1 # 2 # DO NOT ALTER OR REMOVE COPYRIGHT NOTICES OR THIS FILE HEADER. 3 # 4 # This code is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it 5 # under the terms of the GNU General Public License version 2 only, as 6 # published by the Free Software Foundation. Oracle designates this 7 # particular file as subject to the "Classpath" exception as provided 8 # by Oracle in the LICENSE file that accompanied this code. 9 # 10 # This code is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT 11 # ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or 12 # FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU General Public License 13 # version 2 for more details (a copy is included in the LICENSE file that 14 # accompanied this code). 15 # 16 # You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License version 17 # 2 along with this work; if not, write to the Free Software Foundation, 18 # Inc., 51 Franklin St, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA 02110-1301 USA. 19 # 20 # Please contact Oracle, 500 Oracle Parkway, Redwood Shores, CA 94065 USA 21 # or visit www.oracle.com if you need additional information or have any 22 # questions. 23 # 24 # This file is in the public domain, so clarified as of 25 # 2009-05-17 by Arthur David Olson. 26 27 # This data is by no means authoritative; if you think you know better, 28 # go ahead and edit the file (and please send any changes to 29 # tz@iana.org for general use in the future). 30 31 # From Paul Eggert (2014-05-31): 32 # A good source for time zone historical data outside the U.S. is 33 # Thomas G. Shanks and Rique Pottenger, The International Atlas (6th edition), 34 # San Diego: ACS Publications, Inc. (2003). 35 # 36 # Gwillim Law writes that a good source 37 # for recent time zone data is the International Air Transport 38 # Association's Standard Schedules Information Manual (IATA SSIM), 39 # published semiannually. Law sent in several helpful summaries 40 # of the IATA's data after 1990. 41 # 42 # A reliable and entertaining source about time zones is 43 # Derek Howse, Greenwich time and longitude, Philip Wilson Publishers (1997). 44 # 45 # Except where otherwise noted, Shanks & Pottenger is the source for 46 # entries through 1991, and IATA SSIM is the source for entries afterwards. 47 # 48 # Other sources occasionally used include: 49 # 50 # Edward W. Whitman, World Time Differences, 51 # Whitman Publishing Co, 2 Niagara Av, Ealing, London (undated), 52 # which I found in the UCLA library. 53 # 54 # William Willett, The Waste of Daylight, 19th edition 55 # <http://cs.ucla.edu/~eggert/The-Waste-of-Daylight-19th.pdf> 56 # [PDF] (1914-03) 57 # 58 # Milne J. Civil time. Geogr J. 1899 Feb;13(2):173-94 59 # <http://www.jstor.org/stable/1774359>. He writes: 60 # "It is requested that corrections and additions to these tables 61 # may be sent to Mr. John Milne, Royal Geographical Society, 62 # Savile Row, London." Nowadays please email them to tz@iana.org. 63 # 64 # Brazil's Divisão Serviço da Hora (DSHO), 65 # History of Summer Time 66 # <http://pcdsh01.on.br/HISTHV.htm> 67 # (1998-09-21, in Portuguese) 68 69 # 70 # I invented the abbreviations marked '*' in the following table; 71 # the rest are from earlier versions of this file, or from other sources. 72 # Corrections are welcome! 73 # std dst 2dst 74 # LMT Local Mean Time 75 # -4:00 AST ADT Atlantic 76 # -3:00 WGT WGST Western Greenland* 77 # -1:00 EGT EGST Eastern Greenland* 78 # 0:00 GMT BST BDST Greenwich, British Summer 79 # 0:00 GMT IST Greenwich, Irish Summer 80 # 0:00 WET WEST WEMT Western Europe 81 # 0:19:32.13 AMT NST Amsterdam, Netherlands Summer (1835-1937)* 82 # 0:20 NET NEST Netherlands (1937-1940)* 83 # 1:00 CET CEST CEMT Central Europe 84 # 1:00:14 SET Swedish (1879-1899)* 85 # 2:00 EET EEST Eastern Europe 86 # 3:00 FET Further-eastern Europe* 87 # 3:00 MSK MSD MSM* Moscow 88 89 # From Peter Ilieve (1994-12-04), 90 # The original six [EU members]: Belgium, France, (West) Germany, Italy, 91 # Luxembourg, the Netherlands. 92 # Plus, from 1 Jan 73: Denmark, Ireland, United Kingdom. 93 # Plus, from 1 Jan 81: Greece. 94 # Plus, from 1 Jan 86: Spain, Portugal. 95 # Plus, from 1 Jan 95: Austria, Finland, Sweden. (Norway negotiated terms for 96 # entry but in a referendum on 28 Nov 94 the people voted No by 52.2% to 47.8% 97 # on a turnout of 88.6%. This was almost the same result as Norway's previous 98 # referendum in 1972, they are the only country to have said No twice. 99 # Referendums in the other three countries voted Yes.) 100 # ... 101 # Estonia ... uses EU dates but not at 01:00 GMT, they use midnight GMT. 102 # I don't think they know yet what they will do from 1996 onwards. 103 # ... 104 # There shouldn't be any [current members who are not using EU rules]. 105 # A Directive has the force of law, member states are obliged to enact 106 # national law to implement it. The only contentious issue was the 107 # different end date for the UK and Ireland, and this was always allowed 108 # in the Directive. 109 110 111 ############################################################################### 112 113 # Britain (United Kingdom) and Ireland (Eire) 114 115 # From Peter Ilieve (1994-07-06): 116 # 117 # On 17 Jan 1994 the Independent, a UK quality newspaper, had a piece about 118 # historical vistas along the Thames in west London. There was a photo 119 # and a sketch map showing some of the sightlines involved. One paragraph 120 # of the text said: 121 # 122 # 'An old stone obelisk marking a forgotten terrestrial meridian stands 123 # beside the river at Kew. In the 18th century, before time and longitude 124 # was standardised by the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, scholars observed 125 # this stone and the movement of stars from Kew Observatory nearby. They 126 # made their calculations and set the time for the Horse Guards and Parliament, 127 # but now the stone is obscured by scrubwood and can only be seen by walking 128 # along the towpath within a few yards of it.' 129 # 130 # I have a one inch to one mile map of London and my estimate of the stone's 131 # position is 51 degrees 28' 30" N, 0 degrees 18' 45" W. The longitude should 132 # be within about +-2". The Ordnance Survey grid reference is TQ172761. 133 # 134 # [This yields GMTOFF = -0:01:15 for London LMT in the 18th century.] 135 136 # From Paul Eggert (1993-11-18): 137 # 138 # Howse writes that Britain was the first country to use standard time. 139 # The railways cared most about the inconsistencies of local mean time, 140 # and it was they who forced a uniform time on the country. 141 # The original idea was credited to Dr. William Hyde Wollaston (1766-1828) 142 # and was popularized by Abraham Follett Osler (1808-1903). 143 # The first railway to adopt London time was the Great Western Railway 144 # in November 1840; other railways followed suit, and by 1847 most 145 # (though not all) railways used London time. On 1847-09-22 the 146 # Railway Clearing House, an industry standards body, recommended that GMT be 147 # adopted at all stations as soon as the General Post Office permitted it. 148 # The transition occurred on 12-01 for the L&NW, the Caledonian, 149 # and presumably other railways; the January 1848 Bradshaw's lists many 150 # railways as using GMT. By 1855 the vast majority of public 151 # clocks in Britain were set to GMT (though some, like the great clock 152 # on Tom Tower at Christ Church, Oxford, were fitted with two minute hands, 153 # one for local time and one for GMT). The last major holdout was the legal 154 # system, which stubbornly stuck to local time for many years, leading 155 # to oddities like polls opening at 08:13 and closing at 16:13. 156 # The legal system finally switched to GMT when the Statutes (Definition 157 # of Time) Act took effect; it received the Royal Assent on 1880-08-02. 158 # 159 # In the tables below, we condense this complicated story into a single 160 # transition date for London, namely 1847-12-01. We don't know as much 161 # about Dublin, so we use 1880-08-02, the legal transition time. 162 163 # From Paul Eggert (2014-07-19): 164 # The ancients had no need for daylight saving, as they kept time 165 # informally or via hours whose length depended on the time of year. 166 # Daylight saving time in its modern sense was invented by the 167 # New Zealand entomologist George Vernon Hudson (1867-1946), 168 # whose day job as a postal clerk led him to value 169 # after-hours daylight in which to pursue his research. 170 # In 1895 he presented a paper to the Wellington Philosophical Society 171 # that proposed a two-hour daylight-saving shift. See: 172 # Hudson GV. On seasonal time-adjustment in countries south of lat. 30 deg. 173 # Transactions and Proceedings of the New Zealand Institute. 1895;28:734 174 # http://rsnz.natlib.govt.nz/volume/rsnz_28/rsnz_28_00_006110.html 175 # Although some interest was expressed in New Zealand, his proposal 176 # did not find its way into law and eventually it was almost forgotten. 177 # 178 # In England, DST was independently reinvented by William Willett (1857-1915), 179 # a London builder and member of the Royal Astronomical Society 180 # who circulated a pamphlet "The Waste of Daylight" (1907) 181 # that proposed advancing clocks 20 minutes on each of four Sundays in April, 182 # and retarding them by the same amount on four Sundays in September. 183 # A bill was drafted in 1909 and introduced in Parliament several times, 184 # but it met with ridicule and opposition, especially from farming interests. 185 # Later editions of the pamphlet proposed one-hour summer time, and 186 # it was eventually adopted as a wartime measure in 1916. 187 # See: Summer Time Arrives Early, The Times (2000-05-18). 188 # A monument to Willett was unveiled on 1927-05-21, in an open space in 189 # a 45-acre wood near Chislehurst, Kent that was purchased by popular 190 # subscription and open to the public. On the south face of the monolith, 191 # designed by G. W. Miller, is the William Willett Memorial Sundial, 192 # which is permanently set to Summer Time. 193 194 # From Winston Churchill (1934-04-28): 195 # It is one of the paradoxes of history that we should owe the boon of 196 # summer time, which gives every year to the people of this country 197 # between 160 and 170 hours more daylight leisure, to a war which 198 # plunged Europe into darkness for four years, and shook the 199 # foundations of civilization throughout the world. 200 # <http://www.winstonchurchill.org/images/finesthour/Vol.01%20No.114.pdf> 201 # "A Silent Toast to William Willett", Pictorial Weekly 202 203 # From Paul Eggert (1996-09-03): 204 # The OED Supplement says that the English originally said "Daylight Saving" 205 # when they were debating the adoption of DST in 1908; but by 1916 this 206 # term appears only in quotes taken from DST's opponents, whereas the 207 # proponents (who eventually won the argument) are quoted as using "Summer". 208 209 # From Arthur David Olson (1989-01-19): 210 # A source at the British Information Office in New York avers that it's 211 # known as "British" Summer Time in all parts of the United Kingdom. 212 213 # Date: 4 Jan 89 08:57:25 GMT (Wed) 214 # From: Jonathan Leffler 215 # [British Summer Time] is fixed annually by Act of Parliament. 216 # If you can predict what Parliament will do, you should be in 217 # politics making a fortune, not computing. 218 219 # From Chris Carrier (1996-06-14): 220 # I remember reading in various wartime issues of the London Times the 221 # acronym BDST for British Double Summer Time. Look for the published 222 # time of sunrise and sunset in The Times, when BDST was in effect, and 223 # if you find a zone reference it will say, "All times B.D.S.T." 224 225 # From Joseph S. Myers (1999-09-02): 226 # ... some military cables (WO 219/4100 - this is a copy from the 227 # main SHAEF archives held in the US National Archives, SHAEF/5252/8/516) 228 # agree that the usage is BDST (this appears in a message dated 17 Feb 1945). 229 230 # From Joseph S. Myers (2000-10-03): 231 # On 18th April 1941, Sir Stephen Tallents of the BBC wrote to Sir 232 # Alexander Maxwell of the Home Office asking whether there was any 233 # official designation; the reply of the 21st was that there wasn't 234 # but he couldn't think of anything better than the "Double British 235 # Summer Time" that the BBC had been using informally. 236 # http://student.cusu.cam.ac.uk/~jsm28/british-time/bbc-19410418.png 237 # http://student.cusu.cam.ac.uk/~jsm28/british-time/ho-19410421.png 238 239 # From Sir Alexander Maxwell in the above-mentioned letter (1941-04-21): 240 # [N]o official designation has as far as I know been adopted for the time 241 # which is to be introduced in May.... 242 # I cannot think of anything better than "Double British Summer Time" 243 # which could not be said to run counter to any official description. 244 245 # From Paul Eggert (2000-10-02): 246 # Howse writes (p 157) 'DBST' too, but 'BDST' seems to have been common 247 # and follows the more usual convention of putting the location name first, 248 # so we use 'BDST'. 249 250 # Peter Ilieve (1998-04-19) described at length 251 # the history of summer time legislation in the United Kingdom. 252 # Since 1998 Joseph S. Myers has been updating 253 # and extending this list, which can be found in 254 # http://student.cusu.cam.ac.uk/~jsm28/british-time/ 255 # History of legal time in Britain 256 # http://www.polyomino.org.uk/british-time/ 257 258 # From Joseph S. Myers (1998-01-06): 259 # 260 # The legal time in the UK outside of summer time is definitely GMT, not UTC; 261 # see Lord Tanlaw's speech 262 # <http://www.parliament.the-stationery-office.co.uk/pa/ld199697/ldhansrd/pdvn/lds97/text/70611-20.htm#70611-20_head0> 263 # (Lords Hansard 11 June 1997 columns 964 to 976). 264 265 # From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22): 266 # 267 # For lack of other data, follow Shanks & Pottenger for Eire in 1940-1948. 268 # 269 # Given Ilieve and Myers's data, the following claims by Shanks & Pottenger 270 # are incorrect: 271 # * Wales did not switch from GMT to daylight saving time until 272 # 1921 Apr 3, when they began to conform with the rest of Great Britain. 273 # Actually, Wales was identical after 1880. 274 # * Eire had two transitions on 1916 Oct 1. 275 # It actually just had one transition. 276 # * Northern Ireland used single daylight saving time throughout WW II. 277 # Actually, it conformed to Britain. 278 # * GB-Eire changed standard time to 1 hour ahead of GMT on 1968-02-18. 279 # Actually, that date saw the usual switch to summer time. 280 # Standard time was not changed until 1968-10-27 (the clocks didn't change). 281 # 282 # Here is another incorrect claim by Shanks & Pottenger: 283 # * Jersey, Guernsey, and the Isle of Man did not switch from GMT 284 # to daylight saving time until 1921 Apr 3, when they began to 285 # conform with Great Britain. 286 # S.R.&O. 1916, No. 382 and HO 45/10811/312364 (quoted above) say otherwise. 287 # 288 # The following claim by Shanks & Pottenger is possible though doubtful; 289 # we'll ignore it for now. 290 # * Dublin's 1971-10-31 switch was at 02:00, even though London's was 03:00. 291 # 292 # 293 # Whitman says Dublin Mean Time was -0:25:21, which is more precise than 294 # Shanks & Pottenger. 295 # Perhaps this was Dunsink Observatory Time, as Dunsink Observatory 296 # (8 km NW of Dublin's center) seemingly was to Dublin as Greenwich was 297 # to London. For example: 298 # 299 # "Timeball on the ballast office is down. Dunsink time." 300 # -- James Joyce, Ulysses 301 302 # From Joseph S. Myers (2005-01-26): 303 # Irish laws are available online at <http://www.irishstatutebook.ie>. 304 # These include various relating to legal time, for example: 305 # 306 # ZZA13Y1923.html ZZA12Y1924.html ZZA8Y1925.html ZZSIV20PG1267.html 307 # 308 # ZZSI71Y1947.html ZZSI128Y1948.html ZZSI23Y1949.html ZZSI41Y1950.html 309 # ZZSI27Y1951.html ZZSI73Y1952.html 310 # 311 # ZZSI11Y1961.html ZZSI232Y1961.html ZZSI182Y1962.html 312 # ZZSI167Y1963.html ZZSI257Y1964.html ZZSI198Y1967.html 313 # ZZA23Y1968.html ZZA17Y1971.html 314 # 315 # ZZSI67Y1981.html ZZSI212Y1982.html ZZSI45Y1986.html 316 # ZZSI264Y1988.html ZZSI52Y1990.html ZZSI371Y1992.html 317 # ZZSI395Y1994.html ZZSI484Y1997.html ZZSI506Y2001.html 318 # 319 # [These are all relative to the root, e.g., the first is 320 # <http://www.irishstatutebook.ie/ZZA13Y1923.html>.] 321 # 322 # (These are those I found, but there could be more. In any case these 323 # should allow various updates to the comments in the europe file to cover 324 # the laws applicable in Ireland.) 325 # 326 # (Note that the time in the Republic of Ireland since 1968 has been defined 327 # in terms of standard time being GMT+1 with a period of winter time when it 328 # is GMT, rather than standard time being GMT with a period of summer time 329 # being GMT+1.) 330 331 # From Paul Eggert (1999-03-28): 332 # Clive Feather (<news:859845706.26043.0@office.demon.net>, 1997-03-31) 333 # reports that Folkestone (Cheriton) Shuttle Terminal uses Concession Time 334 # (CT), equivalent to French civil time. 335 # Julian Hill (<news:36118128.5A14@virgin.net>, 1998-09-30) reports that 336 # trains between Dollands Moor (the freight facility next door) 337 # and Frethun run in CT. 338 # My admittedly uninformed guess is that the terminal has two authorities, 339 # the French concession operators and the British civil authorities, 340 # and that the time depends on who you're talking to. 341 # If, say, the British police were called to the station for some reason, 342 # I would expect the official police report to use GMT/BST and not CET/CEST. 343 # This is a borderline case, but for now let's stick to GMT/BST. 344 345 # From an anonymous contributor (1996-06-02): 346 # The law governing time in Ireland is under Statutory Instrument SI 395/94, 347 # which gives force to European Union 7th Council Directive # 94/21/EC. 348 # Under this directive, the Minister for Justice in Ireland makes appropriate 349 # regulations. I spoke this morning with the Secretary of the Department of 350 # Justice (tel +353 1 678 9711) who confirmed to me that the correct name is 351 # "Irish Summer Time", abbreviated to "IST". 352 353 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S 354 # Summer Time Act, 1916 355 Rule GB-Eire 1916 only - May 21 2:00s 1:00 BST 356 Rule GB-Eire 1916 only - Oct 1 2:00s 0 GMT 357 # S.R.&O. 1917, No. 358 358 Rule GB-Eire 1917 only - Apr 8 2:00s 1:00 BST 359 Rule GB-Eire 1917 only - Sep 17 2:00s 0 GMT 360 # S.R.&O. 1918, No. 274 361 Rule GB-Eire 1918 only - Mar 24 2:00s 1:00 BST 362 Rule GB-Eire 1918 only - Sep 30 2:00s 0 GMT 363 # S.R.&O. 1919, No. 297 364 Rule GB-Eire 1919 only - Mar 30 2:00s 1:00 BST 365 Rule GB-Eire 1919 only - Sep 29 2:00s 0 GMT 366 # S.R.&O. 1920, No. 458 367 Rule GB-Eire 1920 only - Mar 28 2:00s 1:00 BST 368 # S.R.&O. 1920, No. 1844 369 Rule GB-Eire 1920 only - Oct 25 2:00s 0 GMT 370 # S.R.&O. 1921, No. 363 371 Rule GB-Eire 1921 only - Apr 3 2:00s 1:00 BST 372 Rule GB-Eire 1921 only - Oct 3 2:00s 0 GMT 373 # S.R.&O. 1922, No. 264 374 Rule GB-Eire 1922 only - Mar 26 2:00s 1:00 BST 375 Rule GB-Eire 1922 only - Oct 8 2:00s 0 GMT 376 # The Summer Time Act, 1922 377 Rule GB-Eire 1923 only - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST 378 Rule GB-Eire 1923 1924 - Sep Sun>=16 2:00s 0 GMT 379 Rule GB-Eire 1924 only - Apr Sun>=9 2:00s 1:00 BST 380 Rule GB-Eire 1925 1926 - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST 381 # The Summer Time Act, 1925 382 Rule GB-Eire 1925 1938 - Oct Sun>=2 2:00s 0 GMT 383 Rule GB-Eire 1927 only - Apr Sun>=9 2:00s 1:00 BST 384 Rule GB-Eire 1928 1929 - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST 385 Rule GB-Eire 1930 only - Apr Sun>=9 2:00s 1:00 BST 386 Rule GB-Eire 1931 1932 - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST 387 Rule GB-Eire 1933 only - Apr Sun>=9 2:00s 1:00 BST 388 Rule GB-Eire 1934 only - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST 389 Rule GB-Eire 1935 only - Apr Sun>=9 2:00s 1:00 BST 390 Rule GB-Eire 1936 1937 - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST 391 Rule GB-Eire 1938 only - Apr Sun>=9 2:00s 1:00 BST 392 Rule GB-Eire 1939 only - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST 393 # S.R.