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   9 #
  10 # This code is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT
  11 # ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or
  12 # FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the GNU General Public License
  13 # version 2 for more details (a copy is included in the LICENSE file that
  14 # accompanied this code).
  15 #
  16 # You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License version
  17 # 2 along with this work; if not, write to the Free Software Foundation,
  18 # Inc., 51 Franklin St, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA 02110-1301 USA.
  19 #
  20 # Please contact Oracle, 500 Oracle Parkway, Redwood Shores, CA 94065 USA
  21 # or visit www.oracle.com if you need additional information or have any
  22 # questions.
  23 #
  24 # This file is in the public domain, so clarified as of
  25 # 2009-05-17 by Arthur David Olson.
  26 
  27 # This data is by no means authoritative; if you think you know better,
  28 # go ahead and edit the file (and please send any changes to
  29 # tz@iana.org for general use in the future).
  30 
  31 # From Paul Eggert (2014-05-31):
  32 # A good source for time zone historical data outside the U.S. is
  33 # Thomas G. Shanks and Rique Pottenger, The International Atlas (6th edition),
  34 # San Diego: ACS Publications, Inc. (2003).
  35 #
  36 # Gwillim Law writes that a good source
  37 # for recent time zone data is the International Air Transport
  38 # Association's Standard Schedules Information Manual (IATA SSIM),
  39 # published semiannually.  Law sent in several helpful summaries
  40 # of the IATA's data after 1990.
  41 #
  42 # A reliable and entertaining source about time zones is
  43 # Derek Howse, Greenwich time and longitude, Philip Wilson Publishers (1997).
  44 #
  45 # Except where otherwise noted, Shanks & Pottenger is the source for
  46 # entries through 1991, and IATA SSIM is the source for entries afterwards.
  47 #
  48 # Other sources occasionally used include:
  49 #
  50 #       Edward W. Whitman, World Time Differences,
  51 #       Whitman Publishing Co, 2 Niagara Av, Ealing, London (undated),
  52 #       which I found in the UCLA library.
  53 #
  54 #       William Willett, The Waste of Daylight, 19th edition
  55 #       <http://cs.ucla.edu/~eggert/The-Waste-of-Daylight-19th.pdf>
  56 #       [PDF] (1914-03)
  57 #
  58 #       Milne J. Civil time. Geogr J. 1899 Feb;13(2):173-94
  59 #       <http://www.jstor.org/stable/1774359>.  He writes:
  60 #       "It is requested that corrections and additions to these tables
  61 #       may be sent to Mr. John Milne, Royal Geographical Society,
  62 #       Savile Row, London."  Nowadays please email them to tz@iana.org.
  63 #
  64 #       Brazil's Divisão Serviço da Hora (DSHO),
  65 #       History of Summer Time
  66 #       <http://pcdsh01.on.br/HISTHV.htm>
  67 #       (1998-09-21, in Portuguese)
  68 
  69 #
  70 # I invented the abbreviations marked '*' in the following table;
  71 # the rest are from earlier versions of this file, or from other sources.
  72 # Corrections are welcome!
  73 #                   std dst  2dst
  74 #                   LMT           Local Mean Time
  75 #       -4:00       AST ADT       Atlantic
  76 #       -3:00       WGT WGST      Western Greenland*
  77 #       -1:00       EGT EGST      Eastern Greenland*
  78 #        0:00       GMT BST  BDST Greenwich, British Summer
  79 #        0:00       GMT IST       Greenwich, Irish Summer
  80 #        0:00       WET WEST WEMT Western Europe
  81 #        0:19:32.13 AMT NST       Amsterdam, Netherlands Summer (1835-1937)*
  82 #        0:20       NET NEST      Netherlands (1937-1940)*
  83 #        1:00       CET CEST CEMT Central Europe
  84 #        1:00:14    SET           Swedish (1879-1899)*
  85 #        2:00       EET EEST      Eastern Europe
  86 #        3:00       FET           Further-eastern Europe*
  87 #        3:00       MSK MSD  MSM* Moscow
  88 
  89 # From Peter Ilieve (1994-12-04),
  90 # The original six [EU members]: Belgium, France, (West) Germany, Italy,
  91 # Luxembourg, the Netherlands.
  92 # Plus, from 1 Jan 73: Denmark, Ireland, United Kingdom.
  93 # Plus, from 1 Jan 81: Greece.
  94 # Plus, from 1 Jan 86: Spain, Portugal.
  95 # Plus, from 1 Jan 95: Austria, Finland, Sweden. (Norway negotiated terms for
  96 # entry but in a referendum on 28 Nov 94 the people voted No by 52.2% to 47.8%
  97 # on a turnout of 88.6%. This was almost the same result as Norway's previous
  98 # referendum in 1972, they are the only country to have said No twice.
  99 # Referendums in the other three countries voted Yes.)
 100 # ...
 101 # Estonia ... uses EU dates but not at 01:00 GMT, they use midnight GMT.
 102 # I don't think they know yet what they will do from 1996 onwards.
 103 # ...
 104 # There shouldn't be any [current members who are not using EU rules].
 105 # A Directive has the force of law, member states are obliged to enact
 106 # national law to implement it. The only contentious issue was the
 107 # different end date for the UK and Ireland, and this was always allowed
 108 # in the Directive.
 109 
 110 
 111 ###############################################################################
 112 
 113 # Britain (United Kingdom) and Ireland (Eire)
 114 
 115 # From Peter Ilieve (1994-07-06):
 116 #
 117 # On 17 Jan 1994 the Independent, a UK quality newspaper, had a piece about
 118 # historical vistas along the Thames in west London. There was a photo
 119 # and a sketch map showing some of the sightlines involved. One paragraph
 120 # of the text said:
 121 #
 122 # 'An old stone obelisk marking a forgotten terrestrial meridian stands
 123 # beside the river at Kew. In the 18th century, before time and longitude
 124 # was standardised by the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, scholars observed
 125 # this stone and the movement of stars from Kew Observatory nearby. They
 126 # made their calculations and set the time for the Horse Guards and Parliament,
 127 # but now the stone is obscured by scrubwood and can only be seen by walking
 128 # along the towpath within a few yards of it.'
 129 #
 130 # I have a one inch to one mile map of London and my estimate of the stone's
 131 # position is 51 degrees 28' 30" N, 0 degrees 18' 45" W. The longitude should
 132 # be within about +-2". The Ordnance Survey grid reference is TQ172761.
 133 #
 134 # [This yields GMTOFF = -0:01:15 for London LMT in the 18th century.]
 135 
 136 # From Paul Eggert (1993-11-18):
 137 #
 138 # Howse writes that Britain was the first country to use standard time.
 139 # The railways cared most about the inconsistencies of local mean time,
 140 # and it was they who forced a uniform time on the country.
 141 # The original idea was credited to Dr. William Hyde Wollaston (1766-1828)
 142 # and was popularized by Abraham Follett Osler (1808-1903).
 143 # The first railway to adopt London time was the Great Western Railway
 144 # in November 1840; other railways followed suit, and by 1847 most
 145 # (though not all) railways used London time.  On 1847-09-22 the
 146 # Railway Clearing House, an industry standards body, recommended that GMT be
 147 # adopted at all stations as soon as the General Post Office permitted it.
 148 # The transition occurred on 12-01 for the L&NW, the Caledonian,
 149 # and presumably other railways; the January 1848 Bradshaw's lists many
 150 # railways as using GMT.  By 1855 the vast majority of public
 151 # clocks in Britain were set to GMT (though some, like the great clock
 152 # on Tom Tower at Christ Church, Oxford, were fitted with two minute hands,
 153 # one for local time and one for GMT).  The last major holdout was the legal
 154 # system, which stubbornly stuck to local time for many years, leading
 155 # to oddities like polls opening at 08:13 and closing at 16:13.
 156 # The legal system finally switched to GMT when the Statutes (Definition
 157 # of Time) Act took effect; it received the Royal Assent on 1880-08-02.
 158 #
 159 # In the tables below, we condense this complicated story into a single
 160 # transition date for London, namely 1847-12-01.  We don't know as much
 161 # about Dublin, so we use 1880-08-02, the legal transition time.
 162 
 163 # From Paul Eggert (2014-07-19):
 164 # The ancients had no need for daylight saving, as they kept time
 165 # informally or via hours whose length depended on the time of year.
 166 # Daylight saving time in its modern sense was invented by the
 167 # New Zealand entomologist George Vernon Hudson (1867-1946),
 168 # whose day job as a postal clerk led him to value
 169 # after-hours daylight in which to pursue his research.
 170 # In 1895 he presented a paper to the Wellington Philosophical Society
 171 # that proposed a two-hour daylight-saving shift.  See:
 172 # Hudson GV. On seasonal time-adjustment in countries south of lat. 30 deg.
 173 # Transactions and Proceedings of the New Zealand Institute. 1895;28:734
 174 # http://rsnz.natlib.govt.nz/volume/rsnz_28/rsnz_28_00_006110.html
 175 # Although some interest was expressed in New Zealand, his proposal
 176 # did not find its way into law and eventually it was almost forgotten.
 177 #
 178 # In England, DST was independently reinvented by William Willett (1857-1915),
 179 # a London builder and member of the Royal Astronomical Society
 180 # who circulated a pamphlet "The Waste of Daylight" (1907)
 181 # that proposed advancing clocks 20 minutes on each of four Sundays in April,
 182 # and retarding them by the same amount on four Sundays in September.
 183 # A bill was drafted in 1909 and introduced in Parliament several times,
 184 # but it met with ridicule and opposition, especially from farming interests.
 185 # Later editions of the pamphlet proposed one-hour summer time, and
 186 # it was eventually adopted as a wartime measure in 1916.
 187 # See: Summer Time Arrives Early, The Times (2000-05-18).
 188 # A monument to Willett was unveiled on 1927-05-21, in an open space in
 189 # a 45-acre wood near Chislehurst, Kent that was purchased by popular
 190 # subscription and open to the public.  On the south face of the monolith,
 191 # designed by G. W. Miller, is the William Willett Memorial Sundial,
 192 # which is permanently set to Summer Time.
 193 
 194 # From Winston Churchill (1934-04-28):
 195 # It is one of the paradoxes of history that we should owe the boon of
 196 # summer time, which gives every year to the people of this country
 197 # between 160 and 170 hours more daylight leisure, to a war which
 198 # plunged Europe into darkness for four years, and shook the
 199 # foundations of civilization throughout the world.
 200 #       <http://www.winstonchurchill.org/images/finesthour/Vol.01%20No.114.pdf>
 201 #       "A Silent Toast to William Willett", Pictorial Weekly
 202 
 203 # From Paul Eggert (1996-09-03):
 204 # The OED Supplement says that the English originally said "Daylight Saving"
 205 # when they were debating the adoption of DST in 1908; but by 1916 this
 206 # term appears only in quotes taken from DST's opponents, whereas the
 207 # proponents (who eventually won the argument) are quoted as using "Summer".
 208 
 209 # From Arthur David Olson (1989-01-19):
 210 # A source at the British Information Office in New York avers that it's
 211 # known as "British" Summer Time in all parts of the United Kingdom.
 212 
 213 # Date: 4 Jan 89 08:57:25 GMT (Wed)
 214 # From: Jonathan Leffler
 215 # [British Summer Time] is fixed annually by Act of Parliament.
 216 # If you can predict what Parliament will do, you should be in
 217 # politics making a fortune, not computing.
 218 
 219 # From Chris Carrier (1996-06-14):
 220 # I remember reading in various wartime issues of the London Times the
 221 # acronym BDST for British Double Summer Time.  Look for the published
 222 # time of sunrise and sunset in The Times, when BDST was in effect, and
 223 # if you find a zone reference it will say, "All times B.D.S.T."
 224 
 225 # From Joseph S. Myers (1999-09-02):
 226 # ... some military cables (WO 219/4100 - this is a copy from the
 227 # main SHAEF archives held in the US National Archives, SHAEF/5252/8/516)
 228 # agree that the usage is BDST (this appears in a message dated 17 Feb 1945).
 229 
 230 # From Joseph S. Myers (2000-10-03):
 231 # On 18th April 1941, Sir Stephen Tallents of the BBC wrote to Sir
 232 # Alexander Maxwell of the Home Office asking whether there was any
 233 # official designation; the reply of the 21st was that there wasn't
 234 # but he couldn't think of anything better than the "Double British
 235 # Summer Time" that the BBC had been using informally.
 236 # http://student.cusu.cam.ac.uk/~jsm28/british-time/bbc-19410418.png
 237 # http://student.cusu.cam.ac.uk/~jsm28/british-time/ho-19410421.png
 238 
 239 # From Sir Alexander Maxwell in the above-mentioned letter (1941-04-21):
 240 # [N]o official designation has as far as I know been adopted for the time
 241 # which is to be introduced in May....
 242 # I cannot think of anything better than "Double British Summer Time"
 243 # which could not be said to run counter to any official description.
 244 
 245 # From Paul Eggert (2000-10-02):
 246 # Howse writes (p 157) 'DBST' too, but 'BDST' seems to have been common
 247 # and follows the more usual convention of putting the location name first,
 248 # so we use 'BDST'.
 249 
 250 # Peter Ilieve (1998-04-19) described at length
 251 # the history of summer time legislation in the United Kingdom.
 252 # Since 1998 Joseph S. Myers has been updating
 253 # and extending this list, which can be found in
 254 # http://student.cusu.cam.ac.uk/~jsm28/british-time/
 255 # History of legal time in Britain
 256 # http://www.polyomino.org.uk/british-time/
 257 
 258 # From Joseph S. Myers (1998-01-06):
 259 #
 260 # The legal time in the UK outside of summer time is definitely GMT, not UTC;
 261 # see Lord Tanlaw's speech
 262 # <http://www.parliament.the-stationery-office.co.uk/pa/ld199697/ldhansrd/pdvn/lds97/text/70611-20.htm#70611-20_head0>
 263 # (Lords Hansard 11 June 1997 columns 964 to 976).
 264 
 265 # From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):
 266 #
 267 # For lack of other data, follow Shanks & Pottenger for Eire in 1940-1948.
 268 #
 269 # Given Ilieve and Myers's data, the following claims by Shanks & Pottenger
 270 # are incorrect:
 271 #     * Wales did not switch from GMT to daylight saving time until
 272 #       1921 Apr 3, when they began to conform with the rest of Great Britain.
 273 # Actually, Wales was identical after 1880.
 274 #     * Eire had two transitions on 1916 Oct 1.
 275 # It actually just had one transition.
 276 #     * Northern Ireland used single daylight saving time throughout WW II.
 277 # Actually, it conformed to Britain.
 278 #     * GB-Eire changed standard time to 1 hour ahead of GMT on 1968-02-18.
 279 # Actually, that date saw the usual switch to summer time.
 280 # Standard time was not changed until 1968-10-27 (the clocks didn't change).
 281 #
 282 # Here is another incorrect claim by Shanks & Pottenger:
 283 #     * Jersey, Guernsey, and the Isle of Man did not switch from GMT
 284 #       to daylight saving time until 1921 Apr 3, when they began to
 285 #       conform with Great Britain.
 286 # S.R.&O. 1916, No. 382 and HO 45/10811/312364 (quoted above) say otherwise.
 287 #
 288 # The following claim by Shanks & Pottenger is possible though doubtful;
 289 # we'll ignore it for now.
 290 #     * Dublin's 1971-10-31 switch was at 02:00, even though London's was 03:00.
 291 #
 292 #
 293 # Whitman says Dublin Mean Time was -0:25:21, which is more precise than
 294 # Shanks & Pottenger.
 295 # Perhaps this was Dunsink Observatory Time, as Dunsink Observatory
 296 # (8 km NW of Dublin's center) seemingly was to Dublin as Greenwich was
 297 # to London.  For example:
 298 #
 299 #   "Timeball on the ballast office is down.  Dunsink time."
 300 #   -- James Joyce, Ulysses
 301 
 302 # From Joseph S. Myers (2005-01-26):
 303 # Irish laws are available online at <http://www.irishstatutebook.ie>.
 304 # These include various relating to legal time, for example:
 305 #
 306 # ZZA13Y1923.html ZZA12Y1924.html ZZA8Y1925.html ZZSIV20PG1267.html
 307 #
 308 # ZZSI71Y1947.html ZZSI128Y1948.html ZZSI23Y1949.html ZZSI41Y1950.html
 309 # ZZSI27Y1951.html ZZSI73Y1952.html
 310 #
 311 # ZZSI11Y1961.html ZZSI232Y1961.html ZZSI182Y1962.html
 312 # ZZSI167Y1963.html ZZSI257Y1964.html ZZSI198Y1967.html
 313 # ZZA23Y1968.html ZZA17Y1971.html
 314 #
 315 # ZZSI67Y1981.html ZZSI212Y1982.html ZZSI45Y1986.html
 316 # ZZSI264Y1988.html ZZSI52Y1990.html ZZSI371Y1992.html
 317 # ZZSI395Y1994.html ZZSI484Y1997.html ZZSI506Y2001.html
 318 #
 319 # [These are all relative to the root, e.g., the first is
 320 # <http://www.irishstatutebook.ie/ZZA13Y1923.html>.]
 321 #
 322 # (These are those I found, but there could be more.  In any case these
 323 # should allow various updates to the comments in the europe file to cover
 324 # the laws applicable in Ireland.)
 325 #
 326 # (Note that the time in the Republic of Ireland since 1968 has been defined
 327 # in terms of standard time being GMT+1 with a period of winter time when it
 328 # is GMT, rather than standard time being GMT with a period of summer time
 329 # being GMT+1.)
 330 
 331 # From Paul Eggert (1999-03-28):
 332 # Clive Feather (<news:859845706.26043.0@office.demon.net>, 1997-03-31)
 333 # reports that Folkestone (Cheriton) Shuttle Terminal uses Concession Time
 334 # (CT), equivalent to French civil time.
 335 # Julian Hill (<news:36118128.5A14@virgin.net>, 1998-09-30) reports that
 336 # trains between Dollands Moor (the freight facility next door)
 337 # and Frethun run in CT.
 338 # My admittedly uninformed guess is that the terminal has two authorities,
 339 # the French concession operators and the British civil authorities,
 340 # and that the time depends on who you're talking to.
 341 # If, say, the British police were called to the station for some reason,
 342 # I would expect the official police report to use GMT/BST and not CET/CEST.
 343 # This is a borderline case, but for now let's stick to GMT/BST.
 344 
 345 # From an anonymous contributor (1996-06-02):
 346 # The law governing time in Ireland is under Statutory Instrument SI 395/94,
 347 # which gives force to European Union 7th Council Directive # 94/21/EC.
 348 # Under this directive, the Minister for Justice in Ireland makes appropriate
 349 # regulations. I spoke this morning with the Secretary of the Department of
 350 # Justice (tel +353 1 678 9711) who confirmed to me that the correct name is
 351 # "Irish Summer Time", abbreviated to "IST".
 352 
 353 # Rule  NAME    FROM    TO      TYPE    IN      ON      AT      SAVE    LETTER/S
 354 # Summer Time Act, 1916
 355 Rule    GB-Eire 1916    only    -       May     21      2:00s   1:00    BST
 356 Rule    GB-Eire 1916    only    -       Oct      1      2:00s   0       GMT
 357 # S.R.&O. 1917, No. 358
 358 Rule    GB-Eire 1917    only    -       Apr      8      2:00s   1:00    BST
 359 Rule    GB-Eire 1917    only    -       Sep     17      2:00s   0       GMT
 360 # S.R.&O. 1918, No. 274
 361 Rule    GB-Eire 1918    only    -       Mar     24      2:00s   1:00    BST
 362 Rule    GB-Eire 1918    only    -       Sep     30      2:00s   0       GMT
 363 # S.R.&O. 1919, No. 297
 364 Rule    GB-Eire 1919    only    -       Mar     30      2:00s   1:00    BST
 365 Rule    GB-Eire 1919    only    -       Sep     29      2:00s   0       GMT
 366 # S.R.&O. 1920, No. 458
 367 Rule    GB-Eire 1920    only    -       Mar     28      2:00s   1:00    BST
 368 # S.R.&O. 1920, No. 1844
 369 Rule    GB-Eire 1920    only    -       Oct     25      2:00s   0       GMT
 370 # S.R.&O. 1921, No. 363
 371 Rule    GB-Eire 1921    only    -       Apr      3      2:00s   1:00    BST
 372 Rule    GB-Eire 1921    only    -       Oct      3      2:00s   0       GMT
 373 # S.R.&O. 1922, No. 264
 374 Rule    GB-Eire 1922    only    -       Mar     26      2:00s   1:00    BST
 375 Rule    GB-Eire 1922    only    -       Oct      8      2:00s   0       GMT
 376 # The Summer Time Act, 1922
 377 Rule    GB-Eire 1923    only    -       Apr     Sun>=16      2:00s   1:00    BST
 378 Rule    GB-Eire 1923    1924    -       Sep     Sun>=16      2:00s   0       GMT
 379 Rule    GB-Eire 1924    only    -       Apr     Sun>=9       2:00s   1:00    BST
 380 Rule    GB-Eire 1925    1926    -       Apr     Sun>=16      2:00s   1:00    BST
 381 # The Summer Time Act, 1925
 382 Rule    GB-Eire 1925    1938    -       Oct     Sun>=2       2:00s   0       GMT
 383 Rule    GB-Eire 1927    only    -       Apr     Sun>=9       2:00s   1:00    BST
 384 Rule    GB-Eire 1928    1929    -       Apr     Sun>=16      2:00s   1:00    BST
 385 Rule    GB-Eire 1930    only    -       Apr     Sun>=9       2:00s   1:00    BST
 386 Rule    GB-Eire 1931    1932    -       Apr     Sun>=16      2:00s   1:00    BST
 387 Rule    GB-Eire 1933    only    -       Apr     Sun>=9       2:00s   1:00    BST
 388 Rule    GB-Eire 1934    only    -       Apr     Sun>=16      2:00s   1:00    BST
 389 Rule    GB-Eire 1935    only    -       Apr     Sun>=9       2:00s   1:00    BST
 390 Rule    GB-Eire 1936    1937    -       Apr     Sun>=16      2:00s   1:00    BST
 391 Rule    GB-Eire 1938    only    -       Apr     Sun>=9       2:00s   1:00    BST
 392 Rule    GB-Eire 1939    only    -       Apr     Sun>=16      2:00s   1:00    BST
 393 # S.R.&O. 1939, No. 1379
 394 Rule    GB-Eire 1939    only    -       Nov     Sun>=16      2:00s   0       GMT
 395 # S.R.&O. 1940, No. 172 and No. 1883
 396 Rule    GB-Eire 1940    only    -       Feb     Sun>=23      2:00s   1:00    BST
 397 # S.R.&O. 1941, No. 476
 398 Rule    GB-Eire 1941    only    -       May     Sun>=2       1:00s   2:00    BDST
 399 Rule    GB-Eire 1941    1943    -       Aug     Sun>=9       1:00s   1:00    BST
 400 # S.R.&O. 1942, No. 506
 401 Rule    GB-Eire 1942    1944    -       Apr     Sun>=2       1:00s   2:00    BDST
 402 # S.R.&O. 1944, No. 932
 403 Rule    GB-Eire 1944    only    -       Sep     Sun>=16      1:00s   1:00    BST
 404 # S.R.&O. 1945, No. 312
 405 Rule    GB-Eire 1945    only    -       Apr     Mon>=2       1:00s   2:00    BDST
 406 Rule    GB-Eire 1945    only    -       Jul     Sun>=9       1:00s   1:00    BST
 407 # S.R.&O. 1945, No. 1208
 408 Rule    GB-Eire 1945    1946    -       Oct     Sun>=2       2:00s   0       GMT
 409 Rule    GB-Eire 1946    only    -       Apr     Sun>=9       2:00s   1:00    BST
 410 # The Summer Time Act, 1947
 411 Rule    GB-Eire 1947    only    -       Mar     16      2:00s   1:00    BST
 412 Rule    GB-Eire 1947    only    -       Apr     13      1:00s   2:00    BDST
 413 Rule    GB-Eire 1947    only    -       Aug     10      1:00s   1:00    BST
 414 Rule    GB-Eire 1947    only    -       Nov      2      2:00s   0       GMT
 415 # Summer Time Order, 1948 (S.I. 1948/495)
 416 Rule    GB-Eire 1948    only    -       Mar     14      2:00s   1:00    BST
 417 Rule    GB-Eire 1948    only    -       Oct     31      2:00s   0       GMT
 418 # Summer Time Order, 1949 (S.I. 1949/373)
 419 Rule    GB-Eire 1949    only    -       Apr      3      2:00s   1:00    BST
 420 Rule    GB-Eire 1949    only    -       Oct     30      2:00s   0       GMT
 421 # Summer Time Order, 1950 (S.I. 1950/518)
 422 # Summer Time Order, 1951 (S.I. 1951/430)
 423 # Summer Time Order, 1952 (S.I. 1952/451)
 424 Rule    GB-Eire 1950    1952    -       Apr     Sun>=14      2:00s   1:00    BST
 425 Rule    GB-Eire 1950    1952    -       Oct     Sun>=21      2:00s   0       GMT
 426 # revert to the rules of the Summer Time Act, 1925
 427 Rule    GB-Eire 1953    only    -       Apr     Sun>=16      2:00s   1:00    BST
 428 Rule    GB-Eire 1953    1960    -       Oct     Sun>=2       2:00s   0       GMT
 429 Rule    GB-Eire 1954    only    -       Apr     Sun>=9       2:00s   1:00    BST
 430 Rule    GB-Eire 1955    1956    -       Apr     Sun>=16      2:00s   1:00    BST
 431 Rule    GB-Eire 1957    only    -       Apr     Sun>=9       2:00s   1:00    BST
 432 Rule    GB-Eire 1958    1959    -       Apr     Sun>=16      2:00s   1:00    BST
 433 Rule    GB-Eire 1960    only    -       Apr     Sun>=9       2:00s   1:00    BST
 434 # Summer Time Order, 1961 (S.I. 1961/71)
 435 # Summer Time (1962) Order, 1961 (S.I. 1961/2465)
 436 # Summer Time Order, 1963 (S.I. 1963/81)
 437 Rule    GB-Eire 1961    1963    -       Mar     lastSun 2:00s   1:00    BST
 438 Rule    GB-Eire 1961    1968    -       Oct     Sun>=23      2:00s   0       GMT
 439 # Summer Time (1964) Order, 1963 (S.I. 1963/2101)
 440 # Summer Time Order, 1964 (S.I. 1964/1201)
 441 # Summer Time Order, 1967 (S.I. 1967/1148)
 442 Rule    GB-Eire 1964    1967    -       Mar     Sun>=19      2:00s   1:00    BST
 443 # Summer Time Order, 1968 (S.I. 1968/117)
 444 Rule    GB-Eire 1968    only    -       Feb     18      2:00s   1:00    BST
 445 # The British Standard Time Act, 1968
 446 #       (no summer time)
 447 # The Summer Time Act, 1972
 448 Rule    GB-Eire 1972    1980    -       Mar     Sun>=16      2:00s   1:00    BST
 449 Rule    GB-Eire 1972    1980    -       Oct     Sun>=23      2:00s   0       GMT
 450 # Summer Time Order, 1980 (S.I. 1980/1089)
 451 # Summer Time Order, 1982 (S.I. 1982/1673)
 452 # Summer Time Order, 1986 (S.I. 1986/223)
 453 # Summer Time Order, 1988 (S.I. 1988/931)
 454 Rule    GB-Eire 1981    1995    -       Mar     lastSun 1:00u   1:00    BST
 455 Rule    GB-Eire 1981    1989    -       Oct     Sun>=23      1:00u   0       GMT
 456 # Summer Time Order, 1989 (S.I. 1989/985)
 457 # Summer Time Order, 1992 (S.I. 1992/1729)
 458 # Summer Time Order 1994 (S.I. 1994/2798)
 459 Rule    GB-Eire 1990    1995    -       Oct     Sun>=22      1:00u   0       GMT
 460 # Summer Time Order 1997 (S.I. 1997/2982)
 461 # See EU for rules starting in 1996.
