4 # This code is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
5 # under the terms of the GNU General Public License version 2 only, as
6 # published by the Free Software Foundation. Oracle designates this
7 # particular file as subject to the "Classpath" exception as provided
8 # by Oracle in the LICENSE file that accompanied this code.
9 #
10 # This code is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT
11 # ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or
12 # FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU General Public License
13 # version 2 for more details (a copy is included in the LICENSE file that
14 # accompanied this code).
15 #
16 # You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License version
17 # 2 along with this work; if not, write to the Free Software Foundation,
18 # Inc., 51 Franklin St, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA 02110-1301 USA.
19 #
20 # Please contact Oracle, 500 Oracle Parkway, Redwood Shores, CA 94065 USA
21 # or visit www.oracle.com if you need additional information or have any
22 # questions.
23 #
24 # <pre>
25 # This file is in the public domain, so clarified as of
26 # 2009-05-17 by Arthur David Olson.
27
28 # This data is by no means authoritative; if you think you know better,
29 # go ahead and edit the file (and please send any changes to
30 # tz@iana.org for general use in the future).
31
32 # From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):
33 # A good source for time zone historical data outside the U.S. is
34 # Thomas G. Shanks and Rique Pottenger, The International Atlas (6th edition),
35 # San Diego: ACS Publications, Inc. (2003).
36 #
37 # Gwillim Law writes that a good source
38 # for recent time zone data is the International Air Transport
39 # Association's Standard Schedules Information Manual (IATA SSIM),
40 # published semiannually. Law sent in several helpful summaries
41 # of the IATA's data after 1990.
42 #
43 # Except where otherwise noted, Shanks & Pottenger is the source for
44 # entries through 1991, and IATA SSIM is the source for entries afterwards.
45 #
46 # Other sources occasionally used include:
47 #
48 # Edward W. Whitman, World Time Differences,
49 # Whitman Publishing Co, 2 Niagara Av, Ealing, London (undated),
50 # which I found in the UCLA library.
51 #
52 # <a href="http://www.pettswoodvillage.co.uk/Daylight_Savings_William_Willett.pdf">
53 # William Willett, The Waste of Daylight, 19th edition
54 # </a> (1914-03)
55 #
56 # Milne J. Civil time. Geogr J. 1899 Feb;13(2):173-94
57 # <http://www.jstor.org/stable/1774359>. He writes:
58 # "It is requested that corrections and additions to these tables
59 # may be sent to Mr. John Milne, Royal Geographical Society,
60 # Savile Row, London." Nowadays please email them to tz@iana.org.
61 #
62 # Brazil's Departamento Servico da Hora (DSH),
63 # <a href="http://pcdsh01.on.br/HISTHV.htm">
64 # History of Summer Time
65 # </a> (1998-09-21, in Portuguese)
66
67 #
68 # I invented the abbreviations marked '*' in the following table;
69 # the rest are from earlier versions of this file, or from other sources.
70 # Corrections are welcome!
71 # std dst 2dst
72 # LMT Local Mean Time
73 # -4:00 AST ADT Atlantic
74 # -3:00 WGT WGST Western Greenland*
75 # -1:00 EGT EGST Eastern Greenland*
76 # 0:00 GMT BST BDST Greenwich, British Summer
77 # 0:00 GMT IST Greenwich, Irish Summer
78 # 0:00 WET WEST WEMT Western Europe
79 # 0:19:32.13 AMT NST Amsterdam, Netherlands Summer (1835-1937)*
80 # 0:20 NET NEST Netherlands (1937-1940)*
81 # 1:00 CET CEST CEMT Central Europe
82 # 1:00:14 SET Swedish (1879-1899)*
83 # 2:00 EET EEST Eastern Europe
84 # 3:00 MSK MSD Moscow
85 #
86 # A reliable and entertaining source about time zones, especially in Britain,
87 # Derek Howse, Greenwich time and longitude, Philip Wilson Publishers (1997).
88
89 # From Peter Ilieve (1994-12-04),
90 # The original six [EU members]: Belgium, France, (West) Germany, Italy,
91 # Luxembourg, the Netherlands.
92 # Plus, from 1 Jan 73: Denmark, Ireland, United Kingdom.
93 # Plus, from 1 Jan 81: Greece.
94 # Plus, from 1 Jan 86: Spain, Portugal.
95 # Plus, from 1 Jan 95: Austria, Finland, Sweden. (Norway negotiated terms for
96 # entry but in a referendum on 28 Nov 94 the people voted No by 52.2% to 47.8%
97 # on a turnout of 88.6%. This was almost the same result as Norway's previous
98 # referendum in 1972, they are the only country to have said No twice.
99 # Referendums in the other three countries voted Yes.)
100 # ...
101 # Estonia ... uses EU dates but not at 01:00 GMT, they use midnight GMT.
102 # I don't think they know yet what they will do from 1996 onwards.
103 # ...
104 # There shouldn't be any [current members who are not using EU rules].
105 # A Directive has the force of law, member states are obliged to enact
106 # national law to implement it. The only contentious issue was the
107 # different end date for the UK and Ireland, and this was always allowed
111 ###############################################################################
112
113 # Britain (United Kingdom) and Ireland (Eire)
114
115 # From Peter Ilieve (1994-07-06):
116 #
117 # On 17 Jan 1994 the Independent, a UK quality newspaper, had a piece about
118 # historical vistas along the Thames in west London. There was a photo
119 # and a sketch map showing some of the sightlines involved. One paragraph
120 # of the text said:
121 #
122 # 'An old stone obelisk marking a forgotten terrestrial meridian stands
123 # beside the river at Kew. In the 18th century, before time and longitude
124 # was standardised by the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, scholars observed
125 # this stone and the movement of stars from Kew Observatory nearby. They
126 # made their calculations and set the time for the Horse Guards and Parliament,
127 # but now the stone is obscured by scrubwood and can only be seen by walking
128 # along the towpath within a few yards of it.'
129 #
130 # I have a one inch to one mile map of London and my estimate of the stone's
131 # position is 51 deg. 28' 30" N, 0 deg. 18' 45" W. The longitude should
132 # be within about +-2". The Ordnance Survey grid reference is TQ172761.
133 #
134 # [This yields GMTOFF = -0:01:15 for London LMT in the 18th century.]
135
136 # From Paul Eggert (1993-11-18):
137 #
138 # Howse writes that Britain was the first country to use standard time.
139 # The railways cared most about the inconsistencies of local mean time,
140 # and it was they who forced a uniform time on the country.
141 # The original idea was credited to Dr. William Hyde Wollaston (1766-1828)
142 # and was popularized by Abraham Follett Osler (1808-1903).
143 # The first railway to adopt London time was the Great Western Railway
144 # in November 1840; other railways followed suit, and by 1847 most
145 # (though not all) railways used London time. On 1847-09-22 the
146 # Railway Clearing House, an industry standards body, recommended that GMT be
147 # adopted at all stations as soon as the General Post Office permitted it.
148 # The transition occurred on 12-01 for the L&NW, the Caledonian,
149 # and presumably other railways; the January 1848 Bradshaw's lists many
150 # railways as using GMT. By 1855 the vast majority of public
151 # clocks in Britain were set to GMT (though some, like the great clock
152 # on Tom Tower at Christ Church, Oxford, were fitted with two minute hands,
153 # one for local time and one for GMT). The last major holdout was the legal
154 # system, which stubbornly stuck to local time for many years, leading
155 # to oddities like polls opening at 08:13 and closing at 16:13.
156 # The legal system finally switched to GMT when the Statutes (Definition
157 # of Time) Act took effect; it received the Royal Assent on 1880-08-02.
158 #
159 # In the tables below, we condense this complicated story into a single
160 # transition date for London, namely 1847-12-01. We don't know as much
161 # about Dublin, so we use 1880-08-02, the legal transition time.
162
163 # From Paul Eggert (2003-09-27):
164 # Summer Time was first seriously proposed by William Willett (1857-1915),
165 # a London builder and member of the Royal Astronomical Society
166 # who circulated a pamphlet "The Waste of Daylight" (1907)
167 # that proposed advancing clocks 20 minutes on each of four Sundays in April,
168 # and retarding them by the same amount on four Sundays in September.
169 # A bill was drafted in 1909 and introduced in Parliament several times,
170 # but it met with ridicule and opposition, especially from farming interests.
171 # Later editions of the pamphlet proposed one-hour summer time, and
172 # it was eventually adopted as a wartime measure in 1916.
173 # See: Summer Time Arrives Early, The Times (2000-05-18).
174 # A monument to Willett was unveiled on 1927-05-21, in an open space in
175 # a 45-acre wood near Chislehurst, Kent that was purchased by popular
176 # subscription and open to the public. On the south face of the monolith,
177 # designed by G. W. Miller, is the...William Willett Memorial Sundial,
178 # which is permanently set to Summer Time.
179
180 # From Winston Churchill (1934-04-28):
181 # It is one of the paradoxes of history that we should owe the boon of
182 # summer time, which gives every year to the people of this country
183 # between 160 and 170 hours more daylight leisure, to a war which
184 # plunged Europe into darkness for four years, and shook the
185 # foundations of civilization throughout the world.
186 # -- <a href="http://www.winstonchurchill.org/fh114willett.htm">
187 # "A Silent Toast to William Willett", Pictorial Weekly
188 # </a>
189
190 # From Paul Eggert (1996-09-03):
191 # The OED Supplement says that the English originally said "Daylight Saving"
192 # when they were debating the adoption of DST in 1908; but by 1916 this
193 # term appears only in quotes taken from DST's opponents, whereas the
194 # proponents (who eventually won the argument) are quoted as using "Summer".
195
196 # From Arthur David Olson (1989-01-19):
197 #
198 # A source at the British Information Office in New York avers that it's
199 # known as "British" Summer Time in all parts of the United Kingdom.
200
201 # Date: 4 Jan 89 08:57:25 GMT (Wed)
202 # From: Jonathan Leffler
203 # [British Summer Time] is fixed annually by Act of Parliament.
204 # If you can predict what Parliament will do, you should be in
205 # politics making a fortune, not computing.
206
207 # From Chris Carrier (1996-06-14):
208 # I remember reading in various wartime issues of the London Times the
209 # acronym BDST for British Double Summer Time. Look for the published
210 # time of sunrise and sunset in The Times, when BDST was in effect, and
211 # if you find a zone reference it will say, "All times B.D.S.T."
212
213 # From Joseph S. Myers (1999-09-02):
214 # ... some military cables (WO 219/4100 - this is a copy from the
215 # main SHAEF archives held in the US National Archives, SHAEF/5252/8/516)
216 # agree that the usage is BDST (this appears in a message dated 17 Feb 1945).
217
223 # Summer Time" that the BBC had been using informally.
224 # http://student.cusu.cam.ac.uk/~jsm28/british-time/bbc-19410418.png
225 # http://student.cusu.cam.ac.uk/~jsm28/british-time/ho-19410421.png
226
227 # From Sir Alexander Maxwell in the above-mentioned letter (1941-04-21):
228 # [N]o official designation has as far as I know been adopted for the time
229 # which is to be introduced in May....
230 # I cannot think of anything better than "Double British Summer Time"
231 # which could not be said to run counter to any official description.
232
233 # From Paul Eggert (2000-10-02):
234 # Howse writes (p 157) 'DBST' too, but 'BDST' seems to have been common
235 # and follows the more usual convention of putting the location name first,
236 # so we use 'BDST'.
237
238 # Peter Ilieve (1998-04-19) described at length
239 # the history of summer time legislation in the United Kingdom.
240 # Since 1998 Joseph S. Myers has been updating
241 # and extending this list, which can be found in
242 # http://student.cusu.cam.ac.uk/~jsm28/british-time/
243 # <a href="http://www.polyomino.org.uk/british-time/">
244 # History of legal time in Britain
245 # </a>
246 # Rob Crowther (2012-01-04) reports that that URL no longer
247 # exists, and the article can now be found at:
248 # <a href="http://www.polyomino.org.uk/british-time/">
249 # http://www.polyomino.org.uk/british-time/
250 # </a>
251
252 # From Joseph S. Myers (1998-01-06):
253 #
254 # The legal time in the UK outside of summer time is definitely GMT, not UTC;
255 # see Lord Tanlaw's speech
256 # <a href="http://www.parliament.the-stationery-office.co.uk/pa/ld199697/ldhansrd/pdvn/lds97/text/70611-20.htm#70611-20_head0">
257 # (Lords Hansard 11 June 1997 columns 964 to 976)
258 # </a>.
259
260 # From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):
261 #
262 # For lack of other data, follow Shanks & Pottenger for Eire in 1940-1948.
263 #
264 # Given Ilieve and Myers's data, the following claims by Shanks & Pottenger
265 # are incorrect:
266 # * Wales did not switch from GMT to daylight saving time until
267 # 1921 Apr 3, when they began to conform with the rest of Great Britain.
268 # Actually, Wales was identical after 1880.
269 # * Eire had two transitions on 1916 Oct 1.
270 # It actually just had one transition.
271 # * Northern Ireland used single daylight saving time throughout WW II.
272 # Actually, it conformed to Britain.
273 # * GB-Eire changed standard time to 1 hour ahead of GMT on 1968-02-18.
274 # Actually, that date saw the usual switch to summer time.
275 # Standard time was not changed until 1968-10-27 (the clocks didn't change).
276 #
277 # Here is another incorrect claim by Shanks & Pottenger:
278 # * Jersey, Guernsey, and the Isle of Man did not switch from GMT
279 # to daylight saving time until 1921 Apr 3, when they began to
280 # conform with Great Britain.
281 # S.R.&O. 1916, No. 382 and HO 45/10811/312364 (quoted above) say otherwise.
282 #
283 # The following claim by Shanks & Pottenger is possible though doubtful;
284 # we'll ignore it for now.
285 # * Dublin's 1971-10-31 switch was at 02:00, even though London's was 03:00.
286 #
287 #
288 # Whitman says Dublin Mean Time was -0:25:21, which is more precise than
289 # Shanks & Pottenger.
290 # Perhaps this was Dunsink Observatory Time, as Dunsink Observatory
291 # (8 km NW of Dublin's center) seemingly was to Dublin as Greenwich was
292 # to London. For example:
293 #
294 # "Timeball on the ballast office is down. Dunsink time."
295 # -- James Joyce, Ulysses
296
297 # From Joseph S. Myers (2005-01-26):
298 # Irish laws are available online at www.irishstatutebook.ie. These include
299 # various relating to legal time, for example:
300 #
301 # ZZA13Y1923.html ZZA12Y1924.html ZZA8Y1925.html ZZSIV20PG1267.html
302 #
303 # ZZSI71Y1947.html ZZSI128Y1948.html ZZSI23Y1949.html ZZSI41Y1950.html
304 # ZZSI27Y1951.html ZZSI73Y1952.html
305 #
306 # ZZSI11Y1961.html ZZSI232Y1961.html ZZSI182Y1962.html
307 # ZZSI167Y1963.html ZZSI257Y1964.html ZZSI198Y1967.html
308 # ZZA23Y1968.html ZZA17Y1971.html
309 #
310 # ZZSI67Y1981.html ZZSI212Y1982.html ZZSI45Y1986.html
311 # ZZSI264Y1988.html ZZSI52Y1990.html ZZSI371Y1992.html
312 # ZZSI395Y1994.html ZZSI484Y1997.html ZZSI506Y2001.html
313 #
314 # [These are all relative to the root, e.g., the first is
315 # <http://www.irishstatutebook.ie/ZZA13Y1923.html>.]
316 #
317 # (These are those I found, but there could be more. In any case these
318 # should allow various updates to the comments in the europe file to cover
319 # the laws applicable in Ireland.)
478 0:00 GB-Eire GMT/IST 1968 Oct 27
479 1:00 - IST 1971 Oct 31 2:00u
480 0:00 GB-Eire GMT/IST 1996
481 0:00 EU GMT/IST
482
483 ###############################################################################
484
485 # Europe
486
487 # EU rules are for the European Union, previously known as the EC, EEC,
488 # Common Market, etc.
489
490 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
491 Rule EU 1977 1980 - Apr Sun>=1 1:00u 1:00 S
492 Rule EU 1977 only - Sep lastSun 1:00u 0 -
493 Rule EU 1978 only - Oct 1 1:00u 0 -
494 Rule EU 1979 1995 - Sep lastSun 1:00u 0 -
495 Rule EU 1981 max - Mar lastSun 1:00u 1:00 S
496 Rule EU 1996 max - Oct lastSun 1:00u 0 -
497 # The most recent directive covers the years starting in 2002. See:
498 # <a="http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=CELEX:32000L0084:EN:NOT">
499 # Directive 2000/84/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council
500 # of 19 January 2001 on summer-time arrangements.
501 # </a>
502
503 # W-Eur differs from EU only in that W-Eur uses standard time.
504 Rule W-Eur 1977 1980 - Apr Sun>=1 1:00s 1:00 S
505 Rule W-Eur 1977 only - Sep lastSun 1:00s 0 -
506 Rule W-Eur 1978 only - Oct 1 1:00s 0 -
507 Rule W-Eur 1979 1995 - Sep lastSun 1:00s 0 -
508 Rule W-Eur 1981 max - Mar lastSun 1:00s 1:00 S
509 Rule W-Eur 1996 max - Oct lastSun 1:00s 0 -
510
511 # Older C-Eur rules are for convenience in the tables.
512 # From 1977 on, C-Eur differs from EU only in that C-Eur uses standard time.
513 Rule C-Eur 1916 only - Apr 30 23:00 1:00 S
514 Rule C-Eur 1916 only - Oct 1 1:00 0 -
515 Rule C-Eur 1917 1918 - Apr Mon>=15 2:00s 1:00 S
516 Rule C-Eur 1917 1918 - Sep Mon>=15 2:00s 0 -
517 Rule C-Eur 1940 only - Apr 1 2:00s 1:00 S
518 Rule C-Eur 1942 only - Nov 2 2:00s 0 -
519 Rule C-Eur 1943 only - Mar 29 2:00s 1:00 S
520 Rule C-Eur 1943 only - Oct 4 2:00s 0 -
521 Rule C-Eur 1944 1945 - Apr Mon>=1 2:00s 1:00 S
522 # Whitman gives 1944 Oct 7; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
523 Rule C-Eur 1944 only - Oct 2 2:00s 0 -
524 # From Jesper Norgaard Welen (2008-07-13):
525 #
526 # I found what is probably a typo of 2:00 which should perhaps be 2:00s
527 # in the C-Eur rule from tz database version 2008d (this part was
528 # corrected in version 2008d). The circumstancial evidence is simply the
529 # tz database itself, as seen below:
530 #
531 # Zone Europe/Paris 0:09:21 - LMT 1891 Mar 15 0:01
532 # 0:00 France WE%sT 1945 Sep 16 3:00
533 #
534 # Zone Europe/Monaco 0:29:32 - LMT 1891 Mar 15
535 # 0:00 France WE%sT 1945 Sep 16 3:00
536 #
537 # Zone Europe/Belgrade 1:22:00 - LMT 1884
538 # 1:00 1:00 CEST 1945 Sep 16 2:00s
539 #
540 # Rule France 1945 only - Sep 16 3:00 0 -
541 # Rule Belgium 1945 only - Sep 16 2:00s 0 -
542 # Rule Neth 1945 only - Sep 16 2:00s 0 -
543 #
544 # The rule line to be changed is:
545 #
546 # Rule C-Eur 1945 only - Sep 16 2:00 0 -
547 #
548 # It seems that Paris, Monaco, Rule France, Rule Belgium all agree on
564 Rule C-Eur 1977 only - Sep lastSun 2:00s 0 -
565 Rule C-Eur 1978 only - Oct 1 2:00s 0 -
566 Rule C-Eur 1979 1995 - Sep lastSun 2:00s 0 -
567 Rule C-Eur 1981 max - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 S
568 Rule C-Eur 1996 max - Oct lastSun 2:00s 0 -
569
570 # E-Eur differs from EU only in that E-Eur switches at midnight local time.
571 Rule E-Eur 1977 1980 - Apr Sun>=1 0:00 1:00 S
572 Rule E-Eur 1977 only - Sep lastSun 0:00 0 -
573 Rule E-Eur 1978 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
574 Rule E-Eur 1979 1995 - Sep lastSun 0:00 0 -
575 Rule E-Eur 1981 max - Mar lastSun 0:00 1:00 S
576 Rule E-Eur 1996 max - Oct lastSun 0:00 0 -
577
578 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
579 Rule Russia 1917 only - Jul 1 23:00 1:00 MST # Moscow Summer Time
580 Rule Russia 1917 only - Dec 28 0:00 0 MMT # Moscow Mean Time
581 Rule Russia 1918 only - May 31 22:00 2:00 MDST # Moscow Double Summer Time
582 Rule Russia 1918 only - Sep 16 1:00 1:00 MST
583 Rule Russia 1919 only - May 31 23:00 2:00 MDST
584 Rule Russia 1919 only - Jul 1 2:00 1:00 S
585 Rule Russia 1919 only - Aug 16 0:00 0 -
586 Rule Russia 1921 only - Feb 14 23:00 1:00 S
587 Rule Russia 1921 only - Mar 20 23:00 2:00 M # Midsummer
588 Rule Russia 1921 only - Sep 1 0:00 1:00 S
589 Rule Russia 1921 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
590 # Act No.925 of the Council of Ministers of the USSR (1980-10-24):
591 Rule Russia 1981 1984 - Apr 1 0:00 1:00 S
592 Rule Russia 1981 1983 - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
593 # Act No.967 of the Council of Ministers of the USSR (1984-09-13), repeated in
594 # Act No.227 of the Council of Ministers of the USSR (1989-03-14):
595 Rule Russia 1984 1991 - Sep lastSun 2:00s 0 -
596 Rule Russia 1985 1991 - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 S
597 #
598 Rule Russia 1992 only - Mar lastSat 23:00 1:00 S
599 Rule Russia 1992 only - Sep lastSat 23:00 0 -
600 Rule Russia 1993 2010 - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 S
601 Rule Russia 1993 1995 - Sep lastSun 2:00s 0 -
602 Rule Russia 1996 2010 - Oct lastSun 2:00s 0 -
603
604 # From Alexander Krivenyshev (2011-06-14):
605 # According to Kremlin press service, Russian President Dmitry Medvedev
606 # signed a federal law "On calculation of time" on June 9, 2011.
607 # According to the law Russia is abolishing daylight saving time.
608 #
609 # Medvedev signed a law "On the Calculation of Time" (in russian):
610 # <a href="http://bmockbe.ru/events/?ID=7583">
611 # http://bmockbe.ru/events/?ID=7583
612 # </a>
613 #
614 # Medvedev signed a law on the calculation of the time (in russian):
615 # <a href="http://www.regnum.ru/news/polit/1413906.html">
616 # http://www.regnum.ru/news/polit/1413906.html
617 # </a>
618
619 # From Arthur David Olson (2011-06-15):
620 # Take "abolishing daylight saving time" to mean that time is now considered
621 # to be standard.
622
623 # These are for backward compatibility with older versions.
624
625 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
626 Zone WET 0:00 EU WE%sT
627 Zone CET 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT
628 Zone MET 1:00 C-Eur ME%sT
629 Zone EET 2:00 EU EE%sT
630
631 # Previous editions of this database used abbreviations like MET DST
632 # for Central European Summer Time, but this didn't agree with common usage.
633
634 # From Markus Kuhn (1996-07-12):
635 # The official German names ... are
636 #
637 # Mitteleuropaeische Zeit (MEZ) = UTC+01:00
638 # Mitteleuropaeische Sommerzeit (MESZ) = UTC+02:00
639 #
640 # as defined in the German Time Act (Gesetz ueber die Zeitbestimmung (ZeitG),
641 # 1978-07-25, Bundesgesetzblatt, Jahrgang 1978, Teil I, S. 1110-1111)....
642 # I wrote ... to the German Federal Physical-Technical Institution
643 #
644 # Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB)
645 # Laboratorium 4.41 "Zeiteinheit"
646 # Postfach 3345
647 # D-38023 Braunschweig
648 # phone: +49 531 592-0
649 #
650 # ... I received today an answer letter from Dr. Peter Hetzel, head of the PTB
651 # department for time and frequency transmission. He explained that the
652 # PTB translates MEZ and MESZ into English as
653 #
654 # Central European Time (CET) = UTC+01:00
655 # Central European Summer Time (CEST) = UTC+02:00
656
657
658 # Albania
659 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
660 Rule Albania 1940 only - Jun 16 0:00 1:00 S
714 Rule Austria 1947 only - Apr 6 2:00s 1:00 S
715 Rule Austria 1948 only - Apr 18 2:00s 1:00 S
716 Rule Austria 1980 only - Apr 6 0:00 1:00 S
717 Rule Austria 1980 only - Sep 28 0:00 0 -
718 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
719 Zone Europe/Vienna 1:05:21 - LMT 1893 Apr
720 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1920
721 1:00 Austria CE%sT 1940 Apr 1 2:00s
722 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 Apr 2 2:00s
723 1:00 1:00 CEST 1945 Apr 12 2:00s
724 1:00 - CET 1946
725 1:00 Austria CE%sT 1981
726 1:00 EU CE%sT
727
728 # Belarus
729 # From Yauhen Kharuzhy (2011-09-16):
730 # By latest Belarus government act Europe/Minsk timezone was changed to
731 # GMT+3 without DST (was GMT+2 with DST).
732 #
733 # Sources (Russian language):
734 # 1.
735 # <a href="http://www.belta.by/ru/all_news/society/V-Belarusi-otmenjaetsja-perexod-na-sezonnoe-vremja_i_572952.html">
736 # http://www.belta.by/ru/all_news/society/V-Belarusi-otmenjaetsja-perexod-na-sezonnoe-vremja_i_572952.html
737 # </a>
738 # 2.
739 # <a href="http://naviny.by/rubrics/society/2011/09/16/ic_articles_116_175144/">
740 # http://naviny.by/rubrics/society/2011/09/16/ic_articles_116_175144/
741 # </a>
742 # 3.
743 # <a href="http://news.tut.by/society/250578.html">
744 # http://news.tut.by/society/250578.html
745 # </a>
746 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
747 Zone Europe/Minsk 1:50:16 - LMT 1880
748 1:50 - MMT 1924 May 2 # Minsk Mean Time
749 2:00 - EET 1930 Jun 21
750 3:00 - MSK 1941 Jun 28
751 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Jul 3
752 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1990
753 3:00 - MSK 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
754 2:00 1:00 EEST 1991 Sep 29 2:00s
755 2:00 - EET 1992 Mar 29 0:00s
756 2:00 1:00 EEST 1992 Sep 27 0:00s
757 2:00 Russia EE%sT 2011 Mar 27 2:00s
758 3:00 - FET # Further-eastern European Time
759
760 # Belgium
761 #
762 # From Paul Eggert (1997-07-02):
763 # Entries from 1918 through 1991 are taken from:
764 # Annuaire de L'Observatoire Royal de Belgique,
765 # Avenue Circulaire, 3, B-1180 BRUXELLES, CLVIIe annee, 1991
766 # (Imprimerie HAYEZ, s.p.r.l., Rue Fin, 4, 1080 BRUXELLES, MCMXC),
767 # pp 8-9.
768 # LMT before 1892 was 0:17:30, according to the official journal of Belgium:
769 # Moniteur Belge, Samedi 30 Avril 1892, N.121.
770 # Thanks to Pascal Delmoitie for these references.
771 # The 1918 rules are listed for completeness; they apply to unoccupied Belgium.
772 # Assume Brussels switched to WET in 1918 when the armistice took effect.
773 #
774 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
775 Rule Belgium 1918 only - Mar 9 0:00s 1:00 S
776 Rule Belgium 1918 1919 - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 -
777 Rule Belgium 1919 only - Mar 1 23:00s 1:00 S
778 Rule Belgium 1920 only - Feb 14 23:00s 1:00 S
779 Rule Belgium 1920 only - Oct 23 23:00s 0 -
780 Rule Belgium 1921 only - Mar 14 23:00s 1:00 S
781 Rule Belgium 1921 only - Oct 25 23:00s 0 -
782 Rule Belgium 1922 only - Mar 25 23:00s 1:00 S
783 Rule Belgium 1922 1927 - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 -
784 Rule Belgium 1923 only - Apr 21 23:00s 1:00 S
785 Rule Belgium 1924 only - Mar 29 23:00s 1:00 S
811 Rule Belgium 1946 only - May 19 2:00s 1:00 S
812 Rule Belgium 1946 only - Oct 7 2:00s 0 -
813 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
814 Zone Europe/Brussels 0:17:30 - LMT 1880
815 0:17:30 - BMT 1892 May 1 12:00 # Brussels MT
816 0:00 - WET 1914 Nov 8
817 1:00 - CET 1916 May 1 0:00
818 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1918 Nov 11 11:00u
819 0:00 Belgium WE%sT 1940 May 20 2:00s
820 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Sep 3
821 1:00 Belgium CE%sT 1977
822 1:00 EU CE%sT
823
824 # Bosnia and Herzegovina
825 # See Europe/Belgrade.
826
827 # Bulgaria
828 #
829 # From Plamen Simenov via Steffen Thorsen (1999-09-09):
830 # A document of Government of Bulgaria (No.94/1997) says:
831 # EET --> EETDST is in 03:00 Local time in last Sunday of March ...
832 # EETDST --> EET is in 04:00 Local time in last Sunday of October
833 #
834 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
835 Rule Bulg 1979 only - Mar 31 23:00 1:00 S
836 Rule Bulg 1979 only - Oct 1 1:00 0 -
837 Rule Bulg 1980 1982 - Apr Sat>=1 23:00 1:00 S
838 Rule Bulg 1980 only - Sep 29 1:00 0 -
839 Rule Bulg 1981 only - Sep 27 2:00 0 -
840 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
841 Zone Europe/Sofia 1:33:16 - LMT 1880
842 1:56:56 - IMT 1894 Nov 30 # Istanbul MT?
843 2:00 - EET 1942 Nov 2 3:00
844 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945
845 1:00 - CET 1945 Apr 2 3:00
846 2:00 - EET 1979 Mar 31 23:00
847 2:00 Bulg EE%sT 1982 Sep 26 2:00
848 2:00 C-Eur EE%sT 1991
849 2:00 E-Eur EE%sT 1997
850 2:00 EU EE%sT
851
852 # Croatia
857
858 # Czech Republic
859 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
860 Rule Czech 1945 only - Apr 8 2:00s 1:00 S
861 Rule Czech 1945 only - Nov 18 2:00s 0 -
862 Rule Czech 1946 only - May 6 2:00s 1:00 S
863 Rule Czech 1946 1949 - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
864 Rule Czech 1947 only - Apr 20 2:00s 1:00 S
865 Rule Czech 1948 only - Apr 18 2:00s 1:00 S
866 Rule Czech 1949 only - Apr 9 2:00s 1:00 S
867 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
868 Zone Europe/Prague 0:57:44 - LMT 1850
869 0:57:44 - PMT 1891 Oct # Prague Mean Time
870 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Sep 17 2:00s
871 1:00 Czech CE%sT 1979
872 1:00 EU CE%sT
873 # Use Europe/Prague also for Slovakia.
874
875 # Denmark, Faroe Islands, and Greenland
876
877 # From Jesper Norgaard Welen (2005-04-26):
878 # http://www.hum.aau.dk/~poe/tid/tine/DanskTid.htm says that the law
879 # [introducing standard time] was in effect from 1894-01-01....
880 # The page http://www.retsinfo.dk/_GETDOCI_/ACCN/A18930008330-REGL
881 # confirms this, and states that the law was put forth 1893-03-29.
882 #
883 # The EU treaty with effect from 1973:
884 # http://www.retsinfo.dk/_GETDOCI_/ACCN/A19722110030-REGL
885 #
886 # This provoked a new law from 1974 to make possible summer time changes
887 # in subsequenet decrees with the law
888 # http://www.retsinfo.dk/_GETDOCI_/ACCN/A19740022330-REGL
889 #
890 # It seems however that no decree was set forward until 1980. I have
891 # not found any decree, but in another related law, the effecting DST
892 # changes are stated explicitly to be from 1980-04-06 at 02:00 to
893 # 1980-09-28 at 02:00. If this is true, this differs slightly from
894 # the EU rule in that DST runs to 02:00, not 03:00. We don't know
895 # when Denmark began using the EU rule correctly, but we have only
896 # confirmation of the 1980-time, so I presume it was correct in 1981:
897 # The law is about the management of the extra hour, concerning
898 # working hours reported and effect on obligatory-rest rules (which
899 # was suspended on that night):
900 # http://www.retsinfo.dk/_GETDOCI_/ACCN/C19801120554-REGL
901
902 # From Jesper Norgaard Welen (2005-06-11):
903 # The Herning Folkeblad (1980-09-26) reported that the night between
904 # Saturday and Sunday the clock is set back from three to two.
905
906 # From Paul Eggert (2005-06-11):
907 # Hence the "02:00" of the 1980 law refers to standard time, not
908 # wall-clock time, and so the EU rules were in effect in 1980.