&O. 1939, No. 1379 394 Rule GB-Eire 1939 only - Nov Sun>=16 2:00s 0 GMT 395 # S.R.&O. 1940, No. 172 and No. 1883 396 Rule GB-Eire 1940 only - Feb Sun>=23 2:00s 1:00 BST 397 # S.R.&O. 1941, No. 476 398 Rule GB-Eire 1941 only - May Sun>=2 1:00s 2:00 BDST 399 Rule GB-Eire 1941 1943 - Aug Sun>=9 1:00s 1:00 BST 400 # S.R.&O. 1942, No. 506 401 Rule GB-Eire 1942 1944 - Apr Sun>=2 1:00s 2:00 BDST 402 # S.R.&O. 1944, No. 932 403 Rule GB-Eire 1944 only - Sep Sun>=16 1:00s 1:00 BST 404 # S.R.&O. 1945, No. 312 405 Rule GB-Eire 1945 only - Apr Mon>=2 1:00s 2:00 BDST 406 Rule GB-Eire 1945 only - Jul Sun>=9 1:00s 1:00 BST 407 # S.R.&O. 1945, No. 1208 408 Rule GB-Eire 1945 1946 - Oct Sun>=2 2:00s 0 GMT 409 Rule GB-Eire 1946 only - Apr Sun>=9 2:00s 1:00 BST 410 # The Summer Time Act, 1947 411 Rule GB-Eire 1947 only - Mar 16 2:00s 1:00 BST 412 Rule GB-Eire 1947 only - Apr 13 1:00s 2:00 BDST 413 Rule GB-Eire 1947 only - Aug 10 1:00s 1:00 BST 414 Rule GB-Eire 1947 only - Nov 2 2:00s 0 GMT 415 # Summer Time Order, 1948 (S.I. 1948/495) 416 Rule GB-Eire 1948 only - Mar 14 2:00s 1:00 BST 417 Rule GB-Eire 1948 only - Oct 31 2:00s 0 GMT 418 # Summer Time Order, 1949 (S.I. 1949/373) 419 Rule GB-Eire 1949 only - Apr 3 2:00s 1:00 BST 420 Rule GB-Eire 1949 only - Oct 30 2:00s 0 GMT 421 # Summer Time Order, 1950 (S.I. 1950/518) 422 # Summer Time Order, 1951 (S.I. 1951/430) 423 # Summer Time Order, 1952 (S.I. 1952/451) 424 Rule GB-Eire 1950 1952 - Apr Sun>=14 2:00s 1:00 BST 425 Rule GB-Eire 1950 1952 - Oct Sun>=21 2:00s 0 GMT 426 # revert to the rules of the Summer Time Act, 1925 427 Rule GB-Eire 1953 only - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST 428 Rule GB-Eire 1953 1960 - Oct Sun>=2 2:00s 0 GMT 429 Rule GB-Eire 1954 only - Apr Sun>=9 2:00s 1:00 BST 430 Rule GB-Eire 1955 1956 - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST 431 Rule GB-Eire 1957 only - Apr Sun>=9 2:00s 1:00 BST 432 Rule GB-Eire 1958 1959 - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST 433 Rule GB-Eire 1960 only - Apr Sun>=9 2:00s 1:00 BST 434 # Summer Time Order, 1961 (S.I. 1961/71) 435 # Summer Time (1962) Order, 1961 (S.I. 1961/2465) 436 # Summer Time Order, 1963 (S.I. 1963/81) 437 Rule GB-Eire 1961 1963 - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 BST 438 Rule GB-Eire 1961 1968 - Oct Sun>=23 2:00s 0 GMT 439 # Summer Time (1964) Order, 1963 (S.I. 1963/2101) 440 # Summer Time Order, 1964 (S.I. 1964/1201) 441 # Summer Time Order, 1967 (S.I. 1967/1148) 442 Rule GB-Eire 1964 1967 - Mar Sun>=19 2:00s 1:00 BST 443 # Summer Time Order, 1968 (S.I. 1968/117) 444 Rule GB-Eire 1968 only - Feb 18 2:00s 1:00 BST 445 # The British Standard Time Act, 1968 446 # (no summer time) 447 # The Summer Time Act, 1972 448 Rule GB-Eire 1972 1980 - Mar Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST 449 Rule GB-Eire 1972 1980 - Oct Sun>=23 2:00s 0 GMT 450 # Summer Time Order, 1980 (S.I. 1980/1089) 451 # Summer Time Order, 1982 (S.I. 1982/1673) 452 # Summer Time Order, 1986 (S.I. 1986/223) 453 # Summer Time Order, 1988 (S.I. 1988/931) 454 Rule GB-Eire 1981 1995 - Mar lastSun 1:00u 1:00 BST 455 Rule GB-Eire 1981 1989 - Oct Sun>=23 1:00u 0 GMT 456 # Summer Time Order, 1989 (S.I. 1989/985) 457 # Summer Time Order, 1992 (S.I. 1992/1729) 458 # Summer Time Order 1994 (S.I. 1994/2798) 459 Rule GB-Eire 1990 1995 - Oct Sun>=22 1:00u 0 GMT 460 # Summer Time Order 1997 (S.I. 1997/2982) 461 # See EU for rules starting in 1996. 462 # 463 # Use Europe/London for Jersey, Guernsey, and the Isle of Man. 464 465 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 466 Zone Europe/London -0:01:15 - LMT 1847 Dec 1 0:00s 467 0:00 GB-Eire %s 1968 Oct 27 468 1:00 - BST 1971 Oct 31 2:00u 469 0:00 GB-Eire %s 1996 470 0:00 EU GMT/BST 471 Link Europe/London Europe/Jersey 472 Link Europe/London Europe/Guernsey 473 Link Europe/London Europe/Isle_of_Man 474 Zone Europe/Dublin -0:25:00 - LMT 1880 Aug 2 475 -0:25:21 - DMT 1916 May 21 2:00 476 -0:25:21 1:00 IST 1916 Oct 1 2:00s 477 0:00 GB-Eire %s 1921 Dec 6 # independence 478 0:00 GB-Eire GMT/IST 1940 Feb 25 2:00 479 0:00 1:00 IST 1946 Oct 6 2:00 480 0:00 - GMT 1947 Mar 16 2:00 481 0:00 1:00 IST 1947 Nov 2 2:00 482 0:00 - GMT 1948 Apr 18 2:00 483 0:00 GB-Eire GMT/IST 1968 Oct 27 484 1:00 - IST 1971 Oct 31 2:00u 485 0:00 GB-Eire GMT/IST 1996 486 0:00 EU GMT/IST 487 488 ############################################################################### 489 490 # Europe 491 492 # EU rules are for the European Union, previously known as the EC, EEC, 493 # Common Market, etc. 494 495 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S 496 Rule EU 1977 1980 - Apr Sun>=1 1:00u 1:00 S 497 Rule EU 1977 only - Sep lastSun 1:00u 0 - 498 Rule EU 1978 only - Oct 1 1:00u 0 - 499 Rule EU 1979 1995 - Sep lastSun 1:00u 0 - 500 Rule EU 1981 max - Mar lastSun 1:00u 1:00 S 501 Rule EU 1996 max - Oct lastSun 1:00u 0 - 502 # The most recent directive covers the years starting in 2002. See: 503 # Directive 2000/84/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council 504 # of 19 January 2001 on summer-time arrangements. 505 # <http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=CELEX:32000L0084:EN:NOT> 506 507 # W-Eur differs from EU only in that W-Eur uses standard time. 508 Rule W-Eur 1977 1980 - Apr Sun>=1 1:00s 1:00 S 509 Rule W-Eur 1977 only - Sep lastSun 1:00s 0 - 510 Rule W-Eur 1978 only - Oct 1 1:00s 0 - 511 Rule W-Eur 1979 1995 - Sep lastSun 1:00s 0 - 512 Rule W-Eur 1981 max - Mar lastSun 1:00s 1:00 S 513 Rule W-Eur 1996 max - Oct lastSun 1:00s 0 - 514 515 # Older C-Eur rules are for convenience in the tables. 516 # From 1977 on, C-Eur differs from EU only in that C-Eur uses standard time. 517 Rule C-Eur 1916 only - Apr 30 23:00 1:00 S 518 Rule C-Eur 1916 only - Oct 1 1:00 0 - 519 Rule C-Eur 1917 1918 - Apr Mon>=15 2:00s 1:00 S 520 Rule C-Eur 1917 1918 - Sep Mon>=15 2:00s 0 - 521 Rule C-Eur 1940 only - Apr 1 2:00s 1:00 S 522 Rule C-Eur 1942 only - Nov 2 2:00s 0 - 523 Rule C-Eur 1943 only - Mar 29 2:00s 1:00 S 524 Rule C-Eur 1943 only - Oct 4 2:00s 0 - 525 Rule C-Eur 1944 1945 - Apr Mon>=1 2:00s 1:00 S 526 # Whitman gives 1944 Oct 7; go with Shanks & Pottenger. 527 Rule C-Eur 1944 only - Oct 2 2:00s 0 - 528 # From Jesper Nørgaard Welen (2008-07-13): 529 # 530 # I found what is probably a typo of 2:00 which should perhaps be 2:00s 531 # in the C-Eur rule from tz database version 2008d (this part was 532 # corrected in version 2008d). The circumstantial evidence is simply the 533 # tz database itself, as seen below: 534 # 535 # Zone Europe/Paris 0:09:21 - LMT 1891 Mar 15 0:01 536 # 0:00 France WE%sT 1945 Sep 16 3:00 537 # 538 # Zone Europe/Monaco 0:29:32 - LMT 1891 Mar 15 539 # 0:00 France WE%sT 1945 Sep 16 3:00 540 # 541 # Zone Europe/Belgrade 1:22:00 - LMT 1884 542 # 1:00 1:00 CEST 1945 Sep 16 2:00s 543 # 544 # Rule France 1945 only - Sep 16 3:00 0 - 545 # Rule Belgium 1945 only - Sep 16 2:00s 0 - 546 # Rule Neth 1945 only - Sep 16 2:00s 0 - 547 # 548 # The rule line to be changed is: 549 # 550 # Rule C-Eur 1945 only - Sep 16 2:00 0 - 551 # 552 # It seems that Paris, Monaco, Rule France, Rule Belgium all agree on 553 # 2:00 standard time, e.g. 3:00 local time. However there are no 554 # countries that use C-Eur rules in September 1945, so the only items 555 # affected are apparently these fictitious zones that translate acronyms 556 # CET and MET: 557 # 558 # Zone CET 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 559 # Zone MET 1:00 C-Eur ME%sT 560 # 561 # It this is right then the corrected version would look like: 562 # 563 # Rule C-Eur 1945 only - Sep 16 2:00s 0 - 564 # 565 # A small step for mankind though 8-) 566 Rule C-Eur 1945 only - Sep 16 2:00s 0 - 567 Rule C-Eur 1977 1980 - Apr Sun>=1 2:00s 1:00 S 568 Rule C-Eur 1977 only - Sep lastSun 2:00s 0 - 569 Rule C-Eur 1978 only - Oct 1 2:00s 0 - 570 Rule C-Eur 1979 1995 - Sep lastSun 2:00s 0 - 571 Rule C-Eur 1981 max - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 S 572 Rule C-Eur 1996 max - Oct lastSun 2:00s 0 - 573 574 # E-Eur differs from EU only in that E-Eur switches at midnight local time. 575 Rule E-Eur 1977 1980 - Apr Sun>=1 0:00 1:00 S 576 Rule E-Eur 1977 only - Sep lastSun 0:00 0 - 577 Rule E-Eur 1978 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 - 578 Rule E-Eur 1979 1995 - Sep lastSun 0:00 0 - 579 Rule E-Eur 1981 max - Mar lastSun 0:00 1:00 S 580 Rule E-Eur 1996 max - Oct lastSun 0:00 0 - 581 582 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S 583 Rule Russia 1917 only - Jul 1 23:00 1:00 MST # Moscow Summer Time 584 Rule Russia 1917 only - Dec 28 0:00 0 MMT # Moscow Mean Time 585 Rule Russia 1918 only - May 31 22:00 2:00 MDST # Moscow Double Summer Time 586 Rule Russia 1918 only - Sep 16 1:00 1:00 MST 587 Rule Russia 1919 only - May 31 23:00 2:00 MDST 588 Rule Russia 1919 only - Jul 1 2:00 1:00 MSD 589 Rule Russia 1919 only - Aug 16 0:00 0 MSK 590 Rule Russia 1921 only - Feb 14 23:00 1:00 MSD 591 Rule Russia 1921 only - Mar 20 23:00 2:00 MSM # Midsummer 592 Rule Russia 1921 only - Sep 1 0:00 1:00 MSD 593 Rule Russia 1921 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 - 594 # Act No.925 of the Council of Ministers of the USSR (1980-10-24): 595 Rule Russia 1981 1984 - Apr 1 0:00 1:00 S 596 Rule Russia 1981 1983 - Oct 1 0:00 0 - 597 # Act No.967 of the Council of Ministers of the USSR (1984-09-13), repeated in 598 # Act No.227 of the Council of Ministers of the USSR (1989-03-14): 599 Rule Russia 1984 1991 - Sep lastSun 2:00s 0 - 600 Rule Russia 1985 1991 - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 S 601 # 602 Rule Russia 1992 only - Mar lastSat 23:00 1:00 S 603 Rule Russia 1992 only - Sep lastSat 23:00 0 - 604 Rule Russia 1993 2010 - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 S 605 Rule Russia 1993 1995 - Sep lastSun 2:00s 0 - 606 Rule Russia 1996 2010 - Oct lastSun 2:00s 0 - 607 608 # From Alexander Krivenyshev (2011-06-14): 609 # According to Kremlin press service, Russian President Dmitry Medvedev 610 # signed a federal law "On calculation of time" on June 9, 2011. 611 # According to the law Russia is abolishing daylight saving time. 612 # 613 # Medvedev signed a law "On the Calculation of Time" (in russian): 614 # http://bmockbe.ru/events/?ID=7583 615 # 616 # Medvedev signed a law on the calculation of the time (in russian): 617 # http://www.regnum.ru/news/polit/1413906.html 618 619 # From Arthur David Olson (2011-06-15): 620 # Take "abolishing daylight saving time" to mean that time is now considered 621 # to be standard. 622 623 # These are for backward compatibility with older versions. 624 625 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 626 Zone WET 0:00 EU WE%sT 627 Zone CET 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 628 Zone MET 1:00 C-Eur ME%sT 629 Zone EET 2:00 EU EE%sT 630 631 # Previous editions of this database used abbreviations like MET DST 632 # for Central European Summer Time, but this didn't agree with common usage. 633 634 # From Markus Kuhn (1996-07-12): 635 # The official German names ... are 636 # 637 # Mitteleuropäische Zeit (MEZ) = UTC+01:00 638 # Mitteleuropäische Sommerzeit (MESZ) = UTC+02:00 639 # 640 # as defined in the German Time Act (Gesetz über die Zeitbestimmung (ZeitG), 641 # 1978-07-25, Bundesgesetzblatt, Jahrgang 1978, Teil I, S. 1110-1111).... 642 # I wrote ... to the German Federal Physical-Technical Institution 643 # 644 # Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB) 645 # Laboratorium 4.41 "Zeiteinheit" 646 # Postfach 3345 647 # D-38023 Braunschweig 648 # phone: +49 531 592-0 649 # 650 # ... I received today an answer letter from Dr. Peter Hetzel, head of the PTB 651 # department for time and frequency transmission. He explained that the 652 # PTB translates MEZ and MESZ into English as 653 # 654 # Central European Time (CET) = UTC+01:00 655 # Central European Summer Time (CEST) = UTC+02:00 656 657 658 # Albania 659 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S 660 Rule Albania 1940 only - Jun 16 0:00 1:00 S 661 Rule Albania 1942 only - Nov 2 3:00 0 - 662 Rule Albania 1943 only - Mar 29 2:00 1:00 S 663 Rule Albania 1943 only - Apr 10 3:00 0 - 664 Rule Albania 1974 only - May 4 0:00 1:00 S 665 Rule Albania 1974 only - Oct 2 0:00 0 - 666 Rule Albania 1975 only - May 1 0:00 1:00 S 667 Rule Albania 1975 only - Oct 2 0:00 0 - 668 Rule Albania 1976 only - May 2 0:00 1:00 S 669 Rule Albania 1976 only - Oct 3 0:00 0 - 670 Rule Albania 1977 only - May 8 0:00 1:00 S 671 Rule Albania 1977 only - Oct 2 0:00 0 - 672 Rule Albania 1978 only - May 6 0:00 1:00 S 673 Rule Albania 1978 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 - 674 Rule Albania 1979 only - May 5 0:00 1:00 S 675 Rule Albania 1979 only - Sep 30 0:00 0 - 676 Rule Albania 1980 only - May 3 0:00 1:00 S 677 Rule Albania 1980 only - Oct 4 0:00 0 - 678 Rule Albania 1981 only - Apr 26 0:00 1:00 S 679 Rule Albania 1981 only - Sep 27 0:00 0 - 680 Rule Albania 1982 only - May 2 0:00 1:00 S 681 Rule Albania 1982 only - Oct 3 0:00 0 - 682 Rule Albania 1983 only - Apr 18 0:00 1:00 S 683 Rule Albania 1983 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 - 684 Rule Albania 1984 only - Apr 1 0:00 1:00 S 685 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 686 Zone Europe/Tirane 1:19:20 - LMT 1914 687 1:00 - CET 1940 Jun 16 688 1:00 Albania CE%sT 1984 Jul 689 1:00 EU CE%sT 690 691 # Andorra 692 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 693 Zone Europe/Andorra 0:06:04 - LMT 1901 694 0:00 - WET 1946 Sep 30 695 1:00 - CET 1985 Mar 31 2:00 696 1:00 EU CE%sT 697 698 # Austria 699 700 # Milne says Vienna time was 1:05:21. 701 702 # From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22): Shanks & Pottenger give 1918-06-16 and 703 # 1945-11-18, but the Austrian Federal Office of Metrology and 704 # Surveying (BEV) gives 1918-09-16 and for Vienna gives the "alleged" 705 # date of 1945-04-12 with no time. For the 1980-04-06 transition 706 # Shanks & Pottenger give 02:00, the BEV 00:00. Go with the BEV, 707 # and guess 02:00 for 1945-04-12. 708 709 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S 710 Rule Austria 1920 only - Apr 5 2:00s 1:00 S 711 Rule Austria 1920 only - Sep 13 2:00s 0 - 712 Rule Austria 1946 only - Apr 14 2:00s 1:00 S 713 Rule Austria 1946 1948 - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 0 - 714 Rule Austria 1947 only - Apr 6 2:00s 1:00 S 715 Rule Austria 1948 only - Apr 18 2:00s 1:00 S 716 Rule Austria 1980 only - Apr 6 0:00 1:00 S 717 Rule Austria 1980 only - Sep 28 0:00 0 - 718 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 719 Zone Europe/Vienna 1:05:21 - LMT 1893 Apr 720 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1920 721 1:00 Austria CE%sT 1940 Apr 1 2:00s 722 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 Apr 2 2:00s 723 1:00 1:00 CEST 1945 Apr 12 2:00s 724 1:00 - CET 1946 725 1:00 Austria CE%sT 1981 726 1:00 EU CE%sT 727 728 # Belarus 729 # From Yauhen Kharuzhy (2011-09-16): 730 # By latest Belarus government act Europe/Minsk timezone was changed to 731 # GMT+3 without DST (was GMT+2 with DST). 732 # 733 # Sources (Russian language): 734 # http://www.belta.by/ru/all_news/society/V-Belarusi-otmenjaetsja-perexod-na-sezonnoe-vremja_i_572952.html 735 # http://naviny.by/rubrics/society/2011/09/16/ic_articles_116_175144/ 736 # http://news.tut.by/society/250578.html 737 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 738 Zone Europe/Minsk 1:50:16 - LMT 1880 739 1:50 - MMT 1924 May 2 # Minsk Mean Time 740 2:00 - EET 1930 Jun 21 741 3:00 - MSK 1941 Jun 28 742 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Jul 3 743 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1990 744 3:00 - MSK 1991 Mar 31 2:00s 745 2:00 1:00 EEST 1991 Sep 29 2:00s 746 2:00 - EET 1992 Mar 29 0:00s 747 2:00 1:00 EEST 1992 Sep 27 0:00s 748 2:00 Russia EE%sT 2011 Mar 27 2:00s 749 3:00 - FET 750 751 # Belgium 752 # 753 # From Paul Eggert (1997-07-02): 754 # Entries from 1918 through 1991 are taken from: 755 # Annuaire de L'Observatoire Royal de Belgique, 756 # Avenue Circulaire, 3, B-1180 BRUXELLES, CLVIIe année, 1991 757 # (Imprimerie HAYEZ, s.p.r.l., Rue Fin, 4, 1080 BRUXELLES, MCMXC), 758 # pp 8-9. 759 # LMT before 1892 was 0:17:30, according to the official journal of Belgium: 760 # Moniteur Belge, Samedi 30 Avril 1892, N.121. 761 # Thanks to Pascal Delmoitie for these references. 762 # The 1918 rules are listed for completeness; they apply to unoccupied Belgium. 763 # Assume Brussels switched to WET in 1918 when the armistice took effect. 764 # 765 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S 766 Rule Belgium 1918 only - Mar 9 0:00s 1:00 S 767 Rule Belgium 1918 1919 - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 - 768 Rule Belgium 1919 only - Mar 1 23:00s 1:00 S 769 Rule Belgium 1920 only - Feb 14 23:00s 1:00 S 770 Rule Belgium 1920 only - Oct 23 23:00s 0 - 771 Rule Belgium 1921 only - Mar 14 23:00s 1:00 S 772 Rule Belgium 1921 only - Oct 25 23:00s 0 - 773 Rule Belgium 1922 only - Mar 25 23:00s 1:00 S 774 Rule Belgium 1922 1927 - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 - 775 Rule Belgium 1923 only - Apr 21 23:00s 1:00 S 776 Rule Belgium 1924 only - Mar 29 23:00s 1:00 S 777 Rule Belgium 1925 only - Apr 4 23:00s 1:00 S 778 # DSH writes that a royal decree of 1926-02-22 specified the Sun following 3rd 779 # Sat in Apr (except if it's Easter, in which case it's one Sunday earlier), 780 # to Sun following 1st Sat in Oct, and that a royal decree of 1928-09-15 781 # changed the transition times to 02:00 GMT. 782 Rule Belgium 1926 only - Apr 17 23:00s 1:00 S 783 Rule Belgium 1927 only - Apr 9 23:00s 1:00 S 784 Rule Belgium 1928 only - Apr 14 23:00s 1:00 S 785 Rule Belgium 1928 1938 - Oct Sun>=2 2:00s 0 - 786 Rule Belgium 1929 only - Apr 21 2:00s 1:00 S 787 Rule Belgium 1930 only - Apr 13 2:00s 1:00 S 788 Rule Belgium 1931 only - Apr 19 2:00s 1:00 S 789 Rule Belgium 1932 only - Apr 3 2:00s 1:00 S 790 Rule Belgium 1933 only - Mar 26 2:00s 1:00 S 791 Rule Belgium 1934 only - Apr 8 2:00s 1:00 S 792 Rule Belgium 1935 only - Mar 31 2:00s 1:00 S 793 Rule Belgium 1936 only - Apr 19 2:00s 1:00 S 794 Rule Belgium 1937 only - Apr 4 2:00s 1:00 S 795 Rule Belgium 1938 only - Mar 27 2:00s 1:00 S 796 Rule Belgium 1939 only - Apr 16 2:00s 1:00 S 797 Rule Belgium 1939 only - Nov 19 2:00s 0 - 798 Rule Belgium 1940 only - Feb 25 2:00s 1:00 S 799 Rule Belgium 1944 only - Sep 17 2:00s 0 - 800 Rule Belgium 1945 only - Apr 2 2:00s 1:00 S 801 Rule Belgium 1945 only - Sep 16 2:00s 0 - 802 Rule Belgium 1946 only - May 19 2:00s 1:00 S 803 Rule Belgium 1946 only - Oct 7 2:00s 0 - 804 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 805 Zone Europe/Brussels 0:17:30 - LMT 1880 806 0:17:30 - BMT 1892 May 1 12:00 # Brussels MT 807 0:00 - WET 1914 Nov 8 808 1:00 - CET 1916 May 1 0:00 809 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1918 Nov 11 11:00u 810 0:00 Belgium WE%sT 1940 May 20 2:00s 811 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Sep 3 812 1:00 Belgium CE%sT 1977 813 1:00 EU CE%sT 814 815 # Bosnia and Herzegovina 816 # See Europe/Belgrade. 817 818 # Bulgaria 819 # 820 # From Plamen Simenov via Steffen Thorsen (1999-09-09): 821 # A document of Government of Bulgaria (No.94/1997) says: 822 # EET -> EETDST is in 03:00 Local time in last Sunday of March ... 