett.htm">
187 # "A Silent Toast to William Willett", Pictorial Weekly
188 # </a>
189
190 # From Paul Eggert (1996-09-03):
191 # The OED Supplement says that the English originally said "Daylight Saving"
192 # when they were debating the adoption of DST in 1908; but by 1916 this
193 # term appears only in quotes taken from DST's opponents, whereas the
194 # proponents (who eventually won the argument) are quoted as using "Summer".
195
196 # From Arthur David Olson (1989-01-19):
197 #
198 # A source at the British Information Office in New York avers that it's
199 # known as "British" Summer Time in all parts of the United Kingdom.
200
201 # Date: 4 Jan 89 08:57:25 GMT (Wed)
202 # From: Jonathan Leffler
203 # [British Summer Time] is fixed annually by Act of Parliament.
204 # If you can predict what Parliament will do, you should be in
205 # politics making a fortune, not computing.
206
207 # From Chris Carrier (1996-06-14):
208 # I remember reading in various wartime issues of the London Times the
209 # acronym BDST for British Double Summer Time. Look for the published
210 # time of sunrise and sunset in The Times, when BDST was in effect, and
211 # if you find a zone reference it will say, "All times B.D.S.T."
212
213 # From Joseph S. Myers (1999-09-02):
214 # ... some military cables (WO 219/4100 - this is a copy from the
215 # main SHAEF archives held in the US National Archives, SHAEF/5252/8/516)
216 # agree that the usage is BDST (this appears in a message dated 17 Feb 1945).
217
218 # From Joseph S. Myers (2000-10-03):
219 # On 18th April 1941, Sir Stephen Tallents of the BBC wrote to Sir
220 # Alexander Maxwell of the Home Office asking whether there was any
221 # official designation; the reply of the 21st was that there wasn't
222 # but he couldn't think of anything better than the "Double British
223 # Summer Time" that the BBC had been using informally.
224 # http://student.cusu.cam.ac.uk/~jsm28/british-time/bbc-19410418.png
225 # http://student.cusu.cam.ac.uk/~jsm28/british-time/ho-19410421.png
226
227 # From Sir Alexander Maxwell in the above-mentioned letter (1941-04-21):
228 # [N]o official designation has as far as I know been adopted for the time
229 # which is to be introduced in May....
230 # I cannot think of anything better than "Double British Summer Time"
231 # which could not be said to run counter to any official description.
232
233 # From Paul Eggert (2000-10-02):
234 # Howse writes (p 157) 'DBST' too, but 'BDST' seems to have been common
235 # and follows the more usual convention of putting the location name first,
236 # so we use 'BDST'.
237
238 # Peter Ilieve (1998-04-19) described at length
239 # the history of summer time legislation in the United Kingdom.
240 # Since 1998 Joseph S. Myers has been updating
241 # and extending this list, which can be found in
242 # http://student.cusu.cam.ac.uk/~jsm28/british-time/
243 # <a href="http://www.polyomino.org.uk/british-time/">
244 # History of legal time in Britain
245 # </a>
246 # Rob Crowther (2012-01-04) reports that that URL no longer
247 # exists, and the article can now be found at:
248 # <a href="http://www.polyomino.org.uk/british-time/">
249 # http://www.polyomino.org.uk/british-time/
250 # </a>
251
252 # From Joseph S. Myers (1998-01-06):
253 #
254 # The legal time in the UK outside of summer time is definitely GMT, not UTC;
255 # see Lord Tanlaw's speech
256 # <a href="http://www.parliament.the-stationery-office.co.uk/pa/ld199697/ldhansrd/pdvn/lds97/text/70611-20.htm#70611-20_head0">
257 # (Lords Hansard 11 June 1997 columns 964 to 976)
258 # </a>.
259
260 # From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):
261 #
262 # For lack of other data, follow Shanks & Pottenger for Eire in 1940-1948.
263 #
264 # Given Ilieve and Myers's data, the following claims by Shanks & Pottenger
265 # are incorrect:
266 # * Wales did not switch from GMT to daylight saving time until
267 # 1921 Apr 3, when they began to conform with the rest of Great Britain.
268 # Actually, Wales was identical after 1880.
269 # * Eire had two transitions on 1916 Oct 1.
270 # It actually just had one transition.
271 # * Northern Ireland used single daylight saving time throughout WW II.
272 # Actually, it conformed to Britain.
273 # * GB-Eire changed standard time to 1 hour ahead of GMT on 1968-02-18.
274 # Actually, that date saw the usual switch to summer time.
275 # Standard time was not changed until 1968-10-27 (the clocks didn't change).
276 #
277 # Here is another incorrect claim by Shanks & Pottenger:
278 # * Jersey, Guernsey, and the Isle of Man did not switch from GMT
279 # to daylight saving time until 1921 Apr 3, when they began to
280 # conform with Great Britain.
281 # S.R.&O. 1916, No. 382 and HO 45/10811/312364 (quoted above) say otherwise.
282 #
283 # The following claim by Shanks & Pottenger is possible though doubtful;
284 # we'll ignore it for now.
285 # * Dublin's 1971-10-31 switch was at 02:00, even though London's was 03:00.
286 #
287 #
288 # Whitman says Dublin Mean Time was -0:25:21, which is more precise than
289 # Shanks & Pottenger.
290 # Perhaps this was Dunsink Observatory Time, as Dunsink Observatory
291 # (8 km NW of Dublin's center) seemingly was to Dublin as Greenwich was
292 # to London. For example:
293 #
294 # "Timeball on the ballast office is down. Dunsink time."
295 # -- James Joyce, Ulysses
296
297 # From Joseph S. Myers (2005-01-26):
298 # Irish laws are available online at www.irishstatutebook.ie. These include
299 # various relating to legal time, for example:
300 #
301 # ZZA13Y1923.html ZZA12Y1924.html ZZA8Y1925.html ZZSIV20PG1267.html
302 #
303 # ZZSI71Y1947.html ZZSI128Y1948.html ZZSI23Y1949.html ZZSI41Y1950.html
304 # ZZSI27Y1951.html ZZSI73Y1952.html
305 #
306 # ZZSI11Y1961.html ZZSI232Y1961.html ZZSI182Y1962.html
307 # ZZSI167Y1963.html ZZSI257Y1964.html ZZSI198Y1967.html
308 # ZZA23Y1968.html ZZA17Y1971.html
309 #
310 # ZZSI67Y1981.html ZZSI212Y1982.html ZZSI45Y1986.html
311 # ZZSI264Y1988.html ZZSI52Y1990.html ZZSI371Y1992.html
312 # ZZSI395Y1994.html ZZSI484Y1997.html ZZSI506Y2001.html
313 #
314 # [These are all relative to the root, e.g., the first is
315 # <http://www.irishstatutebook.ie/ZZA13Y1923.html>.]
316 #
317 # (These are those I found, but there could be more. In any case these
318 # should allow various updates to the comments in the europe file to cover
319 # the laws applicable in Ireland.)
320 #
321 # (Note that the time in the Republic of Ireland since 1968 has been defined
322 # in terms of standard time being GMT+1 with a period of winter time when it
323 # is GMT, rather than standard time being GMT with a period of summer time
324 # being GMT+1.)
325
326 # From Paul Eggert (1999-03-28):
327 # Clive Feather (<news:859845706.26043.0@office.demon.net>, 1997-03-31)
328 # reports that Folkestone (Cheriton) Shuttle Terminal uses Concession Time
329 # (CT), equivalent to French civil time.
330 # Julian Hill (<news:36118128.5A14@virgin.net>, 1998-09-30) reports that
331 # trains between Dollands Moor (the freight facility next door)
332 # and Frethun run in CT.
333 # My admittedly uninformed guess is that the terminal has two authorities,
334 # the French concession operators and the British civil authorities,
335 # and that the time depends on who you're talking to.
336 # If, say, the British police were called to the station for some reason,
337 # I would expect the official police report to use GMT/BST and not CET/CEST.
338 # This is a borderline case, but for now let's stick to GMT/BST.
339
340 # From an anonymous contributor (1996-06-02):
341 # The law governing time in Ireland is under Statutory Instrument SI 395/94,
342 # which gives force to European Union 7th Council Directive # 94/21/EC.
343 # Under this directive, the Minister for Justice in Ireland makes appropriate
344 # regulations. I spoke this morning with the Secretary of the Department of
345 # Justice (tel +353 1 678 9711) who confirmed to me that the correct name is
346 # "Irish Summer Time", abbreviated to "IST".
347
348 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
349 # Summer Time Act, 1916
350 Rule GB-Eire 1916 only - May 21 2:00s 1:00 BST
351 Rule GB-Eire 1916 only - Oct 1 2:00s 0 GMT
352 # S.R.&O. 1917, No. 358
353 Rule GB-Eire 1917 only - Apr 8 2:00s 1:00 BST
354 Rule GB-Eire 1917 only - Sep 17 2:00s 0 GMT
355 # S.R.&O. 1918, No. 274
356 Rule GB-Eire 1918 only - Mar 24 2:00s 1:00 BST
357 Rule GB-Eire 1918 only - Sep 30 2:00s 0 GMT
358 # S.R.&O. 1919, No. 297
359 Rule GB-Eire 1919 only - Mar 30 2:00s 1:00 BST
360 Rule GB-Eire 1919 only - Sep 29 2:00s 0 GMT
361 # S.R.&O. 1920, No. 458
362 Rule GB-Eire 1920 only - Mar 28 2:00s 1:00 BST
363 # S.R.&O. 1920, No. 1844
364 Rule GB-Eire 1920 only - Oct 25 2:00s 0 GMT
365 # S.R.&O. 1921, No. 363
366 Rule GB-Eire 1921 only - Apr 3 2:00s 1:00 BST
367 Rule GB-Eire 1921 only - Oct 3 2:00s 0 GMT
368 # S.R.&O. 1922, No. 264
369 Rule GB-Eire 1922 only - Mar 26 2:00s 1:00 BST
370 Rule GB-Eire 1922 only - Oct 8 2:00s 0 GMT
371 # The Summer Time Act, 1922
372 Rule GB-Eire 1923 only - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST
373 Rule GB-Eire 1923 1924 - Sep Sun>=16 2:00s 0 GMT
374 Rule GB-Eire 1924 only - Apr Sun>=9 2:00s 1:00 BST
375 Rule GB-Eire 1925 1926 - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST
376 # The Summer Time Act, 1925
377 Rule GB-Eire 1925 1938 - Oct Sun>=2 2:00s 0 GMT
378 Rule GB-Eire 1927 only - Apr Sun>=9 2:00s 1:00 BST
379 Rule GB-Eire 1928 1929 - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST
380 Rule GB-Eire 1930 only - Apr Sun>=9 2:00s 1:00 BST
381 Rule GB-Eire 1931 1932 - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST
382 Rule GB-Eire 1933 only - Apr Sun>=9 2:00s 1:00 BST
383 Rule GB-Eire 1934 only - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST
384 Rule GB-Eire 1935 only - Apr Sun>=9 2:00s 1:00 BST
385 Rule GB-Eire 1936 1937 - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST
386 Rule GB-Eire 1938 only - Apr Sun>=9 2:00s 1:00 BST
387 Rule GB-Eire 1939 only - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST
388 # S.R.&O. 1939, No. 1379
389 Rule GB-Eire 1939 only - Nov Sun>=16 2:00s 0 GMT
390 # S.R.&O. 1940, No. 172 and No. 1883
391 Rule GB-Eire 1940 only - Feb Sun>=23 2:00s 1:00 BST
392 # S.R.&O. 1941, No. 476
393 Rule GB-Eire 1941 only - May Sun>=2 1:00s 2:00 BDST
394 Rule GB-Eire 1941 1943 - Aug Sun>=9 1:00s 1:00 BST
395 # S.R.&O. 1942, No. 506
396 Rule GB-Eire 1942 1944 - Apr Sun>=2 1:00s 2:00 BDST
397 # S.R.&O. 1944, No. 932
398 Rule GB-Eire 1944 only - Sep Sun>=16 1:00s 1:00 BST
399 # S.R.&O. 1945, No. 312
400 Rule GB-Eire 1945 only - Apr Mon>=2 1:00s 2:00 BDST
401 Rule GB-Eire 1945 only - Jul Sun>=9 1:00s 1:00 BST
402 # S.R.&O. 1945, No. 1208
403 Rule GB-Eire 1945 1946 - Oct Sun>=2 2:00s 0 GMT
404 Rule GB-Eire 1946 only - Apr Sun>=9 2:00s 1:00 BST
405 # The Summer Time Act, 1947
406 Rule GB-Eire 1947 only - Mar 16 2:00s 1:00 BST
407 Rule GB-Eire 1947 only - Apr 13 1:00s 2:00 BDST
408 Rule GB-Eire 1947 only - Aug 10 1:00s 1:00 BST
409 Rule GB-Eire 1947 only - Nov 2 2:00s 0 GMT
410 # Summer Time Order, 1948 (S.I. 1948/495)
411 Rule GB-Eire 1948 only - Mar 14 2:00s 1:00 BST
412 Rule GB-Eire 1948 only - Oct 31 2:00s 0 GMT
413 # Summer Time Order, 1949 (S.I. 1949/373)
414 Rule GB-Eire 1949 only - Apr 3 2:00s 1:00 BST
415 Rule GB-Eire 1949 only - Oct 30 2:00s 0 GMT
416 # Summer Time Order, 1950 (S.I. 1950/518)
417 # Summer Time Order, 1951 (S.I. 1951/430)
418 # Summer Time Order, 1952 (S.I. 1952/451)
419 Rule GB-Eire 1950 1952 - Apr Sun>=14 2:00s 1:00 BST
420 Rule GB-Eire 1950 1952 - Oct Sun>=21 2:00s 0 GMT
421 # revert to the rules of the Summer Time Act, 1925
422 Rule GB-Eire 1953 only - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST
423 Rule GB-Eire 1953 1960 - Oct Sun>=2 2:00s 0 GMT
424 Rule GB-Eire 1954 only - Apr Sun>=9 2:00s 1:00 BST
425 Rule GB-Eire 1955 1956 - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST
426 Rule GB-Eire 1957 only - Apr Sun>=9 2:00s 1:00 BST
427 Rule GB-Eire 1958 1959 - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST
428 Rule GB-Eire 1960 only - Apr Sun>=9 2:00s 1:00 BST
429 # Summer Time Order, 1961 (S.I. 1961/71)
430 # Summer Time (1962) Order, 1961 (S.I. 1961/2465)
431 # Summer Time Order, 1963 (S.I. 1963/81)
432 Rule GB-Eire 1961 1963 - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 BST
433 Rule GB-Eire 1961 1968 - Oct Sun>=23 2:00s 0 GMT
434 # Summer Time (1964) Order, 1963 (S.I. 1963/2101)
435 # Summer Time Order, 1964 (S.I. 1964/1201)
436 # Summer Time Order, 1967 (S.I. 1967/1148)
437 Rule GB-Eire 1964 1967 - Mar Sun>=19 2:00s 1:00 BST
438 # Summer Time Order, 1968 (S.I. 1968/117)
439 Rule GB-Eire 1968 only - Feb 18 2:00s 1:00 BST
440 # The British Standard Time Act, 1968
441 # (no summer time)
442 # The Summer Time Act, 1972
443 Rule GB-Eire 1972 1980 - Mar Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST
444 Rule GB-Eire 1972 1980 - Oct Sun>=23 2:00s 0 GMT
445 # Summer Time Order, 1980 (S.I. 1980/1089)
446 # Summer Time Order, 1982 (S.I. 1982/1673)
447 # Summer Time Order, 1986 (S.I. 1986/223)
448 # Summer Time Order, 1988 (S.I. 1988/931)
449 Rule GB-Eire 1981 1995 - Mar lastSun 1:00u 1:00 BST
450 Rule GB-Eire 1981 1989 - Oct Sun>=23 1:00u 0 GMT
451 # Summer Time Order, 1989 (S.I. 1989/985)
452 # Summer Time Order, 1992 (S.I. 1992/1729)
453 # Summer Time Order 1994 (S.I. 1994/2798)
454 Rule GB-Eire 1990 1995 - Oct Sun>=22 1:00u 0 GMT
455 # Summer Time Order 1997 (S.I. 1997/2982)
456 # See EU for rules starting in 1996.
457 #
458 # Use Europe/London for Jersey, Guernsey, and the Isle of Man.
459
460 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
461 Zone Europe/London -0:01:15 - LMT 1847 Dec 1 0:00s
462 0:00 GB-Eire %s 1968 Oct 27
463 1:00 - BST 1971 Oct 31 2:00u
464 0:00 GB-Eire %s 1996
465 0:00 EU GMT/BST
466 Link Europe/London Europe/Jersey
467 Link Europe/London Europe/Guernsey
468 Link Europe/London Europe/Isle_of_Man
469 Zone Europe/Dublin -0:25:00 - LMT 1880 Aug 2
470 -0:25:21 - DMT 1916 May 21 2:00
471 -0:25:21 1:00 IST 1916 Oct 1 2:00s
472 0:00 GB-Eire %s 1921 Dec 6 # independence
473 0:00 GB-Eire GMT/IST 1940 Feb 25 2:00
474 0:00 1:00 IST 1946 Oct 6 2:00
475 0:00 - GMT 1947 Mar 16 2:00
476 0:00 1:00 IST 1947 Nov 2 2:00
477 0:00 - GMT 1948 Apr 18 2:00
478 0:00 GB-Eire GMT/IST 1968 Oct 27
479 1:00 - IST 1971 Oct 31 2:00u
480 0:00 GB-Eire GMT/IST 1996
481 0:00 EU GMT/IST
482
483 ###############################################################################
484
485 # Europe
486
487 # EU rules are for the European Union, previously known as the EC, EEC,
488 # Common Market, etc.
489
490 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
491 Rule EU 1977 1980 - Apr Sun>=1 1:00u 1:00 S
492 Rule EU 1977 only - Sep lastSun 1:00u 0 -
493 Rule EU 1978 only - Oct 1 1:00u 0 -
494 Rule EU 1979 1995 - Sep lastSun 1:00u 0 -
495 Rule EU 1981 max - Mar lastSun 1:00u 1:00 S
496 Rule EU 1996 max - Oct lastSun 1:00u 0 -
497 # The most recent directive covers the years starting in 2002. See:
498 # <a="http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=CELEX:32000L0084:EN:NOT">
499 # Directive 2000/84/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council
500 # of 19 January 2001 on summer-time arrangements.
501 # </a>
502
503 # W-Eur differs from EU only in that W-Eur uses standard time.
504 Rule W-Eur 1977 1980 - Apr Sun>=1 1:00s 1:00 S
505 Rule W-Eur 1977 only - Sep lastSun 1:00s 0 -
506 Rule W-Eur 1978 only - Oct 1 1:00s 0 -
507 Rule W-Eur 1979 1995 - Sep lastSun 1:00s 0 -
508 Rule W-Eur 1981 max - Mar lastSun 1:00s 1:00 S
509 Rule W-Eur 1996 max - Oct lastSun 1:00s 0 -
510
511 # Older C-Eur rules are for convenience in the tables.
512 # From 1977 on, C-Eur differs from EU only in that C-Eur uses standard time.