909
910 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
911 Rule Denmark 1916 only - May 14 23:00 1:00 S
912 Rule Denmark 1916 only - Sep 30 23:00 0 -
913 Rule Denmark 1940 only - May 15 0:00 1:00 S
914 Rule Denmark 1945 only - Apr 2 2:00s 1:00 S
915 Rule Denmark 1945 only - Aug 15 2:00s 0 -
916 Rule Denmark 1946 only - May 1 2:00s 1:00 S
917 Rule Denmark 1946 only - Sep 1 2:00s 0 -
918 Rule Denmark 1947 only - May 4 2:00s 1:00 S
919 Rule Denmark 1947 only - Aug 10 2:00s 0 -
920 Rule Denmark 1948 only - May 9 2:00s 1:00 S
921 Rule Denmark 1948 only - Aug 8 2:00s 0 -
922 #
923 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
924 Zone Europe/Copenhagen 0:50:20 - LMT 1890
925 0:50:20 - CMT 1894 Jan 1 # Copenhagen MT
926 1:00 Denmark CE%sT 1942 Nov 2 2:00s
927 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 Apr 2 2:00
928 1:00 Denmark CE%sT 1980
929 1:00 EU CE%sT
930 Zone Atlantic/Faroe -0:27:04 - LMT 1908 Jan 11 # Torshavn
931 0:00 - WET 1981
932 0:00 EU WE%sT
933 #
934 # From Paul Eggert (2004-10-31):
935 # During World War II, Germany maintained secret manned weather stations in
936 # East Greenland and Franz Josef Land, but we don't know their time zones.
937 # My source for this is Wilhelm Dege's book mentioned under Svalbard.
938 #
939 # From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):
940 # Greenland joined the EU as part of Denmark, obtained home rule on 1979-05-01,
941 # and left the EU on 1985-02-01. It therefore should have been using EU
942 # rules at least through 1984. Shanks & Pottenger say Scoresbysund and Godthab
943 # used C-Eur rules after 1980, but IATA SSIM (1991/1996) says they use EU
944 # rules since at least 1991. Assume EU rules since 1980.
945
946 # From Gwillin Law (2001-06-06), citing
947 # <http://www.statkart.no/efs/efshefter/2001/efs5-2001.pdf> (2001-03-15),
948 # and with translations corrected by Steffen Thorsen:
949 #
950 # Greenland has four local times, and the relation to UTC
951 # is according to the following time line:
952 #
953 # The military zone near Thule UTC-4
954 # Standard Greenland time UTC-3
955 # Scoresbysund UTC-1
956 # Danmarkshavn UTC
957 #
958 # In the military area near Thule and in Danmarkshavn DST will not be
959 # introduced.
960
961 # From Rives McDow (2001-11-01):
962 #
963 # I correspond regularly with the Dansk Polarcenter, and wrote them at
964 # the time to clarify the situation in Thule. Unfortunately, I have
965 # not heard back from them regarding my recent letter. [But I have
966 # info from earlier correspondence.]
967 #
968 # According to the center, a very small local time zone around Thule
969 # Air Base keeps the time according to UTC-4, implementing daylight
970 # savings using North America rules, changing the time at 02:00 local time....
971 #
972 # The east coast of Greenland north of the community of Scoresbysund
973 # uses UTC in the same way as in Iceland, year round, with no dst.
974 # There are just a few stations on this coast, including the
975 # Danmarkshavn ICAO weather station mentioned in your September 29th
976 # email. The other stations are two sledge patrol stations in
977 # Mestersvig and Daneborg, the air force base at Station Nord, and the
978 # DPC research station at Zackenberg.
979 #
980 # Scoresbysund and two small villages nearby keep time UTC-1 and use
981 # the same daylight savings time period as in West Greenland (Godthab).
982 #
983 # The rest of Greenland, including Godthab (this area, although it
984 # includes central Greenland, is known as west Greenland), keeps time
985 # UTC-3, with daylight savings methods according to European rules.
986 #
987 # It is common procedure to use UTC 0 in the wilderness of East and
988 # North Greenland, because it is mainly Icelandic aircraft operators
989 # maintaining traffic in these areas. However, the official status of
990 # this area is that it sticks with Godthab time. This area might be
991 # considered a dual time zone in some respects because of this.
992
993 # From Rives McDow (2001-11-19):
994 # I heard back from someone stationed at Thule; the time change took place
995 # there at 2:00 AM.
996
997 # From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):
998 # From 1997 on the CIA map shows Danmarkshavn on GMT;
999 # the 1995 map as like Godthab.
1000 # For lack of better info, assume they were like Godthab before 1996.
1001 # startkart.no says Thule does not observe DST, but this is clearly an error,
1002 # so go with Shanks & Pottenger for Thule transitions until this year.
1003 # For 2007 on assume Thule will stay in sync with US DST rules.
1004 #
1005 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1006 Rule Thule 1991 1992 - Mar lastSun 2:00 1:00 D
1007 Rule Thule 1991 1992 - Sep lastSun 2:00 0 S
1008 Rule Thule 1993 2006 - Apr Sun>=1 2:00 1:00 D
1009 Rule Thule 1993 2006 - Oct lastSun 2:00 0 S
1010 Rule Thule 2007 max - Mar Sun>=8 2:00 1:00 D
1011 Rule Thule 2007 max - Nov Sun>=1 2:00 0 S
1012 #
1013 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1014 Zone America/Danmarkshavn -1:14:40 - LMT 1916 Jul 28
1015 -3:00 - WGT 1980 Apr 6 2:00
1016 -3:00 EU WG%sT 1996
1017 0:00 - GMT
1018 Zone America/Scoresbysund -1:27:52 - LMT 1916 Jul 28 # Ittoqqortoormiit
1019 -2:00 - CGT 1980 Apr 6 2:00
1020 -2:00 C-Eur CG%sT 1981 Mar 29
1025 Zone America/Thule -4:35:08 - LMT 1916 Jul 28 # Pituffik air base
1026 -4:00 Thule A%sT
1027
1028 # Estonia
1029 # From Peter Ilieve (1994-10-15):
1030 # A relative in Tallinn confirms the accuracy of the data for 1989 onwards
1031 # [through 1994] and gives the legal authority for it,
1032 # a regulation of the Government of Estonia, No. 111 of 1989....
1033 #
1034 # From Peter Ilieve (1996-10-28):
1035 # [IATA SSIM (1992/1996) claims that the Baltic republics switch at 01:00s,
1036 # but a relative confirms that Estonia still switches at 02:00s, writing:]
1037 # "I do not [know] exactly but there are some little different
1038 # (confusing) rules for International Air and Railway Transport Schedules
1039 # conversion in Sunday connected with end of summer time in Estonia....
1040 # A discussion is running about the summer time efficiency and effect on
1041 # human physiology. It seems that Estonia maybe will not change to
1042 # summer time next spring."
1043
1044 # From Peter Ilieve (1998-11-04), heavily edited:
1045 # <a href="http://trip.rk.ee/cgi-bin/thw?${BASE}=akt&${OOHTML}=rtd&TA=1998&TO=1&AN=1390">
1046 # The 1998-09-22 Estonian time law
1047 # </a>
1048 # refers to the Eighth Directive and cites the association agreement between
1049 # the EU and Estonia, ratified by the Estonian law (RT II 1995, 22--27, 120).
1050 #
1051 # I also asked [my relative] whether they use any standard abbreviation
1052 # for their standard and summer times. He says no, they use "suveaeg"
1053 # (summer time) and "talveaeg" (winter time).
1054
1055 # From <a href="http://www.baltictimes.com/">The Baltic Times</a> (1999-09-09)
1056 # via Steffen Thorsen:
1057 # This year will mark the last time Estonia shifts to summer time,
1058 # a council of the ruling coalition announced Sept. 6....
1059 # But what this could mean for Estonia's chances of joining the European
1060 # Union are still unclear. In 1994, the EU declared summer time compulsory
1061 # for all member states until 2001. Brussels has yet to decide what to do
1062 # after that.
1063
1064 # From Mart Oruaas (2000-01-29):
1065 # Regulation no. 301 (1999-10-12) obsoletes previous regulation
1066 # no. 206 (1998-09-22) and thus sticks Estonia to +02:00 GMT for all
1067 # the year round. The regulation is effective 1999-11-01.
1068
1069 # From Toomas Soome (2002-02-21):
1070 # The Estonian government has changed once again timezone politics.
1071 # Now we are using again EU rules.
1072 #
1073 # From Urmet Jaanes (2002-03-28):
1074 # The legislative reference is Government decree No. 84 on 2002-02-21.
1075
1076 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1077 Zone Europe/Tallinn 1:39:00 - LMT 1880
1078 1:39:00 - TMT 1918 Feb # Tallinn Mean Time
1079 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1919 Jul
1080 1:39:00 - TMT 1921 May
1081 2:00 - EET 1940 Aug 6
1082 3:00 - MSK 1941 Sep 15
1083 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Sep 22
1084 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1989 Mar 26 2:00s
1085 2:00 1:00 EEST 1989 Sep 24 2:00s
1086 2:00 C-Eur EE%sT 1998 Sep 22
1087 2:00 EU EE%sT 1999 Nov 1
1088 2:00 - EET 2002 Feb 21
1089 2:00 EU EE%sT
1090
1091 # Finland
1092
1093 # From Hannu Strang (1994-09-25 06:03:37 UTC):
1094 # Well, here in Helsinki we're just changing from summer time to regular one,
1095 # and it's supposed to change at 4am...
1096
1097 # From Janne Snabb (2010-07-15):
1098 #
1099 # I noticed that the Finland data is not accurate for years 1981 and 1982.
1100 # During these two first trial years the DST adjustment was made one hour
1101 # earlier than in forthcoming years. Starting 1983 the adjustment was made
1102 # according to the central European standards.
1103 #
1104 # This is documented in Heikki Oja: Aikakirja 2007, published by The Almanac
1105 # Office of University of Helsinki, ISBN 952-10-3221-9, available online (in
1106 # Finnish) at
1107 #
1108 # <a href="http://almanakka.helsinki.fi/aikakirja/Aikakirja2007kokonaan.pdf">
1109 # http://almanakka.helsinki.fi/aikakirja/Aikakirja2007kokonaan.pdf
1110 # </a>
1111 #
1112 # Page 105 (56 in PDF version) has a handy table of all past daylight savings
1113 # transitions. It is easy enough to interpret without Finnish skills.
1114 #
1115 # This is also confirmed by Finnish Broadcasting Company's archive at:
1116 #
1117 # <a href="http://www.yle.fi/elavaarkisto/?s=s&g=1&ag=5&t=&a=3401">
1118 # http://www.yle.fi/elavaarkisto/?s=s&g=1&ag=5&t=&a=3401
1119 # </a>
1120 #
1121 # The news clip from 1981 says that "the time between 2 and 3 o'clock does not
1122 # exist tonight."
1123
1124 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1125 Rule Finland 1942 only - Apr 3 0:00 1:00 S
1126 Rule Finland 1942 only - Oct 3 0:00 0 -
1127 Rule Finland 1981 1982 - Mar lastSun 2:00 1:00 S
1128 Rule Finland 1981 1982 - Sep lastSun 3:00 0 -
1129 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1130 Zone Europe/Helsinki 1:39:52 - LMT 1878 May 31
1131 1:39:52 - HMT 1921 May # Helsinki Mean Time
1132 2:00 Finland EE%sT 1983
1133 2:00 EU EE%sT
1134
1135 # Aaland Is
1136 Link Europe/Helsinki Europe/Mariehamn
1137
1138
1139 # France
1140
1141 # From Ciro Discepolo (2000-12-20):
1142 #
1143 # Henri Le Corre, Regimes Horaires pour le monde entier, Editions
1144 # Traditionnelles - Paris 2 books, 1993
1145 #
1146 # Gabriel, Traite de l'heure dans le monde, Guy Tredaniel editeur,
1147 # Paris, 1991
1148 #
1149 # Francoise Gauquelin, Problemes de l'heure resolus en astrologie,
1150 # Guy tredaniel, Paris 1987
1151
1152
1153 #
1154 # Shank & Pottenger seem to use '24:00' ambiguously; resolve it with Whitman.
1155 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1156 Rule France 1916 only - Jun 14 23:00s 1:00 S
1157 Rule France 1916 1919 - Oct Sun>=1 23:00s 0 -
1158 Rule France 1917 only - Mar 24 23:00s 1:00 S
1159 Rule France 1918 only - Mar 9 23:00s 1:00 S
1160 Rule France 1919 only - Mar 1 23:00s 1:00 S
1161 Rule France 1920 only - Feb 14 23:00s 1:00 S
1162 Rule France 1920 only - Oct 23 23:00s 0 -
1163 Rule France 1921 only - Mar 14 23:00s 1:00 S
1164 Rule France 1921 only - Oct 25 23:00s 0 -
1165 Rule France 1922 only - Mar 25 23:00s 1:00 S
1166 # DSH writes that a law of 1923-05-24 specified 3rd Sat in Apr at 23:00 to 1st
1167 # Sat in Oct at 24:00; and that in 1930, because of Easter, the transitions
1168 # were Apr 12 and Oct 5. Go with Shanks & Pottenger.
1169 Rule France 1922 1938 - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 -
1170 Rule France 1923 only - May 26 23:00s 1:00 S
1171 Rule France 1924 only - Mar 29 23:00s 1:00 S
1172 Rule France 1925 only - Apr 4 23:00s 1:00 S
1173 Rule France 1926 only - Apr 17 23:00s 1:00 S
1174 Rule France 1927 only - Apr 9 23:00s 1:00 S
1175 Rule France 1928 only - Apr 14 23:00s 1:00 S
1176 Rule France 1929 only - Apr 20 23:00s 1:00 S
1177 Rule France 1930 only - Apr 12 23:00s 1:00 S
1178 Rule France 1931 only - Apr 18 23:00s 1:00 S
1179 Rule France 1932 only - Apr 2 23:00s 1:00 S
1180 Rule France 1933 only - Mar 25 23:00s 1:00 S
1181 Rule France 1934 only - Apr 7 23:00s 1:00 S
1182 Rule France 1935 only - Mar 30 23:00s 1:00 S
1183 Rule France 1936 only - Apr 18 23:00s 1:00 S
1184 Rule France 1937 only - Apr 3 23:00s 1:00 S
1185 Rule France 1938 only - Mar 26 23:00s 1:00 S
1186 Rule France 1939 only - Apr 15 23:00s 1:00 S
1187 Rule France 1939 only - Nov 18 23:00s 0 -
1188 Rule France 1940 only - Feb 25 2:00 1:00 S
1189 # The French rules for 1941-1944 were not used in Paris, but Shanks & Pottenger
1190 # write that they were used in Monaco and in many French locations.
1191 # Le Corre writes that the upper limit of the free zone was Arneguy, Orthez,
1192 # Mont-de-Marsan, Bazas, Langon, Lamotte-Montravel, Marouil, La
1193 # Rochefoucault, Champagne-Mouton, La Roche-Posay, La Haye-Descartes,
1194 # Loches, Montrichard, Vierzon, Bourges, Moulins, Digoin,
1195 # Paray-le-Monial, Montceau-les-Mines, Chalons-sur-Saone, Arbois,
1196 # Dole, Morez, St-Claude, and Collonges (Haute-Savoie).
1197 Rule France 1941 only - May 5 0:00 2:00 M # Midsummer
1198 # Shanks & Pottenger say this transition occurred at Oct 6 1:00,
1199 # but go with Denis Excoffier (1997-12-12),
1200 # who quotes the Ephemerides Astronomiques for 1998 from Bureau des Longitudes
1201 # as saying 5/10/41 22hUT.
1202 Rule France 1941 only - Oct 6 0:00 1:00 S
1203 Rule France 1942 only - Mar 9 0:00 2:00 M
1204 Rule France 1942 only - Nov 2 3:00 1:00 S
1205 Rule France 1943 only - Mar 29 2:00 2:00 M
1206 Rule France 1943 only - Oct 4 3:00 1:00 S
1207 Rule France 1944 only - Apr 3 2:00 2:00 M
1208 Rule France 1944 only - Oct 8 1:00 1:00 S
1209 Rule France 1945 only - Apr 2 2:00 2:00 M
1210 Rule France 1945 only - Sep 16 3:00 0 -
1211 # Shanks & Pottenger give Mar 28 2:00 and Sep 26 3:00;
1212 # go with Excoffier's 28/3/76 0hUT and 25/9/76 23hUT.
1213 Rule France 1976 only - Mar 28 1:00 1:00 S
1214 Rule France 1976 only - Sep 26 1:00 0 -
1215 # Shanks & Pottenger give 0:09:20 for Paris Mean Time, and Whitman 0:09:05,
1216 # but Howse quotes the actual French legislation as saying 0:09:21.
1217 # Go with Howse. Howse writes that the time in France was officially based
1218 # on PMT-0:09:21 until 1978-08-09, when the time base finally switched to UTC.
1219 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1220 Zone Europe/Paris 0:09:21 - LMT 1891 Mar 15 0:01
1221 0:09:21 - PMT 1911 Mar 11 0:01 # Paris MT
1222 # Shanks & Pottenger give 1940 Jun 14 0:00; go with Excoffier and Le Corre.
1223 0:00 France WE%sT 1940 Jun 14 23:00
1224 # Le Corre says Paris stuck with occupied-France time after the liberation;
1225 # go with Shanks & Pottenger.
1226 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Aug 25
1227 0:00 France WE%sT 1945 Sep 16 3:00
1228 1:00 France CE%sT 1977
1229 1:00 EU CE%sT
1230
1231 # Germany
1232
1233 # From Markus Kuhn (1998-09-29):
1234 # The German time zone web site by the Physikalisch-Technische
1235 # Bundesanstalt contains DST information back to 1916.
1236 # [See tz-link.htm for the URL.]
1237
1238 # From Joerg Schilling (2002-10-23):
1239 # In 1945, Berlin was switched to Moscow Summer time (GMT+4) by
1240 # <a href="http://www.dhm.de/lemo/html/biografien/BersarinNikolai/">
1241 # General [Nikolai] Bersarin</a>.
1242
1243 # From Paul Eggert (2003-03-08):
1244 # <a href="http://www.parlament-berlin.de/pds-fraktion.nsf/727459127c8b66ee8525662300459099/defc77cb784f180ac1256c2b0030274b/$FILE/bersarint.pdf">
1245 # http://www.parlament-berlin.de/pds-fraktion.nsf/727459127c8b66ee8525662300459099/defc77cb784f180ac1256c2b0030274b/$FILE/bersarint.pdf
1246 # </a>
1247 # says that Bersarin issued an order to use Moscow time on May 20.
1248 # However, Moscow did not observe daylight saving in 1945, so
1249 # this was equivalent to CEMT (GMT+3), not GMT+4.
1250
1251
1252 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1253 Rule Germany 1946 only - Apr 14 2:00s 1:00 S
1254 Rule Germany 1946 only - Oct 7 2:00s 0 -
1255 Rule Germany 1947 1949 - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
1256 # http://www.ptb.de/de/org/4/44/441/salt.htm says the following transition
1257 # occurred at 3:00 MEZ, not the 2:00 MEZ given in Shanks & Pottenger.
1258 # Go with the PTB.
1259 Rule Germany 1947 only - Apr 6 3:00s 1:00 S
1260 Rule Germany 1947 only - May 11 2:00s 2:00 M
1261 Rule Germany 1947 only - Jun 29 3:00 1:00 S
1262 Rule Germany 1948 only - Apr 18 2:00s 1:00 S
1263 Rule Germany 1949 only - Apr 10 2:00s 1:00 S
1264
1265 Rule SovietZone 1945 only - May 24 2:00 2:00 M # Midsummer
1266 Rule SovietZone 1945 only - Sep 24 3:00 1:00 S
1267 Rule SovietZone 1945 only - Nov 18 2:00s 0 -
1268
1269 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1270 Zone Europe/Berlin 0:53:28 - LMT 1893 Apr
1271 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 May 24 2:00
1272 1:00 SovietZone CE%sT 1946
1273 1:00 Germany CE%sT 1980
1274 1:00 EU CE%sT
1275
1276 # From Tobias Conradi (2011-09-12):
1277 # Busingen <http://www.buesingen.de>, surrounded by the Swiss canton
1278 # Schaffhausen, did not start observing DST in 1980 as the rest of DE
1279 # (West Germany at that time) and DD (East Germany at that time) did.
1280 # DD merged into DE, the area is currently covered by code DE in ISO 3166-1,
1281 # which in turn is covered by the zone Europe/Berlin.
1282 #
1283 # Source for the time in Busingen 1980:
1284 # http://www.srf.ch/player/video?id=c012c029-03b7-4c2b-9164-aa5902cd58d3
1285
1286 # From Arthur David Olson (2012-03-03):
1287 # Busingen and Zurich have shared clocks since 1970.
1288
1289 Link Europe/Zurich Europe/Busingen
1290
1291 # Georgia
1292 # Please see the "asia" file for Asia/Tbilisi.
1293 # Herodotus (Histories, IV.45) says Georgia north of the Phasis (now Rioni)
1294 # is in Europe. Our reference location Tbilisi is in the Asian part.
1295
1296 # Gibraltar
1297 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1298 Zone Europe/Gibraltar -0:21:24 - LMT 1880 Aug 2 0:00s
1299 0:00 GB-Eire %s 1957 Apr 14 2:00
1300 1:00 - CET 1982
1301 1:00 EU CE%sT
1302
1303 # Greece
1319 Rule Greece 1976 only - Apr 11 2:00s 1:00 S
1320 Rule Greece 1976 only - Oct 10 2:00s 0 -
1321 Rule Greece 1977 1978 - Apr Sun>=1 2:00s 1:00 S
1322 Rule Greece 1977 only - Sep 26 2:00s 0 -
1323 Rule Greece 1978 only - Sep 24 4:00 0 -
1324 Rule Greece 1979 only - Apr 1 9:00 1:00 S
1325 Rule Greece 1979 only - Sep 29 2:00 0 -
1326 Rule Greece 1980 only - Apr 1 0:00 1:00 S
1327 Rule Greece 1980 only - Sep 28 0:00 0 -
1328 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1329 Zone Europe/Athens 1:34:52 - LMT 1895 Sep 14
1330 1:34:52 - AMT 1916 Jul 28 0:01 # Athens MT
1331 2:00 Greece EE%sT 1941 Apr 30
1332 1:00 Greece CE%sT 1944 Apr 4
1333 2:00 Greece EE%sT 1981
1334 # Shanks & Pottenger say it switched to C-Eur in 1981;
1335 # go with EU instead, since Greece joined it on Jan 1.
1336 2:00 EU EE%sT
1337
1338 # Hungary
1339 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1340 Rule Hungary 1918 only - Apr 1 3:00 1:00 S
1341 Rule Hungary 1918 only - Sep 29 3:00 0 -
1342 Rule Hungary 1919 only - Apr 15 3:00 1:00 S
1343 Rule Hungary 1919 only - Sep 15 3:00 0 -
1344 Rule Hungary 1920 only - Apr 5 3:00 1:00 S
1345 Rule Hungary 1920 only - Sep 30 3:00 0 -
1346 Rule Hungary 1945 only - May 1 23:00 1:00 S
1347 Rule Hungary 1945 only - Nov 3 0:00 0 -
1348 Rule Hungary 1946 only - Mar 31 2:00s 1:00 S
1349 Rule Hungary 1946 1949 - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
1350 Rule Hungary 1947 1949 - Apr Sun>=4 2:00s 1:00 S
1351 Rule Hungary 1950 only - Apr 17 2:00s 1:00 S
1352 Rule Hungary 1950 only - Oct 23 2:00s 0 -
1353 Rule Hungary 1954 1955 - May 23 0:00 1:00 S
1354 Rule Hungary 1954 1955 - Oct 3 0:00 0 -
1355 Rule Hungary 1956 only - Jun Sun>=1 0:00 1:00 S
1356 Rule Hungary 1956 only - Sep lastSun 0:00 0 -
1357 Rule Hungary 1957 only - Jun Sun>=1 1:00 1:00 S
1358 Rule Hungary 1957 only - Sep lastSun 3:00 0 -
1359 Rule Hungary 1980 only - Apr 6 1:00 1:00 S
1360 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1361 Zone Europe/Budapest 1:16:20 - LMT 1890 Oct
1362 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1918
1363 1:00 Hungary CE%sT 1941 Apr 6 2:00
1364 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945
1365 1:00 Hungary CE%sT 1980 Sep 28 2:00s
1366 1:00 EU CE%sT
1367
1368 # Iceland
1369 #
1370 # From Adam David (1993-11-06):
1371 # The name of the timezone in Iceland for system / mail / news purposes is GMT.
1372 #
1373 # (1993-12-05):
1374 # This material is paraphrased from the 1988 edition of the University of
1375 # Iceland Almanak.
1376 #
1377 # From January 1st, 1908 the whole of Iceland was standardised at 1 hour
1378 # behind GMT. Previously, local mean solar time was used in different parts
1379 # of Iceland, the almanak had been based on Reykjavik mean solar time which
1380 # was 1 hour and 28 minutes behind GMT.
1381 #
1382 # "first day of winter" referred to [below] means the first day of the 26 weeks
1383 # of winter, according to the old icelandic calendar that dates back to the
1421 Rule Iceland 1950 1966 - Oct Sun>=22 1:00s 0 -
1422 Rule Iceland 1967 only - Oct 29 1:00s 0 -
1423 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1424 Zone Atlantic/Reykjavik -1:27:24 - LMT 1837
1425 -1:27:48 - RMT 1908 # Reykjavik Mean Time?
1426 -1:00 Iceland IS%sT 1968 Apr 7 1:00s
1427 0:00 - GMT
1428
1429 # Italy
1430 #
1431 # From Paul Eggert (2001-03-06):
1432 # Sicily and Sardinia each had their own time zones from 1866 to 1893,
1433 # called Palermo Time (+00:53:28) and Cagliari Time (+00:36:32).
1434 # During World War II, German-controlled Italy used German time.
1435 # But these events all occurred before the 1970 cutoff,
1436 # so record only the time in Rome.
1437 #
1438 # From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):
1439 # For Italian DST we have three sources: Shanks & Pottenger, Whitman, and
1440 # F. Pollastri
1441 # <a href="http://toi.iriti.cnr.it/uk/ienitlt.html">
1442 # Day-light Saving Time in Italy (2006-02-03)
1443 # </a>
1444 # ('FP' below), taken from an Italian National Electrotechnical Institute
1445 # publication. When the three sources disagree, guess who's right, as follows:
1446 #
1447 # year FP Shanks&P. (S) Whitman (W) Go with:
1448 # 1916 06-03 06-03 24:00 06-03 00:00 FP & W
1449 # 09-30 09-30 24:00 09-30 01:00 FP; guess 24:00s
1450 # 1917 04-01 03-31 24:00 03-31 00:00 FP & S
1451 # 09-30 09-29 24:00 09-30 01:00 FP & W
1452 # 1918 03-09 03-09 24:00 03-09 00:00 FP & S
1453 # 10-06 10-05 24:00 10-06 01:00 FP & W
1454 # 1919 03-01 03-01 24:00 03-01 00:00 FP & S
1455 # 10-04 10-04 24:00 10-04 01:00 FP; guess 24:00s
1456 # 1920 03-20 03-20 24:00 03-20 00:00 FP & S
1457 # 09-18 09-18 24:00 10-01 01:00 FP; guess 24:00s
1458 # 1944 04-02 04-03 02:00 S (see C-Eur)
1459 # 09-16 10-02 03:00 FP; guess 24:00s
1460 # 1945 09-14 09-16 24:00 FP; guess 24:00s
1461 # 1970 05-21 05-31 00:00 S
1462 # 09-20 09-27 00:00 S
1463 #
1531 # (GMT 23:00 on the previous day) and 1 hour backward on the last Sunday of
1532 # September at 03:00 (GMT 23:00 on the previous day).
1533 #
1534 # Act No.81 of the Council of Ministers of Latvian SSR of 1989-03-22 ...
1535 # according to the Act No.227 of the Council of Ministers of USSR of 1989-03-14
1536 # ...: since the last Sunday of March 1989 in Lithuanian SSR, Latvian SSR,
1537 # Estonian SSR and Kaliningrad region of Russian Federation all year round the
1538 # time of 2nd time zone (Moscow time minus one hour). On the territory of Latvia
1539 # transition to summer time is performed on the last Sunday of March at 02:00
1540 # (GMT 00:00), turning the hands of the clock 1 hour forward. The end of
1541 # daylight saving time is performed on the last Sunday of September at 03:00
1542 # (GMT 00:00), turning the hands of the clock 1 hour backward. Exception is
1543 # 1989-03-26, when we must not turn the hands of the clock....
1544 #
1545 # The Regulations of the Cabinet of Ministers of the Republic of Latvia of
1546 # 1997-01-21 on transition to Summer time ... established the same order of
1547 # daylight savings time settings as in the States of the European Union.
1548
1549 # From Andrei Ivanov (2000-03-06):
1550 # This year Latvia will not switch to Daylight Savings Time (as specified in
1551 # <a href="http://www.lv-laiks.lv/wwwraksti/2000/071072/vd4.htm">
1552 # The Regulations of the Cabinet of Ministers of the Rep. of Latvia of
1553 # 29-Feb-2000 (#79)</a>, in Latvian for subscribers only).
1554
1555 # <a href="http://www.rferl.org/newsline/2001/01/3-CEE/cee-030101.html">
1556 # From RFE/RL Newsline (2001-01-03), noted after a heads-up by Rives McDow:
1557 # </a>
1558 # The Latvian government on 2 January decided that the country will
1559 # institute daylight-saving time this spring, LETA reported.
1560 # Last February the three Baltic states decided not to turn back their
1561 # clocks one hour in the spring....
1562 # Minister of Economy Aigars Kalvitis noted that Latvia had too few
1563 # daylight hours and thus decided to comply with a draft European
1564 # Commission directive that provides for instituting daylight-saving
1565 # time in EU countries between 2002 and 2006. The Latvian government
1566 # urged Lithuania and Estonia to adopt a similar time policy, but it
1567 # appears that they will not do so....
1568
1569 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1570 Rule Latvia 1989 1996 - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 S
1571 Rule Latvia 1989 1996 - Sep lastSun 2:00s 0 -
1572 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1573 Zone Europe/Riga 1:36:24 - LMT 1880
1574 1:36:24 - RMT 1918 Apr 15 2:00 #Riga Mean Time
1575 1:36:24 1:00 LST 1918 Sep 16 3:00 #Latvian Summer
1576 1:36:24 - RMT 1919 Apr 1 2:00
1577 1:36:24 1:00 LST 1919 May 22 3:00
1578 1:36:24 - RMT 1926 May 11
1579 2:00 - EET 1940 Aug 5
1580 3:00 - MSK 1941 Jul
1581 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Oct 13
1582 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1989 Mar lastSun 2:00s
1583 2:00 1:00 EEST 1989 Sep lastSun 2:00s
1584 2:00 Latvia EE%sT 1997 Jan 21
1585 2:00 EU EE%sT 2000 Feb 29
1586 2:00 - EET 2001 Jan 2
1587 2:00 EU EE%sT
1588
1589 # Liechtenstein
1590
1591 # From Paul Eggert (2013-09-09):
1592 # Shanks & Pottenger say Vaduz is like Zurich.
1593
1594 # From Alois Treindl (2013-09-18):
1595 # http://www.eliechtensteinensia.li/LIJ/1978/1938-1978/1941.pdf
1596 # ... confirms on p. 6 that Liechtenstein followed Switzerland in 1941 and 1942.
1597 # I ... translate only the last two paragraphs:
1598 # ... during second world war, in the years 1941 and 1942, Liechtenstein
1599 # introduced daylight saving time, adapting to Switzerland. From 1943 on
1600 # central European time was in force throughout the year.
1601 # From a report of the duke's government to the high council,
1602 # regarding the introduction of a time law, of 31 May 1977.
1603
1604 Link Europe/Zurich Europe/Vaduz
1605
1606
1607 # Lithuania
1608
1609 # From Paul Eggert (1996-11-22):
1610 # IATA SSIM (1992/1996) says Lithuania uses W-Eur rules, but since it is
1611 # known to be wrong about Estonia and Latvia, assume it's wrong here too.
1612
1613 # From Marius Gedminas (1998-08-07):
1614 # I would like to inform that in this year Lithuanian time zone
1615 # (Europe/Vilnius) was changed.
1616
1617 # From <a href="http://www.elta.lt/">ELTA</a> No. 972 (2582) (1999-09-29),
1618 # via Steffen Thorsen:
1619 # Lithuania has shifted back to the second time zone (GMT plus two hours)
1620 # to be valid here starting from October 31,
1621 # as decided by the national government on Wednesday....
1622 # The Lithuanian government also announced plans to consider a
1623 # motion to give up shifting to summer time in spring, as it was
1624 # already done by Estonia.
1625
1626 # From the <a href="http://www.tourism.lt/informa/ff.htm">
1627 # Fact File, Lithuanian State Department of Tourism
1628 # </a> (2000-03-27): Local time is GMT+2 hours ..., no daylight saving.