823 # EETDST -> EET is in 04:00 Local time in last Sunday of October 824 # 825 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S 826 Rule Bulg 1979 only - Mar 31 23:00 1:00 S 827 Rule Bulg 1979 only - Oct 1 1:00 0 - 828 Rule Bulg 1980 1982 - Apr Sat>=1 23:00 1:00 S 829 Rule Bulg 1980 only - Sep 29 1:00 0 - 830 Rule Bulg 1981 only - Sep 27 2:00 0 - 831 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 832 Zone Europe/Sofia 1:33:16 - LMT 1880 833 1:56:56 - IMT 1894 Nov 30 # Istanbul MT? 834 2:00 - EET 1942 Nov 2 3:00 835 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 836 1:00 - CET 1945 Apr 2 3:00 837 2:00 - EET 1979 Mar 31 23:00 838 2:00 Bulg EE%sT 1982 Sep 26 2:00 839 2:00 C-Eur EE%sT 1991 840 2:00 E-Eur EE%sT 1997 841 2:00 EU EE%sT 842 843 # Croatia 844 # See Europe/Belgrade. 845 846 # Cyprus 847 # Please see the 'asia' file for Asia/Nicosia. 848 849 # Czech Republic 850 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S 851 Rule Czech 1945 only - Apr 8 2:00s 1:00 S 852 Rule Czech 1945 only - Nov 18 2:00s 0 - 853 Rule Czech 1946 only - May 6 2:00s 1:00 S 854 Rule Czech 1946 1949 - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 0 - 855 Rule Czech 1947 only - Apr 20 2:00s 1:00 S 856 Rule Czech 1948 only - Apr 18 2:00s 1:00 S 857 Rule Czech 1949 only - Apr 9 2:00s 1:00 S 858 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 859 Zone Europe/Prague 0:57:44 - LMT 1850 860 0:57:44 - PMT 1891 Oct # Prague Mean Time 861 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Sep 17 2:00s 862 1:00 Czech CE%sT 1979 863 1:00 EU CE%sT 864 # Use Europe/Prague also for Slovakia. 865 866 # Denmark, Faroe Islands, and Greenland 867 868 # From Jesper Nørgaard Welen (2005-04-26): 869 # http://www.hum.aau.dk/~poe/tid/tine/DanskTid.htm says that the law 870 # [introducing standard time] was in effect from 1894-01-01.... 871 # The page http://www.retsinfo.dk/_GETDOCI_/ACCN/A18930008330-REGL 872 # confirms this, and states that the law was put forth 1893-03-29. 873 # 874 # The EU treaty with effect from 1973: 875 # http://www.retsinfo.dk/_GETDOCI_/ACCN/A19722110030-REGL 876 # 877 # This provoked a new law from 1974 to make possible summer time changes 878 # in subsequent decrees with the law 879 # http://www.retsinfo.dk/_GETDOCI_/ACCN/A19740022330-REGL 880 # 881 # It seems however that no decree was set forward until 1980. I have 882 # not found any decree, but in another related law, the effecting DST 883 # changes are stated explicitly to be from 1980-04-06 at 02:00 to 884 # 1980-09-28 at 02:00. If this is true, this differs slightly from 885 # the EU rule in that DST runs to 02:00, not 03:00. We don't know 886 # when Denmark began using the EU rule correctly, but we have only 887 # confirmation of the 1980-time, so I presume it was correct in 1981: 888 # The law is about the management of the extra hour, concerning 889 # working hours reported and effect on obligatory-rest rules (which 890 # was suspended on that night): 891 # http://www.retsinfo.dk/_GETDOCI_/ACCN/C19801120554-REGL 892 893 # From Jesper Nørgaard Welen (2005-06-11): 894 # The Herning Folkeblad (1980-09-26) reported that the night between 895 # Saturday and Sunday the clock is set back from three to two. 896 897 # From Paul Eggert (2005-06-11): 898 # Hence the "02:00" of the 1980 law refers to standard time, not 899 # wall-clock time, and so the EU rules were in effect in 1980. 900 901 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S 902 Rule Denmark 1916 only - May 14 23:00 1:00 S 903 Rule Denmark 1916 only - Sep 30 23:00 0 - 904 Rule Denmark 1940 only - May 15 0:00 1:00 S 905 Rule Denmark 1945 only - Apr 2 2:00s 1:00 S 906 Rule Denmark 1945 only - Aug 15 2:00s 0 - 907 Rule Denmark 1946 only - May 1 2:00s 1:00 S 908 Rule Denmark 1946 only - Sep 1 2:00s 0 - 909 Rule Denmark 1947 only - May 4 2:00s 1:00 S 910 Rule Denmark 1947 only - Aug 10 2:00s 0 - 911 Rule Denmark 1948 only - May 9 2:00s 1:00 S 912 Rule Denmark 1948 only - Aug 8 2:00s 0 - 913 # 914 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 915 Zone Europe/Copenhagen 0:50:20 - LMT 1890 916 0:50:20 - CMT 1894 Jan 1 # Copenhagen MT 917 1:00 Denmark CE%sT 1942 Nov 2 2:00s 918 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 Apr 2 2:00 919 1:00 Denmark CE%sT 1980 920 1:00 EU CE%sT 921 Zone Atlantic/Faroe -0:27:04 - LMT 1908 Jan 11 # Tórshavn 922 0:00 - WET 1981 923 0:00 EU WE%sT 924 # 925 # From Paul Eggert (2004-10-31): 926 # During World War II, Germany maintained secret manned weather stations in 927 # East Greenland and Franz Josef Land, but we don't know their time zones. 928 # My source for this is Wilhelm Dege's book mentioned under Svalbard. 929 # 930 # From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22): 931 # Greenland joined the EU as part of Denmark, obtained home rule on 1979-05-01, 932 # and left the EU on 1985-02-01. It therefore should have been using EU 933 # rules at least through 1984. Shanks & Pottenger say Scoresbysund and Godthåb 934 # used C-Eur rules after 1980, but IATA SSIM (1991/1996) says they use EU 935 # rules since at least 1991. Assume EU rules since 1980. 936 937 # From Gwillim Law (2001-06-06), citing 938 # <http://www.statkart.no/efs/efshefter/2001/efs5-2001.pdf> (2001-03-15), 939 # and with translations corrected by Steffen Thorsen: 940 # 941 # Greenland has four local times, and the relation to UTC 942 # is according to the following time line: 943 # 944 # The military zone near Thule UTC-4 945 # Standard Greenland time UTC-3 946 # Scoresbysund UTC-1 947 # Danmarkshavn UTC 948 # 949 # In the military area near Thule and in Danmarkshavn DST will not be 950 # introduced. 951 952 # From Rives McDow (2001-11-01): 953 # 954 # I correspond regularly with the Dansk Polarcenter, and wrote them at 955 # the time to clarify the situation in Thule. Unfortunately, I have 956 # not heard back from them regarding my recent letter. [But I have 957 # info from earlier correspondence.] 958 # 959 # According to the center, a very small local time zone around Thule 960 # Air Base keeps the time according to UTC-4, implementing daylight 961 # savings using North America rules, changing the time at 02:00 local time.... 962 # 963 # The east coast of Greenland north of the community of Scoresbysund 964 # uses UTC in the same way as in Iceland, year round, with no dst. 965 # There are just a few stations on this coast, including the 966 # Danmarkshavn ICAO weather station mentioned in your September 29th 967 # email. The other stations are two sledge patrol stations in 968 # Mestersvig and Daneborg, the air force base at Station Nord, and the 969 # DPC research station at Zackenberg. 970 # 971 # Scoresbysund and two small villages nearby keep time UTC-1 and use 972 # the same daylight savings time period as in West Greenland (Godthåb). 973 # 974 # The rest of Greenland, including Godthåb (this area, although it 975 # includes central Greenland, is known as west Greenland), keeps time 976 # UTC-3, with daylight savings methods according to European rules. 977 # 978 # It is common procedure to use UTC 0 in the wilderness of East and 979 # North Greenland, because it is mainly Icelandic aircraft operators 980 # maintaining traffic in these areas. However, the official status of 981 # this area is that it sticks with Godthåb time. This area might be 982 # considered a dual time zone in some respects because of this. 983 984 # From Rives McDow (2001-11-19): 985 # I heard back from someone stationed at Thule; the time change took place 986 # there at 2:00 AM. 987 988 # From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22): 989 # From 1997 on the CIA map shows Danmarkshavn on GMT; 990 # the 1995 map as like Godthåb. 991 # For lack of better info, assume they were like Godthåb before 1996. 992 # startkart.no says Thule does not observe DST, but this is clearly an error, 993 # so go with Shanks & Pottenger for Thule transitions until this year. 994 # For 2007 on assume Thule will stay in sync with US DST rules. 995 # 996 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S 997 Rule Thule 1991 1992 - Mar lastSun 2:00 1:00 D 998 Rule Thule 1991 1992 - Sep lastSun 2:00 0 S 999 Rule Thule 1993 2006 - Apr Sun>=1 2:00 1:00 D 1000 Rule Thule 1993 2006 - Oct lastSun 2:00 0 S 1001 Rule Thule 2007 max - Mar Sun>=8 2:00 1:00 D 1002 Rule Thule 2007 max - Nov Sun>=1 2:00 0 S 1003 # 1004 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 1005 Zone America/Danmarkshavn -1:14:40 - LMT 1916 Jul 28 1006 -3:00 - WGT 1980 Apr 6 2:00 1007 -3:00 EU WG%sT 1996 1008 0:00 - GMT 1009 Zone America/Scoresbysund -1:27:52 - LMT 1916 Jul 28 # Ittoqqortoormiit 1010 -2:00 - CGT 1980 Apr 6 2:00 1011 -2:00 C-Eur CG%sT 1981 Mar 29 1012 -1:00 EU EG%sT 1013 Zone America/Godthab -3:26:56 - LMT 1916 Jul 28 # Nuuk 1014 -3:00 - WGT 1980 Apr 6 2:00 1015 -3:00 EU WG%sT 1016 Zone America/Thule -4:35:08 - LMT 1916 Jul 28 # Pituffik air base 1017 -4:00 Thule A%sT 1018 1019 # Estonia 1020 # From Peter Ilieve (1994-10-15): 1021 # A relative in Tallinn confirms the accuracy of the data for 1989 onwards 1022 # [through 1994] and gives the legal authority for it, 1023 # a regulation of the Government of Estonia, No. 111 of 1989.... 1024 # 1025 # From Peter Ilieve (1996-10-28): 1026 # [IATA SSIM (1992/1996) claims that the Baltic republics switch at 01:00s, 1027 # but a relative confirms that Estonia still switches at 02:00s, writing:] 1028 # "I do not [know] exactly but there are some little different 1029 # (confusing) rules for International Air and Railway Transport Schedules 1030 # conversion in Sunday connected with end of summer time in Estonia.... 1031 # A discussion is running about the summer time efficiency and effect on 1032 # human physiology. It seems that Estonia maybe will not change to 1033 # summer time next spring." 1034 1035 # From Peter Ilieve (1998-11-04), heavily edited: 1036 # The 1998-09-22 Estonian time law 1037 # <http://trip.rk.ee/cgi-bin/thw?${BASE}=akt&${OOHTML}=rtd&TA=1998&TO=1&AN=1390> 1038 # refers to the Eighth Directive and cites the association agreement between 1039 # the EU and Estonia, ratified by the Estonian law (RT II 1995, 22-27, 120). 1040 # 1041 # I also asked [my relative] whether they use any standard abbreviation 1042 # for their standard and summer times. He says no, they use "suveaeg" 1043 # (summer time) and "talveaeg" (winter time). 1044 1045 # From The Baltic Times <http://www.baltictimes.com/> (1999-09-09) 1046 # via Steffen Thorsen: 1047 # This year will mark the last time Estonia shifts to summer time, 1048 # a council of the ruling coalition announced Sept. 6.... 1049 # But what this could mean for Estonia's chances of joining the European 1050 # Union are still unclear. In 1994, the EU declared summer time compulsory 1051 # for all member states until 2001. Brussels has yet to decide what to do 1052 # after that. 1053 1054 # From Mart Oruaas (2000-01-29): 1055 # Regulation no. 301 (1999-10-12) obsoletes previous regulation 1056 # no. 206 (1998-09-22) and thus sticks Estonia to +02:00 GMT for all 1057 # the year round. The regulation is effective 1999-11-01. 1058 1059 # From Toomas Soome (2002-02-21): 1060 # The Estonian government has changed once again timezone politics. 1061 # Now we are using again EU rules. 1062 # 1063 # From Urmet Jänes (2002-03-28): 1064 # The legislative reference is Government decree No. 84 on 2002-02-21. 1065 1066 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 1067 Zone Europe/Tallinn 1:39:00 - LMT 1880 1068 1:39:00 - TMT 1918 Feb # Tallinn Mean Time 1069 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1919 Jul 1070 1:39:00 - TMT 1921 May 1071 2:00 - EET 1940 Aug 6 1072 3:00 - MSK 1941 Sep 15 1073 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Sep 22 1074 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1989 Mar 26 2:00s 1075 2:00 1:00 EEST 1989 Sep 24 2:00s 1076 2:00 C-Eur EE%sT 1998 Sep 22 1077 2:00 EU EE%sT 1999 Nov 1 1078 2:00 - EET 2002 Feb 21 1079 2:00 EU EE%sT 1080 1081 # Finland 1082 1083 # From Hannu Strang (1994-09-25 06:03:37 UTC): 1084 # Well, here in Helsinki we're just changing from summer time to regular one, 1085 # and it's supposed to change at 4am... 1086 1087 # From Janne Snabb (2010-07-15): 1088 # 1089 # I noticed that the Finland data is not accurate for years 1981 and 1982. 1090 # During these two first trial years the DST adjustment was made one hour 1091 # earlier than in forthcoming years. Starting 1983 the adjustment was made 1092 # according to the central European standards. 1093 # 1094 # This is documented in Heikki Oja: Aikakirja 2007, published by The Almanac 1095 # Office of University of Helsinki, ISBN 952-10-3221-9, available online (in 1096 # Finnish) at 1097 # http://almanakka.helsinki.fi/aikakirja/Aikakirja2007kokonaan.pdf 1098 # 1099 # Page 105 (56 in PDF version) has a handy table of all past daylight savings 1100 # transitions. It is easy enough to interpret without Finnish skills. 1101 # 1102 # This is also confirmed by Finnish Broadcasting Company's archive at: 1103 # http://www.yle.fi/elavaarkisto/?s=s&g=1&ag=5&t=&a=3401 1104 # 1105 # The news clip from 1981 says that "the time between 2 and 3 o'clock does not 1106 # exist tonight." 1107 1108 # From Konstantin Hyppönen (2014-06-13): 1109 # [Heikki Oja's book Aikakirja 2013] 1110 # http://almanakka.helsinki.fi/images/aikakirja/Aikakirja2013kokonaan.pdf 1111 # pages 104-105, including a scan from a newspaper published on Apr 2 1942 1112 # say that ... [o]n Apr 2 1942, 24 o'clock (which means Apr 3 1942, 1113 # 00:00), clocks were moved one hour forward. The newspaper 1114 # mentions "on the night from Thursday to Friday".... 1115 # On Oct 4 1942, clocks were moved at 1:00 one hour backwards. 1116 # 1117 # From Paul Eggert (2014-06-14): 1118 # Go with Oja over Shanks. 1119 1120 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S 1121 Rule Finland 1942 only - Apr 2 24:00 1:00 S 1122 Rule Finland 1942 only - Oct 4 1:00 0 - 1123 Rule Finland 1981 1982 - Mar lastSun 2:00 1:00 S 1124 Rule Finland 1981 1982 - Sep lastSun 3:00 0 - 1125 1126 # Milne says Helsinki (Helsingfors) time was 1:39:49.2 (official document); 1127 # round to nearest. 1128 1129 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 1130 Zone Europe/Helsinki 1:39:49 - LMT 1878 May 31 1131 1:39:49 - HMT 1921 May # Helsinki Mean Time 1132 2:00 Finland EE%sT 1983 1133 2:00 EU EE%sT 1134 1135 # Åland Is 1136 Link Europe/Helsinki Europe/Mariehamn 1137 1138 1139 # France 1140 1141 # From Ciro Discepolo (2000-12-20): 1142 # 1143 # Henri Le Corre, Régimes horaires pour le monde entier, Éditions 1144 # Traditionnelles - Paris 2 books, 1993 1145 # 1146 # Gabriel, Traité de l'heure dans le monde, Guy Trédaniel, 1147 # Paris, 1991 1148 # 1149 # Françoise Gauquelin, Problèmes de l'heure résolus en astrologie, 1150 # Guy Trédaniel, Paris 1987 1151 1152 1153 # 1154 # Shank & Pottenger seem to use '24:00' ambiguously; resolve it with Whitman. 1155 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S 1156 Rule France 1916 only - Jun 14 23:00s 1:00 S 1157 Rule France 1916 1919 - Oct Sun>=1 23:00s 0 - 1158 Rule France 1917 only - Mar 24 23:00s 1:00 S 1159 Rule France 1918 only - Mar 9 23:00s 1:00 S 1160 Rule France 1919 only - Mar 1 23:00s 1:00 S 1161 Rule France 1920 only - Feb 14 23:00s 1:00 S 1162 Rule France 1920 only - Oct 23 23:00s 0 - 1163 Rule France 1921 only - Mar 14 23:00s 1:00 S 1164 Rule France 1921 only - Oct 25 23:00s 0 - 1165 Rule France 1922 only - Mar 25 23:00s 1:00 S 1166 # DSH writes that a law of 1923-05-24 specified 3rd Sat in Apr at 23:00 to 1st 1167 # Sat in Oct at 24:00; and that in 1930, because of Easter, the transitions 1168 # were Apr 12 and Oct 5. Go with Shanks & Pottenger. 1169 Rule France 1922 1938 - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 - 1170 Rule France 1923 only - May 26 23:00s 1:00 S 1171 Rule France 1924 only - Mar 29 23:00s 1:00 S 1172 Rule France 1925 only - Apr 4 23:00s 1:00 S 1173 Rule France 1926 only - Apr 17 23:00s 1:00 S 1174 Rule France 1927 only - Apr 9 23:00s 1:00 S 1175 Rule France 1928 only - Apr 14 23:00s 1:00 S 1176 Rule France 1929 only - Apr 20 23:00s 1:00 S 1177 Rule France 1930 only - Apr 12 23:00s 1:00 S 1178 Rule France 1931 only - Apr 18 23:00s 1:00 S 1179 Rule France 1932 only - Apr 2 23:00s 1:00 S 1180 Rule France 1933 only - Mar 25 23:00s 1:00 S 1181 Rule France 1934 only - Apr 7 23:00s 1:00 S 1182 Rule France 1935 only - Mar 30 23:00s 1:00 S 1183 Rule France 1936 only - Apr 18 23:00s 1:00 S 1184 Rule France 1937 only - Apr 3 23:00s 1:00 S 1185 Rule France 1938 only - Mar 26 23:00s 1:00 S 1186 Rule France 1939 only - Apr 15 23:00s 1:00 S 1187 Rule France 1939 only - Nov 18 23:00s 0 - 1188 Rule France 1940 only - Feb 25 2:00 1:00 S 1189 # The French rules for 1941-1944 were not used in Paris, but Shanks & Pottenger 1190 # write that they were used in Monaco and in many French locations. 1191 # Le Corre writes that the upper limit of the free zone was Arnéguy, Orthez, 1192 # Mont-de-Marsan, Bazas, Langon, Lamothe-Montravel, Marœuil, La 1193 # Rochefoucauld, Champagne-Mouton, La Roche-Posay, La Haye-Descartes, 1194 # Loches, Montrichard, Vierzon, Bourges, Moulins, Digoin, 1195 # Paray-le-Monial, Montceau-les-Mines, Chalon-sur-Saône, Arbois, 1196 # Dole, Morez, St-Claude, and Collonges (Haute-Savoie). 1197 Rule France 1941 only - May 5 0:00 2:00 M # Midsummer 1198 # Shanks & Pottenger say this transition occurred at Oct 6 1:00, 1199 # but go with Denis Excoffier (1997-12-12), 1200 # who quotes the Ephémérides astronomiques for 1998 from Bureau des Longitudes 1201 # as saying 5/10/41 22hUT. 1202 Rule France 1941 only - Oct 6 0:00 1:00 S 1203 Rule France 1942 only - Mar 9 0:00 2:00 M 1204 Rule France 1942 only - Nov 2 3:00 1:00 S 1205 Rule France 1943 only - Mar 29 2:00 2:00 M 1206 Rule France 1943 only - Oct 4 3:00 1:00 S 1207 Rule France 1944 only - Apr 3 2:00 2:00 M 1208 Rule France 1944 only - Oct 8 1:00 1:00 S 1209 Rule France 1945 only - Apr 2 2:00 2:00 M 1210 Rule France 1945 only - Sep 16 3:00 0 - 1211 # Shanks & Pottenger give Mar 28 2:00 and Sep 26 3:00; 1212 # go with Excoffier's 28/3/76 0hUT and 25/9/76 23hUT. 1213 Rule France 1976 only - Mar 28 1:00 1:00 S 1214 Rule France 1976 only - Sep 26 1:00 0 - 1215 # Shanks & Pottenger give 0:09:20 for Paris Mean Time, and Whitman 0:09:05, 1216 # but Howse quotes the actual French legislation as saying 0:09:21. 1217 # Go with Howse. Howse writes that the time in France was officially based 1218 # on PMT-0:09:21 until 1978-08-09, when the time base finally switched to UTC. 1219 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 1220 Zone Europe/Paris 0:09:21 - LMT 1891 Mar 15 0:01 1221 0:09:21 - PMT 1911 Mar 11 0:01 # Paris MT 1222 # Shanks & Pottenger give 1940 Jun 14 0:00; go with Excoffier and Le Corre. 1223 0:00 France WE%sT 1940 Jun 14 23:00 1224 # Le Corre says Paris stuck with occupied-France time after the liberation; 1225 # go with Shanks & Pottenger. 1226 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Aug 25 1227 0:00 France WE%sT 1945 Sep 16 3:00 1228 1:00 France CE%sT 1977 1229 1:00 EU CE%sT 1230 1231 # Germany 1232 1233 # From Markus Kuhn (1998-09-29): 1234 # The German time zone web site by the Physikalisch-Technische 1235 # Bundesanstalt contains DST information back to 1916. 1236 # [See tz-link.htm for the URL.] 1237 1238 # From Jörg Schilling (2002-10-23): 1239 # In 1945, Berlin was switched to Moscow Summer time (GMT+4) by 1240 # <http://www.dhm.de/lemo/html/biografien/BersarinNikolai/> 1241 # General [Nikolai] Bersarin. 1242 1243 # From Paul Eggert (2003-03-08): 1244 # http://www.parlament-berlin.de/pds-fraktion.nsf/727459127c8b66ee8525662300459099/defc77cb784f180ac1256c2b0030274b/$FILE/bersarint.pdf 1245 # says that Bersarin issued an order to use Moscow time on May 20. 1246 # However, Moscow did not observe daylight saving in 1945, so 1247 # this was equivalent to CEMT (GMT+3), not GMT+4. 