 462 #
 463 # Use Europe/London for Jersey, Guernsey, and the Isle of Man.
 464 
 465 # Zone  NAME            GMTOFF  RULES   FORMAT  [UNTIL]
 466 Zone    Europe/London   -0:01:15 -      LMT     1847 Dec  1 0:00s
 467                          0:00   GB-Eire %s      1968 Oct 27
 468                          1:00   -       BST     1971 Oct 31 2:00u
 469                          0:00   GB-Eire %s      1996
 470                          0:00   EU      GMT/BST
 471 Link    Europe/London   Europe/Jersey
 472 Link    Europe/London   Europe/Guernsey
 473 Link    Europe/London   Europe/Isle_of_Man
 474 Zone    Europe/Dublin   -0:25:00 -      LMT     1880 Aug  2
 475                         -0:25:21 -      DMT     1916 May 21 2:00
 476                         -0:25:21 1:00   IST     1916 Oct  1 2:00s
 477                          0:00   GB-Eire %s      1921 Dec  6 # independence
 478                          0:00   GB-Eire GMT/IST 1940 Feb 25 2:00
 479                          0:00   1:00    IST     1946 Oct  6 2:00
 480                          0:00   -       GMT     1947 Mar 16 2:00
 481                          0:00   1:00    IST     1947 Nov  2 2:00
 482                          0:00   -       GMT     1948 Apr 18 2:00
 483                          0:00   GB-Eire GMT/IST 1968 Oct 27
 484                          1:00   -       IST     1971 Oct 31 2:00u
 485                          0:00   GB-Eire GMT/IST 1996
 486                          0:00   EU      GMT/IST
 487 
 488 ###############################################################################
 489 
 490 # Europe
 491 
 492 # EU rules are for the European Union, previously known as the EC, EEC,
 493 # Common Market, etc.
 494 
 495 # Rule  NAME    FROM    TO      TYPE    IN      ON      AT      SAVE    LETTER/S
 496 Rule    EU      1977    1980    -       Apr     Sun>=1        1:00u  1:00    S
 497 Rule    EU      1977    only    -       Sep     lastSun  1:00u  0       -
 498 Rule    EU      1978    only    -       Oct      1       1:00u  0       -
 499 Rule    EU      1979    1995    -       Sep     lastSun  1:00u  0       -
 500 Rule    EU      1981    max     -       Mar     lastSun  1:00u  1:00    S
 501 Rule    EU      1996    max     -       Oct     lastSun  1:00u  0       -
 502 # The most recent directive covers the years starting in 2002.  See:
 503 # Directive 2000/84/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council
 504 # of 19 January 2001 on summer-time arrangements.
 505 # <http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=CELEX:32000L0084:EN:NOT>
 506 
 507 # W-Eur differs from EU only in that W-Eur uses standard time.
 508 Rule    W-Eur   1977    1980    -       Apr     Sun>=1        1:00s  1:00    S
 509 Rule    W-Eur   1977    only    -       Sep     lastSun  1:00s  0       -
 510 Rule    W-Eur   1978    only    -       Oct      1       1:00s  0       -
 511 Rule    W-Eur   1979    1995    -       Sep     lastSun  1:00s  0       -
 512 Rule    W-Eur   1981    max     -       Mar     lastSun  1:00s  1:00    S
 513 Rule    W-Eur   1996    max     -       Oct     lastSun  1:00s  0       -
 514 
 515 # Older C-Eur rules are for convenience in the tables.
 516 # From 1977 on, C-Eur differs from EU only in that C-Eur uses standard time.
 517 Rule    C-Eur   1916    only    -       Apr     30      23:00   1:00    S
 518 Rule    C-Eur   1916    only    -       Oct      1       1:00   0       -
 519 Rule    C-Eur   1917    1918    -       Apr     Mon>=15       2:00s  1:00    S
 520 Rule    C-Eur   1917    1918    -       Sep     Mon>=15       2:00s  0       -
 521 Rule    C-Eur   1940    only    -       Apr      1       2:00s  1:00    S
 522 Rule    C-Eur   1942    only    -       Nov      2       2:00s  0       -
 523 Rule    C-Eur   1943    only    -       Mar     29       2:00s  1:00    S
 524 Rule    C-Eur   1943    only    -       Oct      4       2:00s  0       -
 525 Rule    C-Eur   1944    1945    -       Apr     Mon>=1        2:00s  1:00    S
 526 # Whitman gives 1944 Oct 7; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
 527 Rule    C-Eur   1944    only    -       Oct      2       2:00s  0       -
 528 # From Jesper Nørgaard Welen (2008-07-13):
 529 #
 530 # I found what is probably a typo of 2:00 which should perhaps be 2:00s
 531 # in the C-Eur rule from tz database version 2008d (this part was
 532 # corrected in version 2008d). The circumstantial evidence is simply the
 533 # tz database itself, as seen below:
 534 #
 535 # Zone Europe/Paris 0:09:21 - LMT 1891 Mar 15  0:01
 536 #    0:00 France WE%sT 1945 Sep 16  3:00
 537 #
 538 # Zone Europe/Monaco 0:29:32 - LMT 1891 Mar 15
 539 #    0:00 France WE%sT 1945 Sep 16 3:00
 540 #
 541 # Zone Europe/Belgrade 1:22:00 - LMT 1884
 542 #    1:00 1:00 CEST 1945 Sep 16  2:00s
 543 #
 544 # Rule France 1945 only - Sep 16  3:00 0 -
 545 # Rule Belgium 1945 only - Sep 16  2:00s 0 -
 546 # Rule Neth 1945 only - Sep 16 2:00s 0 -
 547 #
 548 # The rule line to be changed is:
 549 #
 550 # Rule C-Eur 1945 only - Sep 16  2:00 0 -
 551 #
 552 # It seems that Paris, Monaco, Rule France, Rule Belgium all agree on
 553 # 2:00 standard time, e.g. 3:00 local time.  However there are no
 554 # countries that use C-Eur rules in September 1945, so the only items
 555 # affected are apparently these fictitious zones that translate acronyms
 556 # CET and MET:
 557 #
 558 # Zone CET  1:00 C-Eur CE%sT
 559 # Zone MET  1:00 C-Eur ME%sT
 560 #
 561 # It this is right then the corrected version would look like:
 562 #
 563 # Rule C-Eur 1945 only - Sep 16  2:00s 0 -
 564 #
 565 # A small step for mankind though 8-)
 566 Rule    C-Eur   1945    only    -       Sep     16       2:00s  0       -
 567 Rule    C-Eur   1977    1980    -       Apr     Sun>=1        2:00s  1:00    S
 568 Rule    C-Eur   1977    only    -       Sep     lastSun  2:00s  0       -
 569 Rule    C-Eur   1978    only    -       Oct      1       2:00s  0       -
 570 Rule    C-Eur   1979    1995    -       Sep     lastSun  2:00s  0       -
 571 Rule    C-Eur   1981    max     -       Mar     lastSun  2:00s  1:00    S
 572 Rule    C-Eur   1996    max     -       Oct     lastSun  2:00s  0       -
 573 
 574 # E-Eur differs from EU only in that E-Eur switches at midnight local time.
 575 Rule    E-Eur   1977    1980    -       Apr     Sun>=1        0:00   1:00    S
 576 Rule    E-Eur   1977    only    -       Sep     lastSun  0:00   0       -
 577 Rule    E-Eur   1978    only    -       Oct      1       0:00   0       -
 578 Rule    E-Eur   1979    1995    -       Sep     lastSun  0:00   0       -
 579 Rule    E-Eur   1981    max     -       Mar     lastSun  0:00   1:00    S
 580 Rule    E-Eur   1996    max     -       Oct     lastSun  0:00   0       -
 581 
 582 # Rule  NAME    FROM    TO      TYPE    IN      ON      AT      SAVE    LETTER/S
 583 Rule    Russia  1917    only    -       Jul      1      23:00   1:00    MST     # Moscow Summer Time
 584 Rule    Russia  1917    only    -       Dec     28       0:00   0       MMT     # Moscow Mean Time
 585 Rule    Russia  1918    only    -       May     31      22:00   2:00    MDST    # Moscow Double Summer Time
 586 Rule    Russia  1918    only    -       Sep     16       1:00   1:00    MST
 587 Rule    Russia  1919    only    -       May     31      23:00   2:00    MDST
 588 Rule    Russia  1919    only    -       Jul      1       2:00   1:00    MSD
 589 Rule    Russia  1919    only    -       Aug     16       0:00   0       MSK
 590 Rule    Russia  1921    only    -       Feb     14      23:00   1:00    MSD
 591 Rule    Russia  1921    only    -       Mar     20      23:00   2:00    MSM # Midsummer
 592 Rule    Russia  1921    only    -       Sep      1       0:00   1:00    MSD
 593 Rule    Russia  1921    only    -       Oct      1       0:00   0       -
 594 # Act No.925 of the Council of Ministers of the USSR (1980-10-24):
 595 Rule    Russia  1981    1984    -       Apr      1       0:00   1:00    S
 596 Rule    Russia  1981    1983    -       Oct      1       0:00   0       -
 597 # Act No.967 of the Council of Ministers of the USSR (1984-09-13), repeated in
 598 # Act No.227 of the Council of Ministers of the USSR (1989-03-14):
 599 Rule    Russia  1984    1991    -       Sep     lastSun  2:00s  0       -
 600 Rule    Russia  1985    1991    -       Mar     lastSun  2:00s  1:00    S
 601 #
 602 Rule    Russia  1992    only    -       Mar     lastSat  23:00  1:00    S
 603 Rule    Russia  1992    only    -       Sep     lastSat  23:00  0       -
 604 Rule    Russia  1993    2010    -       Mar     lastSun  2:00s  1:00    S
 605 Rule    Russia  1993    1995    -       Sep     lastSun  2:00s  0       -
 606 Rule    Russia  1996    2010    -       Oct     lastSun  2:00s  0       -
 607 
 608 # From Alexander Krivenyshev (2011-06-14):
 609 # According to Kremlin press service, Russian President Dmitry Medvedev
 610 # signed a federal law "On calculation of time" on June 9, 2011.
 611 # According to the law Russia is abolishing daylight saving time.
 612 #
 613 # Medvedev signed a law "On the Calculation of Time" (in russian):
 614 # http://bmockbe.ru/events/?ID=7583
 615 #
 616 # Medvedev signed a law on the calculation of the time (in russian):
 617 # http://www.regnum.ru/news/polit/1413906.html
 618 
 619 # From Arthur David Olson (2011-06-15):
 620 # Take "abolishing daylight saving time" to mean that time is now considered
 621 # to be standard.
 622 
 623 # These are for backward compatibility with older versions.
 624 
 625 # Zone  NAME            GMTOFF  RULES   FORMAT  [UNTIL]
 626 Zone    WET             0:00    EU      WE%sT
 627 Zone    CET             1:00    C-Eur   CE%sT
 628 Zone    MET             1:00    C-Eur   ME%sT
 629 Zone    EET             2:00    EU      EE%sT
 630 
 631 # Previous editions of this database used abbreviations like MET DST
 632 # for Central European Summer Time, but this didn't agree with common usage.
 633 
 634 # From Markus Kuhn (1996-07-12):
 635 # The official German names ... are
 636 #
 637 #       Mitteleuropäische Zeit (MEZ)         = UTC+01:00
 638 #       Mitteleuropäische Sommerzeit (MESZ)  = UTC+02:00
 639 #
 640 # as defined in the German Time Act (Gesetz über die Zeitbestimmung (ZeitG),
 641 # 1978-07-25, Bundesgesetzblatt, Jahrgang 1978, Teil I, S. 1110-1111)....
 642 # I wrote ... to the German Federal Physical-Technical Institution
 643 #
 644 #       Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB)
 645 #       Laboratorium 4.41 "Zeiteinheit"
 646 #       Postfach 3345
 647 #       D-38023 Braunschweig
 648 #       phone: +49 531 592-0
 649 #
 650 # ... I received today an answer letter from Dr. Peter Hetzel, head of the PTB
 651 # department for time and frequency transmission.  He explained that the
 652 # PTB translates MEZ and MESZ into English as
 653 #
 654 #       Central European Time (CET)         = UTC+01:00
 655 #       Central European Summer Time (CEST) = UTC+02:00
 656 
 657 
 658 # Albania
 659 # Rule  NAME    FROM    TO      TYPE    IN      ON      AT      SAVE    LETTER/S
 660 Rule    Albania 1940    only    -       Jun     16      0:00    1:00    S
 661 Rule    Albania 1942    only    -       Nov      2      3:00    0       -
 662 Rule    Albania 1943    only    -       Mar     29      2:00    1:00    S
 663 Rule    Albania 1943    only    -       Apr     10      3:00    0       -
 664 Rule    Albania 1974    only    -       May      4      0:00    1:00    S
 665 Rule    Albania 1974    only    -       Oct      2      0:00    0       -
 666 Rule    Albania 1975    only    -       May      1      0:00    1:00    S
 667 Rule    Albania 1975    only    -       Oct      2      0:00    0       -
 668 Rule    Albania 1976    only    -       May      2      0:00    1:00    S
 669 Rule    Albania 1976    only    -       Oct      3      0:00    0       -
 670 Rule    Albania 1977    only    -       May      8      0:00    1:00    S
 671 Rule    Albania 1977    only    -       Oct      2      0:00    0       -
 672 Rule    Albania 1978    only    -       May      6      0:00    1:00    S
 673 Rule    Albania 1978    only    -       Oct      1      0:00    0       -
 674 Rule    Albania 1979    only    -       May      5      0:00    1:00    S
 675 Rule    Albania 1979    only    -       Sep     30      0:00    0       -
 676 Rule    Albania 1980    only    -       May      3      0:00    1:00    S
 677 Rule    Albania 1980    only    -       Oct      4      0:00    0       -
 678 Rule    Albania 1981    only    -       Apr     26      0:00    1:00    S
 679 Rule    Albania 1981    only    -       Sep     27      0:00    0       -
 680 Rule    Albania 1982    only    -       May      2      0:00    1:00    S
 681 Rule    Albania 1982    only    -       Oct      3      0:00    0       -
 682 Rule    Albania 1983    only    -       Apr     18      0:00    1:00    S
 683 Rule    Albania 1983    only    -       Oct      1      0:00    0       -
 684 Rule    Albania 1984    only    -       Apr      1      0:00    1:00    S
 685 # Zone  NAME            GMTOFF  RULES   FORMAT  [UNTIL]
 686 Zone    Europe/Tirane   1:19:20 -       LMT     1914
 687                         1:00    -       CET     1940 Jun 16
 688                         1:00    Albania CE%sT   1984 Jul
 689                         1:00    EU      CE%sT
 690 
 691 # Andorra
 692 # Zone  NAME            GMTOFF  RULES   FORMAT  [UNTIL]
 693 Zone    Europe/Andorra  0:06:04 -       LMT     1901
 694                         0:00    -       WET     1946 Sep 30
 695                         1:00    -       CET     1985 Mar 31 2:00
 696                         1:00    EU      CE%sT
 697 
 698 # Austria
 699 
 700 # Milne says Vienna time was 1:05:21.
 701 
 702 # From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22): Shanks & Pottenger give 1918-06-16 and
 703 # 1945-11-18, but the Austrian Federal Office of Metrology and
 704 # Surveying (BEV) gives 1918-09-16 and for Vienna gives the "alleged"
 705 # date of 1945-04-12 with no time.  For the 1980-04-06 transition
 706 # Shanks & Pottenger give 02:00, the BEV 00:00.  Go with the BEV,
 707 # and guess 02:00 for 1945-04-12.
 708 
 709 # Rule  NAME    FROM    TO      TYPE    IN      ON      AT      SAVE    LETTER/S
 710 Rule    Austria 1920    only    -       Apr      5      2:00s   1:00    S
 711 Rule    Austria 1920    only    -       Sep     13      2:00s   0       -
 712 Rule    Austria 1946    only    -       Apr     14      2:00s   1:00    S
 713 Rule    Austria 1946    1948    -       Oct     Sun>=1       2:00s   0       -
 714 Rule    Austria 1947    only    -       Apr      6      2:00s   1:00    S
 715 Rule    Austria 1948    only    -       Apr     18      2:00s   1:00    S
 716 Rule    Austria 1980    only    -       Apr      6      0:00    1:00    S
 717 Rule    Austria 1980    only    -       Sep     28      0:00    0       -
 718 # Zone  NAME            GMTOFF  RULES   FORMAT  [UNTIL]
 719 Zone    Europe/Vienna   1:05:21 -       LMT     1893 Apr
 720                         1:00    C-Eur   CE%sT   1920
 721                         1:00    Austria CE%sT   1940 Apr  1 2:00s
 722                         1:00    C-Eur   CE%sT   1945 Apr  2 2:00s
 723                         1:00    1:00    CEST    1945 Apr 12 2:00s
 724                         1:00    -       CET     1946
 725                         1:00    Austria CE%sT   1981
 726                         1:00    EU      CE%sT
 727 
 728 # Belarus
 729 # From Yauhen Kharuzhy (2011-09-16):
 730 # By latest Belarus government act Europe/Minsk timezone was changed to
 731 # GMT+3 without DST (was GMT+2 with DST).
 732 #
 733 # Sources (Russian language):
 734 # http://www.belta.by/ru/all_news/society/V-Belarusi-otmenjaetsja-perexod-na-sezonnoe-vremja_i_572952.html
 735 # http://naviny.by/rubrics/society/2011/09/16/ic_articles_116_175144/
 736 # http://news.tut.by/society/250578.html
 737 # Zone  NAME            GMTOFF  RULES   FORMAT  [UNTIL]
 738 Zone    Europe/Minsk    1:50:16 -       LMT     1880
 739                         1:50    -       MMT     1924 May 2 # Minsk Mean Time
 740                         2:00    -       EET     1930 Jun 21
 741                         3:00    -       MSK     1941 Jun 28
 742                         1:00    C-Eur   CE%sT   1944 Jul  3
 743                         3:00    Russia  MSK/MSD 1990
 744                         3:00    -       MSK     1991 Mar 31 2:00s
 745                         2:00    1:00    EEST    1991 Sep 29 2:00s
 746                         2:00    -       EET     1992 Mar 29 0:00s
 747                         2:00    1:00    EEST    1992 Sep 27 0:00s
 748                         2:00    Russia  EE%sT   2011 Mar 27 2:00s
 749                         3:00    -       FET
 750 
 751 # Belgium
 752 #
 753 # From Paul Eggert (1997-07-02):
 754 # Entries from 1918 through 1991 are taken from:
 755 #       Annuaire de L'Observatoire Royal de Belgique,
 756 #       Avenue Circulaire, 3, B-1180 BRUXELLES, CLVIIe année, 1991
 757 #       (Imprimerie HAYEZ, s.p.r.l., Rue Fin, 4, 1080 BRUXELLES, MCMXC),
 758 #       pp 8-9.
 759 # LMT before 1892 was 0:17:30, according to the official journal of Belgium:
 760 #       Moniteur Belge, Samedi 30 Avril 1892, N.121.
 761 # Thanks to Pascal Delmoitie for these references.
 762 # The 1918 rules are listed for completeness; they apply to unoccupied Belgium.
 763 # Assume Brussels switched to WET in 1918 when the armistice took effect.
 764 #
 765 # Rule  NAME    FROM    TO      TYPE    IN      ON      AT      SAVE    LETTER/S
 766 Rule    Belgium 1918    only    -       Mar      9       0:00s  1:00    S
 767 Rule    Belgium 1918    1919    -       Oct     Sat>=1       23:00s  0       -
 768 Rule    Belgium 1919    only    -       Mar      1      23:00s  1:00    S
 769 Rule    Belgium 1920    only    -       Feb     14      23:00s  1:00    S
 770 Rule    Belgium 1920    only    -       Oct     23      23:00s  0       -
 771 Rule    Belgium 1921    only    -       Mar     14      23:00s  1:00    S
 772 Rule    Belgium 1921    only    -       Oct     25      23:00s  0       -
 773 Rule    Belgium 1922    only    -       Mar     25      23:00s  1:00    S
 774 Rule    Belgium 1922    1927    -       Oct     Sat>=1       23:00s  0       -
 775 Rule    Belgium 1923    only    -       Apr     21      23:00s  1:00    S
 776 Rule    Belgium 1924    only    -       Mar     29      23:00s  1:00    S
 777 Rule    Belgium 1925    only    -       Apr      4      23:00s  1:00    S
 778 # DSH writes that a royal decree of 1926-02-22 specified the Sun following 3rd
 779 # Sat in Apr (except if it's Easter, in which case it's one Sunday earlier),
 780 # to Sun following 1st Sat in Oct, and that a royal decree of 1928-09-15
 781 # changed the transition times to 02:00 GMT.
 782 Rule    Belgium 1926    only    -       Apr     17      23:00s  1:00    S
 783 Rule    Belgium 1927    only    -       Apr      9      23:00s  1:00    S
 784 Rule    Belgium 1928    only    -       Apr     14      23:00s  1:00    S
 785 Rule    Belgium 1928    1938    -       Oct     Sun>=2        2:00s  0       -
 786 Rule    Belgium 1929    only    -       Apr     21       2:00s  1:00    S
 787 Rule    Belgium 1930    only    -       Apr     13       2:00s  1:00    S
 788 Rule    Belgium 1931    only    -       Apr     19       2:00s  1:00    S
 789 Rule    Belgium 1932    only    -       Apr      3       2:00s  1:00    S
 790 Rule    Belgium 1933    only    -       Mar     26       2:00s  1:00    S
 791 Rule    Belgium 1934    only    -       Apr      8       2:00s  1:00    S
 792 Rule    Belgium 1935    only    -       Mar     31       2:00s  1:00    S
 793 Rule    Belgium 1936    only    -       Apr     19       2:00s  1:00    S
 794 Rule    Belgium 1937    only    -       Apr      4       2:00s  1:00    S
 795 Rule    Belgium 1938    only    -       Mar     27       2:00s  1:00    S
 796 Rule    Belgium 1939    only    -       Apr     16       2:00s  1:00    S
 797 Rule    Belgium 1939    only    -       Nov     19       2:00s  0       -
 798 Rule    Belgium 1940    only    -       Feb     25       2:00s  1:00    S
 799 Rule    Belgium 1944    only    -       Sep     17       2:00s  0       -
 800 Rule    Belgium 1945    only    -       Apr      2       2:00s  1:00    S
 801 Rule    Belgium 1945    only    -       Sep     16       2:00s  0       -
 802 Rule    Belgium 1946    only    -       May     19       2:00s  1:00    S
 803 Rule    Belgium 1946    only    -       Oct      7       2:00s  0       -
 804 # Zone  NAME            GMTOFF  RULES   FORMAT  [UNTIL]
 805 Zone    Europe/Brussels 0:17:30 -       LMT     1880
 806                         0:17:30 -       BMT     1892 May  1 12:00 # Brussels MT
 807                         0:00    -       WET     1914 Nov  8
 808                         1:00    -       CET     1916 May  1  0:00
 809                         1:00    C-Eur   CE%sT   1918 Nov 11 11:00u
 810                         0:00    Belgium WE%sT   1940 May 20  2:00s
 811                         1:00    C-Eur   CE%sT   1944 Sep  3
 812                         1:00    Belgium CE%sT   1977
 813                         1:00    EU      CE%sT
 814 
 815 # Bosnia and Herzegovina
 816 # See Europe/Belgrade.
 817 
 818 # Bulgaria
 819 #
 820 # From Plamen Simenov via Steffen Thorsen (1999-09-09):
 821 # A document of Government of Bulgaria (No.94/1997) says:
 822 # EET -> EETDST is in 03:00 Local time in last Sunday of March ...
 823 # EETDST -> EET is in 04:00 Local time in last Sunday of October
 824 #
 825 # Rule  NAME    FROM    TO      TYPE    IN      ON      AT      SAVE    LETTER/S
 826 Rule    Bulg    1979    only    -       Mar     31      23:00   1:00    S
 827 Rule    Bulg    1979    only    -       Oct      1       1:00   0       -
 828 Rule    Bulg    1980    1982    -       Apr     Sat>=1       23:00   1:00    S
 829 Rule    Bulg    1980    only    -       Sep     29       1:00   0       -
 830 Rule    Bulg    1981    only    -       Sep     27       2:00   0       -
 831 # Zone  NAME            GMTOFF  RULES   FORMAT  [UNTIL]
 832 Zone    Europe/Sofia    1:33:16 -       LMT     1880
 833                         1:56:56 -       IMT     1894 Nov 30 # Istanbul MT?