513 Rule C-Eur 1916 only - Apr 30 23:00 1:00 S
514 Rule C-Eur 1916 only - Oct 1 1:00 0 -
515 Rule C-Eur 1917 1918 - Apr Mon>=15 2:00s 1:00 S
516 Rule C-Eur 1917 1918 - Sep Mon>=15 2:00s 0 -
517 Rule C-Eur 1940 only - Apr 1 2:00s 1:00 S
518 Rule C-Eur 1942 only - Nov 2 2:00s 0 -
519 Rule C-Eur 1943 only - Mar 29 2:00s 1:00 S
520 Rule C-Eur 1943 only - Oct 4 2:00s 0 -
521 Rule C-Eur 1944 1945 - Apr Mon>=1 2:00s 1:00 S
522 # Whitman gives 1944 Oct 7; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
523 Rule C-Eur 1944 only - Oct 2 2:00s 0 -
524 # From Jesper Norgaard Welen (2008-07-13):
525 #
526 # I found what is probably a typo of 2:00 which should perhaps be 2:00s
527 # in the C-Eur rule from tz database version 2008d (this part was
528 # corrected in version 2008d). The circumstancial evidence is simply the
529 # tz database itself, as seen below:
530 #
531 # Zone Europe/Paris 0:09:21 - LMT 1891 Mar 15 0:01
532 # 0:00 France WE%sT 1945 Sep 16 3:00
533 #
534 # Zone Europe/Monaco 0:29:32 - LMT 1891 Mar 15
535 # 0:00 France WE%sT 1945 Sep 16 3:00
536 #
537 # Zone Europe/Belgrade 1:22:00 - LMT 1884
538 # 1:00 1:00 CEST 1945 Sep 16 2:00s
539 #
540 # Rule France 1945 only - Sep 16 3:00 0 -
541 # Rule Belgium 1945 only - Sep 16 2:00s 0 -
542 # Rule Neth 1945 only - Sep 16 2:00s 0 -
543 #
544 # The rule line to be changed is:
545 #
546 # Rule C-Eur 1945 only - Sep 16 2:00 0 -
547 #
548 # It seems that Paris, Monaco, Rule France, Rule Belgium all agree on
549 # 2:00 standard time, e.g. 3:00 local time. However there are no
550 # countries that use C-Eur rules in September 1945, so the only items
551 # affected are apparently these fictitious zones that translate acronyms
552 # CET and MET:
553 #
554 # Zone CET 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT
555 # Zone MET 1:00 C-Eur ME%sT
556 #
557 # It this is right then the corrected version would look like:
558 #
559 # Rule C-Eur 1945 only - Sep 16 2:00s 0 -
560 #
561 # A small step for mankind though 8-)
562 Rule C-Eur 1945 only - Sep 16 2:00s 0 -
563 Rule C-Eur 1977 1980 - Apr Sun>=1 2:00s 1:00 S
564 Rule C-Eur 1977 only - Sep lastSun 2:00s 0 -
565 Rule C-Eur 1978 only - Oct 1 2:00s 0 -
566 Rule C-Eur 1979 1995 - Sep lastSun 2:00s 0 -
567 Rule C-Eur 1981 max - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 S
568 Rule C-Eur 1996 max - Oct lastSun 2:00s 0 -
569
570 # E-Eur differs from EU only in that E-Eur switches at midnight local time.
571 Rule E-Eur 1977 1980 - Apr Sun>=1 0:00 1:00 S
572 Rule E-Eur 1977 only - Sep lastSun 0:00 0 -
573 Rule E-Eur 1978 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
574 Rule E-Eur 1979 1995 - Sep lastSun 0:00 0 -
575 Rule E-Eur 1981 max - Mar lastSun 0:00 1:00 S
576 Rule E-Eur 1996 max - Oct lastSun 0:00 0 -
577
578 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
579 Rule Russia 1917 only - Jul 1 23:00 1:00 MST # Moscow Summer Time
580 Rule Russia 1917 only - Dec 28 0:00 0 MMT # Moscow Mean Time
581 Rule Russia 1918 only - May 31 22:00 2:00 MDST # Moscow Double Summer Time
582 Rule Russia 1918 only - Sep 16 1:00 1:00 MST
583 Rule Russia 1919 only - May 31 23:00 2:00 MDST
584 Rule Russia 1919 only - Jul 1 2:00 1:00 S
585 Rule Russia 1919 only - Aug 16 0:00 0 -
586 Rule Russia 1921 only - Feb 14 23:00 1:00 S
587 Rule Russia 1921 only - Mar 20 23:00 2:00 M # Midsummer
588 Rule Russia 1921 only - Sep 1 0:00 1:00 S
589 Rule Russia 1921 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
590 # Act No.925 of the Council of Ministers of the USSR (1980-10-24):
591 Rule Russia 1981 1984 - Apr 1 0:00 1:00 S
592 Rule Russia 1981 1983 - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
593 # Act No.967 of the Council of Ministers of the USSR (1984-09-13), repeated in
594 # Act No.227 of the Council of Ministers of the USSR (1989-03-14):
595 Rule Russia 1984 1991 - Sep lastSun 2:00s 0 -
596 Rule Russia 1985 1991 - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 S
597 #
598 Rule Russia 1992 only - Mar lastSat 23:00 1:00 S
599 Rule Russia 1992 only - Sep lastSat 23:00 0 -
600 Rule Russia 1993 2010 - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 S
601 Rule Russia 1993 1995 - Sep lastSun 2:00s 0 -
602 Rule Russia 1996 2010 - Oct lastSun 2:00s 0 -
603
604 # From Alexander Krivenyshev (2011-06-14):
605 # According to Kremlin press service, Russian President Dmitry Medvedev
606 # signed a federal law "On calculation of time" on June 9, 2011.
607 # According to the law Russia is abolishing daylight saving time.
608 #
609 # Medvedev signed a law "On the Calculation of Time" (in russian):
610 # <a href="http://bmockbe.ru/events/?ID=7583">
611 # http://bmockbe.ru/events/?ID=7583
612 # </a>
613 #
614 # Medvedev signed a law on the calculation of the time (in russian):
615 # <a href="http://www.regnum.ru/news/polit/1413906.html">
616 # http://www.regnum.ru/news/polit/1413906.html
617 # </a>
618
619 # From Arthur David Olson (2011-06-15):
620 # Take "abolishing daylight saving time" to mean that time is now considered
621 # to be standard.
622
623 # These are for backward compatibility with older versions.
624
625 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
626 Zone WET 0:00 EU WE%sT
627 Zone CET 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT
628 Zone MET 1:00 C-Eur ME%sT
629 Zone EET 2:00 EU EE%sT
630
631 # Previous editions of this database used abbreviations like MET DST
632 # for Central European Summer Time, but this didn't agree with common usage.
633
634 # From Markus Kuhn (1996-07-12):
635 # The official German names ... are
636 #
637 # Mitteleuropaeische Zeit (MEZ) = UTC+01:00
638 # Mitteleuropaeische Sommerzeit (MESZ) = UTC+02:00
639 #
640 # as defined in the German Time Act (Gesetz ueber die Zeitbestimmung (ZeitG),
641 # 1978-07-25, Bundesgesetzblatt, Jahrgang 1978, Teil I, S. 1110-1111)....
642 # I wrote ... to the German Federal Physical-Technical Institution
643 #
644 # Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB)
645 # Laboratorium 4.41 "Zeiteinheit"
646 # Postfach 3345
647 # D-38023 Braunschweig
648 # phone: +49 531 592-0
649 #
650 # ... I received today an answer letter from Dr. Peter Hetzel, head of the PTB
651 # department for time and frequency transmission. He explained that the
652 # PTB translates MEZ and MESZ into English as
653 #
654 # Central European Time (CET) = UTC+01:00
655 # Central European Summer Time (CEST) = UTC+02:00
656
657
658 # Albania
659 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
660 Rule Albania 1940 only - Jun 16 0:00 1:00 S
661 Rule Albania 1942 only - Nov 2 3:00 0 -
662 Rule Albania 1943 only - Mar 29 2:00 1:00 S
663 Rule Albania 1943 only - Apr 10 3:00 0 -
664 Rule Albania 1974 only - May 4 0:00 1:00 S
665 Rule Albania 1974 only - Oct 2 0:00 0 -
666 Rule Albania 1975 only - May 1 0:00 1:00 S
667 Rule Albania 1975 only - Oct 2 0:00 0 -
668 Rule Albania 1976 only - May 2 0:00 1:00 S
669 Rule Albania 1976 only - Oct 3 0:00 0 -
670 Rule Albania 1977 only - May 8 0:00 1:00 S
671 Rule Albania 1977 only - Oct 2 0:00 0 -
672 Rule Albania 1978 only - May 6 0:00 1:00 S
673 Rule Albania 1978 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
674 Rule Albania 1979 only - May 5 0:00 1:00 S
675 Rule Albania 1979 only - Sep 30 0:00 0 -
676 Rule Albania 1980 only - May 3 0:00 1:00 S
677 Rule Albania 1980 only - Oct 4 0:00 0 -
678 Rule Albania 1981 only - Apr 26 0:00 1:00 S
679 Rule Albania 1981 only - Sep 27 0:00 0 -
680 Rule Albania 1982 only - May 2 0:00 1:00 S
681 Rule Albania 1982 only - Oct 3 0:00 0 -
682 Rule Albania 1983 only - Apr 18 0:00 1:00 S
683 Rule Albania 1983 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
684 Rule Albania 1984 only - Apr 1 0:00 1:00 S
685 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
686 Zone Europe/Tirane 1:19:20 - LMT 1914
687 1:00 - CET 1940 Jun 16
688 1:00 Albania CE%sT 1984 Jul
689 1:00 EU CE%sT
690
691 # Andorra
692 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
693 Zone Europe/Andorra 0:06:04 - LMT 1901
694 0:00 - WET 1946 Sep 30
695 1:00 - CET 1985 Mar 31 2:00
696 1:00 EU CE%sT
697
698 # Austria
699
700 # Milne says Vienna time was 1:05:21.
701
702 # From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22): Shanks & Pottenger give 1918-06-16 and
703 # 1945-11-18, but the Austrian Federal Office of Metrology and
704 # Surveying (BEV) gives 1918-09-16 and for Vienna gives the "alleged"
705 # date of 1945-04-12 with no time. For the 1980-04-06 transition
706 # Shanks & Pottenger give 02:00, the BEV 00:00. Go with the BEV,
707 # and guess 02:00 for 1945-04-12.
708
709 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
710 Rule Austria 1920 only - Apr 5 2:00s 1:00 S
711 Rule Austria 1920 only - Sep 13 2:00s 0 -
712 Rule Austria 1946 only - Apr 14 2:00s 1:00 S
713 Rule Austria 1946 1948 - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
714 Rule Austria 1947 only - Apr 6 2:00s 1:00 S
715 Rule Austria 1948 only - Apr 18 2:00s 1:00 S
716 Rule Austria 1980 only - Apr 6 0:00 1:00 S
717 Rule Austria 1980 only - Sep 28 0:00 0 -
718 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
719 Zone Europe/Vienna 1:05:21 - LMT 1893 Apr
720 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1920
721 1:00 Austria CE%sT 1940 Apr 1 2:00s
722 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 Apr 2 2:00s
723 1:00 1:00 CEST 1945 Apr 12 2:00s
724 1:00 - CET 1946
725 1:00 Austria CE%sT 1981
726 1:00 EU CE%sT
727
728 # Belarus
729 # From Yauhen Kharuzhy (2011-09-16):
730 # By latest Belarus government act Europe/Minsk timezone was changed to
731 # GMT+3 without DST (was GMT+2 with DST).
732 #
733 # Sources (Russian language):
734 # 1.
735 # <a href="http://www.belta.by/ru/all_news/society/V-Belarusi-otmenjaetsja-perexod-na-sezonnoe-vremja_i_572952.html">
736 # http://www.belta.by/ru/all_news/society/V-Belarusi-otmenjaetsja-perexod-na-sezonnoe-vremja_i_572952.html
737 # </a>
738 # 2.
739 # <a href="http://naviny.by/rubrics/society/2011/09/16/ic_articles_116_175144/">
740 # http://naviny.by/rubrics/society/2011/09/16/ic_articles_116_175144/
741 # </a>
742 # 3.
743 # <a href="http://news.tut.by/society/250578.html">
744 # http://news.tut.by/society/250578.html
745 # </a>
746 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
747 Zone Europe/Minsk 1:50:16 - LMT 1880
748 1:50 - MMT 1924 May 2 # Minsk Mean Time
749 2:00 - EET 1930 Jun 21
750 3:00 - MSK 1941 Jun 28
751 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Jul 3
752 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1990
753 3:00 - MSK 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
754 2:00 1:00 EEST 1991 Sep 29 2:00s
755 2:00 - EET 1992 Mar 29 0:00s
756 2:00 1:00 EEST 1992 Sep 27 0:00s
757 2:00 Russia EE%sT 2011 Mar 27 2:00s
758 3:00 - FET # Further-eastern European Time
759
760 # Belgium
761 #
762 # From Paul Eggert (1997-07-02):
763 # Entries from 1918 through 1991 are taken from:
764 # Annuaire de L'Observatoire Royal de Belgique,
765 # Avenue Circulaire, 3, B-1180 BRUXELLES, CLVIIe annee, 1991
766 # (Imprimerie HAYEZ, s.p.r.l., Rue Fin, 4, 1080 BRUXELLES, MCMXC),
767 # pp 8-9.
768 # LMT before 1892 was 0:17:30, according to the official journal of Belgium:
769 # Moniteur Belge, Samedi 30 Avril 1892, N.121.
770 # Thanks to Pascal Delmoitie for these references.
771 # The 1918 rules are listed for completeness; they apply to unoccupied Belgium.
772 # Assume Brussels switched to WET in 1918 when the armistice took effect.
773 #
774 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
775 Rule Belgium 1918 only - Mar 9 0:00s 1:00 S
776 Rule Belgium 1918 1919 - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 -
777 Rule Belgium 1919 only - Mar 1 23:00s 1:00 S
778 Rule Belgium 1920 only - Feb 14 23:00s 1:00 S
779 Rule Belgium 1920 only - Oct 23 23:00s 0 -
780 Rule Belgium 1921 only - Mar 14 23:00s 1:00 S
781 Rule Belgium 1921 only - Oct 25 23:00s 0 -
782 Rule Belgium 1922 only - Mar 25 23:00s 1:00 S
783 Rule Belgium 1922 1927 - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 -
784 Rule Belgium 1923 only - Apr 21 23:00s 1:00 S
785 Rule Belgium 1924 only - Mar 29 23:00s 1:00 S
786 Rule Belgium 1925 only - Apr 4 23:00s 1:00 S
787 # DSH writes that a royal decree of 1926-02-22 specified the Sun following 3rd
788 # Sat in Apr (except if it's Easter, in which case it's one Sunday earlier),
789 # to Sun following 1st Sat in Oct, and that a royal decree of 1928-09-15
790 # changed the transition times to 02:00 GMT.
791 Rule Belgium 1926 only - Apr 17 23:00s 1:00 S
792 Rule Belgium 1927 only - Apr 9 23:00s 1:00 S
793 Rule Belgium 1928 only - Apr 14 23:00s 1:00 S
794 Rule Belgium 1928 1938 - Oct Sun>=2 2:00s 0 -
795 Rule Belgium 1929 only - Apr 21 2:00s 1:00 S
796 Rule Belgium 1930 only - Apr 13 2:00s 1:00 S
797 Rule Belgium 1931 only - Apr 19 2:00s 1:00 S
798 Rule Belgium 1932 only - Apr 3 2:00s 1:00 S
799 Rule Belgium 1933 only - Mar 26 2:00s 1:00 S
800 Rule Belgium 1934 only - Apr 8 2:00s 1:00 S
801 Rule Belgium 1935 only - Mar 31 2:00s 1:00 S
802 Rule Belgium 1936 only - Apr 19 2:00s 1:00 S
803 Rule Belgium 1937 only - Apr 4 2:00s 1:00 S
804 Rule Belgium 1938 only - Mar 27 2:00s 1:00 S
805 Rule Belgium 1939 only - Apr 16 2:00s 1:00 S
806 Rule Belgium 1939 only - Nov 19 2:00s 0 -
807 Rule Belgium 1940 only - Feb 25 2:00s 1:00 S
808 Rule Belgium 1944 only - Sep 17 2:00s 0 -
809 Rule Belgium 1945 only - Apr 2 2:00s 1:00 S
810 Rule Belgium 1945 only - Sep 16 2:00s 0 -
811 Rule Belgium 1946 only - May 19 2:00s 1:00 S
812 Rule Belgium 1946 only - Oct 7 2:00s 0 -
813 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
814 Zone Europe/Brussels 0:17:30 - LMT 1880
815 0:17:30 - BMT 1892 May 1 12:00 # Brussels MT
816 0:00 - WET 1914 Nov 8
817 1:00 - CET 1916 May 1 0:00
818 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1918 Nov 11 11:00u
819 0:00 Belgium WE%sT 1940 May 20 2:00s
820 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Sep 3
821 1:00 Belgium CE%sT 1977
822 1:00 EU CE%sT
823
824 # Bosnia and Herzegovina
825 # See Europe/Belgrade.
826
827 # Bulgaria
828 #
829 # From Plamen Simenov via Steffen Thorsen (1999-09-09):
830 # A document of Government of Bulgaria (No.94/1997) says:
831 # EET --> EETDST is in 03:00 Local time in last Sunday of March ...
832 # EETDST --> EET is in 04:00 Local time in last Sunday of October
833 #
834 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
835 Rule Bulg 1979 only - Mar 31 23:00 1:00 S
836 Rule Bulg 1979 only - Oct 1 1:00 0 -
837 Rule Bulg 1980 1982 - Apr Sat>=1 23:00 1:00 S
838 Rule Bulg 1980 only - Sep 29 1:00 0 -
839 Rule Bulg 1981 only - Sep 27 2:00 0 -
840 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
841 Zone Europe/Sofia 1:33:16 - LMT 1880
842 1:56:56 - IMT 1894 Nov 30 # Istanbul MT?
843 2:00 - EET 1942 Nov 2 3:00
844 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945
845 1:00 - CET 1945 Apr 2 3:00
846 2:00 - EET 1979 Mar 31 23:00
847 2:00 Bulg EE%sT 1982 Sep 26 2:00
848 2:00 C-Eur EE%sT 1991
849 2:00 E-Eur EE%sT 1997
850 2:00 EU EE%sT
851
852 # Croatia
853 # See Europe/Belgrade.
854
855 # Cyprus
856 # Please see the 'asia' file for Asia/Nicosia.
857
858 # Czech Republic
859 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
860 Rule Czech 1945 only - Apr 8 2:00s 1:00 S
861 Rule Czech 1945 only - Nov 18 2:00s 0 -
862 Rule Czech 1946 only - May 6 2:00s 1:00 S
863 Rule Czech 1946 1949 - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
864 Rule Czech 1947 only - Apr 20 2:00s 1:00 S
865 Rule Czech 1948 only - Apr 18 2:00s 1:00 S
866 Rule Czech 1949 only - Apr 9 2:00s 1:00 S
867 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
868 Zone Europe/Prague 0:57:44 - LMT 1850
869 0:57:44 - PMT 1891 Oct # Prague Mean Time
870 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Sep 17 2:00s
871 1:00 Czech CE%sT 1979
872 1:00 EU CE%sT
873 # Use Europe/Prague also for Slovakia.
874
875 # Denmark, Faroe Islands, and Greenland
876
877 # From Jesper Norgaard Welen (2005-04-26):
878 # http://www.hum.aau.dk/~poe/tid/tine/DanskTid.htm says that the law
879 # [introducing standard time] was in effect from 1894-01-01....
880 # The page http://www.retsinfo.dk/_GETDOCI_/ACCN/A18930008330-REGL
881 # confirms this, and states that the law was put forth 1893-03-29.
882 #
883 # The EU treaty with effect from 1973:
884 # http://www.retsinfo.dk/_GETDOCI_/ACCN/A19722110030-REGL
885 #
886 # This provoked a new law from 1974 to make possible summer time changes
887 # in subsequenet decrees with the law
888 # http://www.retsinfo.dk/_GETDOCI_/ACCN/A19740022330-REGL
889 #
890 # It seems however that no decree was set forward until 1980. I have
891 # not found any decree, but in another related law, the effecting DST
892 # changes are stated explicitly to be from 1980-04-06 at 02:00 to
893 # 1980-09-28 at 02:00. If this is true, this differs slightly from
894 # the EU rule in that DST runs to 02:00, not 03:00. We don't know
895 # when Denmark began using the EU rule correctly, but we have only
896 # confirmation of the 1980-time, so I presume it was correct in 1981:
897 # The law is about the management of the extra hour, concerning
898 # working hours reported and effect on obligatory-rest rules (which
899 # was suspended on that night):
900 # http://www.retsinfo.dk/_GETDOCI_/ACCN/C19801120554-REGL
901
902 # From Jesper Norgaard Welen (2005-06-11):
903 # The Herning Folkeblad (1980-09-26) reported that the night between
904 # Saturday and Sunday the clock is set back from three to two.
905
906 # From Paul Eggert (2005-06-11):
907 # Hence the "02:00" of the 1980 law refers to standard time, not
908 # wall-clock time, and so the EU rules were in effect in 1980.
909
910 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
911 Rule Denmark 1916 only - May 14 23:00 1:00 S
912 Rule Denmark 1916 only - Sep 30 23:00 0 -
913 Rule Denmark 1940 only - May 15 0:00 1:00 S
914 Rule Denmark 1945 only - Apr 2 2:00s 1:00 S
915 Rule Denmark 1945 only - Aug 15 2:00s 0 -
916 Rule Denmark 1946 only - May 1 2:00s 1:00 S
917 Rule Denmark 1946 only - Sep 1 2:00s 0 -
918 Rule Denmark 1947 only - May 4 2:00s 1:00 S
919 Rule Denmark 1947 only - Aug 10 2:00s 0 -
920 Rule Denmark 1948 only - May 9 2:00s 1:00 S
921 Rule Denmark 1948 only - Aug 8 2:00s 0 -
922 #
923 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
924 Zone Europe/Copenhagen 0:50:20 - LMT 1890
925 0:50:20 - CMT 1894 Jan 1 # Copenhagen MT
926 1:00 Denmark CE%sT 1942 Nov 2 2:00s
927 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 Apr 2 2:00
928 1:00 Denmark CE%sT 1980
929 1:00 EU CE%sT
930 Zone Atlantic/Faroe -0:27:04 - LMT 1908 Jan 11 # Torshavn
931 0:00 - WET 1981
932 0:00 EU WE%sT
933 #
934 # From Paul Eggert (2004-10-31):
935 # During World War II, Germany maintained secret manned weather stations in
936 # East Greenland and Franz Josef Land, but we don't know their time zones.