1629
1630 # From a user via Klaus Marten (2003-02-07):
1631 # As a candidate for membership of the European Union, Lithuania will
1632 # observe Summer Time in 2003, changing its clocks at the times laid
1633 # down in EU Directive 2000/84 of 19.I.01 (i.e. at the same times as its
1634 # neighbour Latvia). The text of the Lithuanian government Order of
1635 # 7.XI.02 to this effect can be found at
1636 # http://www.lrvk.lt/nut/11/n1749.htm
1637
1638
1639 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1640 Zone Europe/Vilnius 1:41:16 - LMT 1880
1641 1:24:00 - WMT 1917 # Warsaw Mean Time
1642 1:35:36 - KMT 1919 Oct 10 # Kaunas Mean Time
1643 1:00 - CET 1920 Jul 12
1644 2:00 - EET 1920 Oct 9
1645 1:00 - CET 1940 Aug 3
1646 3:00 - MSK 1941 Jun 24
1647 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Aug
1648 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
1702 Rule Malta 1975 1980 - Sep Sun>=15 2:00 0 -
1703 Rule Malta 1980 only - Mar 31 2:00 1:00 S
1704 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1705 Zone Europe/Malta 0:58:04 - LMT 1893 Nov 2 0:00s # Valletta
1706 1:00 Italy CE%sT 1942 Nov 2 2:00s
1707 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 Apr 2 2:00s
1708 1:00 Italy CE%sT 1973 Mar 31
1709 1:00 Malta CE%sT 1981
1710 1:00 EU CE%sT
1711
1712 # Moldova
1713
1714 # From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):
1715 # A previous version of this database followed Shanks & Pottenger, who write
1716 # that Tiraspol switched to Moscow time on 1992-01-19 at 02:00.
1717 # However, this is most likely an error, as Moldova declared independence
1718 # on 1991-08-27 (the 1992-01-19 date is that of a Russian decree).
1719 # In early 1992 there was large-scale interethnic violence in the area
1720 # and it's possible that some Russophones continued to observe Moscow time.
1721 # But [two people] separately reported via
1722 # Jesper Norgaard that as of 2001-01-24 Tiraspol was like Chisinau.
1723 # The Tiraspol entry has therefore been removed for now.
1724 #
1725 # From Alexander Krivenyshev (2011-10-17):
1726 # Pridnestrovian Moldavian Republic (PMR, also known as
1727 # "Pridnestrovie") has abolished seasonal clock change (no transition
1728 # to the Winter Time).
1729 #
1730 # News (in Russian):
1731 # <a href="http://www.kyivpost.ua/russia/news/pridnestrove-otkazalos-ot-perehoda-na-zimnee-vremya-30954.html">
1732 # http://www.kyivpost.ua/russia/news/pridnestrove-otkazalos-ot-perehoda-na-zimnee-vremya-30954.html
1733 # </a>
1734 #
1735 # <a href="http://www.allmoldova.com/moldova-news/1249064116.html">
1736 # http://www.allmoldova.com/moldova-news/1249064116.html
1737 # </a>
1738 #
1739 # The substance of this change (reinstatement of the Tiraspol entry)
1740 # is from a patch from Petr Machata (2011-10-17)
1741 #
1742 # From Tim Parenti (2011-10-19)
1743 # In addition, being situated at +4651+2938 would give Tiraspol
1744 # a pre-1880 LMT offset of 1:58:32.
1745 #
1746 # (which agrees with the earlier entry that had been removed)
1747 #
1748 # From Alexander Krivenyshev (2011-10-26)
1749 # NO need to divide Moldova into two timezones at this point.
1750 # As of today, Transnistria (Pridnestrovie)- Tiraspol reversed its own
1751 # decision to abolish DST this winter.
1752 # Following Moldova and neighboring Ukraine- Transnistria (Pridnestrovie)-
1753 # Tiraspol will go back to winter time on October 30, 2011.
1754 # News from Moldova (in russian):
1755 # <a href="http://ru.publika.md/link_317061.html">
1756 # http://ru.publika.md/link_317061.html
1757 # </a>
1758
1759
1760 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1761 Zone Europe/Chisinau 1:55:20 - LMT 1880
1762 1:55 - CMT 1918 Feb 15 # Chisinau MT
1763 1:44:24 - BMT 1931 Jul 24 # Bucharest MT
1764 2:00 Romania EE%sT 1940 Aug 15
1765 2:00 1:00 EEST 1941 Jul 17
1766 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Aug 24
1767 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1990
1768 3:00 - MSK 1990 May 6
1769 2:00 - EET 1991
1770 2:00 Russia EE%sT 1992
1771 2:00 E-Eur EE%sT 1997
1772 # See Romania commentary for the guessed 1997 transition to EU rules.
1773 2:00 EU EE%sT
1774
1775 # Monaco
1776 # Shanks & Pottenger give 0:09:20 for Paris Mean Time; go with Howse's
1777 # more precise 0:09:21.
1868 Rule Norway 1945 only - Apr 2 2:00s 1:00 S
1869 Rule Norway 1945 only - Oct 1 2:00s 0 -
1870 Rule Norway 1959 1964 - Mar Sun>=15 2:00s 1:00 S
1871 Rule Norway 1959 1965 - Sep Sun>=15 2:00s 0 -
1872 Rule Norway 1965 only - Apr 25 2:00s 1:00 S
1873 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1874 Zone Europe/Oslo 0:43:00 - LMT 1895 Jan 1
1875 1:00 Norway CE%sT 1940 Aug 10 23:00
1876 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 Apr 2 2:00
1877 1:00 Norway CE%sT 1980
1878 1:00 EU CE%sT
1879
1880 # Svalbard & Jan Mayen
1881
1882 # From Steffen Thorsen (2001-05-01):
1883 # Although I could not find it explicitly, it seems that Jan Mayen and
1884 # Svalbard have been using the same time as Norway at least since the
1885 # time they were declared as parts of Norway. Svalbard was declared
1886 # as a part of Norway by law of 1925-07-17 no 11, section 4 and Jan
1887 # Mayen by law of 1930-02-27 no 2, section 2. (From
1888 # http://www.lovdata.no/all/nl-19250717-011.html and
1889 # http://www.lovdata.no/all/nl-19300227-002.html). The law/regulation
1890 # for normal/standard time in Norway is from 1894-06-29 no 1 (came
1891 # into operation on 1895-01-01) and Svalbard/Jan Mayen seem to be a
1892 # part of this law since 1925/1930. (From
1893 # http://www.lovdata.no/all/nl-18940629-001.html ) I have not been
1894 # able to find if Jan Mayen used a different time zone (e.g. -0100)
1895 # before 1930. Jan Mayen has only been "inhabitated" since 1921 by
1896 # Norwegian meteorologists and maybe used the same time as Norway ever
1897 # since 1921. Svalbard (Arctic/Longyearbyen) has been inhabited since
1898 # before 1895, and therefore probably changed the local time somewhere
1899 # between 1895 and 1925 (inclusive).
1900
1901 # From Paul Eggert (2013-09-04):
1902 #
1903 # Actually, Jan Mayen was never occupied by Germany during World War II,
1904 # so it must have diverged from Oslo time during the war, as Oslo was
1905 # keeping Berlin time.
1906 #
1907 # <http://home.no.net/janmayen/history.htm> says that the meteorologists
1908 # burned down their station in 1940 and left the island, but returned in
1909 # 1941 with a small Norwegian garrison and continued operations despite
1910 # frequent air ttacks from Germans. In 1943 the Americans established a
1911 # radiolocating station on the island, called "Atlantic City". Possibly
1912 # the UT offset changed during the war, but I think it unlikely that
1913 # Jan Mayen used German daylight-saving rules.
1914 #
1915 # Svalbard is more complicated, as it was raided in August 1941 by an
1916 # Allied party that evacuated the civilian population to England (says
1917 # <http://www.bartleby.com/65/sv/Svalbard.html>). The Svalbard FAQ
1918 # <http://www.svalbard.com/SvalbardFAQ.html> says that the Germans were
1919 # expelled on 1942-05-14. However, small parties of Germans did return,
1920 # and according to Wilhelm Dege's book "War North of 80" (1954)
1921 # <http://www.ucalgary.ca/UofC/departments/UP/1-55238/1-55238-110-2.html>
1922 # the German armed forces at the Svalbard weather station code-named
1923 # Haudegen did not surrender to the Allies until September 1945.
1924 #
1925 # All these events predate our cutoff date of 1970, so use Europe/Oslo
1926 # for these regions.
1927 Link Europe/Oslo Arctic/Longyearbyen
1928
1929 # Poland
1930 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1931 Rule Poland 1918 1919 - Sep 16 2:00s 0 -
1932 Rule Poland 1919 only - Apr 15 2:00s 1:00 S
1933 Rule Poland 1944 only - Apr 3 2:00s 1:00 S
1934 # Whitman gives 1944 Nov 30; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
1935 Rule Poland 1944 only - Oct 4 2:00 0 -
1936 # For 1944-1948 Whitman gives the previous day; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
1937 Rule Poland 1945 only - Apr 29 0:00 1:00 S
1938 Rule Poland 1945 only - Nov 1 0:00 0 -
1939 # For 1946 on the source is Kazimierz Borkowski,
1940 # Torun Center for Astronomy, Dept. of Radio Astronomy, Nicolaus Copernicus U.,
1941 # <http://www.astro.uni.torun.pl/~kb/Artykuly/U-PA/Czas2.htm#tth_tAb1>
1942 # Thanks to Przemyslaw Augustyniak (2005-05-28) for this reference.
1943 # He also gives these further references:
1944 # Mon Pol nr 13, poz 162 (1995) <http://www.abc.com.pl/serwis/mp/1995/0162.htm>
1945 # Druk nr 2180 (2003) <http://www.senat.gov.pl/k5/dok/sejm/053/2180.pdf>
1946 Rule Poland 1946 only - Apr 14 0:00s 1:00 S
1947 Rule Poland 1946 only - Oct 7 2:00s 0 -
1948 Rule Poland 1947 only - May 4 2:00s 1:00 S
1949 Rule Poland 1947 1949 - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
1950 Rule Poland 1948 only - Apr 18 2:00s 1:00 S
1951 Rule Poland 1949 only - Apr 10 2:00s 1:00 S
1952 Rule Poland 1957 only - Jun 2 1:00s 1:00 S
1953 Rule Poland 1957 1958 - Sep lastSun 1:00s 0 -
1954 Rule Poland 1958 only - Mar 30 1:00s 1:00 S
1955 Rule Poland 1959 only - May 31 1:00s 1:00 S
1956 Rule Poland 1959 1961 - Oct Sun>=1 1:00s 0 -
1957 Rule Poland 1960 only - Apr 3 1:00s 1:00 S
1958 Rule Poland 1961 1964 - May lastSun 1:00s 1:00 S
1959 Rule Poland 1962 1964 - Sep lastSun 1:00s 0 -
1960 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1961 Zone Europe/Warsaw 1:24:00 - LMT 1880
1962 1:24:00 - WMT 1915 Aug 5 # Warsaw Mean Time
2059 0:00 Port WE%sT 1983 Sep 25 1:00s
2060 0:00 W-Eur WE%sT 1992 Sep 27 1:00s
2061 1:00 EU CE%sT 1996 Mar 31 1:00u
2062 0:00 EU WE%sT
2063 Zone Atlantic/Azores -1:42:40 - LMT 1884 # Ponta Delgada
2064 -1:54:32 - HMT 1911 May 24 # Horta Mean Time
2065 -2:00 Port AZO%sT 1966 Apr 3 2:00 # Azores Time
2066 -1:00 Port AZO%sT 1983 Sep 25 1:00s
2067 -1:00 W-Eur AZO%sT 1992 Sep 27 1:00s
2068 0:00 EU WE%sT 1993 Mar 28 1:00u
2069 -1:00 EU AZO%sT
2070 Zone Atlantic/Madeira -1:07:36 - LMT 1884 # Funchal
2071 -1:07:36 - FMT 1911 May 24 # Funchal Mean Time
2072 -1:00 Port MAD%sT 1966 Apr 3 2:00 # Madeira Time
2073 0:00 Port WE%sT 1983 Sep 25 1:00s
2074 0:00 EU WE%sT
2075
2076 # Romania
2077 #
2078 # From Paul Eggert (1999-10-07):
2079 # <a href="http://www.nineoclock.ro/POL/1778pol.html">
2080 # Nine O'clock</a> (1998-10-23) reports that the switch occurred at
2081 # 04:00 local time in fall 1998. For lack of better info,
2082 # assume that Romania and Moldova switched to EU rules in 1997,
2083 # the same year as Bulgaria.
2084 #
2085 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
2086 Rule Romania 1932 only - May 21 0:00s 1:00 S
2087 Rule Romania 1932 1939 - Oct Sun>=1 0:00s 0 -
2088 Rule Romania 1933 1939 - Apr Sun>=2 0:00s 1:00 S
2089 Rule Romania 1979 only - May 27 0:00 1:00 S
2090 Rule Romania 1979 only - Sep lastSun 0:00 0 -
2091 Rule Romania 1980 only - Apr 5 23:00 1:00 S
2092 Rule Romania 1980 only - Sep lastSun 1:00 0 -
2093 Rule Romania 1991 1993 - Mar lastSun 0:00s 1:00 S
2094 Rule Romania 1991 1993 - Sep lastSun 0:00s 0 -
2095 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
2096 Zone Europe/Bucharest 1:44:24 - LMT 1891 Oct
2097 1:44:24 - BMT 1931 Jul 24 # Bucharest MT
2098 2:00 Romania EE%sT 1981 Mar 29 2:00s
2099 2:00 C-Eur EE%sT 1991
2100 2:00 Romania EE%sT 1994
2101 2:00 E-Eur EE%sT 1997
2102 2:00 EU EE%sT
2103
2104 # Russia
2105
2106 # From Alexander Krivenyshev (2011-09-15):
2107 # Based on last Russian Government Decree # 725 on August 31, 2011
2108 # (Government document
2109 # <a href="http://www.government.ru/gov/results/16355/print/">
2110 # http://www.government.ru/gov/results/16355/print/
2111 # </a>
2112 # in Russian)
2113 # there are few corrections have to be made for some Russian time zones...
2114 # All updated Russian Time Zones were placed in table and translated to English
2115 # by WorldTimeZone.com at the link below:
2116 # <a href="http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_russia36.htm">
2117 # http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_russia36.htm
2118 # </a>
2119
2120 # From Sanjeev Gupta (2011-09-27):
2121 # Scans of [Decree #23 of January 8, 1992] are available at:
2122 # <a href="http://government.consultant.ru/page.aspx?1223966">
2123 # http://government.consultant.ru/page.aspx?1223966
2124 # They are in Cyrillic letters (presumably Russian).
2125
2126 # From Arthur David Olson (2012-05-09):
2127 # Regarding the instant when clocks in time-zone-shifting parts of Russia
2128 # changed in September 2011:
2129 #
2130 # One source is
2131 # < a href="http://government.ru/gov/results/16355/>
2132 # http://government.ru/gov/results/16355/
2133 # </a>
2134 # which, according to translate.google.com, begins "Decree of August 31,
2135 # 2011 No 725" and contains no other dates or "effective date" information.
2136 #
2137 # Another source is
2138 # <a href="http://www.rg.ru/2011/09/06/chas-zona-dok.html">
2139 # http://www.rg.ru/2011/09/06/chas-zona-dok.html
2140 # </a>
2141 # which, according to translate.google.com, begins "Resolution of the
2142 # Government of the Russian Federation on August 31, 2011 N 725" and also
2143 # contains "Date first official publication: September 6, 2011 Posted on:
2144 # in the 'RG' - Federal Issue number 5573 September 6, 2011" but which
2145 # does not contain any "effective date" information.
2146 #
2147 # Another source is
2148 # <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oymyakonsky_District#cite_note-RuTime-7">
2149 # http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oymyakonsky_District#cite_note-RuTime-7
2150 # </a>
2151 # which, in note 8, contains "Resolution #725 of August 31, 2011...
2152 # Effective as of after 7 days following the day of the official publication"
2153 # but which does not contain any reference to September 6, 2011.
2154 #
2155 # The Wikipedia article refers to
2156 # <a href="http://base.consultant.ru/cons/cgi/online.cgi?req=doc;base=LAW;n=118896">
2157 # http://base.consultant.ru/cons/cgi/online.cgi?req=doc;base=LAW;n=118896
2158 # </a>
2159 # which seems to copy the text of the government.ru page.
2160 #
2161 # Tobias Conradi combines Wikipedia's
2162 # "as of after 7 days following the day of the official publication"
2163 # with www.rg.ru's "Date of first official publication: September 6, 2011" to get
2164 # September 13, 2011 as the cutover date (unusually, a Tuesday, as Tobias Conradi notes).
2165 #
2166 # None of the sources indicates a time of day for changing clocks.
2167 #
2168 # Go with 2011-09-13 0:00s.
2169
2170 # From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):
2171 # Except for Moscow after 1919-07-01, I invented the time zone abbreviations.
2172 # Moscow time zone abbreviations after 1919-07-01, and Moscow rules after 1991,
2173 # are from Andrey A. Chernov. The rest is from Shanks & Pottenger,
2174 # except we follow Chernov's report that 1992 DST transitions were Sat
2175 # 23:00, not Sun 02:00s.
2176 #
2177 # From Stanislaw A. Kuzikowski (1994-06-29):
2178 # But now it is some months since Novosibirsk is 3 hours ahead of Moscow!
2179 # I do not know why they have decided to make this change;
2180 # as far as I remember it was done exactly during winter->summer switching
2181 # so we (Novosibirsk) simply did not switch.
2182 #
2183 # From Andrey A. Chernov (1996-10-04):
2184 # 'MSK' and 'MSD' were born and used initially on Moscow computers with
2185 # UNIX-like OSes by several developer groups (e.g. Demos group, Kiae group)....
2186 # The next step was the UUCP network, the Relcom predecessor
2187 # (used mainly for mail), and MSK/MSD was actively used there.
2188 #
2189 # From Chris Carrier (1996-10-30):
2190 # According to a friend of mine who rode the Trans-Siberian Railroad from
2191 # Moscow to Irkutsk in 1995, public air and rail transport in Russia ...
2192 # still follows Moscow time, no matter where in Russia it is located.
2193 #
2194 # For Grozny, Chechnya, we have the following story from
2195 # John Daniszewski, "Scavengers in the Rubble", Los Angeles Times (2001-02-07):
2196 # News--often false--is spread by word of mouth. A rumor that it was
2197 # time to move the clocks back put this whole city out of sync with
2198 # the rest of Russia for two weeks--even soldiers stationed here began
2199 # enforcing curfew at the wrong time.
2200 #
2201 # From Gwillim Law (2001-06-05):
2202 # There's considerable evidence that Sakhalin Island used to be in
2203 # UTC+11, and has changed to UTC+10, in this decade. I start with the
2204 # SSIM, which listed Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk in zone RU10 along with Magadan
2205 # until February 1997, and then in RU9 with Khabarovsk and Vladivostok
2206 # since September 1997.... Although the Kuril Islands are
2207 # administratively part of Sakhalin oblast', they appear to have
2208 # remained on UTC+11 along with Magadan.
2209 #
2210 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
2211 #
2212 # Kaliningradskaya oblast'.
2213 Zone Europe/Kaliningrad 1:22:00 - LMT 1893 Apr
2214 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945
2215 2:00 Poland CE%sT 1946
2216 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2217 2:00 Russia EE%sT 2011 Mar 27 2:00s
2218 3:00 - FET # Further-eastern European Time
2219 #
2220 # From Oscar van Vlijmen (2001-08-25): [This region consists of]
2221 # Respublika Adygeya, Arkhangel'skaya oblast',
2222 # Belgorodskaya oblast', Bryanskaya oblast', Vladimirskaya oblast',
2223 # Vologodskaya oblast', Voronezhskaya oblast',
2224 # Respublika Dagestan, Ivanovskaya oblast', Respublika Ingushetiya,
2225 # Kabarbino-Balkarskaya Respublika, Respublika Kalmykiya,
2226 # Kalyzhskaya oblast', Respublika Karachaevo-Cherkessiya,
2227 # Respublika Kareliya, Respublika Komi,
2228 # Kostromskaya oblast', Krasnodarskij kraj, Kurskaya oblast',
2229 # Leningradskaya oblast', Lipetskaya oblast', Respublika Marij El,
2230 # Respublika Mordoviya, Moskva, Moskovskaya oblast',
2231 # Murmanskaya oblast', Nenetskij avtonomnyj okrug,
2232 # Nizhegorodskaya oblast', Novgorodskaya oblast', Orlovskaya oblast',
2233 # Penzenskaya oblast', Pskovskaya oblast', Rostovskaya oblast',
2234 # Ryazanskaya oblast', Sankt-Peterburg,
2235 # Respublika Severnaya Osetiya, Smolenskaya oblast',
2236 # Stavropol'skij kraj, Tambovskaya oblast', Respublika Tatarstan,
2237 # Tverskaya oblast', Tyl'skaya oblast', Ul'yanovskaya oblast',
2238 # Chechenskaya Respublika, Chuvashskaya oblast',
2239 # Yaroslavskaya oblast'
2240 Zone Europe/Moscow 2:30:20 - LMT 1880
2241 2:30 - MMT 1916 Jul 3 # Moscow Mean Time
2242 2:30:48 Russia %s 1919 Jul 1 2:00
2243 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1922 Oct
2244 2:00 - EET 1930 Jun 21
2245 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2246 2:00 Russia EE%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
2247 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 2011 Mar 27 2:00s
2248 4:00 - MSK
2249 #
2250 # Astrakhanskaya oblast', Kirovskaya oblast', Saratovskaya oblast',
2251 # Volgogradskaya oblast'. Shanks & Pottenger say Kirov is still at +0400
2252 # but Wikipedia (2006-05-09) says +0300. Perhaps it switched after the
2253 # others? But we have no data.
2254 Zone Europe/Volgograd 2:57:40 - LMT 1920 Jan 3
2255 3:00 - TSAT 1925 Apr 6 # Tsaritsyn Time
2256 3:00 - STAT 1930 Jun 21 # Stalingrad Time
2257 4:00 - STAT 1961 Nov 11
2258 4:00 Russia VOL%sT 1989 Mar 26 2:00s # Volgograd T
2259 3:00 Russia VOL%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2260 4:00 - VOLT 1992 Mar 29 2:00s
2261 3:00 Russia VOL%sT 2011 Mar 27 2:00s
2262 4:00 - VOLT
2263 #
2264 # From Oscar van Vlijmen (2001-08-25): [This region consists of]
2265 # Samarskaya oblast', Udmyrtskaya respublika
2266 Zone Europe/Samara 3:20:36 - LMT 1919 Jul 1 2:00
2267 3:00 - SAMT 1930 Jun 21
2268 4:00 - SAMT 1935 Jan 27
2269 4:00 Russia KUY%sT 1989 Mar 26 2:00s # Kuybyshev
2270 3:00 Russia KUY%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2271 2:00 Russia KUY%sT 1991 Sep 29 2:00s
2272 3:00 - KUYT 1991 Oct 20 3:00
2273 4:00 Russia SAM%sT 2010 Mar 28 2:00s # Samara Time
2274 3:00 Russia SAM%sT 2011 Mar 27 2:00s
2275 4:00 - SAMT
2276
2277 #
2278 # From Oscar van Vlijmen (2001-08-25): [This region consists of]
2279 # Respublika Bashkortostan, Komi-Permyatskij avtonomnyj okrug,
2280 # Kurganskaya oblast', Orenburgskaya oblast', Permskaya oblast',
2281 # Sverdlovskaya oblast', Tyumenskaya oblast',
2282 # Khanty-Manskijskij avtonomnyj okrug, Chelyabinskaya oblast',
2283 # Yamalo-Nenetskij avtonomnyj okrug.
2284 Zone Asia/Yekaterinburg 4:02:24 - LMT 1919 Jul 15 4:00
2285 4:00 - SVET 1930 Jun 21 # Sverdlovsk Time
2286 5:00 Russia SVE%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2287 4:00 Russia SVE%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
2288 5:00 Russia YEK%sT 2011 Mar 27 2:00s
2289 6:00 - YEKT # Yekaterinburg Time
2290 #
2291 # From Oscar van Vlijmen (2001-08-25): [This region consists of]
2292 # Respublika Altaj, Altajskij kraj, Omskaya oblast'.
2293 Zone Asia/Omsk 4:53:36 - LMT 1919 Nov 14
2294 5:00 - OMST 1930 Jun 21 # Omsk TIme
2295 6:00 Russia OMS%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2296 5:00 Russia OMS%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
2297 6:00 Russia OMS%sT 2011 Mar 27 2:00s
2298 7:00 - OMST
2299 #
2300 # From Paul Eggert (2006-08-19): I'm guessing about Tomsk here; it's
2301 # not clear when it switched from +7 to +6.
2302 # Novosibirskaya oblast', Tomskaya oblast'.
2303 Zone Asia/Novosibirsk 5:31:40 - LMT 1919 Dec 14 6:00
2304 6:00 - NOVT 1930 Jun 21 # Novosibirsk Time
2305 7:00 Russia NOV%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2306 6:00 Russia NOV%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
2307 7:00 Russia NOV%sT 1993 May 23 # say Shanks & P.
2308 6:00 Russia NOV%sT 2011 Mar 27 2:00s
2309 7:00 - NOVT
2310
2311 # From Alexander Krivenyshev (2009-10-13):
2312 # Kemerovo oblast' (Kemerovo region) in Russia will change current time zone on
2313 # March 28, 2010:
2314 # from current Russia Zone 6 - Krasnoyarsk Time Zone (KRA) UTC +0700
2315 # to Russia Zone 5 - Novosibirsk Time Zone (NOV) UTC +0600
2316 #
2317 # This is according to Government of Russia decree # 740, on September
2318 # 14, 2009 "Application in the territory of the Kemerovo region the Fifth
2319 # time zone." ("Russia Zone 5" or old "USSR Zone 5" is GMT +0600)
2320 #
2321 # Russian Government web site (Russian language)
2322 # <a href="http://www.government.ru/content/governmentactivity/rfgovernmentdecisions/archiv">
2323 # http://www.government.ru/content/governmentactivity/rfgovernmentdecisions/archive/2009/09/14/991633.htm
2324 # </a>
2325 # or Russian-English translation by WorldTimeZone.com with reference
2326 # map to local region and new Russia Time Zone map after March 28, 2010
2327 # <a href="http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_russia03.html">
2328 # http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_russia03.html
2329 # </a>
2330 #
2331 # Thus, when Russia will switch to DST on the night of March 28, 2010
2332 # Kemerovo region (Kemerovo oblast') will not change the clock.
2333 #
2334 # As a result, Kemerovo oblast' will be in the same time zone as
2335 # Novosibirsk, Omsk, Tomsk, Barnaul and Altai Republic.
2336
2337 Zone Asia/Novokuznetsk 5:48:48 - NMT 1920 Jan 6
2338 6:00 - KRAT 1930 Jun 21 # Krasnoyarsk Time
2339 7:00 Russia KRA%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2340 6:00 Russia KRA%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
2341 7:00 Russia KRA%sT 2010 Mar 28 2:00s
2342 6:00 Russia NOV%sT 2011 Mar 27 2:00s
2343 7:00 - NOVT # Novosibirsk/Novokuznetsk Time
2344
2345 #
2346 # From Oscar van Vlijmen (2001-08-25): [This region consists of]
2347 # Krasnoyarskij kraj,
2348 # Tajmyrskij (Dolgano-Nenetskij) avtonomnyj okrug,
2349 # Respublika Tuva, Respublika Khakasiya, Evenkijskij avtonomnyj okrug.
2350 Zone Asia/Krasnoyarsk 6:11:20 - LMT 1920 Jan 6
2351 6:00 - KRAT 1930 Jun 21 # Krasnoyarsk Time
2352 7:00 Russia KRA%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2353 6:00 Russia KRA%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
2354 7:00 Russia KRA%sT 2011 Mar 27 2:00s
2355 8:00 - KRAT
2356 #
2357 # From Oscar van Vlijmen (2001-08-25): [This region consists of]
2358 # Respublika Buryatiya, Irkutskaya oblast',
2359 # Ust'-Ordynskij Buryatskij avtonomnyj okrug.
2360 Zone Asia/Irkutsk 6:57:20 - LMT 1880
2361 6:57:20 - IMT 1920 Jan 25 # Irkutsk Mean Time
2362 7:00 - IRKT 1930 Jun 21 # Irkutsk Time
2363 8:00 Russia IRK%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2364 7:00 Russia IRK%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
2365 8:00 Russia IRK%sT 2011 Mar 27 2:00s
2366 9:00 - IRKT
2367 #
2368 # From Oscar van Vlijmen (2003-10-18): [This region consists of]
2369 # Aginskij Buryatskij avtonomnyj okrug, Amurskaya oblast',
2370 # [parts of] Respublika Sakha (Yakutiya), Chitinskaya oblast'.
2371
2372 # From Oscar van Vlijmen (2009-11-29):
2373 # ...some regions of [Russia] were merged with others since 2005...
2374 # Some names were changed, no big deal, except for one instance: a new name.
2375 # YAK/YAKST: UTC+9 Zabajkal'skij kraj.
2376
2377 # From Oscar van Vlijmen (2009-11-29):
2378 # The Sakha districts are: Aldanskij, Amginskij, Anabarskij,
2379 # Verkhnevilyujskij, Vilyujskij, Gornyj,
2380 # Zhiganskij, Kobyajskij, Lenskij, Megino-Kangalasskij, Mirninskij,
2381 # Namskij, Nyurbinskij, Olenyokskij, Olyokminskij,
2382 # Suntarskij, Tattinskij, Ust'-Aldanskij, Khangalasskij,
2383 # Churapchinskij, Eveno-Bytantajskij Natsional'nij.
2384
2385 Zone Asia/Yakutsk 8:38:40 - LMT 1919 Dec 15
2386 8:00 - YAKT 1930 Jun 21 # Yakutsk Time
2387 9:00 Russia YAK%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2388 8:00 Russia YAK%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
2389 9:00 Russia YAK%sT 2011 Mar 27 2:00s
2390 10:00 - YAKT
2391 #
2392 # From Oscar van Vlijmen (2003-10-18): [This region consists of]
2393 # Evrejskaya avtonomnaya oblast', Khabarovskij kraj, Primorskij kraj,
2394 # [parts of] Respublika Sakha (Yakutiya).
2395
2396 # From Oscar van Vlijmen (2009-11-29):
2397 # The Sakha districts are: Bulunskij, Verkhoyanskij, ... Ust'-Yanskij.
2398 Zone Asia/Vladivostok 8:47:44 - LMT 1922 Nov 15
2399 9:00 - VLAT 1930 Jun 21 # Vladivostok Time
2400 10:00 Russia VLA%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2401 9:00 Russia VLA%sST 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
2402 10:00 Russia VLA%sT 2011 Mar 27 2:00s
2403 11:00 - VLAT
2404
2405 # From Arthur David Olson (2012-05-09):
2406 # Tomponskij and Ust'-Majskij switched from Vladivostok time to Yakutsk time
2407 # in 2011.
2408 #
2409 # From Paul Eggert (2012-11-25):
2410 # Shanks and Pottenger (2003) has Khandyga on Yakutsk time.
2411 # Make a wild guess that it switched to Vladivostok time in 2004.
2412 # This transition is no doubt wrong, but we have no better info.
2413 #
2414 Zone Asia/Khandyga 9:02:13 - LMT 1919 Dec 15
2415 8:00 - YAKT 1930 Jun 21 # Yakutsk Time
2416 9:00 Russia YAK%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2417 8:00 Russia YAK%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
2418 9:00 Russia YAK%sT 2004
2419 10:00 Russia VLA%sT 2011 Mar 27 2:00s
2420 11:00 - VLAT 2011 Sep 13 0:00s # Decree 725?
2421 10:00 - YAKT
2422
2423 #
2424 # Sakhalinskaya oblast'.
2425 # The Zone name should be Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk, but that's too long.
2426 Zone Asia/Sakhalin 9:30:48 - LMT 1905 Aug 23
2427 9:00 - CJT 1938
2428 9:00 - JST 1945 Aug 25
2429 11:00 Russia SAK%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s # Sakhalin T.
2430 10:00 Russia SAK%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
2431 11:00 Russia SAK%sT 1997 Mar lastSun 2:00s
2432 10:00 Russia SAK%sT 2011 Mar 27 2:00s
2433 11:00 - SAKT
2434 #
2435 # From Oscar van Vlijmen (2003-10-18): [This region consists of]
2436 # Magadanskaya oblast', Respublika Sakha (Yakutiya).
2437 # Probably also: Kuril Islands.
2438
2439 # From Oscar van Vlijmen (2009-11-29):
2440 # The Sakha districts are: Abyjskij, Allaikhovskij, Verkhhhnekolymskij, Momskij,
2441 # Nizhnekolymskij, ... Srednekolymskij.
