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   3 #
   4 # This code is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
   5 # under the terms of the GNU General Public License version 2 only, as
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   7 # particular file as subject to the "Classpath" exception as provided
   8 # by Oracle in the LICENSE file that accompanied this code.
   9 #
  10 # This code is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT
  11 # ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or
  12 # FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the GNU General Public License
  13 # version 2 for more details (a copy is included in the LICENSE file that
  14 # accompanied this code).
  15 #
  16 # You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License version
  17 # 2 along with this work; if not, write to the Free Software Foundation,
  18 # Inc., 51 Franklin St, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA 02110-1301 USA.
  19 #
  20 # Please contact Oracle, 500 Oracle Parkway, Redwood Shores, CA 94065 USA
  21 # or visit www.oracle.com if you need additional information or have any
  22 # questions.
  23 #
  24 # tzdb data for Europe and environs
  25 
  26 # This file is in the public domain, so clarified as of
  27 # 2009-05-17 by Arthur David Olson.
  28 
  29 # This file is by no means authoritative; if you think you know better,
  30 # go ahead and edit the file (and please send any changes to
  31 # tz@iana.org for general use in the future).  For more, please see
  32 # the file CONTRIBUTING in the tz distribution.
  33 
  34 # From Paul Eggert (2017-02-10):
  35 #
  36 # Unless otherwise specified, the source for data through 1990 is:
  37 # Thomas G. Shanks and Rique Pottenger, The International Atlas (6th edition),
  38 # San Diego: ACS Publications, Inc. (2003).
  39 # Unfortunately this book contains many errors and cites no sources.
  40 #
  41 # Many years ago Gwillim Law wrote that a good source
  42 # for time zone data was the International Air Transport
  43 # Association's Standard Schedules Information Manual (IATA SSIM),
  44 # published semiannually.  Law sent in several helpful summaries
  45 # of the IATA's data after 1990.  Except where otherwise noted,
  46 # IATA SSIM is the source for entries after 1990.
  47 #
  48 # A reliable and entertaining source about time zones is
  49 # Derek Howse, Greenwich time and longitude, Philip Wilson Publishers (1997).
  50 #
  51 # Except where otherwise noted, Shanks & Pottenger is the source for
  52 # entries through 1991, and IATA SSIM is the source for entries afterwards.
  53 #
  54 # Other sources occasionally used include:
  55 #
  56 #       Edward W. Whitman, World Time Differences,
  57 #       Whitman Publishing Co, 2 Niagara Av, Ealing, London (undated),
  58 #       which I found in the UCLA library.
  59 #
  60 #       William Willett, The Waste of Daylight, 19th edition
  61 #       <http://cs.ucla.edu/~eggert/The-Waste-of-Daylight-19th.pdf>
  62 #       [PDF] (1914-03)
  63 #
  64 #       Milne J. Civil time. Geogr J. 1899 Feb;13(2):173-94
  65 #       <https://www.jstor.org/stable/1774359>.  He writes:
  66 #       "It is requested that corrections and additions to these tables
  67 #       may be sent to Mr. John Milne, Royal Geographical Society,
  68 #       Savile Row, London."  Nowadays please email them to tz@iana.org.
  69 #
  70 #       Byalokoz EL. New Counting of Time in Russia since July 1, 1919.
  71 #       This Russian-language source was consulted by Vladimir Karpinsky; see
  72 #       https://mm.icann.org/pipermail/tz/2014-August/021320.html
  73 #       The full Russian citation is:
  74 #       Бялокоз, Евгений Людвигович. Новый счет времени в течении суток
  75 #       введенный декретом Совета народных комиссаров для всей России с 1-го
  76 #       июля 1919 г. / Изд. 2-е Междуведомственной комиссии. - Петроград:
  77 #       Десятая гос. тип., 1919.
  78 #       http://resolver.gpntb.ru/purl?docushare/dsweb/Get/Resource-2011/Byalokoz__E.L.__Novyy__schet__vremeni__v__techenie__sutok__izd__2(1).pdf
  79 #
  80 #       Brazil's Divisão Serviço da Hora (DSHO),
  81 #       History of Summer Time
  82 #       <http://pcdsh01.on.br/HISTHV.htm>
  83 #       (1998-09-21, in Portuguese)
  84 #
  85 # I invented the abbreviations marked '*' in the following table;
  86 # the rest are variants of the "xMT" pattern for a city's mean time,
  87 # or are from other sources.  Corrections are welcome!
  88 #                   std  dst  2dst
  89 #                   LMT             Local Mean Time
  90 #       -4:00       AST  ADT        Atlantic
  91 #        0:00       GMT  BST  BDST  Greenwich, British Summer
  92 #        0:00       GMT  IST        Greenwich, Irish Summer
  93 #        0:00       WET  WEST WEMT  Western Europe
  94 #        0:19:32.13 AMT* NST*       Amsterdam, Netherlands Summer (1835-1937)
  95 #        1:00       BST             British Standard (1968-1971)
  96 #        1:00       IST  GMT        Irish Standard (1968-) with winter DST
  97 #        1:00       CET  CEST CEMT  Central Europe
  98 #        1:00:14    SET             Swedish (1879-1899)
  99 #        1:36:34    RMT* LST*       Riga, Latvian Summer (1880-1926)*
 100 #        2:00       EET  EEST       Eastern Europe
 101 #        3:00       MSK  MSD  MDST* Moscow
 102 
 103 # From Peter Ilieve (1994-12-04), re EEC/EC/EU members:
 104 # The original six: Belgium, France, (West) Germany, Italy,
 105 # Luxembourg, the Netherlands.
 106 # Plus, from 1 Jan 73: Denmark, Ireland, United Kingdom.
 107 # Plus, from 1 Jan 81: Greece.
 108 # Plus, from 1 Jan 86: Spain, Portugal.
 109 # Plus, from 1 Jan 95: Austria, Finland, Sweden. (Norway negotiated terms for
 110 # entry but in a referendum on 28 Nov 94 the people voted No by 52.2% to 47.8%
 111 # on a turnout of 88.6%. This was almost the same result as Norway's previous
 112 # referendum in 1972, they are the only country to have said No twice.
 113 # Referendums in the other three countries voted Yes.)
 114 # ...
 115 # Estonia ... uses EU dates but not at 01:00 GMT, they use midnight GMT.
 116 # I don't think they know yet what they will do from 1996 onwards.
 117 # ...
 118 # There shouldn't be any [current members who are not using EU rules].
 119 # A Directive has the force of law, member states are obliged to enact
 120 # national law to implement it. The only contentious issue was the
 121 # different end date for the UK and Ireland, and this was always allowed
 122 # in the Directive.
 123 
 124 
 125 ###############################################################################
 126 
 127 # Britain (United Kingdom) and Ireland (Eire)
 128 
 129 # From Peter Ilieve (1994-07-06):
 130 #
 131 # On 17 Jan 1994 the Independent, a UK quality newspaper, had a piece about
 132 # historical vistas along the Thames in west London. There was a photo
 133 # and a sketch map showing some of the sightlines involved. One paragraph
 134 # of the text said:
 135 #
 136 # 'An old stone obelisk marking a forgotten terrestrial meridian stands
 137 # beside the river at Kew. In the 18th century, before time and longitude
 138 # was standardised by the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, scholars observed
 139 # this stone and the movement of stars from Kew Observatory nearby. They
 140 # made their calculations and set the time for the Horse Guards and Parliament,
 141 # but now the stone is obscured by scrubwood and can only be seen by walking
 142 # along the towpath within a few yards of it.'
 143 #
 144 # I have a one inch to one mile map of London and my estimate of the stone's
 145 # position is 51° 28' 30" N, 0° 18' 45" W. The longitude should
 146 # be within about ±2". The Ordnance Survey grid reference is TQ172761.
 147 #
 148 # [This yields GMTOFF = -0:01:15 for London LMT in the 18th century.]
 149 
 150 # From Paul Eggert (1993-11-18):
 151 #
 152 # Howse writes that Britain was the first country to use standard time.
 153 # The railways cared most about the inconsistencies of local mean time,
 154 # and it was they who forced a uniform time on the country.
 155 # The original idea was credited to Dr. William Hyde Wollaston (1766-1828)
 156 # and was popularized by Abraham Follett Osler (1808-1903).
 157 # The first railway to adopt London time was the Great Western Railway
 158 # in November 1840; other railways followed suit, and by 1847 most
 159 # (though not all) railways used London time.  On 1847-09-22 the
 160 # Railway Clearing House, an industry standards body, recommended that GMT be
 161 # adopted at all stations as soon as the General Post Office permitted it.
 162 # The transition occurred on 12-01 for the L&NW, the Caledonian,
 163 # and presumably other railways; the January 1848 Bradshaw's lists many
 164 # railways as using GMT.  By 1855 the vast majority of public
 165 # clocks in Britain were set to GMT (though some, like the great clock
 166 # on Tom Tower at Christ Church, Oxford, were fitted with two minute hands,
 167 # one for local time and one for GMT).  The last major holdout was the legal
 168 # system, which stubbornly stuck to local time for many years, leading
 169 # to oddities like polls opening at 08:13 and closing at 16:13.
 170 # The legal system finally switched to GMT when the Statutes (Definition
 171 # of Time) Act took effect; it received the Royal Assent on 1880-08-02.
 172 #
 173 # In the tables below, we condense this complicated story into a single
 174 # transition date for London, namely 1847-12-01.  We don't know as much
 175 # about Dublin, so we use 1880-08-02, the legal transition time.
 176 
 177 # From Paul Eggert (2014-07-19):
 178 # The ancients had no need for daylight saving, as they kept time
 179 # informally or via hours whose length depended on the time of year.
 180 # Daylight saving time in its modern sense was invented by the
 181 # New Zealand entomologist George Vernon Hudson (1867-1946),
 182 # whose day job as a postal clerk led him to value
 183 # after-hours daylight in which to pursue his research.
 184 # In 1895 he presented a paper to the Wellington Philosophical Society
 185 # that proposed a two-hour daylight-saving shift.  See:
 186 # Hudson GV. On seasonal time-adjustment in countries south of lat. 30°.
 187 # Transactions and Proceedings of the New Zealand Institute. 1895;28:734
 188 # http://rsnz.natlib.govt.nz/volume/rsnz_28/rsnz_28_00_006110.html
 189 # Although some interest was expressed in New Zealand, his proposal
 190 # did not find its way into law and eventually it was almost forgotten.
 191 #
 192 # In England, DST was independently reinvented by William Willett (1857-1915),
 193 # a London builder and member of the Royal Astronomical Society
 194 # who circulated a pamphlet "The Waste of Daylight" (1907)
 195 # that proposed advancing clocks 20 minutes on each of four Sundays in April,
 196 # and retarding them by the same amount on four Sundays in September.
 197 # A bill was drafted in 1909 and introduced in Parliament several times,
 198 # but it met with ridicule and opposition, especially from farming interests.
 199 # Later editions of the pamphlet proposed one-hour summer time, and
 200 # it was eventually adopted as a wartime measure in 1916.
 201 # See: Summer Time Arrives Early, The Times (2000-05-18).
 202 # A monument to Willett was unveiled on 1927-05-21, in an open space in
 203 # a 45-acre wood near Chislehurst, Kent that was purchased by popular
 204 # subscription and open to the public.  On the south face of the monolith,
 205 # designed by G. W. Miller, is the William Willett Memorial Sundial,
 206 # which is permanently set to Summer Time.
 207 
 208 # From Winston Churchill (1934-04-28):
 209 # It is one of the paradoxes of history that we should owe the boon of
 210 # summer time, which gives every year to the people of this country
 211 # between 160 and 170 hours more daylight leisure, to a war which
 212 # plunged Europe into darkness for four years, and shook the
 213 # foundations of civilization throughout the world.
 214 #       -- "A Silent Toast to William Willett", Pictorial Weekly;
 215 #       republished in Finest Hour (Spring 2002) 1(114):26
 216 #       https://www.winstonchurchill.org/publications/finest-hour/finest-hour-114/a-silent-toast-to-william-willett-by-winston-s-churchill
 217 
 218 # From Paul Eggert (2015-08-08):
 219 # The OED Supplement says that the English originally said "Daylight Saving"
 220 # when they were debating the adoption of DST in 1908; but by 1916 this
 221 # term appears only in quotes taken from DST's opponents, whereas the
 222 # proponents (who eventually won the argument) are quoted as using "Summer".
 223 # The term "Summer Time" was introduced by Herbert Samuel, Home Secretary; see:
 224 # Viscount Samuel. Leisure in a Democracy. Cambridge University Press
 225 # ISBN 978-1-107-49471-8 (1949, reissued 2015), p 8.
 226 
 227 # From Arthur David Olson (1989-01-19):
 228 # A source at the British Information Office in New York avers that it's
 229 # known as "British" Summer Time in all parts of the United Kingdom.
 230 
 231 # Date: 4 Jan 89 08:57:25 GMT (Wed)
 232 # From: Jonathan Leffler
 233 # [British Summer Time] is fixed annually by Act of Parliament.
 234 # If you can predict what Parliament will do, you should be in
 235 # politics making a fortune, not computing.
 236 
 237 # From Chris Carrier (1996-06-14):
 238 # I remember reading in various wartime issues of the London Times the
 239 # acronym BDST for British Double Summer Time.  Look for the published
 240 # time of sunrise and sunset in The Times, when BDST was in effect, and
 241 # if you find a zone reference it will say, "All times B.D.S.T."
 242 
 243 # From Joseph S. Myers (1999-09-02):
 244 # ... some military cables (WO 219/4100 - this is a copy from the
 245 # main SHAEF archives held in the US National Archives, SHAEF/5252/8/516)
 246 # agree that the usage is BDST (this appears in a message dated 17 Feb 1945).
 247 
 248 # From Joseph S. Myers (2000-10-03):
 249 # On 18th April 1941, Sir Stephen Tallents of the BBC wrote to Sir
 250 # Alexander Maxwell of the Home Office asking whether there was any
 251 # official designation; the reply of the 21st was that there wasn't
 252 # but he couldn't think of anything better than the "Double British
 253 # Summer Time" that the BBC had been using informally.
 254 # https://www.polyomino.org.uk/british-time/bbc-19410418.png
 255 # https://www.polyomino.org.uk/british-time/ho-19410421.png
 256 
 257 # From Sir Alexander Maxwell in the above-mentioned letter (1941-04-21):
 258 # [N]o official designation has as far as I know been adopted for the time
 259 # which is to be introduced in May....
 260 # I cannot think of anything better than "Double British Summer Time"
 261 # which could not be said to run counter to any official description.
 262 
 263 # From Paul Eggert (2000-10-02):
 264 # Howse writes (p 157) 'DBST' too, but 'BDST' seems to have been common
 265 # and follows the more usual convention of putting the location name first,
 266 # so we use 'BDST'.
 267 
 268 # Peter Ilieve (1998-04-19) described at length
 269 # the history of summer time legislation in the United Kingdom.
 270 # Since 1998 Joseph S. Myers has been updating
 271 # and extending this list, which can be found in
 272 # https://www.polyomino.org.uk/british-time/
 273 
 274 # From Joseph S. Myers (1998-01-06):
 275 #
 276 # The legal time in the UK outside of summer time is definitely GMT, not UTC;
 277 # see Lord Tanlaw's speech
 278 # https://www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/ld199798/ldhansrd/vo970611/text/70611-10.htm#70611-10_head0
 279 # (Lords Hansard 11 June 1997 columns 964 to 976).
 280 
 281 # From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):
 282 #
 283 # For lack of other data, follow Shanks & Pottenger for Eire in 1940-1948.
 284 #
 285 # Given Ilieve and Myers's data, the following claims by Shanks & Pottenger
 286 # are incorrect:
 287 #     * Wales did not switch from GMT to daylight saving time until
 288 #       1921 Apr 3, when they began to conform with the rest of Great Britain.
 289 # Actually, Wales was identical after 1880.
 290 #     * Eire had two transitions on 1916 Oct 1.
 291 # It actually just had one transition.
 292 #     * Northern Ireland used single daylight saving time throughout WW II.
 293 # Actually, it conformed to Britain.
 294 #     * GB-Eire changed standard time to 1 hour ahead of GMT on 1968-02-18.
 295 # Actually, that date saw the usual switch to summer time.
 296 # Standard time was not changed until 1968-10-27 (the clocks didn't change).
 297 #
 298 # Here is another incorrect claim by Shanks & Pottenger:
 299 #     * Jersey, Guernsey, and the Isle of Man did not switch from GMT
 300 #       to daylight saving time until 1921 Apr 3, when they began to
 301 #       conform with Great Britain.
 302 # S.R.&O. 1916, No. 382 and HO 45/10811/312364 (quoted above) say otherwise.
 303 #
 304 # The following claim by Shanks & Pottenger is possible though doubtful;
 305 # we'll ignore it for now.
 306 #     * Dublin's 1971-10-31 switch was at 02:00, even though London's was 03:00.
 307 
 308 # From Paul Eggert (2017-12-04):
 309 #
 310 # Dunsink Observatory (8 km NW of Dublin's center) was to Dublin as
 311 # Greenwich was to London.  For example:
 312 #
 313 #   "Timeball on the ballast office is down.  Dunsink time."
 314 #   -- James Joyce, Ulysses
 315 #
 316 # The abbreviation DMT stood for "Dublin Mean Time" or "Dunsink Mean Time";
 317 # this being Ireland, opinions differed.
 318 #
 319 # Whitman says Dublin/Dunsink Mean Time was UT-00:25:21, which agrees
 320 # with measurements of recent visitors to the Meridian Room of Dunsink
 321 # Observatory; see Malone D. Dunsink and timekeeping. 2016-01-24.
 322 # <https://www.maths.tcd.ie/~dwmalone/time/dunsink.html>.  Malone
 323 # writes that the Nautical Almanac listed UT-00:25:22 until 1896, when
 324 # it moved to UT-00:25:21.1 (I confirmed that the 1893 edition used
 325 # the former and the 1896 edition used the latter).  Evidently the
 326 # news of this change propagated slowly, as Milne 1899 still lists
 327 # UT-00:25:22 and cites the International Telegraph Bureau.  As it is
 328 # not clear that there was any practical significance to the change
 329 # from UT-00:25:22 to UT-00:25:21.1 in civil timekeeping, omit this
 330 # transition for now and just use the latter value, omitting its
 331 # fraction since our format cannot represent fractions.
 332 
 333 # "Countess Markievicz ... claimed that the [1916] abolition of Dublin Mean Time
 334 # was among various actions undertaken by the 'English' government that
 335 # would 'put the whole country into the SF (Sinn Féin) camp'.  She claimed
 336 # Irish 'public feeling (was) outraged by forcing of English time on us'."
 337 # -- Parsons M. Dublin lost its time zone - and 25 minutes - after 1916 Rising.
 338 # Irish Times 2014-10-27.
 339 # https://www.irishtimes.com/news/politics/dublin-lost-its-time-zone-and-25-minutes-after-1916-rising-1.1977411
 340 
 341 # From Joseph S. Myers (2005-01-26):
 342 # Irish laws are available online at <http://www.irishstatutebook.ie>.