937 # My source for this is Wilhelm Dege's book mentioned under Svalbard.
938 #
939 # From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):
940 # Greenland joined the EU as part of Denmark, obtained home rule on 1979-05-01,
941 # and left the EU on 1985-02-01. It therefore should have been using EU
942 # rules at least through 1984. Shanks & Pottenger say Scoresbysund and Godthab
943 # used C-Eur rules after 1980, but IATA SSIM (1991/1996) says they use EU
944 # rules since at least 1991. Assume EU rules since 1980.
945
946 # From Gwillin Law (2001-06-06), citing
947 # <http://www.statkart.no/efs/efshefter/2001/efs5-2001.pdf> (2001-03-15),
948 # and with translations corrected by Steffen Thorsen:
949 #
950 # Greenland has four local times, and the relation to UTC
951 # is according to the following time line:
952 #
953 # The military zone near Thule UTC-4
954 # Standard Greenland time UTC-3
955 # Scoresbysund UTC-1
956 # Danmarkshavn UTC
957 #
958 # In the military area near Thule and in Danmarkshavn DST will not be
959 # introduced.
960
961 # From Rives McDow (2001-11-01):
962 #
963 # I correspond regularly with the Dansk Polarcenter, and wrote them at
964 # the time to clarify the situation in Thule. Unfortunately, I have
965 # not heard back from them regarding my recent letter. [But I have
966 # info from earlier correspondence.]
967 #
968 # According to the center, a very small local time zone around Thule
969 # Air Base keeps the time according to UTC-4, implementing daylight
970 # savings using North America rules, changing the time at 02:00 local time....
971 #
972 # The east coast of Greenland north of the community of Scoresbysund
973 # uses UTC in the same way as in Iceland, year round, with no dst.
974 # There are just a few stations on this coast, including the
975 # Danmarkshavn ICAO weather station mentioned in your September 29th
976 # email. The other stations are two sledge patrol stations in
977 # Mestersvig and Daneborg, the air force base at Station Nord, and the
978 # DPC research station at Zackenberg.
979 #
980 # Scoresbysund and two small villages nearby keep time UTC-1 and use
981 # the same daylight savings time period as in West Greenland (Godthab).
982 #
983 # The rest of Greenland, including Godthab (this area, although it
984 # includes central Greenland, is known as west Greenland), keeps time
985 # UTC-3, with daylight savings methods according to European rules.
986 #
987 # It is common procedure to use UTC 0 in the wilderness of East and
988 # North Greenland, because it is mainly Icelandic aircraft operators
989 # maintaining traffic in these areas. However, the official status of
990 # this area is that it sticks with Godthab time. This area might be
991 # considered a dual time zone in some respects because of this.
992
993 # From Rives McDow (2001-11-19):
994 # I heard back from someone stationed at Thule; the time change took place
995 # there at 2:00 AM.
996
997 # From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):
998 # From 1997 on the CIA map shows Danmarkshavn on GMT;
999 # the 1995 map as like Godthab.
1000 # For lack of better info, assume they were like Godthab before 1996.
1001 # startkart.no says Thule does not observe DST, but this is clearly an error,
1002 # so go with Shanks & Pottenger for Thule transitions until this year.
1003 # For 2007 on assume Thule will stay in sync with US DST rules.
1004 #
1005 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1006 Rule Thule 1991 1992 - Mar lastSun 2:00 1:00 D
1007 Rule Thule 1991 1992 - Sep lastSun 2:00 0 S
1008 Rule Thule 1993 2006 - Apr Sun>=1 2:00 1:00 D
1009 Rule Thule 1993 2006 - Oct lastSun 2:00 0 S
1010 Rule Thule 2007 max - Mar Sun>=8 2:00 1:00 D
1011 Rule Thule 2007 max - Nov Sun>=1 2:00 0 S
1012 #
1013 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1014 Zone America/Danmarkshavn -1:14:40 - LMT 1916 Jul 28
1015 -3:00 - WGT 1980 Apr 6 2:00
1016 -3:00 EU WG%sT 1996
1017 0:00 - GMT
1018 Zone America/Scoresbysund -1:27:52 - LMT 1916 Jul 28 # Ittoqqortoormiit
1019 -2:00 - CGT 1980 Apr 6 2:00
1020 -2:00 C-Eur CG%sT 1981 Mar 29
1021 -1:00 EU EG%sT
1022 Zone America/Godthab -3:26:56 - LMT 1916 Jul 28 # Nuuk
1023 -3:00 - WGT 1980 Apr 6 2:00
1024 -3:00 EU WG%sT
1025 Zone America/Thule -4:35:08 - LMT 1916 Jul 28 # Pituffik air base
1026 -4:00 Thule A%sT
1027
1028 # Estonia
1029 # From Peter Ilieve (1994-10-15):
1030 # A relative in Tallinn confirms the accuracy of the data for 1989 onwards
1031 # [through 1994] and gives the legal authority for it,
1032 # a regulation of the Government of Estonia, No. 111 of 1989....
1033 #
1034 # From Peter Ilieve (1996-10-28):
1035 # [IATA SSIM (1992/1996) claims that the Baltic republics switch at 01:00s,
1036 # but a relative confirms that Estonia still switches at 02:00s, writing:]
1037 # "I do not [know] exactly but there are some little different
1038 # (confusing) rules for International Air and Railway Transport Schedules
1039 # conversion in Sunday connected with end of summer time in Estonia....
1040 # A discussion is running about the summer time efficiency and effect on
1041 # human physiology. It seems that Estonia maybe will not change to
1042 # summer time next spring."
1043
1044 # From Peter Ilieve (1998-11-04), heavily edited:
1045 # <a href="http://trip.rk.ee/cgi-bin/thw?${BASE}=akt&${OOHTML}=rtd&TA=1998&TO=1&AN=1390">
1046 # The 1998-09-22 Estonian time law
1047 # </a>
1048 # refers to the Eighth Directive and cites the association agreement between
1049 # the EU and Estonia, ratified by the Estonian law (RT II 1995, 22--27, 120).
1050 #
1051 # I also asked [my relative] whether they use any standard abbreviation
1052 # for their standard and summer times. He says no, they use "suveaeg"
1053 # (summer time) and "talveaeg" (winter time).
1054
1055 # From <a href="http://www.baltictimes.com/">The Baltic Times</a> (1999-09-09)
1056 # via Steffen Thorsen:
1057 # This year will mark the last time Estonia shifts to summer time,
1058 # a council of the ruling coalition announced Sept. 6....
1059 # But what this could mean for Estonia's chances of joining the European
1060 # Union are still unclear. In 1994, the EU declared summer time compulsory
1061 # for all member states until 2001. Brussels has yet to decide what to do
1062 # after that.
1063
1064 # From Mart Oruaas (2000-01-29):
1065 # Regulation no. 301 (1999-10-12) obsoletes previous regulation
1066 # no. 206 (1998-09-22) and thus sticks Estonia to +02:00 GMT for all
1067 # the year round. The regulation is effective 1999-11-01.
1068
1069 # From Toomas Soome (2002-02-21):
1070 # The Estonian government has changed once again timezone politics.
1071 # Now we are using again EU rules.
1072 #
1073 # From Urmet Jaanes (2002-03-28):
1074 # The legislative reference is Government decree No. 84 on 2002-02-21.
1075
1076 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1077 Zone Europe/Tallinn 1:39:00 - LMT 1880
1078 1:39:00 - TMT 1918 Feb # Tallinn Mean Time
1079 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1919 Jul
1080 1:39:00 - TMT 1921 May
1081 2:00 - EET 1940 Aug 6
1082 3:00 - MSK 1941 Sep 15
1083 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Sep 22
1084 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1989 Mar 26 2:00s
1085 2:00 1:00 EEST 1989 Sep 24 2:00s
1086 2:00 C-Eur EE%sT 1998 Sep 22
1087 2:00 EU EE%sT 1999 Nov 1
1088 2:00 - EET 2002 Feb 21
1089 2:00 EU EE%sT
1090
1091 # Finland
1092
1093 # From Hannu Strang (1994-09-25 06:03:37 UTC):
1094 # Well, here in Helsinki we're just changing from summer time to regular one,
1095 # and it's supposed to change at 4am...
1096
1097 # From Janne Snabb (2010-07-15):
1098 #
1099 # I noticed that the Finland data is not accurate for years 1981 and 1982.
1100 # During these two first trial years the DST adjustment was made one hour
1101 # earlier than in forthcoming years. Starting 1983 the adjustment was made
1102 # according to the central European standards.
1103 #
1104 # This is documented in Heikki Oja: Aikakirja 2007, published by The Almanac
1105 # Office of University of Helsinki, ISBN 952-10-3221-9, available online (in
1106 # Finnish) at
1107 #
1108 # <a href="http://almanakka.helsinki.fi/aikakirja/Aikakirja2007kokonaan.pdf">
1109 # http://almanakka.helsinki.fi/aikakirja/Aikakirja2007kokonaan.pdf
1110 # </a>
1111 #
1112 # Page 105 (56 in PDF version) has a handy table of all past daylight savings
1113 # transitions. It is easy enough to interpret without Finnish skills.
1114 #
1115 # This is also confirmed by Finnish Broadcasting Company's archive at:
1116 #
1117 # <a href="http://www.yle.fi/elavaarkisto/?s=s&g=1&ag=5&t=&a=3401">
1118 # http://www.yle.fi/elavaarkisto/?s=s&g=1&ag=5&t=&a=3401
1119 # </a>
1120 #
1121 # The news clip from 1981 says that "the time between 2 and 3 o'clock does not
1122 # exist tonight."
1123
1124 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1125 Rule Finland 1942 only - Apr 3 0:00 1:00 S
1126 Rule Finland 1942 only - Oct 3 0:00 0 -
1127 Rule Finland 1981 1982 - Mar lastSun 2:00 1:00 S
1128 Rule Finland 1981 1982 - Sep lastSun 3:00 0 -
1129 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1130 Zone Europe/Helsinki 1:39:52 - LMT 1878 May 31
1131 1:39:52 - HMT 1921 May # Helsinki Mean Time
1132 2:00 Finland EE%sT 1983
1133 2:00 EU EE%sT
1134
1135 # Aaland Is
1136 Link Europe/Helsinki Europe/Mariehamn
1137
1138
1139 # France
1140
1141 # From Ciro Discepolo (2000-12-20):
1142 #
1143 # Henri Le Corre, Regimes Horaires pour le monde entier, Editions
1144 # Traditionnelles - Paris 2 books, 1993
1145 #
1146 # Gabriel, Traite de l'heure dans le monde, Guy Tredaniel editeur,
1147 # Paris, 1991
1148 #
1149 # Francoise Gauquelin, Problemes de l'heure resolus en astrologie,
1150 # Guy tredaniel, Paris 1987
1151
1152
1153 #
1154 # Shank & Pottenger seem to use '24:00' ambiguously; resolve it with Whitman.
1155 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1156 Rule France 1916 only - Jun 14 23:00s 1:00 S
1157 Rule France 1916 1919 - Oct Sun>=1 23:00s 0 -
1158 Rule France 1917 only - Mar 24 23:00s 1:00 S
1159 Rule France 1918 only - Mar 9 23:00s 1:00 S
1160 Rule France 1919 only - Mar 1 23:00s 1:00 S
1161 Rule France 1920 only - Feb 14 23:00s 1:00 S
1162 Rule France 1920 only - Oct 23 23:00s 0 -
1163 Rule France 1921 only - Mar 14 23:00s 1:00 S
1164 Rule France 1921 only - Oct 25 23:00s 0 -
1165 Rule France 1922 only - Mar 25 23:00s 1:00 S
1166 # DSH writes that a law of 1923-05-24 specified 3rd Sat in Apr at 23:00 to 1st
1167 # Sat in Oct at 24:00; and that in 1930, because of Easter, the transitions
1168 # were Apr 12 and Oct 5. Go with Shanks & Pottenger.
1169 Rule France 1922 1938 - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 -
1170 Rule France 1923 only - May 26 23:00s 1:00 S
1171 Rule France 1924 only - Mar 29 23:00s 1:00 S
1172 Rule France 1925 only - Apr 4 23:00s 1:00 S
1173 Rule France 1926 only - Apr 17 23:00s 1:00 S
1174 Rule France 1927 only - Apr 9 23:00s 1:00 S
1175 Rule France 1928 only - Apr 14 23:00s 1:00 S
1176 Rule France 1929 only - Apr 20 23:00s 1:00 S
1177 Rule France 1930 only - Apr 12 23:00s 1:00 S
1178 Rule France 1931 only - Apr 18 23:00s 1:00 S
1179 Rule France 1932 only - Apr 2 23:00s 1:00 S
1180 Rule France 1933 only - Mar 25 23:00s 1:00 S
1181 Rule France 1934 only - Apr 7 23:00s 1:00 S
1182 Rule France 1935 only - Mar 30 23:00s 1:00 S
1183 Rule France 1936 only - Apr 18 23:00s 1:00 S
1184 Rule France 1937 only - Apr 3 23:00s 1:00 S
1185 Rule France 1938 only - Mar 26 23:00s 1:00 S
1186 Rule France 1939 only - Apr 15 23:00s 1:00 S
1187 Rule France 1939 only - Nov 18 23:00s 0 -
1188 Rule France 1940 only - Feb 25 2:00 1:00 S
1189 # The French rules for 1941-1944 were not used in Paris, but Shanks & Pottenger
1190 # write that they were used in Monaco and in many French locations.
1191 # Le Corre writes that the upper limit of the free zone was Arneguy, Orthez,
1192 # Mont-de-Marsan, Bazas, Langon, Lamotte-Montravel, Marouil, La
1193 # Rochefoucault, Champagne-Mouton, La Roche-Posay, La Haye-Descartes,
1194 # Loches, Montrichard, Vierzon, Bourges, Moulins, Digoin,
1195 # Paray-le-Monial, Montceau-les-Mines, Chalons-sur-Saone, Arbois,
1196 # Dole, Morez, St-Claude, and Collonges (Haute-Savoie).
1197 Rule France 1941 only - May 5 0:00 2:00 M # Midsummer
1198 # Shanks & Pottenger say this transition occurred at Oct 6 1:00,
1199 # but go with Denis Excoffier (1997-12-12),
1200 # who quotes the Ephemerides Astronomiques for 1998 from Bureau des Longitudes
1201 # as saying 5/10/41 22hUT.
1202 Rule France 1941 only - Oct 6 0:00 1:00 S
1203 Rule France 1942 only - Mar 9 0:00 2:00 M
1204 Rule France 1942 only - Nov 2 3:00 1:00 S
1205 Rule France 1943 only - Mar 29 2:00 2:00 M
1206 Rule France 1943 only - Oct 4 3:00 1:00 S
1207 Rule France 1944 only - Apr 3 2:00 2:00 M
1208 Rule France 1944 only - Oct 8 1:00 1:00 S
1209 Rule France 1945 only - Apr 2 2:00 2:00 M
1210 Rule France 1945 only - Sep 16 3:00 0 -
1211 # Shanks & Pottenger give Mar 28 2:00 and Sep 26 3:00;
1212 # go with Excoffier's 28/3/76 0hUT and 25/9/76 23hUT.
1213 Rule France 1976 only - Mar 28 1:00 1:00 S
1214 Rule France 1976 only - Sep 26 1:00 0 -
1215 # Shanks & Pottenger give 0:09:20 for Paris Mean Time, and Whitman 0:09:05,
1216 # but Howse quotes the actual French legislation as saying 0:09:21.
1217 # Go with Howse. Howse writes that the time in France was officially based
1218 # on PMT-0:09:21 until 1978-08-09, when the time base finally switched to UTC.
1219 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1220 Zone Europe/Paris 0:09:21 - LMT 1891 Mar 15 0:01
1221 0:09:21 - PMT 1911 Mar 11 0:01 # Paris MT
1222 # Shanks & Pottenger give 1940 Jun 14 0:00; go with Excoffier and Le Corre.
1223 0:00 France WE%sT 1940 Jun 14 23:00
1224 # Le Corre says Paris stuck with occupied-France time after the liberation;
1225 # go with Shanks & Pottenger.
1226 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Aug 25
1227 0:00 France WE%sT 1945 Sep 16 3:00
1228 1:00 France CE%sT 1977
1229 1:00 EU CE%sT
1230
1231 # Germany
1232
1233 # From Markus Kuhn (1998-09-29):
1234 # The German time zone web site by the Physikalisch-Technische
1235 # Bundesanstalt contains DST information back to 1916.
1236 # [See tz-link.htm for the URL.]
1237
1238 # From Joerg Schilling (2002-10-23):
1239 # In 1945, Berlin was switched to Moscow Summer time (GMT+4) by
1240 # <a href="http://www.dhm.de/lemo/html/biografien/BersarinNikolai/">
1241 # General [Nikolai] Bersarin</a>.
1242
1243 # From Paul Eggert (2003-03-08):
1244 # <a href="http://www.parlament-berlin.de/pds-fraktion.nsf/727459127c8b66ee8525662300459099/defc77cb784f180ac1256c2b0030274b/$FILE/bersarint.pdf">
1245 # http://www.parlament-berlin.de/pds-fraktion.nsf/727459127c8b66ee8525662300459099/defc77cb784f180ac1256c2b0030274b/$FILE/bersarint.pdf
1246 # </a>
1247 # says that Bersarin issued an order to use Moscow time on May 20.
1248 # However, Moscow did not observe daylight saving in 1945, so
1249 # this was equivalent to CEMT (GMT+3), not GMT+4.
1250
1251
1252 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1253 Rule Germany 1946 only - Apr 14 2:00s 1:00 S
1254 Rule Germany 1946 only - Oct 7 2:00s 0 -
1255 Rule Germany 1947 1949 - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
1256 # http://www.ptb.de/de/org/4/44/441/salt.htm says the following transition
1257 # occurred at 3:00 MEZ, not the 2:00 MEZ given in Shanks & Pottenger.
1258 # Go with the PTB.
1259 Rule Germany 1947 only - Apr 6 3:00s 1:00 S
1260 Rule Germany 1947 only - May 11 2:00s 2:00 M
1261 Rule Germany 1947 only - Jun 29 3:00 1:00 S
1262 Rule Germany 1948 only - Apr 18 2:00s 1:00 S
1263 Rule Germany 1949 only - Apr 10 2:00s 1:00 S
1264
1265 Rule SovietZone 1945 only - May 24 2:00 2:00 M # Midsummer
1266 Rule SovietZone 1945 only - Sep 24 3:00 1:00 S
1267 Rule SovietZone 1945 only - Nov 18 2:00s 0 -
1268
1269 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1270 Zone Europe/Berlin 0:53:28 - LMT 1893 Apr
1271 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 May 24 2:00
1272 1:00 SovietZone CE%sT 1946
1273 1:00 Germany CE%sT 1980
1274 1:00 EU CE%sT
1275
1276 # From Tobias Conradi (2011-09-12):
1277 # Busingen <http://www.buesingen.de>, surrounded by the Swiss canton
1278 # Schaffhausen, did not start observing DST in 1980 as the rest of DE
1279 # (West Germany at that time) and DD (East Germany at that time) did.
1280 # DD merged into DE, the area is currently covered by code DE in ISO 3166-1,
1281 # which in turn is covered by the zone Europe/Berlin.
1282 #
1283 # Source for the time in Busingen 1980:
1284 # http://www.srf.ch/player/video?id=c012c029-03b7-4c2b-9164-aa5902cd58d3
1285
1286 # From Arthur David Olson (2012-03-03):
1287 # Busingen and Zurich have shared clocks since 1970.
1288
1289 Link Europe/Zurich Europe/Busingen
1290
1291 # Georgia
1292 # Please see the "asia" file for Asia/Tbilisi.
1293 # Herodotus (Histories, IV.45) says Georgia north of the Phasis (now Rioni)
1294 # is in Europe. Our reference location Tbilisi is in the Asian part.