 834                         2:00    -       EET     1942 Nov  2  3:00
 835                         1:00    C-Eur   CE%sT   1945
 836                         1:00    -       CET     1945 Apr 2 3:00
 837                         2:00    -       EET     1979 Mar 31 23:00
 838                         2:00    Bulg    EE%sT   1982 Sep 26  2:00
 839                         2:00    C-Eur   EE%sT   1991
 840                         2:00    E-Eur   EE%sT   1997
 841                         2:00    EU      EE%sT
 842 
 843 # Croatia
 844 # See Europe/Belgrade.
 845 
 846 # Cyprus
 847 # Please see the 'asia' file for Asia/Nicosia.
 848 
 849 # Czech Republic
 850 # Rule  NAME    FROM    TO      TYPE    IN      ON      AT      SAVE    LETTER/S
 851 Rule    Czech   1945    only    -       Apr      8      2:00s   1:00    S
 852 Rule    Czech   1945    only    -       Nov     18      2:00s   0       -
 853 Rule    Czech   1946    only    -       May      6      2:00s   1:00    S
 854 Rule    Czech   1946    1949    -       Oct     Sun>=1       2:00s   0       -
 855 Rule    Czech   1947    only    -       Apr     20      2:00s   1:00    S
 856 Rule    Czech   1948    only    -       Apr     18      2:00s   1:00    S
 857 Rule    Czech   1949    only    -       Apr      9      2:00s   1:00    S
 858 # Zone  NAME            GMTOFF  RULES   FORMAT  [UNTIL]
 859 Zone    Europe/Prague   0:57:44 -       LMT     1850
 860                         0:57:44 -       PMT     1891 Oct     # Prague Mean Time
 861                         1:00    C-Eur   CE%sT   1944 Sep 17 2:00s
 862                         1:00    Czech   CE%sT   1979
 863                         1:00    EU      CE%sT
 864 # Use Europe/Prague also for Slovakia.
 865 
 866 # Denmark, Faroe Islands, and Greenland
 867 
 868 # From Jesper Nørgaard Welen (2005-04-26):
 869 # http://www.hum.aau.dk/~poe/tid/tine/DanskTid.htm says that the law
 870 # [introducing standard time] was in effect from 1894-01-01....
 871 # The page http://www.retsinfo.dk/_GETDOCI_/ACCN/A18930008330-REGL
 872 # confirms this, and states that the law was put forth 1893-03-29.
 873 #
 874 # The EU treaty with effect from 1973:
 875 # http://www.retsinfo.dk/_GETDOCI_/ACCN/A19722110030-REGL
 876 #
 877 # This provoked a new law from 1974 to make possible summer time changes
 878 # in subsequent decrees with the law
 879 # http://www.retsinfo.dk/_GETDOCI_/ACCN/A19740022330-REGL
 880 #
 881 # It seems however that no decree was set forward until 1980.  I have
 882 # not found any decree, but in another related law, the effecting DST
 883 # changes are stated explicitly to be from 1980-04-06 at 02:00 to
 884 # 1980-09-28 at 02:00.  If this is true, this differs slightly from
 885 # the EU rule in that DST runs to 02:00, not 03:00.  We don't know
 886 # when Denmark began using the EU rule correctly, but we have only
 887 # confirmation of the 1980-time, so I presume it was correct in 1981:
 888 # The law is about the management of the extra hour, concerning
 889 # working hours reported and effect on obligatory-rest rules (which
 890 # was suspended on that night):
 891 # http://www.retsinfo.dk/_GETDOCI_/ACCN/C19801120554-REGL
 892 
 893 # From Jesper Nørgaard Welen (2005-06-11):
 894 # The Herning Folkeblad (1980-09-26) reported that the night between
 895 # Saturday and Sunday the clock is set back from three to two.
 896 
 897 # From Paul Eggert (2005-06-11):
 898 # Hence the "02:00" of the 1980 law refers to standard time, not
 899 # wall-clock time, and so the EU rules were in effect in 1980.
 900 
 901 # Rule  NAME    FROM    TO      TYPE    IN      ON      AT      SAVE    LETTER/S
 902 Rule    Denmark 1916    only    -       May     14      23:00   1:00    S
 903 Rule    Denmark 1916    only    -       Sep     30      23:00   0       -
 904 Rule    Denmark 1940    only    -       May     15       0:00   1:00    S
 905 Rule    Denmark 1945    only    -       Apr      2       2:00s  1:00    S
 906 Rule    Denmark 1945    only    -       Aug     15       2:00s  0       -
 907 Rule    Denmark 1946    only    -       May      1       2:00s  1:00    S
 908 Rule    Denmark 1946    only    -       Sep      1       2:00s  0       -
 909 Rule    Denmark 1947    only    -       May      4       2:00s  1:00    S
 910 Rule    Denmark 1947    only    -       Aug     10       2:00s  0       -
 911 Rule    Denmark 1948    only    -       May      9       2:00s  1:00    S
 912 Rule    Denmark 1948    only    -       Aug      8       2:00s  0       -
 913 #
 914 # Zone  NAME            GMTOFF  RULES   FORMAT  [UNTIL]
 915 Zone Europe/Copenhagen   0:50:20 -      LMT     1890
 916                          0:50:20 -      CMT     1894 Jan  1 # Copenhagen MT
 917                          1:00   Denmark CE%sT   1942 Nov  2 2:00s
 918                          1:00   C-Eur   CE%sT   1945 Apr  2 2:00
 919                          1:00   Denmark CE%sT   1980
 920                          1:00   EU      CE%sT
 921 Zone Atlantic/Faroe     -0:27:04 -      LMT     1908 Jan 11     # Tórshavn
 922                          0:00   -       WET     1981
 923                          0:00   EU      WE%sT
 924 #
 925 # From Paul Eggert (2004-10-31):
 926 # During World War II, Germany maintained secret manned weather stations in
 927 # East Greenland and Franz Josef Land, but we don't know their time zones.
 928 # My source for this is Wilhelm Dege's book mentioned under Svalbard.
 929 #
 930 # From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):
 931 # Greenland joined the EU as part of Denmark, obtained home rule on 1979-05-01,
 932 # and left the EU on 1985-02-01.  It therefore should have been using EU
 933 # rules at least through 1984.  Shanks & Pottenger say Scoresbysund and Godthåb
 934 # used C-Eur rules after 1980, but IATA SSIM (1991/1996) says they use EU
 935 # rules since at least 1991.  Assume EU rules since 1980.
 936 
 937 # From Gwillim Law (2001-06-06), citing
 938 # <http://www.statkart.no/efs/efshefter/2001/efs5-2001.pdf> (2001-03-15),
 939 # and with translations corrected by Steffen Thorsen:
 940 #
 941 # Greenland has four local times, and the relation to UTC
 942 # is according to the following time line:
 943 #
 944 # The military zone near Thule  UTC-4
 945 # Standard Greenland time       UTC-3
 946 # Scoresbysund                  UTC-1
 947 # Danmarkshavn                  UTC
 948 #
 949 # In the military area near Thule and in Danmarkshavn DST will not be
 950 # introduced.
 951 
 952 # From Rives McDow (2001-11-01):
 953 #
 954 # I correspond regularly with the Dansk Polarcenter, and wrote them at
 955 # the time to clarify the situation in Thule.  Unfortunately, I have
 956 # not heard back from them regarding my recent letter.  [But I have
 957 # info from earlier correspondence.]
 958 #
 959 # According to the center, a very small local time zone around Thule
 960 # Air Base keeps the time according to UTC-4, implementing daylight
 961 # savings using North America rules, changing the time at 02:00 local time....
 962 #
 963 # The east coast of Greenland north of the community of Scoresbysund
 964 # uses UTC in the same way as in Iceland, year round, with no dst.
 965 # There are just a few stations on this coast, including the
 966 # Danmarkshavn ICAO weather station mentioned in your September 29th
 967 # email.  The other stations are two sledge patrol stations in
 968 # Mestersvig and Daneborg, the air force base at Station Nord, and the
 969 # DPC research station at Zackenberg.
 970 #
 971 # Scoresbysund and two small villages nearby keep time UTC-1 and use
 972 # the same daylight savings time period as in West Greenland (Godthåb).
 973 #
 974 # The rest of Greenland, including Godthåb (this area, although it
 975 # includes central Greenland, is known as west Greenland), keeps time
 976 # UTC-3, with daylight savings methods according to European rules.
 977 #
 978 # It is common procedure to use UTC 0 in the wilderness of East and
 979 # North Greenland, because it is mainly Icelandic aircraft operators
 980 # maintaining traffic in these areas.  However, the official status of
 981 # this area is that it sticks with Godthåb time.  This area might be
 982 # considered a dual time zone in some respects because of this.
 983 
 984 # From Rives McDow (2001-11-19):
 985 # I heard back from someone stationed at Thule; the time change took place
 986 # there at 2:00 AM.
 987 
 988 # From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):
 989 # From 1997 on the CIA map shows Danmarkshavn on GMT;
 990 # the 1995 map as like Godthåb.
 991 # For lack of better info, assume they were like Godthåb before 1996.
 992 # startkart.no says Thule does not observe DST, but this is clearly an error,
 993 # so go with Shanks & Pottenger for Thule transitions until this year.
 994 # For 2007 on assume Thule will stay in sync with US DST rules.
 995 #
 996 # Rule  NAME    FROM    TO      TYPE    IN      ON      AT      SAVE    LETTER/S
 997 Rule    Thule   1991    1992    -       Mar     lastSun 2:00    1:00    D
 998 Rule    Thule   1991    1992    -       Sep     lastSun 2:00    0       S
 999 Rule    Thule   1993    2006    -       Apr     Sun>=1       2:00    1:00    D
1000 Rule    Thule   1993    2006    -       Oct     lastSun 2:00    0       S
1001 Rule    Thule   2007    max     -       Mar     Sun>=8       2:00    1:00    D
1002 Rule    Thule   2007    max     -       Nov     Sun>=1       2:00    0       S
1003 #
1004 # Zone  NAME            GMTOFF  RULES   FORMAT  [UNTIL]
1005 Zone America/Danmarkshavn -1:14:40 -    LMT     1916 Jul 28
1006                         -3:00   -       WGT     1980 Apr  6 2:00
1007                         -3:00   EU      WG%sT   1996
1008                         0:00    -       GMT
1009 Zone America/Scoresbysund -1:27:52 -    LMT     1916 Jul 28 # Ittoqqortoormiit
1010                         -2:00   -       CGT     1980 Apr  6 2:00
1011                         -2:00   C-Eur   CG%sT   1981 Mar 29
1012                         -1:00   EU      EG%sT
1013 Zone America/Godthab    -3:26:56 -      LMT     1916 Jul 28 # Nuuk
1014                         -3:00   -       WGT     1980 Apr  6 2:00
1015                         -3:00   EU      WG%sT
1016 Zone America/Thule      -4:35:08 -      LMT     1916 Jul 28 # Pituffik air base
1017                         -4:00   Thule   A%sT
1018 
1019 # Estonia
1020 # From Peter Ilieve (1994-10-15):
1021 # A relative in Tallinn confirms the accuracy of the data for 1989 onwards
1022 # [through 1994] and gives the legal authority for it,
1023 # a regulation of the Government of Estonia, No. 111 of 1989....
1024 #
1025 # From Peter Ilieve (1996-10-28):
1026 # [IATA SSIM (1992/1996) claims that the Baltic republics switch at 01:00s,
1027 # but a relative confirms that Estonia still switches at 02:00s, writing:]
1028 # "I do not [know] exactly but there are some little different
1029 # (confusing) rules for International Air and Railway Transport Schedules
1030 # conversion in Sunday connected with end of summer time in Estonia....
1031 # A discussion is running about the summer time efficiency and effect on
1032 # human physiology.  It seems that Estonia maybe will not change to
1033 # summer time next spring."
1034 
1035 # From Peter Ilieve (1998-11-04), heavily edited:
1036 # The 1998-09-22 Estonian time law
1037 # <http://trip.rk.ee/cgi-bin/thw?${BASE}=akt&${OOHTML}=rtd&TA=1998&TO=1&AN=1390>
1038 # refers to the Eighth Directive and cites the association agreement between
1039 # the EU and Estonia, ratified by the Estonian law (RT II 1995, 22-27, 120).
1040 #
1041 # I also asked [my relative] whether they use any standard abbreviation
1042 # for their standard and summer times. He says no, they use "suveaeg"
1043 # (summer time) and "talveaeg" (winter time).
1044 
1045 # From The Baltic Times <http://www.baltictimes.com/> (1999-09-09)
1046 # via Steffen Thorsen:
1047 # This year will mark the last time Estonia shifts to summer time,
1048 # a council of the ruling coalition announced Sept. 6....
1049 # But what this could mean for Estonia's chances of joining the European
1050 # Union are still unclear.  In 1994, the EU declared summer time compulsory
1051 # for all member states until 2001.  Brussels has yet to decide what to do
1052 # after that.
1053 
1054 # From Mart Oruaas (2000-01-29):
1055 # Regulation no. 301 (1999-10-12) obsoletes previous regulation
1056 # no. 206 (1998-09-22) and thus sticks Estonia to +02:00 GMT for all
1057 # the year round.  The regulation is effective 1999-11-01.
1058 
1059 # From Toomas Soome (2002-02-21):
1060 # The Estonian government has changed once again timezone politics.
1061 # Now we are using again EU rules.
1062 #
1063 # From Urmet Jänes (2002-03-28):
1064 # The legislative reference is Government decree No. 84 on 2002-02-21.
1065 
1066 # Zone  NAME            GMTOFF  RULES   FORMAT  [UNTIL]
1067 Zone    Europe/Tallinn  1:39:00 -       LMT     1880
1068                         1:39:00 -       TMT     1918 Feb # Tallinn Mean Time
1069                         1:00    C-Eur   CE%sT   1919 Jul
1070                         1:39:00 -       TMT     1921 May
1071                         2:00    -       EET     1940 Aug  6
1072                         3:00    -       MSK     1941 Sep 15
1073                         1:00    C-Eur   CE%sT   1944 Sep 22
1074                         3:00    Russia  MSK/MSD 1989 Mar 26 2:00s
1075                         2:00    1:00    EEST    1989 Sep 24 2:00s
1076                         2:00    C-Eur   EE%sT   1998 Sep 22
1077                         2:00    EU      EE%sT   1999 Nov  1
1078                         2:00    -       EET     2002 Feb 21
1079                         2:00    EU      EE%sT
1080 
1081 # Finland
1082 
1083 # From Hannu Strang (1994-09-25 06:03:37 UTC):
1084 # Well, here in Helsinki we're just changing from summer time to regular one,
1085 # and it's supposed to change at 4am...
1086 
1087 # From Janne Snabb (2010-07-15):
1088 #
1089 # I noticed that the Finland data is not accurate for years 1981 and 1982.
1090 # During these two first trial years the DST adjustment was made one hour
1091 # earlier than in forthcoming years. Starting 1983 the adjustment was made
1092 # according to the central European standards.
1093 #
1094 # This is documented in Heikki Oja: Aikakirja 2007, published by The Almanac
1095 # Office of University of Helsinki, ISBN 952-10-3221-9, available online (in
1096 # Finnish) at
1097 # http://almanakka.helsinki.fi/aikakirja/Aikakirja2007kokonaan.pdf
1098 #
1099 # Page 105 (56 in PDF version) has a handy table of all past daylight savings
1100 # transitions. It is easy enough to interpret without Finnish skills.
1101 #
1102 # This is also confirmed by Finnish Broadcasting Company's archive at:
1103 # http://www.yle.fi/elavaarkisto/?s=s&g=1&ag=5&t=&a=3401
1104 #
1105 # The news clip from 1981 says that "the time between 2 and 3 o'clock does not
1106 # exist tonight."
1107 
1108 # From Konstantin Hyppönen (2014-06-13):
1109 # [Heikki Oja's book Aikakirja 2013]
1110 # http://almanakka.helsinki.fi/images/aikakirja/Aikakirja2013kokonaan.pdf
1111 # pages 104-105, including a scan from a newspaper published on Apr 2 1942
1112 # say that ... [o]n Apr 2 1942, 24 o'clock (which means Apr 3 1942,
1113 # 00:00), clocks were moved one hour forward. The newspaper
1114 # mentions "on the night from Thursday to Friday"....
1115 # On Oct 4 1942, clocks were moved at 1:00 one hour backwards.
1116 #
1117 # From Paul Eggert (2014-06-14):
1118 # Go with Oja over Shanks.
1119 
1120 # Rule  NAME    FROM    TO      TYPE    IN      ON      AT      SAVE    LETTER/S
1121 Rule    Finland 1942    only    -       Apr     2       24:00   1:00    S
1122 Rule    Finland 1942    only    -       Oct     4       1:00    0       -
1123 Rule    Finland 1981    1982    -       Mar     lastSun 2:00    1:00    S
1124 Rule    Finland 1981    1982    -       Sep     lastSun 3:00    0       -
1125 
1126 # Milne says Helsinki (Helsingfors) time was 1:39:49.2 (official document);
1127 # round to nearest.
1128 
1129 # Zone  NAME            GMTOFF  RULES   FORMAT  [UNTIL]
1130 Zone    Europe/Helsinki 1:39:49 -       LMT     1878 May 31
1131                         1:39:49 -       HMT     1921 May    # Helsinki Mean Time
1132                         2:00    Finland EE%sT   1983
1133                         2:00    EU      EE%sT
1134 
1135 # Åland Is
1136 Link    Europe/Helsinki Europe/Mariehamn
1137 
1138 
1139 # France
1140 
1141 # From Ciro Discepolo (2000-12-20):
1142 #
1143 # Henri Le Corre, Régimes horaires pour le monde entier, Éditions
1144 # Traditionnelles - Paris 2 books, 1993
1145 #
1146 # Gabriel, Traité de l'heure dans le monde, Guy Trédaniel,
1147 # Paris, 1991
1148 #
1149 # Françoise Gauquelin, Problèmes de l'heure résolus en astrologie,
1150 # Guy Trédaniel, Paris 1987
1151 
1152 
1153 #
1154 # Shank & Pottenger seem to use '24:00' ambiguously; resolve it with Whitman.
1155 # Rule  NAME    FROM    TO      TYPE    IN      ON      AT      SAVE    LETTER/S
1156 Rule    France  1916    only    -       Jun     14      23:00s  1:00    S
1157 Rule    France  1916    1919    -       Oct     Sun>=1       23:00s  0       -
1158 Rule    France  1917    only    -       Mar     24      23:00s  1:00    S
1159 Rule    France  1918    only    -       Mar      9      23:00s  1:00    S
1160 Rule    France  1919    only    -       Mar      1      23:00s  1:00    S
1161 Rule    France  1920    only    -       Feb     14      23:00s  1:00    S
1162 Rule    France  1920    only    -       Oct     23      23:00s  0       -
1163 Rule    France  1921    only    -       Mar     14      23:00s  1:00    S
1164 Rule    France  1921    only    -       Oct     25      23:00s  0       -
1165 Rule    France  1922    only    -       Mar     25      23:00s  1:00    S
1166 # DSH writes that a law of 1923-05-24 specified 3rd Sat in Apr at 23:00 to 1st
1167 # Sat in Oct at 24:00; and that in 1930, because of Easter, the transitions
1168 # were Apr 12 and Oct 5.  Go with Shanks & Pottenger.
1169 Rule    France  1922    1938    -       Oct     Sat>=1       23:00s  0       -
1170 Rule    France  1923    only    -       May     26      23:00s  1:00    S
1171 Rule    France  1924    only    -       Mar     29      23:00s  1:00    S
1172 Rule    France  1925    only    -       Apr      4      23:00s  1:00    S
1173 Rule    France  1926    only    -       Apr     17      23:00s  1:00    S
1174 Rule    France  1927    only    -       Apr      9      23:00s  1:00    S
1175 Rule    France  1928    only    -       Apr     14      23:00s  1:00    S
1176 Rule    France  1929    only    -       Apr     20      23:00s  1:00    S
1177 Rule    France  1930    only    -       Apr     12      23:00s  1:00    S
1178 Rule    France  1931    only    -       Apr     18      23:00s  1:00    S
1179 Rule    France  1932    only    -       Apr      2      23:00s  1:00    S
1180 Rule    France  1933    only    -       Mar     25      23:00s  1:00    S
1181 Rule    France  1934    only    -       Apr      7      23:00s  1:00    S
1182 Rule    France  1935    only    -       Mar     30      23:00s  1:00    S
1183 Rule    France  1936    only    -       Apr     18      23:00s  1:00    S
1184 Rule    France  1937    only    -       Apr      3      23:00s  1:00    S
1185 Rule    France  1938    only    -       Mar     26      23:00s  1:00    S
1186 Rule    France  1939    only    -       Apr     15      23:00s  1:00    S
1187 Rule    France  1939    only    -       Nov     18      23:00s  0       -
1188 Rule    France  1940    only    -       Feb     25       2:00   1:00    S
1189 # The French rules for 1941-1944 were not used in Paris, but Shanks & Pottenger
1190 # write that they were used in Monaco and in many French locations.
1191 # Le Corre writes that the upper limit of the free zone was Arnéguy, Orthez,
1192 # Mont-de-Marsan, Bazas, Langon, Lamothe-Montravel, Marœuil, La
1193 # Rochefoucauld, Champagne-Mouton, La Roche-Posay, La Haye-Descartes,
1194 # Loches, Montrichard, Vierzon, Bourges, Moulins, Digoin,
1195 # Paray-le-Monial, Montceau-les-Mines, Chalon-sur-Saône, Arbois,
1196 # Dole, Morez, St-Claude, and Collonges (Haute-Savoie).
1197 Rule    France  1941    only    -       May      5       0:00   2:00    M # Midsummer
1198 # Shanks & Pottenger say this transition occurred at Oct 6 1:00,
1199 # but go with Denis Excoffier (1997-12-12),
1200 # who quotes the Ephémérides astronomiques for 1998 from Bureau des Longitudes
1201 # as saying 5/10/41 22hUT.
1202 Rule    France  1941    only    -       Oct      6       0:00   1:00    S
1203 Rule    France  1942    only    -       Mar      9       0:00   2:00    M
1204 Rule    France  1942    only    -       Nov      2       3:00   1:00    S
1205 Rule    France  1943    only    -       Mar     29       2:00   2:00    M
1206 Rule    France  1943    only    -       Oct      4       3:00   1:00    S
1207 Rule    France  1944    only    -       Apr      3       2:00   2:00    M
1208 Rule    France  1944    only    -       Oct      8       1:00   1:00    S
1209 Rule    France  1945    only    -       Apr      2       2:00   2:00    M
1210 Rule    France  1945    only    -       Sep     16       3:00   0       -
1211 # Shanks & Pottenger give Mar 28 2:00 and Sep 26 3:00;
1212 # go with Excoffier's 28/3/76 0hUT and 25/9/76 23hUT.
1213 Rule    France  1976    only    -       Mar     28       1:00   1:00    S
1214 Rule    France  1976    only    -       Sep     26       1:00   0       -
1215 # Shanks & Pottenger give 0:09:20 for Paris Mean Time, and Whitman 0:09:05,
1216 # but Howse quotes the actual French legislation as saying 0:09:21.
1217 # Go with Howse.  Howse writes that the time in France was officially based
1218 # on PMT-0:09:21 until 1978-08-09, when the time base finally switched to UTC.
1219 # Zone  NAME            GMTOFF  RULES   FORMAT  [UNTIL]
1220 Zone    Europe/Paris    0:09:21 -       LMT     1891 Mar 15  0:01
1221                         0:09:21 -       PMT     1911 Mar 11  0:01  # Paris MT
1222 # Shanks & Pottenger give 1940 Jun 14 0:00; go with Excoffier and Le Corre.
1223                         0:00    France  WE%sT   1940 Jun 14 23:00
1224 # Le Corre says Paris stuck with occupied-France time after the liberation;
1225 # go with Shanks & Pottenger.
1226                         1:00    C-Eur   CE%sT   1944 Aug 25
1227                         0:00    France  WE%sT   1945 Sep 16  3:00
1228                         1:00    France  CE%sT   1977
1229                         1:00    EU      CE%sT
1230 
1231 # Germany
1232 
1233 # From Markus Kuhn (1998-09-29):
1234 # The German time zone web site by the Physikalisch-Technische
1235 # Bundesanstalt contains DST information back to 1916.
1236 # [See tz-link.htm for the URL.]
1237 
1238 # From Jörg Schilling (2002-10-23):
1239 # In 1945, Berlin was switched to Moscow Summer time (GMT+4) by
1240 # <http://www.dhm.de/lemo/html/biografien/BersarinNikolai/>
1241 # General [Nikolai] Bersarin.
1242 
1243 # From Paul Eggert (2003-03-08):
1244 # http://www.parlament-berlin.de/pds-fraktion.nsf/727459127c8b66ee8525662300459099/defc77cb784f180ac1256c2b0030274b/$FILE/bersarint.pdf
1245 # says that Bersarin issued an order to use Moscow time on May 20.
1246 # However, Moscow did not observe daylight saving in 1945, so
1247 # this was equivalent to CEMT (GMT+3), not GMT+4.
1248 
1249 
1250 # Rule  NAME    FROM    TO      TYPE    IN      ON      AT      SAVE    LETTER/S
1251 Rule    Germany 1946    only    -       Apr     14      2:00s   1:00    S
1252 Rule    Germany 1946    only    -       Oct      7      2:00s   0       -
1253 Rule    Germany 1947    1949    -       Oct     Sun>=1       2:00s   0       -
1254 # http://www.ptb.de/de/org/4/44/441/salt.htm says the following transition
1255 # occurred at 3:00 MEZ, not the 2:00 MEZ given in Shanks & Pottenger.
1256 # Go with the PTB.