1248 1249 1250 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S 1251 Rule Germany 1946 only - Apr 14 2:00s 1:00 S 1252 Rule Germany 1946 only - Oct 7 2:00s 0 - 1253 Rule Germany 1947 1949 - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 0 - 1254 # http://www.ptb.de/de/org/4/44/441/salt.htm says the following transition 1255 # occurred at 3:00 MEZ, not the 2:00 MEZ given in Shanks & Pottenger. 1256 # Go with the PTB. 1257 Rule Germany 1947 only - Apr 6 3:00s 1:00 S 1258 Rule Germany 1947 only - May 11 2:00s 2:00 M 1259 Rule Germany 1947 only - Jun 29 3:00 1:00 S 1260 Rule Germany 1948 only - Apr 18 2:00s 1:00 S 1261 Rule Germany 1949 only - Apr 10 2:00s 1:00 S 1262 1263 Rule SovietZone 1945 only - May 24 2:00 2:00 M # Midsummer 1264 Rule SovietZone 1945 only - Sep 24 3:00 1:00 S 1265 Rule SovietZone 1945 only - Nov 18 2:00s 0 - 1266 1267 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 1268 Zone Europe/Berlin 0:53:28 - LMT 1893 Apr 1269 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 May 24 2:00 1270 1:00 SovietZone CE%sT 1946 1271 1:00 Germany CE%sT 1980 1272 1:00 EU CE%sT 1273 1274 # From Tobias Conradi (2011-09-12): 1275 # Büsingen <http://www.buesingen.de>, surrounded by the Swiss canton 1276 # Schaffhausen, did not start observing DST in 1980 as the rest of DE 1277 # (West Germany at that time) and DD (East Germany at that time) did. 1278 # DD merged into DE, the area is currently covered by code DE in ISO 3166-1, 1279 # which in turn is covered by the zone Europe/Berlin. 1280 # 1281 # Source for the time in Büsingen 1980: 1282 # http://www.srf.ch/player/video?id=c012c029-03b7-4c2b-9164-aa5902cd58d3 1283 1284 # From Arthur David Olson (2012-03-03): 1285 # Busingen and Zurich have shared clocks since 1970. 1286 1287 Link Europe/Zurich Europe/Busingen 1288 1289 # Georgia 1290 # Please see the "asia" file for Asia/Tbilisi. 1291 # Herodotus (Histories, IV.45) says Georgia north of the Phasis (now Rioni) 1292 # is in Europe. Our reference location Tbilisi is in the Asian part. 1293 1294 # Gibraltar 1295 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 1296 Zone Europe/Gibraltar -0:21:24 - LMT 1880 Aug 2 0:00s 1297 0:00 GB-Eire %s 1957 Apr 14 2:00 1298 1:00 - CET 1982 1299 1:00 EU CE%sT 1300 1301 # Greece 1302 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S 1303 # Whitman gives 1932 Jul 5 - Nov 1; go with Shanks & Pottenger. 1304 Rule Greece 1932 only - Jul 7 0:00 1:00 S 1305 Rule Greece 1932 only - Sep 1 0:00 0 - 1306 # Whitman gives 1941 Apr 25 - ?; go with Shanks & Pottenger. 1307 Rule Greece 1941 only - Apr 7 0:00 1:00 S 1308 # Whitman gives 1942 Feb 2 - ?; go with Shanks & Pottenger. 1309 Rule Greece 1942 only - Nov 2 3:00 0 - 1310 Rule Greece 1943 only - Mar 30 0:00 1:00 S 1311 Rule Greece 1943 only - Oct 4 0:00 0 - 1312 # Whitman gives 1944 Oct 3 - Oct 31; go with Shanks & Pottenger. 1313 Rule Greece 1952 only - Jul 1 0:00 1:00 S 1314 Rule Greece 1952 only - Nov 2 0:00 0 - 1315 Rule Greece 1975 only - Apr 12 0:00s 1:00 S 1316 Rule Greece 1975 only - Nov 26 0:00s 0 - 1317 Rule Greece 1976 only - Apr 11 2:00s 1:00 S 1318 Rule Greece 1976 only - Oct 10 2:00s 0 - 1319 Rule Greece 1977 1978 - Apr Sun>=1 2:00s 1:00 S 1320 Rule Greece 1977 only - Sep 26 2:00s 0 - 1321 Rule Greece 1978 only - Sep 24 4:00 0 - 1322 Rule Greece 1979 only - Apr 1 9:00 1:00 S 1323 Rule Greece 1979 only - Sep 29 2:00 0 - 1324 Rule Greece 1980 only - Apr 1 0:00 1:00 S 1325 Rule Greece 1980 only - Sep 28 0:00 0 - 1326 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 1327 Zone Europe/Athens 1:34:52 - LMT 1895 Sep 14 1328 1:34:52 - AMT 1916 Jul 28 0:01 # Athens MT 1329 2:00 Greece EE%sT 1941 Apr 30 1330 1:00 Greece CE%sT 1944 Apr 4 1331 2:00 Greece EE%sT 1981 1332 # Shanks & Pottenger say it switched to C-Eur in 1981; 1333 # go with EU instead, since Greece joined it on Jan 1. 1334 2:00 EU EE%sT 1335 1336 # Hungary 1337 # From Paul Eggert (2014-07-15): 1338 # Dates for 1916-1945 are taken from: 1339 # Oross A. Jelen a múlt jövője: a nyári időszámítás Magyarországon 1916-1945. 1340 # National Archives of Hungary (2012-10-29). 1341 # http://mnl.gov.hu/a_het_dokumentuma/a_nyari_idoszamitas_magyarorszagon_19161945.html 1342 # This source does not always give times, which are taken from Shanks 1343 # & Pottenger (which disagree about the dates). 1344 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S 1345 Rule Hungary 1918 only - Apr 1 3:00 1:00 S 1346 Rule Hungary 1918 only - Sep 16 3:00 0 - 1347 Rule Hungary 1919 only - Apr 15 3:00 1:00 S 1348 Rule Hungary 1919 only - Nov 24 3:00 0 - 1349 Rule Hungary 1945 only - May 1 23:00 1:00 S 1350 Rule Hungary 1945 only - Nov 1 0:00 0 - 1351 Rule Hungary 1946 only - Mar 31 2:00s 1:00 S 1352 Rule Hungary 1946 1949 - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 0 - 1353 Rule Hungary 1947 1949 - Apr Sun>=4 2:00s 1:00 S 1354 Rule Hungary 1950 only - Apr 17 2:00s 1:00 S 1355 Rule Hungary 1950 only - Oct 23 2:00s 0 - 1356 Rule Hungary 1954 1955 - May 23 0:00 1:00 S 1357 Rule Hungary 1954 1955 - Oct 3 0:00 0 - 1358 Rule Hungary 1956 only - Jun Sun>=1 0:00 1:00 S 1359 Rule Hungary 1956 only - Sep lastSun 0:00 0 - 1360 Rule Hungary 1957 only - Jun Sun>=1 1:00 1:00 S 1361 Rule Hungary 1957 only - Sep lastSun 3:00 0 - 1362 Rule Hungary 1980 only - Apr 6 1:00 1:00 S 1363 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 1364 Zone Europe/Budapest 1:16:20 - LMT 1890 Oct 1365 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1918 1366 1:00 Hungary CE%sT 1941 Apr 8 1367 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 1368 1:00 Hungary CE%sT 1980 Sep 28 2:00s 1369 1:00 EU CE%sT 1370 1371 # Iceland 1372 # 1373 # From Adam David (1993-11-06): 1374 # The name of the timezone in Iceland for system / mail / news purposes is GMT. 1375 # 1376 # (1993-12-05): 1377 # This material is paraphrased from the 1988 edition of the University of 1378 # Iceland Almanak. 1379 # 1380 # From January 1st, 1908 the whole of Iceland was standardised at 1 hour 1381 # behind GMT. Previously, local mean solar time was used in different parts 1382 # of Iceland, the almanak had been based on Reykjavik mean solar time which 1383 # was 1 hour and 28 minutes behind GMT. 1384 # 1385 # "first day of winter" referred to [below] means the first day of the 26 weeks 1386 # of winter, according to the old icelandic calendar that dates back to the 1387 # time the norsemen first settled Iceland. The first day of winter is always 1388 # Saturday, but is not dependent on the Julian or Gregorian calendars. 1389 # 1390 # (1993-12-10): 1391 # I have a reference from the Oxford Icelandic-English dictionary for the 1392 # beginning of winter, which ties it to the ecclesiastical calendar (and thus 1393 # to the julian/gregorian calendar) over the period in question. 1394 # the winter begins on the Saturday next before St. Luke's day 1395 # (old style), or on St. Luke's day, if a Saturday. 1396 # St. Luke's day ought to be traceable from ecclesiastical sources. "old style" 1397 # might be a reference to the Julian calendar as opposed to Gregorian, or it 1398 # might mean something else (???). 1399 # 1400 # From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22): 1401 # The Iceland Almanak, Shanks & Pottenger, and Whitman disagree on many points. 1402 # We go with the Almanak, except for one claim from Shanks & Pottenger, namely 1403 # that Reykavik was 21W57 from 1837 to 1908, local mean time before that. 1404 # 1405 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S 1406 Rule Iceland 1917 1918 - Feb 19 23:00 1:00 S 1407 Rule Iceland 1917 only - Oct 21 1:00 0 - 1408 Rule Iceland 1918 only - Nov 16 1:00 0 - 1409 Rule Iceland 1939 only - Apr 29 23:00 1:00 S 1410 Rule Iceland 1939 only - Nov 29 2:00 0 - 1411 Rule Iceland 1940 only - Feb 25 2:00 1:00 S 1412 Rule Iceland 1940 only - Nov 3 2:00 0 - 1413 Rule Iceland 1941 only - Mar 2 1:00s 1:00 S 1414 Rule Iceland 1941 only - Nov 2 1:00s 0 - 1415 Rule Iceland 1942 only - Mar 8 1:00s 1:00 S 1416 Rule Iceland 1942 only - Oct 25 1:00s 0 - 1417 # 1943-1946 - first Sunday in March until first Sunday in winter 1418 Rule Iceland 1943 1946 - Mar Sun>=1 1:00s 1:00 S 1419 Rule Iceland 1943 1948 - Oct Sun>=22 1:00s 0 - 1420 # 1947-1967 - first Sunday in April until first Sunday in winter 1421 Rule Iceland 1947 1967 - Apr Sun>=1 1:00s 1:00 S 1422 # 1949 Oct transition delayed by 1 week 1423 Rule Iceland 1949 only - Oct 30 1:00s 0 - 1424 Rule Iceland 1950 1966 - Oct Sun>=22 1:00s 0 - 1425 Rule Iceland 1967 only - Oct 29 1:00s 0 - 1426 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 1427 Zone Atlantic/Reykjavik -1:27:24 - LMT 1837 1428 -1:27:48 - RMT 1908 # Reykjavik Mean Time? 1429 -1:00 Iceland IS%sT 1968 Apr 7 1:00s 1430 0:00 - GMT 1431 1432 # Italy 1433 # 1434 # From Paul Eggert (2001-03-06): 1435 # Sicily and Sardinia each had their own time zones from 1866 to 1893, 1436 # called Palermo Time (+00:53:28) and Cagliari Time (+00:36:32). 1437 # During World War II, German-controlled Italy used German time. 1438 # But these events all occurred before the 1970 cutoff, 1439 # so record only the time in Rome. 1440 # 1441 # From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22): 1442 # For Italian DST we have three sources: Shanks & Pottenger, Whitman, and 1443 # F. Pollastri 1444 # Day-light Saving Time in Italy (2006-02-03) 1445 # <http://toi.iriti.cnr.it/uk/ienitlt.html> 1446 # ('FP' below), taken from an Italian National Electrotechnical Institute 1447 # publication. When the three sources disagree, guess who's right, as follows: 1448 # 1449 # year FP Shanks&P. (S) Whitman (W) Go with: 1450 # 1916 06-03 06-03 24:00 06-03 00:00 FP & W 1451 # 09-30 09-30 24:00 09-30 01:00 FP; guess 24:00s 1452 # 1917 04-01 03-31 24:00 03-31 00:00 FP & S 1453 # 09-30 09-29 24:00 09-30 01:00 FP & W 1454 # 1918 03-09 03-09 24:00 03-09 00:00 FP & S 1455 # 10-06 10-05 24:00 10-06 01:00 FP & W 1456 # 1919 03-01 03-01 24:00 03-01 00:00 FP & S 1457 # 10-04 10-04 24:00 10-04 01:00 FP; guess 24:00s 1458 # 1920 03-20 03-20 24:00 03-20 00:00 FP & S 1459 # 09-18 09-18 24:00 10-01 01:00 FP; guess 24:00s 1460 # 1944 04-02 04-03 02:00 S (see C-Eur) 1461 # 09-16 10-02 03:00 FP; guess 24:00s 1462 # 1945 09-14 09-16 24:00 FP; guess 24:00s 1463 # 1970 05-21 05-31 00:00 S 1464 # 09-20 09-27 00:00 S 1465 # 1466 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S 1467 Rule Italy 1916 only - Jun 3 0:00s 1:00 S 1468 Rule Italy 1916 only - Oct 1 0:00s 0 - 1469 Rule Italy 1917 only - Apr 1 0:00s 1:00 S 1470 Rule Italy 1917 only - Sep 30 0:00s 0 - 1471 Rule Italy 1918 only - Mar 10 0:00s 1:00 S 1472 Rule Italy 1918 1919 - Oct Sun>=1 0:00s 0 - 1473 Rule Italy 1919 only - Mar 2 0:00s 1:00 S 1474 Rule Italy 1920 only - Mar 21 0:00s 1:00 S 1475 Rule Italy 1920 only - Sep 19 0:00s 0 - 1476 Rule Italy 1940 only - Jun 15 0:00s 1:00 S 1477 Rule Italy 1944 only - Sep 17 0:00s 0 - 1478 Rule Italy 1945 only - Apr 2 2:00 1:00 S 1479 Rule Italy 1945 only - Sep 15 0:00s 0 - 1480 Rule Italy 1946 only - Mar 17 2:00s 1:00 S 1481 Rule Italy 1946 only - Oct 6 2:00s 0 - 1482 Rule Italy 1947 only - Mar 16 0:00s 1:00 S 1483 Rule Italy 1947 only - Oct 5 0:00s 0 - 1484 Rule Italy 1948 only - Feb 29 2:00s 1:00 S 1485 Rule Italy 1948 only - Oct 3 2:00s 0 - 1486 Rule Italy 1966 1968 - May Sun>=22 0:00 1:00 S 1487 Rule Italy 1966 1969 - Sep Sun>=22 0:00 0 - 1488 Rule Italy 1969 only - Jun 1 0:00 1:00 S 1489 Rule Italy 1970 only - May 31 0:00 1:00 S 1490 Rule Italy 1970 only - Sep lastSun 0:00 0 - 1491 Rule Italy 1971 1972 - May Sun>=22 0:00 1:00 S 1492 Rule Italy 1971 only - Sep lastSun 1:00 0 - 1493 Rule Italy 1972 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 - 1494 Rule Italy 1973 only - Jun 3 0:00 1:00 S 1495 Rule Italy 1973 1974 - Sep lastSun 0:00 0 - 1496 Rule Italy 1974 only - May 26 0:00 1:00 S 1497 Rule Italy 1975 only - Jun 1 0:00s 1:00 S 1498 Rule Italy 1975 1977 - Sep lastSun 0:00s 0 - 1499 Rule Italy 1976 only - May 30 0:00s 1:00 S 1500 Rule Italy 1977 1979 - May Sun>=22 0:00s 1:00 S 1501 Rule Italy 1978 only - Oct 1 0:00s 0 - 1502 Rule Italy 1979 only - Sep 30 0:00s 0 - 1503 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 1504 Zone Europe/Rome 0:49:56 - LMT 1866 Sep 22 1505 0:49:56 - RMT 1893 Nov 1 0:00s # Rome Mean 1506 1:00 Italy CE%sT 1942 Nov 2 2:00s 1507 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Jul 1508 1:00 Italy CE%sT 1980 1509 1:00 EU CE%sT 1510 1511 Link Europe/Rome Europe/Vatican 1512 Link Europe/Rome Europe/San_Marino 1513 1514 # Latvia 1515 1516 # From Liene Kanepe (1998-09-17): 1517 1518 # I asked about this matter Scientific Secretary of the Institute of Astronomy 1519 # of The University of Latvia Dr. paed Mr. Ilgonis Vilks. I also searched the 1520 # correct data in juridical acts and I found some juridical documents about 1521 # changes in the counting of time in Latvia from 1981.... 1522 # 1523 # Act No.35 of the Council of Ministers of Latvian SSR of 1981-01-22 ... 1524 # according to the Act No.925 of the Council of Ministers of USSR of 1980-10-24 1525 # ...: all year round the time of 2nd time zone + 1 hour, in addition turning 1526 # the hands of the clock 1 hour forward on 1 April at 00:00 (GMT 31 March 21:00) 1527 # and 1 hour backward on the 1 October at 00:00 (GMT 30 September 20:00). 1528 # 1529 # Act No.592 of the Council of Ministers of Latvian SSR of 1984-09-24 ... 1530 # according to the Act No.967 of the Council of Ministers of USSR of 1984-09-13 1531 # ...: all year round the time of 2nd time zone + 1 hour, in addition turning 1532 # the hands of the clock 1 hour forward on the last Sunday of March at 02:00 1533 # (GMT 23:00 on the previous day) and 1 hour backward on the last Sunday of 1534 # September at 03:00 (GMT 23:00 on the previous day). 1535 # 1536 # Act No.81 of the Council of Ministers of Latvian SSR of 1989-03-22 ... 1537 # according to the Act No.227 of the Council of Ministers of USSR of 1989-03-14 1538 # ...: since the last Sunday of March 1989 in Lithuanian SSR, Latvian SSR, 1539 # Estonian SSR and Kaliningrad region of Russian Federation all year round the 1540 # time of 2nd time zone (Moscow time minus one hour). On the territory of Latvia 1541 # transition to summer time is performed on the last Sunday of March at 02:00 1542 # (GMT 00:00), turning the hands of the clock 1 hour forward. The end of 1543 # daylight saving time is performed on the last Sunday of September at 03:00 1544 # (GMT 00:00), turning the hands of the clock 1 hour backward. Exception is 1545 # 1989-03-26, when we must not turn the hands of the clock.... 1546 # 1547 # The Regulations of the Cabinet of Ministers of the Republic of Latvia of 1548 # 1997-01-21 on transition to Summer time ... established the same order of 1549 # daylight savings time settings as in the States of the European Union. 1550 1551 # From Andrei Ivanov (2000-03-06): 1552 # This year Latvia will not switch to Daylight Savings Time (as specified in 1553 # The Regulations of the Cabinet of Ministers of the Rep. of Latvia of 1554 # 29-Feb-2000 (#79) <http://www.lv-laiks.lv/wwwraksti/2000/071072/vd4.htm>, 1555 # in Latvian for subscribers only). 1556 1557 # From RFE/RL Newsline 1558 # <http://www.rferl.org/newsline/2001/01/3-CEE/cee-030101.html> 1559 # (2001-01-03), noted after a heads-up by Rives McDow: 1560 # The Latvian government on 2 January decided that the country will 1561 # institute daylight-saving time this spring, LETA reported. 1562 # Last February the three Baltic states decided not to turn back their 1563 # clocks one hour in the spring.... 1564 # Minister of Economy Aigars Kalvitis noted that Latvia had too few 1565 # daylight hours and thus decided to comply with a draft European 1566 # Commission directive that provides for instituting daylight-saving 1567 # time in EU countries between 2002 and 2006. The Latvian government 1568 # urged Lithuania and Estonia to adopt a similar time policy, but it 1569 # appears that they will not do so.... 1570 1571 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S 1572 Rule Latvia 1989 1996 - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 S 1573 Rule Latvia 1989 1996 - Sep lastSun 2:00s 0 - 1574 1575 # Milne says Riga time was 1:36:28 (Polytechnique House time). 1576 1577 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 1578 Zone Europe/Riga 1:36:28 - LMT 1880 1579 1:36:28 - RMT 1918 Apr 15 2:00 #Riga Mean Time 1580 1:36:28 1:00 LST 1918 Sep 16 3:00 #Latvian Summer 1581 1:36:28 - RMT 1919 Apr 1 2:00 1582 1:36:28 1:00 LST 1919 May 22 3:00 1583 1:36:28 - RMT 1926 May 11 1584 2:00 - EET 1940 Aug 5 1585 3:00 - MSK 1941 Jul 1586 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Oct 13 1587 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1989 Mar lastSun 2:00s 1588 2:00 1:00 EEST 1989 Sep lastSun 2:00s 1589 2:00 Latvia EE%sT 1997 Jan 21 1590 2:00 EU EE%sT 2000 Feb 29 1591 2:00 - EET 2001 Jan 2 1592 2:00 EU EE%sT 1593 1594 # Liechtenstein 1595 1596 # From Paul Eggert (2013-09-09): 1597 # Shanks & Pottenger say Vaduz is like Zurich. 1598 1599 # From Alois Treindl (2013-09-18): 1600 # http://www.eliechtensteinensia.li/LIJ/1978/1938-1978/1941.pdf 1601 # ... confirms on p. 6 that Liechtenstein followed Switzerland in 1941 and 1942. 1602 # I ... translate only the last two paragraphs: 1603 # ... during second world war, in the years 1941 and 1942, Liechtenstein 1604 # introduced daylight saving time, adapting to Switzerland. From 1943 on 1605 # central European time was in force throughout the year. 1606 # From a report of the duke's government to the high council, 1607 # regarding the introduction of a time law, of 31 May 1977. 1608 1609 Link Europe/Zurich Europe/Vaduz 1610 1611 1612 # Lithuania 1613 1614 # From Paul Eggert (1996-11-22): 1615 # IATA SSIM (1992/1996) says Lithuania uses W-Eur rules, but since it is 1616 # known to be wrong about Estonia and Latvia, assume it's wrong here too. 1617 1618 # From Marius Gedminas (1998-08-07): 1619 # I would like to inform that in this year Lithuanian time zone 1620 # (Europe/Vilnius) was changed. 1621 1622 # From ELTA No. 972 (2582) (1999-09-29) <http://www.elta.lt/>, 1623 # via Steffen Thorsen: 1624 # Lithuania has shifted back to the second time zone (GMT plus two hours) 1625 # to be valid here starting from October 31, 1626 # as decided by the national government on Wednesday.... 1627 # The Lithuanian government also announced plans to consider a 1628 # motion to give up shifting to summer time in spring, as it was 1629 # already done by Estonia. 1630 1631 # From the Fact File, Lithuanian State Department of Tourism 1632 # <http://www.tourism.lt/informa/ff.htm> (2000-03-27): 1633 # Local time is GMT+2 hours ..., no daylight saving. 1634 1635 # From a user via Klaus Marten (2003-02-07): 1636 # As a candidate for membership of the European Union, Lithuania will 1637 # observe Summer Time in 2003, changing its clocks at the times laid 1638 # down in EU Directive 2000/84 of 19.I.01 (i.e. at the same times as its 1639 # neighbour Latvia). The text of the Lithuanian government Order of 1640 # 7.XI.02 to this effect can be found at 1641 # http://www.lrvk.lt/nut/11/n1749.htm 1642 1643 1644 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 1645 Zone Europe/Vilnius 1:41:16 - LMT 1880 1646 1:24:00 - WMT 1917 # Warsaw Mean Time 1647 1:35:36 - KMT 1919 Oct 10 # Kaunas Mean Time 1648 1:00 - CET 1920 Jul 12 1649 2:00 - EET 1920 Oct 9 1650 1:00 - CET 1940 Aug 3 1651 3:00 - MSK 1941 Jun 24 1652 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Aug 1653 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1991 Mar 31 2:00s 1654 2:00 1:00 EEST 1991 Sep 29 2:00s 1655 2:00 C-Eur EE%sT 1998 1656 2:00 - EET 1998 Mar 29 1:00u 1657 1:00 EU CE%sT 1999 Oct 31 1:00u 1658 2:00 - EET 2003 Jan 1 1659 2:00 EU EE%sT 1660 1661 # Luxembourg 1662 # Whitman disagrees with most of these dates in minor ways; 1663 # go with Shanks & Pottenger. 