1295
1296 # Gibraltar
1297 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1298 Zone Europe/Gibraltar -0:21:24 - LMT 1880 Aug 2 0:00s
1299 0:00 GB-Eire %s 1957 Apr 14 2:00
1300 1:00 - CET 1982
1301 1:00 EU CE%sT
1302
1303 # Greece
1304 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1305 # Whitman gives 1932 Jul 5 - Nov 1; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
1306 Rule Greece 1932 only - Jul 7 0:00 1:00 S
1307 Rule Greece 1932 only - Sep 1 0:00 0 -
1308 # Whitman gives 1941 Apr 25 - ?; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
1309 Rule Greece 1941 only - Apr 7 0:00 1:00 S
1310 # Whitman gives 1942 Feb 2 - ?; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
1311 Rule Greece 1942 only - Nov 2 3:00 0 -
1312 Rule Greece 1943 only - Mar 30 0:00 1:00 S
1313 Rule Greece 1943 only - Oct 4 0:00 0 -
1314 # Whitman gives 1944 Oct 3 - Oct 31; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
1315 Rule Greece 1952 only - Jul 1 0:00 1:00 S
1316 Rule Greece 1952 only - Nov 2 0:00 0 -
1317 Rule Greece 1975 only - Apr 12 0:00s 1:00 S
1318 Rule Greece 1975 only - Nov 26 0:00s 0 -
1319 Rule Greece 1976 only - Apr 11 2:00s 1:00 S
1320 Rule Greece 1976 only - Oct 10 2:00s 0 -
1321 Rule Greece 1977 1978 - Apr Sun>=1 2:00s 1:00 S
1322 Rule Greece 1977 only - Sep 26 2:00s 0 -
1323 Rule Greece 1978 only - Sep 24 4:00 0 -
1324 Rule Greece 1979 only - Apr 1 9:00 1:00 S
1325 Rule Greece 1979 only - Sep 29 2:00 0 -
1326 Rule Greece 1980 only - Apr 1 0:00 1:00 S
1327 Rule Greece 1980 only - Sep 28 0:00 0 -
1328 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1329 Zone Europe/Athens 1:34:52 - LMT 1895 Sep 14
1330 1:34:52 - AMT 1916 Jul 28 0:01 # Athens MT
1331 2:00 Greece EE%sT 1941 Apr 30
1332 1:00 Greece CE%sT 1944 Apr 4
1333 2:00 Greece EE%sT 1981
1334 # Shanks & Pottenger say it switched to C-Eur in 1981;
1335 # go with EU instead, since Greece joined it on Jan 1.
1336 2:00 EU EE%sT
1337
1338 # Hungary
1339 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1340 Rule Hungary 1918 only - Apr 1 3:00 1:00 S
1341 Rule Hungary 1918 only - Sep 29 3:00 0 -
1342 Rule Hungary 1919 only - Apr 15 3:00 1:00 S
1343 Rule Hungary 1919 only - Sep 15 3:00 0 -
1344 Rule Hungary 1920 only - Apr 5 3:00 1:00 S
1345 Rule Hungary 1920 only - Sep 30 3:00 0 -
1346 Rule Hungary 1945 only - May 1 23:00 1:00 S
1347 Rule Hungary 1945 only - Nov 3 0:00 0 -
1348 Rule Hungary 1946 only - Mar 31 2:00s 1:00 S
1349 Rule Hungary 1946 1949 - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
1350 Rule Hungary 1947 1949 - Apr Sun>=4 2:00s 1:00 S
1351 Rule Hungary 1950 only - Apr 17 2:00s 1:00 S
1352 Rule Hungary 1950 only - Oct 23 2:00s 0 -
1353 Rule Hungary 1954 1955 - May 23 0:00 1:00 S
1354 Rule Hungary 1954 1955 - Oct 3 0:00 0 -
1355 Rule Hungary 1956 only - Jun Sun>=1 0:00 1:00 S
1356 Rule Hungary 1956 only - Sep lastSun 0:00 0 -
1357 Rule Hungary 1957 only - Jun Sun>=1 1:00 1:00 S
1358 Rule Hungary 1957 only - Sep lastSun 3:00 0 -
1359 Rule Hungary 1980 only - Apr 6 1:00 1:00 S
1360 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1361 Zone Europe/Budapest 1:16:20 - LMT 1890 Oct
1362 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1918
1363 1:00 Hungary CE%sT 1941 Apr 6 2:00
1364 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945
1365 1:00 Hungary CE%sT 1980 Sep 28 2:00s
1366 1:00 EU CE%sT
1367
1368 # Iceland
1369 #
1370 # From Adam David (1993-11-06):
1371 # The name of the timezone in Iceland for system / mail / news purposes is GMT.
1372 #
1373 # (1993-12-05):
1374 # This material is paraphrased from the 1988 edition of the University of
1375 # Iceland Almanak.
1376 #
1377 # From January 1st, 1908 the whole of Iceland was standardised at 1 hour
1378 # behind GMT. Previously, local mean solar time was used in different parts
1379 # of Iceland, the almanak had been based on Reykjavik mean solar time which
1380 # was 1 hour and 28 minutes behind GMT.
1381 #
1382 # "first day of winter" referred to [below] means the first day of the 26 weeks
1383 # of winter, according to the old icelandic calendar that dates back to the
1384 # time the norsemen first settled Iceland. The first day of winter is always
1385 # Saturday, but is not dependent on the Julian or Gregorian calendars.
1386 #
1387 # (1993-12-10):
1388 # I have a reference from the Oxford Icelandic-English dictionary for the
1389 # beginning of winter, which ties it to the ecclesiastical calendar (and thus
1390 # to the julian/gregorian calendar) over the period in question.
1391 # the winter begins on the Saturday next before St. Luke's day
1392 # (old style), or on St. Luke's day, if a Saturday.
1393 # St. Luke's day ought to be traceable from ecclesiastical sources. "old style"
1394 # might be a reference to the Julian calendar as opposed to Gregorian, or it
1395 # might mean something else (???).
1396 #
1397 # From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):
1398 # The Iceland Almanak, Shanks & Pottenger, and Whitman disagree on many points.
1399 # We go with the Almanak, except for one claim from Shanks & Pottenger, namely
1400 # that Reykavik was 21W57 from 1837 to 1908, local mean time before that.
1401 #
1402 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1403 Rule Iceland 1917 1918 - Feb 19 23:00 1:00 S
1404 Rule Iceland 1917 only - Oct 21 1:00 0 -
1405 Rule Iceland 1918 only - Nov 16 1:00 0 -
1406 Rule Iceland 1939 only - Apr 29 23:00 1:00 S
1407 Rule Iceland 1939 only - Nov 29 2:00 0 -
1408 Rule Iceland 1940 only - Feb 25 2:00 1:00 S
1409 Rule Iceland 1940 only - Nov 3 2:00 0 -
1410 Rule Iceland 1941 only - Mar 2 1:00s 1:00 S
1411 Rule Iceland 1941 only - Nov 2 1:00s 0 -
1412 Rule Iceland 1942 only - Mar 8 1:00s 1:00 S
1413 Rule Iceland 1942 only - Oct 25 1:00s 0 -
1414 # 1943-1946 - first Sunday in March until first Sunday in winter
1415 Rule Iceland 1943 1946 - Mar Sun>=1 1:00s 1:00 S
1416 Rule Iceland 1943 1948 - Oct Sun>=22 1:00s 0 -
1417 # 1947-1967 - first Sunday in April until first Sunday in winter
1418 Rule Iceland 1947 1967 - Apr Sun>=1 1:00s 1:00 S
1419 # 1949 Oct transition delayed by 1 week
1420 Rule Iceland 1949 only - Oct 30 1:00s 0 -
1421 Rule Iceland 1950 1966 - Oct Sun>=22 1:00s 0 -
1422 Rule Iceland 1967 only - Oct 29 1:00s 0 -
1423 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1424 Zone Atlantic/Reykjavik -1:27:24 - LMT 1837
1425 -1:27:48 - RMT 1908 # Reykjavik Mean Time?
1426 -1:00 Iceland IS%sT 1968 Apr 7 1:00s
1427 0:00 - GMT
1428
1429 # Italy
1430 #
1431 # From Paul Eggert (2001-03-06):
1432 # Sicily and Sardinia each had their own time zones from 1866 to 1893,
1433 # called Palermo Time (+00:53:28) and Cagliari Time (+00:36:32).
1434 # During World War II, German-controlled Italy used German time.
1435 # But these events all occurred before the 1970 cutoff,
1436 # so record only the time in Rome.
1437 #
1438 # From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):
1439 # For Italian DST we have three sources: Shanks & Pottenger, Whitman, and
1440 # F. Pollastri
1441 # <a href="http://toi.iriti.cnr.it/uk/ienitlt.html">
1442 # Day-light Saving Time in Italy (2006-02-03)
1443 # </a>
1444 # ('FP' below), taken from an Italian National Electrotechnical Institute
1445 # publication. When the three sources disagree, guess who's right, as follows:
1446 #
1447 # year FP Shanks&P. (S) Whitman (W) Go with:
1448 # 1916 06-03 06-03 24:00 06-03 00:00 FP & W
1449 # 09-30 09-30 24:00 09-30 01:00 FP; guess 24:00s
1450 # 1917 04-01 03-31 24:00 03-31 00:00 FP & S
1451 # 09-30 09-29 24:00 09-30 01:00 FP & W
1452 # 1918 03-09 03-09 24:00 03-09 00:00 FP & S
1453 # 10-06 10-05 24:00 10-06 01:00 FP & W
1454 # 1919 03-01 03-01 24:00 03-01 00:00 FP & S
1455 # 10-04 10-04 24:00 10-04 01:00 FP; guess 24:00s
1456 # 1920 03-20 03-20 24:00 03-20 00:00 FP & S
1457 # 09-18 09-18 24:00 10-01 01:00 FP; guess 24:00s
1458 # 1944 04-02 04-03 02:00 S (see C-Eur)
1459 # 09-16 10-02 03:00 FP; guess 24:00s
1460 # 1945 09-14 09-16 24:00 FP; guess 24:00s
1461 # 1970 05-21 05-31 00:00 S
1462 # 09-20 09-27 00:00 S
1463 #
1464 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1465 Rule Italy 1916 only - Jun 3 0:00s 1:00 S
1466 Rule Italy 1916 only - Oct 1 0:00s 0 -
1467 Rule Italy 1917 only - Apr 1 0:00s 1:00 S
1468 Rule Italy 1917 only - Sep 30 0:00s 0 -
1469 Rule Italy 1918 only - Mar 10 0:00s 1:00 S
1470 Rule Italy 1918 1919 - Oct Sun>=1 0:00s 0 -
1471 Rule Italy 1919 only - Mar 2 0:00s 1:00 S
1472 Rule Italy 1920 only - Mar 21 0:00s 1:00 S
1473 Rule Italy 1920 only - Sep 19 0:00s 0 -
1474 Rule Italy 1940 only - Jun 15 0:00s 1:00 S
1475 Rule Italy 1944 only - Sep 17 0:00s 0 -
1476 Rule Italy 1945 only - Apr 2 2:00 1:00 S
1477 Rule Italy 1945 only - Sep 15 0:00s 0 -
1478 Rule Italy 1946 only - Mar 17 2:00s 1:00 S
1479 Rule Italy 1946 only - Oct 6 2:00s 0 -
1480 Rule Italy 1947 only - Mar 16 0:00s 1:00 S
1481 Rule Italy 1947 only - Oct 5 0:00s 0 -
1482 Rule Italy 1948 only - Feb 29 2:00s 1:00 S
1483 Rule Italy 1948 only - Oct 3 2:00s 0 -
1484 Rule Italy 1966 1968 - May Sun>=22 0:00 1:00 S
1485 Rule Italy 1966 1969 - Sep Sun>=22 0:00 0 -
1486 Rule Italy 1969 only - Jun 1 0:00 1:00 S
1487 Rule Italy 1970 only - May 31 0:00 1:00 S
1488 Rule Italy 1970 only - Sep lastSun 0:00 0 -
1489 Rule Italy 1971 1972 - May Sun>=22 0:00 1:00 S
1490 Rule Italy 1971 only - Sep lastSun 1:00 0 -
1491 Rule Italy 1972 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
1492 Rule Italy 1973 only - Jun 3 0:00 1:00 S
1493 Rule Italy 1973 1974 - Sep lastSun 0:00 0 -
1494 Rule Italy 1974 only - May 26 0:00 1:00 S
1495 Rule Italy 1975 only - Jun 1 0:00s 1:00 S
1496 Rule Italy 1975 1977 - Sep lastSun 0:00s 0 -
1497 Rule Italy 1976 only - May 30 0:00s 1:00 S
1498 Rule Italy 1977 1979 - May Sun>=22 0:00s 1:00 S
1499 Rule Italy 1978 only - Oct 1 0:00s 0 -
1500 Rule Italy 1979 only - Sep 30 0:00s 0 -
1501 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1502 Zone Europe/Rome 0:49:56 - LMT 1866 Sep 22
1503 0:49:56 - RMT 1893 Nov 1 0:00s # Rome Mean
1504 1:00 Italy CE%sT 1942 Nov 2 2:00s
1505 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Jul
1506 1:00 Italy CE%sT 1980
1507 1:00 EU CE%sT
1508
1509 Link Europe/Rome Europe/Vatican
1510 Link Europe/Rome Europe/San_Marino
1511
1512 # Latvia
1513
1514 # From Liene Kanepe (1998-09-17):
1515
1516 # I asked about this matter Scientific Secretary of the Institute of Astronomy
1517 # of The University of Latvia Dr. paed Mr. Ilgonis Vilks. I also searched the
1518 # correct data in juridical acts and I found some juridical documents about
1519 # changes in the counting of time in Latvia from 1981....
1520 #
1521 # Act No.35 of the Council of Ministers of Latvian SSR of 1981-01-22 ...
1522 # according to the Act No.925 of the Council of Ministers of USSR of 1980-10-24
1523 # ...: all year round the time of 2nd time zone + 1 hour, in addition turning
1524 # the hands of the clock 1 hour forward on 1 April at 00:00 (GMT 31 March 21:00)
1525 # and 1 hour backward on the 1 October at 00:00 (GMT 30 September 20:00).
1526 #
1527 # Act No.592 of the Council of Ministers of Latvian SSR of 1984-09-24 ...
1528 # according to the Act No.967 of the Council of Ministers of USSR of 1984-09-13
1529 # ...: all year round the time of 2nd time zone + 1 hour, in addition turning
1530 # the hands of the clock 1 hour forward on the last Sunday of March at 02:00
1531 # (GMT 23:00 on the previous day) and 1 hour backward on the last Sunday of
1532 # September at 03:00 (GMT 23:00 on the previous day).
1533 #
1534 # Act No.81 of the Council of Ministers of Latvian SSR of 1989-03-22 ...
1535 # according to the Act No.227 of the Council of Ministers of USSR of 1989-03-14
1536 # ...: since the last Sunday of March 1989 in Lithuanian SSR, Latvian SSR,
1537 # Estonian SSR and Kaliningrad region of Russian Federation all year round the
1538 # time of 2nd time zone (Moscow time minus one hour). On the territory of Latvia
1539 # transition to summer time is performed on the last Sunday of March at 02:00
1540 # (GMT 00:00), turning the hands of the clock 1 hour forward. The end of
1541 # daylight saving time is performed on the last Sunday of September at 03:00
1542 # (GMT 00:00), turning the hands of the clock 1 hour backward. Exception is
1543 # 1989-03-26, when we must not turn the hands of the clock....
1544 #
1545 # The Regulations of the Cabinet of Ministers of the Republic of Latvia of
1546 # 1997-01-21 on transition to Summer time ... established the same order of
1547 # daylight savings time settings as in the States of the European Union.
1548
1549 # From Andrei Ivanov (2000-03-06):
1550 # This year Latvia will not switch to Daylight Savings Time (as specified in
1551 # <a href="http://www.lv-laiks.lv/wwwraksti/2000/071072/vd4.htm">
1552 # The Regulations of the Cabinet of Ministers of the Rep. of Latvia of
1553 # 29-Feb-2000 (#79)</a>, in Latvian for subscribers only).
1554
1555 # <a href="http://www.rferl.org/newsline/2001/01/3-CEE/cee-030101.html">
1556 # From RFE/RL Newsline (2001-01-03), noted after a heads-up by Rives McDow:
1557 # </a>
1558 # The Latvian government on 2 January decided that the country will
1559 # institute daylight-saving time this spring, LETA reported.
1560 # Last February the three Baltic states decided not to turn back their
1561 # clocks one hour in the spring....
1562 # Minister of Economy Aigars Kalvitis noted that Latvia had too few
1563 # daylight hours and thus decided to comply with a draft European
1564 # Commission directive that provides for instituting daylight-saving
1565 # time in EU countries between 2002 and 2006. The Latvian government
1566 # urged Lithuania and Estonia to adopt a similar time policy, but it
1567 # appears that they will not do so....
1568
1569 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1570 Rule Latvia 1989 1996 - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 S
1571 Rule Latvia 1989 1996 - Sep lastSun 2:00s 0 -
1572 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1573 Zone Europe/Riga 1:36:24 - LMT 1880
1574 1:36:24 - RMT 1918 Apr 15 2:00 #Riga Mean Time
1575 1:36:24 1:00 LST 1918 Sep 16 3:00 #Latvian Summer
1576 1:36:24 - RMT 1919 Apr 1 2:00
1577 1:36:24 1:00 LST 1919 May 22 3:00
1578 1:36:24 - RMT 1926 May 11
1579 2:00 - EET 1940 Aug 5
1580 3:00 - MSK 1941 Jul
1581 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Oct 13
1582 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1989 Mar lastSun 2:00s
1583 2:00 1:00 EEST 1989 Sep lastSun 2:00s
1584 2:00 Latvia EE%sT 1997 Jan 21
1585 2:00 EU EE%sT 2000 Feb 29
1586 2:00 - EET 2001 Jan 2
1587 2:00 EU EE%sT
1588
1589 # Liechtenstein
1590
1591 # From Paul Eggert (2013-09-09):
1592 # Shanks & Pottenger say Vaduz is like Zurich.
1593
1594 # From Alois Treindl (2013-09-18):
1595 # http://www.eliechtensteinensia.li/LIJ/1978/1938-1978/1941.pdf
1596 # ... confirms on p. 6 that Liechtenstein followed Switzerland in 1941 and 1942.
1597 # I ... translate only the last two paragraphs:
1598 # ... during second world war, in the years 1941 and 1942, Liechtenstein
1599 # introduced daylight saving time, adapting to Switzerland. From 1943 on
1600 # central European time was in force throughout the year.
1601 # From a report of the duke's government to the high council,
1602 # regarding the introduction of a time law, of 31 May 1977.
1603
1604 Link Europe/Zurich Europe/Vaduz
1605
1606
1607 # Lithuania
1608
1609 # From Paul Eggert (1996-11-22):
1610 # IATA SSIM (1992/1996) says Lithuania uses W-Eur rules, but since it is
1611 # known to be wrong about Estonia and Latvia, assume it's wrong here too.
1612
1613 # From Marius Gedminas (1998-08-07):
1614 # I would like to inform that in this year Lithuanian time zone
1615 # (Europe/Vilnius) was changed.
1616
1617 # From <a href="http://www.elta.lt/">ELTA</a> No. 972 (2582) (1999-09-29),
1618 # via Steffen Thorsen:
1619 # Lithuania has shifted back to the second time zone (GMT plus two hours)
1620 # to be valid here starting from October 31,
1621 # as decided by the national government on Wednesday....
1622 # The Lithuanian government also announced plans to consider a
1623 # motion to give up shifting to summer time in spring, as it was
1624 # already done by Estonia.
1625
1626 # From the <a href="http://www.tourism.lt/informa/ff.htm">
1627 # Fact File, Lithuanian State Department of Tourism
1628 # </a> (2000-03-27): Local time is GMT+2 hours ..., no daylight saving.
1629
1630 # From a user via Klaus Marten (2003-02-07):
1631 # As a candidate for membership of the European Union, Lithuania will
1632 # observe Summer Time in 2003, changing its clocks at the times laid
1633 # down in EU Directive 2000/84 of 19.I.01 (i.e. at the same times as its
1634 # neighbour Latvia). The text of the Lithuanian government Order of
1635 # 7.XI.02 to this effect can be found at
1636 # http://www.lrvk.lt/nut/11/n1749.htm
1637
1638
1639 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1640 Zone Europe/Vilnius 1:41:16 - LMT 1880
1641 1:24:00 - WMT 1917 # Warsaw Mean Time
1642 1:35:36 - KMT 1919 Oct 10 # Kaunas Mean Time
1643 1:00 - CET 1920 Jul 12
1644 2:00 - EET 1920 Oct 9
1645 1:00 - CET 1940 Aug 3
1646 3:00 - MSK 1941 Jun 24
1647 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Aug
1648 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
1649 2:00 1:00 EEST 1991 Sep 29 2:00s
1650 2:00 C-Eur EE%sT 1998
1651 2:00 - EET 1998 Mar 29 1:00u
1652 1:00 EU CE%sT 1999 Oct 31 1:00u
1653 2:00 - EET 2003 Jan 1
1654 2:00 EU EE%sT
1655
1656 # Luxembourg
1657 # Whitman disagrees with most of these dates in minor ways;
1658 # go with Shanks & Pottenger.