1257 Rule    Germany 1947    only    -       Apr      6      3:00s   1:00    S
1258 Rule    Germany 1947    only    -       May     11      2:00s   2:00    M
1259 Rule    Germany 1947    only    -       Jun     29      3:00    1:00    S
1260 Rule    Germany 1948    only    -       Apr     18      2:00s   1:00    S
1261 Rule    Germany 1949    only    -       Apr     10      2:00s   1:00    S
1262 
1263 Rule SovietZone 1945    only    -       May     24      2:00    2:00    M # Midsummer
1264 Rule SovietZone 1945    only    -       Sep     24      3:00    1:00    S
1265 Rule SovietZone 1945    only    -       Nov     18      2:00s   0       -
1266 
1267 # Zone  NAME            GMTOFF  RULES   FORMAT  [UNTIL]
1268 Zone    Europe/Berlin   0:53:28 -       LMT     1893 Apr
1269                         1:00    C-Eur   CE%sT   1945 May 24 2:00
1270                         1:00 SovietZone CE%sT   1946
1271                         1:00    Germany CE%sT   1980
1272                         1:00    EU      CE%sT
1273 
1274 # From Tobias Conradi (2011-09-12):
1275 # Büsingen <http://www.buesingen.de>, surrounded by the Swiss canton
1276 # Schaffhausen, did not start observing DST in 1980 as the rest of DE
1277 # (West Germany at that time) and DD (East Germany at that time) did.
1278 # DD merged into DE, the area is currently covered by code DE in ISO 3166-1,
1279 # which in turn is covered by the zone Europe/Berlin.
1280 #
1281 # Source for the time in Büsingen 1980:
1282 # http://www.srf.ch/player/video?id=c012c029-03b7-4c2b-9164-aa5902cd58d3
1283 
1284 # From Arthur David Olson (2012-03-03):
1285 # Busingen and Zurich have shared clocks since 1970.
1286 
1287 Link    Europe/Zurich   Europe/Busingen
1288 
1289 # Georgia
1290 # Please see the "asia" file for Asia/Tbilisi.
1291 # Herodotus (Histories, IV.45) says Georgia north of the Phasis (now Rioni)
1292 # is in Europe.  Our reference location Tbilisi is in the Asian part.
1293 
1294 # Gibraltar
1295 # Zone  NAME            GMTOFF  RULES   FORMAT  [UNTIL]
1296 Zone Europe/Gibraltar   -0:21:24 -      LMT     1880 Aug  2 0:00s
1297                         0:00    GB-Eire %s      1957 Apr 14 2:00
1298                         1:00    -       CET     1982
1299                         1:00    EU      CE%sT
1300 
1301 # Greece
1302 # Rule  NAME    FROM    TO      TYPE    IN      ON      AT      SAVE    LETTER/S
1303 # Whitman gives 1932 Jul 5 - Nov 1; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
1304 Rule    Greece  1932    only    -       Jul      7      0:00    1:00    S
1305 Rule    Greece  1932    only    -       Sep      1      0:00    0       -
1306 # Whitman gives 1941 Apr 25 - ?; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
1307 Rule    Greece  1941    only    -       Apr      7      0:00    1:00    S
1308 # Whitman gives 1942 Feb 2 - ?; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
1309 Rule    Greece  1942    only    -       Nov      2      3:00    0       -
1310 Rule    Greece  1943    only    -       Mar     30      0:00    1:00    S
1311 Rule    Greece  1943    only    -       Oct      4      0:00    0       -
1312 # Whitman gives 1944 Oct 3 - Oct 31; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
1313 Rule    Greece  1952    only    -       Jul      1      0:00    1:00    S
1314 Rule    Greece  1952    only    -       Nov      2      0:00    0       -
1315 Rule    Greece  1975    only    -       Apr     12      0:00s   1:00    S
1316 Rule    Greece  1975    only    -       Nov     26      0:00s   0       -
1317 Rule    Greece  1976    only    -       Apr     11      2:00s   1:00    S
1318 Rule    Greece  1976    only    -       Oct     10      2:00s   0       -
1319 Rule    Greece  1977    1978    -       Apr     Sun>=1       2:00s   1:00    S
1320 Rule    Greece  1977    only    -       Sep     26      2:00s   0       -
1321 Rule    Greece  1978    only    -       Sep     24      4:00    0       -
1322 Rule    Greece  1979    only    -       Apr      1      9:00    1:00    S
1323 Rule    Greece  1979    only    -       Sep     29      2:00    0       -
1324 Rule    Greece  1980    only    -       Apr      1      0:00    1:00    S
1325 Rule    Greece  1980    only    -       Sep     28      0:00    0       -
1326 # Zone  NAME            GMTOFF  RULES   FORMAT  [UNTIL]
1327 Zone    Europe/Athens   1:34:52 -       LMT     1895 Sep 14
1328                         1:34:52 -       AMT     1916 Jul 28 0:01     # Athens MT
1329                         2:00    Greece  EE%sT   1941 Apr 30
1330                         1:00    Greece  CE%sT   1944 Apr  4
1331                         2:00    Greece  EE%sT   1981
1332                         # Shanks & Pottenger say it switched to C-Eur in 1981;
1333                         # go with EU instead, since Greece joined it on Jan 1.
1334                         2:00    EU      EE%sT
1335 
1336 # Hungary
1337 # From Paul Eggert (2014-07-15):
1338 # Dates for 1916-1945 are taken from:
1339 # Oross A. Jelen a múlt jövője: a nyári időszámítás Magyarországon 1916-1945.
1340 # National Archives of Hungary (2012-10-29).
1341 # http://mnl.gov.hu/a_het_dokumentuma/a_nyari_idoszamitas_magyarorszagon_19161945.html
1342 # This source does not always give times, which are taken from Shanks
1343 # & Pottenger (which disagree about the dates).
1344 # Rule  NAME    FROM    TO      TYPE    IN      ON      AT      SAVE    LETTER/S
1345 Rule    Hungary 1918    only    -       Apr      1       3:00   1:00    S
1346 Rule    Hungary 1918    only    -       Sep     16       3:00   0       -
1347 Rule    Hungary 1919    only    -       Apr     15       3:00   1:00    S
1348 Rule    Hungary 1919    only    -       Nov     24       3:00   0       -
1349 Rule    Hungary 1945    only    -       May      1      23:00   1:00    S
1350 Rule    Hungary 1945    only    -       Nov      1       0:00   0       -
1351 Rule    Hungary 1946    only    -       Mar     31       2:00s  1:00    S
1352 Rule    Hungary 1946    1949    -       Oct     Sun>=1        2:00s  0       -
1353 Rule    Hungary 1947    1949    -       Apr     Sun>=4        2:00s  1:00    S
1354 Rule    Hungary 1950    only    -       Apr     17       2:00s  1:00    S
1355 Rule    Hungary 1950    only    -       Oct     23       2:00s  0       -
1356 Rule    Hungary 1954    1955    -       May     23       0:00   1:00    S
1357 Rule    Hungary 1954    1955    -       Oct      3       0:00   0       -
1358 Rule    Hungary 1956    only    -       Jun     Sun>=1        0:00   1:00    S
1359 Rule    Hungary 1956    only    -       Sep     lastSun  0:00   0       -
1360 Rule    Hungary 1957    only    -       Jun     Sun>=1        1:00   1:00    S
1361 Rule    Hungary 1957    only    -       Sep     lastSun  3:00   0       -
1362 Rule    Hungary 1980    only    -       Apr      6       1:00   1:00    S
1363 # Zone  NAME            GMTOFF  RULES   FORMAT  [UNTIL]
1364 Zone    Europe/Budapest 1:16:20 -       LMT     1890 Oct
1365                         1:00    C-Eur   CE%sT   1918
1366                         1:00    Hungary CE%sT   1941 Apr  8
1367                         1:00    C-Eur   CE%sT   1945
1368                         1:00    Hungary CE%sT   1980 Sep 28  2:00s
1369                         1:00    EU      CE%sT
1370 
1371 # Iceland
1372 #
1373 # From Adam David (1993-11-06):
1374 # The name of the timezone in Iceland for system / mail / news purposes is GMT.
1375 #
1376 # (1993-12-05):
1377 # This material is paraphrased from the 1988 edition of the University of
1378 # Iceland Almanak.
1379 #
1380 # From January 1st, 1908 the whole of Iceland was standardised at 1 hour
1381 # behind GMT. Previously, local mean solar time was used in different parts
1382 # of Iceland, the almanak had been based on Reykjavik mean solar time which
1383 # was 1 hour and 28 minutes behind GMT.
1384 #
1385 # "first day of winter" referred to [below] means the first day of the 26 weeks
1386 # of winter, according to the old icelandic calendar that dates back to the
1387 # time the norsemen first settled Iceland.  The first day of winter is always
1388 # Saturday, but is not dependent on the Julian or Gregorian calendars.
1389 #
1390 # (1993-12-10):
1391 # I have a reference from the Oxford Icelandic-English dictionary for the
1392 # beginning of winter, which ties it to the ecclesiastical calendar (and thus
1393 # to the julian/gregorian calendar) over the period in question.
1394 #       the winter begins on the Saturday next before St. Luke's day
1395 #       (old style), or on St. Luke's day, if a Saturday.
1396 # St. Luke's day ought to be traceable from ecclesiastical sources. "old style"
1397 # might be a reference to the Julian calendar as opposed to Gregorian, or it
1398 # might mean something else (???).
1399 #
1400 # From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):
1401 # The Iceland Almanak, Shanks & Pottenger, and Whitman disagree on many points.
1402 # We go with the Almanak, except for one claim from Shanks & Pottenger, namely
1403 # that Reykavik was 21W57 from 1837 to 1908, local mean time before that.
1404 #
1405 # Rule  NAME    FROM    TO      TYPE    IN      ON      AT      SAVE    LETTER/S
1406 Rule    Iceland 1917    1918    -       Feb     19      23:00   1:00    S
1407 Rule    Iceland 1917    only    -       Oct     21       1:00   0       -
1408 Rule    Iceland 1918    only    -       Nov     16       1:00   0       -
1409 Rule    Iceland 1939    only    -       Apr     29      23:00   1:00    S
1410 Rule    Iceland 1939    only    -       Nov     29       2:00   0       -
1411 Rule    Iceland 1940    only    -       Feb     25       2:00   1:00    S
1412 Rule    Iceland 1940    only    -       Nov      3       2:00   0       -
1413 Rule    Iceland 1941    only    -       Mar      2       1:00s  1:00    S
1414 Rule    Iceland 1941    only    -       Nov      2       1:00s  0       -
1415 Rule    Iceland 1942    only    -       Mar      8       1:00s  1:00    S
1416 Rule    Iceland 1942    only    -       Oct     25       1:00s  0       -
1417 # 1943-1946 - first Sunday in March until first Sunday in winter
1418 Rule    Iceland 1943    1946    -       Mar     Sun>=1        1:00s  1:00    S
1419 Rule    Iceland 1943    1948    -       Oct     Sun>=22       1:00s  0       -
1420 # 1947-1967 - first Sunday in April until first Sunday in winter
1421 Rule    Iceland 1947    1967    -       Apr     Sun>=1        1:00s  1:00    S
1422 # 1949 Oct transition delayed by 1 week
1423 Rule    Iceland 1949    only    -       Oct     30       1:00s  0       -
1424 Rule    Iceland 1950    1966    -       Oct     Sun>=22       1:00s  0       -
1425 Rule    Iceland 1967    only    -       Oct     29       1:00s  0       -
1426 # Zone  NAME            GMTOFF  RULES   FORMAT  [UNTIL]
1427 Zone Atlantic/Reykjavik -1:27:24 -      LMT     1837
1428                         -1:27:48 -      RMT     1908 # Reykjavik Mean Time?
1429                         -1:00   Iceland IS%sT   1968 Apr 7 1:00s
1430                          0:00   -       GMT
1431 
1432 # Italy
1433 #
1434 # From Paul Eggert (2001-03-06):
1435 # Sicily and Sardinia each had their own time zones from 1866 to 1893,
1436 # called Palermo Time (+00:53:28) and Cagliari Time (+00:36:32).
1437 # During World War II, German-controlled Italy used German time.
1438 # But these events all occurred before the 1970 cutoff,
1439 # so record only the time in Rome.
1440 #
1441 # From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):
1442 # For Italian DST we have three sources: Shanks & Pottenger, Whitman, and
1443 # F. Pollastri
1444 # Day-light Saving Time in Italy (2006-02-03)
1445 # <http://toi.iriti.cnr.it/uk/ienitlt.html>
1446 # ('FP' below), taken from an Italian National Electrotechnical Institute
1447 # publication. When the three sources disagree, guess who's right, as follows:
1448 #
1449 # year  FP      Shanks&P. (S)       Whitman (W)     Go with:
1450 # 1916  06-03   06-03 24:00     06-03 00:00     FP & W
1451 #       09-30   09-30 24:00     09-30 01:00     FP; guess 24:00s
1452 # 1917  04-01   03-31 24:00     03-31 00:00     FP & S
1453 #       09-30   09-29 24:00     09-30 01:00     FP & W
1454 # 1918  03-09   03-09 24:00     03-09 00:00     FP & S
1455 #       10-06   10-05 24:00     10-06 01:00     FP & W
1456 # 1919  03-01   03-01 24:00     03-01 00:00     FP & S
1457 #       10-04   10-04 24:00     10-04 01:00     FP; guess 24:00s
1458 # 1920  03-20   03-20 24:00     03-20 00:00     FP & S
1459 #       09-18   09-18 24:00     10-01 01:00     FP; guess 24:00s
1460 # 1944  04-02   04-03 02:00                     S (see C-Eur)
1461 #       09-16   10-02 03:00                     FP; guess 24:00s
1462 # 1945  09-14   09-16 24:00                     FP; guess 24:00s
1463 # 1970  05-21   05-31 00:00                     S
1464 #       09-20   09-27 00:00                     S
1465 #
1466 # Rule  NAME    FROM    TO      TYPE    IN      ON      AT      SAVE    LETTER/S
1467 Rule    Italy   1916    only    -       Jun      3      0:00s   1:00    S
1468 Rule    Italy   1916    only    -       Oct      1      0:00s   0       -
1469 Rule    Italy   1917    only    -       Apr      1      0:00s   1:00    S
1470 Rule    Italy   1917    only    -       Sep     30      0:00s   0       -
1471 Rule    Italy   1918    only    -       Mar     10      0:00s   1:00    S
1472 Rule    Italy   1918    1919    -       Oct     Sun>=1       0:00s   0       -
1473 Rule    Italy   1919    only    -       Mar      2      0:00s   1:00    S
1474 Rule    Italy   1920    only    -       Mar     21      0:00s   1:00    S
1475 Rule    Italy   1920    only    -       Sep     19      0:00s   0       -
1476 Rule    Italy   1940    only    -       Jun     15      0:00s   1:00    S
1477 Rule    Italy   1944    only    -       Sep     17      0:00s   0       -
1478 Rule    Italy   1945    only    -       Apr      2      2:00    1:00    S
1479 Rule    Italy   1945    only    -       Sep     15      0:00s   0       -
1480 Rule    Italy   1946    only    -       Mar     17      2:00s   1:00    S
1481 Rule    Italy   1946    only    -       Oct      6      2:00s   0       -
1482 Rule    Italy   1947    only    -       Mar     16      0:00s   1:00    S
1483 Rule    Italy   1947    only    -       Oct      5      0:00s   0       -
1484 Rule    Italy   1948    only    -       Feb     29      2:00s   1:00    S
1485 Rule    Italy   1948    only    -       Oct      3      2:00s   0       -
1486 Rule    Italy   1966    1968    -       May     Sun>=22      0:00    1:00    S
1487 Rule    Italy   1966    1969    -       Sep     Sun>=22      0:00    0       -
1488 Rule    Italy   1969    only    -       Jun      1      0:00    1:00    S
1489 Rule    Italy   1970    only    -       May     31      0:00    1:00    S
1490 Rule    Italy   1970    only    -       Sep     lastSun 0:00    0       -
1491 Rule    Italy   1971    1972    -       May     Sun>=22      0:00    1:00    S
1492 Rule    Italy   1971    only    -       Sep     lastSun 1:00    0       -
1493 Rule    Italy   1972    only    -       Oct      1      0:00    0       -
1494 Rule    Italy   1973    only    -       Jun      3      0:00    1:00    S
1495 Rule    Italy   1973    1974    -       Sep     lastSun 0:00    0       -
1496 Rule    Italy   1974    only    -       May     26      0:00    1:00    S
1497 Rule    Italy   1975    only    -       Jun      1      0:00s   1:00    S
1498 Rule    Italy   1975    1977    -       Sep     lastSun 0:00s   0       -
1499 Rule    Italy   1976    only    -       May     30      0:00s   1:00    S
1500 Rule    Italy   1977    1979    -       May     Sun>=22      0:00s   1:00    S
1501 Rule    Italy   1978    only    -       Oct      1      0:00s   0       -
1502 Rule    Italy   1979    only    -       Sep     30      0:00s   0       -
1503 # Zone  NAME            GMTOFF  RULES   FORMAT  [UNTIL]
1504 Zone    Europe/Rome     0:49:56 -       LMT     1866 Sep 22
1505                         0:49:56 -       RMT     1893 Nov  1 0:00s # Rome Mean
1506                         1:00    Italy   CE%sT   1942 Nov  2 2:00s
1507                         1:00    C-Eur   CE%sT   1944 Jul
1508                         1:00    Italy   CE%sT   1980
1509                         1:00    EU      CE%sT
1510 
1511 Link    Europe/Rome     Europe/Vatican
1512 Link    Europe/Rome     Europe/San_Marino
1513 
1514 # Latvia
1515 
1516 # From Liene Kanepe (1998-09-17):
1517 
1518 # I asked about this matter Scientific Secretary of the Institute of Astronomy
1519 # of The University of Latvia Dr. paed Mr. Ilgonis Vilks. I also searched the
1520 # correct data in juridical acts and I found some juridical documents about
1521 # changes in the counting of time in Latvia from 1981....
1522 #
1523 # Act No.35 of the Council of Ministers of Latvian SSR of 1981-01-22 ...
1524 # according to the Act No.925 of the Council of Ministers of USSR of 1980-10-24
1525 # ...: all year round the time of 2nd time zone + 1 hour, in addition turning
1526 # the hands of the clock 1 hour forward on 1 April at 00:00 (GMT 31 March 21:00)
1527 # and 1 hour backward on the 1 October at 00:00 (GMT 30 September 20:00).
1528 #
1529 # Act No.592 of the Council of Ministers of Latvian SSR of 1984-09-24 ...
1530 # according to the Act No.967 of the Council of Ministers of USSR of 1984-09-13
1531 # ...: all year round the time of 2nd time zone + 1 hour, in addition turning
1532 # the hands of the clock 1 hour forward on the last Sunday of March at 02:00
1533 # (GMT 23:00 on the previous day) and 1 hour backward on the last Sunday of
1534 # September at 03:00 (GMT 23:00 on the previous day).
1535 #
1536 # Act No.81 of the Council of Ministers of Latvian SSR of 1989-03-22 ...
1537 # according to the Act No.227 of the Council of Ministers of USSR of 1989-03-14
1538 # ...: since the last Sunday of March 1989 in Lithuanian SSR, Latvian SSR,
1539 # Estonian SSR and Kaliningrad region of Russian Federation all year round the
1540 # time of 2nd time zone (Moscow time minus one hour). On the territory of Latvia
1541 # transition to summer time is performed on the last Sunday of March at 02:00
1542 # (GMT 00:00), turning the hands of the clock 1 hour forward.  The end of
1543 # daylight saving time is performed on the last Sunday of September at 03:00
1544 # (GMT 00:00), turning the hands of the clock 1 hour backward. Exception is
1545 # 1989-03-26, when we must not turn the hands of the clock....
1546 #
1547 # The Regulations of the Cabinet of Ministers of the Republic of Latvia of
1548 # 1997-01-21 on transition to Summer time ... established the same order of
1549 # daylight savings time settings as in the States of the European Union.
1550 
1551 # From Andrei Ivanov (2000-03-06):
1552 # This year Latvia will not switch to Daylight Savings Time (as specified in
1553 # The Regulations of the Cabinet of Ministers of the Rep. of Latvia of
1554 # 29-Feb-2000 (#79) <http://www.lv-laiks.lv/wwwraksti/2000/071072/vd4.htm>,
1555 # in Latvian for subscribers only).
1556 
1557 # From RFE/RL Newsline
1558 # <http://www.rferl.org/newsline/2001/01/3-CEE/cee-030101.html>
1559 # (2001-01-03), noted after a heads-up by Rives McDow:
1560 # The Latvian government on 2 January decided that the country will
1561 # institute daylight-saving time this spring, LETA reported.
1562 # Last February the three Baltic states decided not to turn back their
1563 # clocks one hour in the spring....
1564 # Minister of Economy Aigars Kalvitis noted that Latvia had too few
1565 # daylight hours and thus decided to comply with a draft European
1566 # Commission directive that provides for instituting daylight-saving
1567 # time in EU countries between 2002 and 2006. The Latvian government
1568 # urged Lithuania and Estonia to adopt a similar time policy, but it
1569 # appears that they will not do so....
1570 
1571 # Rule  NAME    FROM    TO      TYPE    IN      ON      AT      SAVE    LETTER/S
1572 Rule    Latvia  1989    1996    -       Mar     lastSun  2:00s  1:00    S
1573 Rule    Latvia  1989    1996    -       Sep     lastSun  2:00s  0       -
1574 
1575 # Milne says Riga time was 1:36:28 (Polytechnique House time).
1576 
1577 # Zone  NAME            GMTOFF  RULES   FORMAT  [UNTIL]
1578 Zone    Europe/Riga     1:36:28 -       LMT     1880
1579                         1:36:28 -       RMT     1918 Apr 15 2:00 #Riga Mean Time
1580                         1:36:28 1:00    LST     1918 Sep 16 3:00 #Latvian Summer
1581                         1:36:28 -       RMT     1919 Apr  1 2:00
1582                         1:36:28 1:00    LST     1919 May 22 3:00
1583                         1:36:28 -       RMT     1926 May 11
1584                         2:00    -       EET     1940 Aug  5
1585                         3:00    -       MSK     1941 Jul
1586                         1:00    C-Eur   CE%sT   1944 Oct 13
1587                         3:00    Russia  MSK/MSD 1989 Mar lastSun 2:00s
1588                         2:00    1:00    EEST    1989 Sep lastSun 2:00s
1589                         2:00    Latvia  EE%sT   1997 Jan 21
1590                         2:00    EU      EE%sT   2000 Feb 29
1591                         2:00    -       EET     2001 Jan  2
1592                         2:00    EU      EE%sT
1593 
1594 # Liechtenstein
1595 
1596 # From Paul Eggert (2013-09-09):
1597 # Shanks & Pottenger say Vaduz is like Zurich.
1598 
1599 # From Alois Treindl (2013-09-18):
1600 # http://www.eliechtensteinensia.li/LIJ/1978/1938-1978/1941.pdf
1601 # ... confirms on p. 6 that Liechtenstein followed Switzerland in 1941 and 1942.
1602 # I ... translate only the last two paragraphs:
1603 #    ... during second world war, in the years 1941 and 1942, Liechtenstein
1604 #    introduced daylight saving time, adapting to Switzerland.  From 1943 on
1605 #    central European time was in force throughout the year.
1606 #    From a report of the duke's government to the high council,
1607 #    regarding the introduction of a time law, of 31 May 1977.
1608 
1609 Link Europe/Zurich Europe/Vaduz
1610 
1611 
1612 # Lithuania
1613 
1614 # From Paul Eggert (1996-11-22):
1615 # IATA SSIM (1992/1996) says Lithuania uses W-Eur rules, but since it is
1616 # known to be wrong about Estonia and Latvia, assume it's wrong here too.
1617 
1618 # From Marius Gedminas (1998-08-07):
1619 # I would like to inform that in this year Lithuanian time zone
1620 # (Europe/Vilnius) was changed.
1621 
1622 # From ELTA No. 972 (2582) (1999-09-29) <http://www.elta.lt/>,
1623 # via Steffen Thorsen:
1624 # Lithuania has shifted back to the second time zone (GMT plus two hours)
1625 # to be valid here starting from October 31,
1626 # as decided by the national government on Wednesday....
1627 # The Lithuanian government also announced plans to consider a
1628 # motion to give up shifting to summer time in spring, as it was
1629 # already done by Estonia.
1630 
1631 # From the Fact File, Lithuanian State Department of Tourism
1632 # <http://www.tourism.lt/informa/ff.htm> (2000-03-27):
1633 # Local time is GMT+2 hours ..., no daylight saving.
1634 
1635 # From a user via Klaus Marten (2003-02-07):
1636 # As a candidate for membership of the European Union, Lithuania will
1637 # observe Summer Time in 2003, changing its clocks at the times laid
1638 # down in EU Directive 2000/84 of 19.I.01 (i.e. at the same times as its
1639 # neighbour Latvia). The text of the Lithuanian government Order of
1640 # 7.XI.02 to this effect can be found at
1641 # http://www.lrvk.lt/nut/11/n1749.htm
1642 
1643 
1644 # Zone  NAME            GMTOFF  RULES   FORMAT  [UNTIL]
1645 Zone    Europe/Vilnius  1:41:16 -       LMT     1880
1646                         1:24:00 -       WMT     1917        # Warsaw Mean Time
1647                         1:35:36 -       KMT     1919 Oct 10 # Kaunas Mean Time
1648                         1:00    -       CET     1920 Jul 12
1649                         2:00    -       EET     1920 Oct  9
1650                         1:00    -       CET     1940 Aug  3
1651                         3:00    -       MSK     1941 Jun 24
1652                         1:00    C-Eur   CE%sT   1944 Aug
1653                         3:00    Russia  MSK/MSD 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
1654                         2:00    1:00    EEST    1991 Sep 29 2:00s
1655                         2:00    C-Eur   EE%sT   1998
1656                         2:00    -       EET     1998 Mar 29 1:00u
1657                         1:00    EU      CE%sT   1999 Oct 31 1:00u
1658                         2:00    -       EET     2003 Jan  1
1659                         2:00    EU      EE%sT
1660 
1661 # Luxembourg
1662 # Whitman disagrees with most of these dates in minor ways;
1663 # go with Shanks & Pottenger.