1664 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S 1665 Rule Lux 1916 only - May 14 23:00 1:00 S 1666 Rule Lux 1916 only - Oct 1 1:00 0 - 1667 Rule Lux 1917 only - Apr 28 23:00 1:00 S 1668 Rule Lux 1917 only - Sep 17 1:00 0 - 1669 Rule Lux 1918 only - Apr Mon>=15 2:00s 1:00 S 1670 Rule Lux 1918 only - Sep Mon>=15 2:00s 0 - 1671 Rule Lux 1919 only - Mar 1 23:00 1:00 S 1672 Rule Lux 1919 only - Oct 5 3:00 0 - 1673 Rule Lux 1920 only - Feb 14 23:00 1:00 S 1674 Rule Lux 1920 only - Oct 24 2:00 0 - 1675 Rule Lux 1921 only - Mar 14 23:00 1:00 S 1676 Rule Lux 1921 only - Oct 26 2:00 0 - 1677 Rule Lux 1922 only - Mar 25 23:00 1:00 S 1678 Rule Lux 1922 only - Oct Sun>=2 1:00 0 - 1679 Rule Lux 1923 only - Apr 21 23:00 1:00 S 1680 Rule Lux 1923 only - Oct Sun>=2 2:00 0 - 1681 Rule Lux 1924 only - Mar 29 23:00 1:00 S 1682 Rule Lux 1924 1928 - Oct Sun>=2 1:00 0 - 1683 Rule Lux 1925 only - Apr 5 23:00 1:00 S 1684 Rule Lux 1926 only - Apr 17 23:00 1:00 S 1685 Rule Lux 1927 only - Apr 9 23:00 1:00 S 1686 Rule Lux 1928 only - Apr 14 23:00 1:00 S 1687 Rule Lux 1929 only - Apr 20 23:00 1:00 S 1688 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 1689 Zone Europe/Luxembourg 0:24:36 - LMT 1904 Jun 1690 1:00 Lux CE%sT 1918 Nov 25 1691 0:00 Lux WE%sT 1929 Oct 6 2:00s 1692 0:00 Belgium WE%sT 1940 May 14 3:00 1693 1:00 C-Eur WE%sT 1944 Sep 18 3:00 1694 1:00 Belgium CE%sT 1977 1695 1:00 EU CE%sT 1696 1697 # Macedonia 1698 # See Europe/Belgrade. 1699 1700 # Malta 1701 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S 1702 Rule Malta 1973 only - Mar 31 0:00s 1:00 S 1703 Rule Malta 1973 only - Sep 29 0:00s 0 - 1704 Rule Malta 1974 only - Apr 21 0:00s 1:00 S 1705 Rule Malta 1974 only - Sep 16 0:00s 0 - 1706 Rule Malta 1975 1979 - Apr Sun>=15 2:00 1:00 S 1707 Rule Malta 1975 1980 - Sep Sun>=15 2:00 0 - 1708 Rule Malta 1980 only - Mar 31 2:00 1:00 S 1709 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 1710 Zone Europe/Malta 0:58:04 - LMT 1893 Nov 2 0:00s # Valletta 1711 1:00 Italy CE%sT 1942 Nov 2 2:00s 1712 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 Apr 2 2:00s 1713 1:00 Italy CE%sT 1973 Mar 31 1714 1:00 Malta CE%sT 1981 1715 1:00 EU CE%sT 1716 1717 # Moldova 1718 1719 # From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22): 1720 # A previous version of this database followed Shanks & Pottenger, who write 1721 # that Tiraspol switched to Moscow time on 1992-01-19 at 02:00. 1722 # However, this is most likely an error, as Moldova declared independence 1723 # on 1991-08-27 (the 1992-01-19 date is that of a Russian decree). 1724 # In early 1992 there was large-scale interethnic violence in the area 1725 # and it's possible that some Russophones continued to observe Moscow time. 1726 # But [two people] separately reported via 1727 # Jesper Nørgaard that as of 2001-01-24 Tiraspol was like Chisinau. 1728 # The Tiraspol entry has therefore been removed for now. 1729 # 1730 # From Alexander Krivenyshev (2011-10-17): 1731 # Pridnestrovian Moldavian Republic (PMR, also known as 1732 # "Pridnestrovie") has abolished seasonal clock change (no transition 1733 # to the Winter Time). 1734 # 1735 # News (in Russian): 1736 # http://www.kyivpost.ua/russia/news/pridnestrove-otkazalos-ot-perehoda-na-zimnee-vremya-30954.html 1737 # http://www.allmoldova.com/moldova-news/1249064116.html 1738 # 1739 # The substance of this change (reinstatement of the Tiraspol entry) 1740 # is from a patch from Petr Machata (2011-10-17) 1741 # 1742 # From Tim Parenti (2011-10-19) 1743 # In addition, being situated at +4651+2938 would give Tiraspol 1744 # a pre-1880 LMT offset of 1:58:32. 1745 # 1746 # (which agrees with the earlier entry that had been removed) 1747 # 1748 # From Alexander Krivenyshev (2011-10-26) 1749 # NO need to divide Moldova into two timezones at this point. 1750 # As of today, Transnistria (Pridnestrovie)- Tiraspol reversed its own 1751 # decision to abolish DST this winter. 1752 # Following Moldova and neighboring Ukraine- Transnistria (Pridnestrovie)- 1753 # Tiraspol will go back to winter time on October 30, 2011. 1754 # News from Moldova (in russian): 1755 # http://ru.publika.md/link_317061.html 1756 1757 1758 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 1759 Zone Europe/Chisinau 1:55:20 - LMT 1880 1760 1:55 - CMT 1918 Feb 15 # Chisinau MT 1761 1:44:24 - BMT 1931 Jul 24 # Bucharest MT 1762 2:00 Romania EE%sT 1940 Aug 15 1763 2:00 1:00 EEST 1941 Jul 17 1764 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Aug 24 1765 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1990 1766 3:00 - MSK 1990 May 6 1767 2:00 - EET 1991 1768 2:00 Russia EE%sT 1992 1769 2:00 E-Eur EE%sT 1997 1770 # See Romania commentary for the guessed 1997 transition to EU rules. 1771 2:00 EU EE%sT 1772 1773 # Monaco 1774 # Shanks & Pottenger give 0:09:20 for Paris Mean Time; go with Howse's 1775 # more precise 0:09:21. 1776 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 1777 Zone Europe/Monaco 0:29:32 - LMT 1891 Mar 15 1778 0:09:21 - PMT 1911 Mar 11 # Paris Mean Time 1779 0:00 France WE%sT 1945 Sep 16 3:00 1780 1:00 France CE%sT 1977 1781 1:00 EU CE%sT 1782 1783 # Montenegro 1784 # See Europe/Belgrade. 1785 1786 # Netherlands 1787 1788 # Howse writes that the Netherlands' railways used GMT between 1892 and 1940, 1789 # but for other purposes the Netherlands used Amsterdam mean time. 1790 1791 # However, Robert H. van Gent writes (2001-04-01): 1792 # Howse's statement is only correct up to 1909. From 1909-05-01 (00:00:00 1793 # Amsterdam mean time) onwards, the whole of the Netherlands (including 1794 # the Dutch railways) was required by law to observe Amsterdam mean time 1795 # (19 minutes 32.13 seconds ahead of GMT). This had already been the 1796 # common practice (except for the railways) for many decades but it was 1797 # not until 1909 when the Dutch government finally defined this by law. 1798 # On 1937-07-01 this was changed to 20 minutes (exactly) ahead of GMT and 1799 # was generally known as Dutch Time ("Nederlandse Tijd"). 1800 # 1801 # (2001-04-08): 1802 # 1892-05-01 was the date when the Dutch railways were by law required to 1803 # observe GMT while the remainder of the Netherlands adhered to the common 1804 # practice of following Amsterdam mean time. 1805 # 1806 # (2001-04-09): 1807 # In 1835 the authorities of the province of North Holland requested the 1808 # municipal authorities of the towns and cities in the province to observe 1809 # Amsterdam mean time but I do not know in how many cases this request was 1810 # actually followed. 1811 # 1812 # From 1852 onwards the Dutch telegraph offices were by law required to 1813 # observe Amsterdam mean time. As the time signals from the observatory of 1814 # Leiden were also distributed by the telegraph system, I assume that most 1815 # places linked up with the telegraph (and railway) system automatically 1816 # adopted Amsterdam mean time. 1817 # 1818 # Although the early Dutch railway companies initially observed a variety 1819 # of times, most of them had adopted Amsterdam mean time by 1858 but it 1820 # was not until 1866 when they were all required by law to observe 1821 # Amsterdam mean time. 1822 1823 # The data before 1945 are taken from 1824 # <http://www.phys.uu.nl/~vgent/wettijd/wettijd.htm>. 1825 1826 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S 1827 Rule Neth 1916 only - May 1 0:00 1:00 NST # Netherlands Summer Time 1828 Rule Neth 1916 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 AMT # Amsterdam Mean Time 1829 Rule Neth 1917 only - Apr 16 2:00s 1:00 NST 1830 Rule Neth 1917 only - Sep 17 2:00s 0 AMT 1831 Rule Neth 1918 1921 - Apr Mon>=1 2:00s 1:00 NST 1832 Rule Neth 1918 1921 - Sep lastMon 2:00s 0 AMT 1833 Rule Neth 1922 only - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 NST 1834 Rule Neth 1922 1936 - Oct Sun>=2 2:00s 0 AMT 1835 Rule Neth 1923 only - Jun Fri>=1 2:00s 1:00 NST 1836 Rule Neth 1924 only - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 NST 1837 Rule Neth 1925 only - Jun Fri>=1 2:00s 1:00 NST 1838 # From 1926 through 1939 DST began 05-15, except that it was delayed by a week 1839 # in years when 05-15 fell in the Pentecost weekend. 1840 Rule Neth 1926 1931 - May 15 2:00s 1:00 NST 1841 Rule Neth 1932 only - May 22 2:00s 1:00 NST 1842 Rule Neth 1933 1936 - May 15 2:00s 1:00 NST 1843 Rule Neth 1937 only - May 22 2:00s 1:00 NST 1844 Rule Neth 1937 only - Jul 1 0:00 1:00 S 1845 Rule Neth 1937 1939 - Oct Sun>=2 2:00s 0 - 1846 Rule Neth 1938 1939 - May 15 2:00s 1:00 S 1847 Rule Neth 1945 only - Apr 2 2:00s 1:00 S 1848 Rule Neth 1945 only - Sep 16 2:00s 0 - 1849 # 1850 # Amsterdam Mean Time was +00:19:32.13 exactly, but the .13 is omitted 1851 # below because the current format requires GMTOFF to be an integer. 1852 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 1853 Zone Europe/Amsterdam 0:19:32 - LMT 1835 1854 0:19:32 Neth %s 1937 Jul 1 1855 0:20 Neth NE%sT 1940 May 16 0:00 # Dutch Time 1856 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 Apr 2 2:00 1857 1:00 Neth CE%sT 1977 1858 1:00 EU CE%sT 1859 1860 # Norway 1861 # http://met.no/met/met_lex/q_u/sommertid.html (2004-01) agrees with Shanks & 1862 # Pottenger. 1863 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S 1864 Rule Norway 1916 only - May 22 1:00 1:00 S 1865 Rule Norway 1916 only - Sep 30 0:00 0 - 1866 Rule Norway 1945 only - Apr 2 2:00s 1:00 S 1867 Rule Norway 1945 only - Oct 1 2:00s 0 - 1868 Rule Norway 1959 1964 - Mar Sun>=15 2:00s 1:00 S 1869 Rule Norway 1959 1965 - Sep Sun>=15 2:00s 0 - 1870 Rule Norway 1965 only - Apr 25 2:00s 1:00 S 1871 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 1872 Zone Europe/Oslo 0:43:00 - LMT 1895 Jan 1 1873 1:00 Norway CE%sT 1940 Aug 10 23:00 1874 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 Apr 2 2:00 1875 1:00 Norway CE%sT 1980 1876 1:00 EU CE%sT 1877 1878 # Svalbard & Jan Mayen 1879 1880 # From Steffen Thorsen (2001-05-01): 1881 # Although I could not find it explicitly, it seems that Jan Mayen and 1882 # Svalbard have been using the same time as Norway at least since the 1883 # time they were declared as parts of Norway. Svalbard was declared 1884 # as a part of Norway by law of 1925-07-17 no 11, section 4 and Jan 1885 # Mayen by law of 1930-02-27 no 2, section 2. (From 1886 # <http://www.lovdata.no/all/nl-19250717-011.html> and 1887 # <http://www.lovdata.no/all/nl-19300227-002.html>). The law/regulation 1888 # for normal/standard time in Norway is from 1894-06-29 no 1 (came 1889 # into operation on 1895-01-01) and Svalbard/Jan Mayen seem to be a 1890 # part of this law since 1925/1930. (From 1891 # <http://www.lovdata.no/all/nl-18940629-001.html>) I have not been 1892 # able to find if Jan Mayen used a different time zone (e.g. -0100) 1893 # before 1930. Jan Mayen has only been "inhabited" since 1921 by 1894 # Norwegian meteorologists and maybe used the same time as Norway ever 1895 # since 1921. Svalbard (Arctic/Longyearbyen) has been inhabited since 1896 # before 1895, and therefore probably changed the local time somewhere 1897 # between 1895 and 1925 (inclusive). 1898 1899 # From Paul Eggert (2013-09-04): 1900 # 1901 # Actually, Jan Mayen was never occupied by Germany during World War II, 1902 # so it must have diverged from Oslo time during the war, as Oslo was 1903 # keeping Berlin time. 1904 # 1905 # <http://home.no.net/janmayen/history.htm> says that the meteorologists 1906 # burned down their station in 1940 and left the island, but returned in 1907 # 1941 with a small Norwegian garrison and continued operations despite 1908 # frequent air attacks from Germans. In 1943 the Americans established a 1909 # radiolocating station on the island, called "Atlantic City". Possibly 1910 # the UT offset changed during the war, but I think it unlikely that 1911 # Jan Mayen used German daylight-saving rules. 1912 # 1913 # Svalbard is more complicated, as it was raided in August 1941 by an 1914 # Allied party that evacuated the civilian population to England (says 1915 # <http://www.bartleby.com/65/sv/Svalbard.html>). The Svalbard FAQ 1916 # <http://www.svalbard.com/SvalbardFAQ.html> says that the Germans were 1917 # expelled on 1942-05-14. However, small parties of Germans did return, 1918 # and according to Wilhelm Dege's book "War North of 80" (1954) 1919 # <http://www.ucalgary.ca/UofC/departments/UP/1-55238/1-55238-110-2.html> 1920 # the German armed forces at the Svalbard weather station code-named 1921 # Haudegen did not surrender to the Allies until September 1945. 1922 # 1923 # All these events predate our cutoff date of 1970, so use Europe/Oslo 1924 # for these regions. 1925 Link Europe/Oslo Arctic/Longyearbyen 1926 1927 # Poland 1928 1929 # The 1919 dates and times can be found in Tygodnik Urzędowy nr 1 (1919-03-20), 1930 # <http://www.wbc.poznan.pl/publication/32156> pp 1-2. 1931 1932 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S 1933 Rule Poland 1918 1919 - Sep 16 2:00s 0 - 1934 Rule Poland 1919 only - Apr 15 2:00s 1:00 S 1935 Rule Poland 1944 only - Apr 3 2:00s 1:00 S 1936 # Whitman gives 1944 Nov 30; go with Shanks & Pottenger. 1937 Rule Poland 1944 only - Oct 4 2:00 0 - 1938 # For 1944-1948 Whitman gives the previous day; go with Shanks & Pottenger. 1939 Rule Poland 1945 only - Apr 29 0:00 1:00 S 1940 Rule Poland 1945 only - Nov 1 0:00 0 - 1941 # For 1946 on the source is Kazimierz Borkowski, 1942 # Toruń Center for Astronomy, Dept. of Radio Astronomy, Nicolaus Copernicus U., 1943 # <http://www.astro.uni.torun.pl/~kb/Artykuly/U-PA/Czas2.htm#tth_tAb1> 1944 # Thanks to Przemysław Augustyniak (2005-05-28) for this reference. 1945 # He also gives these further references: 1946 # Mon Pol nr 13, poz 162 (1995) <http://www.abc.com.pl/serwis/mp/1995/0162.htm> 1947 # Druk nr 2180 (2003) <http://www.senat.gov.pl/k5/dok/sejm/053/2180.pdf> 1948 Rule Poland 1946 only - Apr 14 0:00s 1:00 S 1949 Rule Poland 1946 only - Oct 7 2:00s 0 - 1950 Rule Poland 1947 only - May 4 2:00s 1:00 S 1951 Rule Poland 1947 1949 - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 0 - 1952 Rule Poland 1948 only - Apr 18 2:00s 1:00 S 1953 Rule Poland 1949 only - Apr 10 2:00s 1:00 S 1954 Rule Poland 1957 only - Jun 2 1:00s 1:00 S 1955 Rule Poland 1957 1958 - Sep lastSun 1:00s 0 - 1956 Rule Poland 1958 only - Mar 30 1:00s 1:00 S 1957 Rule Poland 1959 only - May 31 1:00s 1:00 S 1958 Rule Poland 1959 1961 - Oct Sun>=1 1:00s 0 - 1959 Rule Poland 1960 only - Apr 3 1:00s 1:00 S 1960 Rule Poland 1961 1964 - May lastSun 1:00s 1:00 S 1961 Rule Poland 1962 1964 - Sep lastSun 1:00s 0 - 1962 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 1963 Zone Europe/Warsaw 1:24:00 - LMT 1880 1964 1:24:00 - WMT 1915 Aug 5 # Warsaw Mean Time 1965 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1918 Sep 16 3:00 1966 2:00 Poland EE%sT 1922 Jun 1967 1:00 Poland CE%sT 1940 Jun 23 2:00 1968 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Oct 1969 1:00 Poland CE%sT 1977 1970 1:00 W-Eur CE%sT 1988 1971 1:00 EU CE%sT 1972 1973 # Portugal 1974 # 1975 # From Rui Pedro Salgueiro (1992-11-12): 1976 # Portugal has recently (September, 27) changed timezone 1977 # (from WET to MET or CET) to harmonize with EEC. 1978 # 1979 # Martin Bruckmann (1996-02-29) reports via Peter Ilieve 1980 # that Portugal is reverting to 0:00 by not moving its clocks this spring. 1981 # The new Prime Minister was fed up with getting up in the dark in the winter. 1982 # 1983 # From Paul Eggert (1996-11-12): 1984 # IATA SSIM (1991-09) reports several 1991-09 and 1992-09 transitions 1985 # at 02:00u, not 01:00u. Assume that these are typos. 1986 # IATA SSIM (1991/1992) reports that the Azores were at -1:00. 1987 # IATA SSIM (1993-02) says +0:00; later issues (through 1996-09) say -1:00. 1988 # Guess that the Azores changed to EU rules in 1992 (since that's when Portugal 1989 # harmonized with the EU), and that they stayed +0:00 that winter. 1990 # 1991 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S 1992 # DSH writes that despite Decree 1,469 (1915), the change to the clocks was not 1993 # done every year, depending on what Spain did, because of railroad schedules. 1994 # Go with Shanks & Pottenger. 1995 Rule Port 1916 only - Jun 17 23:00 1:00 S 1996 # Whitman gives 1916 Oct 31; go with Shanks & Pottenger. 1997 Rule Port 1916 only - Nov 1 1:00 0 - 1998 Rule Port 1917 only - Feb 28 23:00s 1:00 S 1999 Rule Port 1917 1921 - Oct 14 23:00s 0 - 2000 Rule Port 1918 only - Mar 1 23:00s 1:00 S 2001 Rule Port 1919 only - Feb 28 23:00s 1:00 S 2002 Rule Port 1920 only - Feb 29 23:00s 1:00 S 2003 Rule Port 1921 only - Feb 28 23:00s 1:00 S 2004 Rule Port 1924 only - Apr 16 23:00s 1:00 S 2005 Rule Port 1924 only - Oct 14 23:00s 0 - 2006 Rule Port 1926 only - Apr 17 23:00s 1:00 S 2007 Rule Port 1926 1929 - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 - 2008 Rule Port 1927 only - Apr 9 23:00s 1:00 S 2009 Rule Port 1928 only - Apr 14 23:00s 1:00 S 2010 Rule Port 1929 only - Apr 20 23:00s 1:00 S 2011 Rule Port 1931 only - Apr 18 23:00s 1:00 S 2012 # Whitman gives 1931 Oct 8; go with Shanks & Pottenger. 2013 Rule Port 1931 1932 - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 - 2014 Rule Port 1932 only - Apr 2 23:00s 1:00 S 2015 Rule Port 1934 only - Apr 7 23:00s 1:00 S 2016 # Whitman gives 1934 Oct 5; go with Shanks & Pottenger. 2017 Rule Port 1934 1938 - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 - 2018 # Shanks & Pottenger give 1935 Apr 30; go with Whitman. 2019 Rule Port 1935 only - Mar 30 23:00s 1:00 S 2020 Rule Port 1936 only - Apr 18 23:00s 1:00 S 2021 # Whitman gives 1937 Apr 2; go with Shanks & Pottenger. 2022 Rule Port 1937 only - Apr 3 23:00s 1:00 S 2023 Rule Port 1938 only - Mar 26 23:00s 1:00 S 2024 Rule Port 1939 only - Apr 15 23:00s 1:00 S 2025 # Whitman gives 1939 Oct 7; go with Shanks & Pottenger. 2026 Rule Port 1939 only - Nov 18 23:00s 0 - 2027 Rule Port 1940 only - Feb 24 23:00s 1:00 S 2028 # Shanks & Pottenger give 1940 Oct 7; go with Whitman. 2029 Rule Port 1940 1941 - Oct 5 23:00s 0 - 2030 Rule Port 1941 only - Apr 5 23:00s 1:00 S 2031 Rule Port 1942 1945 - Mar Sat>=8 23:00s 1:00 S 2032 Rule Port 1942 only - Apr 25 22:00s 2:00 M # Midsummer 2033 Rule Port 1942 only - Aug 15 22:00s 1:00 S 2034 Rule Port 1942 1945 - Oct Sat>=24 23:00s 0 - 2035 Rule Port 1943 only - Apr 17 22:00s 2:00 M 2036 Rule Port 1943 1945 - Aug Sat>=25 22:00s 1:00 S 2037 Rule Port 1944 1945 - Apr Sat>=21 22:00s 2:00 M 2038 Rule Port 1946 only - Apr Sat>=1 23:00s 1:00 S 2039 Rule Port 1946 only - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 - 2040 Rule Port 1947 1949 - Apr Sun>=1 2:00s 1:00 S 2041 Rule Port 1947 1949 - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 0 - 2042 # Shanks & Pottenger say DST was observed in 1950; go with Whitman. 2043 # Whitman gives Oct lastSun for 1952 on; go with Shanks & Pottenger. 2044 Rule Port 1951 1965 - Apr Sun>=1 2:00s 1:00 S 2045 Rule Port 1951 1965 - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 0 - 2046 Rule Port 1977 only - Mar 27 0:00s 1:00 S 2047 Rule Port 1977 only - Sep 25 0:00s 0 - 2048 Rule Port 1978 1979 - Apr Sun>=1 0:00s 1:00 S 2049 Rule Port 1978 only - Oct 1 0:00s 0 - 2050 Rule Port 1979 1982 - Sep lastSun 1:00s 0 - 2051 Rule Port 1980 only - Mar lastSun 0:00s 1:00 S 2052 Rule Port 1981 1982 - Mar lastSun 1:00s 1:00 S 2053 Rule Port 1983 only - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 S 2054 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 2055 # Shanks & Pottenger say the transition from LMT to WET occurred 1911-05-24; 2056 # Willett says 1912-01-01. Go with Willett. 