1659 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1660 Rule Lux 1916 only - May 14 23:00 1:00 S
1661 Rule Lux 1916 only - Oct 1 1:00 0 -
1662 Rule Lux 1917 only - Apr 28 23:00 1:00 S
1663 Rule Lux 1917 only - Sep 17 1:00 0 -
1664 Rule Lux 1918 only - Apr Mon>=15 2:00s 1:00 S
1665 Rule Lux 1918 only - Sep Mon>=15 2:00s 0 -
1666 Rule Lux 1919 only - Mar 1 23:00 1:00 S
1667 Rule Lux 1919 only - Oct 5 3:00 0 -
1668 Rule Lux 1920 only - Feb 14 23:00 1:00 S
1669 Rule Lux 1920 only - Oct 24 2:00 0 -
1670 Rule Lux 1921 only - Mar 14 23:00 1:00 S
1671 Rule Lux 1921 only - Oct 26 2:00 0 -
1672 Rule Lux 1922 only - Mar 25 23:00 1:00 S
1673 Rule Lux 1922 only - Oct Sun>=2 1:00 0 -
1674 Rule Lux 1923 only - Apr 21 23:00 1:00 S
1675 Rule Lux 1923 only - Oct Sun>=2 2:00 0 -
1676 Rule Lux 1924 only - Mar 29 23:00 1:00 S
1677 Rule Lux 1924 1928 - Oct Sun>=2 1:00 0 -
1678 Rule Lux 1925 only - Apr 5 23:00 1:00 S
1679 Rule Lux 1926 only - Apr 17 23:00 1:00 S
1680 Rule Lux 1927 only - Apr 9 23:00 1:00 S
1681 Rule Lux 1928 only - Apr 14 23:00 1:00 S
1682 Rule Lux 1929 only - Apr 20 23:00 1:00 S
1683 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1684 Zone Europe/Luxembourg 0:24:36 - LMT 1904 Jun
1685 1:00 Lux CE%sT 1918 Nov 25
1686 0:00 Lux WE%sT 1929 Oct 6 2:00s
1687 0:00 Belgium WE%sT 1940 May 14 3:00
1688 1:00 C-Eur WE%sT 1944 Sep 18 3:00
1689 1:00 Belgium CE%sT 1977
1690 1:00 EU CE%sT
1691
1692 # Macedonia
1693 # See Europe/Belgrade.
1694
1695 # Malta
1696 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1697 Rule Malta 1973 only - Mar 31 0:00s 1:00 S
1698 Rule Malta 1973 only - Sep 29 0:00s 0 -
1699 Rule Malta 1974 only - Apr 21 0:00s 1:00 S
1700 Rule Malta 1974 only - Sep 16 0:00s 0 -
1701 Rule Malta 1975 1979 - Apr Sun>=15 2:00 1:00 S
1702 Rule Malta 1975 1980 - Sep Sun>=15 2:00 0 -
1703 Rule Malta 1980 only - Mar 31 2:00 1:00 S
1704 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1705 Zone Europe/Malta 0:58:04 - LMT 1893 Nov 2 0:00s # Valletta
1706 1:00 Italy CE%sT 1942 Nov 2 2:00s
1707 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 Apr 2 2:00s
1708 1:00 Italy CE%sT 1973 Mar 31
1709 1:00 Malta CE%sT 1981
1710 1:00 EU CE%sT
1711
1712 # Moldova
1713
1714 # From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):
1715 # A previous version of this database followed Shanks & Pottenger, who write
1716 # that Tiraspol switched to Moscow time on 1992-01-19 at 02:00.
1717 # However, this is most likely an error, as Moldova declared independence
1718 # on 1991-08-27 (the 1992-01-19 date is that of a Russian decree).
1719 # In early 1992 there was large-scale interethnic violence in the area
1720 # and it's possible that some Russophones continued to observe Moscow time.
1721 # But [two people] separately reported via
1722 # Jesper Norgaard that as of 2001-01-24 Tiraspol was like Chisinau.
1723 # The Tiraspol entry has therefore been removed for now.
1724 #
1725 # From Alexander Krivenyshev (2011-10-17):
1726 # Pridnestrovian Moldavian Republic (PMR, also known as
1727 # "Pridnestrovie") has abolished seasonal clock change (no transition
1728 # to the Winter Time).
1729 #
1730 # News (in Russian):
1731 # <a href="http://www.kyivpost.ua/russia/news/pridnestrove-otkazalos-ot-perehoda-na-zimnee-vremya-30954.html">
1732 # http://www.kyivpost.ua/russia/news/pridnestrove-otkazalos-ot-perehoda-na-zimnee-vremya-30954.html
1733 # </a>
1734 #
1735 # <a href="http://www.allmoldova.com/moldova-news/1249064116.html">
1736 # http://www.allmoldova.com/moldova-news/1249064116.html
1737 # </a>
1738 #
1739 # The substance of this change (reinstatement of the Tiraspol entry)
1740 # is from a patch from Petr Machata (2011-10-17)
1741 #
1742 # From Tim Parenti (2011-10-19)
1743 # In addition, being situated at +4651+2938 would give Tiraspol
1744 # a pre-1880 LMT offset of 1:58:32.
1745 #
1746 # (which agrees with the earlier entry that had been removed)
1747 #
1748 # From Alexander Krivenyshev (2011-10-26)
1749 # NO need to divide Moldova into two timezones at this point.
1750 # As of today, Transnistria (Pridnestrovie)- Tiraspol reversed its own
1751 # decision to abolish DST this winter.
1752 # Following Moldova and neighboring Ukraine- Transnistria (Pridnestrovie)-
1753 # Tiraspol will go back to winter time on October 30, 2011.
1754 # News from Moldova (in russian):
1755 # <a href="http://ru.publika.md/link_317061.html">
1756 # http://ru.publika.md/link_317061.html
1757 # </a>
1758
1759
1760 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1761 Zone Europe/Chisinau 1:55:20 - LMT 1880
1762 1:55 - CMT 1918 Feb 15 # Chisinau MT
1763 1:44:24 - BMT 1931 Jul 24 # Bucharest MT
1764 2:00 Romania EE%sT 1940 Aug 15
1765 2:00 1:00 EEST 1941 Jul 17
1766 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Aug 24
1767 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1990
1768 3:00 - MSK 1990 May 6
1769 2:00 - EET 1991
1770 2:00 Russia EE%sT 1992
1771 2:00 E-Eur EE%sT 1997
1772 # See Romania commentary for the guessed 1997 transition to EU rules.
1773 2:00 EU EE%sT
1774
1775 # Monaco
1776 # Shanks & Pottenger give 0:09:20 for Paris Mean Time; go with Howse's
1777 # more precise 0:09:21.
1778 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1779 Zone Europe/Monaco 0:29:32 - LMT 1891 Mar 15
1780 0:09:21 - PMT 1911 Mar 11 # Paris Mean Time
1781 0:00 France WE%sT 1945 Sep 16 3:00
1782 1:00 France CE%sT 1977
1783 1:00 EU CE%sT
1784
1785 # Montenegro
1786 # See Europe/Belgrade.
1787
1788 # Netherlands
1789
1790 # Howse writes that the Netherlands' railways used GMT between 1892 and 1940,
1791 # but for other purposes the Netherlands used Amsterdam mean time.
1792
1793 # However, Robert H. van Gent writes (2001-04-01):
1794 # Howse's statement is only correct up to 1909. From 1909-05-01 (00:00:00
1795 # Amsterdam mean time) onwards, the whole of the Netherlands (including
1796 # the Dutch railways) was required by law to observe Amsterdam mean time
1797 # (19 minutes 32.13 seconds ahead of GMT). This had already been the
1798 # common practice (except for the railways) for many decades but it was
1799 # not until 1909 when the Dutch government finally defined this by law.
1800 # On 1937-07-01 this was changed to 20 minutes (exactly) ahead of GMT and
1801 # was generally known as Dutch Time ("Nederlandse Tijd").
1802 #
1803 # (2001-04-08):
1804 # 1892-05-01 was the date when the Dutch railways were by law required to
1805 # observe GMT while the remainder of the Netherlands adhered to the common
1806 # practice of following Amsterdam mean time.
1807 #
1808 # (2001-04-09):
1809 # In 1835 the authorities of the province of North Holland requested the
1810 # municipal authorities of the towns and cities in the province to observe
1811 # Amsterdam mean time but I do not know in how many cases this request was
1812 # actually followed.
1813 #
1814 # From 1852 onwards the Dutch telegraph offices were by law required to
1815 # observe Amsterdam mean time. As the time signals from the observatory of
1816 # Leiden were also distributed by the telegraph system, I assume that most
1817 # places linked up with the telegraph (and railway) system automatically
1818 # adopted Amsterdam mean time.
1819 #
1820 # Although the early Dutch railway companies initially observed a variety
1821 # of times, most of them had adopted Amsterdam mean time by 1858 but it
1822 # was not until 1866 when they were all required by law to observe
1823 # Amsterdam mean time.
1824
1825 # The data before 1945 are taken from
1826 # <http://www.phys.uu.nl/~vgent/wettijd/wettijd.htm>.
1827
1828 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1829 Rule Neth 1916 only - May 1 0:00 1:00 NST # Netherlands Summer Time
1830 Rule Neth 1916 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 AMT # Amsterdam Mean Time
1831 Rule Neth 1917 only - Apr 16 2:00s 1:00 NST
1832 Rule Neth 1917 only - Sep 17 2:00s 0 AMT
1833 Rule Neth 1918 1921 - Apr Mon>=1 2:00s 1:00 NST
1834 Rule Neth 1918 1921 - Sep lastMon 2:00s 0 AMT
1835 Rule Neth 1922 only - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 NST
1836 Rule Neth 1922 1936 - Oct Sun>=2 2:00s 0 AMT
1837 Rule Neth 1923 only - Jun Fri>=1 2:00s 1:00 NST
1838 Rule Neth 1924 only - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 NST
1839 Rule Neth 1925 only - Jun Fri>=1 2:00s 1:00 NST
1840 # From 1926 through 1939 DST began 05-15, except that it was delayed by a week
1841 # in years when 05-15 fell in the Pentecost weekend.
1842 Rule Neth 1926 1931 - May 15 2:00s 1:00 NST
1843 Rule Neth 1932 only - May 22 2:00s 1:00 NST
1844 Rule Neth 1933 1936 - May 15 2:00s 1:00 NST
1845 Rule Neth 1937 only - May 22 2:00s 1:00 NST
1846 Rule Neth 1937 only - Jul 1 0:00 1:00 S
1847 Rule Neth 1937 1939 - Oct Sun>=2 2:00s 0 -
1848 Rule Neth 1938 1939 - May 15 2:00s 1:00 S
1849 Rule Neth 1945 only - Apr 2 2:00s 1:00 S
1850 Rule Neth 1945 only - Sep 16 2:00s 0 -
1851 #
1852 # Amsterdam Mean Time was +00:19:32.13 exactly, but the .13 is omitted
1853 # below because the current format requires GMTOFF to be an integer.
1854 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1855 Zone Europe/Amsterdam 0:19:32 - LMT 1835
1856 0:19:32 Neth %s 1937 Jul 1
1857 0:20 Neth NE%sT 1940 May 16 0:00 # Dutch Time
1858 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 Apr 2 2:00
1859 1:00 Neth CE%sT 1977
1860 1:00 EU CE%sT
1861
1862 # Norway
1863 # http://met.no/met/met_lex/q_u/sommertid.html (2004-01) agrees with Shanks &
1864 # Pottenger.
1865 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1866 Rule Norway 1916 only - May 22 1:00 1:00 S
1867 Rule Norway 1916 only - Sep 30 0:00 0 -
1868 Rule Norway 1945 only - Apr 2 2:00s 1:00 S
1869 Rule Norway 1945 only - Oct 1 2:00s 0 -
1870 Rule Norway 1959 1964 - Mar Sun>=15 2:00s 1:00 S
1871 Rule Norway 1959 1965 - Sep Sun>=15 2:00s 0 -
1872 Rule Norway 1965 only - Apr 25 2:00s 1:00 S
1873 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1874 Zone Europe/Oslo 0:43:00 - LMT 1895 Jan 1
1875 1:00 Norway CE%sT 1940 Aug 10 23:00
1876 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 Apr 2 2:00
1877 1:00 Norway CE%sT 1980
1878 1:00 EU CE%sT
1879
1880 # Svalbard & Jan Mayen
1881
1882 # From Steffen Thorsen (2001-05-01):
1883 # Although I could not find it explicitly, it seems that Jan Mayen and
1884 # Svalbard have been using the same time as Norway at least since the
1885 # time they were declared as parts of Norway. Svalbard was declared
1886 # as a part of Norway by law of 1925-07-17 no 11, section 4 and Jan
1887 # Mayen by law of 1930-02-27 no 2, section 2. (From
1888 # http://www.lovdata.no/all/nl-19250717-011.html and
1889 # http://www.lovdata.no/all/nl-19300227-002.html). The law/regulation
1890 # for normal/standard time in Norway is from 1894-06-29 no 1 (came
1891 # into operation on 1895-01-01) and Svalbard/Jan Mayen seem to be a
1892 # part of this law since 1925/1930. (From
1893 # http://www.lovdata.no/all/nl-18940629-001.html ) I have not been
1894 # able to find if Jan Mayen used a different time zone (e.g. -0100)
1895 # before 1930. Jan Mayen has only been "inhabitated" since 1921 by
1896 # Norwegian meteorologists and maybe used the same time as Norway ever
1897 # since 1921. Svalbard (Arctic/Longyearbyen) has been inhabited since
1898 # before 1895, and therefore probably changed the local time somewhere
1899 # between 1895 and 1925 (inclusive).
1900
1901 # From Paul Eggert (2013-09-04):
1902 #
1903 # Actually, Jan Mayen was never occupied by Germany during World War II,
1904 # so it must have diverged from Oslo time during the war, as Oslo was
1905 # keeping Berlin time.
1906 #
1907 # <http://home.no.net/janmayen/history.htm> says that the meteorologists
1908 # burned down their station in 1940 and left the island, but returned in
1909 # 1941 with a small Norwegian garrison and continued operations despite
1910 # frequent air ttacks from Germans. In 1943 the Americans established a
1911 # radiolocating station on the island, called "Atlantic City". Possibly
1912 # the UT offset changed during the war, but I think it unlikely that
1913 # Jan Mayen used German daylight-saving rules.
1914 #
1915 # Svalbard is more complicated, as it was raided in August 1941 by an
1916 # Allied party that evacuated the civilian population to England (says
1917 # <http://www.bartleby.com/65/sv/Svalbard.html>). The Svalbard FAQ
1918 # <http://www.svalbard.com/SvalbardFAQ.html> says that the Germans were
1919 # expelled on 1942-05-14. However, small parties of Germans did return,
1920 # and according to Wilhelm Dege's book "War North of 80" (1954)
1921 # <http://www.ucalgary.ca/UofC/departments/UP/1-55238/1-55238-110-2.html>
1922 # the German armed forces at the Svalbard weather station code-named
1923 # Haudegen did not surrender to the Allies until September 1945.
1924 #
1925 # All these events predate our cutoff date of 1970, so use Europe/Oslo
1926 # for these regions.
1927 Link Europe/Oslo Arctic/Longyearbyen
1928
1929 # Poland
1930 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1931 Rule Poland 1918 1919 - Sep 16 2:00s 0 -
1932 Rule Poland 1919 only - Apr 15 2:00s 1:00 S
1933 Rule Poland 1944 only - Apr 3 2:00s 1:00 S
1934 # Whitman gives 1944 Nov 30; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
1935 Rule Poland 1944 only - Oct 4 2:00 0 -
1936 # For 1944-1948 Whitman gives the previous day; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
1937 Rule Poland 1945 only - Apr 29 0:00 1:00 S
1938 Rule Poland 1945 only - Nov 1 0:00 0 -
1939 # For 1946 on the source is Kazimierz Borkowski,
1940 # Torun Center for Astronomy, Dept. of Radio Astronomy, Nicolaus Copernicus U.,
1941 # <http://www.astro.uni.torun.pl/~kb/Artykuly/U-PA/Czas2.htm#tth_tAb1>
1942 # Thanks to Przemyslaw Augustyniak (2005-05-28) for this reference.
1943 # He also gives these further references:
1944 # Mon Pol nr 13, poz 162 (1995) <http://www.abc.com.pl/serwis/mp/1995/0162.htm>
1945 # Druk nr 2180 (2003) <http://www.senat.gov.pl/k5/dok/sejm/053/2180.pdf>
1946 Rule Poland 1946 only - Apr 14 0:00s 1:00 S
1947 Rule Poland 1946 only - Oct 7 2:00s 0 -
1948 Rule Poland 1947 only - May 4 2:00s 1:00 S
1949 Rule Poland 1947 1949 - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
1950 Rule Poland 1948 only - Apr 18 2:00s 1:00 S
1951 Rule Poland 1949 only - Apr 10 2:00s 1:00 S
1952 Rule Poland 1957 only - Jun 2 1:00s 1:00 S
1953 Rule Poland 1957 1958 - Sep lastSun 1:00s 0 -
1954 Rule Poland 1958 only - Mar 30 1:00s 1:00 S
1955 Rule Poland 1959 only - May 31 1:00s 1:00 S
1956 Rule Poland 1959 1961 - Oct Sun>=1 1:00s 0 -
1957 Rule Poland 1960 only - Apr 3 1:00s 1:00 S
1958 Rule Poland 1961 1964 - May lastSun 1:00s 1:00 S
1959 Rule Poland 1962 1964 - Sep lastSun 1:00s 0 -
1960 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1961 Zone Europe/Warsaw 1:24:00 - LMT 1880
1962 1:24:00 - WMT 1915 Aug 5 # Warsaw Mean Time
1963 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1918 Sep 16 3:00
1964 2:00 Poland EE%sT 1922 Jun
1965 1:00 Poland CE%sT 1940 Jun 23 2:00
1966 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Oct
1967 1:00 Poland CE%sT 1977
1968 1:00 W-Eur CE%sT 1988
1969 1:00 EU CE%sT
1970
1971 # Portugal
1972 #
1973 # From Rui Pedro Salgueiro (1992-11-12):
1974 # Portugal has recently (September, 27) changed timezone
1975 # (from WET to MET or CET) to harmonize with EEC.
1976 #
1977 # Martin Bruckmann (1996-02-29) reports via Peter Ilieve
1978 # that Portugal is reverting to 0:00 by not moving its clocks this spring.
1979 # The new Prime Minister was fed up with getting up in the dark in the winter.
1980 #
1981 # From Paul Eggert (1996-11-12):
1982 # IATA SSIM (1991-09) reports several 1991-09 and 1992-09 transitions
1983 # at 02:00u, not 01:00u. Assume that these are typos.
1984 # IATA SSIM (1991/1992) reports that the Azores were at -1:00.
1985 # IATA SSIM (1993-02) says +0:00; later issues (through 1996-09) say -1:00.
1986 # Guess that the Azores changed to EU rules in 1992 (since that's when Portugal
1987 # harmonized with the EU), and that they stayed +0:00 that winter.
1988 #
1989 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1990 # DSH writes that despite Decree 1,469 (1915), the change to the clocks was not
1991 # done every year, depending on what Spain did, because of railroad schedules.
1992 # Go with Shanks & Pottenger.
1993 Rule Port 1916 only - Jun 17 23:00 1:00 S
1994 # Whitman gives 1916 Oct 31; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
1995 Rule Port 1916 only - Nov 1 1:00 0 -
1996 Rule Port 1917 only - Feb 28 23:00s 1:00 S
1997 Rule Port 1917 1921 - Oct 14 23:00s 0 -
1998 Rule Port 1918 only - Mar 1 23:00s 1:00 S
1999 Rule Port 1919 only - Feb 28 23:00s 1:00 S
2000 Rule Port 1920 only - Feb 29 23:00s 1:00 S
2001 Rule Port 1921 only - Feb 28 23:00s 1:00 S
2002 Rule Port 1924 only - Apr 16 23:00s 1:00 S
2003 Rule Port 1924 only - Oct 14 23:00s 0 -
2004 Rule Port 1926 only - Apr 17 23:00s 1:00 S
2005 Rule Port 1926 1929 - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 -
2006 Rule Port 1927 only - Apr 9 23:00s 1:00 S
2007 Rule Port 1928 only - Apr 14 23:00s 1:00 S
2008 Rule Port 1929 only - Apr 20 23:00s 1:00 S
2009 Rule Port 1931 only - Apr 18 23:00s 1:00 S
2010 # Whitman gives 1931 Oct 8; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
2011 Rule Port 1931 1932 - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 -
2012 Rule Port 1932 only - Apr 2 23:00s 1:00 S
2013 Rule Port 1934 only - Apr 7 23:00s 1:00 S
2014 # Whitman gives 1934 Oct 5; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
2015 Rule Port 1934 1938 - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 -
2016 # Shanks & Pottenger give 1935 Apr 30; go with Whitman.