1664 # Rule  NAME    FROM    TO      TYPE    IN      ON      AT      SAVE    LETTER/S
1665 Rule    Lux     1916    only    -       May     14      23:00   1:00    S
1666 Rule    Lux     1916    only    -       Oct      1       1:00   0       -
1667 Rule    Lux     1917    only    -       Apr     28      23:00   1:00    S
1668 Rule    Lux     1917    only    -       Sep     17       1:00   0       -
1669 Rule    Lux     1918    only    -       Apr     Mon>=15       2:00s  1:00    S
1670 Rule    Lux     1918    only    -       Sep     Mon>=15       2:00s  0       -
1671 Rule    Lux     1919    only    -       Mar      1      23:00   1:00    S
1672 Rule    Lux     1919    only    -       Oct      5       3:00   0       -
1673 Rule    Lux     1920    only    -       Feb     14      23:00   1:00    S
1674 Rule    Lux     1920    only    -       Oct     24       2:00   0       -
1675 Rule    Lux     1921    only    -       Mar     14      23:00   1:00    S
1676 Rule    Lux     1921    only    -       Oct     26       2:00   0       -
1677 Rule    Lux     1922    only    -       Mar     25      23:00   1:00    S
1678 Rule    Lux     1922    only    -       Oct     Sun>=2        1:00   0       -
1679 Rule    Lux     1923    only    -       Apr     21      23:00   1:00    S
1680 Rule    Lux     1923    only    -       Oct     Sun>=2        2:00   0       -
1681 Rule    Lux     1924    only    -       Mar     29      23:00   1:00    S
1682 Rule    Lux     1924    1928    -       Oct     Sun>=2        1:00   0       -
1683 Rule    Lux     1925    only    -       Apr      5      23:00   1:00    S
1684 Rule    Lux     1926    only    -       Apr     17      23:00   1:00    S
1685 Rule    Lux     1927    only    -       Apr      9      23:00   1:00    S
1686 Rule    Lux     1928    only    -       Apr     14      23:00   1:00    S
1687 Rule    Lux     1929    only    -       Apr     20      23:00   1:00    S
1688 # Zone  NAME            GMTOFF  RULES   FORMAT  [UNTIL]
1689 Zone Europe/Luxembourg  0:24:36 -       LMT     1904 Jun
1690                         1:00    Lux     CE%sT   1918 Nov 25
1691                         0:00    Lux     WE%sT   1929 Oct  6 2:00s
1692                         0:00    Belgium WE%sT   1940 May 14 3:00
1693                         1:00    C-Eur   WE%sT   1944 Sep 18 3:00
1694                         1:00    Belgium CE%sT   1977
1695                         1:00    EU      CE%sT
1696 
1697 # Macedonia
1698 # See Europe/Belgrade.
1699 
1700 # Malta
1701 # Rule  NAME    FROM    TO      TYPE    IN      ON      AT      SAVE    LETTER/S
1702 Rule    Malta   1973    only    -       Mar     31      0:00s   1:00    S
1703 Rule    Malta   1973    only    -       Sep     29      0:00s   0       -
1704 Rule    Malta   1974    only    -       Apr     21      0:00s   1:00    S
1705 Rule    Malta   1974    only    -       Sep     16      0:00s   0       -
1706 Rule    Malta   1975    1979    -       Apr     Sun>=15      2:00    1:00    S
1707 Rule    Malta   1975    1980    -       Sep     Sun>=15      2:00    0       -
1708 Rule    Malta   1980    only    -       Mar     31      2:00    1:00    S
1709 # Zone  NAME            GMTOFF  RULES   FORMAT  [UNTIL]
1710 Zone    Europe/Malta    0:58:04 -       LMT     1893 Nov  2 0:00s # Valletta
1711                         1:00    Italy   CE%sT   1942 Nov  2 2:00s
1712                         1:00    C-Eur   CE%sT   1945 Apr  2 2:00s
1713                         1:00    Italy   CE%sT   1973 Mar 31
1714                         1:00    Malta   CE%sT   1981
1715                         1:00    EU      CE%sT
1716 
1717 # Moldova
1718 
1719 # From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):
1720 # A previous version of this database followed Shanks & Pottenger, who write
1721 # that Tiraspol switched to Moscow time on 1992-01-19 at 02:00.
1722 # However, this is most likely an error, as Moldova declared independence
1723 # on 1991-08-27 (the 1992-01-19 date is that of a Russian decree).
1724 # In early 1992 there was large-scale interethnic violence in the area
1725 # and it's possible that some Russophones continued to observe Moscow time.
1726 # But [two people] separately reported via
1727 # Jesper Nørgaard that as of 2001-01-24 Tiraspol was like Chisinau.
1728 # The Tiraspol entry has therefore been removed for now.
1729 #
1730 # From Alexander Krivenyshev (2011-10-17):
1731 # Pridnestrovian Moldavian Republic (PMR, also known as
1732 # "Pridnestrovie") has abolished seasonal clock change (no transition
1733 # to the Winter Time).
1734 #
1735 # News (in Russian):
1736 # http://www.kyivpost.ua/russia/news/pridnestrove-otkazalos-ot-perehoda-na-zimnee-vremya-30954.html
1737 # http://www.allmoldova.com/moldova-news/1249064116.html
1738 #
1739 # The substance of this change (reinstatement of the Tiraspol entry)
1740 # is from a patch from Petr Machata (2011-10-17)
1741 #
1742 # From Tim Parenti (2011-10-19)
1743 # In addition, being situated at +4651+2938 would give Tiraspol
1744 # a pre-1880 LMT offset of 1:58:32.
1745 #
1746 # (which agrees with the earlier entry that had been removed)
1747 #
1748 # From Alexander Krivenyshev (2011-10-26)
1749 # NO need to divide Moldova into two timezones at this point.
1750 # As of today, Transnistria (Pridnestrovie)- Tiraspol reversed its own
1751 # decision to abolish DST this winter.
1752 # Following Moldova and neighboring Ukraine- Transnistria (Pridnestrovie)-
1753 # Tiraspol will go back to winter time on October 30, 2011.
1754 # News from Moldova (in russian):
1755 # http://ru.publika.md/link_317061.html
1756 
1757 
1758 # Zone  NAME            GMTOFF  RULES   FORMAT  [UNTIL]
1759 Zone    Europe/Chisinau 1:55:20 -       LMT     1880
1760                         1:55    -       CMT     1918 Feb 15 # Chisinau MT
1761                         1:44:24 -       BMT     1931 Jul 24 # Bucharest MT
1762                         2:00    Romania EE%sT   1940 Aug 15
1763                         2:00    1:00    EEST    1941 Jul 17
1764                         1:00    C-Eur   CE%sT   1944 Aug 24
1765                         3:00    Russia  MSK/MSD 1990
1766                         3:00    -       MSK     1990 May 6
1767                         2:00    -       EET     1991
1768                         2:00    Russia  EE%sT   1992
1769                         2:00    E-Eur   EE%sT   1997
1770 # See Romania commentary for the guessed 1997 transition to EU rules.
1771                         2:00    EU      EE%sT
1772 
1773 # Monaco
1774 # Shanks & Pottenger give 0:09:20 for Paris Mean Time; go with Howse's
1775 # more precise 0:09:21.
1776 # Zone  NAME            GMTOFF  RULES   FORMAT  [UNTIL]
1777 Zone    Europe/Monaco   0:29:32 -       LMT     1891 Mar 15
1778                         0:09:21 -       PMT     1911 Mar 11    # Paris Mean Time
1779                         0:00    France  WE%sT   1945 Sep 16 3:00
1780                         1:00    France  CE%sT   1977
1781                         1:00    EU      CE%sT
1782 
1783 # Montenegro
1784 # See Europe/Belgrade.
1785 
1786 # Netherlands
1787 
1788 # Howse writes that the Netherlands' railways used GMT between 1892 and 1940,
1789 # but for other purposes the Netherlands used Amsterdam mean time.
1790 
1791 # However, Robert H. van Gent writes (2001-04-01):
1792 # Howse's statement is only correct up to 1909. From 1909-05-01 (00:00:00
1793 # Amsterdam mean time) onwards, the whole of the Netherlands (including
1794 # the Dutch railways) was required by law to observe Amsterdam mean time
1795 # (19 minutes 32.13 seconds ahead of GMT). This had already been the
1796 # common practice (except for the railways) for many decades but it was
1797 # not until 1909 when the Dutch government finally defined this by law.
1798 # On 1937-07-01 this was changed to 20 minutes (exactly) ahead of GMT and
1799 # was generally known as Dutch Time ("Nederlandse Tijd").
1800 #
1801 # (2001-04-08):
1802 # 1892-05-01 was the date when the Dutch railways were by law required to
1803 # observe GMT while the remainder of the Netherlands adhered to the common
1804 # practice of following Amsterdam mean time.
1805 #
1806 # (2001-04-09):
1807 # In 1835 the authorities of the province of North Holland requested the
1808 # municipal authorities of the towns and cities in the province to observe
1809 # Amsterdam mean time but I do not know in how many cases this request was
1810 # actually followed.
1811 #
1812 # From 1852 onwards the Dutch telegraph offices were by law required to
1813 # observe Amsterdam mean time. As the time signals from the observatory of
1814 # Leiden were also distributed by the telegraph system, I assume that most
1815 # places linked up with the telegraph (and railway) system automatically
1816 # adopted Amsterdam mean time.
1817 #
1818 # Although the early Dutch railway companies initially observed a variety
1819 # of times, most of them had adopted Amsterdam mean time by 1858 but it
1820 # was not until 1866 when they were all required by law to observe
1821 # Amsterdam mean time.
1822 
1823 # The data before 1945 are taken from
1824 # <http://www.phys.uu.nl/~vgent/wettijd/wettijd.htm>.
1825 
1826 # Rule  NAME    FROM    TO      TYPE    IN      ON      AT      SAVE    LETTER/S
1827 Rule    Neth    1916    only    -       May      1      0:00    1:00    NST     # Netherlands Summer Time
1828 Rule    Neth    1916    only    -       Oct      1      0:00    0       AMT     # Amsterdam Mean Time
1829 Rule    Neth    1917    only    -       Apr     16      2:00s   1:00    NST
1830 Rule    Neth    1917    only    -       Sep     17      2:00s   0       AMT
1831 Rule    Neth    1918    1921    -       Apr     Mon>=1       2:00s   1:00    NST
1832 Rule    Neth    1918    1921    -       Sep     lastMon 2:00s   0       AMT
1833 Rule    Neth    1922    only    -       Mar     lastSun 2:00s   1:00    NST
1834 Rule    Neth    1922    1936    -       Oct     Sun>=2       2:00s   0       AMT
1835 Rule    Neth    1923    only    -       Jun     Fri>=1       2:00s   1:00    NST
1836 Rule    Neth    1924    only    -       Mar     lastSun 2:00s   1:00    NST
1837 Rule    Neth    1925    only    -       Jun     Fri>=1       2:00s   1:00    NST
1838 # From 1926 through 1939 DST began 05-15, except that it was delayed by a week
1839 # in years when 05-15 fell in the Pentecost weekend.
1840 Rule    Neth    1926    1931    -       May     15      2:00s   1:00    NST
1841 Rule    Neth    1932    only    -       May     22      2:00s   1:00    NST
1842 Rule    Neth    1933    1936    -       May     15      2:00s   1:00    NST
1843 Rule    Neth    1937    only    -       May     22      2:00s   1:00    NST
1844 Rule    Neth    1937    only    -       Jul      1      0:00    1:00    S
1845 Rule    Neth    1937    1939    -       Oct     Sun>=2       2:00s   0       -
1846 Rule    Neth    1938    1939    -       May     15      2:00s   1:00    S
1847 Rule    Neth    1945    only    -       Apr      2      2:00s   1:00    S
1848 Rule    Neth    1945    only    -       Sep     16      2:00s   0       -
1849 #
1850 # Amsterdam Mean Time was +00:19:32.13 exactly, but the .13 is omitted
1851 # below because the current format requires GMTOFF to be an integer.
1852 # Zone  NAME            GMTOFF  RULES   FORMAT  [UNTIL]
1853 Zone Europe/Amsterdam   0:19:32 -       LMT     1835
1854                         0:19:32 Neth    %s      1937 Jul  1
1855                         0:20    Neth    NE%sT   1940 May 16 0:00 # Dutch Time
1856                         1:00    C-Eur   CE%sT   1945 Apr  2 2:00
1857                         1:00    Neth    CE%sT   1977
1858                         1:00    EU      CE%sT
1859 
1860 # Norway
1861 # http://met.no/met/met_lex/q_u/sommertid.html (2004-01) agrees with Shanks &
1862 # Pottenger.
1863 # Rule  NAME    FROM    TO      TYPE    IN      ON      AT      SAVE    LETTER/S
1864 Rule    Norway  1916    only    -       May     22      1:00    1:00    S
1865 Rule    Norway  1916    only    -       Sep     30      0:00    0       -
1866 Rule    Norway  1945    only    -       Apr      2      2:00s   1:00    S
1867 Rule    Norway  1945    only    -       Oct      1      2:00s   0       -
1868 Rule    Norway  1959    1964    -       Mar     Sun>=15      2:00s   1:00    S
1869 Rule    Norway  1959    1965    -       Sep     Sun>=15      2:00s   0       -
1870 Rule    Norway  1965    only    -       Apr     25      2:00s   1:00    S
1871 # Zone  NAME            GMTOFF  RULES   FORMAT  [UNTIL]
1872 Zone    Europe/Oslo     0:43:00 -       LMT     1895 Jan  1
1873                         1:00    Norway  CE%sT   1940 Aug 10 23:00
1874                         1:00    C-Eur   CE%sT   1945 Apr  2  2:00
1875                         1:00    Norway  CE%sT   1980
1876                         1:00    EU      CE%sT
1877 
1878 # Svalbard & Jan Mayen
1879 
1880 # From Steffen Thorsen (2001-05-01):
1881 # Although I could not find it explicitly, it seems that Jan Mayen and
1882 # Svalbard have been using the same time as Norway at least since the
1883 # time they were declared as parts of Norway.  Svalbard was declared
1884 # as a part of Norway by law of 1925-07-17 no 11, section 4 and Jan
1885 # Mayen by law of 1930-02-27 no 2, section 2. (From
1886 # <http://www.lovdata.no/all/nl-19250717-011.html> and
1887 # <http://www.lovdata.no/all/nl-19300227-002.html>).  The law/regulation
1888 # for normal/standard time in Norway is from 1894-06-29 no 1 (came
1889 # into operation on 1895-01-01) and Svalbard/Jan Mayen seem to be a
1890 # part of this law since 1925/1930. (From
1891 # <http://www.lovdata.no/all/nl-18940629-001.html>) I have not been
1892 # able to find if Jan Mayen used a different time zone (e.g. -0100)
1893 # before 1930. Jan Mayen has only been "inhabited" since 1921 by
1894 # Norwegian meteorologists and maybe used the same time as Norway ever
1895 # since 1921.  Svalbard (Arctic/Longyearbyen) has been inhabited since
1896 # before 1895, and therefore probably changed the local time somewhere
1897 # between 1895 and 1925 (inclusive).
1898 
1899 # From Paul Eggert (2013-09-04):
1900 #
1901 # Actually, Jan Mayen was never occupied by Germany during World War II,
1902 # so it must have diverged from Oslo time during the war, as Oslo was
1903 # keeping Berlin time.
1904 #
1905 # <http://home.no.net/janmayen/history.htm> says that the meteorologists
1906 # burned down their station in 1940 and left the island, but returned in
1907 # 1941 with a small Norwegian garrison and continued operations despite
1908 # frequent air attacks from Germans.  In 1943 the Americans established a
1909 # radiolocating station on the island, called "Atlantic City".  Possibly
1910 # the UT offset changed during the war, but I think it unlikely that
1911 # Jan Mayen used German daylight-saving rules.
1912 #
1913 # Svalbard is more complicated, as it was raided in August 1941 by an
1914 # Allied party that evacuated the civilian population to England (says
1915 # <http://www.bartleby.com/65/sv/Svalbard.html>).  The Svalbard FAQ
1916 # <http://www.svalbard.com/SvalbardFAQ.html> says that the Germans were
1917 # expelled on 1942-05-14.  However, small parties of Germans did return,
1918 # and according to Wilhelm Dege's book "War North of 80" (1954)
1919 # <http://www.ucalgary.ca/UofC/departments/UP/1-55238/1-55238-110-2.html>
1920 # the German armed forces at the Svalbard weather station code-named
1921 # Haudegen did not surrender to the Allies until September 1945.
1922 #
1923 # All these events predate our cutoff date of 1970, so use Europe/Oslo
1924 # for these regions.
1925 Link    Europe/Oslo     Arctic/Longyearbyen
1926 
1927 # Poland
1928 
1929 # The 1919 dates and times can be found in Tygodnik Urzędowy nr 1 (1919-03-20),
1930 # <http://www.wbc.poznan.pl/publication/32156> pp 1-2.
1931 
1932 # Rule  NAME    FROM    TO      TYPE    IN      ON      AT      SAVE    LETTER/S
1933 Rule    Poland  1918    1919    -       Sep     16      2:00s   0       -
1934 Rule    Poland  1919    only    -       Apr     15      2:00s   1:00    S
1935 Rule    Poland  1944    only    -       Apr      3      2:00s   1:00    S
1936 # Whitman gives 1944 Nov 30; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
1937 Rule    Poland  1944    only    -       Oct      4      2:00    0       -
1938 # For 1944-1948 Whitman gives the previous day; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
1939 Rule    Poland  1945    only    -       Apr     29      0:00    1:00    S
1940 Rule    Poland  1945    only    -       Nov      1      0:00    0       -
1941 # For 1946 on the source is Kazimierz Borkowski,
1942 # Toruń Center for Astronomy, Dept. of Radio Astronomy, Nicolaus Copernicus U.,
1943 # <http://www.astro.uni.torun.pl/~kb/Artykuly/U-PA/Czas2.htm#tth_tAb1>
1944 # Thanks to Przemysław Augustyniak (2005-05-28) for this reference.
1945 # He also gives these further references:
1946 # Mon Pol nr 13, poz 162 (1995) <http://www.abc.com.pl/serwis/mp/1995/0162.htm>
1947 # Druk nr 2180 (2003) <http://www.senat.gov.pl/k5/dok/sejm/053/2180.pdf>
1948 Rule    Poland  1946    only    -       Apr     14      0:00s   1:00    S
1949 Rule    Poland  1946    only    -       Oct      7      2:00s   0       -
1950 Rule    Poland  1947    only    -       May      4      2:00s   1:00    S
1951 Rule    Poland  1947    1949    -       Oct     Sun>=1       2:00s   0       -
1952 Rule    Poland  1948    only    -       Apr     18      2:00s   1:00    S
1953 Rule    Poland  1949    only    -       Apr     10      2:00s   1:00    S
1954 Rule    Poland  1957    only    -       Jun      2      1:00s   1:00    S
1955 Rule    Poland  1957    1958    -       Sep     lastSun 1:00s   0       -
1956 Rule    Poland  1958    only    -       Mar     30      1:00s   1:00    S
1957 Rule    Poland  1959    only    -       May     31      1:00s   1:00    S
1958 Rule    Poland  1959    1961    -       Oct     Sun>=1       1:00s   0       -
1959 Rule    Poland  1960    only    -       Apr      3      1:00s   1:00    S
1960 Rule    Poland  1961    1964    -       May     lastSun 1:00s   1:00    S
1961 Rule    Poland  1962    1964    -       Sep     lastSun 1:00s   0       -
1962 # Zone  NAME            GMTOFF  RULES   FORMAT  [UNTIL]
1963 Zone    Europe/Warsaw   1:24:00 -       LMT     1880
1964                         1:24:00 -       WMT     1915 Aug  5   # Warsaw Mean Time
1965                         1:00    C-Eur   CE%sT   1918 Sep 16 3:00
1966                         2:00    Poland  EE%sT   1922 Jun
1967                         1:00    Poland  CE%sT   1940 Jun 23 2:00
1968                         1:00    C-Eur   CE%sT   1944 Oct
1969                         1:00    Poland  CE%sT   1977
1970                         1:00    W-Eur   CE%sT   1988
1971                         1:00    EU      CE%sT
1972 
1973 # Portugal
1974 #
1975 # From Rui Pedro Salgueiro (1992-11-12):
1976 # Portugal has recently (September, 27) changed timezone
1977 # (from WET to MET or CET) to harmonize with EEC.
1978 #
1979 # Martin Bruckmann (1996-02-29) reports via Peter Ilieve
1980 # that Portugal is reverting to 0:00 by not moving its clocks this spring.
1981 # The new Prime Minister was fed up with getting up in the dark in the winter.
1982 #
1983 # From Paul Eggert (1996-11-12):
1984 # IATA SSIM (1991-09) reports several 1991-09 and 1992-09 transitions
1985 # at 02:00u, not 01:00u.  Assume that these are typos.
1986 # IATA SSIM (1991/1992) reports that the Azores were at -1:00.
1987 # IATA SSIM (1993-02) says +0:00; later issues (through 1996-09) say -1:00.
1988 # Guess that the Azores changed to EU rules in 1992 (since that's when Portugal
1989 # harmonized with the EU), and that they stayed +0:00 that winter.
1990 #
1991 # Rule  NAME    FROM    TO      TYPE    IN      ON      AT      SAVE    LETTER/S
1992 # DSH writes that despite Decree 1,469 (1915), the change to the clocks was not
1993 # done every year, depending on what Spain did, because of railroad schedules.
1994 # Go with Shanks & Pottenger.
1995 Rule    Port    1916    only    -       Jun     17      23:00   1:00    S
1996 # Whitman gives 1916 Oct 31; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
1997 Rule    Port    1916    only    -       Nov      1       1:00   0       -
1998 Rule    Port    1917    only    -       Feb     28      23:00s  1:00    S
1999 Rule    Port    1917    1921    -       Oct     14      23:00s  0       -
2000 Rule    Port    1918    only    -       Mar      1      23:00s  1:00    S
2001 Rule    Port    1919    only    -       Feb     28      23:00s  1:00    S
2002 Rule    Port    1920    only    -       Feb     29      23:00s  1:00    S
2003 Rule    Port    1921    only    -       Feb     28      23:00s  1:00    S
2004 Rule    Port    1924    only    -       Apr     16      23:00s  1:00    S
2005 Rule    Port    1924    only    -       Oct     14      23:00s  0       -
2006 Rule    Port    1926    only    -       Apr     17      23:00s  1:00    S
2007 Rule    Port    1926    1929    -       Oct     Sat>=1       23:00s  0       -
2008 Rule    Port    1927    only    -       Apr      9      23:00s  1:00    S
2009 Rule    Port    1928    only    -       Apr     14      23:00s  1:00    S
2010 Rule    Port    1929    only    -       Apr     20      23:00s  1:00    S
2011 Rule    Port    1931    only    -       Apr     18      23:00s  1:00    S
2012 # Whitman gives 1931 Oct 8; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
2013 Rule    Port    1931    1932    -       Oct     Sat>=1       23:00s  0       -
2014 Rule    Port    1932    only    -       Apr      2      23:00s  1:00    S
2015 Rule    Port    1934    only    -       Apr      7      23:00s  1:00    S
2016 # Whitman gives 1934 Oct 5; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
2017 Rule    Port    1934    1938    -       Oct     Sat>=1       23:00s  0       -
2018 # Shanks & Pottenger give 1935 Apr 30; go with Whitman.
2019 Rule    Port    1935    only    -       Mar     30      23:00s  1:00    S
2020 Rule    Port    1936    only    -       Apr     18      23:00s  1:00    S
2021 # Whitman gives 1937 Apr 2; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
2022 Rule    Port    1937    only    -       Apr      3      23:00s  1:00    S
2023 Rule    Port    1938    only    -       Mar     26      23:00s  1:00    S
2024 Rule    Port    1939    only    -       Apr     15      23:00s  1:00    S
2025 # Whitman gives 1939 Oct 7; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
2026 Rule    Port    1939    only    -       Nov     18      23:00s  0       -
2027 Rule    Port    1940    only    -       Feb     24      23:00s  1:00    S
2028 # Shanks & Pottenger give 1940 Oct 7; go with Whitman.
2029 Rule    Port    1940    1941    -       Oct      5      23:00s  0       -
2030 Rule    Port    1941    only    -       Apr      5      23:00s  1:00    S
2031 Rule    Port    1942    1945    -       Mar     Sat>=8       23:00s  1:00    S
2032 Rule    Port    1942    only    -       Apr     25      22:00s  2:00    M # Midsummer
2033 Rule    Port    1942    only    -       Aug     15      22:00s  1:00    S
2034 Rule    Port    1942    1945    -       Oct     Sat>=24      23:00s  0       -
2035 Rule    Port    1943    only    -       Apr     17      22:00s  2:00    M
2036 Rule    Port    1943    1945    -       Aug     Sat>=25      22:00s  1:00    S
2037 Rule    Port    1944    1945    -       Apr     Sat>=21      22:00s  2:00    M
2038 Rule    Port    1946    only    -       Apr     Sat>=1       23:00s  1:00    S
2039 Rule    Port    1946    only    -       Oct     Sat>=1       23:00s  0       -
2040 Rule    Port    1947    1949    -       Apr     Sun>=1        2:00s  1:00    S
2041 Rule    Port    1947    1949    -       Oct     Sun>=1        2:00s  0       -
2042 # Shanks & Pottenger say DST was observed in 1950; go with Whitman.