2057 Zone Europe/Lisbon -0:36:32 - LMT 1884 2058 -0:36:32 - LMT 1912 Jan 1 # Lisbon Mean Time 2059 0:00 Port WE%sT 1966 Apr 3 2:00 2060 1:00 - CET 1976 Sep 26 1:00 2061 0:00 Port WE%sT 1983 Sep 25 1:00s 2062 0:00 W-Eur WE%sT 1992 Sep 27 1:00s 2063 1:00 EU CE%sT 1996 Mar 31 1:00u 2064 0:00 EU WE%sT 2065 Zone Atlantic/Azores -1:42:40 - LMT 1884 # Ponta Delgada 2066 -1:54:32 - HMT 1911 May 24 # Horta Mean Time 2067 -2:00 Port AZO%sT 1966 Apr 3 2:00 # Azores Time 2068 -1:00 Port AZO%sT 1983 Sep 25 1:00s 2069 -1:00 W-Eur AZO%sT 1992 Sep 27 1:00s 2070 0:00 EU WE%sT 1993 Mar 28 1:00u 2071 -1:00 EU AZO%sT 2072 Zone Atlantic/Madeira -1:07:36 - LMT 1884 # Funchal 2073 -1:07:36 - FMT 1911 May 24 # Funchal Mean Time 2074 -1:00 Port MAD%sT 1966 Apr 3 2:00 # Madeira Time 2075 0:00 Port WE%sT 1983 Sep 25 1:00s 2076 0:00 EU WE%sT 2077 2078 # Romania 2079 # 2080 # From Paul Eggert (1999-10-07): 2081 # Nine O'clock <http://www.nineoclock.ro/POL/1778pol.html> 2082 # (1998-10-23) reports that the switch occurred at 2083 # 04:00 local time in fall 1998. For lack of better info, 2084 # assume that Romania and Moldova switched to EU rules in 1997, 2085 # the same year as Bulgaria. 2086 # 2087 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S 2088 Rule Romania 1932 only - May 21 0:00s 1:00 S 2089 Rule Romania 1932 1939 - Oct Sun>=1 0:00s 0 - 2090 Rule Romania 1933 1939 - Apr Sun>=2 0:00s 1:00 S 2091 Rule Romania 1979 only - May 27 0:00 1:00 S 2092 Rule Romania 1979 only - Sep lastSun 0:00 0 - 2093 Rule Romania 1980 only - Apr 5 23:00 1:00 S 2094 Rule Romania 1980 only - Sep lastSun 1:00 0 - 2095 Rule Romania 1991 1993 - Mar lastSun 0:00s 1:00 S 2096 Rule Romania 1991 1993 - Sep lastSun 0:00s 0 - 2097 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 2098 Zone Europe/Bucharest 1:44:24 - LMT 1891 Oct 2099 1:44:24 - BMT 1931 Jul 24 # Bucharest MT 2100 2:00 Romania EE%sT 1981 Mar 29 2:00s 2101 2:00 C-Eur EE%sT 1991 2102 2:00 Romania EE%sT 1994 2103 2:00 E-Eur EE%sT 1997 2104 2:00 EU EE%sT 2105 2106 2107 # Russia 2108 2109 # From Alexander Krivenyshev (2011-09-15): 2110 # Based on last Russian Government Decree # 725 on August 31, 2011 2111 # (Government document 2112 # http://www.government.ru/gov/results/16355/print/ 2113 # in Russian) 2114 # there are few corrections have to be made for some Russian time zones... 2115 # All updated Russian Time Zones were placed in table and translated to English 2116 # by WorldTimeZone.com at the link below: 2117 # http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_russia36.htm 2118 2119 # From Sanjeev Gupta (2011-09-27): 2120 # Scans of [Decree #23 of January 8, 1992] are available at: 2121 # http://government.consultant.ru/page.aspx?1223966 2122 # They are in Cyrillic letters (presumably Russian). 2123 2124 # From Arthur David Olson (2012-05-09): 2125 # Regarding the instant when clocks in time-zone-shifting parts of Russia 2126 # changed in September 2011: 2127 # 2128 # One source is 2129 # http://government.ru/gov/results/16355/ 2130 # which, according to translate.google.com, begins "Decree of August 31, 2131 # 2011 No 725" and contains no other dates or "effective date" information. 2132 # 2133 # Another source is 2134 # http://www.rg.ru/2011/09/06/chas-zona-dok.html 2135 # which, according to translate.google.com, begins "Resolution of the 2136 # Government of the Russian Federation on August 31, 2011 N 725" and also 2137 # contains "Date first official publication: September 6, 2011 Posted on: 2138 # in the 'RG' - Federal Issue number 5573 September 6, 2011" but which 2139 # does not contain any "effective date" information. 2140 # 2141 # Another source is 2142 # http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oymyakonsky_District#cite_note-RuTime-7 2143 # which, in note 8, contains "Resolution #725 of August 31, 2011... 2144 # Effective as of after 7 days following the day of the official publication" 2145 # but which does not contain any reference to September 6, 2011. 2146 # 2147 # The Wikipedia article refers to 2148 # http://base.consultant.ru/cons/cgi/online.cgi?req=doc;base=LAW;n=118896 2149 # which seems to copy the text of the government.ru page. 2150 # 2151 # Tobias Conradi combines Wikipedia's 2152 # "as of after 7 days following the day of the official publication" 2153 # with www.rg.ru's "Date of first official publication: September 6, 2011" to 2154 # get September 13, 2011 as the cutover date (unusually, a Tuesday, as Tobias 2155 # Conradi notes). 2156 # 2157 # None of the sources indicates a time of day for changing clocks. 2158 # 2159 # Go with 2011-09-13 0:00s. 2160 2161 # From Alexander Krivenyshev (2014-07-01): 2162 # According to the Russian news (ITAR-TASS News Agency) 2163 # http://en.itar-tass.com/russia/738562 2164 # the State Duma has approved ... the draft bill on returning to 2165 # winter time standard and return Russia 11 time zones. The new 2166 # regulations will come into effect on October 26, 2014 at 02:00 ... 2167 # http://asozd2.duma.gov.ru/main.nsf/%28Spravka%29?OpenAgent&RN=431985-6&02 2168 # Here is a link where we put together table (based on approved Bill N 2169 # 431985-6) with proposed 11 Russian time zones and corresponding 2170 # areas/cities/administrative centers in the Russian Federation (in English): 2171 # http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_russia65.html 2172 # 2173 # From Alexander Krivenyshev (2014-07-22): 2174 # Putin signed the Federal Law 431985-6 ... (in Russian) 2175 # http://itar-tass.com/obschestvo/1333711 2176 # http://www.pravo.gov.ru:8080/page.aspx?111660 2177 # http://www.kremlin.ru/acts/46279 2178 # From October 26, 2014 the new Russian time zone map will looks like this: 2179 # http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_russia-map-2014-07.html 2180 2181 # From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22): 2182 # Except for Moscow after 1919-07-01, I invented the time zone abbreviations. 2183 # Moscow time zone abbreviations after 1919-07-01, and Moscow rules after 1991, 2184 # are from Andrey A. Chernov. The rest is from Shanks & Pottenger, 2185 # except we follow Chernov's report that 1992 DST transitions were Sat 2186 # 23:00, not Sun 02:00s. 2187 # 2188 # From Stanislaw A. Kuzikowski (1994-06-29): 2189 # But now it is some months since Novosibirsk is 3 hours ahead of Moscow! 2190 # I do not know why they have decided to make this change; 2191 # as far as I remember it was done exactly during winter->summer switching 2192 # so we (Novosibirsk) simply did not switch. 2193 # 2194 # From Andrey A. Chernov (1996-10-04): 2195 # 'MSK' and 'MSD' were born and used initially on Moscow computers with 2196 # UNIX-like OSes by several developer groups (e.g. Demos group, Kiae group).... 2197 # The next step was the UUCP network, the Relcom predecessor 2198 # (used mainly for mail), and MSK/MSD was actively used there. 2199 # 2200 # From Chris Carrier (1996-10-30): 2201 # According to a friend of mine who rode the Trans-Siberian Railroad from 2202 # Moscow to Irkutsk in 1995, public air and rail transport in Russia ... 2203 # still follows Moscow time, no matter where in Russia it is located. 2204 # 2205 # For Grozny, Chechnya, we have the following story from 2206 # John Daniszewski, "Scavengers in the Rubble", Los Angeles Times (2001-02-07): 2207 # News - often false - is spread by word of mouth. A rumor that it was 2208 # time to move the clocks back put this whole city out of sync with 2209 # the rest of Russia for two weeks - even soldiers stationed here began 2210 # enforcing curfew at the wrong time. 2211 # 2212 # From Gwillim Law (2001-06-05): 2213 # There's considerable evidence that Sakhalin Island used to be in 2214 # UTC+11, and has changed to UTC+10, in this decade. I start with the 2215 # SSIM, which listed Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk in zone RU10 along with Magadan 2216 # until February 1997, and then in RU9 with Khabarovsk and Vladivostok 2217 # since September 1997.... Although the Kuril Islands are 2218 # administratively part of Sakhalin oblast', they appear to have 2219 # remained on UTC+11 along with Magadan. 2220 2221 # From Tim Parenti (2014-07-06): 2222 # The comments detailing the coverage of each Russian zone are meant to assist 2223 # with maintenance only and represent our best guesses as to which regions 2224 # are covered by each zone. They are not meant to be taken as an authoritative 2225 # listing. The region codes listed come from 2226 # http://en.wikipedia.org/w/?title=Federal_subjects_of_Russia&oldid=611810498 2227 # and are used for convenience only; no guarantees are made regarding their 2228 # future stability. ISO 3166-2:RU codes are also listed for first-level 2229 # divisions where available. 2230 2231 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 2232 2233 2234 # From Tim Parenti (2014-07-03): 2235 # Europe/Kaliningrad covers... 2236 # 39 RU-KGD Kaliningrad Oblast 2237 2238 Zone Europe/Kaliningrad 1:22:00 - LMT 1893 Apr 2239 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 2240 2:00 Poland CE%sT 1946 2241 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1991 Mar 31 2:00s 2242 2:00 Russia EE%sT 2011 Mar 27 2:00s 2243 3:00 - FET 2014 Oct 26 2:00s 2244 2:00 - EET 2245 2246 2247 # From Tim Parenti (2014-07-03), per Oscar van Vlijmen (2001-08-25): 2248 # Europe/Moscow covers... 2249 # 01 RU-AD Adygea, Republic of 2250 # 05 RU-DA Dagestan, Republic of 2251 # 06 RU-IN Ingushetia, Republic of 2252 # 07 RU-KB Kabardino-Balkar Republic 2253 # 08 RU-KL Kalmykia, Republic of 2254 # 09 RU-KC Karachay-Cherkess Republic 2255 # 10 RU-KR Karelia, Republic of 2256 # 11 RU-KO Komi Republic 2257 # 12 RU-ME Mari El Republic 2258 # 13 RU-MO Mordovia, Republic of 2259 # 15 RU-SE North Ossetia-Alania, Republic of 2260 # 16 RU-TA Tatarstan, Republic of 2261 # 20 RU-CE Chechen Republic 2262 # 21 RU-CU Chuvash Republic 2263 # 23 RU-KDA Krasnodar Krai 2264 # 26 RU-STA Stavropol Krai 2265 # 29 RU-ARK Arkhangelsk Oblast 2266 # 31 RU-BEL Belgorod Oblast 2267 # 32 RU-BRY Bryansk Oblast 2268 # 33 RU-VLA Vladimir Oblast 2269 # 35 RU-VLG Vologda Oblast 2270 # 36 RU-VOR Voronezh Oblast 2271 # 37 RU-IVA Ivanovo Oblast 2272 # 40 RU-KLU Kaluga Oblast 2273 # 44 RU-KOS Kostroma Oblast 2274 # 46 RU-KRS Kursk Oblast 2275 # 47 RU-LEN Leningrad Oblast 2276 # 48 RU-LIP Lipetsk Oblast 2277 # 50 RU-MOS Moscow Oblast 2278 # 51 RU-MUR Murmansk Oblast 2279 # 52 RU-NIZ Nizhny Novgorod Oblast 2280 # 53 RU-NGR Novgorod Oblast 2281 # 57 RU-ORL Oryol Oblast 2282 # 58 RU-PNZ Penza Oblast 2283 # 60 RU-PSK Pskov Oblast 2284 # 61 RU-ROS Rostov Oblast 2285 # 62 RU-RYA Ryazan Oblast 2286 # 67 RU-SMO Smolensk Oblast 2287 # 68 RU-TAM Tambov Oblast 2288 # 69 RU-TVE Tver Oblast 2289 # 71 RU-TUL Tula Oblast 2290 # 73 RU-ULY Ulyanovsk Oblast 2291 # 76 RU-YAR Yaroslavl Oblast 2292 # 77 RU-MOW Moscow 2293 # 78 RU-SPE Saint Petersburg 2294 # 83 RU-NEN Nenets Autonomous Okrug 2295 2296 # From Vladimir Karpinsky (2014-07-08): 2297 # LMT in Moscow (before Jul 3, 1916) is 2:30:17, that was defined by Moscow 2298 # Observatory (coordinates: 55 deg. 45'29.70", 37 deg. 34'05.30").... 2299 # LMT in Moscow since Jul 3, 1916 is 2:31:01 as a result of new standard. 2300 # (The info is from the book by Byalokoz E.L. New Counting of Time in Russia 2301 # since July 1, 1919, p. 18.) The time in St. Petersburg as capital of Russia 2302 # was defined by Pulkov observatory, near St. Petersburg. In 1916 LMT Moscow 2303 # was synchronized with LMT St. Petersburg (+30 minutes), (Pulkov observatory 2304 # coordinates: 59 deg. 46'18.70", 30 deg. 19'40.70") so 30 deg. 19'40.70" > 2305 # 2h01m18.7s = 2:01:19. LMT Moscow = LMT St.Petersburg + 30m 2:01:19 + 0:30 = 2306 # 2:31:19 ... 2307 # 2308 # From Paul Eggert (2014-07-08): 2309 # Milne does not list Moscow, but suggests that its time might be listed in 2310 # Résumés mensuels et annuels des observations météorologiques (1895). 2311 # Presumably this is OCLC 85825704, a journal published with parallel text in 2312 # Russian and French. This source has not been located; go with Karpinsky. 2313 2314 Zone Europe/Moscow 2:30:17 - LMT 1880 2315 2:30:17 - MMT 1916 Jul 3 # Moscow Mean Time 2316 2:31:19 Russia %s 1919 Jul 1 2:00 2317 3:00 Russia %s 1921 Oct 2318 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1922 Oct 2319 2:00 - EET 1930 Jun 21 2320 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1991 Mar 31 2:00s 2321 2:00 Russia EE%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s 2322 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 2011 Mar 27 2:00s 2323 4:00 - MSK 2014 Oct 26 2:00s 2324 3:00 - MSK 2325 2326 2327 # From Tim Parenti (2014-07-03): 2328 # Europe/Simferopol covers... 2329 # ** **** Crimea, Republic of 2330 # ** **** Sevastopol 2331 2332 Zone Europe/Simferopol 2:16:24 - LMT 1880 2333 2:16 - SMT 1924 May 2 # Simferopol Mean T 2334 2:00 - EET 1930 Jun 21 2335 3:00 - MSK 1941 Nov 2336 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Apr 13 2337 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1990 2338 3:00 - MSK 1990 Jul 1 2:00 2339 2:00 - EET 1992 2340 # Central Crimea used Moscow time 1994/1997. 2341 # 2342 # From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22): 2343 # The _Economist_ (1994-05-28, p 45) reports that central Crimea switched 2344 # from Kiev to Moscow time sometime after the January 1994 elections. 2345 # Shanks (1999) says "date of change uncertain", but implies that it happened 2346 # sometime between the 1994 DST switches. Shanks & Pottenger simply say 2347 # 1994-09-25 03:00, but that can't be right. For now, guess it 2348 # changed in May. 2349 2:00 E-Eur EE%sT 1994 May 2350 # From IATA SSIM (1994/1997), which also says that Kerch is still like Kiev. 2351 3:00 E-Eur MSK/MSD 1996 Mar 31 3:00s 2352 3:00 1:00 MSD 1996 Oct 27 3:00s 2353 # IATA SSIM (1997-09) says Crimea switched to EET/EEST. 2354 # Assume it happened in March by not changing the clocks. 2355 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1997 2356 3:00 - MSK 1997 Mar lastSun 1:00u 2357 # From Alexander Krivenyshev (2014-03-17): 2358 # time change at 2:00 (2am) on March 30, 2014 2359 # http://vz.ru/news/2014/3/17/677464.html 2360 # From Paul Eggert (2014-03-30): 2361 # Simferopol and Sevastopol reportedly changed their central town clocks 2362 # late the previous day, but this appears to have been ceremonial 2363 # and the discrepancies are small enough to not worry about. 2364 2:00 EU EE%sT 2014 Mar 30 2:00 2365 4:00 - MSK 2014 Oct 26 2:00s 2366 3:00 - MSK 2367 2368 2369 # From Tim Parenti (2014-07-03): 2370 # Europe/Volgograd covers... 2371 # 30 RU-AST Astrakhan Oblast 2372 # 34 RU-VGG Volgograd Oblast 2373 # 43 RU-KIR Kirov Oblast 2374 # 64 RU-SAR Saratov Oblast 2375 2376 # From Paul Eggert (2006-05-09): 2377 # Shanks & Pottenger say Kirov is still at +0400 but Wikipedia says +0300. 2378 # Perhaps it switched after the others? But we have no data. 2379 2380 Zone Europe/Volgograd 2:57:40 - LMT 1920 Jan 3 2381 3:00 - TSAT 1925 Apr 6 # Tsaritsyn Time 2382 3:00 - STAT 1930 Jun 21 # Stalingrad Time 2383 4:00 - STAT 1961 Nov 11 2384 4:00 Russia VOL%sT 1989 Mar 26 2:00s # Volgograd T 2385 3:00 Russia VOL%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s 2386 4:00 - VOLT 1992 Mar 29 2:00s 2387 3:00 Russia MSK 2011 Mar 27 2:00s 2388 4:00 - MSK 2014 Oct 26 2:00s 2389 3:00 - MSK 2390 2391 2392 # From Tim Parenti (2014-07-03), per Oscar van Vlijmen (2001-08-25): 2393 # Europe/Samara covers... 2394 # 18 RU-UD Udmurt Republic 2395 # 63 RU-SAM Samara Oblast 2396 2397 Zone Europe/Samara 3:20:36 - LMT 1919 Jul 1 2:00 2398 3:00 - SAMT 1930 Jun 21 2399 4:00 - SAMT 1935 Jan 27 2400 4:00 Russia KUY%sT 1989 Mar 26 2:00s # Kuybyshev 2401 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1991 Mar 31 2:00s 2402 2:00 Russia EE%sT 1991 Sep 29 2:00s 2403 3:00 - KUYT 1991 Oct 20 3:00 2404 4:00 Russia SAM%sT 2010 Mar 28 2:00s # Samara Time 2405 3:00 Russia SAM%sT 2011 Mar 27 2:00s 2406 4:00 - SAMT 2407 2408 2409 # From Tim Parenti (2014-07-03), per Oscar van Vlijmen (2001-08-25): 2410 # Asia/Yekaterinburg covers... 2411 # 02 RU-BA Bashkortostan, Republic of 2412 # 90 RU-PER Perm Krai 2413 # 45 RU-KGN Kurgan Oblast 2414 # 56 RU-ORE Orenburg Oblast 2415 # 66 RU-SVE Sverdlovsk Oblast 2416 # 72 RU-TYU Tyumen Oblast 2417 # 74 RU-CHE Chelyabinsk Oblast 2418 # 86 RU-KHM Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug - Yugra 2419 # 89 RU-YAN Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug 2420 # 2421 # Note: Effective 2005-12-01, (59) Perm Oblast and (81) Komi-Permyak 2422 # Autonomous Okrug merged to form (90, RU-PER) Perm Krai. 2423 2424 # Milne says Yekaterinburg time was 4:02:32.9; round to nearest. 2425 2426 Zone Asia/Yekaterinburg 4:02:33 - LMT 1919 Jul 15 4:00 2427 4:00 - SVET 1930 Jun 21 # Sverdlovsk Time 2428 5:00 Russia SVE%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s 2429 4:00 Russia SVE%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s 2430 5:00 Russia YEK%sT 2011 Mar 27 2:00s 2431 6:00 - YEKT 2014 Oct 26 2:00s 2432 5:00 - YEKT 2433 2434 2435 # From Tim Parenti (2014-07-03), per Oscar van Vlijmen (2001-08-25): 2436 # Asia/Omsk covers... 2437 # 04 RU-AL Altai Republic 2438 # 22 RU-ALT Altai Krai 2439 # 55 RU-OMS Omsk Oblast 2440 2441 Zone Asia/Omsk 4:53:36 - LMT 1919 Nov 14 2442 5:00 - OMST 1930 Jun 21 # Omsk Time 2443 6:00 Russia OMS%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s 2444 5:00 Russia OMS%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s 2445 6:00 Russia OMS%sT 2011 Mar 27 2:00s 2446 7:00 - OMST 2014 Oct 26 2:00s 2447 6:00 - OMST 2448 2449 2450 # From Tim Parenti (2014-07-03): 2451 # Asia/Novosibirsk covers... 2452 # 54 RU-NVS Novosibirsk Oblast 2453 # 70 RU-TOM Tomsk Oblast 2454 2455 # From Paul Eggert (2006-08-19): I'm guessing about Tomsk here; it's 2456 # not clear when it switched from +7 to +6. 2457 2458 Zone Asia/Novosibirsk 5:31:40 - LMT 1919 Dec 14 6:00 2459 6:00 - NOVT 1930 Jun 21 # Novosibirsk Time 2460 7:00 Russia NOV%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s 2461 6:00 Russia NOV%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s 2462 7:00 Russia NOV%sT 1993 May 23 # say Shanks & P. 2463 6:00 Russia NOV%sT 2011 Mar 27 2:00s 2464 7:00 - NOVT 2014 Oct 26 2:00s 2465 6:00 - NOVT 2466 2467 2468 # From Tim Parenti (2014-07-03): 2469 # Asia/Novokuznetsk covers... 2470 # 42 RU-KEM Kemerovo Oblast 2471 2472 # From Alexander Krivenyshev (2009-10-13): 2473 # Kemerovo oblast' (Kemerovo region) in Russia will change current time zone on 2474 # March 28, 2010: 2475 # from current Russia Zone 6 - Krasnoyarsk Time Zone (KRA) UTC +0700 2476 # to Russia Zone 5 - Novosibirsk Time Zone (NOV) UTC +0600 2477 # 2478 # This is according to Government of Russia decree # 740, on September 2479 # 14, 2009 "Application in the territory of the Kemerovo region the Fifth 2480 # time zone." ("Russia Zone 5" or old "USSR Zone 5" is GMT +0600) 2481 # 2482 # Russian Government web site (Russian language) 2483 # http://www.government.ru/content/governmentactivity/rfgovernmentdecisions/archive/2009/09/14/991633.htm 2484 # or Russian-English translation by WorldTimeZone.com with reference 2485 # map to local region and new Russia Time Zone map after March 28, 2010 2486 # http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_russia03.html 2487 # 2488 # Thus, when Russia will switch to DST on the night of March 28, 2010 2489 # Kemerovo region (Kemerovo oblast') will not change the clock. 2490 # 2491 # As a result, Kemerovo oblast' will be in the same time zone as 2492 # Novosibirsk, Omsk, Tomsk, Barnaul and Altai Republic. 2493 2494 # From Tim Parenti (2014-07-02), per Alexander Krivenyshev (2014-07-02): 2495 # The Kemerovo region will remain at UTC+7 through the 2014-10-26 change, thus 2496 # realigning itself with KRAT. 2497 2498 Zone Asia/Novokuznetsk 5:48:48 - NMT 1920 Jan 6 2499 6:00 - KRAT 1930 Jun 21 # Krasnoyarsk Time 2500 7:00 Russia KRA%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s 2501 6:00 Russia KRA%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s 2502 7:00 Russia KRA%sT 2010 Mar 28 2:00s 2503 6:00 Russia NOV%sT 2011 Mar 27 2:00s # Novosibirsk T 2504 7:00 - NOVT 2014 Oct 26 2:00s 2505 7:00 - KRAT # Krasnoyarsk Time 2506 2507 2508 # From Tim Parenti (2014-07-03), per Oscar van Vlijmen (2001-08-25): 2509 # Asia/Krasnoyarsk covers... 