 343 # These include various relating to legal time, for example:
 344 #
 345 # ZZA13Y1923.html ZZA12Y1924.html ZZA8Y1925.html ZZSIV20PG1267.html
 346 #
 347 # ZZSI71Y1947.html ZZSI128Y1948.html ZZSI23Y1949.html ZZSI41Y1950.html
 348 # ZZSI27Y1951.html ZZSI73Y1952.html
 349 #
 350 # ZZSI11Y1961.html ZZSI232Y1961.html ZZSI182Y1962.html
 351 # ZZSI167Y1963.html ZZSI257Y1964.html ZZSI198Y1967.html
 352 # ZZA23Y1968.html ZZA17Y1971.html
 353 #
 354 # ZZSI67Y1981.html ZZSI212Y1982.html ZZSI45Y1986.html
 355 # ZZSI264Y1988.html ZZSI52Y1990.html ZZSI371Y1992.html
 356 # ZZSI395Y1994.html ZZSI484Y1997.html ZZSI506Y2001.html
 357 #
 358 # [These are all relative to the root, e.g., the first is
 359 # <http://www.irishstatutebook.ie/ZZA13Y1923.html>.]
 360 #
 361 # (These are those I found, but there could be more.  In any case these
 362 # should allow various updates to the comments in the europe file to cover
 363 # the laws applicable in Ireland.)
 364 #
 365 # (Note that the time in the Republic of Ireland since 1968 has been defined
 366 # in terms of standard time being GMT+1 with a period of winter time when it
 367 # is GMT, rather than standard time being GMT with a period of summer time
 368 # being GMT+1.)
 369 
 370 # From Paul Eggert (1999-03-28):
 371 # Clive Feather (<news:859845706.26043.0@office.demon.net>, 1997-03-31)
 372 # reports that Folkestone (Cheriton) Shuttle Terminal uses Concession Time
 373 # (CT), equivalent to French civil time.
 374 # Julian Hill (<news:36118128.5A14@virgin.net>, 1998-09-30) reports that
 375 # trains between Dollands Moor (the freight facility next door)
 376 # and Frethun run in CT.
 377 # My admittedly uninformed guess is that the terminal has two authorities,
 378 # the French concession operators and the British civil authorities,
 379 # and that the time depends on who you're talking to.
 380 # If, say, the British police were called to the station for some reason,
 381 # I would expect the official police report to use GMT/BST and not CET/CEST.
 382 # This is a borderline case, but for now let's stick to GMT/BST.
 383 
 384 # From an anonymous contributor (1996-06-02):
 385 # The law governing time in Ireland is under Statutory Instrument SI 395/94,
 386 # which gives force to European Union 7th Council Directive No. 94/21/EC.
 387 # Under this directive, the Minister for Justice in Ireland makes appropriate
 388 # regulations. I spoke this morning with the Secretary of the Department of
 389 # Justice (tel +353 1 678 9711) who confirmed to me that the correct name is
 390 # "Irish Summer Time", abbreviated to "IST".
 391 #
 392 # From Paul Eggert (2017-12-07):
 393 # The 1996 anonymous contributor's goal was to determine the correct
 394 # abbreviation for summer time in Dublin and so the contributor
 395 # focused on the "IST", not on the "Irish Summer Time".  Though the
 396 # "IST" was correct, the "Irish Summer Time" appears to have been an
 397 # error, as Ireland's Standard Time (Amendment) Act, 1971 states that
 398 # standard time in Ireland remains at UT +01 and is observed in
 399 # summer, and that Greenwich mean time is observed in winter.  (Thanks
 400 # to Derick Rethans for pointing out the error.)  That is, when
 401 # Ireland amended the 1968 act that established UT +01 as Irish
 402 # Standard Time, it left standard time unchanged and established GMT
 403 # as a negative daylight saving time in winter.  So, in this database
 404 # IST stands for Irish Summer Time for timestamps before 1968, and for
 405 # Irish Standard Time after that.  See:
 406 # http://www.irishstatutebook.ie/eli/1971/act/17/enacted/en/print
 407 
 408 # Michael Deckers (2017-06-01) gave the following URLs for Ireland's
 409 # Summer Time Act, 1925 and Summer Time Orders, 1926 and 1947:
 410 # http://www.irishstatutebook.ie/eli/1925/act/8/enacted/en/print
 411 # http://www.irishstatutebook.ie/eli/1926/sro/919/made/en/print
 412 # http://www.irishstatutebook.ie/eli/1947/sro/71/made/en/print
 413 
 414 # Rule  NAME    FROM    TO      TYPE    IN      ON      AT      SAVE    LETTER/S
 415 # Summer Time Act, 1916
 416 Rule    GB-Eire 1916    only    -       May     21      2:00s   1:00    BST
 417 Rule    GB-Eire 1916    only    -       Oct      1      2:00s   0       GMT
 418 # S.R.&O. 1917, No. 358
 419 Rule    GB-Eire 1917    only    -       Apr      8      2:00s   1:00    BST
 420 Rule    GB-Eire 1917    only    -       Sep     17      2:00s   0       GMT
 421 # S.R.&O. 1918, No. 274
 422 Rule    GB-Eire 1918    only    -       Mar     24      2:00s   1:00    BST
 423 Rule    GB-Eire 1918    only    -       Sep     30      2:00s   0       GMT
 424 # S.R.&O. 1919, No. 297
 425 Rule    GB-Eire 1919    only    -       Mar     30      2:00s   1:00    BST
 426 Rule    GB-Eire 1919    only    -       Sep     29      2:00s   0       GMT
 427 # S.R.&O. 1920, No. 458
 428 Rule    GB-Eire 1920    only    -       Mar     28      2:00s   1:00    BST
 429 # S.R.&O. 1920, No. 1844
 430 Rule    GB-Eire 1920    only    -       Oct     25      2:00s   0       GMT
 431 # S.R.&O. 1921, No. 363
 432 Rule    GB-Eire 1921    only    -       Apr      3      2:00s   1:00    BST
 433 Rule    GB-Eire 1921    only    -       Oct      3      2:00s   0       GMT
 434 # S.R.&O. 1922, No. 264
 435 Rule    GB-Eire 1922    only    -       Mar     26      2:00s   1:00    BST
 436 Rule    GB-Eire 1922    only    -       Oct      8      2:00s   0       GMT
 437 # The Summer Time Act, 1922
 438 Rule    GB-Eire 1923    only    -       Apr     Sun>=16      2:00s   1:00    BST
 439 Rule    GB-Eire 1923    1924    -       Sep     Sun>=16      2:00s   0       GMT
 440 Rule    GB-Eire 1924    only    -       Apr     Sun>=9       2:00s   1:00    BST
 441 Rule    GB-Eire 1925    1926    -       Apr     Sun>=16      2:00s   1:00    BST
 442 # The Summer Time Act, 1925
 443 Rule    GB-Eire 1925    1938    -       Oct     Sun>=2       2:00s   0       GMT
 444 Rule    GB-Eire 1927    only    -       Apr     Sun>=9       2:00s   1:00    BST
 445 Rule    GB-Eire 1928    1929    -       Apr     Sun>=16      2:00s   1:00    BST
 446 Rule    GB-Eire 1930    only    -       Apr     Sun>=9       2:00s   1:00    BST
 447 Rule    GB-Eire 1931    1932    -       Apr     Sun>=16      2:00s   1:00    BST
 448 Rule    GB-Eire 1933    only    -       Apr     Sun>=9       2:00s   1:00    BST
 449 Rule    GB-Eire 1934    only    -       Apr     Sun>=16      2:00s   1:00    BST
 450 Rule    GB-Eire 1935    only    -       Apr     Sun>=9       2:00s   1:00    BST
 451 Rule    GB-Eire 1936    1937    -       Apr     Sun>=16      2:00s   1:00    BST
 452 Rule    GB-Eire 1938    only    -       Apr     Sun>=9       2:00s   1:00    BST
 453 Rule    GB-Eire 1939    only    -       Apr     Sun>=16      2:00s   1:00    BST
 454 # S.R.&O. 1939, No. 1379
 455 Rule    GB-Eire 1939    only    -       Nov     Sun>=16      2:00s   0       GMT
 456 # S.R.&O. 1940, No. 172 and No. 1883
 457 Rule    GB-Eire 1940    only    -       Feb     Sun>=23      2:00s   1:00    BST
 458 # S.R.&O. 1941, No. 476
 459 Rule    GB-Eire 1941    only    -       May     Sun>=2       1:00s   2:00    BDST
 460 Rule    GB-Eire 1941    1943    -       Aug     Sun>=9       1:00s   1:00    BST
 461 # S.R.&O. 1942, No. 506
 462 Rule    GB-Eire 1942    1944    -       Apr     Sun>=2       1:00s   2:00    BDST
 463 # S.R.&O. 1944, No. 932
 464 Rule    GB-Eire 1944    only    -       Sep     Sun>=16      1:00s   1:00    BST
 465 # S.R.&O. 1945, No. 312
 466 Rule    GB-Eire 1945    only    -       Apr     Mon>=2       1:00s   2:00    BDST
 467 Rule    GB-Eire 1945    only    -       Jul     Sun>=9       1:00s   1:00    BST
 468 # S.R.&O. 1945, No. 1208
 469 Rule    GB-Eire 1945    1946    -       Oct     Sun>=2       2:00s   0       GMT
 470 Rule    GB-Eire 1946    only    -       Apr     Sun>=9       2:00s   1:00    BST
 471 # The Summer Time Act, 1947
 472 Rule    GB-Eire 1947    only    -       Mar     16      2:00s   1:00    BST
 473 Rule    GB-Eire 1947    only    -       Apr     13      1:00s   2:00    BDST
 474 Rule    GB-Eire 1947    only    -       Aug     10      1:00s   1:00    BST
 475 Rule    GB-Eire 1947    only    -       Nov      2      2:00s   0       GMT
 476 # Summer Time Order, 1948 (S.I. 1948/495)
 477 Rule    GB-Eire 1948    only    -       Mar     14      2:00s   1:00    BST
 478 Rule    GB-Eire 1948    only    -       Oct     31      2:00s   0       GMT
 479 # Summer Time Order, 1949 (S.I. 1949/373)
 480 Rule    GB-Eire 1949    only    -       Apr      3      2:00s   1:00    BST
 481 Rule    GB-Eire 1949    only    -       Oct     30      2:00s   0       GMT
 482 # Summer Time Order, 1950 (S.I. 1950/518)
 483 # Summer Time Order, 1951 (S.I. 1951/430)
 484 # Summer Time Order, 1952 (S.I. 1952/451)
 485 Rule    GB-Eire 1950    1952    -       Apr     Sun>=14      2:00s   1:00    BST
 486 Rule    GB-Eire 1950    1952    -       Oct     Sun>=21      2:00s   0       GMT
 487 # revert to the rules of the Summer Time Act, 1925
 488 Rule    GB-Eire 1953    only    -       Apr     Sun>=16      2:00s   1:00    BST
 489 Rule    GB-Eire 1953    1960    -       Oct     Sun>=2       2:00s   0       GMT
 490 Rule    GB-Eire 1954    only    -       Apr     Sun>=9       2:00s   1:00    BST
 491 Rule    GB-Eire 1955    1956    -       Apr     Sun>=16      2:00s   1:00    BST
 492 Rule    GB-Eire 1957    only    -       Apr     Sun>=9       2:00s   1:00    BST
 493 Rule    GB-Eire 1958    1959    -       Apr     Sun>=16      2:00s   1:00    BST
 494 Rule    GB-Eire 1960    only    -       Apr     Sun>=9       2:00s   1:00    BST
 495 # Summer Time Order, 1961 (S.I. 1961/71)
 496 # Summer Time (1962) Order, 1961 (S.I. 1961/2465)
 497 # Summer Time Order, 1963 (S.I. 1963/81)
 498 Rule    GB-Eire 1961    1963    -       Mar     lastSun 2:00s   1:00    BST
 499 Rule    GB-Eire 1961    1968    -       Oct     Sun>=23      2:00s   0       GMT
 500 # Summer Time (1964) Order, 1963 (S.I. 1963/2101)
 501 # Summer Time Order, 1964 (S.I. 1964/1201)
 502 # Summer Time Order, 1967 (S.I. 1967/1148)
 503 Rule    GB-Eire 1964    1967    -       Mar     Sun>=19      2:00s   1:00    BST
 504 # Summer Time Order, 1968 (S.I. 1968/117)
 505 Rule    GB-Eire 1968    only    -       Feb     18      2:00s   1:00    BST
 506 # The British Standard Time Act, 1968
 507 #       (no summer time)
 508 # The Summer Time Act, 1972
 509 Rule    GB-Eire 1972    1980    -       Mar     Sun>=16      2:00s   1:00    BST
 510 Rule    GB-Eire 1972    1980    -       Oct     Sun>=23      2:00s   0       GMT
 511 # Summer Time Order, 1980 (S.I. 1980/1089)
 512 # Summer Time Order, 1982 (S.I. 1982/1673)
 513 # Summer Time Order, 1986 (S.I. 1986/223)
 514 # Summer Time Order, 1988 (S.I. 1988/931)
 515 Rule    GB-Eire 1981    1995    -       Mar     lastSun 1:00u   1:00    BST
 516 Rule    GB-Eire 1981    1989    -       Oct     Sun>=23      1:00u   0       GMT
 517 # Summer Time Order, 1989 (S.I. 1989/985)
 518 # Summer Time Order, 1992 (S.I. 1992/1729)
 519 # Summer Time Order 1994 (S.I. 1994/2798)
 520 Rule    GB-Eire 1990    1995    -       Oct     Sun>=22      1:00u   0       GMT
 521 # Summer Time Order 1997 (S.I. 1997/2982)
 522 # See EU for rules starting in 1996.
 523 #
 524 # Use Europe/London for Jersey, Guernsey, and the Isle of Man.
 525 
 526 # Zone  NAME            GMTOFF  RULES   FORMAT  [UNTIL]
 527 Zone    Europe/London   -0:01:15 -      LMT     1847 Dec  1  0:00s
 528                          0:00   GB-Eire %s      1968 Oct 27
 529                          1:00   -       BST     1971 Oct 31  2:00u
 530                          0:00   GB-Eire %s      1996
 531                          0:00   EU      GMT/BST
 532 Link    Europe/London   Europe/Jersey
 533 Link    Europe/London   Europe/Guernsey
 534 Link    Europe/London   Europe/Isle_of_Man
 535 
 536 # From Paul Eggert (2018-02-15):
 537 # In January 2018 we discovered that the negative SAVE values in the
 538 # Eire rules cause problems with tests for ICU:
 539 # https://mm.icann.org/pipermail/tz/2018-January/025825.html
 540 # and with tests for OpenJDK:
 541 # https://mm.icann.org/pipermail/tz/2018-January/025822.html
 542 #
 543 # To work around this problem, the build procedure can translate the
 544 # following data into two forms, one with negative SAVE values and the
 545 # other form with a traditional approximation for Irish timestamps
 546 # after 1971-10-31 02:00 UTC; although this approximation has tm_isdst
 547 # flags that are reversed, its UTC offsets are correct and this often
 548 # suffices.  This source file currently uses only nonnegative SAVE
 549 # values, but this is intended to change and downstream code should
 550 # not rely on it.
 551 #
 552 # The following is like GB-Eire and EU, except with standard time in
 553 # summer and negative daylight saving time in winter.  It is for when
 554 # negative SAVE values are used.
 555 # Rule  NAME    FROM    TO      TYPE    IN      ON      AT      SAVE    LETTER/S
 556 #Rule   Eire    1971    only    -       Oct     31       2:00u  -1:00   -
 557 #Rule   Eire    1972    1980    -       Mar     Sun>=16       2:00u  0       -
 558 #Rule   Eire    1972    1980    -       Oct     Sun>=23       2:00u  -1:00   -
 559 #Rule   Eire    1981    max     -       Mar     lastSun  1:00u  0       -
 560 #Rule   Eire    1981    1989    -       Oct     Sun>=23       1:00u  -1:00   -
 561 #Rule   Eire    1990    1995    -       Oct     Sun>=22       1:00u  -1:00   -
 562 #Rule   Eire    1996    max     -       Oct     lastSun  1:00u  -1:00   -
 563 
 564 # Zone  NAME            GMTOFF  RULES   FORMAT  [UNTIL]
 565 Zone    Europe/Dublin   -0:25:00 -      LMT     1880 Aug  2
 566                         -0:25:21 -      DMT     1916 May 21  2:00s
 567                         -0:25:21 1:00   IST     1916 Oct  1  2:00s
 568                          0:00   GB-Eire %s      1921 Dec  6 # independence
 569                          0:00   GB-Eire GMT/IST 1940 Feb 25  2:00s
 570                          0:00   1:00    IST     1946 Oct  6  2:00s
 571                          0:00   -       GMT     1947 Mar 16  2:00s
 572                          0:00   1:00    IST     1947 Nov  2  2:00s
 573                          0:00   -       GMT     1948 Apr 18  2:00s
 574                          0:00   GB-Eire GMT/IST 1968 Oct 27
 575 # The next line is for when negative SAVE values are used.
 576 #                        1:00   Eire    IST/GMT
 577 # These three lines are for when SAVE values are always nonnegative.
 578                          1:00   -       IST     1971 Oct 31  2:00u
 579                          0:00   GB-Eire GMT/IST 1996
 580                          0:00   EU      GMT/IST
 581 
 582 
 583 ###############################################################################
 584 
 585 # Europe
 586 
 587 # The following rules are for the European Union and for its
 588 # predecessor organization, the European Communities.
 589 # For brevity they are called "EU rules" elsewhere in this file.
 590 
 591 # Rule  NAME    FROM    TO      TYPE    IN      ON      AT      SAVE    LETTER/S
 592 Rule    EU      1977    1980    -       Apr     Sun>=1        1:00u  1:00    S
 593 Rule    EU      1977    only    -       Sep     lastSun  1:00u  0       -
 594 Rule    EU      1978    only    -       Oct      1       1:00u  0       -
 595 Rule    EU      1979    1995    -       Sep     lastSun  1:00u  0       -
 596 Rule    EU      1981    max     -       Mar     lastSun  1:00u  1:00    S
 597 Rule    EU      1996    max     -       Oct     lastSun  1:00u  0       -
 598 # The most recent directive covers the years starting in 2002.  See:
 599 # Directive 2000/84/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council
 600 # of 19 January 2001 on summer-time arrangements.
 601 # http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=CELEX:32000L0084:EN:NOT
 602 
 603 # W-Eur differs from EU only in that W-Eur uses standard time.
 604 Rule    W-Eur   1977    1980    -       Apr     Sun>=1        1:00s  1:00    S
 605 Rule    W-Eur   1977    only    -       Sep     lastSun  1:00s  0       -
 606 Rule    W-Eur   1978    only    -       Oct      1       1:00s  0       -
 607 Rule    W-Eur   1979    1995    -       Sep     lastSun  1:00s  0       -
 608 Rule    W-Eur   1981    max     -       Mar     lastSun  1:00s  1:00    S
 609 Rule    W-Eur   1996    max     -       Oct     lastSun  1:00s  0       -
 610 
 611 # Older C-Eur rules are for convenience in the tables.
 612 # From 1977 on, C-Eur differs from EU only in that C-Eur uses standard time.