2442 Zone Asia/Magadan 10:03:12 - LMT 1924 May 2
2443 10:00 - MAGT 1930 Jun 21 # Magadan Time
2444 11:00 Russia MAG%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2445 10:00 Russia MAG%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
2446 11:00 Russia MAG%sT 2011 Mar 27 2:00s
2447 12:00 - MAGT
2448
2449 # From Arthur David Olson (2012-05-09):
2450 # Ojmyakonskij and the Kuril Islands switched from
2451 # Magadan time to Vladivostok time in 2011.
2452 Zone Asia/Ust-Nera 9:32:54 - LMT 1919 Dec 15
2453 8:00 - YAKT 1930 Jun 21 # Yakutsk Time
2454 9:00 Russia YAKT 1981 Apr 1
2455 11:00 Russia MAG%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2456 10:00 Russia MAG%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
2457 11:00 Russia MAG%sT 2011 Mar 27 2:00s
2458 12:00 - MAGT 2011 Sep 13 0:00s # Decree 725?
2459 11:00 - VLAT
2460
2461 # From Oscar van Vlijmen (2001-08-25): [This region consists of]
2462 # Kamchatskaya oblast', Koryakskij avtonomnyj okrug.
2463 #
2464 # The Zone name should be Asia/Petropavlovsk-Kamchatski, but that's too long.
2465 Zone Asia/Kamchatka 10:34:36 - LMT 1922 Nov 10
2466 11:00 - PETT 1930 Jun 21 # P-K Time
2467 12:00 Russia PET%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2468 11:00 Russia PET%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
2469 12:00 Russia PET%sT 2010 Mar 28 2:00s
2470 11:00 Russia PET%sT 2011 Mar 27 2:00s
2471 12:00 - PETT
2472 #
2473 # Chukotskij avtonomnyj okrug
2474 Zone Asia/Anadyr 11:49:56 - LMT 1924 May 2
2475 12:00 - ANAT 1930 Jun 21 # Anadyr Time
2476 13:00 Russia ANA%sT 1982 Apr 1 0:00s
2477 12:00 Russia ANA%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2478 11:00 Russia ANA%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
2479 12:00 Russia ANA%sT 2010 Mar 28 2:00s
2480 11:00 Russia ANA%sT 2011 Mar 27 2:00s
2481 12:00 - ANAT
2482
2483 # San Marino
2484 # See Europe/Rome.
2485
2486 # Serbia
2487 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
2488 Zone Europe/Belgrade 1:22:00 - LMT 1884
2489 1:00 - CET 1941 Apr 18 23:00
2490 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945
2491 1:00 - CET 1945 May 8 2:00s
2492 1:00 1:00 CEST 1945 Sep 16 2:00s
2493 # Metod Kozelj reports that the legal date of
2494 # transition to EU rules was 1982-11-27, for all of Yugoslavia at the time.
2495 # Shanks & Pottenger don't give as much detail, so go with Kozelj.
2496 1:00 - CET 1982 Nov 27
2497 1:00 EU CE%sT
2498 Link Europe/Belgrade Europe/Ljubljana # Slovenia
2499 Link Europe/Belgrade Europe/Podgorica # Montenegro
2500 Link Europe/Belgrade Europe/Sarajevo # Bosnia and Herzegovina
2501 Link Europe/Belgrade Europe/Skopje # Macedonia
2502 Link Europe/Belgrade Europe/Zagreb # Croatia
2503
2504 # Slovakia
2505 Link Europe/Prague Europe/Bratislava
2506
2507 # Slovenia
2508 # See Europe/Belgrade.
2509
2510 # Spain
2511 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
2512 # For 1917-1919 Whitman gives Apr Sat>=1 - Oct Sat>=1;
2513 # go with Shanks & Pottenger.
2514 Rule Spain 1917 only - May 5 23:00s 1:00 S
2515 Rule Spain 1917 1919 - Oct 6 23:00s 0 -
2566 Zone Africa/Ceuta -0:21:16 - LMT 1901
2567 0:00 - WET 1918 May 6 23:00
2568 0:00 1:00 WEST 1918 Oct 7 23:00
2569 0:00 - WET 1924
2570 0:00 Spain WE%sT 1929
2571 0:00 SpainAfrica WE%sT 1984 Mar 16
2572 1:00 - CET 1986
2573 1:00 EU CE%sT
2574 Zone Atlantic/Canary -1:01:36 - LMT 1922 Mar # Las Palmas de Gran C.
2575 -1:00 - CANT 1946 Sep 30 1:00 # Canaries Time
2576 0:00 - WET 1980 Apr 6 0:00s
2577 0:00 1:00 WEST 1980 Sep 28 0:00s
2578 0:00 EU WE%sT
2579 # IATA SSIM (1996-09) says the Canaries switch at 2:00u, not 1:00u.
2580 # Ignore this for now, as the Canaries are part of the EU.
2581
2582 # Sweden
2583
2584 # From Ivan Nilsson (2001-04-13), superseding Shanks & Pottenger:
2585 #
2586 # The law "Svensk forfattningssamling 1878, no 14" about standard time in 1879:
2587 # From the beginning of 1879 (that is 01-01 00:00) the time for all
2588 # places in the country is "the mean solar time for the meridian at
2589 # three degrees, or twelve minutes of time, to the west of the
2590 # meridian of the Observatory of Stockholm". The law is dated 1878-05-31.
2591 #
2592 # The observatory at that time had the meridian 18 degrees 03' 30"
2593 # eastern longitude = 01:12:14 in time. Less 12 minutes gives the
2594 # national standard time as 01:00:14 ahead of GMT....
2595 #
2596 # About the beginning of CET in Sweden. The lawtext ("Svensk
2597 # forfattningssamling 1899, no 44") states, that "from the beginning
2598 # of 1900... ... the same as the mean solar time for the meridian at
2599 # the distance of one hour of time from the meridian of the English
2600 # observatory at Greenwich, or at 12 minutes 14 seconds to the west
2601 # from the meridian of the Observatory of Stockholm". The law is dated
2602 # 1899-06-16. In short: At 1900-01-01 00:00:00 the new standard time
2603 # in Sweden is 01:00:00 ahead of GMT.
2604 #
2605 # 1916: The lawtext ("Svensk forfattningssamling 1916, no 124") states
2606 # that "1916-05-15 is considered to begin one hour earlier". It is
2607 # pretty obvious that at 05-14 23:00 the clocks are set to 05-15 00:00....
2608 # Further the law says, that "1916-09-30 is considered to end one hour later".
2609 #
2610 # The laws regulating [DST] are available on the site of the Swedish
2611 # Parliament beginning with 1985 - the laws regulating 1980/1984 are
2612 # not available on the site (to my knowledge they are only available
2613 # in Swedish): <http://www.riksdagen.se/english/work/sfst.asp> (type
2614 # "sommartid" without the quotes in the field "Fritext" and then click
2615 # the Sok-button).
2616 #
2617 # (2001-05-13):
2618 #
2619 # I have now found a newspaper stating that at 1916-10-01 01:00
2620 # summertime the church-clocks etc were set back one hour to show
2621 # 1916-10-01 00:00 standard time. The article also reports that some
2622 # people thought the switch to standard time would take place already
2623 # at 1916-10-01 00:00 summer time, but they had to wait for another
2624 # hour before the event took place.
2625 #
2626 # Source: The newspaper "Dagens Nyheter", 1916-10-01, page 7 upper left.
2627
2628 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
2629 Zone Europe/Stockholm 1:12:12 - LMT 1879 Jan 1
2630 1:00:14 - SET 1900 Jan 1 # Swedish Time
2631 1:00 - CET 1916 May 14 23:00
2632 1:00 1:00 CEST 1916 Oct 1 01:00
2633 1:00 - CET 1980
2634 1:00 EU CE%sT
2635
2636 # Switzerland
2637 # From Howse:
2638 # By the end of the 18th century clocks and watches became commonplace
2639 # and their performance improved enormously. Communities began to keep
2640 # mean time in preference to apparent time -- Geneva from 1780 ....
2641 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
2642 # From Whitman (who writes "Midnight?"):
2643 # Rule Swiss 1940 only - Nov 2 0:00 1:00 S
2644 # Rule Swiss 1940 only - Dec 31 0:00 0 -
2645 # From Shanks & Pottenger:
2646 # Rule Swiss 1941 1942 - May Sun>=1 2:00 1:00 S
2647 # Rule Swiss 1941 1942 - Oct Sun>=1 0:00 0 -
2648
2649 # From Alois Treindl (2008-12-17):
2650 # I have researched the DST usage in Switzerland during the 1940ies.
2651 #
2652 # As I wrote in an earlier message, I suspected the current tzdata values
2653 # to be wrong. This is now verified.
2654 #
2655 # I have found copies of the original ruling by the Swiss Federal
2656 # government, in 'Eidgen[o]ssische Gesetzessammlung 1941 and 1942' (Swiss
2657 # federal law collection)...
2658 #
2659 # DST began on Monday 5 May 1941, 1:00 am by shifting the clocks to 2:00 am
2660 # DST ended on Monday 6 Oct 1941, 2:00 am by shifting the clocks to 1:00 am.
2661 #
2662 # DST began on Monday, 4 May 1942 at 01:00 am
2663 # DST ended on Monday, 5 Oct 1942 at 02:00 am
2664 #
2665 # There was no DST in 1940, I have checked the law collection carefully.
2666 # It is also indicated by the fact that the 1942 entry in the law
2667 # collection points back to 1941 as a reference, but no reference to any
2668 # other years are made.
2669 #
2670 # Newspaper articles I have read in the archives on 6 May 1941 reported
2671 # about the introduction of DST (Sommerzeit in German) during the previous
2672 # night as an absolute novelty, because this was the first time that such
2673 # a thing had happened in Switzerland.
2674 #
2675 # I have also checked 1916, because one book source (Gabriel, Traite de
2676 # l'heure dans le monde) claims that Switzerland had DST in 1916. This is
2677 # false, no official document could be found. Probably Gabriel got misled
2678 # by references to Germany, which introduced DST in 1916 for the first time.
2679 #
2680 # The tzdata rules for Switzerland must be changed to:
2681 # Rule Swiss 1941 1942 - May Mon>=1 1:00 1:00 S
2682 # Rule Swiss 1941 1942 - Oct Mon>=1 2:00 0 -
2683 #
2684 # The 1940 rules must be deleted.
2685 #
2686 # One further detail for Switzerland, which is probably out of scope for
2687 # most users of tzdata: The [Europe/Zurich zone] ...
2688 # describes all of Switzerland correctly, with the exception of
2689 # the Cantone Geneve (Geneva, Genf). Between 1848 and 1894 Geneve did not
2690 # follow Bern Mean Time but kept its own local mean time.
2691 # To represent this, an extra zone would be needed.
2692 #
2693 # From Alois Treindl (2013-09-11):
2694 # The Federal regulations say
2695 # http://www.admin.ch/opc/de/classified-compilation/20071096/index.html
2696 # ... the meridian for Bern mean time ... is 7 degrees 26'22.50".
2697 # Expressed in time, it is 0h29m45.5s.
2698
2699 # From Pierre-Yves Berger (2013-09-11):
2700 # the "Circulaire du conseil federal" (December 11 1893)
2701 # <http://www.amtsdruckschriften.bar.admin.ch/viewOrigDoc.do?id=10071353> ...
2702 # clearly states that the [1894-06-01] change should be done at midnight
2703 # but if no one is present after 11 at night, could be postponed until one
2704 # hour before the beginning of service.
2705
2706 # From Paul Eggert (2013-09-11):
2707 # Round BMT to the nearest even second, 0:29:46.
2708 #
2709 # We can find no reliable source for Shanks's assertion that all of Switzerland
2710 # except Geneva switched to Bern Mean Time at 00:00 on 1848-09-12. This book:
2711 #
2712 # Jakob Messerli. Gleichmassig, punktlich, schnell: Zeiteinteilung und
2713 # Zeitgebrauch in der Schweiz im 19. Jahrhundert. Chronos, Zurich 1995,
2714 # ISBN 3-905311-68-2, OCLC 717570797.
2715 #
2716 # suggests that the transition was more gradual, and that the Swiss did not
2717 # agree about civil time during the transition. The timekeeping it gives the
2718 # most detail for is postal and telegraph time: here, federal legislation (the
2719 # "Bundesgesetz uber die Erstellung von elektrischen Telegraphen") passed on
2720 # 1851-11-23, and an official implementation notice was published 1853-07-16
2721 # (Bundesblatt 1853, Bd. II, S. 859). On p 72 Messerli writes that in
2722 # practice since July 1853 Bernese time was used in "all postal and telegraph
2723 # offices in Switzerland from Geneva to St. Gallen and Basel to Chiasso"
2724 # (Google translation). For now, model this transition as occurring on
2725 # 1853-07-16, though it probably occurred at some other date in Zurich, and
2726 # legal civil time probably changed at still some other transition date.
2727
2728 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
2729 Rule Swiss 1941 1942 - May Mon>=1 1:00 1:00 S
2730 Rule Swiss 1941 1942 - Oct Mon>=1 2:00 0 -
2731 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
2732 Zone Europe/Zurich 0:34:08 - LMT 1853 Jul 16 # See above comment.
2733 0:29:46 - BMT 1894 Jun # Bern Mean Time
2734 1:00 Swiss CE%sT 1981
2735 1:00 EU CE%sT
2736
2737 # Turkey
2738
2739 # From Amar Devegowda (2007-01-03):
2740 # The time zone rules for Istanbul, Turkey have not been changed for years now.
2741 # ... The latest rules are available at -
2742 # http://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/timezone.html?n=107
2743 # From Steffen Thorsen (2007-01-03):
2744 # I have been able to find press records back to 1996 which all say that
2745 # DST started 01:00 local time and end at 02:00 local time. I am not sure
2746 # what happened before that. One example for each year from 1996 to 2001:
2747 # http://newspot.byegm.gov.tr/arsiv/1996/21/N4.htm
2748 # http://www.byegm.gov.tr/YAYINLARIMIZ/CHR/ING97/03/97X03X25.TXT
2749 # http://www.byegm.gov.tr/YAYINLARIMIZ/CHR/ING98/03/98X03X02.HTM
2750 # http://www.byegm.gov.tr/YAYINLARIMIZ/CHR/ING99/10/99X10X26.HTM#%2016
2751 # http://www.byegm.gov.tr/YAYINLARIMIZ/CHR/ING2000/03/00X03X06.HTM#%2021
2752 # http://www.byegm.gov.tr/YAYINLARIMIZ/CHR/ING2001/03/23x03x01.HTM#%2027
2753 # From Paul Eggert (2007-01-03):
2754 # Prefer the above source to Shanks & Pottenger for time stamps after 1990.
2755
2756 # From Steffen Thorsen (2007-03-09):
2757 # Starting 2007 though, it seems that they are adopting EU's 1:00 UTC
2758 # start/end time, according to the following page (2007-03-07):
2759 # http://www.ntvmsnbc.com/news/402029.asp
2760 # The official document is located here - it is in Turkish...:
2761 # http://rega.basbakanlik.gov.tr/eskiler/2007/03/20070307-7.htm
2762 # I was able to locate the following seemingly official document
2763 # (on a non-government server though) describing dates between 2002 and 2006:
2764 # http://www.alomaliye.com/bkk_2002_3769.htm
2765
2766 # From Gökdeniz Karadağ (2011-03-10):
2767 #
2768 # According to the articles linked below, Turkey will change into summer
2769 # time zone (GMT+3) on March 28, 2011 at 3:00 a.m. instead of March 27.
2770 # This change is due to a nationwide exam on 27th.
2771 # http://www.worldbulletin.net/?aType=haber&ArticleID=70872
2772 # Turkish:
2773 # http://www.hurriyet.com.tr/ekonomi/17230464.asp?gid=373
2774
2775 # From Faruk Pasin (2014-02-14):
2776 # The DST for Turkey has been changed for this year because of the
2777 # Turkish Local election....
2778 # http://www.sabah.com.tr/Ekonomi/2014/02/12/yaz-saatinde-onemli-degisiklik
2779 # ... so Turkey will move clocks forward one hour on March 31 at 3:00 a.m.
2780 # From Paul Eggert (2014-02-17):
2781 # Here is an English-language source:
2782 # http://www.worldbulletin.net/turkey/129016/turkey-switches-to-daylight-saving-time-march-31
2783
2784 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
2785 Rule Turkey 1916 only - May 1 0:00 1:00 S
2786 Rule Turkey 1916 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
2787 Rule Turkey 1920 only - Mar 28 0:00 1:00 S
2788 Rule Turkey 1920 only - Oct 25 0:00 0 -
2789 Rule Turkey 1921 only - Apr 3 0:00 1:00 S
2790 Rule Turkey 1921 only - Oct 3 0:00 0 -
2791 Rule Turkey 1922 only - Mar 26 0:00 1:00 S
2792 Rule Turkey 1922 only - Oct 8 0:00 0 -
2793 # Whitman gives 1923 Apr 28 - Sep 16 and no DST in 1924-1925;
2794 # go with Shanks & Pottenger.
2795 Rule Turkey 1924 only - May 13 0:00 1:00 S
2796 Rule Turkey 1924 1925 - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
2797 Rule Turkey 1925 only - May 1 0:00 1:00 S
2798 Rule Turkey 1940 only - Jun 30 0:00 1:00 S
2799 Rule Turkey 1940 only - Oct 5 0:00 0 -
2800 Rule Turkey 1940 only - Dec 1 0:00 1:00 S
2801 Rule Turkey 1941 only - Sep 21 0:00 0 -
2802 Rule Turkey 1942 only - Apr 1 0:00 1:00 S
2853 2:00 EU EE%sT
2854 Link Europe/Istanbul Asia/Istanbul # Istanbul is in both continents.
2855
2856 # Ukraine
2857 #
2858 # From Igor Karpov, who works for the Ukrainian Ministry of Justice,
2859 # via Garrett Wollman (2003-01-27):
2860 # BTW, I've found the official document on this matter. It's government
2861 # regulations number 509, May 13, 1996. In my poor translation it says:
2862 # "Time in Ukraine is set to second timezone (Kiev time). Each last Sunday
2863 # of March at 3am the time is changing to 4am and each last Sunday of
2864 # October the time at 4am is changing to 3am"
2865
2866 # From Alexander Krivenyshev (2011-09-20):
2867 # On September 20, 2011 the deputies of the Verkhovna Rada agreed to
2868 # abolish the transfer clock to winter time.
2869 #
2870 # Bill number 8330 of MP from the Party of Regions Oleg Nadoshi got
2871 # approval from 266 deputies.
2872 #
2873 # Ukraine abolishes transter back to the winter time (in Russian)
2874 # http://news.mail.ru/politics/6861560/
2875 #
2876 # The Ukrainians will no longer change the clock (in Russian)
2877 # http://www.segodnya.ua/news/14290482.html
2878 #
2879 # Deputies cancelled the winter time (in Russian)
2880 # http://www.pravda.com.ua/rus/news/2011/09/20/6600616/
2881 #
2882 # From Philip Pizzey (2011-10-18):
2883 # Today my Ukrainian colleagues have informed me that the
2884 # Ukrainian parliament have decided that they will go to winter
2885 # time this year after all.
2886 #
2887 # From Udo Schwedt (2011-10-18):
2888 # As far as I understand, the recent change to the Ukrainian time zone
2889 # (Europe/Kiev) to introduce permanent daylight saving time (similar
2890 # to Russia) was reverted today:
2891 # http://portal.rada.gov.ua/rada/control/en/publish/article/info_left?art_id=287324&cat_id=105995
2892 #
2893 # Also reported by Alexander Bokovoy (2011-10-18) who also noted:
2919 # Since 1992 they had normal DST procedure:
2920 # 03 29 1992 02:00 -02.00 1 DST started
2921 # 09 27 1992 03:00 -02.00 0 DST ended
2922 # * Ukrainian Government's Resolution of 20.03.1992, No. 139.
2923 # http://www.uazakon.com/documents/date_8u/pg_grcasa.htm
2924
2925 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
2926 # Most of Ukraine since 1970 has been like Kiev.
2927 # "Kyiv" is the transliteration of the Ukrainian name, but
2928 # "Kiev" is more common in English.
2929 Zone Europe/Kiev 2:02:04 - LMT 1880
2930 2:02:04 - KMT 1924 May 2 # Kiev Mean Time
2931 2:00 - EET 1930 Jun 21
2932 3:00 - MSK 1941 Sep 20
2933 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1943 Nov 6
2934 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1990 Jul 1 2:00
2935 2:00 1:00 EEST 1991 Sep 29 3:00
2936 2:00 E-Eur EE%sT 1995
2937 2:00 EU EE%sT
2938 # Ruthenia used CET 1990/1991.
2939 # "Uzhhorod" is the transliteration of the Ukrainian name, but
2940 # "Uzhgorod" is more common in English.
2941 Zone Europe/Uzhgorod 1:29:12 - LMT 1890 Oct
2942 1:00 - CET 1940
2943 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Oct
2944 1:00 1:00 CEST 1944 Oct 26
2945 1:00 - CET 1945 Jun 29
2946 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1990
2947 3:00 - MSK 1990 Jul 1 2:00
2948 1:00 - CET 1991 Mar 31 3:00
2949 2:00 - EET 1992
2950 2:00 E-Eur EE%sT 1995
2951 2:00 EU EE%sT
2952 # Zaporozh'ye and eastern Lugansk oblasts observed DST 1990/1991.
2953 # "Zaporizhia" is the transliteration of the Ukrainian name, but
2954 # "Zaporozh'ye" is more common in English. Use the common English
2955 # spelling, except omit the apostrophe as it is not allowed in
2956 # portable Posix file names.
2957 Zone Europe/Zaporozhye 2:20:40 - LMT 1880
2958 2:20 - CUT 1924 May 2 # Central Ukraine T
2959 2:00 - EET 1930 Jun 21
2960 3:00 - MSK 1941 Aug 25
2961 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1943 Oct 25
2962 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1991 Mar 31 2:00
2963 2:00 E-Eur EE%sT 1995
2964 2:00 EU EE%sT
2965 # Central Crimea used Moscow time 1994/1997.
2966 Zone Europe/Simferopol 2:16:24 - LMT 1880
2967 2:16 - SMT 1924 May 2 # Simferopol Mean T
2968 2:00 - EET 1930 Jun 21
2969 3:00 - MSK 1941 Nov
2970 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Apr 13
2971 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1990
2972 3:00 - MSK 1990 Jul 1 2:00
2973 2:00 - EET 1992
2974 # From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):
2975 # The _Economist_ (1994-05-28, p 45) reports that central Crimea switched
2976 # from Kiev to Moscow time sometime after the January 1994 elections.
2977 # Shanks (1999) says "date of change uncertain", but implies that it happened
2978 # sometime between the 1994 DST switches. Shanks & Pottenger simply say
2979 # 1994-09-25 03:00, but that can't be right. For now, guess it
2980 # changed in May.
2981 2:00 E-Eur EE%sT 1994 May
2982 # From IATA SSIM (1994/1997), which also says that Kerch is still like Kiev.
2983 3:00 E-Eur MSK/MSD 1996 Mar 31 3:00s
2984 3:00 1:00 MSD 1996 Oct 27 3:00s
2985 # IATA SSIM (1997-09) says Crimea switched to EET/EEST.
2986 # Assume it happened in March by not changing the clocks.
2987 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1997
2988 3:00 - MSK 1997 Mar lastSun 1:00u
2989 # From Alexander Krivenyshev (2014-03-17):
2990 # time change at 2:00 (2am) on March 30, 2014
2991 # http://vz.ru/news/2014/3/17/677464.html
2992 # From Paul Eggert (2014-03-30):
2993 # Simferopol and Sevastopol reportedly changed their central town clocks
2994 # late the previous day, but this appears to have been ceremonial
2995 # and the discrepancies are small enough to not worry about.
2996 2:00 EU EE%sT 2014 Mar 30 2:00
2997 4:00 - MSK
2998
2999 # Vatican City
3000 # See Europe/Rome.
3001
3002 ###############################################################################
3003
3004 # One source shows that Bulgaria, Cyprus, Finland, and Greece observe DST from
3005 # the last Sunday in March to the last Sunday in September in 1986.
3006 # The source shows Romania changing a day later than everybody else.
3007 #
3008 # According to Bernard Sieloff's source, Poland is in the MET time zone but
3009 # uses the WE DST rules. The Western USSR uses EET+1 and ME DST rules.
3010 # Bernard Sieloff's source claims Romania switches on the same day, but at
3011 # 00:00 standard time (i.e., 01:00 DST). It also claims that Turkey
3012 # switches on the same day, but switches on at 01:00 standard time
3013 # and off at 00:00 standard time (i.e., 01:00 DST)
3014
3015 # ...
3016 # Date: Wed, 28 Jan 87 16:56:27 -0100
3017 # From: Tom Hofmann
3018 # ...
3019 #
3020 # ...the European time rules are...standardized since 1981, when
3021 # most European coun[tr]ies started DST. Before that year, only
3022 # a few countries (UK, France, Italy) had DST, each according
3023 # to own national rules. In 1981, however, DST started on
3024 # 'Apr firstSun', and not on 'Mar lastSun' as in the following
3025 # years...
3026 # But also since 1981 there are some more national exceptions
3027 # than listed in 'europe': Switzerland, for example, joined DST
3028 # one year later, Denmark ended DST on 'Oct 1' instead of 'Sep
3029 # lastSun' in 1981---I don't know how they handle now.
3030 #
3031 # Finally, DST ist always from 'Apr 1' to 'Oct 1' in the
3032 # Soviet Union (as far as I know).
3033 #
3034 # Tom Hofmann, Scientific Computer Center, CIBA-GEIGY AG,
3035 # 4002 Basle, Switzerland
3036 # ...
3037
3038 # ...
3039 # Date: Wed, 4 Feb 87 22:35:22 +0100
3040 # From: Dik T. Winter
3041 # ...
3042 #
3043 # The information from Tom Hofmann is (as far as I know) not entirely correct.
3044 # After a request from chongo at amdahl I tried to retrieve all information
3045 # about DST in Europe. I was able to find all from about 1969.
3046 #
3047 # ...standardization on DST in Europe started in about 1977 with switches on
3048 # first Sunday in April and last Sunday in September...
3049 # In 1981 UK joined Europe insofar that
|
4 # This code is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
5 # under the terms of the GNU General Public License version 2 only, as
6 # published by the Free Software Foundation. Oracle designates this
7 # particular file as subject to the "Classpath" exception as provided
8 # by Oracle in the LICENSE file that accompanied this code.
9 #
10 # This code is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT
11 # ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or
12 # FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU General Public License
13 # version 2 for more details (a copy is included in the LICENSE file that
14 # accompanied this code).
15 #
16 # You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License version
17 # 2 along with this work; if not, write to the Free Software Foundation,
18 # Inc., 51 Franklin St, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA 02110-1301 USA.
19 #
20 # Please contact Oracle, 500 Oracle Parkway, Redwood Shores, CA 94065 USA
21 # or visit www.oracle.com if you need additional information or have any
22 # questions.
23 #
24 # This file is in the public domain, so clarified as of
25 # 2009-05-17 by Arthur David Olson.
26
27 # This data is by no means authoritative; if you think you know better,
28 # go ahead and edit the file (and please send any changes to
29 # tz@iana.org for general use in the future).
30
31 # From Paul Eggert (2014-05-31):
32 # A good source for time zone historical data outside the U.S. is
33 # Thomas G. Shanks and Rique Pottenger, The International Atlas (6th edition),
34 # San Diego: ACS Publications, Inc. (2003).
35 #
36 # Gwillim Law writes that a good source
37 # for recent time zone data is the International Air Transport
38 # Association's Standard Schedules Information Manual (IATA SSIM),
39 # published semiannually. Law sent in several helpful summaries
40 # of the IATA's data after 1990.
41 #
42 # A reliable and entertaining source about time zones is
43 # Derek Howse, Greenwich time and longitude, Philip Wilson Publishers (1997).
44 #
45 # Except where otherwise noted, Shanks & Pottenger is the source for
46 # entries through 1991, and IATA SSIM is the source for entries afterwards.
47 #
48 # Other sources occasionally used include:
49 #
50 # Edward W. Whitman, World Time Differences,
51 # Whitman Publishing Co, 2 Niagara Av, Ealing, London (undated),
52 # which I found in the UCLA library.
53 #
54 # William Willett, The Waste of Daylight, 19th edition
55 # <http://cs.ucla.edu/~eggert/The-Waste-of-Daylight-19th.pdf>
56 # [PDF] (1914-03)
57 #
58 # Milne J. Civil time. Geogr J. 1899 Feb;13(2):173-94
59 # <http://www.jstor.org/stable/1774359>. He writes:
60 # "It is requested that corrections and additions to these tables
61 # may be sent to Mr. John Milne, Royal Geographical Society,
62 # Savile Row, London." Nowadays please email them to tz@iana.org.
63 #
64 # Brazil's Divisão Serviço da Hora (DSHO),
65 # History of Summer Time
66 # <http://pcdsh01.on.br/HISTHV.htm>
67 # (1998-09-21, in Portuguese)
68
69 #
70 # I invented the abbreviations marked '*' in the following table;
71 # the rest are from earlier versions of this file, or from other sources.
72 # Corrections are welcome!
73 # std dst 2dst
74 # LMT Local Mean Time
75 # -4:00 AST ADT Atlantic
76 # -3:00 WGT WGST Western Greenland*
77 # -1:00 EGT EGST Eastern Greenland*
78 # 0:00 GMT BST BDST Greenwich, British Summer
79 # 0:00 GMT IST Greenwich, Irish Summer
80 # 0:00 WET WEST WEMT Western Europe
81 # 0:19:32.13 AMT NST Amsterdam, Netherlands Summer (1835-1937)*
82 # 0:20 NET NEST Netherlands (1937-1940)*
83 # 1:00 CET CEST CEMT Central Europe
84 # 1:00:14 SET Swedish (1879-1899)*
85 # 2:00 EET EEST Eastern Europe
86 # 3:00 FET Further-eastern Europe*
87 # 3:00 MSK MSD MSM* Moscow
88
89 # From Peter Ilieve (1994-12-04),
90 # The original six [EU members]: Belgium, France, (West) Germany, Italy,
91 # Luxembourg, the Netherlands.
92 # Plus, from 1 Jan 73: Denmark, Ireland, United Kingdom.
93 # Plus, from 1 Jan 81: Greece.
94 # Plus, from 1 Jan 86: Spain, Portugal.
95 # Plus, from 1 Jan 95: Austria, Finland, Sweden. (Norway negotiated terms for
96 # entry but in a referendum on 28 Nov 94 the people voted No by 52.2% to 47.8%
97 # on a turnout of 88.6%. This was almost the same result as Norway's previous
98 # referendum in 1972, they are the only country to have said No twice.
99 # Referendums in the other three countries voted Yes.)
100 # ...
101 # Estonia ... uses EU dates but not at 01:00 GMT, they use midnight GMT.
102 # I don't think they know yet what they will do from 1996 onwards.
103 # ...
104 # There shouldn't be any [current members who are not using EU rules].
105 # A Directive has the force of law, member states are obliged to enact
106 # national law to implement it. The only contentious issue was the
107 # different end date for the UK and Ireland, and this was always allowed
111 ###############################################################################
112
113 # Britain (United Kingdom) and Ireland (Eire)
114
115 # From Peter Ilieve (1994-07-06):
116 #
117 # On 17 Jan 1994 the Independent, a UK quality newspaper, had a piece about
118 # historical vistas along the Thames in west London. There was a photo
119 # and a sketch map showing some of the sightlines involved. One paragraph
120 # of the text said:
121 #
122 # 'An old stone obelisk marking a forgotten terrestrial meridian stands
123 # beside the river at Kew. In the 18th century, before time and longitude
124 # was standardised by the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, scholars observed
125 # this stone and the movement of stars from Kew Observatory nearby. They
126 # made their calculations and set the time for the Horse Guards and Parliament,
127 # but now the stone is obscured by scrubwood and can only be seen by walking
128 # along the towpath within a few yards of it.'
129 #
130 # I have a one inch to one mile map of London and my estimate of the stone's
131 # position is 51 degrees 28' 30" N, 0 degrees 18' 45" W. The longitude should
132 # be within about +-2". The Ordnance Survey grid reference is TQ172761.
133 #
134 # [This yields GMTOFF = -0:01:15 for London LMT in the 18th century.]
135
136 # From Paul Eggert (1993-11-18):
137 #
138 # Howse writes that Britain was the first country to use standard time.
139 # The railways cared most about the inconsistencies of local mean time,
140 # and it was they who forced a uniform time on the country.
141 # The original idea was credited to Dr. William Hyde Wollaston (1766-1828)
142 # and was popularized by Abraham Follett Osler (1808-1903).
143 # The first railway to adopt London time was the Great Western Railway
144 # in November 1840; other railways followed suit, and by 1847 most
145 # (though not all) railways used London time. On 1847-09-22 the
146 # Railway Clearing House, an industry standards body, recommended that GMT be
147 # adopted at all stations as soon as the General Post Office permitted it.