2043 # Whitman gives Oct lastSun for 1952 on; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
2044 Rule    Port    1951    1965    -       Apr     Sun>=1        2:00s  1:00    S
2045 Rule    Port    1951    1965    -       Oct     Sun>=1        2:00s  0       -
2046 Rule    Port    1977    only    -       Mar     27       0:00s  1:00    S
2047 Rule    Port    1977    only    -       Sep     25       0:00s  0       -
2048 Rule    Port    1978    1979    -       Apr     Sun>=1        0:00s  1:00    S
2049 Rule    Port    1978    only    -       Oct      1       0:00s  0       -
2050 Rule    Port    1979    1982    -       Sep     lastSun  1:00s  0       -
2051 Rule    Port    1980    only    -       Mar     lastSun  0:00s  1:00    S
2052 Rule    Port    1981    1982    -       Mar     lastSun  1:00s  1:00    S
2053 Rule    Port    1983    only    -       Mar     lastSun  2:00s  1:00    S
2054 # Zone  NAME            GMTOFF  RULES   FORMAT  [UNTIL]
2055 # Shanks & Pottenger say the transition from LMT to WET occurred 1911-05-24;
2056 # Willett says 1912-01-01.  Go with Willett.
2057 Zone    Europe/Lisbon   -0:36:32 -      LMT     1884
2058                         -0:36:32 -      LMT     1912 Jan  1  # Lisbon Mean Time
2059                          0:00   Port    WE%sT   1966 Apr  3 2:00
2060                          1:00   -       CET     1976 Sep 26 1:00
2061                          0:00   Port    WE%sT   1983 Sep 25 1:00s
2062                          0:00   W-Eur   WE%sT   1992 Sep 27 1:00s
2063                          1:00   EU      CE%sT   1996 Mar 31 1:00u
2064                          0:00   EU      WE%sT
2065 Zone Atlantic/Azores    -1:42:40 -      LMT     1884            # Ponta Delgada
2066                         -1:54:32 -      HMT     1911 May 24  # Horta Mean Time
2067                         -2:00   Port    AZO%sT  1966 Apr  3 2:00 # Azores Time
2068                         -1:00   Port    AZO%sT  1983 Sep 25 1:00s
2069                         -1:00   W-Eur   AZO%sT  1992 Sep 27 1:00s
2070                          0:00   EU      WE%sT   1993 Mar 28 1:00u
2071                         -1:00   EU      AZO%sT
2072 Zone Atlantic/Madeira   -1:07:36 -      LMT     1884            # Funchal
2073                         -1:07:36 -      FMT     1911 May 24  # Funchal Mean Time
2074                         -1:00   Port    MAD%sT  1966 Apr  3 2:00 # Madeira Time
2075                          0:00   Port    WE%sT   1983 Sep 25 1:00s
2076                          0:00   EU      WE%sT
2077 
2078 # Romania
2079 #
2080 # From Paul Eggert (1999-10-07):
2081 # Nine O'clock <http://www.nineoclock.ro/POL/1778pol.html>
2082 # (1998-10-23) reports that the switch occurred at
2083 # 04:00 local time in fall 1998.  For lack of better info,
2084 # assume that Romania and Moldova switched to EU rules in 1997,
2085 # the same year as Bulgaria.
2086 #
2087 # Rule  NAME    FROM    TO      TYPE    IN      ON      AT      SAVE    LETTER/S
2088 Rule    Romania 1932    only    -       May     21       0:00s  1:00    S
2089 Rule    Romania 1932    1939    -       Oct     Sun>=1        0:00s  0       -
2090 Rule    Romania 1933    1939    -       Apr     Sun>=2        0:00s  1:00    S
2091 Rule    Romania 1979    only    -       May     27       0:00   1:00    S
2092 Rule    Romania 1979    only    -       Sep     lastSun  0:00   0       -
2093 Rule    Romania 1980    only    -       Apr      5      23:00   1:00    S
2094 Rule    Romania 1980    only    -       Sep     lastSun  1:00   0       -
2095 Rule    Romania 1991    1993    -       Mar     lastSun  0:00s  1:00    S
2096 Rule    Romania 1991    1993    -       Sep     lastSun  0:00s  0       -
2097 # Zone  NAME            GMTOFF  RULES   FORMAT  [UNTIL]
2098 Zone Europe/Bucharest   1:44:24 -       LMT     1891 Oct
2099                         1:44:24 -       BMT     1931 Jul 24     # Bucharest MT
2100                         2:00    Romania EE%sT   1981 Mar 29 2:00s
2101                         2:00    C-Eur   EE%sT   1991
2102                         2:00    Romania EE%sT   1994
2103                         2:00    E-Eur   EE%sT   1997
2104                         2:00    EU      EE%sT
2105 
2106 
2107 # Russia
2108 
2109 # From Alexander Krivenyshev (2011-09-15):
2110 # Based on last Russian Government Decree # 725 on August 31, 2011
2111 # (Government document
2112 # http://www.government.ru/gov/results/16355/print/
2113 # in Russian)
2114 # there are few corrections have to be made for some Russian time zones...
2115 # All updated Russian Time Zones were placed in table and translated to English
2116 # by WorldTimeZone.com at the link below:
2117 # http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_russia36.htm
2118 
2119 # From Sanjeev Gupta (2011-09-27):
2120 # Scans of [Decree #23 of January 8, 1992] are available at:
2121 # http://government.consultant.ru/page.aspx?1223966
2122 # They are in Cyrillic letters (presumably Russian).
2123 
2124 # From Arthur David Olson (2012-05-09):
2125 # Regarding the instant when clocks in time-zone-shifting parts of Russia
2126 # changed in September 2011:
2127 #
2128 # One source is
2129 # http://government.ru/gov/results/16355/
2130 # which, according to translate.google.com, begins "Decree of August 31,
2131 # 2011 No 725" and contains no other dates or "effective date" information.
2132 #
2133 # Another source is
2134 # http://www.rg.ru/2011/09/06/chas-zona-dok.html
2135 # which, according to translate.google.com, begins "Resolution of the
2136 # Government of the Russian Federation on August 31, 2011 N 725" and also
2137 # contains "Date first official publication: September 6, 2011 Posted on:
2138 # in the 'RG' - Federal Issue number 5573 September 6, 2011" but which
2139 # does not contain any "effective date" information.
2140 #
2141 # Another source is
2142 # http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oymyakonsky_District#cite_note-RuTime-7
2143 # which, in note 8, contains "Resolution #725 of August 31, 2011...
2144 # Effective as of after 7 days following the day of the official publication"
2145 # but which does not contain any reference to September 6, 2011.
2146 #
2147 # The Wikipedia article refers to
2148 # http://base.consultant.ru/cons/cgi/online.cgi?req=doc;base=LAW;n=118896
2149 # which seems to copy the text of the government.ru page.
2150 #
2151 # Tobias Conradi combines Wikipedia's
2152 # "as of after 7 days following the day of the official publication"
2153 # with www.rg.ru's "Date of first official publication: September 6, 2011" to
2154 # get September 13, 2011 as the cutover date (unusually, a Tuesday, as Tobias
2155 # Conradi notes).
2156 #
2157 # None of the sources indicates a time of day for changing clocks.
2158 #
2159 # Go with 2011-09-13 0:00s.
2160 
2161 # From Alexander Krivenyshev (2014-07-01):
2162 # According to the Russian news (ITAR-TASS News Agency)
2163 # http://en.itar-tass.com/russia/738562
2164 # the State Duma has approved ... the draft bill on returning to
2165 # winter time standard and return Russia 11 time zones.  The new
2166 # regulations will come into effect on October 26, 2014 at 02:00 ...
2167 # http://asozd2.duma.gov.ru/main.nsf/%28Spravka%29?OpenAgent&RN=431985-6&02
2168 # Here is a link where we put together table (based on approved Bill N
2169 # 431985-6) with proposed 11 Russian time zones and corresponding
2170 # areas/cities/administrative centers in the Russian Federation (in English):
2171 # http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_russia65.html
2172 #
2173 # From Alexander Krivenyshev (2014-07-22):
2174 # Putin signed the Federal Law 431985-6 ... (in Russian)
2175 # http://itar-tass.com/obschestvo/1333711
2176 # http://www.pravo.gov.ru:8080/page.aspx?111660
2177 # http://www.kremlin.ru/acts/46279
2178 # From October 26, 2014 the new Russian time zone map will looks like this:
2179 # http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_russia-map-2014-07.html
2180 
2181 # From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):
2182 # Except for Moscow after 1919-07-01, I invented the time zone abbreviations.
2183 # Moscow time zone abbreviations after 1919-07-01, and Moscow rules after 1991,
2184 # are from Andrey A. Chernov.  The rest is from Shanks & Pottenger,
2185 # except we follow Chernov's report that 1992 DST transitions were Sat
2186 # 23:00, not Sun 02:00s.
2187 #
2188 # From Stanislaw A. Kuzikowski (1994-06-29):
2189 # But now it is some months since Novosibirsk is 3 hours ahead of Moscow!
2190 # I do not know why they have decided to make this change;
2191 # as far as I remember it was done exactly during winter->summer switching
2192 # so we (Novosibirsk) simply did not switch.
2193 #
2194 # From Andrey A. Chernov (1996-10-04):
2195 # 'MSK' and 'MSD' were born and used initially on Moscow computers with
2196 # UNIX-like OSes by several developer groups (e.g. Demos group, Kiae group)....
2197 # The next step was the UUCP network, the Relcom predecessor
2198 # (used mainly for mail), and MSK/MSD was actively used there.
2199 #
2200 # From Chris Carrier (1996-10-30):
2201 # According to a friend of mine who rode the Trans-Siberian Railroad from
2202 # Moscow to Irkutsk in 1995, public air and rail transport in Russia ...
2203 # still follows Moscow time, no matter where in Russia it is located.
2204 #
2205 # For Grozny, Chechnya, we have the following story from
2206 # John Daniszewski, "Scavengers in the Rubble", Los Angeles Times (2001-02-07):
2207 # News - often false - is spread by word of mouth.  A rumor that it was
2208 # time to move the clocks back put this whole city out of sync with
2209 # the rest of Russia for two weeks - even soldiers stationed here began
2210 # enforcing curfew at the wrong time.
2211 #
2212 # From Gwillim Law (2001-06-05):
2213 # There's considerable evidence that Sakhalin Island used to be in
2214 # UTC+11, and has changed to UTC+10, in this decade.  I start with the
2215 # SSIM, which listed Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk in zone RU10 along with Magadan
2216 # until February 1997, and then in RU9 with Khabarovsk and Vladivostok
2217 # since September 1997....  Although the Kuril Islands are
2218 # administratively part of Sakhalin oblast', they appear to have
2219 # remained on UTC+11 along with Magadan.
2220 
2221 # From Tim Parenti (2014-07-06):
2222 # The comments detailing the coverage of each Russian zone are meant to assist
2223 # with maintenance only and represent our best guesses as to which regions
2224 # are covered by each zone.  They are not meant to be taken as an authoritative
2225 # listing.  The region codes listed come from
2226 # http://en.wikipedia.org/w/?title=Federal_subjects_of_Russia&oldid=611810498
2227 # and are used for convenience only; no guarantees are made regarding their
2228 # future stability.  ISO 3166-2:RU codes are also listed for first-level
2229 # divisions where available.
2230 
2231 # Zone  NAME            GMTOFF  RULES   FORMAT  [UNTIL]
2232 
2233 
2234 # From Tim Parenti (2014-07-03):
2235 # Europe/Kaliningrad covers...
2236 # 39    RU-KGD  Kaliningrad Oblast
2237 
2238 Zone Europe/Kaliningrad  1:22:00 -      LMT     1893 Apr
2239                          1:00   C-Eur   CE%sT   1945
2240                          2:00   Poland  CE%sT   1946
2241                          3:00   Russia  MSK/MSD 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2242                          2:00   Russia  EE%sT   2011 Mar 27 2:00s
2243                          3:00   -       FET     2014 Oct 26 2:00s
2244                          2:00   -       EET
2245 
2246 
2247 # From Tim Parenti (2014-07-03), per Oscar van Vlijmen (2001-08-25):
2248 # Europe/Moscow covers...
2249 # 01    RU-AD   Adygea, Republic of
2250 # 05    RU-DA   Dagestan, Republic of
2251 # 06    RU-IN   Ingushetia, Republic of
2252 # 07    RU-KB   Kabardino-Balkar Republic
2253 # 08    RU-KL   Kalmykia, Republic of
2254 # 09    RU-KC   Karachay-Cherkess Republic
2255 # 10    RU-KR   Karelia, Republic of
2256 # 11    RU-KO   Komi Republic
2257 # 12    RU-ME   Mari El Republic
2258 # 13    RU-MO   Mordovia, Republic of
2259 # 15    RU-SE   North Ossetia-Alania, Republic of
2260 # 16    RU-TA   Tatarstan, Republic of
2261 # 20    RU-CE   Chechen Republic
2262 # 21    RU-CU   Chuvash Republic
2263 # 23    RU-KDA  Krasnodar Krai
2264 # 26    RU-STA  Stavropol Krai
2265 # 29    RU-ARK  Arkhangelsk Oblast
2266 # 31    RU-BEL  Belgorod Oblast
2267 # 32    RU-BRY  Bryansk Oblast
2268 # 33    RU-VLA  Vladimir Oblast
2269 # 35    RU-VLG  Vologda Oblast
2270 # 36    RU-VOR  Voronezh Oblast
2271 # 37    RU-IVA  Ivanovo Oblast
2272 # 40    RU-KLU  Kaluga Oblast
2273 # 44    RU-KOS  Kostroma Oblast
2274 # 46    RU-KRS  Kursk Oblast
2275 # 47    RU-LEN  Leningrad Oblast
2276 # 48    RU-LIP  Lipetsk Oblast
2277 # 50    RU-MOS  Moscow Oblast
2278 # 51    RU-MUR  Murmansk Oblast
2279 # 52    RU-NIZ  Nizhny Novgorod Oblast
2280 # 53    RU-NGR  Novgorod Oblast
2281 # 57    RU-ORL  Oryol Oblast
2282 # 58    RU-PNZ  Penza Oblast
2283 # 60    RU-PSK  Pskov Oblast
2284 # 61    RU-ROS  Rostov Oblast
2285 # 62    RU-RYA  Ryazan Oblast
2286 # 67    RU-SMO  Smolensk Oblast
2287 # 68    RU-TAM  Tambov Oblast
2288 # 69    RU-TVE  Tver Oblast
2289 # 71    RU-TUL  Tula Oblast
2290 # 73    RU-ULY  Ulyanovsk Oblast
2291 # 76    RU-YAR  Yaroslavl Oblast
2292 # 77    RU-MOW  Moscow
2293 # 78    RU-SPE  Saint Petersburg
2294 # 83    RU-NEN  Nenets Autonomous Okrug
2295 
2296 # From Vladimir Karpinsky (2014-07-08):
2297 # LMT in Moscow (before Jul 3, 1916) is 2:30:17, that was defined by Moscow
2298 # Observatory (coordinates: 55 deg. 45'29.70", 37 deg. 34'05.30")....
2299 # LMT in Moscow since Jul 3, 1916 is 2:31:01 as a result of new standard.
2300 # (The info is from the book by Byalokoz E.L. New Counting of Time in Russia
2301 # since July 1, 1919, p. 18.)  The time in St. Petersburg as capital of Russia
2302 # was defined by Pulkov observatory, near St. Petersburg.  In 1916 LMT Moscow
2303 # was synchronized with LMT St. Petersburg (+30 minutes), (Pulkov observatory
2304 # coordinates: 59 deg. 46'18.70", 30 deg. 19'40.70") so 30 deg. 19'40.70" >
2305 # 2h01m18.7s = 2:01:19.  LMT Moscow = LMT St.Petersburg + 30m 2:01:19 + 0:30 =
2306 # 2:31:19 ...
2307 #
2308 # From Paul Eggert (2014-07-08):
2309 # Milne does not list Moscow, but suggests that its time might be listed in
2310 # Résumés mensuels et annuels des observations météorologiques (1895).
2311 # Presumably this is OCLC 85825704, a journal published with parallel text in
2312 # Russian and French.  This source has not been located; go with Karpinsky.
2313 
2314 Zone Europe/Moscow       2:30:17 -      LMT     1880
2315                          2:30:17 -      MMT     1916 Jul  3 # Moscow Mean Time
2316                          2:31:19 Russia %s      1919 Jul  1 2:00
2317                          3:00   Russia  %s      1921 Oct
2318                          3:00   Russia  MSK/MSD 1922 Oct
2319                          2:00   -       EET     1930 Jun 21
2320                          3:00   Russia  MSK/MSD 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2321                          2:00   Russia  EE%sT   1992 Jan 19 2:00s
2322                          3:00   Russia  MSK/MSD 2011 Mar 27 2:00s
2323                          4:00   -       MSK     2014 Oct 26 2:00s
2324                          3:00   -       MSK
2325 
2326 
2327 # From Tim Parenti (2014-07-03):
2328 # Europe/Simferopol covers...
2329 # **    ****    Crimea, Republic of
2330 # **    ****    Sevastopol
2331 
2332 Zone Europe/Simferopol   2:16:24 -      LMT     1880
2333                          2:16   -       SMT     1924 May  2 # Simferopol Mean T
2334                          2:00   -       EET     1930 Jun 21
2335                          3:00   -       MSK     1941 Nov
2336                          1:00   C-Eur   CE%sT   1944 Apr 13
2337                          3:00   Russia  MSK/MSD 1990
2338                          3:00   -       MSK     1990 Jul  1 2:00
2339                          2:00   -       EET     1992
2340 # Central Crimea used Moscow time 1994/1997.
2341 #
2342 # From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):
2343 # The _Economist_ (1994-05-28, p 45) reports that central Crimea switched
2344 # from Kiev to Moscow time sometime after the January 1994 elections.
2345 # Shanks (1999) says "date of change uncertain", but implies that it happened
2346 # sometime between the 1994 DST switches.  Shanks & Pottenger simply say
2347 # 1994-09-25 03:00, but that can't be right.  For now, guess it
2348 # changed in May.
2349                          2:00   E-Eur   EE%sT   1994 May
2350 # From IATA SSIM (1994/1997), which also says that Kerch is still like Kiev.
2351                          3:00   E-Eur   MSK/MSD 1996 Mar 31 3:00s
2352                          3:00   1:00    MSD     1996 Oct 27 3:00s
2353 # IATA SSIM (1997-09) says Crimea switched to EET/EEST.
2354 # Assume it happened in March by not changing the clocks.
2355                          3:00   Russia  MSK/MSD 1997
2356                          3:00   -       MSK     1997 Mar lastSun 1:00u
2357 # From Alexander Krivenyshev (2014-03-17):
2358 # time change at 2:00 (2am) on March 30, 2014
2359 # http://vz.ru/news/2014/3/17/677464.html
2360 # From Paul Eggert (2014-03-30):
2361 # Simferopol and Sevastopol reportedly changed their central town clocks
2362 # late the previous day, but this appears to have been ceremonial
2363 # and the discrepancies are small enough to not worry about.
2364                          2:00   EU      EE%sT   2014 Mar 30 2:00
2365                          4:00   -       MSK     2014 Oct 26 2:00s
2366                          3:00   -       MSK
2367 
2368 
2369 # From Tim Parenti (2014-07-03):
2370 # Europe/Volgograd covers...
2371 # 30    RU-AST  Astrakhan Oblast
2372 # 34    RU-VGG  Volgograd Oblast
2373 # 43    RU-KIR  Kirov Oblast
2374 # 64    RU-SAR  Saratov Oblast
2375 
2376 # From Paul Eggert (2006-05-09):
2377 # Shanks & Pottenger say Kirov is still at +0400 but Wikipedia says +0300.
2378 # Perhaps it switched after the others?  But we have no data.
2379 
2380 Zone Europe/Volgograd    2:57:40 -      LMT     1920 Jan  3
2381                          3:00   -       TSAT    1925 Apr  6 # Tsaritsyn Time
2382                          3:00   -       STAT    1930 Jun 21 # Stalingrad Time
2383                          4:00   -       STAT    1961 Nov 11
2384                          4:00   Russia  VOL%sT  1989 Mar 26 2:00s # Volgograd T
2385                          3:00   Russia  VOL%sT  1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2386                          4:00   -       VOLT    1992 Mar 29 2:00s
2387                          3:00   Russia  MSK     2011 Mar 27 2:00s
2388                          4:00   -       MSK     2014 Oct 26 2:00s
2389                          3:00   -       MSK
2390 
2391 
2392 # From Tim Parenti (2014-07-03), per Oscar van Vlijmen (2001-08-25):
2393 # Europe/Samara covers...
2394 # 18    RU-UD   Udmurt Republic
2395 # 63    RU-SAM  Samara Oblast
2396 
2397 Zone Europe/Samara       3:20:36 -      LMT     1919 Jul  1 2:00
2398                          3:00   -       SAMT    1930 Jun 21
2399                          4:00   -       SAMT    1935 Jan 27
2400                          4:00   Russia  KUY%sT  1989 Mar 26 2:00s # Kuybyshev
2401                          3:00   Russia  MSK/MSD 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2402                          2:00   Russia  EE%sT   1991 Sep 29 2:00s
2403                          3:00   -       KUYT    1991 Oct 20 3:00
2404                          4:00   Russia  SAM%sT  2010 Mar 28 2:00s # Samara Time
2405                          3:00   Russia  SAM%sT  2011 Mar 27 2:00s
2406                          4:00   -       SAMT
2407 
2408 
2409 # From Tim Parenti (2014-07-03), per Oscar van Vlijmen (2001-08-25):
2410 # Asia/Yekaterinburg covers...
2411 # 02    RU-BA   Bashkortostan, Republic of
2412 # 90    RU-PER  Perm Krai
2413 # 45    RU-KGN  Kurgan Oblast
2414 # 56    RU-ORE  Orenburg Oblast
2415 # 66    RU-SVE  Sverdlovsk Oblast
2416 # 72    RU-TYU  Tyumen Oblast
2417 # 74    RU-CHE  Chelyabinsk Oblast
2418 # 86    RU-KHM  Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug - Yugra
2419 # 89    RU-YAN  Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug
2420 #
2421 # Note: Effective 2005-12-01, (59) Perm Oblast and (81) Komi-Permyak
2422 # Autonomous Okrug merged to form (90, RU-PER) Perm Krai.
2423 
2424 # Milne says Yekaterinburg time was 4:02:32.9; round to nearest.
2425 
2426 Zone Asia/Yekaterinburg  4:02:33 -      LMT     1919 Jul 15 4:00
2427                          4:00   -       SVET    1930 Jun 21 # Sverdlovsk Time
2428                          5:00   Russia  SVE%sT  1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2429                          4:00   Russia  SVE%sT  1992 Jan 19 2:00s
2430                          5:00   Russia  YEK%sT  2011 Mar 27 2:00s
2431                          6:00   -       YEKT    2014 Oct 26 2:00s
2432                          5:00   -       YEKT
2433 
2434 
2435 # From Tim Parenti (2014-07-03), per Oscar van Vlijmen (2001-08-25):
2436 # Asia/Omsk covers...
2437 # 04    RU-AL   Altai Republic
2438 # 22    RU-ALT  Altai Krai
2439 # 55    RU-OMS  Omsk Oblast
2440 
2441 Zone Asia/Omsk           4:53:36 -      LMT     1919 Nov 14
2442                          5:00   -       OMST    1930 Jun 21 # Omsk Time
2443                          6:00   Russia  OMS%sT  1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2444                          5:00   Russia  OMS%sT  1992 Jan 19 2:00s
2445                          6:00   Russia  OMS%sT  2011 Mar 27 2:00s
2446                          7:00   -       OMST    2014 Oct 26 2:00s
2447                          6:00   -       OMST
2448 
2449 
2450 # From Tim Parenti (2014-07-03):
2451 # Asia/Novosibirsk covers...
2452 # 54    RU-NVS  Novosibirsk Oblast
2453 # 70    RU-TOM  Tomsk Oblast
2454 
2455 # From Paul Eggert (2006-08-19): I'm guessing about Tomsk here; it's
2456 # not clear when it switched from +7 to +6.
2457 
2458 Zone Asia/Novosibirsk    5:31:40 -      LMT     1919 Dec 14 6:00
2459                          6:00   -       NOVT    1930 Jun 21 # Novosibirsk Time
2460                          7:00   Russia  NOV%sT  1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2461                          6:00   Russia  NOV%sT  1992 Jan 19 2:00s
2462                          7:00   Russia  NOV%sT  1993 May 23 # say Shanks & P.
2463                          6:00   Russia  NOV%sT  2011 Mar 27 2:00s
2464                          7:00   -       NOVT    2014 Oct 26 2:00s
2465                          6:00   -       NOVT
2466 
2467 
2468 # From Tim Parenti (2014-07-03):
2469 # Asia/Novokuznetsk covers...
2470 # 42    RU-KEM  Kemerovo Oblast
2471 
2472 # From Alexander Krivenyshev (2009-10-13):
2473 # Kemerovo oblast' (Kemerovo region) in Russia will change current time zone on
2474 # March 28, 2010:
2475 # from current Russia Zone 6 - Krasnoyarsk Time Zone (KRA) UTC +0700
2476 # to Russia Zone 5 - Novosibirsk Time Zone (NOV) UTC +0600
2477 #
2478 # This is according to Government of Russia decree # 740, on September
2479 # 14, 2009 "Application in the territory of the Kemerovo region the Fifth
2480 # time zone." ("Russia Zone 5" or old "USSR Zone 5" is GMT +0600)
2481 #
2482 # Russian Government web site (Russian language)
2483 # http://www.government.ru/content/governmentactivity/rfgovernmentdecisions/archive/2009/09/14/991633.htm
2484 # or Russian-English translation by WorldTimeZone.com with reference
2485 # map to local region and new Russia Time Zone map after March 28, 2010
2486 # http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_russia03.html
2487 #
2488 # Thus, when Russia will switch to DST on the night of March 28, 2010
2489 # Kemerovo region (Kemerovo oblast') will not change the clock.
2490 #
2491 # As a result, Kemerovo oblast' will be in the same time zone as
2492 # Novosibirsk, Omsk, Tomsk, Barnaul and Altai Republic.
2493 
2494 # From Tim Parenti (2014-07-02), per Alexander Krivenyshev (2014-07-02):
2495 # The Kemerovo region will remain at UTC+7 through the 2014-10-26 change, thus
2496 # realigning itself with KRAT.