 613 Rule    C-Eur   1916    only    -       Apr     30      23:00   1:00    S
 614 Rule    C-Eur   1916    only    -       Oct      1       1:00   0       -
 615 Rule    C-Eur   1917    1918    -       Apr     Mon>=15       2:00s  1:00    S
 616 Rule    C-Eur   1917    1918    -       Sep     Mon>=15       2:00s  0       -
 617 Rule    C-Eur   1940    only    -       Apr      1       2:00s  1:00    S
 618 Rule    C-Eur   1942    only    -       Nov      2       2:00s  0       -
 619 Rule    C-Eur   1943    only    -       Mar     29       2:00s  1:00    S
 620 Rule    C-Eur   1943    only    -       Oct      4       2:00s  0       -
 621 Rule    C-Eur   1944    1945    -       Apr     Mon>=1        2:00s  1:00    S
 622 # Whitman gives 1944 Oct 7; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
 623 Rule    C-Eur   1944    only    -       Oct      2       2:00s  0       -
 624 # From Jesper Nørgaard Welen (2008-07-13):
 625 #
 626 # I found what is probably a typo of 2:00 which should perhaps be 2:00s
 627 # in the C-Eur rule from tz database version 2008d (this part was
 628 # corrected in version 2008d). The circumstantial evidence is simply the
 629 # tz database itself, as seen below:
 630 #
 631 # Zone Europe/Paris 0:09:21 - LMT 1891 Mar 15  0:01
 632 #    0:00 France WE%sT 1945 Sep 16  3:00
 633 #
 634 # Zone Europe/Monaco 0:29:32 - LMT 1891 Mar 15
 635 #    0:00 France WE%sT 1945 Sep 16  3:00
 636 #
 637 # Zone Europe/Belgrade 1:22:00 - LMT 1884
 638 #    1:00 1:00 CEST 1945 Sep 16  2:00s
 639 #
 640 # Rule France 1945 only - Sep 16  3:00 0 -
 641 # Rule Belgium 1945 only - Sep 16  2:00s 0 -
 642 # Rule Neth 1945 only - Sep 16 2:00s 0 -
 643 #
 644 # The rule line to be changed is:
 645 #
 646 # Rule C-Eur 1945 only - Sep 16  2:00 0 -
 647 #
 648 # It seems that Paris, Monaco, Rule France, Rule Belgium all agree on
 649 # 2:00 standard time, e.g. 3:00 local time.  However there are no
 650 # countries that use C-Eur rules in September 1945, so the only items
 651 # affected are apparently these fictitious zones that translate acronyms
 652 # CET and MET:
 653 #
 654 # Zone CET  1:00 C-Eur CE%sT
 655 # Zone MET  1:00 C-Eur ME%sT
 656 #
 657 # It this is right then the corrected version would look like:
 658 #
 659 # Rule C-Eur 1945 only - Sep 16  2:00s 0 -
 660 #
 661 # A small step for mankind though 8-)
 662 Rule    C-Eur   1945    only    -       Sep     16       2:00s  0       -
 663 Rule    C-Eur   1977    1980    -       Apr     Sun>=1        2:00s  1:00    S
 664 Rule    C-Eur   1977    only    -       Sep     lastSun  2:00s  0       -
 665 Rule    C-Eur   1978    only    -       Oct      1       2:00s  0       -
 666 Rule    C-Eur   1979    1995    -       Sep     lastSun  2:00s  0       -
 667 Rule    C-Eur   1981    max     -       Mar     lastSun  2:00s  1:00    S
 668 Rule    C-Eur   1996    max     -       Oct     lastSun  2:00s  0       -
 669 
 670 # E-Eur differs from EU only in that E-Eur switches at midnight local time.
 671 Rule    E-Eur   1977    1980    -       Apr     Sun>=1        0:00   1:00    S
 672 Rule    E-Eur   1977    only    -       Sep     lastSun  0:00   0       -
 673 Rule    E-Eur   1978    only    -       Oct      1       0:00   0       -
 674 Rule    E-Eur   1979    1995    -       Sep     lastSun  0:00   0       -
 675 Rule    E-Eur   1981    max     -       Mar     lastSun  0:00   1:00    S
 676 Rule    E-Eur   1996    max     -       Oct     lastSun  0:00   0       -
 677 
 678 
 679 # Daylight saving time for Russia and the Soviet Union
 680 #
 681 # The 1917-1921 decree URLs are from Alexander Belopolsky (2016-08-23).
 682 
 683 # Rule  NAME    FROM    TO      TYPE    IN      ON      AT      SAVE    LETTER/S
 684 Rule    Russia  1917    only    -       Jul      1      23:00   1:00    MST  # Moscow Summer Time
 685 #
 686 # Decree No. 142 (1917-12-22) http://istmat.info/node/28137
 687 Rule    Russia  1917    only    -       Dec     28       0:00   0       MMT  # Moscow Mean Time
 688 #
 689 # Decree No. 497 (1918-05-30) http://istmat.info/node/30001
 690 Rule    Russia  1918    only    -       May     31      22:00   2:00    MDST # Moscow Double Summer Time
 691 Rule    Russia  1918    only    -       Sep     16       1:00   1:00    MST
 692 #
 693 # Decree No. 258 (1919-05-29) http://istmat.info/node/37949
 694 Rule    Russia  1919    only    -       May     31      23:00   2:00    MDST
 695 #
 696 Rule    Russia  1919    only    -       Jul      1       0:00u  1:00    MSD
 697 Rule    Russia  1919    only    -       Aug     16       0:00   0       MSK
 698 #
 699 # Decree No. 63 (1921-02-03) http://istmat.info/node/45840
 700 Rule    Russia  1921    only    -       Feb     14      23:00   1:00    MSD
 701 #
 702 # Decree No. 121 (1921-03-07) http://istmat.info/node/45949
 703 Rule    Russia  1921    only    -       Mar     20      23:00   2:00    +05
 704 #
 705 Rule    Russia  1921    only    -       Sep      1       0:00   1:00    MSD
 706 Rule    Russia  1921    only    -       Oct      1       0:00   0       -
 707 # Act No. 925 of the Council of Ministers of the USSR (1980-10-24):
 708 Rule    Russia  1981    1984    -       Apr      1       0:00   1:00    S
 709 Rule    Russia  1981    1983    -       Oct      1       0:00   0       -
 710 # Act No. 967 of the Council of Ministers of the USSR (1984-09-13), repeated in
 711 # Act No. 227 of the Council of Ministers of the USSR (1989-03-14):
 712 Rule    Russia  1984    1995    -       Sep     lastSun  2:00s  0       -
 713 Rule    Russia  1985    2010    -       Mar     lastSun  2:00s  1:00    S
 714 #
 715 Rule    Russia  1996    2010    -       Oct     lastSun  2:00s  0       -
 716 # As described below, Russia's 2014 change affects Zone data, not Rule data.
 717 
 718 # From Stepan Golosunov (2016-03-07):
 719 # Wikipedia and other sources refer to the Act of the Council of
 720 # Ministers of the USSR from 1988-01-04 No. 5 and the Act of the
 721 # Council of Ministers of the USSR from 1989-03-14 No. 227.
 722 #
 723 # I did not find full texts of these acts.  For the 1989 one we have
 724 # title at https://base.garant.ru/70754136/ :
 725 # "About change in calculation of time on the territories of
 726 # Lithuanian SSR, Latvian SSR and Estonian SSR, Astrakhan,
 727 # Kaliningrad, Kirov, Kuybyshev, Ulyanovsk and Uralsk oblasts".
 728 # And http://astrozet.net/files/Zones/DOC/RU/1980-925.txt appears to
 729 # contain quotes from both acts: Since last Sunday of March 1988 rules
 730 # of the second time belt are installed in Volgograd and Saratov
 731 # oblasts.  Since last Sunday of March 1989:
 732 # a) Lithuanian SSR, Latvian SSR, Estonian SSR, Kaliningrad oblast:
 733 # second time belt rules without extra hour (Moscow-1);
 734 # b) Astrakhan, Kirov, Kuybyshev, Ulyanovsk oblasts: second time belt
 735 # rules (Moscow time)
 736 # c) Uralsk oblast: third time belt rules (Moscow+1).
 737 
 738 # From Stepan Golosunov (2016-03-27):
 739 # Unamended version of the act of the
 740 # Government of the Russian Federation No. 23 from 08.01.1992
 741 # http://pravo.gov.ru/proxy/ips/?docbody=&nd=102014034&rdk=0
 742 # says that every year clocks were to be moved forward on last Sunday
 743 # of March at 2 hours and moved backwards on last Sunday of September
 744 # at 3 hours.  It was amended in 1996 to replace September with October.
 745 
 746 # From Alexander Krivenyshev (2011-06-14):
 747 # According to Kremlin press service, Russian President Dmitry Medvedev
 748 # signed a federal law "On calculation of time" on June 9, 2011.
 749 # According to the law Russia is abolishing daylight saving time.
 750 #
 751 # Medvedev signed a law "On the Calculation of Time" (in russian):
 752 # http://bmockbe.ru/events/?ID=7583
 753 #
 754 # Medvedev signed a law on the calculation of the time (in russian):
 755 # https://www.regnum.ru/news/polit/1413906.html
 756 
 757 # From Arthur David Olson (2011-06-15):
 758 # Take "abolishing daylight saving time" to mean that time is now considered
 759 # to be standard.
 760 
 761 # These are for backward compatibility with older versions.
 762 
 763 # Zone  NAME            GMTOFF  RULES   FORMAT  [UNTIL]
 764 Zone    WET             0:00    EU      WE%sT
 765 Zone    CET             1:00    C-Eur   CE%sT
 766 Zone    MET             1:00    C-Eur   ME%sT
 767 Zone    EET             2:00    EU      EE%sT
 768 
 769 # Previous editions of this database used abbreviations like MET DST
 770 # for Central European Summer Time, but this didn't agree with common usage.
 771 
 772 # From Markus Kuhn (1996-07-12):
 773 # The official German names ... are
 774 #
 775 #       Mitteleuropäische Zeit (MEZ)         = UTC+01:00
 776 #       Mitteleuropäische Sommerzeit (MESZ)  = UTC+02:00
 777 #
 778 # as defined in the German Time Act (Gesetz über die Zeitbestimmung (ZeitG),
 779 # 1978-07-25, Bundesgesetzblatt, Jahrgang 1978, Teil I, S. 1110-1111)....
 780 # I wrote ... to the German Federal Physical-Technical Institution
 781 #
 782 #       Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB)
 783 #       Laboratorium 4.41 "Zeiteinheit"
 784 #       Postfach 3345
 785 #       D-38023 Braunschweig
 786 #       phone: +49 531 592-0
 787 #
 788 # ... I received today an answer letter from Dr. Peter Hetzel, head of the PTB
 789 # department for time and frequency transmission.  He explained that the
 790 # PTB translates MEZ and MESZ into English as
 791 #
 792 #       Central European Time (CET)         = UTC+01:00
 793 #       Central European Summer Time (CEST) = UTC+02:00
 794 
 795 
 796 # Albania
 797 # Rule  NAME    FROM    TO      TYPE    IN      ON      AT      SAVE    LETTER/S
 798 Rule    Albania 1940    only    -       Jun     16      0:00    1:00    S
 799 Rule    Albania 1942    only    -       Nov      2      3:00    0       -
 800 Rule    Albania 1943    only    -       Mar     29      2:00    1:00    S
 801 Rule    Albania 1943    only    -       Apr     10      3:00    0       -
 802 Rule    Albania 1974    only    -       May      4      0:00    1:00    S
 803 Rule    Albania 1974    only    -       Oct      2      0:00    0       -
 804 Rule    Albania 1975    only    -       May      1      0:00    1:00    S
 805 Rule    Albania 1975    only    -       Oct      2      0:00    0       -
 806 Rule    Albania 1976    only    -       May      2      0:00    1:00    S
 807 Rule    Albania 1976    only    -       Oct      3      0:00    0       -
 808 Rule    Albania 1977    only    -       May      8      0:00    1:00    S
 809 Rule    Albania 1977    only    -       Oct      2      0:00    0       -
 810 Rule    Albania 1978    only    -       May      6      0:00    1:00    S
 811 Rule    Albania 1978    only    -       Oct      1      0:00    0       -
 812 Rule    Albania 1979    only    -       May      5      0:00    1:00    S
 813 Rule    Albania 1979    only    -       Sep     30      0:00    0       -
 814 Rule    Albania 1980    only    -       May      3      0:00    1:00    S
 815 Rule    Albania 1980    only    -       Oct      4      0:00    0       -
 816 Rule    Albania 1981    only    -       Apr     26      0:00    1:00    S
 817 Rule    Albania 1981    only    -       Sep     27      0:00    0       -
 818 Rule    Albania 1982    only    -       May      2      0:00    1:00    S
 819 Rule    Albania 1982    only    -       Oct      3      0:00    0       -
 820 Rule    Albania 1983    only    -       Apr     18      0:00    1:00    S
 821 Rule    Albania 1983    only    -       Oct      1      0:00    0       -
 822 Rule    Albania 1984    only    -       Apr      1      0:00    1:00    S
 823 # Zone  NAME            GMTOFF  RULES   FORMAT  [UNTIL]
 824 Zone    Europe/Tirane   1:19:20 -       LMT     1914
 825                         1:00    -       CET     1940 Jun 16
 826                         1:00    Albania CE%sT   1984 Jul
 827                         1:00    EU      CE%sT
 828 
 829 # Andorra
 830 # Zone  NAME            GMTOFF  RULES   FORMAT  [UNTIL]
 831 Zone    Europe/Andorra  0:06:04 -       LMT     1901
 832                         0:00    -       WET     1946 Sep 30
 833                         1:00    -       CET     1985 Mar 31  2:00
 834                         1:00    EU      CE%sT
 835 
 836 # Austria
 837 
 838 # Milne says Vienna time was 1:05:21.
 839 
 840 # From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22): Shanks & Pottenger give 1918-06-16 and
 841 # 1945-11-18, but the Austrian Federal Office of Metrology and
 842 # Surveying (BEV) gives 1918-09-16 and for Vienna gives the "alleged"
 843 # date of 1945-04-12 with no time.  For the 1980-04-06 transition
 844 # Shanks & Pottenger give 02:00, the BEV 00:00.  Go with the BEV,
 845 # and guess 02:00 for 1945-04-12.
 846 
 847 # Rule  NAME    FROM    TO      TYPE    IN      ON      AT      SAVE    LETTER/S
 848 Rule    Austria 1920    only    -       Apr      5      2:00s   1:00    S
 849 Rule    Austria 1920    only    -       Sep     13      2:00s   0       -
 850 Rule    Austria 1946    only    -       Apr     14      2:00s   1:00    S
 851 Rule    Austria 1946    1948    -       Oct     Sun>=1       2:00s   0       -
 852 Rule    Austria 1947    only    -       Apr      6      2:00s   1:00    S
 853 Rule    Austria 1948    only    -       Apr     18      2:00s   1:00    S
 854 Rule    Austria 1980    only    -       Apr      6      0:00    1:00    S
 855 Rule    Austria 1980    only    -       Sep     28      0:00    0       -
 856 # Zone  NAME            GMTOFF  RULES   FORMAT  [UNTIL]
 857 Zone    Europe/Vienna   1:05:21 -       LMT     1893 Apr
 858                         1:00    C-Eur   CE%sT   1920
 859                         1:00    Austria CE%sT   1940 Apr  1  2:00s
 860                         1:00    C-Eur   CE%sT   1945 Apr  2  2:00s
 861                         1:00    1:00    CEST    1945 Apr 12  2:00s
 862                         1:00    -       CET     1946
 863                         1:00    Austria CE%sT   1981
 864                         1:00    EU      CE%sT
 865 
 866 # Belarus
 867 #
 868 # From Stepan Golosunov (2016-07-02):
 869 # http://www.lawbelarus.com/repub/sub30/texf9611.htm
 870 # (Act of the Cabinet of Ministers of the Republic of Belarus from
 871 # 1992-03-25 No. 157) ... says clocks were to be moved forward at 2:00
 872 # on last Sunday of March and backward at 3:00 on last Sunday of September
 873 # (the same as previous USSR and contemporary Russian regulations).
 874 #
 875 # From Yauhen Kharuzhy (2011-09-16):
 876 # By latest Belarus government act Europe/Minsk timezone was changed to
 877 # GMT+3 without DST (was GMT+2 with DST).
 878 #
 879 # Sources (Russian language):
 880 # http://www.belta.by/ru/all_news/society/V-Belarusi-otmenjaetsja-perexod-na-sezonnoe-vremja_i_572952.html
 881 # http://naviny.by/rubrics/society/2011/09/16/ic_articles_116_175144/
 882 # https://news.tut.by/society/250578.html
 883 #
 884 # From Alexander Bokovoy (2014-10-09):
 885 # Belarussian government decided against changing to winter time....
 886 # http://eng.belta.by/all_news/society/Belarus-decides-against-adjusting-time-in-Russias-wake_i_76335.html
 887 #
 888 # Zone  NAME            GMTOFF  RULES   FORMAT  [UNTIL]
 889 Zone    Europe/Minsk    1:50:16 -       LMT     1880
 890                         1:50    -       MMT     1924 May  2 # Minsk Mean Time
 891                         2:00    -       EET     1930 Jun 21
 892                         3:00    -       MSK     1941 Jun 28
 893                         1:00    C-Eur   CE%sT   1944 Jul  3
 894                         3:00    Russia  MSK/MSD 1990
 895                         3:00    -       MSK     1991 Mar 31  2:00s
 896                         2:00    Russia  EE%sT   2011 Mar 27  2:00s
 897                         3:00    -       +03
 898 
 899 # Belgium
 900 #
 901 # From Paul Eggert (1997-07-02):
 902 # Entries from 1918 through 1991 are taken from:
 903 #       Annuaire de L'Observatoire Royal de Belgique,
 904 #       Avenue Circulaire, 3, B-1180 BRUXELLES, CLVIIe année, 1991
 905 #       (Imprimerie HAYEZ, s.p.r.l., Rue Fin, 4, 1080 BRUXELLES, MCMXC),
 906 #       pp 8-9.
 907 # LMT before 1892 was 0:17:30, according to the official journal of Belgium:
 908 #       Moniteur Belge, Samedi 30 Avril 1892, N.121.
 909 # Thanks to Pascal Delmoitie for these references.
 910 # The 1918 rules are listed for completeness; they apply to unoccupied Belgium.
 911 # Assume Brussels switched to WET in 1918 when the armistice took effect.
 912 #
 913 # Rule  NAME    FROM    TO      TYPE    IN      ON      AT      SAVE    LETTER/S
 914 Rule    Belgium 1918    only    -       Mar      9       0:00s  1:00    S
 915 Rule    Belgium 1918    1919    -       Oct     Sat>=1       23:00s  0       -
 916 Rule    Belgium 1919    only    -       Mar      1      23:00s  1:00    S
 917 Rule    Belgium 1920    only    -       Feb     14      23:00s  1:00    S
 918 Rule    Belgium 1920    only    -       Oct     23      23:00s  0       -
 919 Rule    Belgium 1921    only    -       Mar     14      23:00s  1:00    S
 920 Rule    Belgium 1921    only    -       Oct     25      23:00s  0       -
 921 Rule    Belgium 1922    only    -       Mar     25      23:00s  1:00    S
 922 Rule    Belgium 1922    1927    -       Oct     Sat>=1       23:00s  0       -
 923 Rule    Belgium 1923    only    -       Apr     21      23:00s  1:00    S
 924 Rule    Belgium 1924    only    -       Mar     29      23:00s  1:00    S
 925 Rule    Belgium 1925    only    -       Apr      4      23:00s  1:00    S
 926 # DSH writes that a royal decree of 1926-02-22 specified the Sun following 3rd
 927 # Sat in Apr (except if it's Easter, in which case it's one Sunday earlier),
 928 # to Sun following 1st Sat in Oct, and that a royal decree of 1928-09-15
 929 # changed the transition times to 02:00 GMT.