2510 # 17 RU-TY Tuva Republic 2511 # 19 RU-KK Khakassia, Republic of 2512 # 24 RU-KYA Krasnoyarsk Krai 2513 # 2514 # Note: Effective 2007-01-01, (88) Evenk Autonomous Okrug and (84) Taymyr 2515 # Autonomous Okrug were merged into (24, RU-KYA) Krasnoyarsk Krai. 2516 2517 Zone Asia/Krasnoyarsk 6:11:20 - LMT 1920 Jan 6 2518 6:00 - KRAT 1930 Jun 21 # Krasnoyarsk Time 2519 7:00 Russia KRA%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s 2520 6:00 Russia KRA%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s 2521 7:00 Russia KRA%sT 2011 Mar 27 2:00s 2522 8:00 - KRAT 2014 Oct 26 2:00s 2523 7:00 - KRAT 2524 2525 2526 # From Tim Parenti (2014-07-03), per Oscar van Vlijmen (2001-08-25): 2527 # Asia/Irkutsk covers... 2528 # 03 RU-BU Buryatia, Republic of 2529 # 38 RU-IRK Irkutsk Oblast 2530 # 2531 # Note: Effective 2008-01-01, (85) Ust-Orda Buryat Autonomous Okrug was 2532 # merged into (38, RU-IRK) Irkutsk Oblast. 2533 2534 # Milne says Irkutsk time was 6:57:15. 2535 2536 Zone Asia/Irkutsk 6:57:15 - LMT 1880 2537 6:57:15 - IMT 1920 Jan 25 # Irkutsk Mean Time 2538 7:00 - IRKT 1930 Jun 21 # Irkutsk Time 2539 8:00 Russia IRK%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s 2540 7:00 Russia IRK%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s 2541 8:00 Russia IRK%sT 2011 Mar 27 2:00s 2542 9:00 - IRKT 2014 Oct 26 2:00s 2543 8:00 - IRKT 2544 2545 2546 # From Tim Parenti (2014-07-06): 2547 # Asia/Chita covers... 2548 # 92 RU-ZAB Zabaykalsky Krai 2549 # 2550 # Note: Effective 2008-03-01, (75) Chita Oblast and (80) Agin-Buryat 2551 # Autonomous Okrug merged to form (92, RU-ZAB) Zabaykalsky Krai. 2552 2553 Zone Asia/Chita 7:33:52 - LMT 1919 Dec 15 2554 8:00 - YAKT 1930 Jun 21 # Yakutsk Time 2555 9:00 Russia YAK%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s 2556 8:00 Russia YAK%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s 2557 9:00 Russia YAK%sT 2011 Mar 27 2:00s 2558 10:00 - YAKT 2014 Oct 26 2:00s 2559 8:00 - IRKT 2560 2561 2562 # From Tim Parenti (2014-07-03), per Oscar van Vlijmen (2009-11-29): 2563 # Asia/Yakutsk covers... 2564 # 28 RU-AMU Amur Oblast 2565 # 2566 # ...and parts of (14, RU-SA) Sakha (Yakutia) Republic: 2567 # 14-02 **** Aldansky District 2568 # 14-04 **** Amginsky District 2569 # 14-05 **** Anabarsky District 2570 # 14-06 **** Bulunsky District 2571 # 14-07 **** Verkhnevilyuysky District 2572 # 14-10 **** Vilyuysky District 2573 # 14-11 **** Gorny District 2574 # 14-12 **** Zhigansky District 2575 # 14-13 **** Kobyaysky District 2576 # 14-14 **** Lensky District 2577 # 14-15 **** Megino-Kangalassky District 2578 # 14-16 **** Mirninsky District 2579 # 14-18 **** Namsky District 2580 # 14-19 **** Neryungrinsky District 2581 # 14-21 **** Nyurbinsky District 2582 # 14-23 **** Olenyoksky District 2583 # 14-24 **** Olyokminsky District 2584 # 14-26 **** Suntarsky District 2585 # 14-27 **** Tattinsky District 2586 # 14-29 **** Ust-Aldansky District 2587 # 14-32 **** Khangalassky District 2588 # 14-33 **** Churapchinsky District 2589 # 14-34 **** Eveno-Bytantaysky National District 2590 2591 # From Tim Parenti (2014-07-03): 2592 # Our commentary seems to have lost mention of (14-19) Neryungrinsky District. 2593 # Since the surrounding districts of Sakha are all YAKT, assume this is, too. 2594 # Also assume its history has been the same as the rest of Asia/Yakutsk. 2595 2596 Zone Asia/Yakutsk 8:38:40 - LMT 1919 Dec 15 2597 8:00 - YAKT 1930 Jun 21 # Yakutsk Time 2598 9:00 Russia YAK%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s 2599 8:00 Russia YAK%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s 2600 9:00 Russia YAK%sT 2011 Mar 27 2:00s 2601 10:00 - YAKT 2014 Oct 26 2:00s 2602 9:00 - YAKT 2603 2604 2605 # From Tim Parenti (2014-07-03), per Oscar van Vlijmen (2009-11-29): 2606 # Asia/Vladivostok covers... 2607 # 25 RU-PRI Primorsky Krai 2608 # 27 RU-KHA Khabarovsk Krai 2609 # 79 RU-YEV Jewish Autonomous Oblast 2610 # 2611 # ...and parts of (14, RU-SA) Sakha (Yakutia) Republic: 2612 # 14-09 **** Verkhoyansky District 2613 # 14-31 **** Ust-Yansky District 2614 2615 # Milne says Vladivostok time was 8:47:33.5; round to nearest. 2616 2617 Zone Asia/Vladivostok 8:47:34 - LMT 1922 Nov 15 2618 9:00 - VLAT 1930 Jun 21 # Vladivostok Time 2619 10:00 Russia VLA%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s 2620 9:00 Russia VLA%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s 2621 10:00 Russia VLA%sT 2011 Mar 27 2:00s 2622 11:00 - VLAT 2014 Oct 26 2:00s 2623 10:00 - VLAT 2624 2625 2626 # From Tim Parenti (2014-07-03): 2627 # Asia/Khandyga covers parts of (14, RU-SA) Sakha (Yakutia) Republic: 2628 # 14-28 **** Tomponsky District 2629 # 14-30 **** Ust-Maysky District 2630 2631 # From Arthur David Olson (2012-05-09): 2632 # Tomponskij and Ust'-Majskij switched from Vladivostok time to Yakutsk time 2633 # in 2011. 2634 2635 # From Paul Eggert (2012-11-25): 2636 # Shanks and Pottenger (2003) has Khandyga on Yakutsk time. 2637 # Make a wild guess that it switched to Vladivostok time in 2004. 2638 # This transition is no doubt wrong, but we have no better info. 2639 2640 Zone Asia/Khandyga 9:02:13 - LMT 1919 Dec 15 2641 8:00 - YAKT 1930 Jun 21 # Yakutsk Time 2642 9:00 Russia YAK%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s 2643 8:00 Russia YAK%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s 2644 9:00 Russia YAK%sT 2004 2645 10:00 Russia VLA%sT 2011 Mar 27 2:00s 2646 11:00 - VLAT 2011 Sep 13 0:00s # Decree 725? 2647 10:00 - YAKT 2014 Oct 26 2:00s 2648 9:00 - YAKT 2649 2650 2651 # From Tim Parenti (2014-07-03): 2652 # Asia/Sakhalin covers... 2653 # 65 RU-SAK Sakhalin Oblast 2654 # ...with the exception of: 2655 # 65-11 **** Severo-Kurilsky District (North Kuril Islands) 2656 2657 # The Zone name should be Asia/Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk, but that's too long. 2658 Zone Asia/Sakhalin 9:30:48 - LMT 1905 Aug 23 2659 9:00 - JCST 1937 Oct 1 2660 9:00 - JST 1945 Aug 25 2661 11:00 Russia SAK%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s # Sakhalin T. 2662 10:00 Russia SAK%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s 2663 11:00 Russia SAK%sT 1997 Mar lastSun 2:00s 2664 10:00 Russia SAK%sT 2011 Mar 27 2:00s 2665 11:00 - SAKT 2014 Oct 26 2:00s 2666 10:00 - SAKT 2667 2668 2669 # From Tim Parenti (2014-07-03), per Oscar van Vlijmen (2009-11-29): 2670 # Asia/Magadan covers... 2671 # 49 RU-MAG Magadan Oblast 2672 2673 # From Tim Parenti (2014-07-06), per Alexander Krivenyshev (2014-07-02): 2674 # Magadan Oblast is moving from UTC+12 to UTC+10 on 2014-10-26; however, 2675 # several districts of Sakha Republic as well as Severo-Kurilsky District of 2676 # the Sakhalin Oblast (also known as the North Kuril Islands), represented 2677 # until now by Asia/Magadan, will instead move to UTC+11. These regions will 2678 # need their own zone. 2679 2680 Zone Asia/Magadan 10:03:12 - LMT 1924 May 2 2681 10:00 - MAGT 1930 Jun 21 # Magadan Time 2682 11:00 Russia MAG%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s 2683 10:00 Russia MAG%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s 2684 11:00 Russia MAG%sT 2011 Mar 27 2:00s 2685 12:00 - MAGT 2014 Oct 26 2:00s 2686 10:00 - MAGT 2687 2688 2689 # From Tim Parenti (2014-07-06): 2690 # Asia/Srednekolymsk covers parts of (14, RU-SA) Sakha (Yakutia) Republic: 2691 # 14-01 **** Abyysky District 2692 # 14-03 **** Allaikhovsky District 2693 # 14-08 **** Verkhnekolymsky District 2694 # 14-17 **** Momsky District 2695 # 14-20 **** Nizhnekolymsky District 2696 # 14-25 **** Srednekolymsky District 2697 # 2698 # ...and parts of (65, RU-SAK) Sakhalin Oblast: 2699 # 65-11 **** Severo-Kurilsky District (North Kuril Islands) 2700 2701 # From Tim Parenti (2014-07-02): 2702 # Oymyakonsky District of Sakha Republic (represented by Ust-Nera), along with 2703 # most of Sakhalin Oblast (represented by Sakhalin) will be moving to UTC+10 on 2704 # 2014-10-26 to stay aligned with VLAT/SAKT; however, Severo-Kurilsky District 2705 # of the Sakhalin Oblast (also known as the North Kuril Islands, represented by 2706 # Severo-Kurilsk) will remain on UTC+11. 2707 2708 # From Tim Parenti (2014-07-06): 2709 # Assume North Kuril Islands have history like Magadan before 2011-03-27. 2710 # There is a decent chance this is wrong, in which case a new zone 2711 # Asia/Severo-Kurilsk would become necessary. 2712 # 2713 # Srednekolymsk and Zyryanka are the most populous places amongst these 2714 # districts, but have very similar populations. In fact, Wikipedia currently 2715 # lists them both as having 3528 people, exactly 1668 males and 1860 females 2716 # each! (Yikes!) 2717 # http://en.wikipedia.org/w/?title=Srednekolymsky_District&oldid=603435276 2718 # http://en.wikipedia.org/w/?title=Verkhnekolymsky_District&oldid=594378493 2719 # Assume this is a mistake, albeit an amusing one. 2720 # 2721 # Looking at censuses, the populations of the two municipalities seem to have 2722 # fluctuated recently. Zyryanka was more populous than Srednekolymsk in the 2723 # 1989 and 2002 censuses, but Srednekolymsk was more populous in the most 2724 # recent (2010) census, 3525 to 3170. (See pages 195 and 197 of 2725 # http://www.gks.ru/free_doc/new_site/perepis2010/croc/Documents/Vol1/pub-01-05.pdf 2726 # in Russian.) In addition, Srednekolymsk appears to be a much older 2727 # settlement and the population of Zyryanka seems to be declining. 2728 # Go with Srednekolymsk. 2729 # 2730 # Since Magadan Oblast moves to UTC+10 on 2014-10-26, we cannot keep using MAGT 2731 # as the abbreviation. Use SRET instead. 2732 2733 Zone Asia/Srednekolymsk 10:14:52 - LMT 1924 May 2 2734 10:00 - MAGT 1930 Jun 21 # Magadan Time 2735 11:00 Russia MAG%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s 2736 10:00 Russia MAG%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s 2737 11:00 Russia MAG%sT 2011 Mar 27 2:00s 2738 12:00 - MAGT 2014 Oct 26 2:00s 2739 11:00 - SRET # Srednekolymsk Time 2740 2741 2742 # From Tim Parenti (2014-07-03): 2743 # Asia/Ust-Nera covers parts of (14, RU-SA) Sakha (Yakutia) Republic: 2744 # 14-22 **** Oymyakonsky District 2745 2746 # From Arthur David Olson (2012-05-09): 2747 # Ojmyakonskij [and the Kuril Islands] switched from 2748 # Magadan time to Vladivostok time in 2011. 2749 # 2750 # From Tim Parenti (2014-07-06), per Alexander Krivenyshev (2014-07-02): 2751 # It's unlikely that any of the Kuril Islands were involved in such a switch, 2752 # as the South and Middle Kurils have been on UTC+11 (SAKT) with the rest of 2753 # Sakhalin Oblast since at least 2011-09, and the North Kurils have been on 2754 # UTC+12 since at least then, too. 2755 2756 Zone Asia/Ust-Nera 9:32:54 - LMT 1919 Dec 15 2757 8:00 - YAKT 1930 Jun 21 # Yakutsk Time 2758 9:00 Russia YAKT 1981 Apr 1 2759 11:00 Russia MAG%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s 2760 10:00 Russia MAG%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s 2761 11:00 Russia MAG%sT 2011 Mar 27 2:00s 2762 12:00 - MAGT 2011 Sep 13 0:00s # Decree 725? 2763 11:00 - VLAT 2014 Oct 26 2:00s 2764 10:00 - VLAT 2765 2766 2767 # From Tim Parenti (2014-07-03), per Oscar van Vlijmen (2001-08-25): 2768 # Asia/Kamchatka covers... 2769 # 91 RU-KAM Kamchatka Krai 2770 # 2771 # Note: Effective 2007-07-01, (41) Kamchatka Oblast and (82) Koryak 2772 # Autonomous Okrug merged to form (91, RU-KAM) Kamchatka Krai. 2773 2774 # The Zone name should be Asia/Petropavlovsk-Kamchatski or perhaps 2775 # Asia/Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky, but these are too long. 2776 Zone Asia/Kamchatka 10:34:36 - LMT 1922 Nov 10 2777 11:00 - PETT 1930 Jun 21 # P-K Time 2778 12:00 Russia PET%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s 2779 11:00 Russia PET%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s 2780 12:00 Russia PET%sT 2010 Mar 28 2:00s 2781 11:00 Russia PET%sT 2011 Mar 27 2:00s 2782 12:00 - PETT 2783 2784 2785 # From Tim Parenti (2014-07-03): 2786 # Asia/Anadyr covers... 2787 # 87 RU-CHU Chukotka Autonomous Okrug 2788 2789 Zone Asia/Anadyr 11:49:56 - LMT 1924 May 2 2790 12:00 - ANAT 1930 Jun 21 # Anadyr Time 2791 13:00 Russia ANA%sT 1982 Apr 1 0:00s 2792 12:00 Russia ANA%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s 2793 11:00 Russia ANA%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s 2794 12:00 Russia ANA%sT 2010 Mar 28 2:00s 2795 11:00 Russia ANA%sT 2011 Mar 27 2:00s 2796 12:00 - ANAT 2797 2798 2799 # San Marino 2800 # See Europe/Rome. 2801 2802 # Serbia 2803 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 2804 Zone Europe/Belgrade 1:22:00 - LMT 1884 2805 1:00 - CET 1941 Apr 18 23:00 2806 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 2807 1:00 - CET 1945 May 8 2:00s 2808 1:00 1:00 CEST 1945 Sep 16 2:00s 2809 # Metod Koželj reports that the legal date of 2810 # transition to EU rules was 1982-11-27, for all of Yugoslavia at the time. 2811 # Shanks & Pottenger don't give as much detail, so go with Koželj. 2812 1:00 - CET 1982 Nov 27 2813 1:00 EU CE%sT 2814 Link Europe/Belgrade Europe/Ljubljana # Slovenia 2815 Link Europe/Belgrade Europe/Podgorica # Montenegro 2816 Link Europe/Belgrade Europe/Sarajevo # Bosnia and Herzegovina 2817 Link Europe/Belgrade Europe/Skopje # Macedonia 2818 Link Europe/Belgrade Europe/Zagreb # Croatia 2819 2820 # Slovakia 2821 Link Europe/Prague Europe/Bratislava 2822 2823 # Slovenia 2824 # See Europe/Belgrade. 2825 2826 # Spain 2827 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S 2828 # For 1917-1919 Whitman gives Apr Sat>=1 - Oct Sat>=1; 2829 # go with Shanks & Pottenger. 2830 Rule Spain 1917 only - May 5 23:00s 1:00 S 2831 Rule Spain 1917 1919 - Oct 6 23:00s 0 - 2832 Rule Spain 1918 only - Apr 15 23:00s 1:00 S 2833 Rule Spain 1919 only - Apr 5 23:00s 1:00 S 2834 # Whitman gives 1921 Feb 28 - Oct 14; go with Shanks & Pottenger. 2835 Rule Spain 1924 only - Apr 16 23:00s 1:00 S 2836 # Whitman gives 1924 Oct 14; go with Shanks & Pottenger. 2837 Rule Spain 1924 only - Oct 4 23:00s 0 - 2838 Rule Spain 1926 only - Apr 17 23:00s 1:00 S 2839 # Whitman says no DST in 1929; go with Shanks & Pottenger. 2840 Rule Spain 1926 1929 - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 - 2841 Rule Spain 1927 only - Apr 9 23:00s 1:00 S 2842 Rule Spain 1928 only - Apr 14 23:00s 1:00 S 2843 Rule Spain 1929 only - Apr 20 23:00s 1:00 S 2844 # Whitman gives 1937 Jun 16, 1938 Apr 16, 1940 Apr 13; 2845 # go with Shanks & Pottenger. 2846 Rule Spain 1937 only - May 22 23:00s 1:00 S 2847 Rule Spain 1937 1939 - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 - 2848 Rule Spain 1938 only - Mar 22 23:00s 1:00 S 2849 Rule Spain 1939 only - Apr 15 23:00s 1:00 S 2850 Rule Spain 1940 only - Mar 16 23:00s 1:00 S 2851 # Whitman says no DST 1942-1945; go with Shanks & Pottenger. 2852 Rule Spain 1942 only - May 2 22:00s 2:00 M # Midsummer 2853 Rule Spain 1942 only - Sep 1 22:00s 1:00 S 2854 Rule Spain 1943 1946 - Apr Sat>=13 22:00s 2:00 M 2855 Rule Spain 1943 only - Oct 3 22:00s 1:00 S 2856 Rule Spain 1944 only - Oct 10 22:00s 1:00 S 2857 Rule Spain 1945 only - Sep 30 1:00 1:00 S 2858 Rule Spain 1946 only - Sep 30 0:00 0 - 2859 Rule Spain 1949 only - Apr 30 23:00 1:00 S 2860 Rule Spain 1949 only - Sep 30 1:00 0 - 2861 Rule Spain 1974 1975 - Apr Sat>=13 23:00 1:00 S 2862 Rule Spain 1974 1975 - Oct Sun>=1 1:00 0 - 2863 Rule Spain 1976 only - Mar 27 23:00 1:00 S 2864 Rule Spain 1976 1977 - Sep lastSun 1:00 0 - 2865 Rule Spain 1977 1978 - Apr 2 23:00 1:00 S 2866 Rule Spain 1978 only - Oct 1 1:00 0 - 2867 # The following rules are copied from Morocco from 1967 through 1978. 2868 Rule SpainAfrica 1967 only - Jun 3 12:00 1:00 S 2869 Rule SpainAfrica 1967 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 - 2870 Rule SpainAfrica 1974 only - Jun 24 0:00 1:00 S 2871 Rule SpainAfrica 1974 only - Sep 1 0:00 0 - 2872 Rule SpainAfrica 1976 1977 - May 1 0:00 1:00 S 2873 Rule SpainAfrica 1976 only - Aug 1 0:00 0 - 2874 Rule SpainAfrica 1977 only - Sep 28 0:00 0 - 2875 Rule SpainAfrica 1978 only - Jun 1 0:00 1:00 S 2876 Rule SpainAfrica 1978 only - Aug 4 0:00 0 - 2877 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 2878 Zone Europe/Madrid -0:14:44 - LMT 1901 Jan 1 0:00s 2879 0:00 Spain WE%sT 1946 Sep 30 2880 1:00 Spain CE%sT 1979 2881 1:00 EU CE%sT 2882 Zone Africa/Ceuta -0:21:16 - LMT 1901 2883 0:00 - WET 1918 May 6 23:00 2884 0:00 1:00 WEST 1918 Oct 7 23:00 2885 0:00 - WET 1924 2886 0:00 Spain WE%sT 1929 2887 0:00 SpainAfrica WE%sT 1984 Mar 16 2888 1:00 - CET 1986 2889 1:00 EU CE%sT 2890 Zone Atlantic/Canary -1:01:36 - LMT 1922 Mar # Las Palmas de Gran C. 2891 -1:00 - CANT 1946 Sep 30 1:00 # Canaries Time 2892 0:00 - WET 1980 Apr 6 0:00s 2893 0:00 1:00 WEST 1980 Sep 28 0:00s 2894 0:00 EU WE%sT 2895 # IATA SSIM (1996-09) says the Canaries switch at 2:00u, not 1:00u. 2896 # Ignore this for now, as the Canaries are part of the EU. 2897 2898 # Sweden 2899 2900 # From Ivan Nilsson (2001-04-13), superseding Shanks & Pottenger: 2901 # 2902 # The law "Svensk författningssamling 1878, no 14" about standard time in 1879: 2903 # From the beginning of 1879 (that is 01-01 00:00) the time for all 2904 # places in the country is "the mean solar time for the meridian at 2905 # three degrees, or twelve minutes of time, to the west of the 2906 # meridian of the Observatory of Stockholm". The law is dated 1878-05-31. 2907 # 2908 # The observatory at that time had the meridian 18 degrees 03' 30" 2909 # eastern longitude = 01:12:14 in time. Less 12 minutes gives the 2910 # national standard time as 01:00:14 ahead of GMT.... 2911 # 2912 # About the beginning of CET in Sweden. The lawtext ("Svensk 2913 # författningssamling 1899, no 44") states, that "from the beginning 2914 # of 1900... ... the same as the mean solar time for the meridian at 2915 # the distance of one hour of time from the meridian of the English 2916 # observatory at Greenwich, or at 12 minutes 14 seconds to the west 2917 # from the meridian of the Observatory of Stockholm". The law is dated 2918 # 1899-06-16. In short: At 1900-01-01 00:00:00 the new standard time 2919 # in Sweden is 01:00:00 ahead of GMT. 2920 # 2921 # 1916: The lawtext ("Svensk författningssamling 1916, no 124") states 2922 # that "1916-05-15 is considered to begin one hour earlier". It is 2923 # pretty obvious that at 05-14 23:00 the clocks are set to 05-15 00:00.... 2924 # Further the law says, that "1916-09-30 is considered to end one hour later". 2925 # 2926 # The laws regulating [DST] are available on the site of the Swedish 2927 # Parliament beginning with 1985 - the laws regulating 1980/1984 are 2928 # not available on the site (to my knowledge they are only available 2929 # in Swedish): <http://www.riksdagen.se/english/work/sfst.asp> (type 2930 # "sommartid" without the quotes in the field "Fritext" and then click 2931 # the Sök-button). 2932 # 2933 # (2001-05-13): 2934 # 2935 # I have now found a newspaper stating that at 1916-10-01 01:00 2936 # summertime the church-clocks etc were set back one hour to show 2937 # 1916-10-01 00:00 standard time. The article also reports that some 2938 # people thought the switch to standard time would take place already 2939 # at 1916-10-01 00:00 summer time, but they had to wait for another 2940 # hour before the event took place. 2941 # 2942 # Source: The newspaper "Dagens Nyheter", 1916-10-01, page 7 upper left. 2943 2944 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 2945 Zone Europe/Stockholm 1:12:12 - LMT 1879 Jan 1 2946 1:00:14 - SET 1900 Jan 1 # Swedish Time 2947 1:00 - CET 1916 May 14 23:00 2948 1:00 1:00 CEST 1916 Oct 1 01:00 2949 1:00 - CET 1980 2950 1:00 EU CE%sT 2951 2952 # Switzerland 2953 # From Howse: 2954 # By the end of the 18th century clocks and watches became commonplace 2955 # and their performance improved enormously. Communities began to keep 2956 # mean time in preference to apparent time - Geneva from 1780 .... 