2497 
2498 Zone Asia/Novokuznetsk   5:48:48 -      NMT     1920 Jan  6
2499                          6:00   -       KRAT    1930 Jun 21 # Krasnoyarsk Time
2500                          7:00   Russia  KRA%sT  1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2501                          6:00   Russia  KRA%sT  1992 Jan 19 2:00s
2502                          7:00   Russia  KRA%sT  2010 Mar 28 2:00s
2503                          6:00   Russia  NOV%sT  2011 Mar 27 2:00s # Novosibirsk T
2504                          7:00   -       NOVT    2014 Oct 26 2:00s
2505                          7:00   -       KRAT    # Krasnoyarsk Time
2506 
2507 
2508 # From Tim Parenti (2014-07-03), per Oscar van Vlijmen (2001-08-25):
2509 # Asia/Krasnoyarsk covers...
2510 # 17    RU-TY   Tuva Republic
2511 # 19    RU-KK   Khakassia, Republic of
2512 # 24    RU-KYA  Krasnoyarsk Krai
2513 #
2514 # Note: Effective 2007-01-01, (88) Evenk Autonomous Okrug and (84) Taymyr
2515 # Autonomous Okrug were merged into (24, RU-KYA) Krasnoyarsk Krai.
2516 
2517 Zone Asia/Krasnoyarsk    6:11:20 -      LMT     1920 Jan  6
2518                          6:00   -       KRAT    1930 Jun 21 # Krasnoyarsk Time
2519                          7:00   Russia  KRA%sT  1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2520                          6:00   Russia  KRA%sT  1992 Jan 19 2:00s
2521                          7:00   Russia  KRA%sT  2011 Mar 27 2:00s
2522                          8:00   -       KRAT    2014 Oct 26 2:00s
2523                          7:00   -       KRAT
2524 
2525 
2526 # From Tim Parenti (2014-07-03), per Oscar van Vlijmen (2001-08-25):
2527 # Asia/Irkutsk covers...
2528 # 03    RU-BU   Buryatia, Republic of
2529 # 38    RU-IRK  Irkutsk Oblast
2530 #
2531 # Note: Effective 2008-01-01, (85) Ust-Orda Buryat Autonomous Okrug was
2532 # merged into (38, RU-IRK) Irkutsk Oblast.
2533 
2534 # Milne says Irkutsk time was 6:57:15.
2535 
2536 Zone Asia/Irkutsk        6:57:15 -      LMT     1880
2537                          6:57:15 -      IMT     1920 Jan 25 # Irkutsk Mean Time
2538                          7:00   -       IRKT    1930 Jun 21 # Irkutsk Time
2539                          8:00   Russia  IRK%sT  1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2540                          7:00   Russia  IRK%sT  1992 Jan 19 2:00s
2541                          8:00   Russia  IRK%sT  2011 Mar 27 2:00s
2542                          9:00   -       IRKT    2014 Oct 26 2:00s
2543                          8:00   -       IRKT
2544 
2545 
2546 # From Tim Parenti (2014-07-06):
2547 # Asia/Chita covers...
2548 # 92    RU-ZAB  Zabaykalsky Krai
2549 #
2550 # Note: Effective 2008-03-01, (75) Chita Oblast and (80) Agin-Buryat
2551 # Autonomous Okrug merged to form (92, RU-ZAB) Zabaykalsky Krai.
2552 
2553 Zone Asia/Chita  7:33:52 -      LMT     1919 Dec 15
2554                          8:00   -       YAKT    1930 Jun 21 # Yakutsk Time
2555                          9:00   Russia  YAK%sT  1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2556                          8:00   Russia  YAK%sT  1992 Jan 19 2:00s
2557                          9:00   Russia  YAK%sT  2011 Mar 27 2:00s
2558                         10:00   -       YAKT    2014 Oct 26 2:00s
2559                          8:00   -       IRKT
2560 
2561 
2562 # From Tim Parenti (2014-07-03), per Oscar van Vlijmen (2009-11-29):
2563 # Asia/Yakutsk covers...
2564 # 28    RU-AMU  Amur Oblast
2565 #
2566 # ...and parts of (14, RU-SA) Sakha (Yakutia) Republic:
2567 # 14-02 ****    Aldansky District
2568 # 14-04 ****    Amginsky District
2569 # 14-05 ****    Anabarsky District
2570 # 14-06 ****    Bulunsky District
2571 # 14-07 ****    Verkhnevilyuysky District
2572 # 14-10 ****    Vilyuysky District
2573 # 14-11 ****    Gorny District
2574 # 14-12 ****    Zhigansky District
2575 # 14-13 ****    Kobyaysky District
2576 # 14-14 ****    Lensky District
2577 # 14-15 ****    Megino-Kangalassky District
2578 # 14-16 ****    Mirninsky District
2579 # 14-18 ****    Namsky District
2580 # 14-19 ****    Neryungrinsky District
2581 # 14-21 ****    Nyurbinsky District
2582 # 14-23 ****    Olenyoksky District
2583 # 14-24 ****    Olyokminsky District
2584 # 14-26 ****    Suntarsky District
2585 # 14-27 ****    Tattinsky District
2586 # 14-29 ****    Ust-Aldansky District
2587 # 14-32 ****    Khangalassky District
2588 # 14-33 ****    Churapchinsky District
2589 # 14-34 ****    Eveno-Bytantaysky National District
2590 
2591 # From Tim Parenti (2014-07-03):
2592 # Our commentary seems to have lost mention of (14-19) Neryungrinsky District.
2593 # Since the surrounding districts of Sakha are all YAKT, assume this is, too.
2594 # Also assume its history has been the same as the rest of Asia/Yakutsk.
2595 
2596 Zone Asia/Yakutsk        8:38:40 -      LMT     1919 Dec 15
2597                          8:00   -       YAKT    1930 Jun 21 # Yakutsk Time
2598                          9:00   Russia  YAK%sT  1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2599                          8:00   Russia  YAK%sT  1992 Jan 19 2:00s
2600                          9:00   Russia  YAK%sT  2011 Mar 27 2:00s
2601                         10:00   -       YAKT    2014 Oct 26 2:00s
2602                          9:00   -       YAKT
2603 
2604 
2605 # From Tim Parenti (2014-07-03), per Oscar van Vlijmen (2009-11-29):
2606 # Asia/Vladivostok covers...
2607 # 25    RU-PRI  Primorsky Krai
2608 # 27    RU-KHA  Khabarovsk Krai
2609 # 79    RU-YEV  Jewish Autonomous Oblast
2610 #
2611 # ...and parts of (14, RU-SA) Sakha (Yakutia) Republic:
2612 # 14-09 ****    Verkhoyansky District
2613 # 14-31 ****    Ust-Yansky District
2614 
2615 # Milne says Vladivostok time was 8:47:33.5; round to nearest.
2616 
2617 Zone Asia/Vladivostok    8:47:34 -      LMT     1922 Nov 15
2618                          9:00   -       VLAT    1930 Jun 21 # Vladivostok Time
2619                         10:00   Russia  VLA%sT  1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2620                          9:00   Russia  VLA%sT  1992 Jan 19 2:00s
2621                         10:00   Russia  VLA%sT  2011 Mar 27 2:00s
2622                         11:00   -       VLAT    2014 Oct 26 2:00s
2623                         10:00   -       VLAT
2624 
2625 
2626 # From Tim Parenti (2014-07-03):
2627 # Asia/Khandyga covers parts of (14, RU-SA) Sakha (Yakutia) Republic:
2628 # 14-28 ****    Tomponsky District
2629 # 14-30 ****    Ust-Maysky District
2630 
2631 # From Arthur David Olson (2012-05-09):
2632 # Tomponskij and Ust'-Majskij switched from Vladivostok time to Yakutsk time
2633 # in 2011.
2634 
2635 # From Paul Eggert (2012-11-25):
2636 # Shanks and Pottenger (2003) has Khandyga on Yakutsk time.
2637 # Make a wild guess that it switched to Vladivostok time in 2004.
2638 # This transition is no doubt wrong, but we have no better info.
2639 
2640 Zone Asia/Khandyga       9:02:13 -      LMT     1919 Dec 15
2641                          8:00   -       YAKT    1930 Jun 21 # Yakutsk Time
2642                          9:00   Russia  YAK%sT  1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2643                          8:00   Russia  YAK%sT  1992 Jan 19 2:00s
2644                          9:00   Russia  YAK%sT  2004
2645                         10:00   Russia  VLA%sT  2011 Mar 27 2:00s
2646                         11:00   -       VLAT    2011 Sep 13 0:00s # Decree 725?
2647                         10:00   -       YAKT    2014 Oct 26 2:00s
2648                          9:00   -       YAKT
2649 
2650 
2651 # From Tim Parenti (2014-07-03):
2652 # Asia/Sakhalin covers...
2653 # 65    RU-SAK  Sakhalin Oblast
2654 # ...with the exception of:
2655 # 65-11 ****    Severo-Kurilsky District (North Kuril Islands)
2656 
2657 # The Zone name should be Asia/Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk, but that's too long.
2658 Zone Asia/Sakhalin       9:30:48 -      LMT     1905 Aug 23
2659                          9:00   -       JCST    1937 Oct  1
2660                          9:00   -       JST     1945 Aug 25
2661                         11:00   Russia  SAK%sT  1991 Mar 31 2:00s # Sakhalin T.
2662                         10:00   Russia  SAK%sT  1992 Jan 19 2:00s
2663                         11:00   Russia  SAK%sT  1997 Mar lastSun 2:00s
2664                         10:00   Russia  SAK%sT  2011 Mar 27 2:00s
2665                         11:00   -       SAKT    2014 Oct 26 2:00s
2666                         10:00   -       SAKT
2667 
2668 
2669 # From Tim Parenti (2014-07-03), per Oscar van Vlijmen (2009-11-29):
2670 # Asia/Magadan covers...
2671 # 49    RU-MAG  Magadan Oblast
2672 
2673 # From Tim Parenti (2014-07-06), per Alexander Krivenyshev (2014-07-02):
2674 # Magadan Oblast is moving from UTC+12 to UTC+10 on 2014-10-26; however,
2675 # several districts of Sakha Republic as well as Severo-Kurilsky District of
2676 # the Sakhalin Oblast (also known as the North Kuril Islands), represented
2677 # until now by Asia/Magadan, will instead move to UTC+11.  These regions will
2678 # need their own zone.
2679 
2680 Zone Asia/Magadan       10:03:12 -      LMT     1924 May  2
2681                         10:00   -       MAGT    1930 Jun 21 # Magadan Time
2682                         11:00   Russia  MAG%sT  1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2683                         10:00   Russia  MAG%sT  1992 Jan 19 2:00s
2684                         11:00   Russia  MAG%sT  2011 Mar 27 2:00s
2685                         12:00   -       MAGT    2014 Oct 26 2:00s
2686                         10:00   -       MAGT
2687 
2688 
2689 # From Tim Parenti (2014-07-06):
2690 # Asia/Srednekolymsk covers parts of (14, RU-SA) Sakha (Yakutia) Republic:
2691 # 14-01 ****    Abyysky District
2692 # 14-03 ****    Allaikhovsky District
2693 # 14-08 ****    Verkhnekolymsky District
2694 # 14-17 ****    Momsky District
2695 # 14-20 ****    Nizhnekolymsky District
2696 # 14-25 ****    Srednekolymsky District
2697 #
2698 # ...and parts of (65, RU-SAK) Sakhalin Oblast:
2699 # 65-11 ****    Severo-Kurilsky District (North Kuril Islands)
2700 
2701 # From Tim Parenti (2014-07-02):
2702 # Oymyakonsky District of Sakha Republic (represented by Ust-Nera), along with
2703 # most of Sakhalin Oblast (represented by Sakhalin) will be moving to UTC+10 on
2704 # 2014-10-26 to stay aligned with VLAT/SAKT; however, Severo-Kurilsky District
2705 # of the Sakhalin Oblast (also known as the North Kuril Islands, represented by
2706 # Severo-Kurilsk) will remain on UTC+11.
2707 
2708 # From Tim Parenti (2014-07-06):
2709 # Assume North Kuril Islands have history like Magadan before 2011-03-27.
2710 # There is a decent chance this is wrong, in which case a new zone
2711 # Asia/Severo-Kurilsk would become necessary.
2712 #
2713 # Srednekolymsk and Zyryanka are the most populous places amongst these
2714 # districts, but have very similar populations.  In fact, Wikipedia currently
2715 # lists them both as having 3528 people, exactly 1668 males and 1860 females
2716 # each!  (Yikes!)
2717 # http://en.wikipedia.org/w/?title=Srednekolymsky_District&oldid=603435276
2718 # http://en.wikipedia.org/w/?title=Verkhnekolymsky_District&oldid=594378493
2719 # Assume this is a mistake, albeit an amusing one.
2720 #
2721 # Looking at censuses, the populations of the two municipalities seem to have
2722 # fluctuated recently.  Zyryanka was more populous than Srednekolymsk in the
2723 # 1989 and 2002 censuses, but Srednekolymsk was more populous in the most
2724 # recent (2010) census, 3525 to 3170.  (See pages 195 and 197 of
2725 # http://www.gks.ru/free_doc/new_site/perepis2010/croc/Documents/Vol1/pub-01-05.pdf
2726 # in Russian.)  In addition, Srednekolymsk appears to be a much older
2727 # settlement and the population of Zyryanka seems to be declining.
2728 # Go with Srednekolymsk.
2729 #
2730 # Since Magadan Oblast moves to UTC+10 on 2014-10-26, we cannot keep using MAGT
2731 # as the abbreviation.  Use SRET instead.
2732 
2733 Zone Asia/Srednekolymsk 10:14:52 -      LMT     1924 May  2
2734                         10:00   -       MAGT    1930 Jun 21 # Magadan Time
2735                         11:00   Russia  MAG%sT  1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2736                         10:00   Russia  MAG%sT  1992 Jan 19 2:00s
2737                         11:00   Russia  MAG%sT  2011 Mar 27 2:00s
2738                         12:00   -       MAGT    2014 Oct 26 2:00s
2739                         11:00   -       SRET # Srednekolymsk Time
2740 
2741 
2742 # From Tim Parenti (2014-07-03):
2743 # Asia/Ust-Nera covers parts of (14, RU-SA) Sakha (Yakutia) Republic:
2744 # 14-22 ****    Oymyakonsky District
2745 
2746 # From Arthur David Olson (2012-05-09):
2747 # Ojmyakonskij [and the Kuril Islands] switched from
2748 # Magadan time to Vladivostok time in 2011.
2749 #
2750 # From Tim Parenti (2014-07-06), per Alexander Krivenyshev (2014-07-02):
2751 # It's unlikely that any of the Kuril Islands were involved in such a switch,
2752 # as the South and Middle Kurils have been on UTC+11 (SAKT) with the rest of
2753 # Sakhalin Oblast since at least 2011-09, and the North Kurils have been on
2754 # UTC+12 since at least then, too.
2755 
2756 Zone Asia/Ust-Nera       9:32:54 -      LMT     1919 Dec 15
2757                          8:00   -       YAKT    1930 Jun 21 # Yakutsk Time
2758                          9:00   Russia  YAKT    1981 Apr  1
2759                         11:00   Russia  MAG%sT  1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2760                         10:00   Russia  MAG%sT  1992 Jan 19 2:00s
2761                         11:00   Russia  MAG%sT  2011 Mar 27 2:00s
2762                         12:00   -       MAGT    2011 Sep 13 0:00s # Decree 725?
2763                         11:00   -       VLAT    2014 Oct 26 2:00s
2764                         10:00   -       VLAT
2765 
2766 
2767 # From Tim Parenti (2014-07-03), per Oscar van Vlijmen (2001-08-25):
2768 # Asia/Kamchatka covers...
2769 # 91    RU-KAM  Kamchatka Krai
2770 #
2771 # Note: Effective 2007-07-01, (41) Kamchatka Oblast and (82) Koryak
2772 # Autonomous Okrug merged to form (91, RU-KAM) Kamchatka Krai.
2773 
2774 # The Zone name should be Asia/Petropavlovsk-Kamchatski or perhaps
2775 # Asia/Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky, but these are too long.
2776 Zone Asia/Kamchatka     10:34:36 -      LMT     1922 Nov 10
2777                         11:00   -       PETT    1930 Jun 21 # P-K Time
2778                         12:00   Russia  PET%sT  1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2779                         11:00   Russia  PET%sT  1992 Jan 19 2:00s
2780                         12:00   Russia  PET%sT  2010 Mar 28 2:00s
2781                         11:00   Russia  PET%sT  2011 Mar 27 2:00s
2782                         12:00   -       PETT
2783 
2784 
2785 # From Tim Parenti (2014-07-03):
2786 # Asia/Anadyr covers...
2787 # 87    RU-CHU  Chukotka Autonomous Okrug
2788 
2789 Zone Asia/Anadyr        11:49:56 -      LMT     1924 May  2
2790                         12:00   -       ANAT    1930 Jun 21 # Anadyr Time
2791                         13:00   Russia  ANA%sT  1982 Apr  1 0:00s
2792                         12:00   Russia  ANA%sT  1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2793                         11:00   Russia  ANA%sT  1992 Jan 19 2:00s
2794                         12:00   Russia  ANA%sT  2010 Mar 28 2:00s
2795                         11:00   Russia  ANA%sT  2011 Mar 27 2:00s
2796                         12:00   -       ANAT
2797 
2798 
2799 # San Marino
2800 # See Europe/Rome.
2801 
2802 # Serbia
2803 # Zone  NAME            GMTOFF  RULES   FORMAT  [UNTIL]
2804 Zone    Europe/Belgrade 1:22:00 -       LMT     1884
2805                         1:00    -       CET     1941 Apr 18 23:00
2806                         1:00    C-Eur   CE%sT   1945
2807                         1:00    -       CET     1945 May 8 2:00s
2808                         1:00    1:00    CEST    1945 Sep 16  2:00s
2809 # Metod Koželj reports that the legal date of
2810 # transition to EU rules was 1982-11-27, for all of Yugoslavia at the time.
2811 # Shanks & Pottenger don't give as much detail, so go with Koželj.
2812                         1:00    -       CET     1982 Nov 27
2813                         1:00    EU      CE%sT
2814 Link Europe/Belgrade Europe/Ljubljana   # Slovenia
2815 Link Europe/Belgrade Europe/Podgorica   # Montenegro
2816 Link Europe/Belgrade Europe/Sarajevo    # Bosnia and Herzegovina
2817 Link Europe/Belgrade Europe/Skopje      # Macedonia
2818 Link Europe/Belgrade Europe/Zagreb      # Croatia
2819 
2820 # Slovakia
2821 Link Europe/Prague Europe/Bratislava
2822 
2823 # Slovenia
2824 # See Europe/Belgrade.
2825 
2826 # Spain
2827 # Rule  NAME    FROM    TO      TYPE    IN      ON      AT      SAVE    LETTER/S
2828 # For 1917-1919 Whitman gives Apr Sat>=1 - Oct Sat>=1;
2829 # go with Shanks & Pottenger.
2830 Rule    Spain   1917    only    -       May      5      23:00s  1:00    S
2831 Rule    Spain   1917    1919    -       Oct      6      23:00s  0       -
2832 Rule    Spain   1918    only    -       Apr     15      23:00s  1:00    S
2833 Rule    Spain   1919    only    -       Apr      5      23:00s  1:00    S
2834 # Whitman gives 1921 Feb 28 - Oct 14; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
2835 Rule    Spain   1924    only    -       Apr     16      23:00s  1:00    S
2836 # Whitman gives 1924 Oct 14; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
2837 Rule    Spain   1924    only    -       Oct      4      23:00s  0       -
2838 Rule    Spain   1926    only    -       Apr     17      23:00s  1:00    S
2839 # Whitman says no DST in 1929; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
2840 Rule    Spain   1926    1929    -       Oct     Sat>=1       23:00s  0       -
2841 Rule    Spain   1927    only    -       Apr      9      23:00s  1:00    S
2842 Rule    Spain   1928    only    -       Apr     14      23:00s  1:00    S
2843 Rule    Spain   1929    only    -       Apr     20      23:00s  1:00    S
2844 # Whitman gives 1937 Jun 16, 1938 Apr 16, 1940 Apr 13;
2845 # go with Shanks & Pottenger.
2846 Rule    Spain   1937    only    -       May     22      23:00s  1:00    S
2847 Rule    Spain   1937    1939    -       Oct     Sat>=1       23:00s  0       -
2848 Rule    Spain   1938    only    -       Mar     22      23:00s  1:00    S
2849 Rule    Spain   1939    only    -       Apr     15      23:00s  1:00    S
2850 Rule    Spain   1940    only    -       Mar     16      23:00s  1:00    S
2851 # Whitman says no DST 1942-1945; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
2852 Rule    Spain   1942    only    -       May      2      22:00s  2:00    M # Midsummer
2853 Rule    Spain   1942    only    -       Sep      1      22:00s  1:00    S
2854 Rule    Spain   1943    1946    -       Apr     Sat>=13      22:00s  2:00    M
2855 Rule    Spain   1943    only    -       Oct      3      22:00s  1:00    S
2856 Rule    Spain   1944    only    -       Oct     10      22:00s  1:00    S
2857 Rule    Spain   1945    only    -       Sep     30       1:00   1:00    S
2858 Rule    Spain   1946    only    -       Sep     30       0:00   0       -
2859 Rule    Spain   1949    only    -       Apr     30      23:00   1:00    S
2860 Rule    Spain   1949    only    -       Sep     30       1:00   0       -
2861 Rule    Spain   1974    1975    -       Apr     Sat>=13      23:00   1:00    S
2862 Rule    Spain   1974    1975    -       Oct     Sun>=1        1:00   0       -
2863 Rule    Spain   1976    only    -       Mar     27      23:00   1:00    S
2864 Rule    Spain   1976    1977    -       Sep     lastSun  1:00   0       -
2865 Rule    Spain   1977    1978    -       Apr      2      23:00   1:00    S
2866 Rule    Spain   1978    only    -       Oct      1       1:00   0       -
2867 # The following rules are copied from Morocco from 1967 through 1978.
2868 Rule SpainAfrica 1967   only    -       Jun      3      12:00   1:00    S
2869 Rule SpainAfrica 1967   only    -       Oct      1       0:00   0       -
2870 Rule SpainAfrica 1974   only    -       Jun     24       0:00   1:00    S
2871 Rule SpainAfrica 1974   only    -       Sep      1       0:00   0       -
2872 Rule SpainAfrica 1976   1977    -       May      1       0:00   1:00    S
2873 Rule SpainAfrica 1976   only    -       Aug      1       0:00   0       -
2874 Rule SpainAfrica 1977   only    -       Sep     28       0:00   0       -
2875 Rule SpainAfrica 1978   only    -       Jun      1       0:00   1:00    S
2876 Rule SpainAfrica 1978   only    -       Aug      4       0:00   0       -
2877 # Zone  NAME            GMTOFF  RULES   FORMAT  [UNTIL]
2878 Zone    Europe/Madrid   -0:14:44 -      LMT     1901 Jan  1  0:00s
2879                          0:00   Spain   WE%sT   1946 Sep 30
2880                          1:00   Spain   CE%sT   1979
2881                          1:00   EU      CE%sT
2882 Zone    Africa/Ceuta    -0:21:16 -      LMT     1901
2883                          0:00   -       WET     1918 May  6 23:00
2884                          0:00   1:00    WEST    1918 Oct  7 23:00
2885                          0:00   -       WET     1924
2886                          0:00   Spain   WE%sT   1929
2887                          0:00 SpainAfrica WE%sT 1984 Mar 16
2888                          1:00   -       CET     1986
2889                          1:00   EU      CE%sT
2890 Zone    Atlantic/Canary -1:01:36 -      LMT     1922 Mar # Las Palmas de Gran C.
2891                         -1:00   -       CANT    1946 Sep 30 1:00 # Canaries Time
2892                          0:00   -       WET     1980 Apr  6 0:00s
2893                          0:00   1:00    WEST    1980 Sep 28 0:00s
2894                          0:00   EU      WE%sT
2895 # IATA SSIM (1996-09) says the Canaries switch at 2:00u, not 1:00u.
2896 # Ignore this for now, as the Canaries are part of the EU.
2897 
2898 # Sweden
2899 
2900 # From Ivan Nilsson (2001-04-13), superseding Shanks & Pottenger:
2901 #
2902 # The law "Svensk författningssamling 1878, no 14" about standard time in 1879:
2903 # From the beginning of 1879 (that is 01-01 00:00) the time for all
2904 # places in the country is "the mean solar time for the meridian at
2905 # three degrees, or twelve minutes of time, to the west of the
2906 # meridian of the Observatory of Stockholm".  The law is dated 1878-05-31.
2907 #
2908 # The observatory at that time had the meridian 18 degrees 03' 30"
2909 # eastern longitude = 01:12:14 in time.  Less 12 minutes gives the
2910 # national standard time as 01:00:14 ahead of GMT....
2911 #
2912 # About the beginning of CET in Sweden. The lawtext ("Svensk
2913 # författningssamling 1899, no 44") states, that "from the beginning
2914 # of 1900... ... the same as the mean solar time for the meridian at
2915 # the distance of one hour of time from the meridian of the English
2916 # observatory at Greenwich, or at 12 minutes 14 seconds to the west
2917 # from the meridian of the Observatory of Stockholm". The law is dated
2918 # 1899-06-16.  In short: At 1900-01-01 00:00:00 the new standard time
2919 # in Sweden is 01:00:00 ahead of GMT.
2920 #
2921 # 1916: The lawtext ("Svensk författningssamling 1916, no 124") states
2922 # that "1916-05-15 is considered to begin one hour earlier". It is
2923 # pretty obvious that at 05-14 23:00 the clocks are set to 05-15 00:00....
2924 # Further the law says, that "1916-09-30 is considered to end one hour later".
2925 #
2926 # The laws regulating [DST] are available on the site of the Swedish
2927 # Parliament beginning with 1985 - the laws regulating 1980/1984 are
2928 # not available on the site (to my knowledge they are only available
2929 # in Swedish): <http://www.riksdagen.se/english/work/sfst.asp> (type
2930 # "sommartid" without the quotes in the field "Fritext" and then click
2931 # the Sök-button).