 930 Rule    Belgium 1926    only    -       Apr     17      23:00s  1:00    S
 931 Rule    Belgium 1927    only    -       Apr      9      23:00s  1:00    S
 932 Rule    Belgium 1928    only    -       Apr     14      23:00s  1:00    S
 933 Rule    Belgium 1928    1938    -       Oct     Sun>=2        2:00s  0       -
 934 Rule    Belgium 1929    only    -       Apr     21       2:00s  1:00    S
 935 Rule    Belgium 1930    only    -       Apr     13       2:00s  1:00    S
 936 Rule    Belgium 1931    only    -       Apr     19       2:00s  1:00    S
 937 Rule    Belgium 1932    only    -       Apr      3       2:00s  1:00    S
 938 Rule    Belgium 1933    only    -       Mar     26       2:00s  1:00    S
 939 Rule    Belgium 1934    only    -       Apr      8       2:00s  1:00    S
 940 Rule    Belgium 1935    only    -       Mar     31       2:00s  1:00    S
 941 Rule    Belgium 1936    only    -       Apr     19       2:00s  1:00    S
 942 Rule    Belgium 1937    only    -       Apr      4       2:00s  1:00    S
 943 Rule    Belgium 1938    only    -       Mar     27       2:00s  1:00    S
 944 Rule    Belgium 1939    only    -       Apr     16       2:00s  1:00    S
 945 Rule    Belgium 1939    only    -       Nov     19       2:00s  0       -
 946 Rule    Belgium 1940    only    -       Feb     25       2:00s  1:00    S
 947 Rule    Belgium 1944    only    -       Sep     17       2:00s  0       -
 948 Rule    Belgium 1945    only    -       Apr      2       2:00s  1:00    S
 949 Rule    Belgium 1945    only    -       Sep     16       2:00s  0       -
 950 Rule    Belgium 1946    only    -       May     19       2:00s  1:00    S
 951 Rule    Belgium 1946    only    -       Oct      7       2:00s  0       -
 952 # Zone  NAME            GMTOFF  RULES   FORMAT  [UNTIL]
 953 Zone    Europe/Brussels 0:17:30 -       LMT     1880
 954                         0:17:30 -       BMT     1892 May  1 12:00  # Brussels MT
 955                         0:00    -       WET     1914 Nov  8
 956                         1:00    -       CET     1916 May  1  0:00
 957                         1:00    C-Eur   CE%sT   1918 Nov 11 11:00u
 958                         0:00    Belgium WE%sT   1940 May 20  2:00s
 959                         1:00    C-Eur   CE%sT   1944 Sep  3
 960                         1:00    Belgium CE%sT   1977
 961                         1:00    EU      CE%sT
 962 
 963 # Bosnia and Herzegovina
 964 # See Europe/Belgrade.
 965 
 966 # Bulgaria
 967 #
 968 # From Plamen Simenov via Steffen Thorsen (1999-09-09):
 969 # A document of Government of Bulgaria (No. 94/1997) says:
 970 # EET -> EETDST is in 03:00 Local time in last Sunday of March ...
 971 # EETDST -> EET is in 04:00 Local time in last Sunday of October
 972 #
 973 # Rule  NAME    FROM    TO      TYPE    IN      ON      AT      SAVE    LETTER/S
 974 Rule    Bulg    1979    only    -       Mar     31      23:00   1:00    S
 975 Rule    Bulg    1979    only    -       Oct      1       1:00   0       -
 976 Rule    Bulg    1980    1982    -       Apr     Sat>=1       23:00   1:00    S
 977 Rule    Bulg    1980    only    -       Sep     29       1:00   0       -
 978 Rule    Bulg    1981    only    -       Sep     27       2:00   0       -
 979 # Zone  NAME            GMTOFF  RULES   FORMAT  [UNTIL]
 980 Zone    Europe/Sofia    1:33:16 -       LMT     1880
 981                         1:56:56 -       IMT     1894 Nov 30 # Istanbul MT?
 982                         2:00    -       EET     1942 Nov  2  3:00
 983                         1:00    C-Eur   CE%sT   1945
 984                         1:00    -       CET     1945 Apr  2  3:00
 985                         2:00    -       EET     1979 Mar 31 23:00
 986                         2:00    Bulg    EE%sT   1982 Sep 26  3:00
 987                         2:00    C-Eur   EE%sT   1991
 988                         2:00    E-Eur   EE%sT   1997
 989                         2:00    EU      EE%sT
 990 
 991 # Croatia
 992 # See Europe/Belgrade.
 993 
 994 # Cyprus
 995 # Please see the 'asia' file for Asia/Nicosia.
 996 
 997 # Czech Republic / Czechia
 998 #
 999 # From Paul Eggert (2018-04-15):
1000 # The source for Czech data is: Kdy začíná a končí letní čas. 2018-04-15.
1001 # https://kalendar.beda.cz/kdy-zacina-a-konci-letni-cas
1002 # We know of no English-language name for historical Czech winter time;
1003 # abbreviate it as "GMT", as it happened to be GMT.
1004 #
1005 # Rule  NAME    FROM    TO      TYPE    IN      ON      AT      SAVE    LETTER/S
1006 Rule    Czech   1945    only    -       Apr     Mon>=1       2:00s   1:00    S
1007 Rule    Czech   1945    only    -       Oct      1      2:00s   0       -
1008 Rule    Czech   1946    only    -       May      6      2:00s   1:00    S
1009 Rule    Czech   1946    1949    -       Oct     Sun>=1       2:00s   0       -
1010 Rule    Czech   1947    1948    -       Apr     Sun>=15      2:00s   1:00    S
1011 Rule    Czech   1949    only    -       Apr      9      2:00s   1:00    S
1012 # Zone  NAME            GMTOFF  RULES   FORMAT  [UNTIL]
1013 Zone    Europe/Prague   0:57:44 -       LMT     1850
1014                         0:57:44 -       PMT     1891 Oct    # Prague Mean Time
1015                         1:00    C-Eur   CE%sT   1945 May  9
1016                         1:00    Czech   CE%sT   1946 Dec  1  3:00
1017 # Vanguard section, for zic and other parsers that support negative DST.
1018 #                       1:00    -1:00   GMT     1947 Feb 23  2:00
1019 # Rearguard section, for parsers that do not support negative DST.
1020                         0:00    -       GMT     1947 Feb 23  2:00
1021 # End of rearguard section.
1022                         1:00    Czech   CE%sT   1979
1023                         1:00    EU      CE%sT
1024 # Use Europe/Prague also for Slovakia.
1025 
1026 # Denmark, Faroe Islands, and Greenland
1027 
1028 # From Jesper Nørgaard Welen (2005-04-26):
1029 # http://www.hum.aau.dk/~poe/tid/tine/DanskTid.htm says that the law
1030 # [introducing standard time] was in effect from 1894-01-01....
1031 # The page http://www.retsinfo.dk/_GETDOCI_/ACCN/A18930008330-REGL
1032 # confirms this, and states that the law was put forth 1893-03-29.
1033 #
1034 # The EU [actually, EEC and Euratom] treaty with effect from 1973:
1035 # http://www.retsinfo.dk/_GETDOCI_/ACCN/A19722110030-REGL
1036 #
1037 # This provoked a new law from 1974 to make possible summer time changes
1038 # in subsequent decrees with the law
1039 # http://www.retsinfo.dk/_GETDOCI_/ACCN/A19740022330-REGL
1040 #
1041 # It seems however that no decree was set forward until 1980.  I have
1042 # not found any decree, but in another related law, the effecting DST
1043 # changes are stated explicitly to be from 1980-04-06 at 02:00 to
1044 # 1980-09-28 at 02:00.  If this is true, this differs slightly from
1045 # the EU rule in that DST runs to 02:00, not 03:00.  We don't know
1046 # when Denmark began using the EU rule correctly, but we have only
1047 # confirmation of the 1980-time, so I presume it was correct in 1981:
1048 # The law is about the management of the extra hour, concerning
1049 # working hours reported and effect on obligatory-rest rules (which
1050 # was suspended on that night):
1051 # http://www.retsinfo.dk/_GETDOCI_/ACCN/C19801120554-REGL
1052 
1053 # From Jesper Nørgaard Welen (2005-06-11):
1054 # The Herning Folkeblad (1980-09-26) reported that the night between
1055 # Saturday and Sunday the clock is set back from three to two.
1056 
1057 # From Paul Eggert (2005-06-11):
1058 # Hence the "02:00" of the 1980 law refers to standard time, not
1059 # wall-clock time, and so the EU rules were in effect in 1980.
1060 
1061 # Rule  NAME    FROM    TO      TYPE    IN      ON      AT      SAVE    LETTER/S
1062 Rule    Denmark 1916    only    -       May     14      23:00   1:00    S
1063 Rule    Denmark 1916    only    -       Sep     30      23:00   0       -
1064 Rule    Denmark 1940    only    -       May     15       0:00   1:00    S
1065 Rule    Denmark 1945    only    -       Apr      2       2:00s  1:00    S
1066 Rule    Denmark 1945    only    -       Aug     15       2:00s  0       -
1067 Rule    Denmark 1946    only    -       May      1       2:00s  1:00    S
1068 Rule    Denmark 1946    only    -       Sep      1       2:00s  0       -
1069 Rule    Denmark 1947    only    -       May      4       2:00s  1:00    S
1070 Rule    Denmark 1947    only    -       Aug     10       2:00s  0       -
1071 Rule    Denmark 1948    only    -       May      9       2:00s  1:00    S
1072 Rule    Denmark 1948    only    -       Aug      8       2:00s  0       -
1073 #
1074 # Zone  NAME            GMTOFF  RULES   FORMAT  [UNTIL]
1075 Zone Europe/Copenhagen   0:50:20 -      LMT     1890
1076                          0:50:20 -      CMT     1894 Jan  1 # Copenhagen MT
1077                          1:00   Denmark CE%sT   1942 Nov  2  2:00s
1078                          1:00   C-Eur   CE%sT   1945 Apr  2  2:00
1079                          1:00   Denmark CE%sT   1980
1080                          1:00   EU      CE%sT
1081 Zone Atlantic/Faroe     -0:27:04 -      LMT     1908 Jan 11 # Tórshavn
1082                          0:00   -       WET     1981
1083                          0:00   EU      WE%sT
1084 #
1085 # From Paul Eggert (2004-10-31):
1086 # During World War II, Germany maintained secret manned weather stations in
1087 # East Greenland and Franz Josef Land, but we don't know their time zones.
1088 # My source for this is Wilhelm Dege's book mentioned under Svalbard.
1089 #
1090 # From Paul Eggert (2017-12-10):
1091 # Greenland joined the European Communities as part of Denmark,
1092 # obtained home rule on 1979-05-01, and left the European Communities
1093 # on 1985-02-01.  It therefore should have been using EU
1094 # rules at least through 1984.  Shanks & Pottenger say Scoresbysund and Godthåb
1095 # used C-Eur rules after 1980, but IATA SSIM (1991/1996) says they use EU
1096 # rules since at least 1991.  Assume EU rules since 1980.
1097 
1098 # From Gwillim Law (2001-06-06), citing
1099 # <http://www.statkart.no/efs/efshefter/2001/efs5-2001.pdf> (2001-03-15),
1100 # and with translations corrected by Steffen Thorsen:
1101 #
1102 # Greenland has four local times, and the relation to UTC
1103 # is according to the following time line:
1104 #
1105 # The military zone near Thule  UTC-4
1106 # Standard Greenland time       UTC-3
1107 # Scoresbysund                  UTC-1
1108 # Danmarkshavn                  UTC
1109 #
1110 # In the military area near Thule and in Danmarkshavn DST will not be
1111 # introduced.
1112 
1113 # From Rives McDow (2001-11-01):
1114 #
1115 # I correspond regularly with the Dansk Polarcenter, and wrote them at
1116 # the time to clarify the situation in Thule.  Unfortunately, I have
1117 # not heard back from them regarding my recent letter.  [But I have
1118 # info from earlier correspondence.]
1119 #
1120 # According to the center, a very small local time zone around Thule
1121 # Air Base keeps the time according to UTC-4, implementing daylight
1122 # savings using North America rules, changing the time at 02:00 local time....
1123 #
1124 # The east coast of Greenland north of the community of Scoresbysund
1125 # uses UTC in the same way as in Iceland, year round, with no dst.
1126 # There are just a few stations on this coast, including the
1127 # Danmarkshavn ICAO weather station mentioned in your September 29th
1128 # email.  The other stations are two sledge patrol stations in
1129 # Mestersvig and Daneborg, the air force base at Station Nord, and the
1130 # DPC research station at Zackenberg.
1131 #
1132 # Scoresbysund and two small villages nearby keep time UTC-1 and use
1133 # the same daylight savings time period as in West Greenland (Godthåb).
1134 #
1135 # The rest of Greenland, including Godthåb (this area, although it
1136 # includes central Greenland, is known as west Greenland), keeps time
1137 # UTC-3, with daylight savings methods according to European rules.
1138 #
1139 # It is common procedure to use UTC 0 in the wilderness of East and
1140 # North Greenland, because it is mainly Icelandic aircraft operators
1141 # maintaining traffic in these areas.  However, the official status of
1142 # this area is that it sticks with Godthåb time.  This area might be
1143 # considered a dual time zone in some respects because of this.
1144 
1145 # From Rives McDow (2001-11-19):
1146 # I heard back from someone stationed at Thule; the time change took place
1147 # there at 2:00 AM.
1148 
1149 # From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):
1150 # From 1997 on the CIA map shows Danmarkshavn on GMT;
1151 # the 1995 map as like Godthåb.
1152 # For lack of better info, assume they were like Godthåb before 1996.
1153 # startkart.no says Thule does not observe DST, but this is clearly an error,
1154 # so go with Shanks & Pottenger for Thule transitions until this year.
1155 # For 2007 on assume Thule will stay in sync with US DST rules.
1156 
1157 # From J William Piggott (2016-02-20):
1158 # "Greenland north of the community of Scoresbysund" is officially named
1159 # "National Park" by Executive Order:
1160 # http://naalakkersuisut.gl/~/media/Nanoq/Files/Attached%20Files/Engelske-tekster/Legislation/Executive%20Order%20National%20Park.rtf
1161 # It is their only National Park.
1162 #
1163 # Rule  NAME    FROM    TO      TYPE    IN      ON      AT      SAVE    LETTER/S
1164 Rule    Thule   1991    1992    -       Mar     lastSun 2:00    1:00    D
1165 Rule    Thule   1991    1992    -       Sep     lastSun 2:00    0       S
1166 Rule    Thule   1993    2006    -       Apr     Sun>=1       2:00    1:00    D
1167 Rule    Thule   1993    2006    -       Oct     lastSun 2:00    0       S
1168 Rule    Thule   2007    max     -       Mar     Sun>=8       2:00    1:00    D
1169 Rule    Thule   2007    max     -       Nov     Sun>=1       2:00    0       S
1170 #
1171 # Zone  NAME            GMTOFF  RULES   FORMAT  [UNTIL]
1172 Zone America/Danmarkshavn -1:14:40 -    LMT     1916 Jul 28
1173                         -3:00   -       -03     1980 Apr  6  2:00
1174                         -3:00   EU      -03/-02 1996
1175                         0:00    -       GMT
1176 Zone America/Scoresbysund -1:27:52 -    LMT     1916 Jul 28 # Ittoqqortoormiit
1177                         -2:00   -       -02     1980 Apr  6  2:00
1178                         -2:00   C-Eur   -02/-01 1981 Mar 29
1179                         -1:00   EU      -01/+00
1180 Zone America/Godthab    -3:26:56 -      LMT     1916 Jul 28 # Nuuk
1181                         -3:00   -       -03     1980 Apr  6  2:00
1182                         -3:00   EU      -03/-02
1183 Zone America/Thule      -4:35:08 -      LMT     1916 Jul 28 # Pituffik air base
1184                         -4:00   Thule   A%sT
1185 
1186 # Estonia
1187 #
1188 # From Paul Eggert (2016-03-18):
1189 # The 1989 transition is from USSR act No. 227 (1989-03-14).
1190 #
1191 # From Peter Ilieve (1994-10-15):
1192 # A relative in Tallinn confirms the accuracy of the data for 1989 onwards
1193 # [through 1994] and gives the legal authority for it,
1194 # a regulation of the Government of Estonia, No. 111 of 1989....
1195 #
1196 # From Peter Ilieve (1996-10-28):
1197 # [IATA SSIM (1992/1996) claims that the Baltic republics switch at 01:00s,
1198 # but a relative confirms that Estonia still switches at 02:00s, writing:]
1199 # "I do not [know] exactly but there are some little different
1200 # (confusing) rules for International Air and Railway Transport Schedules
1201 # conversion in Sunday connected with end of summer time in Estonia....
1202 # A discussion is running about the summer time efficiency and effect on
1203 # human physiology.  It seems that Estonia maybe will not change to
1204 # summer time next spring."
1205 
1206 # From Peter Ilieve (1998-11-04), heavily edited:
1207 # The 1998-09-22 Estonian time law
1208 # http://trip.rk.ee/cgi-bin/thw?${BASE}=akt&${OOHTML}=rtd&TA=1998&TO=1&AN=1390
1209 # refers to the Eighth Directive and cites the association agreement between
1210 # the EU and Estonia, ratified by the Estonian law (RT II 1995, 22-27, 120).
1211 #
1212 # I also asked [my relative] whether they use any standard abbreviation
1213 # for their standard and summer times. He says no, they use "suveaeg"
1214 # (summer time) and "talveaeg" (winter time).
1215 
1216 # From The Baltic Times <https://www.baltictimes.com/> (1999-09-09)
1217 # via Steffen Thorsen:
1218 # This year will mark the last time Estonia shifts to summer time,
1219 # a council of the ruling coalition announced Sept. 6....
1220 # But what this could mean for Estonia's chances of joining the European
1221 # Union are still unclear.  In 1994, the EU declared summer time compulsory
1222 # for all member states until 2001.  Brussels has yet to decide what to do
1223 # after that.
1224 
1225 # From Mart Oruaas (2000-01-29):
1226 # Regulation No. 301 (1999-10-12) obsoletes previous regulation
1227 # No. 206 (1998-09-22) and thus sticks Estonia to +02:00 GMT for all
1228 # the year round.  The regulation is effective 1999-11-01.
1229 
1230 # From Toomas Soome (2002-02-21):
1231 # The Estonian government has changed once again timezone politics.
1232 # Now we are using again EU rules.
1233 #
1234 # From Urmet Jänes (2002-03-28):
1235 # The legislative reference is Government decree No. 84 on 2002-02-21.