2017 Rule Port 1935 only - Mar 30 23:00s 1:00 S
2018 Rule Port 1936 only - Apr 18 23:00s 1:00 S
2019 # Whitman gives 1937 Apr 2; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
2020 Rule Port 1937 only - Apr 3 23:00s 1:00 S
2021 Rule Port 1938 only - Mar 26 23:00s 1:00 S
2022 Rule Port 1939 only - Apr 15 23:00s 1:00 S
2023 # Whitman gives 1939 Oct 7; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
2024 Rule Port 1939 only - Nov 18 23:00s 0 -
2025 Rule Port 1940 only - Feb 24 23:00s 1:00 S
2026 # Shanks & Pottenger give 1940 Oct 7; go with Whitman.
2027 Rule Port 1940 1941 - Oct 5 23:00s 0 -
2028 Rule Port 1941 only - Apr 5 23:00s 1:00 S
2029 Rule Port 1942 1945 - Mar Sat>=8 23:00s 1:00 S
2030 Rule Port 1942 only - Apr 25 22:00s 2:00 M # Midsummer
2031 Rule Port 1942 only - Aug 15 22:00s 1:00 S
2032 Rule Port 1942 1945 - Oct Sat>=24 23:00s 0 -
2033 Rule Port 1943 only - Apr 17 22:00s 2:00 M
2034 Rule Port 1943 1945 - Aug Sat>=25 22:00s 1:00 S
2035 Rule Port 1944 1945 - Apr Sat>=21 22:00s 2:00 M
2036 Rule Port 1946 only - Apr Sat>=1 23:00s 1:00 S
2037 Rule Port 1946 only - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 -
2038 Rule Port 1947 1949 - Apr Sun>=1 2:00s 1:00 S
2039 Rule Port 1947 1949 - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
2040 # Shanks & Pottenger say DST was observed in 1950; go with Whitman.
2041 # Whitman gives Oct lastSun for 1952 on; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
2042 Rule Port 1951 1965 - Apr Sun>=1 2:00s 1:00 S
2043 Rule Port 1951 1965 - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
2044 Rule Port 1977 only - Mar 27 0:00s 1:00 S
2045 Rule Port 1977 only - Sep 25 0:00s 0 -
2046 Rule Port 1978 1979 - Apr Sun>=1 0:00s 1:00 S
2047 Rule Port 1978 only - Oct 1 0:00s 0 -
2048 Rule Port 1979 1982 - Sep lastSun 1:00s 0 -
2049 Rule Port 1980 only - Mar lastSun 0:00s 1:00 S
2050 Rule Port 1981 1982 - Mar lastSun 1:00s 1:00 S
2051 Rule Port 1983 only - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 S
2052 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
2053 # Shanks & Pottenger say the transition from LMT to WET occurred 1911-05-24;
2054 # Willett says 1912-01-01. Go with Willett.
2055 Zone Europe/Lisbon -0:36:32 - LMT 1884
2056 -0:36:32 - LMT 1912 Jan 1 # Lisbon Mean Time
2057 0:00 Port WE%sT 1966 Apr 3 2:00
2058 1:00 - CET 1976 Sep 26 1:00
2059 0:00 Port WE%sT 1983 Sep 25 1:00s
2060 0:00 W-Eur WE%sT 1992 Sep 27 1:00s
2061 1:00 EU CE%sT 1996 Mar 31 1:00u
2062 0:00 EU WE%sT
2063 Zone Atlantic/Azores -1:42:40 - LMT 1884 # Ponta Delgada
2064 -1:54:32 - HMT 1911 May 24 # Horta Mean Time
2065 -2:00 Port AZO%sT 1966 Apr 3 2:00 # Azores Time
2066 -1:00 Port AZO%sT 1983 Sep 25 1:00s
2067 -1:00 W-Eur AZO%sT 1992 Sep 27 1:00s
2068 0:00 EU WE%sT 1993 Mar 28 1:00u
2069 -1:00 EU AZO%sT
2070 Zone Atlantic/Madeira -1:07:36 - LMT 1884 # Funchal
2071 -1:07:36 - FMT 1911 May 24 # Funchal Mean Time
2072 -1:00 Port MAD%sT 1966 Apr 3 2:00 # Madeira Time
2073 0:00 Port WE%sT 1983 Sep 25 1:00s
2074 0:00 EU WE%sT
2075
2076 # Romania
2077 #
2078 # From Paul Eggert (1999-10-07):
2079 # <a href="http://www.nineoclock.ro/POL/1778pol.html">
2080 # Nine O'clock</a> (1998-10-23) reports that the switch occurred at
2081 # 04:00 local time in fall 1998. For lack of better info,
2082 # assume that Romania and Moldova switched to EU rules in 1997,
2083 # the same year as Bulgaria.
2084 #
2085 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
2086 Rule Romania 1932 only - May 21 0:00s 1:00 S
2087 Rule Romania 1932 1939 - Oct Sun>=1 0:00s 0 -
2088 Rule Romania 1933 1939 - Apr Sun>=2 0:00s 1:00 S
2089 Rule Romania 1979 only - May 27 0:00 1:00 S
2090 Rule Romania 1979 only - Sep lastSun 0:00 0 -
2091 Rule Romania 1980 only - Apr 5 23:00 1:00 S
2092 Rule Romania 1980 only - Sep lastSun 1:00 0 -
2093 Rule Romania 1991 1993 - Mar lastSun 0:00s 1:00 S
2094 Rule Romania 1991 1993 - Sep lastSun 0:00s 0 -
2095 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
2096 Zone Europe/Bucharest 1:44:24 - LMT 1891 Oct
2097 1:44:24 - BMT 1931 Jul 24 # Bucharest MT
2098 2:00 Romania EE%sT 1981 Mar 29 2:00s
2099 2:00 C-Eur EE%sT 1991
2100 2:00 Romania EE%sT 1994
2101 2:00 E-Eur EE%sT 1997
2102 2:00 EU EE%sT
2103
2104 # Russia
2105
2106 # From Alexander Krivenyshev (2011-09-15):
2107 # Based on last Russian Government Decree # 725 on August 31, 2011
2108 # (Government document
2109 # <a href="http://www.government.ru/gov/results/16355/print/">
2110 # http://www.government.ru/gov/results/16355/print/
2111 # </a>
2112 # in Russian)
2113 # there are few corrections have to be made for some Russian time zones...
2114 # All updated Russian Time Zones were placed in table and translated to English
2115 # by WorldTimeZone.com at the link below:
2116 # <a href="http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_russia36.htm">
2117 # http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_russia36.htm
2118 # </a>
2119
2120 # From Sanjeev Gupta (2011-09-27):
2121 # Scans of [Decree #23 of January 8, 1992] are available at:
2122 # <a href="http://government.consultant.ru/page.aspx?1223966">
2123 # http://government.consultant.ru/page.aspx?1223966
2124 # They are in Cyrillic letters (presumably Russian).
2125
2126 # From Arthur David Olson (2012-05-09):
2127 # Regarding the instant when clocks in time-zone-shifting parts of Russia
2128 # changed in September 2011:
2129 #
2130 # One source is
2131 # < a href="http://government.ru/gov/results/16355/>
2132 # http://government.ru/gov/results/16355/
2133 # </a>
2134 # which, according to translate.google.com, begins "Decree of August 31,
2135 # 2011 No 725" and contains no other dates or "effective date" information.
2136 #
2137 # Another source is
2138 # <a href="http://www.rg.ru/2011/09/06/chas-zona-dok.html">
2139 # http://www.rg.ru/2011/09/06/chas-zona-dok.html
2140 # </a>
2141 # which, according to translate.google.com, begins "Resolution of the
2142 # Government of the Russian Federation on August 31, 2011 N 725" and also
2143 # contains "Date first official publication: September 6, 2011 Posted on:
2144 # in the 'RG' - Federal Issue number 5573 September 6, 2011" but which
2145 # does not contain any "effective date" information.
2146 #
2147 # Another source is
2148 # <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oymyakonsky_District#cite_note-RuTime-7">
2149 # http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oymyakonsky_District#cite_note-RuTime-7
2150 # </a>
2151 # which, in note 8, contains "Resolution #725 of August 31, 2011...
2152 # Effective as of after 7 days following the day of the official publication"
2153 # but which does not contain any reference to September 6, 2011.
2154 #
2155 # The Wikipedia article refers to
2156 # <a href="http://base.consultant.ru/cons/cgi/online.cgi?req=doc;base=LAW;n=118896">
2157 # http://base.consultant.ru/cons/cgi/online.cgi?req=doc;base=LAW;n=118896
2158 # </a>
2159 # which seems to copy the text of the government.ru page.
2160 #
2161 # Tobias Conradi combines Wikipedia's
2162 # "as of after 7 days following the day of the official publication"
2163 # with www.rg.ru's "Date of first official publication: September 6, 2011" to get
2164 # September 13, 2011 as the cutover date (unusually, a Tuesday, as Tobias Conradi notes).
2165 #
2166 # None of the sources indicates a time of day for changing clocks.
2167 #
2168 # Go with 2011-09-13 0:00s.
2169
2170 # From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):
2171 # Except for Moscow after 1919-07-01, I invented the time zone abbreviations.
2172 # Moscow time zone abbreviations after 1919-07-01, and Moscow rules after 1991,
2173 # are from Andrey A. Chernov. The rest is from Shanks & Pottenger,
2174 # except we follow Chernov's report that 1992 DST transitions were Sat
2175 # 23:00, not Sun 02:00s.
2176 #
2177 # From Stanislaw A. Kuzikowski (1994-06-29):
2178 # But now it is some months since Novosibirsk is 3 hours ahead of Moscow!
2179 # I do not know why they have decided to make this change;
2180 # as far as I remember it was done exactly during winter->summer switching
2181 # so we (Novosibirsk) simply did not switch.
2182 #
2183 # From Andrey A. Chernov (1996-10-04):
2184 # 'MSK' and 'MSD' were born and used initially on Moscow computers with
2185 # UNIX-like OSes by several developer groups (e.g. Demos group, Kiae group)....
2186 # The next step was the UUCP network, the Relcom predecessor
2187 # (used mainly for mail), and MSK/MSD was actively used there.
2188 #
2189 # From Chris Carrier (1996-10-30):
2190 # According to a friend of mine who rode the Trans-Siberian Railroad from
2191 # Moscow to Irkutsk in 1995, public air and rail transport in Russia ...
2192 # still follows Moscow time, no matter where in Russia it is located.
2193 #
2194 # For Grozny, Chechnya, we have the following story from
2195 # John Daniszewski, "Scavengers in the Rubble", Los Angeles Times (2001-02-07):
2196 # News--often false--is spread by word of mouth. A rumor that it was
2197 # time to move the clocks back put this whole city out of sync with
2198 # the rest of Russia for two weeks--even soldiers stationed here began
2199 # enforcing curfew at the wrong time.
2200 #
2201 # From Gwillim Law (2001-06-05):
2202 # There's considerable evidence that Sakhalin Island used to be in
2203 # UTC+11, and has changed to UTC+10, in this decade. I start with the
2204 # SSIM, which listed Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk in zone RU10 along with Magadan
2205 # until February 1997, and then in RU9 with Khabarovsk and Vladivostok
2206 # since September 1997.... Although the Kuril Islands are
2207 # administratively part of Sakhalin oblast', they appear to have
2208 # remained on UTC+11 along with Magadan.
2209 #
2210 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
2211 #
2212 # Kaliningradskaya oblast'.
2213 Zone Europe/Kaliningrad 1:22:00 - LMT 1893 Apr
2214 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945
2215 2:00 Poland CE%sT 1946
2216 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2217 2:00 Russia EE%sT 2011 Mar 27 2:00s
2218 3:00 - FET # Further-eastern European Time
2219 #
2220 # From Oscar van Vlijmen (2001-08-25): [This region consists of]
2221 # Respublika Adygeya, Arkhangel'skaya oblast',
2222 # Belgorodskaya oblast', Bryanskaya oblast', Vladimirskaya oblast',
2223 # Vologodskaya oblast', Voronezhskaya oblast',
2224 # Respublika Dagestan, Ivanovskaya oblast', Respublika Ingushetiya,
2225 # Kabarbino-Balkarskaya Respublika, Respublika Kalmykiya,
2226 # Kalyzhskaya oblast', Respublika Karachaevo-Cherkessiya,
2227 # Respublika Kareliya, Respublika Komi,
2228 # Kostromskaya oblast', Krasnodarskij kraj, Kurskaya oblast',
2229 # Leningradskaya oblast', Lipetskaya oblast', Respublika Marij El,
2230 # Respublika Mordoviya, Moskva, Moskovskaya oblast',
2231 # Murmanskaya oblast', Nenetskij avtonomnyj okrug,
2232 # Nizhegorodskaya oblast', Novgorodskaya oblast', Orlovskaya oblast',
2233 # Penzenskaya oblast', Pskovskaya oblast', Rostovskaya oblast',
2234 # Ryazanskaya oblast', Sankt-Peterburg,
2235 # Respublika Severnaya Osetiya, Smolenskaya oblast',
2236 # Stavropol'skij kraj, Tambovskaya oblast', Respublika Tatarstan,
2237 # Tverskaya oblast', Tyl'skaya oblast', Ul'yanovskaya oblast',
2238 # Chechenskaya Respublika, Chuvashskaya oblast',
2239 # Yaroslavskaya oblast'
2240 Zone Europe/Moscow 2:30:20 - LMT 1880
2241 2:30 - MMT 1916 Jul 3 # Moscow Mean Time
2242 2:30:48 Russia %s 1919 Jul 1 2:00
2243 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1922 Oct
2244 2:00 - EET 1930 Jun 21
2245 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2246 2:00 Russia EE%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
2247 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 2011 Mar 27 2:00s
2248 4:00 - MSK
2249 #
2250 # Astrakhanskaya oblast', Kirovskaya oblast', Saratovskaya oblast',
2251 # Volgogradskaya oblast'. Shanks & Pottenger say Kirov is still at +0400
2252 # but Wikipedia (2006-05-09) says +0300. Perhaps it switched after the
2253 # others? But we have no data.
2254 Zone Europe/Volgograd 2:57:40 - LMT 1920 Jan 3
2255 3:00 - TSAT 1925 Apr 6 # Tsaritsyn Time
2256 3:00 - STAT 1930 Jun 21 # Stalingrad Time
2257 4:00 - STAT 1961 Nov 11
2258 4:00 Russia VOL%sT 1989 Mar 26 2:00s # Volgograd T
2259 3:00 Russia VOL%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2260 4:00 - VOLT 1992 Mar 29 2:00s
2261 3:00 Russia VOL%sT 2011 Mar 27 2:00s
2262 4:00 - VOLT
2263 #
2264 # From Oscar van Vlijmen (2001-08-25): [This region consists of]
2265 # Samarskaya oblast', Udmyrtskaya respublika
2266 Zone Europe/Samara 3:20:36 - LMT 1919 Jul 1 2:00
2267 3:00 - SAMT 1930 Jun 21
2268 4:00 - SAMT 1935 Jan 27
2269 4:00 Russia KUY%sT 1989 Mar 26 2:00s # Kuybyshev
2270 3:00 Russia KUY%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2271 2:00 Russia KUY%sT 1991 Sep 29 2:00s
2272 3:00 - KUYT 1991 Oct 20 3:00
2273 4:00 Russia SAM%sT 2010 Mar 28 2:00s # Samara Time
2274 3:00 Russia SAM%sT 2011 Mar 27 2:00s
2275 4:00 - SAMT
2276
2277 #
2278 # From Oscar van Vlijmen (2001-08-25): [This region consists of]
2279 # Respublika Bashkortostan, Komi-Permyatskij avtonomnyj okrug,
2280 # Kurganskaya oblast', Orenburgskaya oblast', Permskaya oblast',
2281 # Sverdlovskaya oblast', Tyumenskaya oblast',
2282 # Khanty-Manskijskij avtonomnyj okrug, Chelyabinskaya oblast',
2283 # Yamalo-Nenetskij avtonomnyj okrug.
2284 Zone Asia/Yekaterinburg 4:02:24 - LMT 1919 Jul 15 4:00
2285 4:00 - SVET 1930 Jun 21 # Sverdlovsk Time
2286 5:00 Russia SVE%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2287 4:00 Russia SVE%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
2288 5:00 Russia YEK%sT 2011 Mar 27 2:00s
2289 6:00 - YEKT # Yekaterinburg Time
2290 #
2291 # From Oscar van Vlijmen (2001-08-25): [This region consists of]
2292 # Respublika Altaj, Altajskij kraj, Omskaya oblast'.
2293 Zone Asia/Omsk 4:53:36 - LMT 1919 Nov 14
2294 5:00 - OMST 1930 Jun 21 # Omsk TIme
2295 6:00 Russia OMS%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2296 5:00 Russia OMS%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
2297 6:00 Russia OMS%sT 2011 Mar 27 2:00s
2298 7:00 - OMST
2299 #
2300 # From Paul Eggert (2006-08-19): I'm guessing about Tomsk here; it's
2301 # not clear when it switched from +7 to +6.
2302 # Novosibirskaya oblast', Tomskaya oblast'.
2303 Zone Asia/Novosibirsk 5:31:40 - LMT 1919 Dec 14 6:00
2304 6:00 - NOVT 1930 Jun 21 # Novosibirsk Time
2305 7:00 Russia NOV%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2306 6:00 Russia NOV%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
2307 7:00 Russia NOV%sT 1993 May 23 # say Shanks & P.
2308 6:00 Russia NOV%sT 2011 Mar 27 2:00s
2309 7:00 - NOVT
2310
2311 # From Alexander Krivenyshev (2009-10-13):
2312 # Kemerovo oblast' (Kemerovo region) in Russia will change current time zone on
2313 # March 28, 2010:
2314 # from current Russia Zone 6 - Krasnoyarsk Time Zone (KRA) UTC +0700
2315 # to Russia Zone 5 - Novosibirsk Time Zone (NOV) UTC +0600
2316 #
2317 # This is according to Government of Russia decree # 740, on September
2318 # 14, 2009 "Application in the territory of the Kemerovo region the Fifth
2319 # time zone." ("Russia Zone 5" or old "USSR Zone 5" is GMT +0600)
2320 #
2321 # Russian Government web site (Russian language)
2322 # <a href="http://www.government.ru/content/governmentactivity/rfgovernmentdecisions/archiv">
2323 # http://www.government.ru/content/governmentactivity/rfgovernmentdecisions/archive/2009/09/14/991633.htm
2324 # </a>
2325 # or Russian-English translation by WorldTimeZone.com with reference
2326 # map to local region and new Russia Time Zone map after March 28, 2010
2327 # <a href="http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_russia03.html">
2328 # http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_russia03.html
2329 # </a>
2330 #
2331 # Thus, when Russia will switch to DST on the night of March 28, 2010
2332 # Kemerovo region (Kemerovo oblast') will not change the clock.
2333 #
2334 # As a result, Kemerovo oblast' will be in the same time zone as
2335 # Novosibirsk, Omsk, Tomsk, Barnaul and Altai Republic.
2336
2337 Zone Asia/Novokuznetsk 5:48:48 - NMT 1920 Jan 6
2338 6:00 - KRAT 1930 Jun 21 # Krasnoyarsk Time
2339 7:00 Russia KRA%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2340 6:00 Russia KRA%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
2341 7:00 Russia KRA%sT 2010 Mar 28 2:00s
2342 6:00 Russia NOV%sT 2011 Mar 27 2:00s
2343 7:00 - NOVT # Novosibirsk/Novokuznetsk Time
2344
2345 #
2346 # From Oscar van Vlijmen (2001-08-25): [This region consists of]
2347 # Krasnoyarskij kraj,
2348 # Tajmyrskij (Dolgano-Nenetskij) avtonomnyj okrug,
2349 # Respublika Tuva, Respublika Khakasiya, Evenkijskij avtonomnyj okrug.