2932 #
2933 # (2001-05-13):
2934 #
2935 # I have now found a newspaper stating that at 1916-10-01 01:00
2936 # summertime the church-clocks etc were set back one hour to show
2937 # 1916-10-01 00:00 standard time.  The article also reports that some
2938 # people thought the switch to standard time would take place already
2939 # at 1916-10-01 00:00 summer time, but they had to wait for another
2940 # hour before the event took place.
2941 #
2942 # Source: The newspaper "Dagens Nyheter", 1916-10-01, page 7 upper left.
2943 
2944 # Zone  NAME            GMTOFF  RULES   FORMAT  [UNTIL]
2945 Zone Europe/Stockholm   1:12:12 -       LMT     1879 Jan  1
2946                         1:00:14 -       SET     1900 Jan  1     # Swedish Time
2947                         1:00    -       CET     1916 May 14 23:00
2948                         1:00    1:00    CEST    1916 Oct  1 01:00
2949                         1:00    -       CET     1980
2950                         1:00    EU      CE%sT
2951 
2952 # Switzerland
2953 # From Howse:
2954 # By the end of the 18th century clocks and watches became commonplace
2955 # and their performance improved enormously.  Communities began to keep
2956 # mean time in preference to apparent time - Geneva from 1780 ....
2957 # Rule  NAME    FROM    TO      TYPE    IN      ON      AT      SAVE    LETTER/S
2958 # From Whitman (who writes "Midnight?"):
2959 # Rule  Swiss   1940    only    -       Nov      2      0:00    1:00    S
2960 # Rule  Swiss   1940    only    -       Dec     31      0:00    0       -
2961 # From Shanks & Pottenger:
2962 # Rule  Swiss   1941    1942    -       May     Sun>=1       2:00    1:00    S
2963 # Rule  Swiss   1941    1942    -       Oct     Sun>=1       0:00    0       -
2964 
2965 # From Alois Treindl (2008-12-17):
2966 # I have researched the DST usage in Switzerland during the 1940ies.
2967 #
2968 # As I wrote in an earlier message, I suspected the current tzdata values
2969 # to be wrong. This is now verified.
2970 #
2971 # I have found copies of the original ruling by the Swiss Federal
2972 # government, in 'Eidgenössische Gesetzessammlung 1941 and 1942' (Swiss
2973 # federal law collection)...
2974 #
2975 # DST began on Monday 5 May 1941, 1:00 am by shifting the clocks to 2:00 am
2976 # DST ended on Monday 6 Oct 1941, 2:00 am by shifting the clocks to 1:00 am.
2977 #
2978 # DST began on Monday, 4 May 1942 at 01:00 am
2979 # DST ended on Monday, 5 Oct 1942 at 02:00 am
2980 #
2981 # There was no DST in 1940, I have checked the law collection carefully.
2982 # It is also indicated by the fact that the 1942 entry in the law
2983 # collection points back to 1941 as a reference, but no reference to any
2984 # other years are made.
2985 #
2986 # Newspaper articles I have read in the archives on 6 May 1941 reported
2987 # about the introduction of DST (Sommerzeit in German) during the previous
2988 # night as an absolute novelty, because this was the first time that such
2989 # a thing had happened in Switzerland.
2990 #
2991 # I have also checked 1916, because one book source (Gabriel, Traité de
2992 # l'heure dans le monde) claims that Switzerland had DST in 1916. This is
2993 # false, no official document could be found. Probably Gabriel got misled
2994 # by references to Germany, which introduced DST in 1916 for the first time.
2995 #
2996 # The tzdata rules for Switzerland must be changed to:
2997 # Rule  Swiss   1941    1942    -       May     Mon>=1  1:00    1:00    S
2998 # Rule  Swiss   1941    1942    -       Oct     Mon>=1  2:00    0       -
2999 #
3000 # The 1940 rules must be deleted.
3001 #
3002 # One further detail for Switzerland, which is probably out of scope for
3003 # most users of tzdata: The [Europe/Zurich zone] ...
3004 # describes all of Switzerland correctly, with the exception of
3005 # the Canton de Genève (Geneva, Genf). Between 1848 and 1894 Geneva did not
3006 # follow Bern Mean Time but kept its own local mean time.
3007 # To represent this, an extra zone would be needed.
3008 #
3009 # From Alois Treindl (2013-09-11):
3010 # The Federal regulations say
3011 # http://www.admin.ch/opc/de/classified-compilation/20071096/index.html
3012 # ... the meridian for Bern mean time ... is 7 degrees 26' 22.50".
3013 # Expressed in time, it is 0h29m45.5s.
3014 
3015 # From Pierre-Yves Berger (2013-09-11):
3016 # the "Circulaire du conseil fédéral" (December 11 1893)
3017 # <http://www.amtsdruckschriften.bar.admin.ch/viewOrigDoc.do?id=10071353> ...
3018 # clearly states that the [1894-06-01] change should be done at midnight
3019 # but if no one is present after 11 at night, could be postponed until one
3020 # hour before the beginning of service.
3021 
3022 # From Paul Eggert (2013-09-11):
3023 # Round BMT to the nearest even second, 0:29:46.
3024 #
3025 # We can find no reliable source for Shanks's assertion that all of Switzerland
3026 # except Geneva switched to Bern Mean Time at 00:00 on 1848-09-12.  This book:
3027 #
3028 #       Jakob Messerli. Gleichmässig, pünktlich, schnell. Zeiteinteilung und
3029 #       Zeitgebrauch in der Schweiz im 19. Jahrhundert. Chronos, Zurich 1995,
3030 #       ISBN 3-905311-68-2, OCLC 717570797.
3031 #
3032 # suggests that the transition was more gradual, and that the Swiss did not
3033 # agree about civil time during the transition.  The timekeeping it gives the
3034 # most detail for is postal and telegraph time: here, federal legislation (the
3035 # "Bundesgesetz über die Erstellung von elektrischen Telegraphen") passed on
3036 # 1851-11-23, and an official implementation notice was published 1853-07-16
3037 # (Bundesblatt 1853, Bd. II, S. 859).  On p 72 Messerli writes that in
3038 # practice since July 1853 Bernese time was used in "all postal and telegraph
3039 # offices in Switzerland from Geneva to St. Gallen and Basel to Chiasso"
3040 # (Google translation).  For now, model this transition as occurring on
3041 # 1853-07-16, though it probably occurred at some other date in Zurich, and
3042 # legal civil time probably changed at still some other transition date.
3043 
3044 # Rule  NAME    FROM    TO      TYPE    IN      ON      AT      SAVE    LETTER/S
3045 Rule    Swiss   1941    1942    -       May     Mon>=1       1:00    1:00    S
3046 Rule    Swiss   1941    1942    -       Oct     Mon>=1       2:00    0       -
3047 # Zone  NAME            GMTOFF  RULES   FORMAT  [UNTIL]
3048 Zone    Europe/Zurich   0:34:08 -       LMT     1853 Jul 16 # See above comment.
3049                         0:29:46 -       BMT     1894 Jun # Bern Mean Time
3050                         1:00    Swiss   CE%sT   1981
3051                         1:00    EU      CE%sT
3052 
3053 # Turkey
3054 
3055 # From Amar Devegowda (2007-01-03):
3056 # The time zone rules for Istanbul, Turkey have not been changed for years now.
3057 # ... The latest rules are available at:
3058 # http://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/timezone.html?n=107
3059 # From Steffen Thorsen (2007-01-03):
3060 # I have been able to find press records back to 1996 which all say that
3061 # DST started 01:00 local time and end at 02:00 local time.  I am not sure
3062 # what happened before that.  One example for each year from 1996 to 2001:
3063 # http://newspot.byegm.gov.tr/arsiv/1996/21/N4.htm
3064 # http://www.byegm.gov.tr/YAYINLARIMIZ/CHR/ING97/03/97X03X25.TXT
3065 # http://www.byegm.gov.tr/YAYINLARIMIZ/CHR/ING98/03/98X03X02.HTM
3066 # http://www.byegm.gov.tr/YAYINLARIMIZ/CHR/ING99/10/99X10X26.HTM#%2016
3067 # http://www.byegm.gov.tr/YAYINLARIMIZ/CHR/ING2000/03/00X03X06.HTM#%2021
3068 # http://www.byegm.gov.tr/YAYINLARIMIZ/CHR/ING2001/03/23x03x01.HTM#%2027
3069 # From Paul Eggert (2007-01-03):
3070 # Prefer the above source to Shanks & Pottenger for time stamps after 1990.
3071 
3072 # From Steffen Thorsen (2007-03-09):
3073 # Starting 2007 though, it seems that they are adopting EU's 1:00 UTC
3074 # start/end time, according to the following page (2007-03-07):
3075 # http://www.ntvmsnbc.com/news/402029.asp
3076 # The official document is located here - it is in Turkish...:
3077 # http://rega.basbakanlik.gov.tr/eskiler/2007/03/20070307-7.htm
3078 # I was able to locate the following seemingly official document
3079 # (on a non-government server though) describing dates between 2002 and 2006:
3080 # http://www.alomaliye.com/bkk_2002_3769.htm
3081 
3082 # From Gökdeniz Karadağ (2011-03-10):
3083 # According to the articles linked below, Turkey will change into summer
3084 # time zone (GMT+3) on March 28, 2011 at 3:00 a.m. instead of March 27.
3085 # This change is due to a nationwide exam on 27th.
3086 # http://www.worldbulletin.net/?aType=haber&ArticleID=70872
3087 # Turkish:
3088 # http://www.hurriyet.com.tr/ekonomi/17230464.asp?gid=373
3089 
3090 # From Faruk Pasin (2014-02-14):
3091 # The DST for Turkey has been changed for this year because of the
3092 # Turkish Local election....
3093 # http://www.sabah.com.tr/Ekonomi/2014/02/12/yaz-saatinde-onemli-degisiklik
3094 # ... so Turkey will move clocks forward one hour on March 31 at 3:00 a.m.
3095 # From Randal L. Schwartz (2014-04-15):
3096 # Having landed on a flight from the states to Istanbul (via AMS) on March 31,
3097 # I can tell you that NOBODY (even the airlines) respected this timezone DST
3098 # change delay.  Maybe the word just didn't get out in time.
3099 # From Paul Eggert (2014-06-15):
3100 # The press reported massive confusion, as election officials obeyed the rule
3101 # change but cell phones (and airline baggage systems) did not.  See:
3102 # Kostidis M. Eventful elections in Turkey. Balkan News Agency
3103 # http://www.balkaneu.com/eventful-elections-turkey/ 2014-03-30.
3104 # I guess the best we can do is document the official time.
3105 
3106 # Rule  NAME    FROM    TO      TYPE    IN      ON      AT      SAVE    LETTER/S
3107 Rule    Turkey  1916    only    -       May      1      0:00    1:00    S
3108 Rule    Turkey  1916    only    -       Oct      1      0:00    0       -
3109 Rule    Turkey  1920    only    -       Mar     28      0:00    1:00    S
3110 Rule    Turkey  1920    only    -       Oct     25      0:00    0       -
3111 Rule    Turkey  1921    only    -       Apr      3      0:00    1:00    S
3112 Rule    Turkey  1921    only    -       Oct      3      0:00    0       -
3113 Rule    Turkey  1922    only    -       Mar     26      0:00    1:00    S
3114 Rule    Turkey  1922    only    -       Oct      8      0:00    0       -
3115 # Whitman gives 1923 Apr 28 - Sep 16 and no DST in 1924-1925;
3116 # go with Shanks & Pottenger.
3117 Rule    Turkey  1924    only    -       May     13      0:00    1:00    S
3118 Rule    Turkey  1924    1925    -       Oct      1      0:00    0       -
3119 Rule    Turkey  1925    only    -       May      1      0:00    1:00    S
3120 Rule    Turkey  1940    only    -       Jun     30      0:00    1:00    S
3121 Rule    Turkey  1940    only    -       Oct      5      0:00    0       -
3122 Rule    Turkey  1940    only    -       Dec      1      0:00    1:00    S
3123 Rule    Turkey  1941    only    -       Sep     21      0:00    0       -
3124 Rule    Turkey  1942    only    -       Apr      1      0:00    1:00    S
3125 # Whitman omits the next two transition and gives 1945 Oct 1;
3126 # go with Shanks & Pottenger.
3127 Rule    Turkey  1942    only    -       Nov      1      0:00    0       -
3128 Rule    Turkey  1945    only    -       Apr      2      0:00    1:00    S
3129 Rule    Turkey  1945    only    -       Oct      8      0:00    0       -
3130 Rule    Turkey  1946    only    -       Jun      1      0:00    1:00    S
3131 Rule    Turkey  1946    only    -       Oct      1      0:00    0       -
3132 Rule    Turkey  1947    1948    -       Apr     Sun>=16      0:00    1:00    S
3133 Rule    Turkey  1947    1950    -       Oct     Sun>=2       0:00    0       -
3134 Rule    Turkey  1949    only    -       Apr     10      0:00    1:00    S
3135 Rule    Turkey  1950    only    -       Apr     19      0:00    1:00    S
3136 Rule    Turkey  1951    only    -       Apr     22      0:00    1:00    S
3137 Rule    Turkey  1951    only    -       Oct      8      0:00    0       -
3138 Rule    Turkey  1962    only    -       Jul     15      0:00    1:00    S
3139 Rule    Turkey  1962    only    -       Oct      8      0:00    0       -
3140 Rule    Turkey  1964    only    -       May     15      0:00    1:00    S
3141 Rule    Turkey  1964    only    -       Oct      1      0:00    0       -
3142 Rule    Turkey  1970    1972    -       May     Sun>=2       0:00    1:00    S
3143 Rule    Turkey  1970    1972    -       Oct     Sun>=2       0:00    0       -
3144 Rule    Turkey  1973    only    -       Jun      3      1:00    1:00    S
3145 Rule    Turkey  1973    only    -       Nov      4      3:00    0       -
3146 Rule    Turkey  1974    only    -       Mar     31      2:00    1:00    S
3147 Rule    Turkey  1974    only    -       Nov      3      5:00    0       -
3148 Rule    Turkey  1975    only    -       Mar     30      0:00    1:00    S
3149 Rule    Turkey  1975    1976    -       Oct     lastSun 0:00    0       -
3150 Rule    Turkey  1976    only    -       Jun      1      0:00    1:00    S
3151 Rule    Turkey  1977    1978    -       Apr     Sun>=1       0:00    1:00    S
3152 Rule    Turkey  1977    only    -       Oct     16      0:00    0       -
3153 Rule    Turkey  1979    1980    -       Apr     Sun>=1       3:00    1:00    S
3154 Rule    Turkey  1979    1982    -       Oct     Mon>=11      0:00    0       -
3155 Rule    Turkey  1981    1982    -       Mar     lastSun 3:00    1:00    S
3156 Rule    Turkey  1983    only    -       Jul     31      0:00    1:00    S
3157 Rule    Turkey  1983    only    -       Oct      2      0:00    0       -
3158 Rule    Turkey  1985    only    -       Apr     20      0:00    1:00    S
3159 Rule    Turkey  1985    only    -       Sep     28      0:00    0       -
3160 Rule    Turkey  1986    1990    -       Mar     lastSun 2:00s   1:00    S
3161 Rule    Turkey  1986    1990    -       Sep     lastSun 2:00s   0       -
3162 Rule    Turkey  1991    2006    -       Mar     lastSun 1:00s   1:00    S
3163 Rule    Turkey  1991    1995    -       Sep     lastSun 1:00s   0       -
3164 Rule    Turkey  1996    2006    -       Oct     lastSun 1:00s   0       -
3165 # Zone  NAME            GMTOFF  RULES   FORMAT  [UNTIL]
3166 Zone    Europe/Istanbul 1:55:52 -       LMT     1880
3167                         1:56:56 -       IMT     1910 Oct # Istanbul Mean Time?
3168                         2:00    Turkey  EE%sT   1978 Oct 15
3169                         3:00    Turkey  TR%sT   1985 Apr 20 # Turkey Time
3170                         2:00    Turkey  EE%sT   2007
3171                         2:00    EU      EE%sT   2011 Mar 27 1:00u
3172                         2:00    -       EET     2011 Mar 28 1:00u
3173                         2:00    EU      EE%sT   2014 Mar 30 1:00u
3174                         2:00    -       EET     2014 Mar 31 1:00u
3175                         2:00    EU      EE%sT
3176 Link    Europe/Istanbul Asia/Istanbul   # Istanbul is in both continents.
3177 
3178 # Ukraine
3179 #
3180 # From Igor Karpov, who works for the Ukrainian Ministry of Justice,
3181 # via Garrett Wollman (2003-01-27):
3182 # BTW, I've found the official document on this matter. It's government
3183 # regulations number 509, May 13, 1996. In my poor translation it says:
3184 # "Time in Ukraine is set to second timezone (Kiev time). Each last Sunday
3185 # of March at 3am the time is changing to 4am and each last Sunday of
3186 # October the time at 4am is changing to 3am"
3187 
3188 # From Alexander Krivenyshev (2011-09-20):
3189 # On September 20, 2011 the deputies of the Verkhovna Rada agreed to
3190 # abolish the transfer clock to winter time.
3191 #
3192 # Bill number 8330 of MP from the Party of Regions Oleg Nadoshi got
3193 # approval from 266 deputies.
3194 #
3195 # Ukraine abolishes transfer back to the winter time (in Russian)
3196 # http://news.mail.ru/politics/6861560/
3197 #
3198 # The Ukrainians will no longer change the clock (in Russian)
3199 # http://www.segodnya.ua/news/14290482.html
3200 #
3201 # Deputies cancelled the winter time (in Russian)
3202 # http://www.pravda.com.ua/rus/news/2011/09/20/6600616/
3203 #
3204 # From Philip Pizzey (2011-10-18):
3205 # Today my Ukrainian colleagues have informed me that the
3206 # Ukrainian parliament have decided that they will go to winter
3207 # time this year after all.
3208 #
3209 # From Udo Schwedt (2011-10-18):
3210 # As far as I understand, the recent change to the Ukrainian time zone
3211 # (Europe/Kiev) to introduce permanent daylight saving time (similar
3212 # to Russia) was reverted today:
3213 # http://portal.rada.gov.ua/rada/control/en/publish/article/info_left?art_id=287324&cat_id=105995
3214 #
3215 # Also reported by Alexander Bokovoy (2011-10-18) who also noted:
3216 # The law documents themselves are at
3217 # http://w1.c1.rada.gov.ua/pls/zweb_n/webproc4_1?id=&pf3511=41484
3218 
3219 # From Vladimir in Moscow via Alois Treindl re Kiev time 1991/2 (2014-02-28):
3220 # First in Ukraine they changed Time zone from UTC+3 to UTC+2 with DST:
3221 #       03 25 1990 02:00 -03.00 1       Time Zone 3 with DST
3222 #       07 01 1990 02:00 -02.00 1       Time Zone 2 with DST
3223 # * Ukrainian Government's Resolution of 18.06.1990, No. 134.
3224 # http://search.ligazakon.ua/l_doc2.nsf/link1/T001500.html
3225 #
3226 # They did not end DST in September, 1990 (according to the law,
3227 # "summer time" was still in action):
3228 #       09 30 1990 03:00 -02.00 1       Time Zone 2 with DST
3229 # * Ukrainian Government's Resolution of 21.09.1990, No. 272.
3230 # http://search.ligazakon.ua/l_doc2.nsf/link1/KP900272.html
3231 #
3232 # Again no change in March, 1991 ("summer time" in action):
3233 #       03 31 1991 02:00 -02.00 1       Time Zone 2 with DST
3234 #
3235 # DST ended in September 1991 ("summer time" ended):
3236 #       09 29 1991 03:00 -02.00 0       Time Zone 2, no DST
3237 # * Ukrainian Government's Resolution of 25.09.1991, No. 225.
3238 # http://www.uazakon.com/documents/date_21/pg_iwgdoc.htm
3239 # This is an answer.
3240 #
3241 # Since 1992 they had normal DST procedure:
3242 #       03 29 1992 02:00 -02.00 1       DST started
3243 #       09 27 1992 03:00 -02.00 0       DST ended
3244 # * Ukrainian Government's Resolution of 20.03.1992, No. 139.
3245 # http://www.uazakon.com/documents/date_8u/pg_grcasa.htm
3246 
3247 # Zone  NAME            GMTOFF  RULES   FORMAT  [UNTIL]
3248 # Most of Ukraine since 1970 has been like Kiev.
3249 # "Kyiv" is the transliteration of the Ukrainian name, but
3250 # "Kiev" is more common in English.
3251 Zone Europe/Kiev        2:02:04 -       LMT     1880
3252                         2:02:04 -       KMT     1924 May  2 # Kiev Mean Time
3253                         2:00    -       EET     1930 Jun 21
3254                         3:00    -       MSK     1941 Sep 20
3255                         1:00    C-Eur   CE%sT   1943 Nov  6
3256                         3:00    Russia  MSK/MSD 1990 Jul  1 2:00
3257                         2:00    1:00    EEST    1991 Sep 29 3:00
3258                         2:00    E-Eur   EE%sT   1995
3259                         2:00    EU      EE%sT
3260 # Ruthenia used CET 1990/1991.
3261 # "Uzhhorod" is the transliteration of the Rusyn/Ukrainian pronunciation, but
3262 # "Uzhgorod" is more common in English.
3263 Zone Europe/Uzhgorod    1:29:12 -       LMT     1890 Oct
3264                         1:00    -       CET     1940
3265                         1:00    C-Eur   CE%sT   1944 Oct
3266                         1:00    1:00    CEST    1944 Oct 26
3267                         1:00    -       CET     1945 Jun 29
3268                         3:00    Russia  MSK/MSD 1990
3269                         3:00    -       MSK     1990 Jul  1 2:00
3270                         1:00    -       CET     1991 Mar 31 3:00
3271                         2:00    -       EET     1992
3272                         2:00    E-Eur   EE%sT   1995
3273                         2:00    EU      EE%sT
3274 # Zaporozh'ye and eastern Lugansk oblasts observed DST 1990/1991.
3275 # "Zaporizhia" is the transliteration of the Ukrainian name, but
3276 # "Zaporozh'ye" is more common in English.  Use the common English
3277 # spelling, except omit the apostrophe as it is not allowed in
3278 # portable Posix file names.
3279 Zone Europe/Zaporozhye  2:20:40 -       LMT     1880
3280                         2:20    -       CUT     1924 May  2 # Central Ukraine T
3281                         2:00    -       EET     1930 Jun 21
3282                         3:00    -       MSK     1941 Aug 25
3283                         1:00    C-Eur   CE%sT   1943 Oct 25
3284                         3:00    Russia  MSK/MSD 1991 Mar 31 2:00
3285                         2:00    E-Eur   EE%sT   1995
3286                         2:00    EU      EE%sT
3287 
3288 # Vatican City
3289 # See Europe/Rome.
3290 
3291 ###############################################################################
3292 
3293 # One source shows that Bulgaria, Cyprus, Finland, and Greece observe DST from
3294 # the last Sunday in March to the last Sunday in September in 1986.
3295 # The source shows Romania changing a day later than everybody else.
3296 #
3297 # According to Bernard Sieloff's source, Poland is in the MET time zone but
3298 # uses the WE DST rules.  The Western USSR uses EET+1 and ME DST rules.
3299 # Bernard Sieloff's source claims Romania switches on the same day, but at
3300 # 00:00 standard time (i.e., 01:00 DST).  It also claims that Turkey
3301 # switches on the same day, but switches on at 01:00 standard time
3302 # and off at 00:00 standard time (i.e., 01:00 DST)
3303 
3304 # ...
3305 # Date: Wed, 28 Jan 87 16:56:27 -0100
3306 # From: Tom Hofmann
3307 # ...
3308 #
3309 # ...the European time rules are...standardized since 1981, when
3310 # most European coun[tr]ies started DST.  Before that year, only
3311 # a few countries (UK, France, Italy) had DST, each according
3312 # to own national rules.  In 1981, however, DST started on
3313 # 'Apr firstSun', and not on 'Mar lastSun' as in the following
3314 # years...
3315 # But also since 1981 there are some more national exceptions
3316 # than listed in 'europe': Switzerland, for example, joined DST
3317 # one year later, Denmark ended DST on 'Oct 1' instead of 'Sep
3318 # lastSun' in 1981 - I don't know how they handle now.
3319 #
3320 # Finally, DST ist always from 'Apr 1' to 'Oct 1' in the
3321 # Soviet Union (as far as I know).
3322 #
3323 # Tom Hofmann, Scientific Computer Center, CIBA-GEIGY AG,
3324 # 4002 Basle, Switzerland
3325 # ...
3326 
3327 # ...
3328 # Date: Wed, 4 Feb 87 22:35:22 +0100
3329 # From: Dik T. Winter
3330 # ...
3331 #
3332 # The information from Tom Hofmann is (as far as I know) not entirely correct.
3333 # After a request from chongo at amdahl I tried to retrieve all information
3334 # about DST in Europe.  I was able to find all from about 1969.
3335 #
3336 # ...standardization on DST in Europe started in about 1977 with switches on
3337 # first Sunday in April and last Sunday in September...
3338 # In 1981 UK joined Europe insofar that
3339 # the starting day for both shifted to last Sunday in March.  And from 1982
3340 # the whole of Europe used DST, with switch dates April 1 and October 1 in
3341 # the Sov[i]et Union.  In 1985 the SU reverted to standard Europe[a]n switch
3342 # dates...
3343 #
3344 # It should also be remembered that time-zones are not constants; e.g.
3345 # Portugal switched in 1976 from MET (or CET) to WET with DST...
3346 # Note also that though there were rules for switch dates not
3347 # all countries abided to these dates, and many individual deviations
3348 # occurred, though not since 1982 I believe.  Another note: it is always
3349 # assumed that DST is 1 hour ahead of normal time, this need not be the
3350 # case; at least in the Netherlands there have been times when DST was 2 hours
3351 # in advance of normal time.
3352 #
3353 # ...
3354 # dik t. winter, cwi, amsterdam, nederland
3355 # ...
3356 
3357 # From Bob Devine (1988-01-28):
3358 # ...
3359 # Greece: Last Sunday in April to last Sunday in September (iffy on dates).
3360 # Since 1978.  Change at midnight.
3361 # ...
3362 # Monaco: has same DST as France.
3363 # ...