1236 
1237 # Zone  NAME            GMTOFF  RULES   FORMAT  [UNTIL]
1238 Zone    Europe/Tallinn  1:39:00 -       LMT     1880
1239                         1:39:00 -       TMT     1918 Feb    # Tallinn Mean Time
1240                         1:00    C-Eur   CE%sT   1919 Jul
1241                         1:39:00 -       TMT     1921 May
1242                         2:00    -       EET     1940 Aug  6
1243                         3:00    -       MSK     1941 Sep 15
1244                         1:00    C-Eur   CE%sT   1944 Sep 22
1245                         3:00    Russia  MSK/MSD 1989 Mar 26  2:00s
1246                         2:00    1:00    EEST    1989 Sep 24  2:00s
1247                         2:00    C-Eur   EE%sT   1998 Sep 22
1248                         2:00    EU      EE%sT   1999 Oct 31  4:00
1249                         2:00    -       EET     2002 Feb 21
1250                         2:00    EU      EE%sT
1251 
1252 # Finland
1253 
1254 # From Hannu Strang (1994-09-25 06:03:37 UTC):
1255 # Well, here in Helsinki we're just changing from summer time to regular one,
1256 # and it's supposed to change at 4am...
1257 
1258 # From Janne Snabb (2010-07-15):
1259 #
1260 # I noticed that the Finland data is not accurate for years 1981 and 1982.
1261 # During these two first trial years the DST adjustment was made one hour
1262 # earlier than in forthcoming years. Starting 1983 the adjustment was made
1263 # according to the central European standards.
1264 #
1265 # This is documented in Heikki Oja: Aikakirja 2007, published by The Almanac
1266 # Office of University of Helsinki, ISBN 952-10-3221-9, available online (in
1267 # Finnish) at
1268 # https://almanakka.helsinki.fi/aikakirja/Aikakirja2007kokonaan.pdf
1269 #
1270 # Page 105 (56 in PDF version) has a handy table of all past daylight savings
1271 # transitions. It is easy enough to interpret without Finnish skills.
1272 #
1273 # This is also confirmed by Finnish Broadcasting Company's archive at:
1274 # http://www.yle.fi/elavaarkisto/?s=s&g=1&ag=5&t=&a=3401
1275 #
1276 # The news clip from 1981 says that "the time between 2 and 3 o'clock does not
1277 # exist tonight."
1278 
1279 # From Konstantin Hyppönen (2014-06-13):
1280 # [Heikki Oja's book Aikakirja 2013]
1281 # https://almanakka.helsinki.fi/images/aikakirja/Aikakirja2013kokonaan.pdf
1282 # pages 104-105, including a scan from a newspaper published on Apr 2 1942
1283 # say that ... [o]n Apr 2 1942, 24 o'clock (which means Apr 3 1942,
1284 # 00:00), clocks were moved one hour forward. The newspaper
1285 # mentions "on the night from Thursday to Friday"....
1286 # On Oct 4 1942, clocks were moved at 1:00 one hour backwards.
1287 #
1288 # From Paul Eggert (2014-06-14):
1289 # Go with Oja over Shanks.
1290 
1291 # Rule  NAME    FROM    TO      TYPE    IN      ON      AT      SAVE    LETTER/S
1292 Rule    Finland 1942    only    -       Apr     2       24:00   1:00    S
1293 Rule    Finland 1942    only    -       Oct     4       1:00    0       -
1294 Rule    Finland 1981    1982    -       Mar     lastSun 2:00    1:00    S
1295 Rule    Finland 1981    1982    -       Sep     lastSun 3:00    0       -
1296 
1297 # Milne says Helsinki (Helsingfors) time was 1:39:49.2 (official document);
1298 # round to nearest.
1299 
1300 # Zone  NAME            GMTOFF  RULES   FORMAT  [UNTIL]
1301 Zone    Europe/Helsinki 1:39:49 -       LMT     1878 May 31
1302                         1:39:49 -       HMT     1921 May    # Helsinki Mean Time
1303                         2:00    Finland EE%sT   1983
1304                         2:00    EU      EE%sT
1305 
1306 # Åland Is
1307 Link    Europe/Helsinki Europe/Mariehamn
1308 
1309 
1310 # France
1311 
1312 # From Ciro Discepolo (2000-12-20):
1313 #
1314 # Henri Le Corre, Régimes horaires pour le monde entier, Éditions
1315 # Traditionnelles - Paris 2 books, 1993
1316 #
1317 # Gabriel, Traité de l'heure dans le monde, Guy Trédaniel,
1318 # Paris, 1991
1319 #
1320 # Françoise Gauquelin, Problèmes de l'heure résolus en astrologie,
1321 # Guy Trédaniel, Paris 1987
1322 
1323 
1324 #
1325 # Shank & Pottenger seem to use '24:00' ambiguously; resolve it with Whitman.
1326 # Rule  NAME    FROM    TO      TYPE    IN      ON      AT      SAVE    LETTER/S
1327 Rule    France  1916    only    -       Jun     14      23:00s  1:00    S
1328 Rule    France  1916    1919    -       Oct     Sun>=1       23:00s  0       -
1329 Rule    France  1917    only    -       Mar     24      23:00s  1:00    S
1330 Rule    France  1918    only    -       Mar      9      23:00s  1:00    S
1331 Rule    France  1919    only    -       Mar      1      23:00s  1:00    S
1332 Rule    France  1920    only    -       Feb     14      23:00s  1:00    S
1333 Rule    France  1920    only    -       Oct     23      23:00s  0       -
1334 Rule    France  1921    only    -       Mar     14      23:00s  1:00    S
1335 Rule    France  1921    only    -       Oct     25      23:00s  0       -
1336 Rule    France  1922    only    -       Mar     25      23:00s  1:00    S
1337 # DSH writes that a law of 1923-05-24 specified 3rd Sat in Apr at 23:00 to 1st
1338 # Sat in Oct at 24:00; and that in 1930, because of Easter, the transitions
1339 # were Apr 12 and Oct 5.  Go with Shanks & Pottenger.
1340 Rule    France  1922    1938    -       Oct     Sat>=1       23:00s  0       -
1341 Rule    France  1923    only    -       May     26      23:00s  1:00    S
1342 Rule    France  1924    only    -       Mar     29      23:00s  1:00    S
1343 Rule    France  1925    only    -       Apr      4      23:00s  1:00    S
1344 Rule    France  1926    only    -       Apr     17      23:00s  1:00    S
1345 Rule    France  1927    only    -       Apr      9      23:00s  1:00    S
1346 Rule    France  1928    only    -       Apr     14      23:00s  1:00    S
1347 Rule    France  1929    only    -       Apr     20      23:00s  1:00    S
1348 Rule    France  1930    only    -       Apr     12      23:00s  1:00    S
1349 Rule    France  1931    only    -       Apr     18      23:00s  1:00    S
1350 Rule    France  1932    only    -       Apr      2      23:00s  1:00    S
1351 Rule    France  1933    only    -       Mar     25      23:00s  1:00    S
1352 Rule    France  1934    only    -       Apr      7      23:00s  1:00    S
1353 Rule    France  1935    only    -       Mar     30      23:00s  1:00    S
1354 Rule    France  1936    only    -       Apr     18      23:00s  1:00    S
1355 Rule    France  1937    only    -       Apr      3      23:00s  1:00    S
1356 Rule    France  1938    only    -       Mar     26      23:00s  1:00    S
1357 Rule    France  1939    only    -       Apr     15      23:00s  1:00    S
1358 Rule    France  1939    only    -       Nov     18      23:00s  0       -
1359 Rule    France  1940    only    -       Feb     25       2:00   1:00    S
1360 # The French rules for 1941-1944 were not used in Paris, but Shanks & Pottenger
1361 # write that they were used in Monaco and in many French locations.
1362 # Le Corre writes that the upper limit of the free zone was Arnéguy, Orthez,
1363 # Mont-de-Marsan, Bazas, Langon, Lamothe-Montravel, Marœuil, La
1364 # Rochefoucauld, Champagne-Mouton, La Roche-Posay, La Haye-Descartes,
1365 # Loches, Montrichard, Vierzon, Bourges, Moulins, Digoin,
1366 # Paray-le-Monial, Montceau-les-Mines, Chalon-sur-Saône, Arbois,
1367 # Dole, Morez, St-Claude, and Collonges (Haute-Savoie).
1368 Rule    France  1941    only    -       May      5       0:00   2:00    M # Midsummer
1369 # Shanks & Pottenger say this transition occurred at Oct 6 1:00,
1370 # but go with Denis Excoffier (1997-12-12),
1371 # who quotes the Ephémérides astronomiques for 1998 from Bureau des Longitudes
1372 # as saying 5/10/41 22hUT.
1373 Rule    France  1941    only    -       Oct      6       0:00   1:00    S
1374 Rule    France  1942    only    -       Mar      9       0:00   2:00    M
1375 Rule    France  1942    only    -       Nov      2       3:00   1:00    S
1376 Rule    France  1943    only    -       Mar     29       2:00   2:00    M
1377 Rule    France  1943    only    -       Oct      4       3:00   1:00    S
1378 Rule    France  1944    only    -       Apr      3       2:00   2:00    M
1379 Rule    France  1944    only    -       Oct      8       1:00   1:00    S
1380 Rule    France  1945    only    -       Apr      2       2:00   2:00    M
1381 Rule    France  1945    only    -       Sep     16       3:00   0       -
1382 # Shanks & Pottenger give Mar 28 2:00 and Sep 26 3:00;
1383 # go with Excoffier's 28/3/76 0hUT and 25/9/76 23hUT.
1384 Rule    France  1976    only    -       Mar     28       1:00   1:00    S
1385 Rule    France  1976    only    -       Sep     26       1:00   0       -
1386 # Shanks & Pottenger give 0:09:20 for Paris Mean Time, and Whitman 0:09:05,
1387 # but Howse quotes the actual French legislation as saying 0:09:21.
1388 # Go with Howse.  Howse writes that the time in France was officially based
1389 # on PMT-0:09:21 until 1978-08-09, when the time base finally switched to UTC.
1390 # Zone  NAME            GMTOFF  RULES   FORMAT  [UNTIL]
1391 Zone    Europe/Paris    0:09:21 -       LMT     1891 Mar 15  0:01
1392                         0:09:21 -       PMT     1911 Mar 11  0:01 # Paris MT
1393 # Shanks & Pottenger give 1940 Jun 14 0:00; go with Excoffier and Le Corre.
1394                         0:00    France  WE%sT   1940 Jun 14 23:00
1395 # Le Corre says Paris stuck with occupied-France time after the liberation;
1396 # go with Shanks & Pottenger.
1397                         1:00    C-Eur   CE%sT   1944 Aug 25
1398                         0:00    France  WE%sT   1945 Sep 16  3:00
1399                         1:00    France  CE%sT   1977
1400                         1:00    EU      CE%sT
1401 
1402 # Germany
1403 
1404 # From Markus Kuhn (1998-09-29):
1405 # The German time zone web site by the Physikalisch-Technische
1406 # Bundesanstalt contains DST information back to 1916.
1407 # [See tz-link.html for the URL.]
1408 
1409 # From Jörg Schilling (2002-10-23):
1410 # In 1945, Berlin was switched to Moscow Summer time (GMT+4) by
1411 # https://www.dhm.de/lemo/html/biografien/BersarinNikolai/
1412 # General [Nikolai] Bersarin.
1413 
1414 # From Paul Eggert (2003-03-08):
1415 # http://www.parlament-berlin.de/pds-fraktion.nsf/727459127c8b66ee8525662300459099/defc77cb784f180ac1256c2b0030274b/$FILE/bersarint.pdf
1416 # says that Bersarin issued an order to use Moscow time on May 20.
1417 # However, Moscow did not observe daylight saving in 1945, so
1418 # this was equivalent to UT +03, not +04.
1419 
1420 
1421 # Rule  NAME    FROM    TO      TYPE    IN      ON      AT      SAVE    LETTER/S
1422 Rule    Germany 1946    only    -       Apr     14      2:00s   1:00    S
1423 Rule    Germany 1946    only    -       Oct      7      2:00s   0       -
1424 Rule    Germany 1947    1949    -       Oct     Sun>=1       2:00s   0       -
1425 # http://www.ptb.de/de/org/4/44/441/salt.htm says the following transition
1426 # occurred at 3:00 MEZ, not the 2:00 MEZ given in Shanks & Pottenger.
1427 # Go with the PTB.
1428 Rule    Germany 1947    only    -       Apr      6      3:00s   1:00    S
1429 Rule    Germany 1947    only    -       May     11      2:00s   2:00    M
1430 Rule    Germany 1947    only    -       Jun     29      3:00    1:00    S
1431 Rule    Germany 1948    only    -       Apr     18      2:00s   1:00    S
1432 Rule    Germany 1949    only    -       Apr     10      2:00s   1:00    S
1433 
1434 Rule SovietZone 1945    only    -       May     24      2:00    2:00    M # Midsummer
1435 Rule SovietZone 1945    only    -       Sep     24      3:00    1:00    S
1436 Rule SovietZone 1945    only    -       Nov     18      2:00s   0       -
1437 
1438 # Zone  NAME            GMTOFF  RULES   FORMAT  [UNTIL]
1439 Zone    Europe/Berlin   0:53:28 -       LMT     1893 Apr
1440                         1:00    C-Eur   CE%sT   1945 May 24  2:00
1441                         1:00 SovietZone CE%sT   1946
1442                         1:00    Germany CE%sT   1980
1443                         1:00    EU      CE%sT
1444 
1445 # From Tobias Conradi (2011-09-12):
1446 # Büsingen <http://www.buesingen.de>, surrounded by the Swiss canton
1447 # Schaffhausen, did not start observing DST in 1980 as the rest of DE
1448 # (West Germany at that time) and DD (East Germany at that time) did.
1449 # DD merged into DE, the area is currently covered by code DE in ISO 3166-1,
1450 # which in turn is covered by the zone Europe/Berlin.
1451 #
1452 # Source for the time in Büsingen 1980:
1453 # http://www.srf.ch/player/video?id=c012c029-03b7-4c2b-9164-aa5902cd58d3
1454 
1455 # From Arthur David Olson (2012-03-03):
1456 # Büsingen and Zurich have shared clocks since 1970.
1457 
1458 Link    Europe/Zurich   Europe/Busingen
1459 
1460 # Georgia
1461 # Please see the "asia" file for Asia/Tbilisi.
1462 # Herodotus (Histories, IV.45) says Georgia north of the Phasis (now Rioni)
1463 # is in Europe.  Our reference location Tbilisi is in the Asian part.
1464 
1465 # Gibraltar
1466 # Zone  NAME            GMTOFF  RULES   FORMAT  [UNTIL]
1467 Zone Europe/Gibraltar   -0:21:24 -      LMT     1880 Aug  2  0:00s
1468                         0:00    GB-Eire %s      1957 Apr 14  2:00
1469                         1:00    -       CET     1982
1470                         1:00    EU      CE%sT
1471 
1472 # Greece
1473 # Rule  NAME    FROM    TO      TYPE    IN      ON      AT      SAVE    LETTER/S
1474 # Whitman gives 1932 Jul 5 - Nov 1; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
1475 Rule    Greece  1932    only    -       Jul      7      0:00    1:00    S
1476 Rule    Greece  1932    only    -       Sep      1      0:00    0       -
1477 # Whitman gives 1941 Apr 25 - ?; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
1478 Rule    Greece  1941    only    -       Apr      7      0:00    1:00    S
1479 # Whitman gives 1942 Feb 2 - ?; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
1480 Rule    Greece  1942    only    -       Nov      2      3:00    0       -
1481 Rule    Greece  1943    only    -       Mar     30      0:00    1:00    S
1482 Rule    Greece  1943    only    -       Oct      4      0:00    0       -
1483 # Whitman gives 1944 Oct 3 - Oct 31; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
1484 Rule    Greece  1952    only    -       Jul      1      0:00    1:00    S
1485 Rule    Greece  1952    only    -       Nov      2      0:00    0       -
1486 Rule    Greece  1975    only    -       Apr     12      0:00s   1:00    S
1487 Rule    Greece  1975    only    -       Nov     26      0:00s   0       -
1488 Rule    Greece  1976    only    -       Apr     11      2:00s   1:00    S
1489 Rule    Greece  1976    only    -       Oct     10      2:00s   0       -
1490 Rule    Greece  1977    1978    -       Apr     Sun>=1       2:00s   1:00    S
1491 Rule    Greece  1977    only    -       Sep     26      2:00s   0       -
1492 Rule    Greece  1978    only    -       Sep     24      4:00    0       -
1493 Rule    Greece  1979    only    -       Apr      1      9:00    1:00    S
1494 Rule    Greece  1979    only    -       Sep     29      2:00    0       -
1495 Rule    Greece  1980    only    -       Apr      1      0:00    1:00    S
1496 Rule    Greece  1980    only    -       Sep     28      0:00    0       -
1497 # Zone  NAME            GMTOFF  RULES   FORMAT  [UNTIL]
1498 Zone    Europe/Athens   1:34:52 -       LMT     1895 Sep 14
1499                         1:34:52 -       AMT     1916 Jul 28  0:01 # Athens MT
1500                         2:00    Greece  EE%sT   1941 Apr 30
1501                         1:00    Greece  CE%sT   1944 Apr  4
1502                         2:00    Greece  EE%sT   1981
1503                         # Shanks & Pottenger say it switched to C-Eur in 1981;
1504                         # go with EU rules instead, since Greece joined Jan 1.
1505                         2:00    EU      EE%sT
1506 
1507 # Hungary
1508 # From Paul Eggert (2014-07-15):
1509 # Dates for 1916-1945 are taken from:
1510 # Oross A. Jelen a múlt jövője: a nyári időszámítás Magyarországon 1916-1945.
1511 # National Archives of Hungary (2012-10-29).
1512 # http://mnl.gov.hu/a_het_dokumentuma/a_nyari_idoszamitas_magyarorszagon_19161945.html
1513 # This source does not always give times, which are taken from Shanks
1514 # & Pottenger (which disagree about the dates).
1515 # Rule  NAME    FROM    TO      TYPE    IN      ON      AT      SAVE    LETTER/S
1516 Rule    Hungary 1918    only    -       Apr      1       3:00   1:00    S
1517 Rule    Hungary 1918    only    -       Sep     16       3:00   0       -
1518 Rule    Hungary 1919    only    -       Apr     15       3:00   1:00    S
1519 Rule    Hungary 1919    only    -       Nov     24       3:00   0       -
1520 Rule    Hungary 1945    only    -       May      1      23:00   1:00    S
1521 Rule    Hungary 1945    only    -       Nov      1       0:00   0       -
1522 Rule    Hungary 1946    only    -       Mar     31       2:00s  1:00    S
1523 Rule    Hungary 1946    1949    -       Oct     Sun>=1        2:00s  0       -
1524 Rule    Hungary 1947    1949    -       Apr     Sun>=4        2:00s  1:00    S
1525 Rule    Hungary 1950    only    -       Apr     17       2:00s  1:00    S
1526 Rule    Hungary 1950    only    -       Oct     23       2:00s  0       -
1527 Rule    Hungary 1954    1955    -       May     23       0:00   1:00    S
1528 Rule    Hungary 1954    1955    -       Oct      3       0:00   0       -
1529 Rule    Hungary 1956    only    -       Jun     Sun>=1        0:00   1:00    S
1530 Rule    Hungary 1956    only    -       Sep     lastSun  0:00   0       -
1531 Rule    Hungary 1957    only    -       Jun     Sun>=1        1:00   1:00    S
1532 Rule    Hungary 1957    only    -       Sep     lastSun  3:00   0       -
1533 Rule    Hungary 1980    only    -       Apr      6       1:00   1:00    S
1534 # Zone  NAME            GMTOFF  RULES   FORMAT  [UNTIL]
1535 Zone    Europe/Budapest 1:16:20 -       LMT     1890 Oct
1536                         1:00    C-Eur   CE%sT   1918
1537                         1:00    Hungary CE%sT   1941 Apr  8
1538                         1:00    C-Eur   CE%sT   1945
1539                         1:00    Hungary CE%sT   1980 Sep 28  2:00s
1540                         1:00    EU      CE%sT
1541 
1542 # Iceland
1543 #
1544 # From Adam David (1993-11-06):
1545 # The name of the timezone in Iceland for system / mail / news purposes is GMT.