2350 Zone Asia/Krasnoyarsk 6:11:20 - LMT 1920 Jan 6
2351 6:00 - KRAT 1930 Jun 21 # Krasnoyarsk Time
2352 7:00 Russia KRA%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2353 6:00 Russia KRA%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
2354 7:00 Russia KRA%sT 2011 Mar 27 2:00s
2355 8:00 - KRAT
2356 #
2357 # From Oscar van Vlijmen (2001-08-25): [This region consists of]
2358 # Respublika Buryatiya, Irkutskaya oblast',
2359 # Ust'-Ordynskij Buryatskij avtonomnyj okrug.
2360 Zone Asia/Irkutsk 6:57:20 - LMT 1880
2361 6:57:20 - IMT 1920 Jan 25 # Irkutsk Mean Time
2362 7:00 - IRKT 1930 Jun 21 # Irkutsk Time
2363 8:00 Russia IRK%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2364 7:00 Russia IRK%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
2365 8:00 Russia IRK%sT 2011 Mar 27 2:00s
2366 9:00 - IRKT
2367 #
2368 # From Oscar van Vlijmen (2003-10-18): [This region consists of]
2369 # Aginskij Buryatskij avtonomnyj okrug, Amurskaya oblast',
2370 # [parts of] Respublika Sakha (Yakutiya), Chitinskaya oblast'.
2371
2372 # From Oscar van Vlijmen (2009-11-29):
2373 # ...some regions of [Russia] were merged with others since 2005...
2374 # Some names were changed, no big deal, except for one instance: a new name.
2375 # YAK/YAKST: UTC+9 Zabajkal'skij kraj.
2376
2377 # From Oscar van Vlijmen (2009-11-29):
2378 # The Sakha districts are: Aldanskij, Amginskij, Anabarskij,
2379 # Verkhnevilyujskij, Vilyujskij, Gornyj,
2380 # Zhiganskij, Kobyajskij, Lenskij, Megino-Kangalasskij, Mirninskij,
2381 # Namskij, Nyurbinskij, Olenyokskij, Olyokminskij,
2382 # Suntarskij, Tattinskij, Ust'-Aldanskij, Khangalasskij,
2383 # Churapchinskij, Eveno-Bytantajskij Natsional'nij.
2384
2385 Zone Asia/Yakutsk 8:38:40 - LMT 1919 Dec 15
2386 8:00 - YAKT 1930 Jun 21 # Yakutsk Time
2387 9:00 Russia YAK%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2388 8:00 Russia YAK%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
2389 9:00 Russia YAK%sT 2011 Mar 27 2:00s
2390 10:00 - YAKT
2391 #
2392 # From Oscar van Vlijmen (2003-10-18): [This region consists of]
2393 # Evrejskaya avtonomnaya oblast', Khabarovskij kraj, Primorskij kraj,
2394 # [parts of] Respublika Sakha (Yakutiya).
2395
2396 # From Oscar van Vlijmen (2009-11-29):
2397 # The Sakha districts are: Bulunskij, Verkhoyanskij, ... Ust'-Yanskij.
2398 Zone Asia/Vladivostok 8:47:44 - LMT 1922 Nov 15
2399 9:00 - VLAT 1930 Jun 21 # Vladivostok Time
2400 10:00 Russia VLA%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2401 9:00 Russia VLA%sST 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
2402 10:00 Russia VLA%sT 2011 Mar 27 2:00s
2403 11:00 - VLAT
2404
2405 # From Arthur David Olson (2012-05-09):
2406 # Tomponskij and Ust'-Majskij switched from Vladivostok time to Yakutsk time
2407 # in 2011.
2408 #
2409 # From Paul Eggert (2012-11-25):
2410 # Shanks and Pottenger (2003) has Khandyga on Yakutsk time.
2411 # Make a wild guess that it switched to Vladivostok time in 2004.
2412 # This transition is no doubt wrong, but we have no better info.
2413 #
2414 Zone Asia/Khandyga 9:02:13 - LMT 1919 Dec 15
2415 8:00 - YAKT 1930 Jun 21 # Yakutsk Time
2416 9:00 Russia YAK%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2417 8:00 Russia YAK%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
2418 9:00 Russia YAK%sT 2004
2419 10:00 Russia VLA%sT 2011 Mar 27 2:00s
2420 11:00 - VLAT 2011 Sep 13 0:00s # Decree 725?
2421 10:00 - YAKT
2422
2423 #
2424 # Sakhalinskaya oblast'.
2425 # The Zone name should be Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk, but that's too long.
2426 Zone Asia/Sakhalin 9:30:48 - LMT 1905 Aug 23
2427 9:00 - CJT 1938
2428 9:00 - JST 1945 Aug 25
2429 11:00 Russia SAK%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s # Sakhalin T.
2430 10:00 Russia SAK%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
2431 11:00 Russia SAK%sT 1997 Mar lastSun 2:00s
2432 10:00 Russia SAK%sT 2011 Mar 27 2:00s
2433 11:00 - SAKT
2434 #
2435 # From Oscar van Vlijmen (2003-10-18): [This region consists of]
2436 # Magadanskaya oblast', Respublika Sakha (Yakutiya).
2437 # Probably also: Kuril Islands.
2438
2439 # From Oscar van Vlijmen (2009-11-29):
2440 # The Sakha districts are: Abyjskij, Allaikhovskij, Verkhhhnekolymskij, Momskij,
2441 # Nizhnekolymskij, ... Srednekolymskij.
2442 Zone Asia/Magadan 10:03:12 - LMT 1924 May 2
2443 10:00 - MAGT 1930 Jun 21 # Magadan Time
2444 11:00 Russia MAG%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2445 10:00 Russia MAG%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
2446 11:00 Russia MAG%sT 2011 Mar 27 2:00s
2447 12:00 - MAGT
2448
2449 # From Arthur David Olson (2012-05-09):
2450 # Ojmyakonskij and the Kuril Islands switched from
2451 # Magadan time to Vladivostok time in 2011.
2452 Zone Asia/Ust-Nera 9:32:54 - LMT 1919 Dec 15
2453 8:00 - YAKT 1930 Jun 21 # Yakutsk Time
2454 9:00 Russia YAKT 1981 Apr 1
2455 11:00 Russia MAG%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2456 10:00 Russia MAG%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
2457 11:00 Russia MAG%sT 2011 Mar 27 2:00s
2458 12:00 - MAGT 2011 Sep 13 0:00s # Decree 725?
2459 11:00 - VLAT
2460
2461 # From Oscar van Vlijmen (2001-08-25): [This region consists of]
2462 # Kamchatskaya oblast', Koryakskij avtonomnyj okrug.
2463 #
2464 # The Zone name should be Asia/Petropavlovsk-Kamchatski, but that's too long.
2465 Zone Asia/Kamchatka 10:34:36 - LMT 1922 Nov 10
2466 11:00 - PETT 1930 Jun 21 # P-K Time
2467 12:00 Russia PET%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2468 11:00 Russia PET%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
2469 12:00 Russia PET%sT 2010 Mar 28 2:00s
2470 11:00 Russia PET%sT 2011 Mar 27 2:00s
2471 12:00 - PETT
2472 #
2473 # Chukotskij avtonomnyj okrug
2474 Zone Asia/Anadyr 11:49:56 - LMT 1924 May 2
2475 12:00 - ANAT 1930 Jun 21 # Anadyr Time
2476 13:00 Russia ANA%sT 1982 Apr 1 0:00s
2477 12:00 Russia ANA%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2478 11:00 Russia ANA%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
2479 12:00 Russia ANA%sT 2010 Mar 28 2:00s
2480 11:00 Russia ANA%sT 2011 Mar 27 2:00s
2481 12:00 - ANAT
2482
2483 # San Marino
2484 # See Europe/Rome.
2485
2486 # Serbia
2487 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
2488 Zone Europe/Belgrade 1:22:00 - LMT 1884
2489 1:00 - CET 1941 Apr 18 23:00
2490 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945
2491 1:00 - CET 1945 May 8 2:00s
2492 1:00 1:00 CEST 1945 Sep 16 2:00s
2493 # Metod Kozelj reports that the legal date of
2494 # transition to EU rules was 1982-11-27, for all of Yugoslavia at the time.
2495 # Shanks & Pottenger don't give as much detail, so go with Kozelj.
2496 1:00 - CET 1982 Nov 27
2497 1:00 EU CE%sT
2498 Link Europe/Belgrade Europe/Ljubljana # Slovenia
2499 Link Europe/Belgrade Europe/Podgorica # Montenegro
2500 Link Europe/Belgrade Europe/Sarajevo # Bosnia and Herzegovina
2501 Link Europe/Belgrade Europe/Skopje # Macedonia
2502 Link Europe/Belgrade Europe/Zagreb # Croatia
2503
2504 # Slovakia
2505 Link Europe/Prague Europe/Bratislava
2506
2507 # Slovenia
2508 # See Europe/Belgrade.
2509
2510 # Spain
2511 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
2512 # For 1917-1919 Whitman gives Apr Sat>=1 - Oct Sat>=1;
2513 # go with Shanks & Pottenger.
2514 Rule Spain 1917 only - May 5 23:00s 1:00 S
2515 Rule Spain 1917 1919 - Oct 6 23:00s 0 -
2516 Rule Spain 1918 only - Apr 15 23:00s 1:00 S
2517 Rule Spain 1919 only - Apr 5 23:00s 1:00 S
2518 # Whitman gives 1921 Feb 28 - Oct 14; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
2519 Rule Spain 1924 only - Apr 16 23:00s 1:00 S
2520 # Whitman gives 1924 Oct 14; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
2521 Rule Spain 1924 only - Oct 4 23:00s 0 -
2522 Rule Spain 1926 only - Apr 17 23:00s 1:00 S
2523 # Whitman says no DST in 1929; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
2524 Rule Spain 1926 1929 - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 -
2525 Rule Spain 1927 only - Apr 9 23:00s 1:00 S
2526 Rule Spain 1928 only - Apr 14 23:00s 1:00 S
2527 Rule Spain 1929 only - Apr 20 23:00s 1:00 S
2528 # Whitman gives 1937 Jun 16, 1938 Apr 16, 1940 Apr 13;
2529 # go with Shanks & Pottenger.
2530 Rule Spain 1937 only - May 22 23:00s 1:00 S
2531 Rule Spain 1937 1939 - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 -
2532 Rule Spain 1938 only - Mar 22 23:00s 1:00 S
2533 Rule Spain 1939 only - Apr 15 23:00s 1:00 S
2534 Rule Spain 1940 only - Mar 16 23:00s 1:00 S
2535 # Whitman says no DST 1942-1945; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
2536 Rule Spain 1942 only - May 2 22:00s 2:00 M # Midsummer
2537 Rule Spain 1942 only - Sep 1 22:00s 1:00 S
2538 Rule Spain 1943 1946 - Apr Sat>=13 22:00s 2:00 M
2539 Rule Spain 1943 only - Oct 3 22:00s 1:00 S
2540 Rule Spain 1944 only - Oct 10 22:00s 1:00 S
2541 Rule Spain 1945 only - Sep 30 1:00 1:00 S
2542 Rule Spain 1946 only - Sep 30 0:00 0 -
2543 Rule Spain 1949 only - Apr 30 23:00 1:00 S
2544 Rule Spain 1949 only - Sep 30 1:00 0 -
2545 Rule Spain 1974 1975 - Apr Sat>=13 23:00 1:00 S
2546 Rule Spain 1974 1975 - Oct Sun>=1 1:00 0 -
2547 Rule Spain 1976 only - Mar 27 23:00 1:00 S
2548 Rule Spain 1976 1977 - Sep lastSun 1:00 0 -
2549 Rule Spain 1977 1978 - Apr 2 23:00 1:00 S
2550 Rule Spain 1978 only - Oct 1 1:00 0 -
2551 # The following rules are copied from Morocco from 1967 through 1978.
2552 Rule SpainAfrica 1967 only - Jun 3 12:00 1:00 S
2553 Rule SpainAfrica 1967 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
2554 Rule SpainAfrica 1974 only - Jun 24 0:00 1:00 S
2555 Rule SpainAfrica 1974 only - Sep 1 0:00 0 -
2556 Rule SpainAfrica 1976 1977 - May 1 0:00 1:00 S
2557 Rule SpainAfrica 1976 only - Aug 1 0:00 0 -
2558 Rule SpainAfrica 1977 only - Sep 28 0:00 0 -
2559 Rule SpainAfrica 1978 only - Jun 1 0:00 1:00 S
2560 Rule SpainAfrica 1978 only - Aug 4 0:00 0 -
2561 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
2562 Zone Europe/Madrid -0:14:44 - LMT 1901 Jan 1 0:00s
2563 0:00 Spain WE%sT 1946 Sep 30
2564 1:00 Spain CE%sT 1979
2565 1:00 EU CE%sT
2566 Zone Africa/Ceuta -0:21:16 - LMT 1901
2567 0:00 - WET 1918 May 6 23:00
2568 0:00 1:00 WEST 1918 Oct 7 23:00
2569 0:00 - WET 1924
2570 0:00 Spain WE%sT 1929
2571 0:00 SpainAfrica WE%sT 1984 Mar 16
2572 1:00 - CET 1986
2573 1:00 EU CE%sT
2574 Zone Atlantic/Canary -1:01:36 - LMT 1922 Mar # Las Palmas de Gran C.
2575 -1:00 - CANT 1946 Sep 30 1:00 # Canaries Time
2576 0:00 - WET 1980 Apr 6 0:00s
2577 0:00 1:00 WEST 1980 Sep 28 0:00s
2578 0:00 EU WE%sT
2579 # IATA SSIM (1996-09) says the Canaries switch at 2:00u, not 1:00u.
2580 # Ignore this for now, as the Canaries are part of the EU.
2581
2582 # Sweden
2583
2584 # From Ivan Nilsson (2001-04-13), superseding Shanks & Pottenger:
2585 #
2586 # The law "Svensk forfattningssamling 1878, no 14" about standard time in 1879:
2587 # From the beginning of 1879 (that is 01-01 00:00) the time for all
2588 # places in the country is "the mean solar time for the meridian at
2589 # three degrees, or twelve minutes of time, to the west of the
2590 # meridian of the Observatory of Stockholm". The law is dated 1878-05-31.
2591 #
2592 # The observatory at that time had the meridian 18 degrees 03' 30"
2593 # eastern longitude = 01:12:14 in time. Less 12 minutes gives the
2594 # national standard time as 01:00:14 ahead of GMT....
2595 #
2596 # About the beginning of CET in Sweden. The lawtext ("Svensk
2597 # forfattningssamling 1899, no 44") states, that "from the beginning
2598 # of 1900... ... the same as the mean solar time for the meridian at
2599 # the distance of one hour of time from the meridian of the English
2600 # observatory at Greenwich, or at 12 minutes 14 seconds to the west
2601 # from the meridian of the Observatory of Stockholm". The law is dated
2602 # 1899-06-16. In short: At 1900-01-01 00:00:00 the new standard time
2603 # in Sweden is 01:00:00 ahead of GMT.
2604 #
2605 # 1916: The lawtext ("Svensk forfattningssamling 1916, no 124") states
2606 # that "1916-05-15 is considered to begin one hour earlier". It is
2607 # pretty obvious that at 05-14 23:00 the clocks are set to 05-15 00:00....
2608 # Further the law says, that "1916-09-30 is considered to end one hour later".
2609 #
2610 # The laws regulating [DST] are available on the site of the Swedish
2611 # Parliament beginning with 1985 - the laws regulating 1980/1984 are
2612 # not available on the site (to my knowledge they are only available
2613 # in Swedish): <http://www.riksdagen.se/english/work/sfst.asp> (type
2614 # "sommartid" without the quotes in the field "Fritext" and then click
2615 # the Sok-button).
2616 #
2617 # (2001-05-13):
2618 #
2619 # I have now found a newspaper stating that at 1916-10-01 01:00
2620 # summertime the church-clocks etc were set back one hour to show
2621 # 1916-10-01 00:00 standard time. The article also reports that some
2622 # people thought the switch to standard time would take place already
2623 # at 1916-10-01 00:00 summer time, but they had to wait for another
2624 # hour before the event took place.
2625 #
2626 # Source: The newspaper "Dagens Nyheter", 1916-10-01, page 7 upper left.
2627
2628 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
2629 Zone Europe/Stockholm 1:12:12 - LMT 1879 Jan 1
2630 1:00:14 - SET 1900 Jan 1 # Swedish Time
2631 1:00 - CET 1916 May 14 23:00
2632 1:00 1:00 CEST 1916 Oct 1 01:00
2633 1:00 - CET 1980
2634 1:00 EU CE%sT
2635
2636 # Switzerland
2637 # From Howse:
2638 # By the end of the 18th century clocks and watches became commonplace
2639 # and their performance improved enormously. Communities began to keep
2640 # mean time in preference to apparent time -- Geneva from 1780 ....
2641 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
2642 # From Whitman (who writes "Midnight?"):
2643 # Rule Swiss 1940 only - Nov 2 0:00 1:00 S
2644 # Rule Swiss 1940 only - Dec 31 0:00 0 -
2645 # From Shanks & Pottenger:
2646 # Rule Swiss 1941 1942 - May Sun>=1 2:00 1:00 S
2647 # Rule Swiss 1941 1942 - Oct Sun>=1 0:00 0 -
2648
2649 # From Alois Treindl (2008-12-17):
2650 # I have researched the DST usage in Switzerland during the 1940ies.
2651 #
2652 # As I wrote in an earlier message, I suspected the current tzdata values
2653 # to be wrong. This is now verified.
2654 #
2655 # I have found copies of the original ruling by the Swiss Federal
2656 # government, in 'Eidgen[o]ssische Gesetzessammlung 1941 and 1942' (Swiss
2657 # federal law collection)...
2658 #
2659 # DST began on Monday 5 May 1941, 1:00 am by shifting the clocks to 2:00 am
2660 # DST ended on Monday 6 Oct 1941, 2:00 am by shifting the clocks to 1:00 am.
2661 #
2662 # DST began on Monday, 4 May 1942 at 01:00 am
2663 # DST ended on Monday, 5 Oct 1942 at 02:00 am
2664 #
2665 # There was no DST in 1940, I have checked the law collection carefully.
2666 # It is also indicated by the fact that the 1942 entry in the law
2667 # collection points back to 1941 as a reference, but no reference to any
2668 # other years are made.
2669 #
2670 # Newspaper articles I have read in the archives on 6 May 1941 reported
2671 # about the introduction of DST (Sommerzeit in German) during the previous
2672 # night as an absolute novelty, because this was the first time that such
2673 # a thing had happened in Switzerland.
2674 #
2675 # I have also checked 1916, because one book source (Gabriel, Traite de
2676 # l'heure dans le monde) claims that Switzerland had DST in 1916. This is
2677 # false, no official document could be found. Probably Gabriel got misled
2678 # by references to Germany, which introduced DST in 1916 for the first time.
2679 #
2680 # The tzdata rules for Switzerland must be changed to:
2681 # Rule Swiss 1941 1942 - May Mon>=1 1:00 1:00 S
2682 # Rule Swiss 1941 1942 - Oct Mon>=1 2:00 0 -
2683 #
2684 # The 1940 rules must be deleted.
2685 #
2686 # One further detail for Switzerland, which is probably out of scope for
2687 # most users of tzdata: The [Europe/Zurich zone] ...
2688 # describes all of Switzerland correctly, with the exception of
2689 # the Cantone Geneve (Geneva, Genf). Between 1848 and 1894 Geneve did not
2690 # follow Bern Mean Time but kept its own local mean time.
2691 # To represent this, an extra zone would be needed.
2692 #
2693 # From Alois Treindl (2013-09-11):
2694 # The Federal regulations say
2695 # http://www.admin.ch/opc/de/classified-compilation/20071096/index.html
2696 # ... the meridian for Bern mean time ... is 7 degrees 26'22.50".
2697 # Expressed in time, it is 0h29m45.5s.
2698
2699 # From Pierre-Yves Berger (2013-09-11):
2700 # the "Circulaire du conseil federal" (December 11 1893)
2701 # <http://www.amtsdruckschriften.bar.admin.ch/viewOrigDoc.do?id=10071353> ...
2702 # clearly states that the [1894-06-01] change should be done at midnight
2703 # but if no one is present after 11 at night, could be postponed until one
2704 # hour before the beginning of service.
2705
2706 # From Paul Eggert (2013-09-11):
2707 # Round BMT to the nearest even second, 0:29:46.
2708 #
2709 # We can find no reliable source for Shanks's assertion that all of Switzerland
2710 # except Geneva switched to Bern Mean Time at 00:00 on 1848-09-12. This book:
2711 #
2712 # Jakob Messerli. Gleichmassig, punktlich, schnell: Zeiteinteilung und
2713 # Zeitgebrauch in der Schweiz im 19. Jahrhundert. Chronos, Zurich 1995,
2714 # ISBN 3-905311-68-2, OCLC 717570797.