148 # The transition occurred on 12-01 for the L&NW, the Caledonian,
149 # and presumably other railways; the January 1848 Bradshaw's lists many
150 # railways as using GMT. By 1855 the vast majority of public
151 # clocks in Britain were set to GMT (though some, like the great clock
152 # on Tom Tower at Christ Church, Oxford, were fitted with two minute hands,
153 # one for local time and one for GMT). The last major holdout was the legal
154 # system, which stubbornly stuck to local time for many years, leading
155 # to oddities like polls opening at 08:13 and closing at 16:13.
156 # The legal system finally switched to GMT when the Statutes (Definition
157 # of Time) Act took effect; it received the Royal Assent on 1880-08-02.
158 #
159 # In the tables below, we condense this complicated story into a single
160 # transition date for London, namely 1847-12-01. We don't know as much
161 # about Dublin, so we use 1880-08-02, the legal transition time.
162
163 # From Paul Eggert (2014-07-19):
164 # The ancients had no need for daylight saving, as they kept time
165 # informally or via hours whose length depended on the time of year.
166 # Daylight saving time in its modern sense was invented by the
167 # New Zealand entomologist George Vernon Hudson (1867-1946),
168 # whose day job as a postal clerk led him to value
169 # after-hours daylight in which to pursue his research.
170 # In 1895 he presented a paper to the Wellington Philosophical Society
171 # that proposed a two-hour daylight-saving shift. See:
172 # Hudson GV. On seasonal time-adjustment in countries south of lat. 30 deg.
173 # Transactions and Proceedings of the New Zealand Institute. 1895;28:734
174 # http://rsnz.natlib.govt.nz/volume/rsnz_28/rsnz_28_00_006110.html
175 # Although some interest was expressed in New Zealand, his proposal
176 # did not find its way into law and eventually it was almost forgotten.
177 #
178 # In England, DST was independently reinvented by William Willett (1857-1915),
179 # a London builder and member of the Royal Astronomical Society
180 # who circulated a pamphlet "The Waste of Daylight" (1907)
181 # that proposed advancing clocks 20 minutes on each of four Sundays in April,
182 # and retarding them by the same amount on four Sundays in September.
183 # A bill was drafted in 1909 and introduced in Parliament several times,
184 # but it met with ridicule and opposition, especially from farming interests.
185 # Later editions of the pamphlet proposed one-hour summer time, and
186 # it was eventually adopted as a wartime measure in 1916.
187 # See: Summer Time Arrives Early, The Times (2000-05-18).
188 # A monument to Willett was unveiled on 1927-05-21, in an open space in
189 # a 45-acre wood near Chislehurst, Kent that was purchased by popular
190 # subscription and open to the public. On the south face of the monolith,
191 # designed by G. W. Miller, is the William Willett Memorial Sundial,
192 # which is permanently set to Summer Time.
193
194 # From Winston Churchill (1934-04-28):
195 # It is one of the paradoxes of history that we should owe the boon of
196 # summer time, which gives every year to the people of this country
197 # between 160 and 170 hours more daylight leisure, to a war which
198 # plunged Europe into darkness for four years, and shook the
199 # foundations of civilization throughout the world.
200 # <http://www.winstonchurchill.org/images/finesthour/Vol.01%20No.114.pdf>
201 # "A Silent Toast to William Willett", Pictorial Weekly
202
203 # From Paul Eggert (1996-09-03):
204 # The OED Supplement says that the English originally said "Daylight Saving"
205 # when they were debating the adoption of DST in 1908; but by 1916 this
206 # term appears only in quotes taken from DST's opponents, whereas the
207 # proponents (who eventually won the argument) are quoted as using "Summer".
208
209 # From Arthur David Olson (1989-01-19):
210 # A source at the British Information Office in New York avers that it's
211 # known as "British" Summer Time in all parts of the United Kingdom.
212
213 # Date: 4 Jan 89 08:57:25 GMT (Wed)
214 # From: Jonathan Leffler
215 # [British Summer Time] is fixed annually by Act of Parliament.
216 # If you can predict what Parliament will do, you should be in
217 # politics making a fortune, not computing.
218
219 # From Chris Carrier (1996-06-14):
220 # I remember reading in various wartime issues of the London Times the
221 # acronym BDST for British Double Summer Time. Look for the published
222 # time of sunrise and sunset in The Times, when BDST was in effect, and
223 # if you find a zone reference it will say, "All times B.D.S.T."
224
225 # From Joseph S. Myers (1999-09-02):
226 # ... some military cables (WO 219/4100 - this is a copy from the
227 # main SHAEF archives held in the US National Archives, SHAEF/5252/8/516)
228 # agree that the usage is BDST (this appears in a message dated 17 Feb 1945).
229
235 # Summer Time" that the BBC had been using informally.
236 # http://student.cusu.cam.ac.uk/~jsm28/british-time/bbc-19410418.png
237 # http://student.cusu.cam.ac.uk/~jsm28/british-time/ho-19410421.png
238
239 # From Sir Alexander Maxwell in the above-mentioned letter (1941-04-21):
240 # [N]o official designation has as far as I know been adopted for the time
241 # which is to be introduced in May....
242 # I cannot think of anything better than "Double British Summer Time"
243 # which could not be said to run counter to any official description.
244
245 # From Paul Eggert (2000-10-02):
246 # Howse writes (p 157) 'DBST' too, but 'BDST' seems to have been common
247 # and follows the more usual convention of putting the location name first,
248 # so we use 'BDST'.
249
250 # Peter Ilieve (1998-04-19) described at length
251 # the history of summer time legislation in the United Kingdom.
252 # Since 1998 Joseph S. Myers has been updating
253 # and extending this list, which can be found in
254 # http://student.cusu.cam.ac.uk/~jsm28/british-time/
255 # History of legal time in Britain
256 # http://www.polyomino.org.uk/british-time/
257
258 # From Joseph S. Myers (1998-01-06):
259 #
260 # The legal time in the UK outside of summer time is definitely GMT, not UTC;
261 # see Lord Tanlaw's speech
262 # <http://www.parliament.the-stationery-office.co.uk/pa/ld199697/ldhansrd/pdvn/lds97/text/70611-20.htm#70611-20_head0>
263 # (Lords Hansard 11 June 1997 columns 964 to 976).
264
265 # From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):
266 #
267 # For lack of other data, follow Shanks & Pottenger for Eire in 1940-1948.
268 #
269 # Given Ilieve and Myers's data, the following claims by Shanks & Pottenger
270 # are incorrect:
271 # * Wales did not switch from GMT to daylight saving time until
272 # 1921 Apr 3, when they began to conform with the rest of Great Britain.
273 # Actually, Wales was identical after 1880.
274 # * Eire had two transitions on 1916 Oct 1.
275 # It actually just had one transition.
276 # * Northern Ireland used single daylight saving time throughout WW II.
277 # Actually, it conformed to Britain.
278 # * GB-Eire changed standard time to 1 hour ahead of GMT on 1968-02-18.
279 # Actually, that date saw the usual switch to summer time.
280 # Standard time was not changed until 1968-10-27 (the clocks didn't change).
281 #
282 # Here is another incorrect claim by Shanks & Pottenger:
283 # * Jersey, Guernsey, and the Isle of Man did not switch from GMT
284 # to daylight saving time until 1921 Apr 3, when they began to
285 # conform with Great Britain.
286 # S.R.&O. 1916, No. 382 and HO 45/10811/312364 (quoted above) say otherwise.
287 #
288 # The following claim by Shanks & Pottenger is possible though doubtful;
289 # we'll ignore it for now.
290 # * Dublin's 1971-10-31 switch was at 02:00, even though London's was 03:00.
291 #
292 #
293 # Whitman says Dublin Mean Time was -0:25:21, which is more precise than
294 # Shanks & Pottenger.
295 # Perhaps this was Dunsink Observatory Time, as Dunsink Observatory
296 # (8 km NW of Dublin's center) seemingly was to Dublin as Greenwich was
297 # to London. For example:
298 #
299 # "Timeball on the ballast office is down. Dunsink time."
300 # -- James Joyce, Ulysses
301
302 # From Joseph S. Myers (2005-01-26):
303 # Irish laws are available online at <http://www.irishstatutebook.ie>.
304 # These include various relating to legal time, for example:
305 #
306 # ZZA13Y1923.html ZZA12Y1924.html ZZA8Y1925.html ZZSIV20PG1267.html
307 #
308 # ZZSI71Y1947.html ZZSI128Y1948.html ZZSI23Y1949.html ZZSI41Y1950.html
309 # ZZSI27Y1951.html ZZSI73Y1952.html
310 #
311 # ZZSI11Y1961.html ZZSI232Y1961.html ZZSI182Y1962.html
312 # ZZSI167Y1963.html ZZSI257Y1964.html ZZSI198Y1967.html
313 # ZZA23Y1968.html ZZA17Y1971.html
314 #
315 # ZZSI67Y1981.html ZZSI212Y1982.html ZZSI45Y1986.html
316 # ZZSI264Y1988.html ZZSI52Y1990.html ZZSI371Y1992.html
317 # ZZSI395Y1994.html ZZSI484Y1997.html ZZSI506Y2001.html
318 #
319 # [These are all relative to the root, e.g., the first is
320 # <http://www.irishstatutebook.ie/ZZA13Y1923.html>.]
321 #
322 # (These are those I found, but there could be more. In any case these
323 # should allow various updates to the comments in the europe file to cover
324 # the laws applicable in Ireland.)
483 0:00 GB-Eire GMT/IST 1968 Oct 27
484 1:00 - IST 1971 Oct 31 2:00u
485 0:00 GB-Eire GMT/IST 1996
486 0:00 EU GMT/IST
487
488 ###############################################################################
489
490 # Europe
491
492 # EU rules are for the European Union, previously known as the EC, EEC,
493 # Common Market, etc.
494
495 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
496 Rule EU 1977 1980 - Apr Sun>=1 1:00u 1:00 S
497 Rule EU 1977 only - Sep lastSun 1:00u 0 -
498 Rule EU 1978 only - Oct 1 1:00u 0 -
499 Rule EU 1979 1995 - Sep lastSun 1:00u 0 -
500 Rule EU 1981 max - Mar lastSun 1:00u 1:00 S
501 Rule EU 1996 max - Oct lastSun 1:00u 0 -
502 # The most recent directive covers the years starting in 2002. See:
503 # Directive 2000/84/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council
504 # of 19 January 2001 on summer-time arrangements.
505 # <http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=CELEX:32000L0084:EN:NOT>
506
507 # W-Eur differs from EU only in that W-Eur uses standard time.
508 Rule W-Eur 1977 1980 - Apr Sun>=1 1:00s 1:00 S
509 Rule W-Eur 1977 only - Sep lastSun 1:00s 0 -
510 Rule W-Eur 1978 only - Oct 1 1:00s 0 -
511 Rule W-Eur 1979 1995 - Sep lastSun 1:00s 0 -
512 Rule W-Eur 1981 max - Mar lastSun 1:00s 1:00 S
513 Rule W-Eur 1996 max - Oct lastSun 1:00s 0 -
514
515 # Older C-Eur rules are for convenience in the tables.
516 # From 1977 on, C-Eur differs from EU only in that C-Eur uses standard time.
517 Rule C-Eur 1916 only - Apr 30 23:00 1:00 S
518 Rule C-Eur 1916 only - Oct 1 1:00 0 -
519 Rule C-Eur 1917 1918 - Apr Mon>=15 2:00s 1:00 S
520 Rule C-Eur 1917 1918 - Sep Mon>=15 2:00s 0 -
521 Rule C-Eur 1940 only - Apr 1 2:00s 1:00 S
522 Rule C-Eur 1942 only - Nov 2 2:00s 0 -
523 Rule C-Eur 1943 only - Mar 29 2:00s 1:00 S
524 Rule C-Eur 1943 only - Oct 4 2:00s 0 -
525 Rule C-Eur 1944 1945 - Apr Mon>=1 2:00s 1:00 S
526 # Whitman gives 1944 Oct 7; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
527 Rule C-Eur 1944 only - Oct 2 2:00s 0 -
528 # From Jesper Nørgaard Welen (2008-07-13):
529 #
530 # I found what is probably a typo of 2:00 which should perhaps be 2:00s
531 # in the C-Eur rule from tz database version 2008d (this part was
532 # corrected in version 2008d). The circumstantial evidence is simply the
533 # tz database itself, as seen below:
534 #
535 # Zone Europe/Paris 0:09:21 - LMT 1891 Mar 15 0:01
536 # 0:00 France WE%sT 1945 Sep 16 3:00
537 #
538 # Zone Europe/Monaco 0:29:32 - LMT 1891 Mar 15
539 # 0:00 France WE%sT 1945 Sep 16 3:00
540 #
541 # Zone Europe/Belgrade 1:22:00 - LMT 1884
542 # 1:00 1:00 CEST 1945 Sep 16 2:00s
543 #
544 # Rule France 1945 only - Sep 16 3:00 0 -
545 # Rule Belgium 1945 only - Sep 16 2:00s 0 -
546 # Rule Neth 1945 only - Sep 16 2:00s 0 -
547 #
548 # The rule line to be changed is:
549 #
550 # Rule C-Eur 1945 only - Sep 16 2:00 0 -
551 #
552 # It seems that Paris, Monaco, Rule France, Rule Belgium all agree on
568 Rule C-Eur 1977 only - Sep lastSun 2:00s 0 -
569 Rule C-Eur 1978 only - Oct 1 2:00s 0 -
570 Rule C-Eur 1979 1995 - Sep lastSun 2:00s 0 -
571 Rule C-Eur 1981 max - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 S
572 Rule C-Eur 1996 max - Oct lastSun 2:00s 0 -
573
574 # E-Eur differs from EU only in that E-Eur switches at midnight local time.
575 Rule E-Eur 1977 1980 - Apr Sun>=1 0:00 1:00 S
576 Rule E-Eur 1977 only - Sep lastSun 0:00 0 -
577 Rule E-Eur 1978 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
578 Rule E-Eur 1979 1995 - Sep lastSun 0:00 0 -
579 Rule E-Eur 1981 max - Mar lastSun 0:00 1:00 S
580 Rule E-Eur 1996 max - Oct lastSun 0:00 0 -
581
582 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
583 Rule Russia 1917 only - Jul 1 23:00 1:00 MST # Moscow Summer Time
584 Rule Russia 1917 only - Dec 28 0:00 0 MMT # Moscow Mean Time
585 Rule Russia 1918 only - May 31 22:00 2:00 MDST # Moscow Double Summer Time
586 Rule Russia 1918 only - Sep 16 1:00 1:00 MST
587 Rule Russia 1919 only - May 31 23:00 2:00 MDST
588 Rule Russia 1919 only - Jul 1 2:00 1:00 MSD
589 Rule Russia 1919 only - Aug 16 0:00 0 MSK
590 Rule Russia 1921 only - Feb 14 23:00 1:00 MSD
591 Rule Russia 1921 only - Mar 20 23:00 2:00 MSM # Midsummer
592 Rule Russia 1921 only - Sep 1 0:00 1:00 MSD
593 Rule Russia 1921 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
594 # Act No.925 of the Council of Ministers of the USSR (1980-10-24):
595 Rule Russia 1981 1984 - Apr 1 0:00 1:00 S
596 Rule Russia 1981 1983 - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
597 # Act No.967 of the Council of Ministers of the USSR (1984-09-13), repeated in
598 # Act No.227 of the Council of Ministers of the USSR (1989-03-14):
599 Rule Russia 1984 1991 - Sep lastSun 2:00s 0 -
600 Rule Russia 1985 1991 - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 S
601 #
602 Rule Russia 1992 only - Mar lastSat 23:00 1:00 S
603 Rule Russia 1992 only - Sep lastSat 23:00 0 -
604 Rule Russia 1993 2010 - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 S
605 Rule Russia 1993 1995 - Sep lastSun 2:00s 0 -
606 Rule Russia 1996 2010 - Oct lastSun 2:00s 0 -
607
608 # From Alexander Krivenyshev (2011-06-14):
609 # According to Kremlin press service, Russian President Dmitry Medvedev
610 # signed a federal law "On calculation of time" on June 9, 2011.
611 # According to the law Russia is abolishing daylight saving time.
612 #
613 # Medvedev signed a law "On the Calculation of Time" (in russian):
614 # http://bmockbe.ru/events/?ID=7583
615 #
616 # Medvedev signed a law on the calculation of the time (in russian):
617 # http://www.regnum.ru/news/polit/1413906.html
618
619 # From Arthur David Olson (2011-06-15):
620 # Take "abolishing daylight saving time" to mean that time is now considered
621 # to be standard.
622
623 # These are for backward compatibility with older versions.
624
625 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
626 Zone WET 0:00 EU WE%sT
627 Zone CET 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT
628 Zone MET 1:00 C-Eur ME%sT
629 Zone EET 2:00 EU EE%sT
630
631 # Previous editions of this database used abbreviations like MET DST
632 # for Central European Summer Time, but this didn't agree with common usage.
633
634 # From Markus Kuhn (1996-07-12):
635 # The official German names ... are
636 #
637 # Mitteleuropäische Zeit (MEZ) = UTC+01:00
638 # Mitteleuropäische Sommerzeit (MESZ) = UTC+02:00
639 #
640 # as defined in the German Time Act (Gesetz über die Zeitbestimmung (ZeitG),
641 # 1978-07-25, Bundesgesetzblatt, Jahrgang 1978, Teil I, S. 1110-1111)....
642 # I wrote ... to the German Federal Physical-Technical Institution
643 #
644 # Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB)
645 # Laboratorium 4.41 "Zeiteinheit"
646 # Postfach 3345
647 # D-38023 Braunschweig
648 # phone: +49 531 592-0
649 #
650 # ... I received today an answer letter from Dr. Peter Hetzel, head of the PTB
651 # department for time and frequency transmission. He explained that the
652 # PTB translates MEZ and MESZ into English as
653 #
654 # Central European Time (CET) = UTC+01:00
655 # Central European Summer Time (CEST) = UTC+02:00
656
657
658 # Albania
659 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
660 Rule Albania 1940 only - Jun 16 0:00 1:00 S
714 Rule Austria 1947 only - Apr 6 2:00s 1:00 S
715 Rule Austria 1948 only - Apr 18 2:00s 1:00 S
716 Rule Austria 1980 only - Apr 6 0:00 1:00 S
717 Rule Austria 1980 only - Sep 28 0:00 0 -
718 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
719 Zone Europe/Vienna 1:05:21 - LMT 1893 Apr
720 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1920
721 1:00 Austria CE%sT 1940 Apr 1 2:00s
722 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 Apr 2 2:00s
723 1:00 1:00 CEST 1945 Apr 12 2:00s
724 1:00 - CET 1946
725 1:00 Austria CE%sT 1981
726 1:00 EU CE%sT
727
728 # Belarus
729 # From Yauhen Kharuzhy (2011-09-16):
730 # By latest Belarus government act Europe/Minsk timezone was changed to
731 # GMT+3 without DST (was GMT+2 with DST).
732 #
733 # Sources (Russian language):
734 # http://www.belta.by/ru/all_news/society/V-Belarusi-otmenjaetsja-perexod-na-sezonnoe-vremja_i_572952.html
735 # http://naviny.by/rubrics/society/2011/09/16/ic_articles_116_175144/
736 # http://news.tut.by/society/250578.html
737 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
738 Zone Europe/Minsk 1:50:16 - LMT 1880
739 1:50 - MMT 1924 May 2 # Minsk Mean Time
740 2:00 - EET 1930 Jun 21
741 3:00 - MSK 1941 Jun 28
742 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Jul 3
743 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1990
744 3:00 - MSK 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
745 2:00 1:00 EEST 1991 Sep 29 2:00s
746 2:00 - EET 1992 Mar 29 0:00s
747 2:00 1:00 EEST 1992 Sep 27 0:00s
748 2:00 Russia EE%sT 2011 Mar 27 2:00s
749 3:00 - FET
750
751 # Belgium
752 #
753 # From Paul Eggert (1997-07-02):
754 # Entries from 1918 through 1991 are taken from:
755 # Annuaire de L'Observatoire Royal de Belgique,
756 # Avenue Circulaire, 3, B-1180 BRUXELLES, CLVIIe année, 1991
757 # (Imprimerie HAYEZ, s.p.r.l., Rue Fin, 4, 1080 BRUXELLES, MCMXC),
758 # pp 8-9.
759 # LMT before 1892 was 0:17:30, according to the official journal of Belgium:
760 # Moniteur Belge, Samedi 30 Avril 1892, N.121.
761 # Thanks to Pascal Delmoitie for these references.
762 # The 1918 rules are listed for completeness; they apply to unoccupied Belgium.
763 # Assume Brussels switched to WET in 1918 when the armistice took effect.
764 #
765 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
766 Rule Belgium 1918 only - Mar 9 0:00s 1:00 S
767 Rule Belgium 1918 1919 - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 -
768 Rule Belgium 1919 only - Mar 1 23:00s 1:00 S
769 Rule Belgium 1920 only - Feb 14 23:00s 1:00 S
770 Rule Belgium 1920 only - Oct 23 23:00s 0 -
771 Rule Belgium 1921 only - Mar 14 23:00s 1:00 S
772 Rule Belgium 1921 only - Oct 25 23:00s 0 -
773 Rule Belgium 1922 only - Mar 25 23:00s 1:00 S
774 Rule Belgium 1922 1927 - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 -
775 Rule Belgium 1923 only - Apr 21 23:00s 1:00 S
776 Rule Belgium 1924 only - Mar 29 23:00s 1:00 S
802 Rule Belgium 1946 only - May 19 2:00s 1:00 S
803 Rule Belgium 1946 only - Oct 7 2:00s 0 -
804 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
805 Zone Europe/Brussels 0:17:30 - LMT 1880
806 0:17:30 - BMT 1892 May 1 12:00 # Brussels MT
807 0:00 - WET 1914 Nov 8
808 1:00 - CET 1916 May 1 0:00
809 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1918 Nov 11 11:00u
810 0:00 Belgium WE%sT 1940 May 20 2:00s
811 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Sep 3
812 1:00 Belgium CE%sT 1977
813 1:00 EU CE%sT
814
815 # Bosnia and Herzegovina
816 # See Europe/Belgrade.
817
818 # Bulgaria
819 #
820 # From Plamen Simenov via Steffen Thorsen (1999-09-09):
821 # A document of Government of Bulgaria (No.94/1997) says:
822 # EET -> EETDST is in 03:00 Local time in last Sunday of March ...
823 # EETDST -> EET is in 04:00 Local time in last Sunday of October
824 #
825 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
826 Rule Bulg 1979 only - Mar 31 23:00 1:00 S
827 Rule Bulg 1979 only - Oct 1 1:00 0 -
828 Rule Bulg 1980 1982 - Apr Sat>=1 23:00 1:00 S
829 Rule Bulg 1980 only - Sep 29 1:00 0 -
830 Rule Bulg 1981 only - Sep 27 2:00 0 -
831 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
832 Zone Europe/Sofia 1:33:16 - LMT 1880
833 1:56:56 - IMT 1894 Nov 30 # Istanbul MT?
834 2:00 - EET 1942 Nov 2 3:00
835 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945
836 1:00 - CET 1945 Apr 2 3:00
837 2:00 - EET 1979 Mar 31 23:00
838 2:00 Bulg EE%sT 1982 Sep 26 2:00
839 2:00 C-Eur EE%sT 1991
840 2:00 E-Eur EE%sT 1997
841 2:00 EU EE%sT
842
843 # Croatia
848
849 # Czech Republic
850 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
851 Rule Czech 1945 only - Apr 8 2:00s 1:00 S
852 Rule Czech 1945 only - Nov 18 2:00s 0 -
853 Rule Czech 1946 only - May 6 2:00s 1:00 S
854 Rule Czech 1946 1949 - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
855 Rule Czech 1947 only - Apr 20 2:00s 1:00 S
856 Rule Czech 1948 only - Apr 18 2:00s 1:00 S
857 Rule Czech 1949 only - Apr 9 2:00s 1:00 S
858 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
859 Zone Europe/Prague 0:57:44 - LMT 1850
860 0:57:44 - PMT 1891 Oct # Prague Mean Time
861 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Sep 17 2:00s
862 1:00 Czech CE%sT 1979
863 1:00 EU CE%sT
864 # Use Europe/Prague also for Slovakia.
865
866 # Denmark, Faroe Islands, and Greenland
867
868 # From Jesper Nørgaard Welen (2005-04-26):
869 # http://www.hum.aau.dk/~poe/tid/tine/DanskTid.htm says that the law
870 # [introducing standard time] was in effect from 1894-01-01....
871 # The page http://www.retsinfo.dk/_GETDOCI_/ACCN/A18930008330-REGL
872 # confirms this, and states that the law was put forth 1893-03-29.
873 #
874 # The EU treaty with effect from 1973:
875 # http://www.retsinfo.dk/_GETDOCI_/ACCN/A19722110030-REGL
876 #
877 # This provoked a new law from 1974 to make possible summer time changes
878 # in subsequent decrees with the law
879 # http://www.retsinfo.dk/_GETDOCI_/ACCN/A19740022330-REGL
880 #
881 # It seems however that no decree was set forward until 1980. I have
882 # not found any decree, but in another related law, the effecting DST
883 # changes are stated explicitly to be from 1980-04-06 at 02:00 to
884 # 1980-09-28 at 02:00. If this is true, this differs slightly from
885 # the EU rule in that DST runs to 02:00, not 03:00. We don't know
886 # when Denmark began using the EU rule correctly, but we have only
887 # confirmation of the 1980-time, so I presume it was correct in 1981:
888 # The law is about the management of the extra hour, concerning
889 # working hours reported and effect on obligatory-rest rules (which
890 # was suspended on that night):
891 # http://www.retsinfo.dk/_GETDOCI_/ACCN/C19801120554-REGL
892
893 # From Jesper Nørgaard Welen (2005-06-11):
894 # The Herning Folkeblad (1980-09-26) reported that the night between
895 # Saturday and Sunday the clock is set back from three to two.
896
897 # From Paul Eggert (2005-06-11):
898 # Hence the "02:00" of the 1980 law refers to standard time, not
899 # wall-clock time, and so the EU rules were in effect in 1980.
900
901 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
902 Rule Denmark 1916 only - May 14 23:00 1:00 S
903 Rule Denmark 1916 only - Sep 30 23:00 0 -
904 Rule Denmark 1940 only - May 15 0:00 1:00 S
905 Rule Denmark 1945 only - Apr 2 2:00s 1:00 S
906 Rule Denmark 1945 only - Aug 15 2:00s 0 -
907 Rule Denmark 1946 only - May 1 2:00s 1:00 S
908 Rule Denmark 1946 only - Sep 1 2:00s 0 -
909 Rule Denmark 1947 only - May 4 2:00s 1:00 S
910 Rule Denmark 1947 only - Aug 10 2:00s 0 -
911 Rule Denmark 1948 only - May 9 2:00s 1:00 S
912 Rule Denmark 1948 only - Aug 8 2:00s 0 -
913 #
914 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
915 Zone Europe/Copenhagen 0:50:20 - LMT 1890
916 0:50:20 - CMT 1894 Jan 1 # Copenhagen MT
917 1:00 Denmark CE%sT 1942 Nov 2 2:00s
918 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 Apr 2 2:00
919 1:00 Denmark CE%sT 1980
920 1:00 EU CE%sT
921 Zone Atlantic/Faroe -0:27:04 - LMT 1908 Jan 11 # Tórshavn
922 0:00 - WET 1981
923 0:00 EU WE%sT
924 #
925 # From Paul Eggert (2004-10-31):
926 # During World War II, Germany maintained secret manned weather stations in
927 # East Greenland and Franz Josef Land, but we don't know their time zones.
928 # My source for this is Wilhelm Dege's book mentioned under Svalbard.
929 #
930 # From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):
931 # Greenland joined the EU as part of Denmark, obtained home rule on 1979-05-01,
932 # and left the EU on 1985-02-01. It therefore should have been using EU
933 # rules at least through 1984. Shanks & Pottenger say Scoresbysund and Godthåb
934 # used C-Eur rules after 1980, but IATA SSIM (1991/1996) says they use EU
935 # rules since at least 1991. Assume EU rules since 1980.
936
937 # From Gwillim Law (2001-06-06), citing
938 # <http://www.statkart.no/efs/efshefter/2001/efs5-2001.pdf> (2001-03-15),
939 # and with translations corrected by Steffen Thorsen:
940 #
941 # Greenland has four local times, and the relation to UTC
942 # is according to the following time line:
943 #
944 # The military zone near Thule UTC-4
945 # Standard Greenland time UTC-3
946 # Scoresbysund UTC-1
947 # Danmarkshavn UTC
948 #
949 # In the military area near Thule and in Danmarkshavn DST will not be
950 # introduced.
951
952 # From Rives McDow (2001-11-01):
953 #
954 # I correspond regularly with the Dansk Polarcenter, and wrote them at
955 # the time to clarify the situation in Thule. Unfortunately, I have
956 # not heard back from them regarding my recent letter. [But I have
957 # info from earlier correspondence.]
958 #
959 # According to the center, a very small local time zone around Thule
960 # Air Base keeps the time according to UTC-4, implementing daylight
961 # savings using North America rules, changing the time at 02:00 local time....
962 #
963 # The east coast of Greenland north of the community of Scoresbysund
964 # uses UTC in the same way as in Iceland, year round, with no dst.
965 # There are just a few stations on this coast, including the
966 # Danmarkshavn ICAO weather station mentioned in your September 29th
967 # email. The other stations are two sledge patrol stations in
968 # Mestersvig and Daneborg, the air force base at Station Nord, and the
969 # DPC research station at Zackenberg.
970 #
971 # Scoresbysund and two small villages nearby keep time UTC-1 and use
972 # the same daylight savings time period as in West Greenland (Godthåb).
973 #
974 # The rest of Greenland, including Godthåb (this area, although it
975 # includes central Greenland, is known as west Greenland), keeps time
976 # UTC-3, with daylight savings methods according to European rules.
977 #
978 # It is common procedure to use UTC 0 in the wilderness of East and
979 # North Greenland, because it is mainly Icelandic aircraft operators
980 # maintaining traffic in these areas. However, the official status of
981 # this area is that it sticks with Godthåb time. This area might be
982 # considered a dual time zone in some respects because of this.
983
984 # From Rives McDow (2001-11-19):
985 # I heard back from someone stationed at Thule; the time change took place
986 # there at 2:00 AM.
987
988 # From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):
989 # From 1997 on the CIA map shows Danmarkshavn on GMT;
990 # the 1995 map as like Godthåb.
991 # For lack of better info, assume they were like Godthåb before 1996.
992 # startkart.no says Thule does not observe DST, but this is clearly an error,
993 # so go with Shanks & Pottenger for Thule transitions until this year.
994 # For 2007 on assume Thule will stay in sync with US DST rules.
995 #
996 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
997 Rule Thule 1991 1992 - Mar lastSun 2:00 1:00 D
998 Rule Thule 1991 1992 - Sep lastSun 2:00 0 S
999 Rule Thule 1993 2006 - Apr Sun>=1 2:00 1:00 D
1000 Rule Thule 1993 2006 - Oct lastSun 2:00 0 S
1001 Rule Thule 2007 max - Mar Sun>=8 2:00 1:00 D
1002 Rule Thule 2007 max - Nov Sun>=1 2:00 0 S
1003 #
1004 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1005 Zone America/Danmarkshavn -1:14:40 - LMT 1916 Jul 28
1006 -3:00 - WGT 1980 Apr 6 2:00
1007 -3:00 EU WG%sT 1996
1008 0:00 - GMT
1009 Zone America/Scoresbysund -1:27:52 - LMT 1916 Jul 28 # Ittoqqortoormiit
1010 -2:00 - CGT 1980 Apr 6 2:00
1011 -2:00 C-Eur CG%sT 1981 Mar 29
1016 Zone America/Thule -4:35:08 - LMT 1916 Jul 28 # Pituffik air base
1017 -4:00 Thule A%sT
1018
1019 # Estonia
1020 # From Peter Ilieve (1994-10-15):
1021 # A relative in Tallinn confirms the accuracy of the data for 1989 onwards
1022 # [through 1994] and gives the legal authority for it,
1023 # a regulation of the Government of Estonia, No. 111 of 1989....
1024 #
1025 # From Peter Ilieve (1996-10-28):
1026 # [IATA SSIM (1992/1996) claims that the Baltic republics switch at 01:00s,
1027 # but a relative confirms that Estonia still switches at 02:00s, writing:]
1028 # "I do not [know] exactly but there are some little different
1029 # (confusing) rules for International Air and Railway Transport Schedules
1030 # conversion in Sunday connected with end of summer time in Estonia....
1031 # A discussion is running about the summer time efficiency and effect on
1032 # human physiology. It seems that Estonia maybe will not change to
1033 # summer time next spring."
1034
1035 # From Peter Ilieve (1998-11-04), heavily edited:
1036 # The 1998-09-22 Estonian time law
1037 # <http://trip.rk.ee/cgi-bin/thw?${BASE}=akt&${OOHTML}=rtd&TA=1998&TO=1&AN=1390>
1038 # refers to the Eighth Directive and cites the association agreement between
1039 # the EU and Estonia, ratified by the Estonian law (RT II 1995, 22-27, 120).