1546 #
1547 # (1993-12-05):
1548 # This material is paraphrased from the 1988 edition of the University of
1549 # Iceland Almanak.
1550 #
1551 # From January 1st, 1908 the whole of Iceland was standardised at 1 hour
1552 # behind GMT. Previously, local mean solar time was used in different parts
1553 # of Iceland, the almanak had been based on Reykjavik mean solar time which
1554 # was 1 hour and 28 minutes behind GMT.
1555 #
1556 # "first day of winter" referred to [below] means the first day of the 26 weeks
1557 # of winter, according to the old icelandic calendar that dates back to the
1558 # time the norsemen first settled Iceland.  The first day of winter is always
1559 # Saturday, but is not dependent on the Julian or Gregorian calendars.
1560 #
1561 # (1993-12-10):
1562 # I have a reference from the Oxford Icelandic-English dictionary for the
1563 # beginning of winter, which ties it to the ecclesiastical calendar (and thus
1564 # to the julian/gregorian calendar) over the period in question.
1565 #       the winter begins on the Saturday next before St. Luke's day
1566 #       (old style), or on St. Luke's day, if a Saturday.
1567 # St. Luke's day ought to be traceable from ecclesiastical sources. "old style"
1568 # might be a reference to the Julian calendar as opposed to Gregorian, or it
1569 # might mean something else (???).
1570 #
1571 # From Paul Eggert (2014-11-22):
1572 # The information below is taken from the 1988 Almanak; see
1573 # http://www.almanak.hi.is/klukkan.html
1574 #
1575 # Rule  NAME    FROM    TO      TYPE    IN      ON      AT      SAVE    LETTER/S
1576 Rule    Iceland 1917    1919    -       Feb     19      23:00   1:00    -
1577 Rule    Iceland 1917    only    -       Oct     21       1:00   0       -
1578 Rule    Iceland 1918    1919    -       Nov     16       1:00   0       -
1579 Rule    Iceland 1921    only    -       Mar     19      23:00   1:00    -
1580 Rule    Iceland 1921    only    -       Jun     23       1:00   0       -
1581 Rule    Iceland 1939    only    -       Apr     29      23:00   1:00    -
1582 Rule    Iceland 1939    only    -       Oct     29       2:00   0       -
1583 Rule    Iceland 1940    only    -       Feb     25       2:00   1:00    -
1584 Rule    Iceland 1940    1941    -       Nov     Sun>=2        1:00s  0       -
1585 Rule    Iceland 1941    1942    -       Mar     Sun>=2        1:00s  1:00    -
1586 # 1943-1946 - first Sunday in March until first Sunday in winter
1587 Rule    Iceland 1943    1946    -       Mar     Sun>=1        1:00s  1:00    -
1588 Rule    Iceland 1942    1948    -       Oct     Sun>=22       1:00s  0       -
1589 # 1947-1967 - first Sunday in April until first Sunday in winter
1590 Rule    Iceland 1947    1967    -       Apr     Sun>=1        1:00s  1:00    -
1591 # 1949 and 1967 Oct transitions delayed by 1 week
1592 Rule    Iceland 1949    only    -       Oct     30       1:00s  0       -
1593 Rule    Iceland 1950    1966    -       Oct     Sun>=22       1:00s  0       -
1594 Rule    Iceland 1967    only    -       Oct     29       1:00s  0       -
1595 # Zone  NAME            GMTOFF  RULES   FORMAT  [UNTIL]
1596 Zone Atlantic/Reykjavik -1:28   -       LMT     1908
1597                         -1:00   Iceland -01/+00 1968 Apr  7  1:00s
1598                          0:00   -       GMT
1599 
1600 # Italy
1601 #
1602 # From Paul Eggert (2001-03-06):
1603 # Sicily and Sardinia each had their own time zones from 1866 to 1893,
1604 # called Palermo Time (+00:53:28) and Cagliari Time (+00:36:32).
1605 # During World War II, German-controlled Italy used German time.
1606 # But these events all occurred before the 1970 cutoff,
1607 # so record only the time in Rome.
1608 #
1609 # From Michael Deckers (2016-10-24):
1610 # http://www.ac-ilsestante.it/MERIDIANE/ora_legale quotes a law of 1893-08-10
1611 # ... [translated as] "The preceding dispositions will enter into
1612 # force at the instant at which, according to the time specified in
1613 # the 1st article, the 1st of November 1893 will begin...."
1614 #
1615 # From Pierpaolo Bernardi (2016-10-20):
1616 # The authoritative source for time in Italy is the national metrological
1617 # institute, which has a summary page of historical DST data at
1618 # http://www.inrim.it/res/tf/ora_legale_i.shtml
1619 # (2016-10-24):
1620 # http://www.renzobaldini.it/le-ore-legali-in-italia/
1621 # has still different data for 1944.  It divides Italy in two, as
1622 # there were effectively two governments at the time, north of Gothic
1623 # Line German controlled territory, official government RSI, and south
1624 # of the Gothic Line, controlled by allied armies.
1625 #
1626 # From Brian Inglis (2016-10-23):
1627 # Viceregal LEGISLATIVE DECREE. 14 September 1944, no. 219.
1628 # Restoration of Standard Time. (044U0219) (OJ 62 of 30.9.1944) ...
1629 # Given the R. law decreed on 1944-03-29, no. 92, by which standard time is
1630 # advanced to sixty minutes later starting at hour two on 1944-04-02; ...
1631 # Starting at hour three on the date 1944-09-17 standard time will be resumed.
1632 #
1633 # From Paul Eggert (2016-10-27):
1634 # Go with INRiM for DST rules, except as corrected by Inglis for 1944
1635 # for the Kingdom of Italy.  This is consistent with Renzo Baldini.
1636 # Model Rome's occupation by using C-Eur rules from 1943-09-10
1637 # to 1944-06-04; although Rome was an open city during this period, it
1638 # was effectively controlled by Germany.
1639 #
1640 # Rule  NAME    FROM    TO      TYPE    IN      ON      AT      SAVE    LETTER/S
1641 Rule    Italy   1916    only    -       Jun      3      24:00   1:00    S
1642 Rule    Italy   1916    1917    -       Sep     30      24:00   0       -
1643 Rule    Italy   1917    only    -       Mar     31      24:00   1:00    S
1644 Rule    Italy   1918    only    -       Mar      9      24:00   1:00    S
1645 Rule    Italy   1918    only    -       Oct      6      24:00   0       -
1646 Rule    Italy   1919    only    -       Mar      1      24:00   1:00    S
1647 Rule    Italy   1919    only    -       Oct      4      24:00   0       -
1648 Rule    Italy   1920    only    -       Mar     20      24:00   1:00    S
1649 Rule    Italy   1920    only    -       Sep     18      24:00   0       -
1650 Rule    Italy   1940    only    -       Jun     14      24:00   1:00    S
1651 Rule    Italy   1942    only    -       Nov      2       2:00s  0       -
1652 Rule    Italy   1943    only    -       Mar     29       2:00s  1:00    S
1653 Rule    Italy   1943    only    -       Oct      4       2:00s  0       -
1654 Rule    Italy   1944    only    -       Apr      2       2:00s  1:00    S
1655 Rule    Italy   1944    only    -       Sep     17       2:00s  0       -
1656 Rule    Italy   1945    only    -       Apr      2       2:00   1:00    S
1657 Rule    Italy   1945    only    -       Sep     15       1:00   0       -
1658 Rule    Italy   1946    only    -       Mar     17       2:00s  1:00    S
1659 Rule    Italy   1946    only    -       Oct      6       2:00s  0       -
1660 Rule    Italy   1947    only    -       Mar     16       0:00s  1:00    S
1661 Rule    Italy   1947    only    -       Oct      5       0:00s  0       -
1662 Rule    Italy   1948    only    -       Feb     29       2:00s  1:00    S
1663 Rule    Italy   1948    only    -       Oct      3       2:00s  0       -
1664 Rule    Italy   1966    1968    -       May     Sun>=22       0:00s  1:00    S
1665 Rule    Italy   1966    only    -       Sep     24      24:00   0       -
1666 Rule    Italy   1967    1969    -       Sep     Sun>=22       0:00s  0       -
1667 Rule    Italy   1969    only    -       Jun      1       0:00s  1:00    S
1668 Rule    Italy   1970    only    -       May     31       0:00s  1:00    S
1669 Rule    Italy   1970    only    -       Sep     lastSun  0:00s  0       -
1670 Rule    Italy   1971    1972    -       May     Sun>=22       0:00s  1:00    S
1671 Rule    Italy   1971    only    -       Sep     lastSun  0:00s  0       -
1672 Rule    Italy   1972    only    -       Oct      1       0:00s  0       -
1673 Rule    Italy   1973    only    -       Jun      3       0:00s  1:00    S
1674 Rule    Italy   1973    1974    -       Sep     lastSun  0:00s  0       -
1675 Rule    Italy   1974    only    -       May     26       0:00s  1:00    S
1676 Rule    Italy   1975    only    -       Jun      1       0:00s  1:00    S
1677 Rule    Italy   1975    1977    -       Sep     lastSun  0:00s  0       -
1678 Rule    Italy   1976    only    -       May     30       0:00s  1:00    S
1679 Rule    Italy   1977    1979    -       May     Sun>=22       0:00s  1:00    S
1680 Rule    Italy   1978    only    -       Oct      1       0:00s  0       -
1681 Rule    Italy   1979    only    -       Sep     30       0:00s  0       -
1682 # Zone  NAME            GMTOFF  RULES   FORMAT  [UNTIL]
1683 Zone    Europe/Rome     0:49:56 -       LMT     1866 Sep 22
1684                         0:49:56 -       RMT     1893 Oct 31 23:49:56 # Rome Mean
1685                         1:00    Italy   CE%sT   1943 Sep 10
1686                         1:00    C-Eur   CE%sT   1944 Jun  4
1687                         1:00    Italy   CE%sT   1980
1688                         1:00    EU      CE%sT
1689 
1690 Link    Europe/Rome     Europe/Vatican
1691 Link    Europe/Rome     Europe/San_Marino
1692 
1693 # Latvia
1694 
1695 # From Liene Kanepe (1998-09-17):
1696 
1697 # I asked about this matter Scientific Secretary of the Institute of Astronomy
1698 # of The University of Latvia Dr. paed Mr. Ilgonis Vilks. I also searched the
1699 # correct data in juridical acts and I found some juridical documents about
1700 # changes in the counting of time in Latvia from 1981....
1701 #
1702 # Act No. 35 of the Council of Ministers of Latvian SSR of 1981-01-22 ...
1703 # according to the Act No. 925 of the Council of Ministers of USSR of 1980-10-24
1704 # ...: all year round the time of 2nd time zone + 1 hour, in addition turning
1705 # the hands of the clock 1 hour forward on 1 April at 00:00 (GMT 31 March 21:00)
1706 # and 1 hour backward on the 1 October at 00:00 (GMT 30 September 20:00).
1707 #
1708 # Act No. 592 of the Council of Ministers of Latvian SSR of 1984-09-24 ...
1709 # according to the Act No. 967 of the Council of Ministers of USSR of 1984-09-13
1710 # ...: all year round the time of 2nd time zone + 1 hour, in addition turning
1711 # the hands of the clock 1 hour forward on the last Sunday of March at 02:00
1712 # (GMT 23:00 on the previous day) and 1 hour backward on the last Sunday of
1713 # September at 03:00 (GMT 23:00 on the previous day).
1714 #
1715 # Act No. 81 of the Council of Ministers of Latvian SSR of 1989-03-22 ...
1716 # according to the Act No. 227 of the Council of Ministers of USSR of 1989-03-14
1717 # ...: since the last Sunday of March 1989 in Lithuanian SSR, Latvian SSR,
1718 # Estonian SSR and Kaliningrad region of Russian Federation all year round the
1719 # time of 2nd time zone (Moscow time minus one hour). On the territory of Latvia
1720 # transition to summer time is performed on the last Sunday of March at 02:00
1721 # (GMT 00:00), turning the hands of the clock 1 hour forward.  The end of
1722 # daylight saving time is performed on the last Sunday of September at 03:00
1723 # (GMT 00:00), turning the hands of the clock 1 hour backward. Exception is
1724 # 1989-03-26, when we must not turn the hands of the clock....
1725 #
1726 # The Regulations of the Cabinet of Ministers of the Republic of Latvia of
1727 # 1997-01-21 on transition to Summer time ... established the same order of
1728 # daylight savings time settings as in the States of the European Union.
1729 
1730 # From Andrei Ivanov (2000-03-06):
1731 # This year Latvia will not switch to Daylight Savings Time (as specified in
1732 # The Regulations of the Cabinet of Ministers of the Rep. of Latvia of
1733 # 29-Feb-2000 (No. 79) <http://www.lv-laiks.lv/wwwraksti/2000/071072/vd4.htm>,
1734 # in Latvian for subscribers only).
1735 
1736 # From RFE/RL Newsline
1737 # http://www.rferl.org/newsline/2001/01/3-CEE/cee-030101.html
1738 # (2001-01-03), noted after a heads-up by Rives McDow:
1739 # The Latvian government on 2 January decided that the country will
1740 # institute daylight-saving time this spring, LETA reported.
1741 # Last February the three Baltic states decided not to turn back their
1742 # clocks one hour in the spring....
1743 # Minister of Economy Aigars Kalvītis noted that Latvia had too few
1744 # daylight hours and thus decided to comply with a draft European
1745 # Commission directive that provides for instituting daylight-saving
1746 # time in EU countries between 2002 and 2006. The Latvian government
1747 # urged Lithuania and Estonia to adopt a similar time policy, but it
1748 # appears that they will not do so....
1749 
1750 # Rule  NAME    FROM    TO      TYPE    IN      ON      AT      SAVE    LETTER/S
1751 Rule    Latvia  1989    1996    -       Mar     lastSun  2:00s  1:00    S
1752 Rule    Latvia  1989    1996    -       Sep     lastSun  2:00s  0       -
1753 
1754 # Milne 1899 says Riga was 1:36:28 (Polytechnique House time).
1755 # Byalokoz 1919 says Latvia was 1:36:34.
1756 # Go with Byalokoz.
1757 
1758 # Zone  NAME            GMTOFF  RULES   FORMAT  [UNTIL]
1759 Zone    Europe/Riga     1:36:34 -       LMT     1880
1760                         1:36:34 -       RMT     1918 Apr 15  2:00 # Riga MT
1761                         1:36:34 1:00    LST     1918 Sep 16  3:00 # Latvian ST
1762                         1:36:34 -       RMT     1919 Apr  1  2:00
1763                         1:36:34 1:00    LST     1919 May 22  3:00
1764                         1:36:34 -       RMT     1926 May 11
1765                         2:00    -       EET     1940 Aug  5
1766                         3:00    -       MSK     1941 Jul
1767                         1:00    C-Eur   CE%sT   1944 Oct 13
1768                         3:00    Russia  MSK/MSD 1989 Mar lastSun  2:00s
1769                         2:00    1:00    EEST    1989 Sep lastSun  2:00s
1770                         2:00    Latvia  EE%sT   1997 Jan 21
1771                         2:00    EU      EE%sT   2000 Feb 29
1772                         2:00    -       EET     2001 Jan  2
1773                         2:00    EU      EE%sT
1774 
1775 # Liechtenstein
1776 
1777 # From Paul Eggert (2013-09-09):
1778 # Shanks & Pottenger say Vaduz is like Zurich.
1779 
1780 # From Alois Treindl (2013-09-18):
1781 # http://www.eliechtensteinensia.li/LIJ/1978/1938-1978/1941.pdf
1782 # ... confirms on p. 6 that Liechtenstein followed Switzerland in 1941 and 1942.
1783 # I ... translate only the last two paragraphs:
1784 #    ... during second world war, in the years 1941 and 1942, Liechtenstein
1785 #    introduced daylight saving time, adapting to Switzerland.  From 1943 on
1786 #    central European time was in force throughout the year.
1787 #    From a report of the duke's government to the high council,
1788 #    regarding the introduction of a time law, of 31 May 1977.
1789 
1790 Link Europe/Zurich Europe/Vaduz
1791 
1792 
1793 # Lithuania
1794 
1795 # From Paul Eggert (2016-03-18):
1796 # The 1989 transition is from USSR act No. 227 (1989-03-14).
1797 
1798 # From Paul Eggert (1996-11-22):
1799 # IATA SSIM (1992/1996) says Lithuania uses W-Eur rules, but since it is
1800 # known to be wrong about Estonia and Latvia, assume it's wrong here too.
1801 
1802 # From Marius Gedminas (1998-08-07):
1803 # I would like to inform that in this year Lithuanian time zone
1804 # (Europe/Vilnius) was changed.
1805 
1806 # From ELTA No. 972 (2582) (1999-09-29) <http://www.elta.lt/>,
1807 # via Steffen Thorsen:
1808 # Lithuania has shifted back to the second time zone (GMT plus two hours)
1809 # to be valid here starting from October 31,
1810 # as decided by the national government on Wednesday....
1811 # The Lithuanian government also announced plans to consider a
1812 # motion to give up shifting to summer time in spring, as it was
1813 # already done by Estonia.
1814 
1815 # From the Fact File, Lithuanian State Department of Tourism
1816 # <http://www.tourism.lt/informa/ff.htm> (2000-03-27):
1817 # Local time is GMT+2 hours ..., no daylight saving.
1818 
1819 # From a user via Klaus Marten (2003-02-07):
1820 # As a candidate for membership of the European Union, Lithuania will
1821 # observe Summer Time in 2003, changing its clocks at the times laid
1822 # down in EU Directive 2000/84 of 19.I.01 (i.e. at the same times as its
1823 # neighbour Latvia). The text of the Lithuanian government Order of
1824 # 7.XI.02 to this effect can be found at
1825 # http://www.lrvk.lt/nut/11/n1749.htm
1826 
1827 
1828 # Zone  NAME            GMTOFF  RULES   FORMAT  [UNTIL]
1829 Zone    Europe/Vilnius  1:41:16 -       LMT     1880
1830                         1:24:00 -       WMT     1917        # Warsaw Mean Time
1831                         1:35:36 -       KMT     1919 Oct 10 # Kaunas Mean Time
1832                         1:00    -       CET     1920 Jul 12
1833                         2:00    -       EET     1920 Oct  9
1834                         1:00    -       CET     1940 Aug  3
1835                         3:00    -       MSK     1941 Jun 24
1836                         1:00    C-Eur   CE%sT   1944 Aug
1837                         3:00    Russia  MSK/MSD 1989 Mar 26  2:00s
1838                         2:00    Russia  EE%sT   1991 Sep 29  2:00s
1839                         2:00    C-Eur   EE%sT   1998
1840                         2:00    -       EET     1998 Mar 29  1:00u
1841                         1:00    EU      CE%sT   1999 Oct 31  1:00u
1842                         2:00    -       EET     2003 Jan  1
1843                         2:00    EU      EE%sT
1844 
1845 # Luxembourg
1846 # Whitman disagrees with most of these dates in minor ways;
1847 # go with Shanks & Pottenger.