2957 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S 2958 # From Whitman (who writes "Midnight?"): 2959 # Rule Swiss 1940 only - Nov 2 0:00 1:00 S 2960 # Rule Swiss 1940 only - Dec 31 0:00 0 - 2961 # From Shanks & Pottenger: 2962 # Rule Swiss 1941 1942 - May Sun>=1 2:00 1:00 S 2963 # Rule Swiss 1941 1942 - Oct Sun>=1 0:00 0 - 2964 2965 # From Alois Treindl (2008-12-17): 2966 # I have researched the DST usage in Switzerland during the 1940ies. 2967 # 2968 # As I wrote in an earlier message, I suspected the current tzdata values 2969 # to be wrong. This is now verified. 2970 # 2971 # I have found copies of the original ruling by the Swiss Federal 2972 # government, in 'Eidgenössische Gesetzessammlung 1941 and 1942' (Swiss 2973 # federal law collection)... 2974 # 2975 # DST began on Monday 5 May 1941, 1:00 am by shifting the clocks to 2:00 am 2976 # DST ended on Monday 6 Oct 1941, 2:00 am by shifting the clocks to 1:00 am. 2977 # 2978 # DST began on Monday, 4 May 1942 at 01:00 am 2979 # DST ended on Monday, 5 Oct 1942 at 02:00 am 2980 # 2981 # There was no DST in 1940, I have checked the law collection carefully. 2982 # It is also indicated by the fact that the 1942 entry in the law 2983 # collection points back to 1941 as a reference, but no reference to any 2984 # other years are made. 2985 # 2986 # Newspaper articles I have read in the archives on 6 May 1941 reported 2987 # about the introduction of DST (Sommerzeit in German) during the previous 2988 # night as an absolute novelty, because this was the first time that such 2989 # a thing had happened in Switzerland. 2990 # 2991 # I have also checked 1916, because one book source (Gabriel, Traité de 2992 # l'heure dans le monde) claims that Switzerland had DST in 1916. This is 2993 # false, no official document could be found. Probably Gabriel got misled 2994 # by references to Germany, which introduced DST in 1916 for the first time. 2995 # 2996 # The tzdata rules for Switzerland must be changed to: 2997 # Rule Swiss 1941 1942 - May Mon>=1 1:00 1:00 S 2998 # Rule Swiss 1941 1942 - Oct Mon>=1 2:00 0 - 2999 # 3000 # The 1940 rules must be deleted. 3001 # 3002 # One further detail for Switzerland, which is probably out of scope for 3003 # most users of tzdata: The [Europe/Zurich zone] ... 3004 # describes all of Switzerland correctly, with the exception of 3005 # the Canton de Genève (Geneva, Genf). Between 1848 and 1894 Geneva did not 3006 # follow Bern Mean Time but kept its own local mean time. 3007 # To represent this, an extra zone would be needed. 3008 # 3009 # From Alois Treindl (2013-09-11): 3010 # The Federal regulations say 3011 # http://www.admin.ch/opc/de/classified-compilation/20071096/index.html 3012 # ... the meridian for Bern mean time ... is 7 degrees 26' 22.50". 3013 # Expressed in time, it is 0h29m45.5s. 3014 3015 # From Pierre-Yves Berger (2013-09-11): 3016 # the "Circulaire du conseil fédéral" (December 11 1893) 3017 # <http://www.amtsdruckschriften.bar.admin.ch/viewOrigDoc.do?id=10071353> ... 3018 # clearly states that the [1894-06-01] change should be done at midnight 3019 # but if no one is present after 11 at night, could be postponed until one 3020 # hour before the beginning of service. 3021 3022 # From Paul Eggert (2013-09-11): 3023 # Round BMT to the nearest even second, 0:29:46. 3024 # 3025 # We can find no reliable source for Shanks's assertion that all of Switzerland 3026 # except Geneva switched to Bern Mean Time at 00:00 on 1848-09-12. This book: 3027 # 3028 # Jakob Messerli. Gleichmässig, pünktlich, schnell. Zeiteinteilung und 3029 # Zeitgebrauch in der Schweiz im 19. Jahrhundert. Chronos, Zurich 1995, 3030 # ISBN 3-905311-68-2, OCLC 717570797. 3031 # 3032 # suggests that the transition was more gradual, and that the Swiss did not 3033 # agree about civil time during the transition. The timekeeping it gives the 3034 # most detail for is postal and telegraph time: here, federal legislation (the 3035 # "Bundesgesetz über die Erstellung von elektrischen Telegraphen") passed on 3036 # 1851-11-23, and an official implementation notice was published 1853-07-16 3037 # (Bundesblatt 1853, Bd. II, S. 859). On p 72 Messerli writes that in 3038 # practice since July 1853 Bernese time was used in "all postal and telegraph 3039 # offices in Switzerland from Geneva to St. Gallen and Basel to Chiasso" 3040 # (Google translation). For now, model this transition as occurring on 3041 # 1853-07-16, though it probably occurred at some other date in Zurich, and 3042 # legal civil time probably changed at still some other transition date. 3043 3044 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S 3045 Rule Swiss 1941 1942 - May Mon>=1 1:00 1:00 S 3046 Rule Swiss 1941 1942 - Oct Mon>=1 2:00 0 - 3047 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 3048 Zone Europe/Zurich 0:34:08 - LMT 1853 Jul 16 # See above comment. 3049 0:29:46 - BMT 1894 Jun # Bern Mean Time 3050 1:00 Swiss CE%sT 1981 3051 1:00 EU CE%sT 3052 3053 # Turkey 3054 3055 # From Amar Devegowda (2007-01-03): 3056 # The time zone rules for Istanbul, Turkey have not been changed for years now. 3057 # ... The latest rules are available at: 3058 # http://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/timezone.html?n=107 3059 # From Steffen Thorsen (2007-01-03): 3060 # I have been able to find press records back to 1996 which all say that 3061 # DST started 01:00 local time and end at 02:00 local time. I am not sure 3062 # what happened before that. One example for each year from 1996 to 2001: 3063 # http://newspot.byegm.gov.tr/arsiv/1996/21/N4.htm 3064 # http://www.byegm.gov.tr/YAYINLARIMIZ/CHR/ING97/03/97X03X25.TXT 3065 # http://www.byegm.gov.tr/YAYINLARIMIZ/CHR/ING98/03/98X03X02.HTM 3066 # http://www.byegm.gov.tr/YAYINLARIMIZ/CHR/ING99/10/99X10X26.HTM#%2016 3067 # http://www.byegm.gov.tr/YAYINLARIMIZ/CHR/ING2000/03/00X03X06.HTM#%2021 3068 # http://www.byegm.gov.tr/YAYINLARIMIZ/CHR/ING2001/03/23x03x01.HTM#%2027 3069 # From Paul Eggert (2007-01-03): 3070 # Prefer the above source to Shanks & Pottenger for time stamps after 1990. 3071 3072 # From Steffen Thorsen (2007-03-09): 3073 # Starting 2007 though, it seems that they are adopting EU's 1:00 UTC 3074 # start/end time, according to the following page (2007-03-07): 3075 # http://www.ntvmsnbc.com/news/402029.asp 3076 # The official document is located here - it is in Turkish...: 3077 # http://rega.basbakanlik.gov.tr/eskiler/2007/03/20070307-7.htm 3078 # I was able to locate the following seemingly official document 3079 # (on a non-government server though) describing dates between 2002 and 2006: 3080 # http://www.alomaliye.com/bkk_2002_3769.htm 3081 3082 # From Gökdeniz Karadağ (2011-03-10): 3083 # According to the articles linked below, Turkey will change into summer 3084 # time zone (GMT+3) on March 28, 2011 at 3:00 a.m. instead of March 27. 3085 # This change is due to a nationwide exam on 27th. 3086 # http://www.worldbulletin.net/?aType=haber&ArticleID=70872 3087 # Turkish: 3088 # http://www.hurriyet.com.tr/ekonomi/17230464.asp?gid=373 3089 3090 # From Faruk Pasin (2014-02-14): 3091 # The DST for Turkey has been changed for this year because of the 3092 # Turkish Local election.... 3093 # http://www.sabah.com.tr/Ekonomi/2014/02/12/yaz-saatinde-onemli-degisiklik 3094 # ... so Turkey will move clocks forward one hour on March 31 at 3:00 a.m. 3095 # From Randal L. Schwartz (2014-04-15): 3096 # Having landed on a flight from the states to Istanbul (via AMS) on March 31, 3097 # I can tell you that NOBODY (even the airlines) respected this timezone DST 3098 # change delay. Maybe the word just didn't get out in time. 3099 # From Paul Eggert (2014-06-15): 3100 # The press reported massive confusion, as election officials obeyed the rule 3101 # change but cell phones (and airline baggage systems) did not. See: 3102 # Kostidis M. Eventful elections in Turkey. Balkan News Agency 3103 # http://www.balkaneu.com/eventful-elections-turkey/ 2014-03-30. 3104 # I guess the best we can do is document the official time. 3105 3106 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S 3107 Rule Turkey 1916 only - May 1 0:00 1:00 S 3108 Rule Turkey 1916 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 - 3109 Rule Turkey 1920 only - Mar 28 0:00 1:00 S 3110 Rule Turkey 1920 only - Oct 25 0:00 0 - 3111 Rule Turkey 1921 only - Apr 3 0:00 1:00 S 3112 Rule Turkey 1921 only - Oct 3 0:00 0 - 3113 Rule Turkey 1922 only - Mar 26 0:00 1:00 S 3114 Rule Turkey 1922 only - Oct 8 0:00 0 - 3115 # Whitman gives 1923 Apr 28 - Sep 16 and no DST in 1924-1925; 3116 # go with Shanks & Pottenger. 3117 Rule Turkey 1924 only - May 13 0:00 1:00 S 3118 Rule Turkey 1924 1925 - Oct 1 0:00 0 - 3119 Rule Turkey 1925 only - May 1 0:00 1:00 S 3120 Rule Turkey 1940 only - Jun 30 0:00 1:00 S 3121 Rule Turkey 1940 only - Oct 5 0:00 0 - 3122 Rule Turkey 1940 only - Dec 1 0:00 1:00 S 3123 Rule Turkey 1941 only - Sep 21 0:00 0 - 3124 Rule Turkey 1942 only - Apr 1 0:00 1:00 S 3125 # Whitman omits the next two transition and gives 1945 Oct 1; 3126 # go with Shanks & Pottenger. 3127 Rule Turkey 1942 only - Nov 1 0:00 0 - 3128 Rule Turkey 1945 only - Apr 2 0:00 1:00 S 3129 Rule Turkey 1945 only - Oct 8 0:00 0 - 3130 Rule Turkey 1946 only - Jun 1 0:00 1:00 S 3131 Rule Turkey 1946 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 - 3132 Rule Turkey 1947 1948 - Apr Sun>=16 0:00 1:00 S 3133 Rule Turkey 1947 1950 - Oct Sun>=2 0:00 0 - 3134 Rule Turkey 1949 only - Apr 10 0:00 1:00 S 3135 Rule Turkey 1950 only - Apr 19 0:00 1:00 S 3136 Rule Turkey 1951 only - Apr 22 0:00 1:00 S 3137 Rule Turkey 1951 only - Oct 8 0:00 0 - 3138 Rule Turkey 1962 only - Jul 15 0:00 1:00 S 3139 Rule Turkey 1962 only - Oct 8 0:00 0 - 3140 Rule Turkey 1964 only - May 15 0:00 1:00 S 3141 Rule Turkey 1964 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 - 3142 Rule Turkey 1970 1972 - May Sun>=2 0:00 1:00 S 3143 Rule Turkey 1970 1972 - Oct Sun>=2 0:00 0 - 3144 Rule Turkey 1973 only - Jun 3 1:00 1:00 S 3145 Rule Turkey 1973 only - Nov 4 3:00 0 - 3146 Rule Turkey 1974 only - Mar 31 2:00 1:00 S 3147 Rule Turkey 1974 only - Nov 3 5:00 0 - 3148 Rule Turkey 1975 only - Mar 30 0:00 1:00 S 3149 Rule Turkey 1975 1976 - Oct lastSun 0:00 0 - 3150 Rule Turkey 1976 only - Jun 1 0:00 1:00 S 3151 Rule Turkey 1977 1978 - Apr Sun>=1 0:00 1:00 S 3152 Rule Turkey 1977 only - Oct 16 0:00 0 - 3153 Rule Turkey 1979 1980 - Apr Sun>=1 3:00 1:00 S 3154 Rule Turkey 1979 1982 - Oct Mon>=11 0:00 0 - 3155 Rule Turkey 1981 1982 - Mar lastSun 3:00 1:00 S 3156 Rule Turkey 1983 only - Jul 31 0:00 1:00 S 3157 Rule Turkey 1983 only - Oct 2 0:00 0 - 3158 Rule Turkey 1985 only - Apr 20 0:00 1:00 S 3159 Rule Turkey 1985 only - Sep 28 0:00 0 - 3160 Rule Turkey 1986 1990 - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 S 3161 Rule Turkey 1986 1990 - Sep lastSun 2:00s 0 - 3162 Rule Turkey 1991 2006 - Mar lastSun 1:00s 1:00 S 3163 Rule Turkey 1991 1995 - Sep lastSun 1:00s 0 - 3164 Rule Turkey 1996 2006 - Oct lastSun 1:00s 0 - 3165 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 3166 Zone Europe/Istanbul 1:55:52 - LMT 1880 3167 1:56:56 - IMT 1910 Oct # Istanbul Mean Time? 3168 2:00 Turkey EE%sT 1978 Oct 15 3169 3:00 Turkey TR%sT 1985 Apr 20 # Turkey Time 3170 2:00 Turkey EE%sT 2007 3171 2:00 EU EE%sT 2011 Mar 27 1:00u 3172 2:00 - EET 2011 Mar 28 1:00u 3173 2:00 EU EE%sT 2014 Mar 30 1:00u 3174 2:00 - EET 2014 Mar 31 1:00u 3175 2:00 EU EE%sT 3176 Link Europe/Istanbul Asia/Istanbul # Istanbul is in both continents. 3177 3178 # Ukraine 3179 # 3180 # From Igor Karpov, who works for the Ukrainian Ministry of Justice, 3181 # via Garrett Wollman (2003-01-27): 3182 # BTW, I've found the official document on this matter. It's government 3183 # regulations number 509, May 13, 1996. In my poor translation it says: 3184 # "Time in Ukraine is set to second timezone (Kiev time). Each last Sunday 3185 # of March at 3am the time is changing to 4am and each last Sunday of 3186 # October the time at 4am is changing to 3am" 3187 3188 # From Alexander Krivenyshev (2011-09-20): 3189 # On September 20, 2011 the deputies of the Verkhovna Rada agreed to 3190 # abolish the transfer clock to winter time. 3191 # 3192 # Bill number 8330 of MP from the Party of Regions Oleg Nadoshi got 3193 # approval from 266 deputies. 3194 # 3195 # Ukraine abolishes transfer back to the winter time (in Russian) 3196 # http://news.mail.ru/politics/6861560/ 3197 # 3198 # The Ukrainians will no longer change the clock (in Russian) 3199 # http://www.segodnya.ua/news/14290482.html 3200 # 3201 # Deputies cancelled the winter time (in Russian) 3202 # http://www.pravda.com.ua/rus/news/2011/09/20/6600616/ 3203 # 3204 # From Philip Pizzey (2011-10-18): 3205 # Today my Ukrainian colleagues have informed me that the 3206 # Ukrainian parliament have decided that they will go to winter 3207 # time this year after all. 3208 # 3209 # From Udo Schwedt (2011-10-18): 3210 # As far as I understand, the recent change to the Ukrainian time zone 3211 # (Europe/Kiev) to introduce permanent daylight saving time (similar 3212 # to Russia) was reverted today: 3213 # http://portal.rada.gov.ua/rada/control/en/publish/article/info_left?art_id=287324&cat_id=105995 3214 # 3215 # Also reported by Alexander Bokovoy (2011-10-18) who also noted: 3216 # The law documents themselves are at 3217 # http://w1.c1.rada.gov.ua/pls/zweb_n/webproc4_1?id=&pf3511=41484 3218 3219 # From Vladimir in Moscow via Alois Treindl re Kiev time 1991/2 (2014-02-28): 3220 # First in Ukraine they changed Time zone from UTC+3 to UTC+2 with DST: 3221 # 03 25 1990 02:00 -03.00 1 Time Zone 3 with DST 3222 # 07 01 1990 02:00 -02.00 1 Time Zone 2 with DST 3223 # * Ukrainian Government's Resolution of 18.06.1990, No. 134. 3224 # http://search.ligazakon.ua/l_doc2.nsf/link1/T001500.html 3225 # 3226 # They did not end DST in September, 1990 (according to the law, 3227 # "summer time" was still in action): 3228 # 09 30 1990 03:00 -02.00 1 Time Zone 2 with DST 3229 # * Ukrainian Government's Resolution of 21.09.1990, No. 272. 3230 # http://search.ligazakon.ua/l_doc2.nsf/link1/KP900272.html 3231 # 3232 # Again no change in March, 1991 ("summer time" in action): 3233 # 03 31 1991 02:00 -02.00 1 Time Zone 2 with DST 3234 # 3235 # DST ended in September 1991 ("summer time" ended): 3236 # 09 29 1991 03:00 -02.00 0 Time Zone 2, no DST 3237 # * Ukrainian Government's Resolution of 25.09.1991, No. 225. 3238 # http://www.uazakon.com/documents/date_21/pg_iwgdoc.htm 3239 # This is an answer. 3240 # 3241 # Since 1992 they had normal DST procedure: 3242 # 03 29 1992 02:00 -02.00 1 DST started 3243 # 09 27 1992 03:00 -02.00 0 DST ended 3244 # * Ukrainian Government's Resolution of 20.03.1992, No. 139. 3245 # http://www.uazakon.com/documents/date_8u/pg_grcasa.htm 3246 3247 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 3248 # Most of Ukraine since 1970 has been like Kiev. 3249 # "Kyiv" is the transliteration of the Ukrainian name, but 3250 # "Kiev" is more common in English. 3251 Zone Europe/Kiev 2:02:04 - LMT 1880 3252 2:02:04 - KMT 1924 May 2 # Kiev Mean Time 3253 2:00 - EET 1930 Jun 21 3254 3:00 - MSK 1941 Sep 20 3255 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1943 Nov 6 3256 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1990 Jul 1 2:00 3257 2:00 1:00 EEST 1991 Sep 29 3:00 3258 2:00 E-Eur EE%sT 1995 3259 2:00 EU EE%sT 3260 # Ruthenia used CET 1990/1991. 3261 # "Uzhhorod" is the transliteration of the Rusyn/Ukrainian pronunciation, but 3262 # "Uzhgorod" is more common in English. 3263 Zone Europe/Uzhgorod 1:29:12 - LMT 1890 Oct 3264 1:00 - CET 1940 3265 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Oct 3266 1:00 1:00 CEST 1944 Oct 26 3267 1:00 - CET 1945 Jun 29 3268 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1990 3269 3:00 - MSK 1990 Jul 1 2:00 3270 1:00 - CET 1991 Mar 31 3:00 3271 2:00 - EET 1992 3272 2:00 E-Eur EE%sT 1995 3273 2:00 EU EE%sT 3274 # Zaporozh'ye and eastern Lugansk oblasts observed DST 1990/1991. 3275 # "Zaporizhia" is the transliteration of the Ukrainian name, but 3276 # "Zaporozh'ye" is more common in English. Use the common English 3277 # spelling, except omit the apostrophe as it is not allowed in 3278 # portable Posix file names. 3279 Zone Europe/Zaporozhye 2:20:40 - LMT 1880 3280 2:20 - CUT 1924 May 2 # Central Ukraine T 3281 2:00 - EET 1930 Jun 21 3282 3:00 - MSK 1941 Aug 25 3283 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1943 Oct 25 3284 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1991 Mar 31 2:00 3285 2:00 E-Eur EE%sT 1995 3286 2:00 EU EE%sT 3287 3288 # Vatican City 3289 # See Europe/Rome. 3290 3291 ############################################################################### 3292 3293 # One source shows that Bulgaria, Cyprus, Finland, and Greece observe DST from 3294 # the last Sunday in March to the last Sunday in September in 1986. 3295 # The source shows Romania changing a day later than everybody else. 3296 # 3297 # According to Bernard Sieloff's source, Poland is in the MET time zone but 3298 # uses the WE DST rules. The Western USSR uses EET+1 and ME DST rules. 3299 # Bernard Sieloff's source claims Romania switches on the same day, but at 3300 # 00:00 standard time (i.e., 01:00 DST). It also claims that Turkey 3301 # switches on the same day, but switches on at 01:00 standard time 3302 # and off at 00:00 standard time (i.e., 01:00 DST) 3303 3304 # ... 3305 # Date: Wed, 28 Jan 87 16:56:27 -0100 3306 # From: Tom Hofmann 3307 # ... 3308 # 3309 # ...the European time rules are...standardized since 1981, when 3310 # most European coun[tr]ies started DST. Before that year, only 3311 # a few countries (UK, France, Italy) had DST, each according 3312 # to own national rules. In 1981, however, DST started on 3313 # 'Apr firstSun', and not on 'Mar lastSun' as in the following 3314 # years... 3315 # But also since 1981 there are some more national exceptions 3316 # than listed in 'europe': Switzerland, for example, joined DST 3317 # one year later, Denmark ended DST on 'Oct 1' instead of 'Sep 3318 # lastSun' in 1981 - I don't know how they handle now. 3319 # 3320 # Finally, DST ist always from 'Apr 1' to 'Oct 1' in the 3321 # Soviet Union (as far as I know). 3322 # 3323 # Tom Hofmann, Scientific Computer Center, CIBA-GEIGY AG, 3324 # 4002 Basle, Switzerland 3325 # ... 3326 3327 # ... 3328 # Date: Wed, 4 Feb 87 22:35:22 +0100 3329 # From: Dik T. Winter 3330 # ... 3331 # 3332 # The information from Tom Hofmann is (as far as I know) not entirely correct. 3333 # After a request from chongo at amdahl I tried to retrieve all information 3334 # about DST in Europe. I was able to find all from about 1969. 3335 # 3336 # ...standardization on DST in Europe started in about 1977 with switches on 3337 # first Sunday in April and last Sunday in September... 3338 # In 1981 UK joined Europe insofar that 3339 # the starting day for both shifted to last Sunday in March. And from 1982 3340 # the whole of Europe used DST, with switch dates April 1 and October 1 in 3341 # the Sov[i]et Union. In 1985 the SU reverted to standard Europe[a]n switch 3342 # dates... 3343 # 3344 # It should also be remembered that time-zones are not constants; e.g. 3345 # Portugal switched in 1976 from MET (or CET) to WET with DST... 3346 # Note also that though there were rules for switch dates not 3347 # all countries abided to these dates, and many individual deviations 3348 # occurred, though not since 1982 I believe. Another note: it is always 3349 # assumed that DST is 1 hour ahead of normal time, this need not be the 3350 # case; at least in the Netherlands there have been times when DST was 2 hours 3351 # in advance of normal time. 3352 # 3353 # ... 3354 # dik t. winter, cwi, amsterdam, nederland 3355 # ... 3356 3357 # From Bob Devine (1988-01-28): 3358 # ... 3359 # Greece: Last Sunday in April to last Sunday in September (iffy on dates). 3360 # Since 1978. Change at midnight. 3361 # ... 3362 # Monaco: has same DST as France. 3363 # ...