1040 #
1041 # I also asked [my relative] whether they use any standard abbreviation
1042 # for their standard and summer times. He says no, they use "suveaeg"
1043 # (summer time) and "talveaeg" (winter time).
1044
1045 # From The Baltic Times <http://www.baltictimes.com/> (1999-09-09)
1046 # via Steffen Thorsen:
1047 # This year will mark the last time Estonia shifts to summer time,
1048 # a council of the ruling coalition announced Sept. 6....
1049 # But what this could mean for Estonia's chances of joining the European
1050 # Union are still unclear. In 1994, the EU declared summer time compulsory
1051 # for all member states until 2001. Brussels has yet to decide what to do
1052 # after that.
1053
1054 # From Mart Oruaas (2000-01-29):
1055 # Regulation no. 301 (1999-10-12) obsoletes previous regulation
1056 # no. 206 (1998-09-22) and thus sticks Estonia to +02:00 GMT for all
1057 # the year round. The regulation is effective 1999-11-01.
1058
1059 # From Toomas Soome (2002-02-21):
1060 # The Estonian government has changed once again timezone politics.
1061 # Now we are using again EU rules.
1062 #
1063 # From Urmet Jänes (2002-03-28):
1064 # The legislative reference is Government decree No. 84 on 2002-02-21.
1065
1066 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1067 Zone Europe/Tallinn 1:39:00 - LMT 1880
1068 1:39:00 - TMT 1918 Feb # Tallinn Mean Time
1069 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1919 Jul
1070 1:39:00 - TMT 1921 May
1071 2:00 - EET 1940 Aug 6
1072 3:00 - MSK 1941 Sep 15
1073 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Sep 22
1074 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1989 Mar 26 2:00s
1075 2:00 1:00 EEST 1989 Sep 24 2:00s
1076 2:00 C-Eur EE%sT 1998 Sep 22
1077 2:00 EU EE%sT 1999 Nov 1
1078 2:00 - EET 2002 Feb 21
1079 2:00 EU EE%sT
1080
1081 # Finland
1082
1083 # From Hannu Strang (1994-09-25 06:03:37 UTC):
1084 # Well, here in Helsinki we're just changing from summer time to regular one,
1085 # and it's supposed to change at 4am...
1086
1087 # From Janne Snabb (2010-07-15):
1088 #
1089 # I noticed that the Finland data is not accurate for years 1981 and 1982.
1090 # During these two first trial years the DST adjustment was made one hour
1091 # earlier than in forthcoming years. Starting 1983 the adjustment was made
1092 # according to the central European standards.
1093 #
1094 # This is documented in Heikki Oja: Aikakirja 2007, published by The Almanac
1095 # Office of University of Helsinki, ISBN 952-10-3221-9, available online (in
1096 # Finnish) at
1097 # http://almanakka.helsinki.fi/aikakirja/Aikakirja2007kokonaan.pdf
1098 #
1099 # Page 105 (56 in PDF version) has a handy table of all past daylight savings
1100 # transitions. It is easy enough to interpret without Finnish skills.
1101 #
1102 # This is also confirmed by Finnish Broadcasting Company's archive at:
1103 # http://www.yle.fi/elavaarkisto/?s=s&g=1&ag=5&t=&a=3401
1104 #
1105 # The news clip from 1981 says that "the time between 2 and 3 o'clock does not
1106 # exist tonight."
1107
1108 # From Konstantin Hyppönen (2014-06-13):
1109 # [Heikki Oja's book Aikakirja 2013]
1110 # http://almanakka.helsinki.fi/images/aikakirja/Aikakirja2013kokonaan.pdf
1111 # pages 104-105, including a scan from a newspaper published on Apr 2 1942
1112 # say that ... [o]n Apr 2 1942, 24 o'clock (which means Apr 3 1942,
1113 # 00:00), clocks were moved one hour forward. The newspaper
1114 # mentions "on the night from Thursday to Friday"....
1115 # On Oct 4 1942, clocks were moved at 1:00 one hour backwards.
1116 #
1117 # From Paul Eggert (2014-06-14):
1118 # Go with Oja over Shanks.
1119
1120 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1121 Rule Finland 1942 only - Apr 2 24:00 1:00 S
1122 Rule Finland 1942 only - Oct 4 1:00 0 -
1123 Rule Finland 1981 1982 - Mar lastSun 2:00 1:00 S
1124 Rule Finland 1981 1982 - Sep lastSun 3:00 0 -
1125
1126 # Milne says Helsinki (Helsingfors) time was 1:39:49.2 (official document);
1127 # round to nearest.
1128
1129 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1130 Zone Europe/Helsinki 1:39:49 - LMT 1878 May 31
1131 1:39:49 - HMT 1921 May # Helsinki Mean Time
1132 2:00 Finland EE%sT 1983
1133 2:00 EU EE%sT
1134
1135 # Åland Is
1136 Link Europe/Helsinki Europe/Mariehamn
1137
1138
1139 # France
1140
1141 # From Ciro Discepolo (2000-12-20):
1142 #
1143 # Henri Le Corre, Régimes horaires pour le monde entier, Éditions
1144 # Traditionnelles - Paris 2 books, 1993
1145 #
1146 # Gabriel, Traité de l'heure dans le monde, Guy Trédaniel,
1147 # Paris, 1991
1148 #
1149 # Françoise Gauquelin, Problèmes de l'heure résolus en astrologie,
1150 # Guy Trédaniel, Paris 1987
1151
1152
1153 #
1154 # Shank & Pottenger seem to use '24:00' ambiguously; resolve it with Whitman.
1155 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1156 Rule France 1916 only - Jun 14 23:00s 1:00 S
1157 Rule France 1916 1919 - Oct Sun>=1 23:00s 0 -
1158 Rule France 1917 only - Mar 24 23:00s 1:00 S
1159 Rule France 1918 only - Mar 9 23:00s 1:00 S
1160 Rule France 1919 only - Mar 1 23:00s 1:00 S
1161 Rule France 1920 only - Feb 14 23:00s 1:00 S
1162 Rule France 1920 only - Oct 23 23:00s 0 -
1163 Rule France 1921 only - Mar 14 23:00s 1:00 S
1164 Rule France 1921 only - Oct 25 23:00s 0 -
1165 Rule France 1922 only - Mar 25 23:00s 1:00 S
1166 # DSH writes that a law of 1923-05-24 specified 3rd Sat in Apr at 23:00 to 1st
1167 # Sat in Oct at 24:00; and that in 1930, because of Easter, the transitions
1168 # were Apr 12 and Oct 5. Go with Shanks & Pottenger.
1169 Rule France 1922 1938 - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 -
1170 Rule France 1923 only - May 26 23:00s 1:00 S
1171 Rule France 1924 only - Mar 29 23:00s 1:00 S
1172 Rule France 1925 only - Apr 4 23:00s 1:00 S
1173 Rule France 1926 only - Apr 17 23:00s 1:00 S
1174 Rule France 1927 only - Apr 9 23:00s 1:00 S
1175 Rule France 1928 only - Apr 14 23:00s 1:00 S
1176 Rule France 1929 only - Apr 20 23:00s 1:00 S
1177 Rule France 1930 only - Apr 12 23:00s 1:00 S
1178 Rule France 1931 only - Apr 18 23:00s 1:00 S
1179 Rule France 1932 only - Apr 2 23:00s 1:00 S
1180 Rule France 1933 only - Mar 25 23:00s 1:00 S
1181 Rule France 1934 only - Apr 7 23:00s 1:00 S
1182 Rule France 1935 only - Mar 30 23:00s 1:00 S
1183 Rule France 1936 only - Apr 18 23:00s 1:00 S
1184 Rule France 1937 only - Apr 3 23:00s 1:00 S
1185 Rule France 1938 only - Mar 26 23:00s 1:00 S
1186 Rule France 1939 only - Apr 15 23:00s 1:00 S
1187 Rule France 1939 only - Nov 18 23:00s 0 -
1188 Rule France 1940 only - Feb 25 2:00 1:00 S
1189 # The French rules for 1941-1944 were not used in Paris, but Shanks & Pottenger
1190 # write that they were used in Monaco and in many French locations.
1191 # Le Corre writes that the upper limit of the free zone was Arnéguy, Orthez,
1192 # Mont-de-Marsan, Bazas, Langon, Lamothe-Montravel, Marœuil, La
1193 # Rochefoucauld, Champagne-Mouton, La Roche-Posay, La Haye-Descartes,
1194 # Loches, Montrichard, Vierzon, Bourges, Moulins, Digoin,
1195 # Paray-le-Monial, Montceau-les-Mines, Chalon-sur-Saône, Arbois,
1196 # Dole, Morez, St-Claude, and Collonges (Haute-Savoie).
1197 Rule France 1941 only - May 5 0:00 2:00 M # Midsummer
1198 # Shanks & Pottenger say this transition occurred at Oct 6 1:00,
1199 # but go with Denis Excoffier (1997-12-12),
1200 # who quotes the Ephémérides astronomiques for 1998 from Bureau des Longitudes
1201 # as saying 5/10/41 22hUT.
1202 Rule France 1941 only - Oct 6 0:00 1:00 S
1203 Rule France 1942 only - Mar 9 0:00 2:00 M
1204 Rule France 1942 only - Nov 2 3:00 1:00 S
1205 Rule France 1943 only - Mar 29 2:00 2:00 M
1206 Rule France 1943 only - Oct 4 3:00 1:00 S
1207 Rule France 1944 only - Apr 3 2:00 2:00 M
1208 Rule France 1944 only - Oct 8 1:00 1:00 S
1209 Rule France 1945 only - Apr 2 2:00 2:00 M
1210 Rule France 1945 only - Sep 16 3:00 0 -
1211 # Shanks & Pottenger give Mar 28 2:00 and Sep 26 3:00;
1212 # go with Excoffier's 28/3/76 0hUT and 25/9/76 23hUT.
1213 Rule France 1976 only - Mar 28 1:00 1:00 S
1214 Rule France 1976 only - Sep 26 1:00 0 -
1215 # Shanks & Pottenger give 0:09:20 for Paris Mean Time, and Whitman 0:09:05,
1216 # but Howse quotes the actual French legislation as saying 0:09:21.
1217 # Go with Howse. Howse writes that the time in France was officially based
1218 # on PMT-0:09:21 until 1978-08-09, when the time base finally switched to UTC.
1219 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1220 Zone Europe/Paris 0:09:21 - LMT 1891 Mar 15 0:01
1221 0:09:21 - PMT 1911 Mar 11 0:01 # Paris MT
1222 # Shanks & Pottenger give 1940 Jun 14 0:00; go with Excoffier and Le Corre.
1223 0:00 France WE%sT 1940 Jun 14 23:00
1224 # Le Corre says Paris stuck with occupied-France time after the liberation;
1225 # go with Shanks & Pottenger.
1226 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Aug 25
1227 0:00 France WE%sT 1945 Sep 16 3:00
1228 1:00 France CE%sT 1977
1229 1:00 EU CE%sT
1230
1231 # Germany
1232
1233 # From Markus Kuhn (1998-09-29):
1234 # The German time zone web site by the Physikalisch-Technische
1235 # Bundesanstalt contains DST information back to 1916.
1236 # [See tz-link.htm for the URL.]
1237
1238 # From Jörg Schilling (2002-10-23):
1239 # In 1945, Berlin was switched to Moscow Summer time (GMT+4) by
1240 # <http://www.dhm.de/lemo/html/biografien/BersarinNikolai/>
1241 # General [Nikolai] Bersarin.
1242
1243 # From Paul Eggert (2003-03-08):
1244 # http://www.parlament-berlin.de/pds-fraktion.nsf/727459127c8b66ee8525662300459099/defc77cb784f180ac1256c2b0030274b/$FILE/bersarint.pdf
1245 # says that Bersarin issued an order to use Moscow time on May 20.
1246 # However, Moscow did not observe daylight saving in 1945, so
1247 # this was equivalent to CEMT (GMT+3), not GMT+4.
1248
1249
1250 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1251 Rule Germany 1946 only - Apr 14 2:00s 1:00 S
1252 Rule Germany 1946 only - Oct 7 2:00s 0 -
1253 Rule Germany 1947 1949 - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
1254 # http://www.ptb.de/de/org/4/44/441/salt.htm says the following transition
1255 # occurred at 3:00 MEZ, not the 2:00 MEZ given in Shanks & Pottenger.
1256 # Go with the PTB.
1257 Rule Germany 1947 only - Apr 6 3:00s 1:00 S
1258 Rule Germany 1947 only - May 11 2:00s 2:00 M
1259 Rule Germany 1947 only - Jun 29 3:00 1:00 S
1260 Rule Germany 1948 only - Apr 18 2:00s 1:00 S
1261 Rule Germany 1949 only - Apr 10 2:00s 1:00 S
1262
1263 Rule SovietZone 1945 only - May 24 2:00 2:00 M # Midsummer
1264 Rule SovietZone 1945 only - Sep 24 3:00 1:00 S
1265 Rule SovietZone 1945 only - Nov 18 2:00s 0 -
1266
1267 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1268 Zone Europe/Berlin 0:53:28 - LMT 1893 Apr
1269 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 May 24 2:00
1270 1:00 SovietZone CE%sT 1946
1271 1:00 Germany CE%sT 1980
1272 1:00 EU CE%sT
1273
1274 # From Tobias Conradi (2011-09-12):
1275 # Büsingen <http://www.buesingen.de>, surrounded by the Swiss canton
1276 # Schaffhausen, did not start observing DST in 1980 as the rest of DE
1277 # (West Germany at that time) and DD (East Germany at that time) did.
1278 # DD merged into DE, the area is currently covered by code DE in ISO 3166-1,
1279 # which in turn is covered by the zone Europe/Berlin.
1280 #
1281 # Source for the time in Büsingen 1980:
1282 # http://www.srf.ch/player/video?id=c012c029-03b7-4c2b-9164-aa5902cd58d3
1283
1284 # From Arthur David Olson (2012-03-03):
1285 # Busingen and Zurich have shared clocks since 1970.
1286
1287 Link Europe/Zurich Europe/Busingen
1288
1289 # Georgia
1290 # Please see the "asia" file for Asia/Tbilisi.
1291 # Herodotus (Histories, IV.45) says Georgia north of the Phasis (now Rioni)
1292 # is in Europe. Our reference location Tbilisi is in the Asian part.
1293
1294 # Gibraltar
1295 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1296 Zone Europe/Gibraltar -0:21:24 - LMT 1880 Aug 2 0:00s
1297 0:00 GB-Eire %s 1957 Apr 14 2:00
1298 1:00 - CET 1982
1299 1:00 EU CE%sT
1300
1301 # Greece
1317 Rule Greece 1976 only - Apr 11 2:00s 1:00 S
1318 Rule Greece 1976 only - Oct 10 2:00s 0 -
1319 Rule Greece 1977 1978 - Apr Sun>=1 2:00s 1:00 S
1320 Rule Greece 1977 only - Sep 26 2:00s 0 -
1321 Rule Greece 1978 only - Sep 24 4:00 0 -
1322 Rule Greece 1979 only - Apr 1 9:00 1:00 S
1323 Rule Greece 1979 only - Sep 29 2:00 0 -
1324 Rule Greece 1980 only - Apr 1 0:00 1:00 S
1325 Rule Greece 1980 only - Sep 28 0:00 0 -
1326 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1327 Zone Europe/Athens 1:34:52 - LMT 1895 Sep 14
1328 1:34:52 - AMT 1916 Jul 28 0:01 # Athens MT
1329 2:00 Greece EE%sT 1941 Apr 30
1330 1:00 Greece CE%sT 1944 Apr 4
1331 2:00 Greece EE%sT 1981
1332 # Shanks & Pottenger say it switched to C-Eur in 1981;
1333 # go with EU instead, since Greece joined it on Jan 1.
1334 2:00 EU EE%sT
1335
1336 # Hungary
1337 # From Paul Eggert (2014-07-15):
1338 # Dates for 1916-1945 are taken from:
1339 # Oross A. Jelen a múlt jövője: a nyári időszámítás Magyarországon 1916-1945.
1340 # National Archives of Hungary (2012-10-29).
1341 # http://mnl.gov.hu/a_het_dokumentuma/a_nyari_idoszamitas_magyarorszagon_19161945.html
1342 # This source does not always give times, which are taken from Shanks
1343 # & Pottenger (which disagree about the dates).
1344 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1345 Rule Hungary 1918 only - Apr 1 3:00 1:00 S
1346 Rule Hungary 1918 only - Sep 16 3:00 0 -
1347 Rule Hungary 1919 only - Apr 15 3:00 1:00 S
1348 Rule Hungary 1919 only - Nov 24 3:00 0 -
1349 Rule Hungary 1945 only - May 1 23:00 1:00 S
1350 Rule Hungary 1945 only - Nov 1 0:00 0 -
1351 Rule Hungary 1946 only - Mar 31 2:00s 1:00 S
1352 Rule Hungary 1946 1949 - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
1353 Rule Hungary 1947 1949 - Apr Sun>=4 2:00s 1:00 S
1354 Rule Hungary 1950 only - Apr 17 2:00s 1:00 S
1355 Rule Hungary 1950 only - Oct 23 2:00s 0 -
1356 Rule Hungary 1954 1955 - May 23 0:00 1:00 S
1357 Rule Hungary 1954 1955 - Oct 3 0:00 0 -
1358 Rule Hungary 1956 only - Jun Sun>=1 0:00 1:00 S
1359 Rule Hungary 1956 only - Sep lastSun 0:00 0 -
1360 Rule Hungary 1957 only - Jun Sun>=1 1:00 1:00 S
1361 Rule Hungary 1957 only - Sep lastSun 3:00 0 -
1362 Rule Hungary 1980 only - Apr 6 1:00 1:00 S
1363 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1364 Zone Europe/Budapest 1:16:20 - LMT 1890 Oct
1365 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1918
1366 1:00 Hungary CE%sT 1941 Apr 8
1367 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945
1368 1:00 Hungary CE%sT 1980 Sep 28 2:00s
1369 1:00 EU CE%sT
1370
1371 # Iceland
1372 #
1373 # From Adam David (1993-11-06):
1374 # The name of the timezone in Iceland for system / mail / news purposes is GMT.
1375 #
1376 # (1993-12-05):
1377 # This material is paraphrased from the 1988 edition of the University of
1378 # Iceland Almanak.
1379 #
1380 # From January 1st, 1908 the whole of Iceland was standardised at 1 hour
1381 # behind GMT. Previously, local mean solar time was used in different parts
1382 # of Iceland, the almanak had been based on Reykjavik mean solar time which
1383 # was 1 hour and 28 minutes behind GMT.
1384 #
1385 # "first day of winter" referred to [below] means the first day of the 26 weeks
1386 # of winter, according to the old icelandic calendar that dates back to the
1424 Rule Iceland 1950 1966 - Oct Sun>=22 1:00s 0 -
1425 Rule Iceland 1967 only - Oct 29 1:00s 0 -
1426 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1427 Zone Atlantic/Reykjavik -1:27:24 - LMT 1837
1428 -1:27:48 - RMT 1908 # Reykjavik Mean Time?
1429 -1:00 Iceland IS%sT 1968 Apr 7 1:00s
1430 0:00 - GMT
1431
1432 # Italy
1433 #
1434 # From Paul Eggert (2001-03-06):
1435 # Sicily and Sardinia each had their own time zones from 1866 to 1893,
1436 # called Palermo Time (+00:53:28) and Cagliari Time (+00:36:32).
1437 # During World War II, German-controlled Italy used German time.
1438 # But these events all occurred before the 1970 cutoff,
1439 # so record only the time in Rome.
1440 #
1441 # From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):
1442 # For Italian DST we have three sources: Shanks & Pottenger, Whitman, and
1443 # F. Pollastri
1444 # Day-light Saving Time in Italy (2006-02-03)
1445 # <http://toi.iriti.cnr.it/uk/ienitlt.html>
1446 # ('FP' below), taken from an Italian National Electrotechnical Institute
1447 # publication. When the three sources disagree, guess who's right, as follows:
1448 #
1449 # year FP Shanks&P. (S) Whitman (W) Go with:
1450 # 1916 06-03 06-03 24:00 06-03 00:00 FP & W
1451 # 09-30 09-30 24:00 09-30 01:00 FP; guess 24:00s
1452 # 1917 04-01 03-31 24:00 03-31 00:00 FP & S
1453 # 09-30 09-29 24:00 09-30 01:00 FP & W
1454 # 1918 03-09 03-09 24:00 03-09 00:00 FP & S
1455 # 10-06 10-05 24:00 10-06 01:00 FP & W
1456 # 1919 03-01 03-01 24:00 03-01 00:00 FP & S
1457 # 10-04 10-04 24:00 10-04 01:00 FP; guess 24:00s
1458 # 1920 03-20 03-20 24:00 03-20 00:00 FP & S
1459 # 09-18 09-18 24:00 10-01 01:00 FP; guess 24:00s
1460 # 1944 04-02 04-03 02:00 S (see C-Eur)
1461 # 09-16 10-02 03:00 FP; guess 24:00s
1462 # 1945 09-14 09-16 24:00 FP; guess 24:00s
1463 # 1970 05-21 05-31 00:00 S
1464 # 09-20 09-27 00:00 S
1465 #
1533 # (GMT 23:00 on the previous day) and 1 hour backward on the last Sunday of
1534 # September at 03:00 (GMT 23:00 on the previous day).
1535 #
1536 # Act No.81 of the Council of Ministers of Latvian SSR of 1989-03-22 ...
1537 # according to the Act No.227 of the Council of Ministers of USSR of 1989-03-14
1538 # ...: since the last Sunday of March 1989 in Lithuanian SSR, Latvian SSR,
1539 # Estonian SSR and Kaliningrad region of Russian Federation all year round the
1540 # time of 2nd time zone (Moscow time minus one hour). On the territory of Latvia
1541 # transition to summer time is performed on the last Sunday of March at 02:00
1542 # (GMT 00:00), turning the hands of the clock 1 hour forward. The end of
1543 # daylight saving time is performed on the last Sunday of September at 03:00
1544 # (GMT 00:00), turning the hands of the clock 1 hour backward. Exception is
1545 # 1989-03-26, when we must not turn the hands of the clock....
1546 #
1547 # The Regulations of the Cabinet of Ministers of the Republic of Latvia of
1548 # 1997-01-21 on transition to Summer time ... established the same order of
1549 # daylight savings time settings as in the States of the European Union.
1550
1551 # From Andrei Ivanov (2000-03-06):
1552 # This year Latvia will not switch to Daylight Savings Time (as specified in
1553 # The Regulations of the Cabinet of Ministers of the Rep. of Latvia of
1554 # 29-Feb-2000 (#79) <http://www.lv-laiks.lv/wwwraksti/2000/071072/vd4.htm>,
1555 # in Latvian for subscribers only).
1556
1557 # From RFE/RL Newsline
1558 # <http://www.rferl.org/newsline/2001/01/3-CEE/cee-030101.html>
1559 # (2001-01-03), noted after a heads-up by Rives McDow:
1560 # The Latvian government on 2 January decided that the country will
1561 # institute daylight-saving time this spring, LETA reported.
1562 # Last February the three Baltic states decided not to turn back their
1563 # clocks one hour in the spring....
1564 # Minister of Economy Aigars Kalvitis noted that Latvia had too few
1565 # daylight hours and thus decided to comply with a draft European
1566 # Commission directive that provides for instituting daylight-saving
1567 # time in EU countries between 2002 and 2006. The Latvian government
1568 # urged Lithuania and Estonia to adopt a similar time policy, but it
1569 # appears that they will not do so....
1570
1571 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1572 Rule Latvia 1989 1996 - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 S
1573 Rule Latvia 1989 1996 - Sep lastSun 2:00s 0 -
1574
1575 # Milne says Riga time was 1:36:28 (Polytechnique House time).
1576
1577 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1578 Zone Europe/Riga 1:36:28 - LMT 1880
1579 1:36:28 - RMT 1918 Apr 15 2:00 #Riga Mean Time
1580 1:36:28 1:00 LST 1918 Sep 16 3:00 #Latvian Summer
1581 1:36:28 - RMT 1919 Apr 1 2:00
1582 1:36:28 1:00 LST 1919 May 22 3:00
1583 1:36:28 - RMT 1926 May 11
1584 2:00 - EET 1940 Aug 5
1585 3:00 - MSK 1941 Jul
1586 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Oct 13
1587 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1989 Mar lastSun 2:00s
1588 2:00 1:00 EEST 1989 Sep lastSun 2:00s
1589 2:00 Latvia EE%sT 1997 Jan 21
1590 2:00 EU EE%sT 2000 Feb 29
1591 2:00 - EET 2001 Jan 2
1592 2:00 EU EE%sT
1593
1594 # Liechtenstein
1595
1596 # From Paul Eggert (2013-09-09):
1597 # Shanks & Pottenger say Vaduz is like Zurich.
1598
1599 # From Alois Treindl (2013-09-18):
1600 # http://www.eliechtensteinensia.li/LIJ/1978/1938-1978/1941.pdf
1601 # ... confirms on p. 6 that Liechtenstein followed Switzerland in 1941 and 1942.
1602 # I ... translate only the last two paragraphs:
1603 # ... during second world war, in the years 1941 and 1942, Liechtenstein
1604 # introduced daylight saving time, adapting to Switzerland. From 1943 on
1605 # central European time was in force throughout the year.
1606 # From a report of the duke's government to the high council,
1607 # regarding the introduction of a time law, of 31 May 1977.
1608
1609 Link Europe/Zurich Europe/Vaduz
1610
1611
1612 # Lithuania
1613
1614 # From Paul Eggert (1996-11-22):
1615 # IATA SSIM (1992/1996) says Lithuania uses W-Eur rules, but since it is
1616 # known to be wrong about Estonia and Latvia, assume it's wrong here too.
1617
1618 # From Marius Gedminas (1998-08-07):
1619 # I would like to inform that in this year Lithuanian time zone
1620 # (Europe/Vilnius) was changed.
1621
1622 # From ELTA No. 972 (2582) (1999-09-29) <http://www.elta.lt/>,
1623 # via Steffen Thorsen:
1624 # Lithuania has shifted back to the second time zone (GMT plus two hours)
1625 # to be valid here starting from October 31,
1626 # as decided by the national government on Wednesday....
1627 # The Lithuanian government also announced plans to consider a
1628 # motion to give up shifting to summer time in spring, as it was
1629 # already done by Estonia.
1630
1631 # From the Fact File, Lithuanian State Department of Tourism
1632 # <http://www.tourism.lt/informa/ff.htm> (2000-03-27):
1633 # Local time is GMT+2 hours ..., no daylight saving.
1634
1635 # From a user via Klaus Marten (2003-02-07):
1636 # As a candidate for membership of the European Union, Lithuania will
1637 # observe Summer Time in 2003, changing its clocks at the times laid
1638 # down in EU Directive 2000/84 of 19.I.01 (i.e. at the same times as its
1639 # neighbour Latvia). The text of the Lithuanian government Order of
1640 # 7.XI.02 to this effect can be found at
1641 # http://www.lrvk.lt/nut/11/n1749.htm
1642
1643
1644 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1645 Zone Europe/Vilnius 1:41:16 - LMT 1880
1646 1:24:00 - WMT 1917 # Warsaw Mean Time
1647 1:35:36 - KMT 1919 Oct 10 # Kaunas Mean Time
1648 1:00 - CET 1920 Jul 12
1649 2:00 - EET 1920 Oct 9
1650 1:00 - CET 1940 Aug 3
1651 3:00 - MSK 1941 Jun 24
1652 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Aug
1653 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
1707 Rule Malta 1975 1980 - Sep Sun>=15 2:00 0 -
1708 Rule Malta 1980 only - Mar 31 2:00 1:00 S
1709 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1710 Zone Europe/Malta 0:58:04 - LMT 1893 Nov 2 0:00s # Valletta
1711 1:00 Italy CE%sT 1942 Nov 2 2:00s
1712 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 Apr 2 2:00s
1713 1:00 Italy CE%sT 1973 Mar 31
1714 1:00 Malta CE%sT 1981
1715 1:00 EU CE%sT
1716
1717 # Moldova
1718
1719 # From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):
1720 # A previous version of this database followed Shanks & Pottenger, who write
1721 # that Tiraspol switched to Moscow time on 1992-01-19 at 02:00.
1722 # However, this is most likely an error, as Moldova declared independence
1723 # on 1991-08-27 (the 1992-01-19 date is that of a Russian decree).
1724 # In early 1992 there was large-scale interethnic violence in the area
1725 # and it's possible that some Russophones continued to observe Moscow time.
1726 # But [two people] separately reported via
1727 # Jesper Nørgaard that as of 2001-01-24 Tiraspol was like Chisinau.
1728 # The Tiraspol entry has therefore been removed for now.
1729 #
1730 # From Alexander Krivenyshev (2011-10-17):
1731 # Pridnestrovian Moldavian Republic (PMR, also known as
1732 # "Pridnestrovie") has abolished seasonal clock change (no transition
1733 # to the Winter Time).
1734 #
1735 # News (in Russian):
1736 # http://www.kyivpost.ua/russia/news/pridnestrove-otkazalos-ot-perehoda-na-zimnee-vremya-30954.html
1737 # http://www.allmoldova.com/moldova-news/1249064116.html
1738 #
1739 # The substance of this change (reinstatement of the Tiraspol entry)
1740 # is from a patch from Petr Machata (2011-10-17)
1741 #
1742 # From Tim Parenti (2011-10-19)
1743 # In addition, being situated at +4651+2938 would give Tiraspol
1744 # a pre-1880 LMT offset of 1:58:32.
1745 #
1746 # (which agrees with the earlier entry that had been removed)
1747 #
1748 # From Alexander Krivenyshev (2011-10-26)
1749 # NO need to divide Moldova into two timezones at this point.
1750 # As of today, Transnistria (Pridnestrovie)- Tiraspol reversed its own
1751 # decision to abolish DST this winter.
1752 # Following Moldova and neighboring Ukraine- Transnistria (Pridnestrovie)-
1753 # Tiraspol will go back to winter time on October 30, 2011.
1754 # News from Moldova (in russian):
1755 # http://ru.publika.md/link_317061.html
1756
1757
1758 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1759 Zone Europe/Chisinau 1:55:20 - LMT 1880
1760 1:55 - CMT 1918 Feb 15 # Chisinau MT
1761 1:44:24 - BMT 1931 Jul 24 # Bucharest MT
1762 2:00 Romania EE%sT 1940 Aug 15
1763 2:00 1:00 EEST 1941 Jul 17
1764 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Aug 24
1765 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1990
1766 3:00 - MSK 1990 May 6
1767 2:00 - EET 1991
1768 2:00 Russia EE%sT 1992
1769 2:00 E-Eur EE%sT 1997
1770 # See Romania commentary for the guessed 1997 transition to EU rules.
1771 2:00 EU EE%sT
1772
1773 # Monaco
1774 # Shanks & Pottenger give 0:09:20 for Paris Mean Time; go with Howse's
1775 # more precise 0:09:21.
1866 Rule Norway 1945 only - Apr 2 2:00s 1:00 S
1867 Rule Norway 1945 only - Oct 1 2:00s 0 -
1868 Rule Norway 1959 1964 - Mar Sun>=15 2:00s 1:00 S
1869 Rule Norway 1959 1965 - Sep Sun>=15 2:00s 0 -
1870 Rule Norway 1965 only - Apr 25 2:00s 1:00 S
1871 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1872 Zone Europe/Oslo 0:43:00 - LMT 1895 Jan 1
1873 1:00 Norway CE%sT 1940 Aug 10 23:00
1874 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 Apr 2 2:00
1875 1:00 Norway CE%sT 1980
1876 1:00 EU CE%sT
1877
1878 # Svalbard & Jan Mayen
1879
1880 # From Steffen Thorsen (2001-05-01):
1881 # Although I could not find it explicitly, it seems that Jan Mayen and
1882 # Svalbard have been using the same time as Norway at least since the
1883 # time they were declared as parts of Norway. Svalbard was declared
1884 # as a part of Norway by law of 1925-07-17 no 11, section 4 and Jan
1885 # Mayen by law of 1930-02-27 no 2, section 2. (From
1886 # <http://www.lovdata.no/all/nl-19250717-011.html> and
1887 # <http://www.lovdata.no/all/nl-19300227-002.html>). The law/regulation
1888 # for normal/standard time in Norway is from 1894-06-29 no 1 (came
1889 # into operation on 1895-01-01) and Svalbard/Jan Mayen seem to be a
1890 # part of this law since 1925/1930. (From
1891 # <http://www.lovdata.no/all/nl-18940629-001.html>) I have not been
1892 # able to find if Jan Mayen used a different time zone (e.g. -0100)
1893 # before 1930. Jan Mayen has only been "inhabited" since 1921 by
1894 # Norwegian meteorologists and maybe used the same time as Norway ever
1895 # since 1921. Svalbard (Arctic/Longyearbyen) has been inhabited since
1896 # before 1895, and therefore probably changed the local time somewhere
1897 # between 1895 and 1925 (inclusive).