1848 # Rule  NAME    FROM    TO      TYPE    IN      ON      AT      SAVE    LETTER/S
1849 Rule    Lux     1916    only    -       May     14      23:00   1:00    S
1850 Rule    Lux     1916    only    -       Oct      1       1:00   0       -
1851 Rule    Lux     1917    only    -       Apr     28      23:00   1:00    S
1852 Rule    Lux     1917    only    -       Sep     17       1:00   0       -
1853 Rule    Lux     1918    only    -       Apr     Mon>=15       2:00s  1:00    S
1854 Rule    Lux     1918    only    -       Sep     Mon>=15       2:00s  0       -
1855 Rule    Lux     1919    only    -       Mar      1      23:00   1:00    S
1856 Rule    Lux     1919    only    -       Oct      5       3:00   0       -
1857 Rule    Lux     1920    only    -       Feb     14      23:00   1:00    S
1858 Rule    Lux     1920    only    -       Oct     24       2:00   0       -
1859 Rule    Lux     1921    only    -       Mar     14      23:00   1:00    S
1860 Rule    Lux     1921    only    -       Oct     26       2:00   0       -
1861 Rule    Lux     1922    only    -       Mar     25      23:00   1:00    S
1862 Rule    Lux     1922    only    -       Oct     Sun>=2        1:00   0       -
1863 Rule    Lux     1923    only    -       Apr     21      23:00   1:00    S
1864 Rule    Lux     1923    only    -       Oct     Sun>=2        2:00   0       -
1865 Rule    Lux     1924    only    -       Mar     29      23:00   1:00    S
1866 Rule    Lux     1924    1928    -       Oct     Sun>=2        1:00   0       -
1867 Rule    Lux     1925    only    -       Apr      5      23:00   1:00    S
1868 Rule    Lux     1926    only    -       Apr     17      23:00   1:00    S
1869 Rule    Lux     1927    only    -       Apr      9      23:00   1:00    S
1870 Rule    Lux     1928    only    -       Apr     14      23:00   1:00    S
1871 Rule    Lux     1929    only    -       Apr     20      23:00   1:00    S
1872 # Zone  NAME            GMTOFF  RULES   FORMAT  [UNTIL]
1873 Zone Europe/Luxembourg  0:24:36 -       LMT     1904 Jun
1874                         1:00    Lux     CE%sT   1918 Nov 25
1875                         0:00    Lux     WE%sT   1929 Oct  6  2:00s
1876                         0:00    Belgium WE%sT   1940 May 14  3:00
1877                         1:00    C-Eur   WE%sT   1944 Sep 18  3:00
1878                         1:00    Belgium CE%sT   1977
1879                         1:00    EU      CE%sT
1880 
1881 # Macedonia
1882 # See Europe/Belgrade.
1883 
1884 # Malta
1885 #
1886 # From Paul Eggert (2016-10-21):
1887 # Assume 1900-1972 was like Rome, overriding Shanks.
1888 #
1889 # Rule  NAME    FROM    TO      TYPE    IN      ON      AT      SAVE    LETTER/S
1890 Rule    Malta   1973    only    -       Mar     31      0:00s   1:00    S
1891 Rule    Malta   1973    only    -       Sep     29      0:00s   0       -
1892 Rule    Malta   1974    only    -       Apr     21      0:00s   1:00    S
1893 Rule    Malta   1974    only    -       Sep     16      0:00s   0       -
1894 Rule    Malta   1975    1979    -       Apr     Sun>=15      2:00    1:00    S
1895 Rule    Malta   1975    1980    -       Sep     Sun>=15      2:00    0       -
1896 Rule    Malta   1980    only    -       Mar     31      2:00    1:00    S
1897 # Zone  NAME            GMTOFF  RULES   FORMAT  [UNTIL]
1898 Zone    Europe/Malta    0:58:04 -       LMT     1893 Nov  2  0:00s # Valletta
1899                         1:00    Italy   CE%sT   1973 Mar 31
1900                         1:00    Malta   CE%sT   1981
1901                         1:00    EU      CE%sT
1902 
1903 # Moldova
1904 
1905 # From Stepan Golosunov (2016-03-07):
1906 # the act of the government of the Republic of Moldova Nr. 132 from 1990-05-04
1907 # http://lex.justice.md/viewdoc.php?action=view&view=doc&id=298782&lang=2
1908 # ... says that since 1990-05-06 on the territory of the Moldavian SSR
1909 # time would be calculated as the standard time of the second time belt
1910 # plus one hour of the "summer" time. To implement that clocks would be
1911 # adjusted one hour backwards at 1990-05-06 2:00. After that "summer"
1912 # time would be cancelled last Sunday of September at 3:00 and
1913 # reintroduced last Sunday of March at 2:00.
1914 
1915 # From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):
1916 # A previous version of this database followed Shanks & Pottenger, who write
1917 # that Tiraspol switched to Moscow time on 1992-01-19 at 02:00.
1918 # However, this is most likely an error, as Moldova declared independence
1919 # on 1991-08-27 (the 1992-01-19 date is that of a Russian decree).
1920 # In early 1992 there was large-scale interethnic violence in the area
1921 # and it's possible that some Russophones continued to observe Moscow time.
1922 # But [two people] separately reported via
1923 # Jesper Nørgaard that as of 2001-01-24 Tiraspol was like Chisinau.
1924 # The Tiraspol entry has therefore been removed for now.
1925 #
1926 # From Alexander Krivenyshev (2011-10-17):
1927 # Pridnestrovian Moldavian Republic (PMR, also known as
1928 # "Pridnestrovie") has abolished seasonal clock change (no transition
1929 # to the Winter Time).
1930 #
1931 # News (in Russian):
1932 # http://www.kyivpost.ua/russia/news/pridnestrove-otkazalos-ot-perehoda-na-zimnee-vremya-30954.html
1933 # http://www.allmoldova.com/moldova-news/1249064116.html
1934 #
1935 # The substance of this change (reinstatement of the Tiraspol entry)
1936 # is from a patch from Petr Machata (2011-10-17)
1937 #
1938 # From Tim Parenti (2011-10-19)
1939 # In addition, being situated at +4651+2938 would give Tiraspol
1940 # a pre-1880 LMT offset of 1:58:32.
1941 #
1942 # (which agrees with the earlier entry that had been removed)
1943 #
1944 # From Alexander Krivenyshev (2011-10-26)
1945 # NO need to divide Moldova into two timezones at this point.
1946 # As of today, Transnistria (Pridnestrovie)- Tiraspol reversed its own
1947 # decision to abolish DST this winter.
1948 # Following Moldova and neighboring Ukraine- Transnistria (Pridnestrovie)-
1949 # Tiraspol will go back to winter time on October 30, 2011.
1950 # News from Moldova (in russian):
1951 # https://ru.publika.md/link_317061.html
1952 
1953 # From Roman Tudos (2015-07-02):
1954 # http://lex.justice.md/index.php?action=view&view=doc&lang=1&id=355077
1955 # From Paul Eggert (2015-07-01):
1956 # The abovementioned official link to IGO1445-868/2014 states that
1957 # 2014-10-26's fallback transition occurred at 03:00 local time.  Also,
1958 # https://www.trm.md/en/social/la-30-martie-vom-trece-la-ora-de-vara
1959 # says the 2014-03-30 spring-forward transition was at 02:00 local time.
1960 # Guess that since 1997 Moldova has switched one hour before the EU.
1961 
1962 # Rule  NAME    FROM    TO      TYPE    IN      ON      AT      SAVE    LETTER/S
1963 Rule    Moldova 1997    max     -       Mar     lastSun  2:00   1:00    S
1964 Rule    Moldova 1997    max     -       Oct     lastSun  3:00   0       -
1965 
1966 # Zone  NAME            GMTOFF  RULES   FORMAT  [UNTIL]
1967 Zone    Europe/Chisinau 1:55:20 -       LMT     1880
1968                         1:55    -       CMT     1918 Feb 15 # Chisinau MT
1969                         1:44:24 -       BMT     1931 Jul 24 # Bucharest MT
1970                         2:00    Romania EE%sT   1940 Aug 15
1971                         2:00    1:00    EEST    1941 Jul 17
1972                         1:00    C-Eur   CE%sT   1944 Aug 24
1973                         3:00    Russia  MSK/MSD 1990 May  6  2:00
1974                         2:00    Russia  EE%sT   1992
1975                         2:00    E-Eur   EE%sT   1997
1976 # See Romania commentary for the guessed 1997 transition to EU rules.
1977                         2:00    Moldova EE%sT
1978 
1979 # Monaco
1980 # Shanks & Pottenger give 0:09:20 for Paris Mean Time; go with Howse's
1981 # more precise 0:09:21.
1982 # Zone  NAME            GMTOFF  RULES   FORMAT  [UNTIL]
1983 Zone    Europe/Monaco   0:29:32 -       LMT     1891 Mar 15
1984                         0:09:21 -       PMT     1911 Mar 11 # Paris Mean Time
1985                         0:00    France  WE%sT   1945 Sep 16  3:00
1986                         1:00    France  CE%sT   1977
1987                         1:00    EU      CE%sT
1988 
1989 # Montenegro
1990 # See Europe/Belgrade.
1991 
1992 # Netherlands
1993 
1994 # Howse writes that the Netherlands' railways used GMT between 1892 and 1940,
1995 # but for other purposes the Netherlands used Amsterdam mean time.
1996 
1997 # However, Robert H. van Gent writes (2001-04-01):
1998 # Howse's statement is only correct up to 1909. From 1909-05-01 (00:00:00
1999 # Amsterdam mean time) onwards, the whole of the Netherlands (including
2000 # the Dutch railways) was required by law to observe Amsterdam mean time
2001 # (19 minutes 32.13 seconds ahead of GMT). This had already been the
2002 # common practice (except for the railways) for many decades but it was
2003 # not until 1909 when the Dutch government finally defined this by law.
2004 # On 1937-07-01 this was changed to 20 minutes (exactly) ahead of GMT and
2005 # was generally known as Dutch Time ("Nederlandse Tijd").
2006 #
2007 # (2001-04-08):
2008 # 1892-05-01 was the date when the Dutch railways were by law required to
2009 # observe GMT while the remainder of the Netherlands adhered to the common
2010 # practice of following Amsterdam mean time.
2011 #
2012 # (2001-04-09):
2013 # In 1835 the authorities of the province of North Holland requested the
2014 # municipal authorities of the towns and cities in the province to observe
2015 # Amsterdam mean time but I do not know in how many cases this request was
2016 # actually followed.
2017 #
2018 # From 1852 onwards the Dutch telegraph offices were by law required to
2019 # observe Amsterdam mean time. As the time signals from the observatory of
2020 # Leiden were also distributed by the telegraph system, I assume that most
2021 # places linked up with the telegraph (and railway) system automatically
2022 # adopted Amsterdam mean time.
2023 #
2024 # Although the early Dutch railway companies initially observed a variety
2025 # of times, most of them had adopted Amsterdam mean time by 1858 but it
2026 # was not until 1866 when they were all required by law to observe
2027 # Amsterdam mean time.
2028 
2029 # The data entries before 1945 are taken from
2030 # https://www.staff.science.uu.nl/~gent0113/wettijd/wettijd.htm
2031 
2032 # Rule  NAME    FROM    TO      TYPE    IN      ON      AT      SAVE    LETTER/S
2033 Rule    Neth    1916    only    -       May      1      0:00    1:00    NST     # Netherlands Summer Time
2034 Rule    Neth    1916    only    -       Oct      1      0:00    0       AMT     # Amsterdam Mean Time
2035 Rule    Neth    1917    only    -       Apr     16      2:00s   1:00    NST
2036 Rule    Neth    1917    only    -       Sep     17      2:00s   0       AMT
2037 Rule    Neth    1918    1921    -       Apr     Mon>=1       2:00s   1:00    NST
2038 Rule    Neth    1918    1921    -       Sep     lastMon 2:00s   0       AMT
2039 Rule    Neth    1922    only    -       Mar     lastSun 2:00s   1:00    NST
2040 Rule    Neth    1922    1936    -       Oct     Sun>=2       2:00s   0       AMT
2041 Rule    Neth    1923    only    -       Jun     Fri>=1       2:00s   1:00    NST
2042 Rule    Neth    1924    only    -       Mar     lastSun 2:00s   1:00    NST
2043 Rule    Neth    1925    only    -       Jun     Fri>=1       2:00s   1:00    NST
2044 # From 1926 through 1939 DST began 05-15, except that it was delayed by a week
2045 # in years when 05-15 fell in the Pentecost weekend.
2046 Rule    Neth    1926    1931    -       May     15      2:00s   1:00    NST
2047 Rule    Neth    1932    only    -       May     22      2:00s   1:00    NST
2048 Rule    Neth    1933    1936    -       May     15      2:00s   1:00    NST
2049 Rule    Neth    1937    only    -       May     22      2:00s   1:00    NST
2050 Rule    Neth    1937    only    -       Jul      1      0:00    1:00    S
2051 Rule    Neth    1937    1939    -       Oct     Sun>=2       2:00s   0       -
2052 Rule    Neth    1938    1939    -       May     15      2:00s   1:00    S
2053 Rule    Neth    1945    only    -       Apr      2      2:00s   1:00    S
2054 Rule    Neth    1945    only    -       Sep     16      2:00s   0       -
2055 #
2056 # Amsterdam Mean Time was +00:19:32.13, but the .13 is omitted
2057 # below because the current format requires GMTOFF to be an integer.
2058 # Zone  NAME            GMTOFF  RULES   FORMAT  [UNTIL]
2059 Zone Europe/Amsterdam   0:19:32 -       LMT     1835
2060                         0:19:32 Neth    %s      1937 Jul  1
2061                         0:20    Neth +0020/+0120 1940 May 16  0:00
2062                         1:00    C-Eur   CE%sT   1945 Apr  2  2:00
2063                         1:00    Neth    CE%sT   1977
2064                         1:00    EU      CE%sT
2065 
2066 # Norway
2067 # http://met.no/met/met_lex/q_u/sommertid.html (2004-01) agrees with Shanks &
2068 # Pottenger.
2069 # Rule  NAME    FROM    TO      TYPE    IN      ON      AT      SAVE    LETTER/S
2070 Rule    Norway  1916    only    -       May     22      1:00    1:00    S
2071 Rule    Norway  1916    only    -       Sep     30      0:00    0       -
2072 Rule    Norway  1945    only    -       Apr      2      2:00s   1:00    S
2073 Rule    Norway  1945    only    -       Oct      1      2:00s   0       -
2074 Rule    Norway  1959    1964    -       Mar     Sun>=15      2:00s   1:00    S
2075 Rule    Norway  1959    1965    -       Sep     Sun>=15      2:00s   0       -
2076 Rule    Norway  1965    only    -       Apr     25      2:00s   1:00    S
2077 # Zone  NAME            GMTOFF  RULES   FORMAT  [UNTIL]
2078 Zone    Europe/Oslo     0:43:00 -       LMT     1895 Jan  1
2079                         1:00    Norway  CE%sT   1940 Aug 10 23:00
2080                         1:00    C-Eur   CE%sT   1945 Apr  2  2:00
2081                         1:00    Norway  CE%sT   1980
2082                         1:00    EU      CE%sT
2083 
2084 # Svalbard & Jan Mayen
2085 
2086 # From Steffen Thorsen (2001-05-01):
2087 # Although I could not find it explicitly, it seems that Jan Mayen and
2088 # Svalbard have been using the same time as Norway at least since the
2089 # time they were declared as parts of Norway.  Svalbard was declared
2090 # as a part of Norway by law of 1925-07-17 no 11, section 4 and Jan
2091 # Mayen by law of 1930-02-27 no 2, section 2. (From
2092 # <http://www.lovdata.no/all/nl-19250717-011.html> and
2093 # <http://www.lovdata.no/all/nl-19300227-002.html>).  The law/regulation
2094 # for normal/standard time in Norway is from 1894-06-29 no 1 (came
2095 # into operation on 1895-01-01) and Svalbard/Jan Mayen seem to be a
2096 # part of this law since 1925/1930. (From
2097 # <http://www.lovdata.no/all/nl-18940629-001.html>) I have not been
2098 # able to find if Jan Mayen used a different time zone (e.g. -0100)
2099 # before 1930. Jan Mayen has only been "inhabited" since 1921 by
2100 # Norwegian meteorologists and maybe used the same time as Norway ever
2101 # since 1921.  Svalbard (Arctic/Longyearbyen) has been inhabited since
2102 # before 1895, and therefore probably changed the local time somewhere
2103 # between 1895 and 1925 (inclusive).
2104 
2105 # From Paul Eggert (2013-09-04):
2106 #
2107 # Actually, Jan Mayen was never occupied by Germany during World War II,
2108 # so it must have diverged from Oslo time during the war, as Oslo was
2109 # keeping Berlin time.
2110 #
2111 # <https://www.jan-mayen.no/history.htm> says that the meteorologists
2112 # burned down their station in 1940 and left the island, but returned in
2113 # 1941 with a small Norwegian garrison and continued operations despite
2114 # frequent air attacks from Germans.  In 1943 the Americans established a
2115 # radiolocating station on the island, called "Atlantic City".  Possibly
2116 # the UT offset changed during the war, but I think it unlikely that
2117 # Jan Mayen used German daylight-saving rules.
2118 #
2119 # Svalbard is more complicated, as it was raided in August 1941 by an
2120 # Allied party that evacuated the civilian population to England (says
2121 # <http://www.bartleby.com/65/sv/Svalbard.html>).  The Svalbard FAQ
2122 # <http://www.svalbard.com/SvalbardFAQ.html> says that the Germans were
2123 # expelled on 1942-05-14.  However, small parties of Germans did return,
2124 # and according to Wilhelm Dege's book "War North of 80" (1954)
2125 # http://www.ucalgary.ca/UofC/departments/UP/1-55238/1-55238-110-2.html
2126 # the German armed forces at the Svalbard weather station code-named
2127 # Haudegen did not surrender to the Allies until September 1945.
2128 #
2129 # All these events predate our cutoff date of 1970, so use Europe/Oslo
2130 # for these regions.
2131 Link    Europe/Oslo     Arctic/Longyearbyen
2132 
2133 # Poland
2134 
2135 # The 1919 dates and times can be found in Tygodnik Urzędowy nr 1 (1919-03-20),
2136 # <http://www.wbc.poznan.pl/publication/32156> pp 1-2.
2137 
2138 # Rule  NAME    FROM    TO      TYPE    IN      ON      AT      SAVE    LETTER/S
2139 Rule    Poland  1918    1919    -       Sep     16      2:00s   0       -
2140 Rule    Poland  1919    only    -       Apr     15      2:00s   1:00    S
2141 Rule    Poland  1944    only    -       Apr      3      2:00s   1:00    S
2142 # Whitman gives 1944 Nov 30; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
2143 Rule    Poland  1944    only    -       Oct      4      2:00    0       -
2144 # For 1944-1948 Whitman gives the previous day; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
2145 Rule    Poland  1945    only    -       Apr     29      0:00    1:00    S
2146 Rule    Poland  1945    only    -       Nov      1      0:00    0       -
2147 # For 1946 on the source is Kazimierz Borkowski,
2148 # Toruń Center for Astronomy, Dept. of Radio Astronomy, Nicolaus Copernicus U.,
2149 # https://www.astro.uni.torun.pl/~kb/Artykuly/U-PA/Czas2.htm#tth_tAb1
2150 # Thanks to Przemysław Augustyniak (2005-05-28) for this reference.