2715 #
2716 # suggests that the transition was more gradual, and that the Swiss did not
2717 # agree about civil time during the transition. The timekeeping it gives the
2718 # most detail for is postal and telegraph time: here, federal legislation (the
2719 # "Bundesgesetz uber die Erstellung von elektrischen Telegraphen") passed on
2720 # 1851-11-23, and an official implementation notice was published 1853-07-16
2721 # (Bundesblatt 1853, Bd. II, S. 859). On p 72 Messerli writes that in
2722 # practice since July 1853 Bernese time was used in "all postal and telegraph
2723 # offices in Switzerland from Geneva to St. Gallen and Basel to Chiasso"
2724 # (Google translation). For now, model this transition as occurring on
2725 # 1853-07-16, though it probably occurred at some other date in Zurich, and
2726 # legal civil time probably changed at still some other transition date.
2727
2728 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
2729 Rule Swiss 1941 1942 - May Mon>=1 1:00 1:00 S
2730 Rule Swiss 1941 1942 - Oct Mon>=1 2:00 0 -
2731 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
2732 Zone Europe/Zurich 0:34:08 - LMT 1853 Jul 16 # See above comment.
2733 0:29:46 - BMT 1894 Jun # Bern Mean Time
2734 1:00 Swiss CE%sT 1981
2735 1:00 EU CE%sT
2736
2737 # Turkey
2738
2739 # From Amar Devegowda (2007-01-03):
2740 # The time zone rules for Istanbul, Turkey have not been changed for years now.
2741 # ... The latest rules are available at -
2742 # http://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/timezone.html?n=107
2743 # From Steffen Thorsen (2007-01-03):
2744 # I have been able to find press records back to 1996 which all say that
2745 # DST started 01:00 local time and end at 02:00 local time. I am not sure
2746 # what happened before that. One example for each year from 1996 to 2001:
2747 # http://newspot.byegm.gov.tr/arsiv/1996/21/N4.htm
2748 # http://www.byegm.gov.tr/YAYINLARIMIZ/CHR/ING97/03/97X03X25.TXT
2749 # http://www.byegm.gov.tr/YAYINLARIMIZ/CHR/ING98/03/98X03X02.HTM
2750 # http://www.byegm.gov.tr/YAYINLARIMIZ/CHR/ING99/10/99X10X26.HTM#%2016
2751 # http://www.byegm.gov.tr/YAYINLARIMIZ/CHR/ING2000/03/00X03X06.HTM#%2021
2752 # http://www.byegm.gov.tr/YAYINLARIMIZ/CHR/ING2001/03/23x03x01.HTM#%2027
2753 # From Paul Eggert (2007-01-03):
2754 # Prefer the above source to Shanks & Pottenger for time stamps after 1990.
2755
2756 # From Steffen Thorsen (2007-03-09):
2757 # Starting 2007 though, it seems that they are adopting EU's 1:00 UTC
2758 # start/end time, according to the following page (2007-03-07):
2759 # http://www.ntvmsnbc.com/news/402029.asp
2760 # The official document is located here - it is in Turkish...:
2761 # http://rega.basbakanlik.gov.tr/eskiler/2007/03/20070307-7.htm
2762 # I was able to locate the following seemingly official document
2763 # (on a non-government server though) describing dates between 2002 and 2006:
2764 # http://www.alomaliye.com/bkk_2002_3769.htm
2765
2766 # From Gökdeniz Karadağ (2011-03-10):
2767 #
2768 # According to the articles linked below, Turkey will change into summer
2769 # time zone (GMT+3) on March 28, 2011 at 3:00 a.m. instead of March 27.
2770 # This change is due to a nationwide exam on 27th.
2771 # http://www.worldbulletin.net/?aType=haber&ArticleID=70872
2772 # Turkish:
2773 # http://www.hurriyet.com.tr/ekonomi/17230464.asp?gid=373
2774
2775 # From Faruk Pasin (2014-02-14):
2776 # The DST for Turkey has been changed for this year because of the
2777 # Turkish Local election....
2778 # http://www.sabah.com.tr/Ekonomi/2014/02/12/yaz-saatinde-onemli-degisiklik
2779 # ... so Turkey will move clocks forward one hour on March 31 at 3:00 a.m.
2780 # From Paul Eggert (2014-02-17):
2781 # Here is an English-language source:
2782 # http://www.worldbulletin.net/turkey/129016/turkey-switches-to-daylight-saving-time-march-31
2783
2784 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
2785 Rule Turkey 1916 only - May 1 0:00 1:00 S
2786 Rule Turkey 1916 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
2787 Rule Turkey 1920 only - Mar 28 0:00 1:00 S
2788 Rule Turkey 1920 only - Oct 25 0:00 0 -
2789 Rule Turkey 1921 only - Apr 3 0:00 1:00 S
2790 Rule Turkey 1921 only - Oct 3 0:00 0 -
2791 Rule Turkey 1922 only - Mar 26 0:00 1:00 S
2792 Rule Turkey 1922 only - Oct 8 0:00 0 -
2793 # Whitman gives 1923 Apr 28 - Sep 16 and no DST in 1924-1925;
2794 # go with Shanks & Pottenger.
2795 Rule Turkey 1924 only - May 13 0:00 1:00 S
2796 Rule Turkey 1924 1925 - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
2797 Rule Turkey 1925 only - May 1 0:00 1:00 S
2798 Rule Turkey 1940 only - Jun 30 0:00 1:00 S
2799 Rule Turkey 1940 only - Oct 5 0:00 0 -
2800 Rule Turkey 1940 only - Dec 1 0:00 1:00 S
2801 Rule Turkey 1941 only - Sep 21 0:00 0 -
2802 Rule Turkey 1942 only - Apr 1 0:00 1:00 S
2803 # Whitman omits the next two transition and gives 1945 Oct 1;
2804 # go with Shanks & Pottenger.
2805 Rule Turkey 1942 only - Nov 1 0:00 0 -
2806 Rule Turkey 1945 only - Apr 2 0:00 1:00 S
2807 Rule Turkey 1945 only - Oct 8 0:00 0 -
2808 Rule Turkey 1946 only - Jun 1 0:00 1:00 S
2809 Rule Turkey 1946 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
2810 Rule Turkey 1947 1948 - Apr Sun>=16 0:00 1:00 S
2811 Rule Turkey 1947 1950 - Oct Sun>=2 0:00 0 -
2812 Rule Turkey 1949 only - Apr 10 0:00 1:00 S
2813 Rule Turkey 1950 only - Apr 19 0:00 1:00 S
2814 Rule Turkey 1951 only - Apr 22 0:00 1:00 S
2815 Rule Turkey 1951 only - Oct 8 0:00 0 -
2816 Rule Turkey 1962 only - Jul 15 0:00 1:00 S
2817 Rule Turkey 1962 only - Oct 8 0:00 0 -
2818 Rule Turkey 1964 only - May 15 0:00 1:00 S
2819 Rule Turkey 1964 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
2820 Rule Turkey 1970 1972 - May Sun>=2 0:00 1:00 S
2821 Rule Turkey 1970 1972 - Oct Sun>=2 0:00 0 -
2822 Rule Turkey 1973 only - Jun 3 1:00 1:00 S
2823 Rule Turkey 1973 only - Nov 4 3:00 0 -
2824 Rule Turkey 1974 only - Mar 31 2:00 1:00 S
2825 Rule Turkey 1974 only - Nov 3 5:00 0 -
2826 Rule Turkey 1975 only - Mar 30 0:00 1:00 S
2827 Rule Turkey 1975 1976 - Oct lastSun 0:00 0 -
2828 Rule Turkey 1976 only - Jun 1 0:00 1:00 S
2829 Rule Turkey 1977 1978 - Apr Sun>=1 0:00 1:00 S
2830 Rule Turkey 1977 only - Oct 16 0:00 0 -
2831 Rule Turkey 1979 1980 - Apr Sun>=1 3:00 1:00 S
2832 Rule Turkey 1979 1982 - Oct Mon>=11 0:00 0 -
2833 Rule Turkey 1981 1982 - Mar lastSun 3:00 1:00 S
2834 Rule Turkey 1983 only - Jul 31 0:00 1:00 S
2835 Rule Turkey 1983 only - Oct 2 0:00 0 -
2836 Rule Turkey 1985 only - Apr 20 0:00 1:00 S
2837 Rule Turkey 1985 only - Sep 28 0:00 0 -
2838 Rule Turkey 1986 1990 - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 S
2839 Rule Turkey 1986 1990 - Sep lastSun 2:00s 0 -
2840 Rule Turkey 1991 2006 - Mar lastSun 1:00s 1:00 S
2841 Rule Turkey 1991 1995 - Sep lastSun 1:00s 0 -
2842 Rule Turkey 1996 2006 - Oct lastSun 1:00s 0 -
2843 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
2844 Zone Europe/Istanbul 1:55:52 - LMT 1880
2845 1:56:56 - IMT 1910 Oct # Istanbul Mean Time?
2846 2:00 Turkey EE%sT 1978 Oct 15
2847 3:00 Turkey TR%sT 1985 Apr 20 # Turkey Time
2848 2:00 Turkey EE%sT 2007
2849 2:00 EU EE%sT 2011 Mar 27 1:00u
2850 2:00 - EET 2011 Mar 28 1:00u
2851 2:00 EU EE%sT 2014 Mar 30 1:00u
2852 2:00 - EET 2014 Mar 31 1:00u
2853 2:00 EU EE%sT
2854 Link Europe/Istanbul Asia/Istanbul # Istanbul is in both continents.
2855
2856 # Ukraine
2857 #
2858 # From Igor Karpov, who works for the Ukrainian Ministry of Justice,
2859 # via Garrett Wollman (2003-01-27):
2860 # BTW, I've found the official document on this matter. It's government
2861 # regulations number 509, May 13, 1996. In my poor translation it says:
2862 # "Time in Ukraine is set to second timezone (Kiev time). Each last Sunday
2863 # of March at 3am the time is changing to 4am and each last Sunday of
2864 # October the time at 4am is changing to 3am"
2865
2866 # From Alexander Krivenyshev (2011-09-20):
2867 # On September 20, 2011 the deputies of the Verkhovna Rada agreed to
2868 # abolish the transfer clock to winter time.
2869 #
2870 # Bill number 8330 of MP from the Party of Regions Oleg Nadoshi got
2871 # approval from 266 deputies.
2872 #
2873 # Ukraine abolishes transter back to the winter time (in Russian)
2874 # http://news.mail.ru/politics/6861560/
2875 #
2876 # The Ukrainians will no longer change the clock (in Russian)
2877 # http://www.segodnya.ua/news/14290482.html
2878 #
2879 # Deputies cancelled the winter time (in Russian)
2880 # http://www.pravda.com.ua/rus/news/2011/09/20/6600616/
2881 #
2882 # From Philip Pizzey (2011-10-18):
2883 # Today my Ukrainian colleagues have informed me that the
2884 # Ukrainian parliament have decided that they will go to winter
2885 # time this year after all.
2886 #
2887 # From Udo Schwedt (2011-10-18):
2888 # As far as I understand, the recent change to the Ukrainian time zone
2889 # (Europe/Kiev) to introduce permanent daylight saving time (similar
2890 # to Russia) was reverted today:
2891 # http://portal.rada.gov.ua/rada/control/en/publish/article/info_left?art_id=287324&cat_id=105995
2892 #
2893 # Also reported by Alexander Bokovoy (2011-10-18) who also noted:
2894 # The law documents themselves are at
2895 # http://w1.c1.rada.gov.ua/pls/zweb_n/webproc4_1?id=&pf3511=41484
2896
2897 # From Vladimir in Moscow via Alois Treindl re Kiev time 1991/2 (2014-02-28):
2898 # First in Ukraine they changed Time zone from UTC+3 to UTC+2 with DST:
2899 # 03 25 1990 02:00 -03.00 1 Time Zone 3 with DST
2900 # 07 01 1990 02:00 -02.00 1 Time Zone 2 with DST
2901 # * Ukrainian Government's Resolution of 18.06.1990, No. 134.
2902 # http://search.ligazakon.ua/l_doc2.nsf/link1/T001500.html
2903 #
2904 # They did not end DST in September, 1990 (according to the law,
2905 # "summer time" was still in action):
2906 # 09 30 1990 03:00 -02.00 1 Time Zone 2 with DST
2907 # * Ukrainian Government's Resolution of 21.09.1990, No. 272.
2908 # http://search.ligazakon.ua/l_doc2.nsf/link1/KP900272.html
2909 #
2910 # Again no change in March, 1991 ("summer time" in action):
2911 # 03 31 1991 02:00 -02.00 1 Time Zone 2 with DST
2912 #
2913 # DST ended in September 1991 ("summer time" ended):
2914 # 09 29 1991 03:00 -02.00 0 Time Zone 2, no DST
2915 # * Ukrainian Government's Resolution of 25.09.1991, No. 225.
2916 # http://www.uazakon.com/documents/date_21/pg_iwgdoc.htm
2917 # This is an answer.
2918 #
2919 # Since 1992 they had normal DST procedure:
2920 # 03 29 1992 02:00 -02.00 1 DST started
2921 # 09 27 1992 03:00 -02.00 0 DST ended
2922 # * Ukrainian Government's Resolution of 20.03.1992, No. 139.
2923 # http://www.uazakon.com/documents/date_8u/pg_grcasa.htm
2924
2925 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
2926 # Most of Ukraine since 1970 has been like Kiev.
2927 # "Kyiv" is the transliteration of the Ukrainian name, but
2928 # "Kiev" is more common in English.
2929 Zone Europe/Kiev 2:02:04 - LMT 1880
2930 2:02:04 - KMT 1924 May 2 # Kiev Mean Time
2931 2:00 - EET 1930 Jun 21
2932 3:00 - MSK 1941 Sep 20
2933 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1943 Nov 6
2934 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1990 Jul 1 2:00
2935 2:00 1:00 EEST 1991 Sep 29 3:00
2936 2:00 E-Eur EE%sT 1995
2937 2:00 EU EE%sT
2938 # Ruthenia used CET 1990/1991.
2939 # "Uzhhorod" is the transliteration of the Ukrainian name, but
2940 # "Uzhgorod" is more common in English.
2941 Zone Europe/Uzhgorod 1:29:12 - LMT 1890 Oct
2942 1:00 - CET 1940
2943 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Oct
2944 1:00 1:00 CEST 1944 Oct 26
2945 1:00 - CET 1945 Jun 29
2946 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1990
2947 3:00 - MSK 1990 Jul 1 2:00
2948 1:00 - CET 1991 Mar 31 3:00
2949 2:00 - EET 1992
2950 2:00 E-Eur EE%sT 1995
2951 2:00 EU EE%sT
2952 # Zaporozh'ye and eastern Lugansk oblasts observed DST 1990/1991.
2953 # "Zaporizhia" is the transliteration of the Ukrainian name, but
2954 # "Zaporozh'ye" is more common in English. Use the common English
2955 # spelling, except omit the apostrophe as it is not allowed in
2956 # portable Posix file names.
2957 Zone Europe/Zaporozhye 2:20:40 - LMT 1880
2958 2:20 - CUT 1924 May 2 # Central Ukraine T
2959 2:00 - EET 1930 Jun 21
2960 3:00 - MSK 1941 Aug 25
2961 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1943 Oct 25
2962 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1991 Mar 31 2:00
2963 2:00 E-Eur EE%sT 1995
2964 2:00 EU EE%sT
2965 # Central Crimea used Moscow time 1994/1997.
2966 Zone Europe/Simferopol 2:16:24 - LMT 1880
2967 2:16 - SMT 1924 May 2 # Simferopol Mean T
2968 2:00 - EET 1930 Jun 21
2969 3:00 - MSK 1941 Nov
2970 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Apr 13
2971 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1990
2972 3:00 - MSK 1990 Jul 1 2:00
2973 2:00 - EET 1992
2974 # From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):
2975 # The _Economist_ (1994-05-28, p 45) reports that central Crimea switched
2976 # from Kiev to Moscow time sometime after the January 1994 elections.
2977 # Shanks (1999) says "date of change uncertain", but implies that it happened
2978 # sometime between the 1994 DST switches. Shanks & Pottenger simply say
2979 # 1994-09-25 03:00, but that can't be right. For now, guess it
2980 # changed in May.
2981 2:00 E-Eur EE%sT 1994 May
2982 # From IATA SSIM (1994/1997), which also says that Kerch is still like Kiev.
2983 3:00 E-Eur MSK/MSD 1996 Mar 31 3:00s
2984 3:00 1:00 MSD 1996 Oct 27 3:00s
2985 # IATA SSIM (1997-09) says Crimea switched to EET/EEST.
2986 # Assume it happened in March by not changing the clocks.
2987 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1997
2988 3:00 - MSK 1997 Mar lastSun 1:00u
2989 # From Alexander Krivenyshev (2014-03-17):
2990 # time change at 2:00 (2am) on March 30, 2014
2991 # http://vz.ru/news/2014/3/17/677464.html
2992 # From Paul Eggert (2014-03-30):
2993 # Simferopol and Sevastopol reportedly changed their central town clocks
2994 # late the previous day, but this appears to have been ceremonial
2995 # and the discrepancies are small enough to not worry about.
2996 2:00 EU EE%sT 2014 Mar 30 2:00
2997 4:00 - MSK
2998
2999 # Vatican City
3000 # See Europe/Rome.
3001
3002 ###############################################################################
3003
3004 # One source shows that Bulgaria, Cyprus, Finland, and Greece observe DST from
3005 # the last Sunday in March to the last Sunday in September in 1986.
3006 # The source shows Romania changing a day later than everybody else.
3007 #
3008 # According to Bernard Sieloff's source, Poland is in the MET time zone but
3009 # uses the WE DST rules. The Western USSR uses EET+1 and ME DST rules.
3010 # Bernard Sieloff's source claims Romania switches on the same day, but at
3011 # 00:00 standard time (i.e., 01:00 DST). It also claims that Turkey
3012 # switches on the same day, but switches on at 01:00 standard time
3013 # and off at 00:00 standard time (i.e., 01:00 DST)
3014
3015 # ...
3016 # Date: Wed, 28 Jan 87 16:56:27 -0100
3017 # From: Tom Hofmann
3018 # ...
3019 #
3020 # ...the European time rules are...standardized since 1981, when
3021 # most European coun[tr]ies started DST. Before that year, only
3022 # a few countries (UK, France, Italy) had DST, each according
3023 # to own national rules. In 1981, however, DST started on
3024 # 'Apr firstSun', and not on 'Mar lastSun' as in the following
3025 # years...
3026 # But also since 1981 there are some more national exceptions
3027 # than listed in 'europe': Switzerland, for example, joined DST
3028 # one year later, Denmark ended DST on 'Oct 1' instead of 'Sep
3029 # lastSun' in 1981---I don't know how they handle now.
3030 #
3031 # Finally, DST ist always from 'Apr 1' to 'Oct 1' in the
3032 # Soviet Union (as far as I know).
3033 #
3034 # Tom Hofmann, Scientific Computer Center, CIBA-GEIGY AG,
3035 # 4002 Basle, Switzerland
3036 # ...
3037
3038 # ...
3039 # Date: Wed, 4 Feb 87 22:35:22 +0100
3040 # From: Dik T. Winter
3041 # ...
3042 #
3043 # The information from Tom Hofmann is (as far as I know) not entirely correct.
3044 # After a request from chongo at amdahl I tried to retrieve all information
3045 # about DST in Europe. I was able to find all from about 1969.
3046 #
3047 # ...standardization on DST in Europe started in about 1977 with switches on
3048 # first Sunday in April and last Sunday in September...
3049 # In 1981 UK joined Europe insofar that
3050 # the starting day for both shifted to last Sunday in March. And from 1982
3051 # the whole of Europe used DST, with switch dates April 1 and October 1 in
3052 # the Sov[i]et Union. In 1985 the SU reverted to standard Europe[a]n switch
3053 # dates...
3054 #
3055 # It should also be remembered that time-zones are not constants; e.g.
3056 # Portugal switched in 1976 from MET (or CET) to WET with DST...
3057 # Note also that though there were rules for switch dates not
3058 # all countries abided to these dates, and many individual deviations
3059 # occurred, though not since 1982 I believe. Another note: it is always
3060 # assumed that DST is 1 hour ahead of normal time, this need not be the
3061 # case; at least in the Netherlands there have been times when DST was 2 hours
3062 # in advance of normal time.
3063 #
3064 # ...
3065 # dik t. winter, cwi, amsterdam, nederland
3066 # ...
3067
3068 # From Bob Devine (1988-01-28):
3069 # ...
3070 # Greece: Last Sunday in April to last Sunday in September (iffy on dates).
3071 # Since 1978. Change at midnight.
3072 # ...
3073 # Monaco: has same DST as France.
3074 # ...