1898
1899 # From Paul Eggert (2013-09-04):
1900 #
1901 # Actually, Jan Mayen was never occupied by Germany during World War II,
1902 # so it must have diverged from Oslo time during the war, as Oslo was
1903 # keeping Berlin time.
1904 #
1905 # <http://home.no.net/janmayen/history.htm> says that the meteorologists
1906 # burned down their station in 1940 and left the island, but returned in
1907 # 1941 with a small Norwegian garrison and continued operations despite
1908 # frequent air attacks from Germans. In 1943 the Americans established a
1909 # radiolocating station on the island, called "Atlantic City". Possibly
1910 # the UT offset changed during the war, but I think it unlikely that
1911 # Jan Mayen used German daylight-saving rules.
1912 #
1913 # Svalbard is more complicated, as it was raided in August 1941 by an
1914 # Allied party that evacuated the civilian population to England (says
1915 # <http://www.bartleby.com/65/sv/Svalbard.html>). The Svalbard FAQ
1916 # <http://www.svalbard.com/SvalbardFAQ.html> says that the Germans were
1917 # expelled on 1942-05-14. However, small parties of Germans did return,
1918 # and according to Wilhelm Dege's book "War North of 80" (1954)
1919 # <http://www.ucalgary.ca/UofC/departments/UP/1-55238/1-55238-110-2.html>
1920 # the German armed forces at the Svalbard weather station code-named
1921 # Haudegen did not surrender to the Allies until September 1945.
1922 #
1923 # All these events predate our cutoff date of 1970, so use Europe/Oslo
1924 # for these regions.
1925 Link Europe/Oslo Arctic/Longyearbyen
1926
1927 # Poland
1928
1929 # The 1919 dates and times can be found in Tygodnik Urzędowy nr 1 (1919-03-20),
1930 # <http://www.wbc.poznan.pl/publication/32156> pp 1-2.
1931
1932 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1933 Rule Poland 1918 1919 - Sep 16 2:00s 0 -
1934 Rule Poland 1919 only - Apr 15 2:00s 1:00 S
1935 Rule Poland 1944 only - Apr 3 2:00s 1:00 S
1936 # Whitman gives 1944 Nov 30; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
1937 Rule Poland 1944 only - Oct 4 2:00 0 -
1938 # For 1944-1948 Whitman gives the previous day; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
1939 Rule Poland 1945 only - Apr 29 0:00 1:00 S
1940 Rule Poland 1945 only - Nov 1 0:00 0 -
1941 # For 1946 on the source is Kazimierz Borkowski,
1942 # Toruń Center for Astronomy, Dept. of Radio Astronomy, Nicolaus Copernicus U.,
1943 # <http://www.astro.uni.torun.pl/~kb/Artykuly/U-PA/Czas2.htm#tth_tAb1>
1944 # Thanks to Przemysław Augustyniak (2005-05-28) for this reference.
1945 # He also gives these further references:
1946 # Mon Pol nr 13, poz 162 (1995) <http://www.abc.com.pl/serwis/mp/1995/0162.htm>
1947 # Druk nr 2180 (2003) <http://www.senat.gov.pl/k5/dok/sejm/053/2180.pdf>
1948 Rule Poland 1946 only - Apr 14 0:00s 1:00 S
1949 Rule Poland 1946 only - Oct 7 2:00s 0 -
1950 Rule Poland 1947 only - May 4 2:00s 1:00 S
1951 Rule Poland 1947 1949 - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
1952 Rule Poland 1948 only - Apr 18 2:00s 1:00 S
1953 Rule Poland 1949 only - Apr 10 2:00s 1:00 S
1954 Rule Poland 1957 only - Jun 2 1:00s 1:00 S
1955 Rule Poland 1957 1958 - Sep lastSun 1:00s 0 -
1956 Rule Poland 1958 only - Mar 30 1:00s 1:00 S
1957 Rule Poland 1959 only - May 31 1:00s 1:00 S
1958 Rule Poland 1959 1961 - Oct Sun>=1 1:00s 0 -
1959 Rule Poland 1960 only - Apr 3 1:00s 1:00 S
1960 Rule Poland 1961 1964 - May lastSun 1:00s 1:00 S
1961 Rule Poland 1962 1964 - Sep lastSun 1:00s 0 -
1962 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1963 Zone Europe/Warsaw 1:24:00 - LMT 1880
1964 1:24:00 - WMT 1915 Aug 5 # Warsaw Mean Time
2061 0:00 Port WE%sT 1983 Sep 25 1:00s
2062 0:00 W-Eur WE%sT 1992 Sep 27 1:00s
2063 1:00 EU CE%sT 1996 Mar 31 1:00u
2064 0:00 EU WE%sT
2065 Zone Atlantic/Azores -1:42:40 - LMT 1884 # Ponta Delgada
2066 -1:54:32 - HMT 1911 May 24 # Horta Mean Time
2067 -2:00 Port AZO%sT 1966 Apr 3 2:00 # Azores Time
2068 -1:00 Port AZO%sT 1983 Sep 25 1:00s
2069 -1:00 W-Eur AZO%sT 1992 Sep 27 1:00s
2070 0:00 EU WE%sT 1993 Mar 28 1:00u
2071 -1:00 EU AZO%sT
2072 Zone Atlantic/Madeira -1:07:36 - LMT 1884 # Funchal
2073 -1:07:36 - FMT 1911 May 24 # Funchal Mean Time
2074 -1:00 Port MAD%sT 1966 Apr 3 2:00 # Madeira Time
2075 0:00 Port WE%sT 1983 Sep 25 1:00s
2076 0:00 EU WE%sT
2077
2078 # Romania
2079 #
2080 # From Paul Eggert (1999-10-07):
2081 # Nine O'clock <http://www.nineoclock.ro/POL/1778pol.html>
2082 # (1998-10-23) reports that the switch occurred at
2083 # 04:00 local time in fall 1998. For lack of better info,
2084 # assume that Romania and Moldova switched to EU rules in 1997,
2085 # the same year as Bulgaria.
2086 #
2087 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
2088 Rule Romania 1932 only - May 21 0:00s 1:00 S
2089 Rule Romania 1932 1939 - Oct Sun>=1 0:00s 0 -
2090 Rule Romania 1933 1939 - Apr Sun>=2 0:00s 1:00 S
2091 Rule Romania 1979 only - May 27 0:00 1:00 S
2092 Rule Romania 1979 only - Sep lastSun 0:00 0 -
2093 Rule Romania 1980 only - Apr 5 23:00 1:00 S
2094 Rule Romania 1980 only - Sep lastSun 1:00 0 -
2095 Rule Romania 1991 1993 - Mar lastSun 0:00s 1:00 S
2096 Rule Romania 1991 1993 - Sep lastSun 0:00s 0 -
2097 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
2098 Zone Europe/Bucharest 1:44:24 - LMT 1891 Oct
2099 1:44:24 - BMT 1931 Jul 24 # Bucharest MT
2100 2:00 Romania EE%sT 1981 Mar 29 2:00s
2101 2:00 C-Eur EE%sT 1991
2102 2:00 Romania EE%sT 1994
2103 2:00 E-Eur EE%sT 1997
2104 2:00 EU EE%sT
2105
2106
2107 # Russia
2108
2109 # From Alexander Krivenyshev (2011-09-15):
2110 # Based on last Russian Government Decree # 725 on August 31, 2011
2111 # (Government document
2112 # http://www.government.ru/gov/results/16355/print/
2113 # in Russian)
2114 # there are few corrections have to be made for some Russian time zones...
2115 # All updated Russian Time Zones were placed in table and translated to English
2116 # by WorldTimeZone.com at the link below:
2117 # http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_russia36.htm
2118
2119 # From Sanjeev Gupta (2011-09-27):
2120 # Scans of [Decree #23 of January 8, 1992] are available at:
2121 # http://government.consultant.ru/page.aspx?1223966
2122 # They are in Cyrillic letters (presumably Russian).
2123
2124 # From Arthur David Olson (2012-05-09):
2125 # Regarding the instant when clocks in time-zone-shifting parts of Russia
2126 # changed in September 2011:
2127 #
2128 # One source is
2129 # http://government.ru/gov/results/16355/
2130 # which, according to translate.google.com, begins "Decree of August 31,
2131 # 2011 No 725" and contains no other dates or "effective date" information.
2132 #
2133 # Another source is
2134 # http://www.rg.ru/2011/09/06/chas-zona-dok.html
2135 # which, according to translate.google.com, begins "Resolution of the
2136 # Government of the Russian Federation on August 31, 2011 N 725" and also
2137 # contains "Date first official publication: September 6, 2011 Posted on:
2138 # in the 'RG' - Federal Issue number 5573 September 6, 2011" but which
2139 # does not contain any "effective date" information.
2140 #
2141 # Another source is
2142 # http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oymyakonsky_District#cite_note-RuTime-7
2143 # which, in note 8, contains "Resolution #725 of August 31, 2011...
2144 # Effective as of after 7 days following the day of the official publication"
2145 # but which does not contain any reference to September 6, 2011.
2146 #
2147 # The Wikipedia article refers to
2148 # http://base.consultant.ru/cons/cgi/online.cgi?req=doc;base=LAW;n=118896
2149 # which seems to copy the text of the government.ru page.
2150 #
2151 # Tobias Conradi combines Wikipedia's
2152 # "as of after 7 days following the day of the official publication"
2153 # with www.rg.ru's "Date of first official publication: September 6, 2011" to
2154 # get September 13, 2011 as the cutover date (unusually, a Tuesday, as Tobias
2155 # Conradi notes).
2156 #
2157 # None of the sources indicates a time of day for changing clocks.
2158 #
2159 # Go with 2011-09-13 0:00s.
2160
2161 # From Alexander Krivenyshev (2014-07-01):
2162 # According to the Russian news (ITAR-TASS News Agency)
2163 # http://en.itar-tass.com/russia/738562
2164 # the State Duma has approved ... the draft bill on returning to
2165 # winter time standard and return Russia 11 time zones. The new
2166 # regulations will come into effect on October 26, 2014 at 02:00 ...
2167 # http://asozd2.duma.gov.ru/main.nsf/%28Spravka%29?OpenAgent&RN=431985-6&02
2168 # Here is a link where we put together table (based on approved Bill N
2169 # 431985-6) with proposed 11 Russian time zones and corresponding
2170 # areas/cities/administrative centers in the Russian Federation (in English):
2171 # http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_russia65.html
2172 #
2173 # From Alexander Krivenyshev (2014-07-22):
2174 # Putin signed the Federal Law 431985-6 ... (in Russian)
2175 # http://itar-tass.com/obschestvo/1333711
2176 # http://www.pravo.gov.ru:8080/page.aspx?111660
2177 # http://www.kremlin.ru/acts/46279
2178 # From October 26, 2014 the new Russian time zone map will looks like this:
2179 # http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_russia-map-2014-07.html
2180
2181 # From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):
2182 # Except for Moscow after 1919-07-01, I invented the time zone abbreviations.
2183 # Moscow time zone abbreviations after 1919-07-01, and Moscow rules after 1991,
2184 # are from Andrey A. Chernov. The rest is from Shanks & Pottenger,
2185 # except we follow Chernov's report that 1992 DST transitions were Sat
2186 # 23:00, not Sun 02:00s.
2187 #
2188 # From Stanislaw A. Kuzikowski (1994-06-29):
2189 # But now it is some months since Novosibirsk is 3 hours ahead of Moscow!
2190 # I do not know why they have decided to make this change;
2191 # as far as I remember it was done exactly during winter->summer switching
2192 # so we (Novosibirsk) simply did not switch.
2193 #
2194 # From Andrey A. Chernov (1996-10-04):
2195 # 'MSK' and 'MSD' were born and used initially on Moscow computers with
2196 # UNIX-like OSes by several developer groups (e.g. Demos group, Kiae group)....
2197 # The next step was the UUCP network, the Relcom predecessor
2198 # (used mainly for mail), and MSK/MSD was actively used there.
2199 #
2200 # From Chris Carrier (1996-10-30):
2201 # According to a friend of mine who rode the Trans-Siberian Railroad from
2202 # Moscow to Irkutsk in 1995, public air and rail transport in Russia ...
2203 # still follows Moscow time, no matter where in Russia it is located.
2204 #
2205 # For Grozny, Chechnya, we have the following story from
2206 # John Daniszewski, "Scavengers in the Rubble", Los Angeles Times (2001-02-07):
2207 # News - often false - is spread by word of mouth. A rumor that it was
2208 # time to move the clocks back put this whole city out of sync with
2209 # the rest of Russia for two weeks - even soldiers stationed here began
2210 # enforcing curfew at the wrong time.
2211 #
2212 # From Gwillim Law (2001-06-05):
2213 # There's considerable evidence that Sakhalin Island used to be in
2214 # UTC+11, and has changed to UTC+10, in this decade. I start with the
2215 # SSIM, which listed Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk in zone RU10 along with Magadan
2216 # until February 1997, and then in RU9 with Khabarovsk and Vladivostok
2217 # since September 1997.... Although the Kuril Islands are
2218 # administratively part of Sakhalin oblast', they appear to have
2219 # remained on UTC+11 along with Magadan.
2220
2221 # From Tim Parenti (2014-07-06):
2222 # The comments detailing the coverage of each Russian zone are meant to assist
2223 # with maintenance only and represent our best guesses as to which regions
2224 # are covered by each zone. They are not meant to be taken as an authoritative
2225 # listing. The region codes listed come from
2226 # http://en.wikipedia.org/w/?title=Federal_subjects_of_Russia&oldid=611810498
2227 # and are used for convenience only; no guarantees are made regarding their
2228 # future stability. ISO 3166-2:RU codes are also listed for first-level
2229 # divisions where available.
2230
2231 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
2232
2233
2234 # From Tim Parenti (2014-07-03):
2235 # Europe/Kaliningrad covers...
2236 # 39 RU-KGD Kaliningrad Oblast
2237
2238 Zone Europe/Kaliningrad 1:22:00 - LMT 1893 Apr
2239 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945
2240 2:00 Poland CE%sT 1946
2241 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2242 2:00 Russia EE%sT 2011 Mar 27 2:00s
2243 3:00 - FET 2014 Oct 26 2:00s
2244 2:00 - EET
2245
2246
2247 # From Tim Parenti (2014-07-03), per Oscar van Vlijmen (2001-08-25):
2248 # Europe/Moscow covers...
2249 # 01 RU-AD Adygea, Republic of
2250 # 05 RU-DA Dagestan, Republic of
2251 # 06 RU-IN Ingushetia, Republic of
2252 # 07 RU-KB Kabardino-Balkar Republic
2253 # 08 RU-KL Kalmykia, Republic of
2254 # 09 RU-KC Karachay-Cherkess Republic
2255 # 10 RU-KR Karelia, Republic of
2256 # 11 RU-KO Komi Republic
2257 # 12 RU-ME Mari El Republic
2258 # 13 RU-MO Mordovia, Republic of
2259 # 15 RU-SE North Ossetia-Alania, Republic of
2260 # 16 RU-TA Tatarstan, Republic of
2261 # 20 RU-CE Chechen Republic
2262 # 21 RU-CU Chuvash Republic
2263 # 23 RU-KDA Krasnodar Krai
2264 # 26 RU-STA Stavropol Krai
2265 # 29 RU-ARK Arkhangelsk Oblast
2266 # 31 RU-BEL Belgorod Oblast
2267 # 32 RU-BRY Bryansk Oblast
2268 # 33 RU-VLA Vladimir Oblast
2269 # 35 RU-VLG Vologda Oblast
2270 # 36 RU-VOR Voronezh Oblast
2271 # 37 RU-IVA Ivanovo Oblast
2272 # 40 RU-KLU Kaluga Oblast
2273 # 44 RU-KOS Kostroma Oblast
2274 # 46 RU-KRS Kursk Oblast
2275 # 47 RU-LEN Leningrad Oblast
2276 # 48 RU-LIP Lipetsk Oblast
2277 # 50 RU-MOS Moscow Oblast
2278 # 51 RU-MUR Murmansk Oblast
2279 # 52 RU-NIZ Nizhny Novgorod Oblast
2280 # 53 RU-NGR Novgorod Oblast
2281 # 57 RU-ORL Oryol Oblast
2282 # 58 RU-PNZ Penza Oblast
2283 # 60 RU-PSK Pskov Oblast
2284 # 61 RU-ROS Rostov Oblast
2285 # 62 RU-RYA Ryazan Oblast
2286 # 67 RU-SMO Smolensk Oblast
2287 # 68 RU-TAM Tambov Oblast
2288 # 69 RU-TVE Tver Oblast
2289 # 71 RU-TUL Tula Oblast
2290 # 73 RU-ULY Ulyanovsk Oblast
2291 # 76 RU-YAR Yaroslavl Oblast
2292 # 77 RU-MOW Moscow
2293 # 78 RU-SPE Saint Petersburg
2294 # 83 RU-NEN Nenets Autonomous Okrug
2295
2296 # From Vladimir Karpinsky (2014-07-08):
2297 # LMT in Moscow (before Jul 3, 1916) is 2:30:17, that was defined by Moscow
2298 # Observatory (coordinates: 55 deg. 45'29.70", 37 deg. 34'05.30")....
2299 # LMT in Moscow since Jul 3, 1916 is 2:31:01 as a result of new standard.
2300 # (The info is from the book by Byalokoz E.L. New Counting of Time in Russia
2301 # since July 1, 1919, p. 18.) The time in St. Petersburg as capital of Russia
2302 # was defined by Pulkov observatory, near St. Petersburg. In 1916 LMT Moscow
2303 # was synchronized with LMT St. Petersburg (+30 minutes), (Pulkov observatory
2304 # coordinates: 59 deg. 46'18.70", 30 deg. 19'40.70") so 30 deg. 19'40.70" >
2305 # 2h01m18.7s = 2:01:19. LMT Moscow = LMT St.Petersburg + 30m 2:01:19 + 0:30 =
2306 # 2:31:19 ...
2307 #
2308 # From Paul Eggert (2014-07-08):
2309 # Milne does not list Moscow, but suggests that its time might be listed in
2310 # Résumés mensuels et annuels des observations météorologiques (1895).
2311 # Presumably this is OCLC 85825704, a journal published with parallel text in
2312 # Russian and French. This source has not been located; go with Karpinsky.
2313
2314 Zone Europe/Moscow 2:30:17 - LMT 1880
2315 2:30:17 - MMT 1916 Jul 3 # Moscow Mean Time
2316 2:31:19 Russia %s 1919 Jul 1 2:00
2317 3:00 Russia %s 1921 Oct
2318 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1922 Oct
2319 2:00 - EET 1930 Jun 21
2320 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2321 2:00 Russia EE%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
2322 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 2011 Mar 27 2:00s
2323 4:00 - MSK 2014 Oct 26 2:00s
2324 3:00 - MSK
2325
2326
2327 # From Tim Parenti (2014-07-03):
2328 # Europe/Simferopol covers...
2329 # ** **** Crimea, Republic of
2330 # ** **** Sevastopol
2331
2332 Zone Europe/Simferopol 2:16:24 - LMT 1880
2333 2:16 - SMT 1924 May 2 # Simferopol Mean T
2334 2:00 - EET 1930 Jun 21
2335 3:00 - MSK 1941 Nov
2336 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Apr 13
2337 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1990
2338 3:00 - MSK 1990 Jul 1 2:00
2339 2:00 - EET 1992
2340 # Central Crimea used Moscow time 1994/1997.
2341 #
2342 # From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):
2343 # The _Economist_ (1994-05-28, p 45) reports that central Crimea switched
2344 # from Kiev to Moscow time sometime after the January 1994 elections.
2345 # Shanks (1999) says "date of change uncertain", but implies that it happened
2346 # sometime between the 1994 DST switches. Shanks & Pottenger simply say
2347 # 1994-09-25 03:00, but that can't be right. For now, guess it
2348 # changed in May.
2349 2:00 E-Eur EE%sT 1994 May
2350 # From IATA SSIM (1994/1997), which also says that Kerch is still like Kiev.
2351 3:00 E-Eur MSK/MSD 1996 Mar 31 3:00s
2352 3:00 1:00 MSD 1996 Oct 27 3:00s
2353 # IATA SSIM (1997-09) says Crimea switched to EET/EEST.
2354 # Assume it happened in March by not changing the clocks.
2355 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1997
2356 3:00 - MSK 1997 Mar lastSun 1:00u
2357 # From Alexander Krivenyshev (2014-03-17):
2358 # time change at 2:00 (2am) on March 30, 2014
2359 # http://vz.ru/news/2014/3/17/677464.html
2360 # From Paul Eggert (2014-03-30):
2361 # Simferopol and Sevastopol reportedly changed their central town clocks
2362 # late the previous day, but this appears to have been ceremonial
2363 # and the discrepancies are small enough to not worry about.
2364 2:00 EU EE%sT 2014 Mar 30 2:00
2365 4:00 - MSK 2014 Oct 26 2:00s
2366 3:00 - MSK
2367
2368
2369 # From Tim Parenti (2014-07-03):
2370 # Europe/Volgograd covers...
2371 # 30 RU-AST Astrakhan Oblast
2372 # 34 RU-VGG Volgograd Oblast
2373 # 43 RU-KIR Kirov Oblast
2374 # 64 RU-SAR Saratov Oblast
2375
2376 # From Paul Eggert (2006-05-09):
2377 # Shanks & Pottenger say Kirov is still at +0400 but Wikipedia says +0300.
2378 # Perhaps it switched after the others? But we have no data.
2379
2380 Zone Europe/Volgograd 2:57:40 - LMT 1920 Jan 3
2381 3:00 - TSAT 1925 Apr 6 # Tsaritsyn Time
2382 3:00 - STAT 1930 Jun 21 # Stalingrad Time
2383 4:00 - STAT 1961 Nov 11
2384 4:00 Russia VOL%sT 1989 Mar 26 2:00s # Volgograd T
2385 3:00 Russia VOL%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2386 4:00 - VOLT 1992 Mar 29 2:00s
2387 3:00 Russia MSK 2011 Mar 27 2:00s
2388 4:00 - MSK 2014 Oct 26 2:00s
2389 3:00 - MSK
2390
2391
2392 # From Tim Parenti (2014-07-03), per Oscar van Vlijmen (2001-08-25):
2393 # Europe/Samara covers...
2394 # 18 RU-UD Udmurt Republic
2395 # 63 RU-SAM Samara Oblast
2396
2397 Zone Europe/Samara 3:20:36 - LMT 1919 Jul 1 2:00
2398 3:00 - SAMT 1930 Jun 21
2399 4:00 - SAMT 1935 Jan 27
2400 4:00 Russia KUY%sT 1989 Mar 26 2:00s # Kuybyshev
2401 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2402 2:00 Russia EE%sT 1991 Sep 29 2:00s
2403 3:00 - KUYT 1991 Oct 20 3:00
2404 4:00 Russia SAM%sT 2010 Mar 28 2:00s # Samara Time
2405 3:00 Russia SAM%sT 2011 Mar 27 2:00s
2406 4:00 - SAMT
2407
2408
2409 # From Tim Parenti (2014-07-03), per Oscar van Vlijmen (2001-08-25):
2410 # Asia/Yekaterinburg covers...
2411 # 02 RU-BA Bashkortostan, Republic of
2412 # 90 RU-PER Perm Krai
2413 # 45 RU-KGN Kurgan Oblast
2414 # 56 RU-ORE Orenburg Oblast
2415 # 66 RU-SVE Sverdlovsk Oblast
2416 # 72 RU-TYU Tyumen Oblast
2417 # 74 RU-CHE Chelyabinsk Oblast
2418 # 86 RU-KHM Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug - Yugra
2419 # 89 RU-YAN Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug
2420 #
2421 # Note: Effective 2005-12-01, (59) Perm Oblast and (81) Komi-Permyak
2422 # Autonomous Okrug merged to form (90, RU-PER) Perm Krai.
2423
2424 # Milne says Yekaterinburg time was 4:02:32.9; round to nearest.
2425
2426 Zone Asia/Yekaterinburg 4:02:33 - LMT 1919 Jul 15 4:00
2427 4:00 - SVET 1930 Jun 21 # Sverdlovsk Time
2428 5:00 Russia SVE%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2429 4:00 Russia SVE%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
2430 5:00 Russia YEK%sT 2011 Mar 27 2:00s
2431 6:00 - YEKT 2014 Oct 26 2:00s
2432 5:00 - YEKT
2433
2434
2435 # From Tim Parenti (2014-07-03), per Oscar van Vlijmen (2001-08-25):
2436 # Asia/Omsk covers...
2437 # 04 RU-AL Altai Republic
2438 # 22 RU-ALT Altai Krai
2439 # 55 RU-OMS Omsk Oblast
2440
2441 Zone Asia/Omsk 4:53:36 - LMT 1919 Nov 14
2442 5:00 - OMST 1930 Jun 21 # Omsk Time
2443 6:00 Russia OMS%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2444 5:00 Russia OMS%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
2445 6:00 Russia OMS%sT 2011 Mar 27 2:00s
2446 7:00 - OMST 2014 Oct 26 2:00s
2447 6:00 - OMST
2448
2449
2450 # From Tim Parenti (2014-07-03):
2451 # Asia/Novosibirsk covers...
2452 # 54 RU-NVS Novosibirsk Oblast
2453 # 70 RU-TOM Tomsk Oblast
2454
2455 # From Paul Eggert (2006-08-19): I'm guessing about Tomsk here; it's
2456 # not clear when it switched from +7 to +6.
2457
2458 Zone Asia/Novosibirsk 5:31:40 - LMT 1919 Dec 14 6:00
2459 6:00 - NOVT 1930 Jun 21 # Novosibirsk Time
2460 7:00 Russia NOV%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2461 6:00 Russia NOV%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
2462 7:00 Russia NOV%sT 1993 May 23 # say Shanks & P.
2463 6:00 Russia NOV%sT 2011 Mar 27 2:00s
2464 7:00 - NOVT 2014 Oct 26 2:00s
2465 6:00 - NOVT
2466
2467
2468 # From Tim Parenti (2014-07-03):
2469 # Asia/Novokuznetsk covers...
2470 # 42 RU-KEM Kemerovo Oblast
2471
2472 # From Alexander Krivenyshev (2009-10-13):
2473 # Kemerovo oblast' (Kemerovo region) in Russia will change current time zone on
2474 # March 28, 2010:
2475 # from current Russia Zone 6 - Krasnoyarsk Time Zone (KRA) UTC +0700
2476 # to Russia Zone 5 - Novosibirsk Time Zone (NOV) UTC +0600
2477 #
2478 # This is according to Government of Russia decree # 740, on September
2479 # 14, 2009 "Application in the territory of the Kemerovo region the Fifth
2480 # time zone." ("Russia Zone 5" or old "USSR Zone 5" is GMT +0600)
2481 #
2482 # Russian Government web site (Russian language)
2483 # http://www.government.ru/content/governmentactivity/rfgovernmentdecisions/archive/2009/09/14/991633.htm
2484 # or Russian-English translation by WorldTimeZone.com with reference
2485 # map to local region and new Russia Time Zone map after March 28, 2010
2486 # http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_russia03.html
2487 #
2488 # Thus, when Russia will switch to DST on the night of March 28, 2010
2489 # Kemerovo region (Kemerovo oblast') will not change the clock.
2490 #
2491 # As a result, Kemerovo oblast' will be in the same time zone as
2492 # Novosibirsk, Omsk, Tomsk, Barnaul and Altai Republic.
2493
2494 # From Tim Parenti (2014-07-02), per Alexander Krivenyshev (2014-07-02):
2495 # The Kemerovo region will remain at UTC+7 through the 2014-10-26 change, thus
2496 # realigning itself with KRAT.
2497
2498 Zone Asia/Novokuznetsk 5:48:48 - NMT 1920 Jan 6
2499 6:00 - KRAT 1930 Jun 21 # Krasnoyarsk Time
2500 7:00 Russia KRA%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2501 6:00 Russia KRA%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
2502 7:00 Russia KRA%sT 2010 Mar 28 2:00s
2503 6:00 Russia NOV%sT 2011 Mar 27 2:00s # Novosibirsk T
2504 7:00 - NOVT 2014 Oct 26 2:00s
2505 7:00 - KRAT # Krasnoyarsk Time
2506
2507
2508 # From Tim Parenti (2014-07-03), per Oscar van Vlijmen (2001-08-25):
2509 # Asia/Krasnoyarsk covers...
2510 # 17 RU-TY Tuva Republic
2511 # 19 RU-KK Khakassia, Republic of
2512 # 24 RU-KYA Krasnoyarsk Krai
2513 #
2514 # Note: Effective 2007-01-01, (88) Evenk Autonomous Okrug and (84) Taymyr
2515 # Autonomous Okrug were merged into (24, RU-KYA) Krasnoyarsk Krai.
2516
2517 Zone Asia/Krasnoyarsk 6:11:20 - LMT 1920 Jan 6
2518 6:00 - KRAT 1930 Jun 21 # Krasnoyarsk Time
2519 7:00 Russia KRA%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2520 6:00 Russia KRA%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
2521 7:00 Russia KRA%sT 2011 Mar 27 2:00s
2522 8:00 - KRAT 2014 Oct 26 2:00s
2523 7:00 - KRAT
2524
2525
2526 # From Tim Parenti (2014-07-03), per Oscar van Vlijmen (2001-08-25):
2527 # Asia/Irkutsk covers...
2528 # 03 RU-BU Buryatia, Republic of
2529 # 38 RU-IRK Irkutsk Oblast
2530 #
2531 # Note: Effective 2008-01-01, (85) Ust-Orda Buryat Autonomous Okrug was
2532 # merged into (38, RU-IRK) Irkutsk Oblast.
2533
2534 # Milne says Irkutsk time was 6:57:15.
2535
2536 Zone Asia/Irkutsk 6:57:15 - LMT 1880
2537 6:57:15 - IMT 1920 Jan 25 # Irkutsk Mean Time
2538 7:00 - IRKT 1930 Jun 21 # Irkutsk Time
2539 8:00 Russia IRK%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2540 7:00 Russia IRK%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
2541 8:00 Russia IRK%sT 2011 Mar 27 2:00s
2542 9:00 - IRKT 2014 Oct 26 2:00s
2543 8:00 - IRKT
2544
2545
2546 # From Tim Parenti (2014-07-06):
2547 # Asia/Chita covers...
2548 # 92 RU-ZAB Zabaykalsky Krai
2549 #
2550 # Note: Effective 2008-03-01, (75) Chita Oblast and (80) Agin-Buryat
2551 # Autonomous Okrug merged to form (92, RU-ZAB) Zabaykalsky Krai.
2552
2553 Zone Asia/Chita 7:33:52 - LMT 1919 Dec 15
2554 8:00 - YAKT 1930 Jun 21 # Yakutsk Time
2555 9:00 Russia YAK%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2556 8:00 Russia YAK%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
2557 9:00 Russia YAK%sT 2011 Mar 27 2:00s
2558 10:00 - YAKT 2014 Oct 26 2:00s
2559 8:00 - IRKT
2560
2561
2562 # From Tim Parenti (2014-07-03), per Oscar van Vlijmen (2009-11-29):
2563 # Asia/Yakutsk covers...
2564 # 28 RU-AMU Amur Oblast
2565 #
2566 # ...and parts of (14, RU-SA) Sakha (Yakutia) Republic:
2567 # 14-02 **** Aldansky District
2568 # 14-04 **** Amginsky District
2569 # 14-05 **** Anabarsky District
2570 # 14-06 **** Bulunsky District
2571 # 14-07 **** Verkhnevilyuysky District
2572 # 14-10 **** Vilyuysky District
2573 # 14-11 **** Gorny District
2574 # 14-12 **** Zhigansky District
2575 # 14-13 **** Kobyaysky District
2576 # 14-14 **** Lensky District
2577 # 14-15 **** Megino-Kangalassky District
2578 # 14-16 **** Mirninsky District
2579 # 14-18 **** Namsky District
2580 # 14-19 **** Neryungrinsky District
2581 # 14-21 **** Nyurbinsky District
2582 # 14-23 **** Olenyoksky District
2583 # 14-24 **** Olyokminsky District
2584 # 14-26 **** Suntarsky District
2585 # 14-27 **** Tattinsky District
2586 # 14-29 **** Ust-Aldansky District
2587 # 14-32 **** Khangalassky District
2588 # 14-33 **** Churapchinsky District
2589 # 14-34 **** Eveno-Bytantaysky National District
2590
2591 # From Tim Parenti (2014-07-03):
2592 # Our commentary seems to have lost mention of (14-19) Neryungrinsky District.
2593 # Since the surrounding districts of Sakha are all YAKT, assume this is, too.
2594 # Also assume its history has been the same as the rest of Asia/Yakutsk.
2595
2596 Zone Asia/Yakutsk 8:38:40 - LMT 1919 Dec 15
2597 8:00 - YAKT 1930 Jun 21 # Yakutsk Time
2598 9:00 Russia YAK%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2599 8:00 Russia YAK%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
2600 9:00 Russia YAK%sT 2011 Mar 27 2:00s
2601 10:00 - YAKT 2014 Oct 26 2:00s
2602 9:00 - YAKT
2603
2604
2605 # From Tim Parenti (2014-07-03), per Oscar van Vlijmen (2009-11-29):
2606 # Asia/Vladivostok covers...
2607 # 25 RU-PRI Primorsky Krai
2608 # 27 RU-KHA Khabarovsk Krai
2609 # 79 RU-YEV Jewish Autonomous Oblast
2610 #
2611 # ...and parts of (14, RU-SA) Sakha (Yakutia) Republic:
2612 # 14-09 **** Verkhoyansky District
2613 # 14-31 **** Ust-Yansky District
2614
2615 # Milne says Vladivostok time was 8:47:33.5; round to nearest.
2616
2617 Zone Asia/Vladivostok 8:47:34 - LMT 1922 Nov 15
2618 9:00 - VLAT 1930 Jun 21 # Vladivostok Time
2619 10:00 Russia VLA%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2620 9:00 Russia VLA%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
2621 10:00 Russia VLA%sT 2011 Mar 27 2:00s
2622 11:00 - VLAT 2014 Oct 26 2:00s
2623 10:00 - VLAT
2624
2625
2626 # From Tim Parenti (2014-07-03):
2627 # Asia/Khandyga covers parts of (14, RU-SA) Sakha (Yakutia) Republic:
2628 # 14-28 **** Tomponsky District
2629 # 14-30 **** Ust-Maysky District
2630
2631 # From Arthur David Olson (2012-05-09):
2632 # Tomponskij and Ust'-Majskij switched from Vladivostok time to Yakutsk time
2633 # in 2011.
2634
2635 # From Paul Eggert (2012-11-25):
2636 # Shanks and Pottenger (2003) has Khandyga on Yakutsk time.
2637 # Make a wild guess that it switched to Vladivostok time in 2004.
2638 # This transition is no doubt wrong, but we have no better info.
2639
2640 Zone Asia/Khandyga 9:02:13 - LMT 1919 Dec 15
2641 8:00 - YAKT 1930 Jun 21 # Yakutsk Time
2642 9:00 Russia YAK%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2643 8:00 Russia YAK%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
2644 9:00 Russia YAK%sT 2004
2645 10:00 Russia VLA%sT 2011 Mar 27 2:00s
2646 11:00 - VLAT 2011 Sep 13 0:00s # Decree 725?
2647 10:00 - YAKT 2014 Oct 26 2:00s
2648 9:00 - YAKT
2649
2650
2651 # From Tim Parenti (2014-07-03):
2652 # Asia/Sakhalin covers...
2653 # 65 RU-SAK Sakhalin Oblast
2654 # ...with the exception of:
2655 # 65-11 **** Severo-Kurilsky District (North Kuril Islands)
2656
2657 # The Zone name should be Asia/Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk, but that's too long.
2658 Zone Asia/Sakhalin 9:30:48 - LMT 1905 Aug 23
2659 9:00 - JCST 1937 Oct 1
2660 9:00 - JST 1945 Aug 25
2661 11:00 Russia SAK%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s # Sakhalin T.
2662 10:00 Russia SAK%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
2663 11:00 Russia SAK%sT 1997 Mar lastSun 2:00s
2664 10:00 Russia SAK%sT 2011 Mar 27 2:00s
2665 11:00 - SAKT 2014 Oct 26 2:00s
2666 10:00 - SAKT
2667
2668
2669 # From Tim Parenti (2014-07-03), per Oscar van Vlijmen (2009-11-29):
2670 # Asia/Magadan covers...
2671 # 49 RU-MAG Magadan Oblast
2672
2673 # From Tim Parenti (2014-07-06), per Alexander Krivenyshev (2014-07-02):
2674 # Magadan Oblast is moving from UTC+12 to UTC+10 on 2014-10-26; however,
2675 # several districts of Sakha Republic as well as Severo-Kurilsky District of
2676 # the Sakhalin Oblast (also known as the North Kuril Islands), represented
2677 # until now by Asia/Magadan, will instead move to UTC+11. These regions will
2678 # need their own zone.
2679
2680 Zone Asia/Magadan 10:03:12 - LMT 1924 May 2
2681 10:00 - MAGT 1930 Jun 21 # Magadan Time
2682 11:00 Russia MAG%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2683 10:00 Russia MAG%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
2684 11:00 Russia MAG%sT 2011 Mar 27 2:00s
2685 12:00 - MAGT 2014 Oct 26 2:00s
2686 10:00 - MAGT
2687
2688
2689 # From Tim Parenti (2014-07-06):
2690 # Asia/Srednekolymsk covers parts of (14, RU-SA) Sakha (Yakutia) Republic:
2691 # 14-01 **** Abyysky District
2692 # 14-03 **** Allaikhovsky District
2693 # 14-08 **** Verkhnekolymsky District
2694 # 14-17 **** Momsky District
2695 # 14-20 **** Nizhnekolymsky District
2696 # 14-25 **** Srednekolymsky District
2697 #
2698 # ...and parts of (65, RU-SAK) Sakhalin Oblast:
2699 # 65-11 **** Severo-Kurilsky District (North Kuril Islands)
2700
2701 # From Tim Parenti (2014-07-02):
2702 # Oymyakonsky District of Sakha Republic (represented by Ust-Nera), along with
2703 # most of Sakhalin Oblast (represented by Sakhalin) will be moving to UTC+10 on
2704 # 2014-10-26 to stay aligned with VLAT/SAKT; however, Severo-Kurilsky District
2705 # of the Sakhalin Oblast (also known as the North Kuril Islands, represented by
2706 # Severo-Kurilsk) will remain on UTC+11.
2707
2708 # From Tim Parenti (2014-07-06):
2709 # Assume North Kuril Islands have history like Magadan before 2011-03-27.
2710 # There is a decent chance this is wrong, in which case a new zone
2711 # Asia/Severo-Kurilsk would become necessary.
2712 #
2713 # Srednekolymsk and Zyryanka are the most populous places amongst these
2714 # districts, but have very similar populations. In fact, Wikipedia currently
2715 # lists them both as having 3528 people, exactly 1668 males and 1860 females
2716 # each! (Yikes!)
2717 # http://en.wikipedia.org/w/?title=Srednekolymsky_District&oldid=603435276
2718 # http://en.wikipedia.org/w/?title=Verkhnekolymsky_District&oldid=594378493
2719 # Assume this is a mistake, albeit an amusing one.
2720 #
2721 # Looking at censuses, the populations of the two municipalities seem to have
2722 # fluctuated recently. Zyryanka was more populous than Srednekolymsk in the
2723 # 1989 and 2002 censuses, but Srednekolymsk was more populous in the most
2724 # recent (2010) census, 3525 to 3170. (See pages 195 and 197 of
2725 # http://www.gks.ru/free_doc/new_site/perepis2010/croc/Documents/Vol1/pub-01-05.pdf
2726 # in Russian.) In addition, Srednekolymsk appears to be a much older
2727 # settlement and the population of Zyryanka seems to be declining.
2728 # Go with Srednekolymsk.
2729 #
2730 # Since Magadan Oblast moves to UTC+10 on 2014-10-26, we cannot keep using MAGT
2731 # as the abbreviation. Use SRET instead.
2732
2733 Zone Asia/Srednekolymsk 10:14:52 - LMT 1924 May 2
2734 10:00 - MAGT 1930 Jun 21 # Magadan Time
2735 11:00 Russia MAG%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2736 10:00 Russia MAG%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
2737 11:00 Russia MAG%sT 2011 Mar 27 2:00s
2738 12:00 - MAGT 2014 Oct 26 2:00s
2739 11:00 - SRET # Srednekolymsk Time
2740
2741
2742 # From Tim Parenti (2014-07-03):
2743 # Asia/Ust-Nera covers parts of (14, RU-SA) Sakha (Yakutia) Republic:
2744 # 14-22 **** Oymyakonsky District
2745
2746 # From Arthur David Olson (2012-05-09):
2747 # Ojmyakonskij [and the Kuril Islands] switched from
2748 # Magadan time to Vladivostok time in 2011.
2749 #
2750 # From Tim Parenti (2014-07-06), per Alexander Krivenyshev (2014-07-02):
2751 # It's unlikely that any of the Kuril Islands were involved in such a switch,
2752 # as the South and Middle Kurils have been on UTC+11 (SAKT) with the rest of
2753 # Sakhalin Oblast since at least 2011-09, and the North Kurils have been on
2754 # UTC+12 since at least then, too.
2755
2756 Zone Asia/Ust-Nera 9:32:54 - LMT 1919 Dec 15
2757 8:00 - YAKT 1930 Jun 21 # Yakutsk Time
2758 9:00 Russia YAKT 1981 Apr 1
2759 11:00 Russia MAG%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2760 10:00 Russia MAG%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
2761 11:00 Russia MAG%sT 2011 Mar 27 2:00s
2762 12:00 - MAGT 2011 Sep 13 0:00s # Decree 725?
2763 11:00 - VLAT 2014 Oct 26 2:00s
2764 10:00 - VLAT
2765
2766
2767 # From Tim Parenti (2014-07-03), per Oscar van Vlijmen (2001-08-25):
2768 # Asia/Kamchatka covers...
2769 # 91 RU-KAM Kamchatka Krai
2770 #
2771 # Note: Effective 2007-07-01, (41) Kamchatka Oblast and (82) Koryak
2772 # Autonomous Okrug merged to form (91, RU-KAM) Kamchatka Krai.
2773
2774 # The Zone name should be Asia/Petropavlovsk-Kamchatski or perhaps
2775 # Asia/Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky, but these are too long.
2776 Zone Asia/Kamchatka 10:34:36 - LMT 1922 Nov 10
2777 11:00 - PETT 1930 Jun 21 # P-K Time
2778 12:00 Russia PET%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2779 11:00 Russia PET%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
2780 12:00 Russia PET%sT 2010 Mar 28 2:00s
2781 11:00 Russia PET%sT 2011 Mar 27 2:00s
2782 12:00 - PETT
2783
2784
2785 # From Tim Parenti (2014-07-03):
2786 # Asia/Anadyr covers...
2787 # 87 RU-CHU Chukotka Autonomous Okrug
2788
2789 Zone Asia/Anadyr 11:49:56 - LMT 1924 May 2
2790 12:00 - ANAT 1930 Jun 21 # Anadyr Time
2791 13:00 Russia ANA%sT 1982 Apr 1 0:00s
2792 12:00 Russia ANA%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2793 11:00 Russia ANA%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
2794 12:00 Russia ANA%sT 2010 Mar 28 2:00s
2795 11:00 Russia ANA%sT 2011 Mar 27 2:00s
2796 12:00 - ANAT
2797
2798
2799 # San Marino
2800 # See Europe/Rome.
2801
2802 # Serbia
2803 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
2804 Zone Europe/Belgrade 1:22:00 - LMT 1884
2805 1:00 - CET 1941 Apr 18 23:00
2806 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945
2807 1:00 - CET 1945 May 8 2:00s
2808 1:00 1:00 CEST 1945 Sep 16 2:00s
2809 # Metod Koželj reports that the legal date of
2810 # transition to EU rules was 1982-11-27, for all of Yugoslavia at the time.
2811 # Shanks & Pottenger don't give as much detail, so go with Koželj.
2812 1:00 - CET 1982 Nov 27
2813 1:00 EU CE%sT
2814 Link Europe/Belgrade Europe/Ljubljana # Slovenia
2815 Link Europe/Belgrade Europe/Podgorica # Montenegro
2816 Link Europe/Belgrade Europe/Sarajevo # Bosnia and Herzegovina
2817 Link Europe/Belgrade Europe/Skopje # Macedonia
2818 Link Europe/Belgrade Europe/Zagreb # Croatia
2819
2820 # Slovakia
2821 Link Europe/Prague Europe/Bratislava
2822
2823 # Slovenia
2824 # See Europe/Belgrade.
2825
2826 # Spain
2827 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
2828 # For 1917-1919 Whitman gives Apr Sat>=1 - Oct Sat>=1;
2829 # go with Shanks & Pottenger.
2830 Rule Spain 1917 only - May 5 23:00s 1:00 S
2831 Rule Spain 1917 1919 - Oct 6 23:00s 0 -
2882 Zone Africa/Ceuta -0:21:16 - LMT 1901
2883 0:00 - WET 1918 May 6 23:00
2884 0:00 1:00 WEST 1918 Oct 7 23:00
2885 0:00 - WET 1924
2886 0:00 Spain WE%sT 1929
2887 0:00 SpainAfrica WE%sT 1984 Mar 16
2888 1:00 - CET 1986
2889 1:00 EU CE%sT
2890 Zone Atlantic/Canary -1:01:36 - LMT 1922 Mar # Las Palmas de Gran C.
2891 -1:00 - CANT 1946 Sep 30 1:00 # Canaries Time
2892 0:00 - WET 1980 Apr 6 0:00s
2893 0:00 1:00 WEST 1980 Sep 28 0:00s
2894 0:00 EU WE%sT
2895 # IATA SSIM (1996-09) says the Canaries switch at 2:00u, not 1:00u.
2896 # Ignore this for now, as the Canaries are part of the EU.
2897
2898 # Sweden
2899
2900 # From Ivan Nilsson (2001-04-13), superseding Shanks & Pottenger:
2901 #
2902 # The law "Svensk författningssamling 1878, no 14" about standard time in 1879:
2903 # From the beginning of 1879 (that is 01-01 00:00) the time for all
2904 # places in the country is "the mean solar time for the meridian at
2905 # three degrees, or twelve minutes of time, to the west of the
2906 # meridian of the Observatory of Stockholm". The law is dated 1878-05-31.
2907 #
2908 # The observatory at that time had the meridian 18 degrees 03' 30"
2909 # eastern longitude = 01:12:14 in time. Less 12 minutes gives the
2910 # national standard time as 01:00:14 ahead of GMT....
2911 #
2912 # About the beginning of CET in Sweden. The lawtext ("Svensk
2913 # författningssamling 1899, no 44") states, that "from the beginning
2914 # of 1900... ... the same as the mean solar time for the meridian at
2915 # the distance of one hour of time from the meridian of the English
2916 # observatory at Greenwich, or at 12 minutes 14 seconds to the west
2917 # from the meridian of the Observatory of Stockholm". The law is dated
2918 # 1899-06-16. In short: At 1900-01-01 00:00:00 the new standard time
2919 # in Sweden is 01:00:00 ahead of GMT.
2920 #
2921 # 1916: The lawtext ("Svensk författningssamling 1916, no 124") states
2922 # that "1916-05-15 is considered to begin one hour earlier". It is
2923 # pretty obvious that at 05-14 23:00 the clocks are set to 05-15 00:00....
2924 # Further the law says, that "1916-09-30 is considered to end one hour later".
2925 #
2926 # The laws regulating [DST] are available on the site of the Swedish
2927 # Parliament beginning with 1985 - the laws regulating 1980/1984 are
2928 # not available on the site (to my knowledge they are only available
2929 # in Swedish): <http://www.riksdagen.se/english/work/sfst.asp> (type
2930 # "sommartid" without the quotes in the field "Fritext" and then click
2931 # the Sök-button).
2932 #
2933 # (2001-05-13):
2934 #
2935 # I have now found a newspaper stating that at 1916-10-01 01:00
2936 # summertime the church-clocks etc were set back one hour to show
2937 # 1916-10-01 00:00 standard time. The article also reports that some
2938 # people thought the switch to standard time would take place already
2939 # at 1916-10-01 00:00 summer time, but they had to wait for another
2940 # hour before the event took place.
2941 #
2942 # Source: The newspaper "Dagens Nyheter", 1916-10-01, page 7 upper left.
2943
2944 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
2945 Zone Europe/Stockholm 1:12:12 - LMT 1879 Jan 1
2946 1:00:14 - SET 1900 Jan 1 # Swedish Time
2947 1:00 - CET 1916 May 14 23:00
2948 1:00 1:00 CEST 1916 Oct 1 01:00
2949 1:00 - CET 1980
2950 1:00 EU CE%sT
2951
2952 # Switzerland
2953 # From Howse:
2954 # By the end of the 18th century clocks and watches became commonplace
2955 # and their performance improved enormously. Communities began to keep
2956 # mean time in preference to apparent time - Geneva from 1780 ....
2957 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
2958 # From Whitman (who writes "Midnight?"):
2959 # Rule Swiss 1940 only - Nov 2 0:00 1:00 S
2960 # Rule Swiss 1940 only - Dec 31 0:00 0 -
2961 # From Shanks & Pottenger:
2962 # Rule Swiss 1941 1942 - May Sun>=1 2:00 1:00 S
2963 # Rule Swiss 1941 1942 - Oct Sun>=1 0:00 0 -
2964
2965 # From Alois Treindl (2008-12-17):
2966 # I have researched the DST usage in Switzerland during the 1940ies.
2967 #
2968 # As I wrote in an earlier message, I suspected the current tzdata values
2969 # to be wrong. This is now verified.
2970 #
2971 # I have found copies of the original ruling by the Swiss Federal
2972 # government, in 'Eidgenössische Gesetzessammlung 1941 and 1942' (Swiss
2973 # federal law collection)...
2974 #
2975 # DST began on Monday 5 May 1941, 1:00 am by shifting the clocks to 2:00 am
2976 # DST ended on Monday 6 Oct 1941, 2:00 am by shifting the clocks to 1:00 am.
2977 #
2978 # DST began on Monday, 4 May 1942 at 01:00 am
2979 # DST ended on Monday, 5 Oct 1942 at 02:00 am
2980 #
2981 # There was no DST in 1940, I have checked the law collection carefully.
2982 # It is also indicated by the fact that the 1942 entry in the law
2983 # collection points back to 1941 as a reference, but no reference to any
2984 # other years are made.
2985 #
2986 # Newspaper articles I have read in the archives on 6 May 1941 reported
2987 # about the introduction of DST (Sommerzeit in German) during the previous
2988 # night as an absolute novelty, because this was the first time that such
2989 # a thing had happened in Switzerland.
2990 #
2991 # I have also checked 1916, because one book source (Gabriel, Traité de
2992 # l'heure dans le monde) claims that Switzerland had DST in 1916. This is
2993 # false, no official document could be found. Probably Gabriel got misled
2994 # by references to Germany, which introduced DST in 1916 for the first time.
2995 #
2996 # The tzdata rules for Switzerland must be changed to:
2997 # Rule Swiss 1941 1942 - May Mon>=1 1:00 1:00 S
2998 # Rule Swiss 1941 1942 - Oct Mon>=1 2:00 0 -
2999 #
3000 # The 1940 rules must be deleted.
3001 #
3002 # One further detail for Switzerland, which is probably out of scope for
3003 # most users of tzdata: The [Europe/Zurich zone] ...
3004 # describes all of Switzerland correctly, with the exception of
3005 # the Canton de Genève (Geneva, Genf). Between 1848 and 1894 Geneva did not
3006 # follow Bern Mean Time but kept its own local mean time.
3007 # To represent this, an extra zone would be needed.
3008 #
3009 # From Alois Treindl (2013-09-11):
3010 # The Federal regulations say
3011 # http://www.admin.ch/opc/de/classified-compilation/20071096/index.html
3012 # ... the meridian for Bern mean time ... is 7 degrees 26' 22.50".
3013 # Expressed in time, it is 0h29m45.5s.
3014
3015 # From Pierre-Yves Berger (2013-09-11):
3016 # the "Circulaire du conseil fédéral" (December 11 1893)
3017 # <http://www.amtsdruckschriften.bar.admin.ch/viewOrigDoc.do?id=10071353> ...
3018 # clearly states that the [1894-06-01] change should be done at midnight
3019 # but if no one is present after 11 at night, could be postponed until one
3020 # hour before the beginning of service.
3021
3022 # From Paul Eggert (2013-09-11):
3023 # Round BMT to the nearest even second, 0:29:46.
3024 #
3025 # We can find no reliable source for Shanks's assertion that all of Switzerland
3026 # except Geneva switched to Bern Mean Time at 00:00 on 1848-09-12. This book:
3027 #
3028 # Jakob Messerli. Gleichmässig, pünktlich, schnell. Zeiteinteilung und
3029 # Zeitgebrauch in der Schweiz im 19. Jahrhundert. Chronos, Zurich 1995,
3030 # ISBN 3-905311-68-2, OCLC 717570797.
3031 #
3032 # suggests that the transition was more gradual, and that the Swiss did not
3033 # agree about civil time during the transition. The timekeeping it gives the
3034 # most detail for is postal and telegraph time: here, federal legislation (the
3035 # "Bundesgesetz über die Erstellung von elektrischen Telegraphen") passed on
3036 # 1851-11-23, and an official implementation notice was published 1853-07-16
3037 # (Bundesblatt 1853, Bd. II, S. 859). On p 72 Messerli writes that in
3038 # practice since July 1853 Bernese time was used in "all postal and telegraph
3039 # offices in Switzerland from Geneva to St. Gallen and Basel to Chiasso"
3040 # (Google translation). For now, model this transition as occurring on
3041 # 1853-07-16, though it probably occurred at some other date in Zurich, and
3042 # legal civil time probably changed at still some other transition date.
3043
3044 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
3045 Rule Swiss 1941 1942 - May Mon>=1 1:00 1:00 S
3046 Rule Swiss 1941 1942 - Oct Mon>=1 2:00 0 -
3047 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
3048 Zone Europe/Zurich 0:34:08 - LMT 1853 Jul 16 # See above comment.
3049 0:29:46 - BMT 1894 Jun # Bern Mean Time
3050 1:00 Swiss CE%sT 1981
3051 1:00 EU CE%sT
3052
3053 # Turkey
3054
3055 # From Amar Devegowda (2007-01-03):
3056 # The time zone rules for Istanbul, Turkey have not been changed for years now.
3057 # ... The latest rules are available at:
3058 # http://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/timezone.html?n=107
3059 # From Steffen Thorsen (2007-01-03):
3060 # I have been able to find press records back to 1996 which all say that
3061 # DST started 01:00 local time and end at 02:00 local time. I am not sure
3062 # what happened before that. One example for each year from 1996 to 2001:
3063 # http://newspot.byegm.gov.tr/arsiv/1996/21/N4.htm
3064 # http://www.byegm.gov.tr/YAYINLARIMIZ/CHR/ING97/03/97X03X25.TXT
3065 # http://www.byegm.gov.tr/YAYINLARIMIZ/CHR/ING98/03/98X03X02.HTM
3066 # http://www.byegm.gov.tr/YAYINLARIMIZ/CHR/ING99/10/99X10X26.HTM#%2016
3067 # http://www.byegm.gov.tr/YAYINLARIMIZ/CHR/ING2000/03/00X03X06.HTM#%2021
3068 # http://www.byegm.gov.tr/YAYINLARIMIZ/CHR/ING2001/03/23x03x01.HTM#%2027
3069 # From Paul Eggert (2007-01-03):
3070 # Prefer the above source to Shanks & Pottenger for time stamps after 1990.
3071
3072 # From Steffen Thorsen (2007-03-09):
3073 # Starting 2007 though, it seems that they are adopting EU's 1:00 UTC
3074 # start/end time, according to the following page (2007-03-07):
3075 # http://www.ntvmsnbc.com/news/402029.asp
3076 # The official document is located here - it is in Turkish...:
3077 # http://rega.basbakanlik.gov.tr/eskiler/2007/03/20070307-7.htm
3078 # I was able to locate the following seemingly official document
3079 # (on a non-government server though) describing dates between 2002 and 2006:
3080 # http://www.alomaliye.com/bkk_2002_3769.htm
3081
3082 # From Gökdeniz Karadağ (2011-03-10):
3083 # According to the articles linked below, Turkey will change into summer
3084 # time zone (GMT+3) on March 28, 2011 at 3:00 a.m. instead of March 27.
3085 # This change is due to a nationwide exam on 27th.
3086 # http://www.worldbulletin.net/?aType=haber&ArticleID=70872
3087 # Turkish:
3088 # http://www.hurriyet.com.tr/ekonomi/17230464.asp?gid=373
3089
3090 # From Faruk Pasin (2014-02-14):
3091 # The DST for Turkey has been changed for this year because of the
3092 # Turkish Local election....
3093 # http://www.sabah.com.tr/Ekonomi/2014/02/12/yaz-saatinde-onemli-degisiklik
3094 # ... so Turkey will move clocks forward one hour on March 31 at 3:00 a.m.
3095 # From Randal L. Schwartz (2014-04-15):
3096 # Having landed on a flight from the states to Istanbul (via AMS) on March 31,
3097 # I can tell you that NOBODY (even the airlines) respected this timezone DST
3098 # change delay. Maybe the word just didn't get out in time.
3099 # From Paul Eggert (2014-06-15):
3100 # The press reported massive confusion, as election officials obeyed the rule
3101 # change but cell phones (and airline baggage systems) did not. See:
3102 # Kostidis M. Eventful elections in Turkey. Balkan News Agency
3103 # http://www.balkaneu.com/eventful-elections-turkey/ 2014-03-30.
3104 # I guess the best we can do is document the official time.
3105
3106 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
3107 Rule Turkey 1916 only - May 1 0:00 1:00 S
3108 Rule Turkey 1916 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
3109 Rule Turkey 1920 only - Mar 28 0:00 1:00 S
3110 Rule Turkey 1920 only - Oct 25 0:00 0 -
3111 Rule Turkey 1921 only - Apr 3 0:00 1:00 S
3112 Rule Turkey 1921 only - Oct 3 0:00 0 -
3113 Rule Turkey 1922 only - Mar 26 0:00 1:00 S
3114 Rule Turkey 1922 only - Oct 8 0:00 0 -
3115 # Whitman gives 1923 Apr 28 - Sep 16 and no DST in 1924-1925;
3116 # go with Shanks & Pottenger.
3117 Rule Turkey 1924 only - May 13 0:00 1:00 S
3118 Rule Turkey 1924 1925 - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
3119 Rule Turkey 1925 only - May 1 0:00 1:00 S
3120 Rule Turkey 1940 only - Jun 30 0:00 1:00 S
3121 Rule Turkey 1940 only - Oct 5 0:00 0 -
3122 Rule Turkey 1940 only - Dec 1 0:00 1:00 S
3123 Rule Turkey 1941 only - Sep 21 0:00 0 -
3124 Rule Turkey 1942 only - Apr 1 0:00 1:00 S
3175 2:00 EU EE%sT
3176 Link Europe/Istanbul Asia/Istanbul # Istanbul is in both continents.
3177
3178 # Ukraine
3179 #
3180 # From Igor Karpov, who works for the Ukrainian Ministry of Justice,
3181 # via Garrett Wollman (2003-01-27):
3182 # BTW, I've found the official document on this matter. It's government
3183 # regulations number 509, May 13, 1996. In my poor translation it says:
3184 # "Time in Ukraine is set to second timezone (Kiev time). Each last Sunday
3185 # of March at 3am the time is changing to 4am and each last Sunday of
3186 # October the time at 4am is changing to 3am"
3187
3188 # From Alexander Krivenyshev (2011-09-20):
3189 # On September 20, 2011 the deputies of the Verkhovna Rada agreed to
3190 # abolish the transfer clock to winter time.
3191 #
3192 # Bill number 8330 of MP from the Party of Regions Oleg Nadoshi got
3193 # approval from 266 deputies.
3194 #
3195 # Ukraine abolishes transfer back to the winter time (in Russian)
3196 # http://news.mail.ru/politics/6861560/
3197 #
3198 # The Ukrainians will no longer change the clock (in Russian)
3199 # http://www.segodnya.ua/news/14290482.html
3200 #
3201 # Deputies cancelled the winter time (in Russian)
3202 # http://www.pravda.com.ua/rus/news/2011/09/20/6600616/
3203 #
3204 # From Philip Pizzey (2011-10-18):
3205 # Today my Ukrainian colleagues have informed me that the
3206 # Ukrainian parliament have decided that they will go to winter
3207 # time this year after all.
3208 #
3209 # From Udo Schwedt (2011-10-18):
3210 # As far as I understand, the recent change to the Ukrainian time zone
3211 # (Europe/Kiev) to introduce permanent daylight saving time (similar
3212 # to Russia) was reverted today:
3213 # http://portal.rada.gov.ua/rada/control/en/publish/article/info_left?art_id=287324&cat_id=105995
3214 #
3215 # Also reported by Alexander Bokovoy (2011-10-18) who also noted:
3241 # Since 1992 they had normal DST procedure:
3242 # 03 29 1992 02:00 -02.00 1 DST started
3243 # 09 27 1992 03:00 -02.00 0 DST ended
3244 # * Ukrainian Government's Resolution of 20.03.1992, No. 139.
3245 # http://www.uazakon.com/documents/date_8u/pg_grcasa.htm
3246
3247 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
3248 # Most of Ukraine since 1970 has been like Kiev.
3249 # "Kyiv" is the transliteration of the Ukrainian name, but
3250 # "Kiev" is more common in English.
3251 Zone Europe/Kiev 2:02:04 - LMT 1880
3252 2:02:04 - KMT 1924 May 2 # Kiev Mean Time
3253 2:00 - EET 1930 Jun 21
3254 3:00 - MSK 1941 Sep 20
3255 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1943 Nov 6
3256 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1990 Jul 1 2:00
3257 2:00 1:00 EEST 1991 Sep 29 3:00
3258 2:00 E-Eur EE%sT 1995
3259 2:00 EU EE%sT
3260 # Ruthenia used CET 1990/1991.
3261 # "Uzhhorod" is the transliteration of the Rusyn/Ukrainian pronunciation, but
3262 # "Uzhgorod" is more common in English.
3263 Zone Europe/Uzhgorod 1:29:12 - LMT 1890 Oct
3264 1:00 - CET 1940
3265 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Oct
3266 1:00 1:00 CEST 1944 Oct 26
3267 1:00 - CET 1945 Jun 29
3268 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1990
3269 3:00 - MSK 1990 Jul 1 2:00
3270 1:00 - CET 1991 Mar 31 3:00
3271 2:00 - EET 1992
3272 2:00 E-Eur EE%sT 1995
3273 2:00 EU EE%sT
3274 # Zaporozh'ye and eastern Lugansk oblasts observed DST 1990/1991.
3275 # "Zaporizhia" is the transliteration of the Ukrainian name, but
3276 # "Zaporozh'ye" is more common in English. Use the common English
3277 # spelling, except omit the apostrophe as it is not allowed in
3278 # portable Posix file names.
3279 Zone Europe/Zaporozhye 2:20:40 - LMT 1880
3280 2:20 - CUT 1924 May 2 # Central Ukraine T
3281 2:00 - EET 1930 Jun 21
3282 3:00 - MSK 1941 Aug 25
3283 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1943 Oct 25
3284 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1991 Mar 31 2:00
3285 2:00 E-Eur EE%sT 1995
3286 2:00 EU EE%sT
3287
3288 # Vatican City
3289 # See Europe/Rome.
3290
3291 ###############################################################################
3292
3293 # One source shows that Bulgaria, Cyprus, Finland, and Greece observe DST from
3294 # the last Sunday in March to the last Sunday in September in 1986.
3295 # The source shows Romania changing a day later than everybody else.
3296 #
3297 # According to Bernard Sieloff's source, Poland is in the MET time zone but
3298 # uses the WE DST rules. The Western USSR uses EET+1 and ME DST rules.
3299 # Bernard Sieloff's source claims Romania switches on the same day, but at
3300 # 00:00 standard time (i.e., 01:00 DST). It also claims that Turkey
3301 # switches on the same day, but switches on at 01:00 standard time
3302 # and off at 00:00 standard time (i.e., 01:00 DST)
3303
3304 # ...
3305 # Date: Wed, 28 Jan 87 16:56:27 -0100
3306 # From: Tom Hofmann
3307 # ...
3308 #
3309 # ...the European time rules are...standardized since 1981, when
3310 # most European coun[tr]ies started DST. Before that year, only
3311 # a few countries (UK, France, Italy) had DST, each according
3312 # to own national rules. In 1981, however, DST started on
3313 # 'Apr firstSun', and not on 'Mar lastSun' as in the following
3314 # years...
3315 # But also since 1981 there are some more national exceptions
3316 # than listed in 'europe': Switzerland, for example, joined DST
3317 # one year later, Denmark ended DST on 'Oct 1' instead of 'Sep
3318 # lastSun' in 1981 - I don't know how they handle now.
3319 #
3320 # Finally, DST ist always from 'Apr 1' to 'Oct 1' in the
3321 # Soviet Union (as far as I know).
3322 #
3323 # Tom Hofmann, Scientific Computer Center, CIBA-GEIGY AG,
3324 # 4002 Basle, Switzerland
3325 # ...
3326
3327 # ...
3328 # Date: Wed, 4 Feb 87 22:35:22 +0100
3329 # From: Dik T. Winter
3330 # ...
3331 #
3332 # The information from Tom Hofmann is (as far as I know) not entirely correct.
3333 # After a request from chongo at amdahl I tried to retrieve all information
3334 # about DST in Europe. I was able to find all from about 1969.
3335 #
3336 # ...standardization on DST in Europe started in about 1977 with switches on
3337 # first Sunday in April and last Sunday in September...
3338 # In 1981 UK joined Europe insofar that
|