2151 # He also gives these further references:
2152 # Mon Pol nr 13, poz 162 (1995) <http://www.abc.com.pl/serwis/mp/1995/0162.htm>
2153 # Druk nr 2180 (2003) <http://www.senat.gov.pl/k5/dok/sejm/053/2180.pdf>
2154 Rule    Poland  1946    only    -       Apr     14      0:00s   1:00    S
2155 Rule    Poland  1946    only    -       Oct      7      2:00s   0       -
2156 Rule    Poland  1947    only    -       May      4      2:00s   1:00    S
2157 Rule    Poland  1947    1949    -       Oct     Sun>=1       2:00s   0       -
2158 Rule    Poland  1948    only    -       Apr     18      2:00s   1:00    S
2159 Rule    Poland  1949    only    -       Apr     10      2:00s   1:00    S
2160 Rule    Poland  1957    only    -       Jun      2      1:00s   1:00    S
2161 Rule    Poland  1957    1958    -       Sep     lastSun 1:00s   0       -
2162 Rule    Poland  1958    only    -       Mar     30      1:00s   1:00    S
2163 Rule    Poland  1959    only    -       May     31      1:00s   1:00    S
2164 Rule    Poland  1959    1961    -       Oct     Sun>=1       1:00s   0       -
2165 Rule    Poland  1960    only    -       Apr      3      1:00s   1:00    S
2166 Rule    Poland  1961    1964    -       May     lastSun 1:00s   1:00    S
2167 Rule    Poland  1962    1964    -       Sep     lastSun 1:00s   0       -
2168 # Zone  NAME            GMTOFF  RULES   FORMAT  [UNTIL]
2169 Zone    Europe/Warsaw   1:24:00 -       LMT     1880
2170                         1:24:00 -       WMT     1915 Aug  5 # Warsaw Mean Time
2171                         1:00    C-Eur   CE%sT   1918 Sep 16  3:00
2172                         2:00    Poland  EE%sT   1922 Jun
2173                         1:00    Poland  CE%sT   1940 Jun 23  2:00
2174                         1:00    C-Eur   CE%sT   1944 Oct
2175                         1:00    Poland  CE%sT   1977
2176                         1:00    W-Eur   CE%sT   1988
2177                         1:00    EU      CE%sT
2178 
2179 # Portugal
2180 
2181 # From Paul Eggert (2014-08-11), after a heads-up from Stephen Colebourne:
2182 # According to a Portuguese decree (1911-05-26)
2183 # https://dre.pt/application/dir/pdf1sdip/1911/05/12500/23132313.pdf
2184 # Lisbon was at -0:36:44.68, but switched to GMT on 1912-01-01 at 00:00.
2185 # Round the old offset to -0:36:45.  This agrees with Willett....
2186 #
2187 # From Michael Deckers (2018-02-15):
2188 # article 5 [of the 1911 decree; Deckers's translation] ...:
2189 # These dispositions shall enter into force at the instant at which,
2190 # according to the 2nd article, the civil day January 1, 1912 begins,
2191 # all clocks therefore having to be advanced or set back correspondingly ...
2192 
2193 # From Rui Pedro Salgueiro (1992-11-12):
2194 # Portugal has recently (September, 27) changed timezone
2195 # (from WET to MET or CET) to harmonize with EEC.
2196 #
2197 # Martin Bruckmann (1996-02-29) reports via Peter Ilieve
2198 # that Portugal is reverting to 0:00 by not moving its clocks this spring.
2199 # The new Prime Minister was fed up with getting up in the dark in the winter.
2200 #
2201 # From Paul Eggert (1996-11-12):
2202 # IATA SSIM (1991-09) reports several 1991-09 and 1992-09 transitions
2203 # at 02:00u, not 01:00u.  Assume that these are typos.
2204 # IATA SSIM (1991/1992) reports that the Azores were at -1:00.
2205 # IATA SSIM (1993-02) says +0:00; later issues (through 1996-09) say -1:00.
2206 # Guess that the Azores changed to EU rules in 1992 (since that's when Portugal
2207 # harmonized with EU rules), and that they stayed +0:00 that winter.
2208 #
2209 # Rule  NAME    FROM    TO      TYPE    IN      ON      AT      SAVE    LETTER/S
2210 # DSH writes that despite Decree 1,469 (1915), the change to the clocks was not
2211 # done every year, depending on what Spain did, because of railroad schedules.
2212 # Go with Shanks & Pottenger.
2213 Rule    Port    1916    only    -       Jun     17      23:00   1:00    S
2214 # Whitman gives 1916 Oct 31; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
2215 Rule    Port    1916    only    -       Nov      1       1:00   0       -
2216 Rule    Port    1917    only    -       Feb     28      23:00s  1:00    S
2217 Rule    Port    1917    1921    -       Oct     14      23:00s  0       -
2218 Rule    Port    1918    only    -       Mar      1      23:00s  1:00    S
2219 Rule    Port    1919    only    -       Feb     28      23:00s  1:00    S
2220 Rule    Port    1920    only    -       Feb     29      23:00s  1:00    S
2221 Rule    Port    1921    only    -       Feb     28      23:00s  1:00    S
2222 Rule    Port    1924    only    -       Apr     16      23:00s  1:00    S
2223 Rule    Port    1924    only    -       Oct     14      23:00s  0       -
2224 Rule    Port    1926    only    -       Apr     17      23:00s  1:00    S
2225 Rule    Port    1926    1929    -       Oct     Sat>=1       23:00s  0       -
2226 Rule    Port    1927    only    -       Apr      9      23:00s  1:00    S
2227 Rule    Port    1928    only    -       Apr     14      23:00s  1:00    S
2228 Rule    Port    1929    only    -       Apr     20      23:00s  1:00    S
2229 Rule    Port    1931    only    -       Apr     18      23:00s  1:00    S
2230 # Whitman gives 1931 Oct 8; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
2231 Rule    Port    1931    1932    -       Oct     Sat>=1       23:00s  0       -
2232 Rule    Port    1932    only    -       Apr      2      23:00s  1:00    S
2233 Rule    Port    1934    only    -       Apr      7      23:00s  1:00    S
2234 # Whitman gives 1934 Oct 5; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
2235 Rule    Port    1934    1938    -       Oct     Sat>=1       23:00s  0       -
2236 # Shanks & Pottenger give 1935 Apr 30; go with Whitman.
2237 Rule    Port    1935    only    -       Mar     30      23:00s  1:00    S
2238 Rule    Port    1936    only    -       Apr     18      23:00s  1:00    S
2239 # Whitman gives 1937 Apr 2; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
2240 Rule    Port    1937    only    -       Apr      3      23:00s  1:00    S
2241 Rule    Port    1938    only    -       Mar     26      23:00s  1:00    S
2242 Rule    Port    1939    only    -       Apr     15      23:00s  1:00    S
2243 # Whitman gives 1939 Oct 7; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
2244 Rule    Port    1939    only    -       Nov     18      23:00s  0       -
2245 Rule    Port    1940    only    -       Feb     24      23:00s  1:00    S
2246 # Shanks & Pottenger give 1940 Oct 7; go with Whitman.
2247 Rule    Port    1940    1941    -       Oct      5      23:00s  0       -
2248 Rule    Port    1941    only    -       Apr      5      23:00s  1:00    S
2249 Rule    Port    1942    1945    -       Mar     Sat>=8       23:00s  1:00    S
2250 Rule    Port    1942    only    -       Apr     25      22:00s  2:00    M # Midsummer
2251 Rule    Port    1942    only    -       Aug     15      22:00s  1:00    S
2252 Rule    Port    1942    1945    -       Oct     Sat>=24      23:00s  0       -
2253 Rule    Port    1943    only    -       Apr     17      22:00s  2:00    M
2254 Rule    Port    1943    1945    -       Aug     Sat>=25      22:00s  1:00    S
2255 Rule    Port    1944    1945    -       Apr     Sat>=21      22:00s  2:00    M
2256 Rule    Port    1946    only    -       Apr     Sat>=1       23:00s  1:00    S
2257 Rule    Port    1946    only    -       Oct     Sat>=1       23:00s  0       -
2258 Rule    Port    1947    1949    -       Apr     Sun>=1        2:00s  1:00    S
2259 Rule    Port    1947    1949    -       Oct     Sun>=1        2:00s  0       -
2260 # Shanks & Pottenger say DST was observed in 1950; go with Whitman.
2261 # Whitman gives Oct lastSun for 1952 on; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
2262 Rule    Port    1951    1965    -       Apr     Sun>=1        2:00s  1:00    S
2263 Rule    Port    1951    1965    -       Oct     Sun>=1        2:00s  0       -
2264 Rule    Port    1977    only    -       Mar     27       0:00s  1:00    S
2265 Rule    Port    1977    only    -       Sep     25       0:00s  0       -
2266 Rule    Port    1978    1979    -       Apr     Sun>=1        0:00s  1:00    S
2267 Rule    Port    1978    only    -       Oct      1       0:00s  0       -
2268 Rule    Port    1979    1982    -       Sep     lastSun  1:00s  0       -
2269 Rule    Port    1980    only    -       Mar     lastSun  0:00s  1:00    S
2270 Rule    Port    1981    1982    -       Mar     lastSun  1:00s  1:00    S
2271 Rule    Port    1983    only    -       Mar     lastSun  2:00s  1:00    S
2272 #
2273 # Zone  NAME            GMTOFF  RULES   FORMAT  [UNTIL]
2274 Zone    Europe/Lisbon   -0:36:45 -      LMT     1884
2275                         -0:36:45 -      LMT     1912 Jan  1  0:00u # Lisbon MT
2276                          0:00   Port    WE%sT   1966 Apr  3  2:00
2277                          1:00   -       CET     1976 Sep 26  1:00
2278                          0:00   Port    WE%sT   1983 Sep 25  1:00s
2279                          0:00   W-Eur   WE%sT   1992 Sep 27  1:00s
2280                          1:00   EU      CE%sT   1996 Mar 31  1:00u
2281                          0:00   EU      WE%sT
2282 # This Zone can be simplified once we assume zic %z.
2283 Zone Atlantic/Azores    -1:42:40 -      LMT     1884        # Ponta Delgada
2284                         -1:54:32 -      HMT     1912 Jan  1  2:00u # Horta MT
2285                         -2:00   Port    -02/-01 1942 Apr 25 22:00s
2286                         -2:00   Port    +00     1942 Aug 15 22:00s
2287                         -2:00   Port    -02/-01 1943 Apr 17 22:00s
2288                         -2:00   Port    +00     1943 Aug 28 22:00s
2289                         -2:00   Port    -02/-01 1944 Apr 22 22:00s
2290                         -2:00   Port    +00     1944 Aug 26 22:00s
2291                         -2:00   Port    -02/-01 1945 Apr 21 22:00s
2292                         -2:00   Port    +00     1945 Aug 25 22:00s
2293                         -2:00   Port    -02/-01 1966 Apr  3  2:00
2294                         -1:00   Port    -01/+00 1983 Sep 25  1:00s
2295                         -1:00   W-Eur   -01/+00 1992 Sep 27  1:00s
2296                          0:00   EU      WE%sT   1993 Mar 28  1:00u
2297                         -1:00   EU      -01/+00
2298 # This Zone can be simplified once we assume zic %z.
2299 Zone Atlantic/Madeira   -1:07:36 -      LMT     1884        # Funchal
2300                         -1:07:36 -      FMT     1912 Jan  1  1:00u # Funchal MT
2301                         -1:00   Port    -01/+00 1942 Apr 25 22:00s
2302                         -1:00   Port    +01     1942 Aug 15 22:00s
2303                         -1:00   Port    -01/+00 1943 Apr 17 22:00s
2304                         -1:00   Port    +01     1943 Aug 28 22:00s
2305                         -1:00   Port    -01/+00 1944 Apr 22 22:00s
2306                         -1:00   Port    +01     1944 Aug 26 22:00s
2307                         -1:00   Port    -01/+00 1945 Apr 21 22:00s
2308                         -1:00   Port    +01     1945 Aug 25 22:00s
2309                         -1:00   Port    -01/+00 1966 Apr  3  2:00
2310                          0:00   Port    WE%sT   1983 Sep 25  1:00s
2311                          0:00   EU      WE%sT
2312 
2313 # Romania
2314 #
2315 # From Paul Eggert (1999-10-07):
2316 # Nine O'clock <http://www.nineoclock.ro/POL/1778pol.html>
2317 # (1998-10-23) reports that the switch occurred at
2318 # 04:00 local time in fall 1998.  For lack of better info,
2319 # assume that Romania and Moldova switched to EU rules in 1997,
2320 # the same year as Bulgaria.
2321 #
2322 # Rule  NAME    FROM    TO      TYPE    IN      ON      AT      SAVE    LETTER/S
2323 Rule    Romania 1932    only    -       May     21       0:00s  1:00    S
2324 Rule    Romania 1932    1939    -       Oct     Sun>=1        0:00s  0       -
2325 Rule    Romania 1933    1939    -       Apr     Sun>=2        0:00s  1:00    S
2326 Rule    Romania 1979    only    -       May     27       0:00   1:00    S
2327 Rule    Romania 1979    only    -       Sep     lastSun  0:00   0       -
2328 Rule    Romania 1980    only    -       Apr      5      23:00   1:00    S
2329 Rule    Romania 1980    only    -       Sep     lastSun  1:00   0       -
2330 Rule    Romania 1991    1993    -       Mar     lastSun  0:00s  1:00    S
2331 Rule    Romania 1991    1993    -       Sep     lastSun  0:00s  0       -
2332 # Zone  NAME            GMTOFF  RULES   FORMAT  [UNTIL]
2333 Zone Europe/Bucharest   1:44:24 -       LMT     1891 Oct
2334                         1:44:24 -       BMT     1931 Jul 24 # Bucharest MT
2335                         2:00    Romania EE%sT   1981 Mar 29  2:00s
2336                         2:00    C-Eur   EE%sT   1991
2337                         2:00    Romania EE%sT   1994
2338                         2:00    E-Eur   EE%sT   1997
2339                         2:00    EU      EE%sT
2340 
2341 
2342 # Russia
2343 
2344 # From Alexander Krivenyshev (2011-09-15):
2345 # Based on last Russian Government Decree No. 725 on August 31, 2011
2346 # (Government document
2347 # http://www.government.ru/gov/results/16355/print/
2348 # in Russian)
2349 # there are few corrections have to be made for some Russian time zones...
2350 # All updated Russian Time Zones were placed in table and translated to English
2351 # by WorldTimeZone.com at the link below:
2352 # http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_russia36.htm
2353 
2354 # From Sanjeev Gupta (2011-09-27):
2355 # Scans of [Decree No. 23 of January 8, 1992] are available at:
2356 # http://government.consultant.ru/page.aspx?1223966
2357 # They are in Cyrillic letters (presumably Russian).
2358 
2359 # From Arthur David Olson (2012-05-09):
2360 # Regarding the instant when clocks in time-zone-shifting parts of Russia
2361 # changed in September 2011:
2362 #
2363 # One source is
2364 # http://government.ru/gov/results/16355/
2365 # which, according to translate.google.com, begins "Decree of August 31,
2366 # 2011 No. 725" and contains no other dates or "effective date" information.
2367 #
2368 # Another source is
2369 # https://rg.ru/2011/09/06/chas-zona-dok.html
2370 # which, according to translate.google.com, begins "Resolution of the
2371 # Government of the Russian Federation on August 31, 2011 N 725" and also
2372 # contains "Date first official publication: September 6, 2011 Posted on:
2373 # in the 'RG' - Federal Issue No. 5573 September 6, 2011" but which
2374 # does not contain any "effective date" information.
2375 #
2376 # Another source is
2377 # https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oymyakonsky_District#cite_note-RuTime-7
2378 # which, in note 8, contains "Resolution No. 725 of August 31, 2011...
2379 # Effective as of after 7 days following the day of the official publication"
2380 # but which does not contain any reference to September 6, 2011.
2381 #
2382 # The Wikipedia article refers to
2383 # http://base.consultant.ru/cons/cgi/online.cgi?req=doc;base=LAW;n=118896
2384 # which seems to copy the text of the government.ru page.
2385 #
2386 # Tobias Conradi combines Wikipedia's
2387 # "as of after 7 days following the day of the official publication"
2388 # with www.rg.ru's "Date of first official publication: September 6, 2011" to
2389 # get September 13, 2011 as the cutover date (unusually, a Tuesday, as Tobias
2390 # Conradi notes).
2391 #
2392 # None of the sources indicates a time of day for changing clocks.
2393 #
2394 # Go with 2011-09-13 0:00s.
2395 
2396 # From Alexander Krivenyshev (2014-07-01):
2397 # According to the Russian news (ITAR-TASS News Agency)
2398 # http://en.itar-tass.com/russia/738562
2399 # the State Duma has approved ... the draft bill on returning to
2400 # winter time standard and return Russia 11 time zones.  The new
2401 # regulations will come into effect on October 26, 2014 at 02:00 ...
2402 # http://asozd2.duma.gov.ru/main.nsf/%28Spravka%29?OpenAgent&RN=431985-6&02
2403 # Here is a link where we put together table (based on approved Bill N
2404 # 431985-6) with proposed 11 Russian time zones and corresponding
2405 # areas/cities/administrative centers in the Russian Federation (in English):
2406 # http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_russia65.html
2407 #
2408 # From Alexander Krivenyshev (2014-07-22):
2409 # Putin signed the Federal Law 431985-6 ... (in Russian)
2410 # http://itar-tass.com/obschestvo/1333711
2411 # http://www.pravo.gov.ru:8080/page.aspx?111660
2412 # http://www.kremlin.ru/acts/46279
2413 # From October 26, 2014 the new Russian time zone map will look like this:
2414 # http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_russia-map-2014-07.html
2415 
2416 # From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):
2417 # Moscow time zone abbreviations after 1919-07-01, and Moscow rules after 1991,
2418 # are from Andrey A. Chernov.  The rest is from Shanks & Pottenger,
2419 # except we follow Chernov's report that 1992 DST transitions were Sat
2420 # 23:00, not Sun 02:00s.
2421 #
2422 # From Stanislaw A. Kuzikowski (1994-06-29):
2423 # But now it is some months since Novosibirsk is 3 hours ahead of Moscow!
2424 # I do not know why they have decided to make this change;
2425 # as far as I remember it was done exactly during winter->summer switching
2426 # so we (Novosibirsk) simply did not switch.
2427 #
2428 # From Andrey A. Chernov (1996-10-04):
2429 # 'MSK' and 'MSD' were born and used initially on Moscow computers with
2430 # UNIX-like OSes by several developer groups (e.g. Demos group, Kiae group)....
2431 # The next step was the UUCP network, the Relcom predecessor
2432 # (used mainly for mail), and MSK/MSD was actively used there.
2433 #
2434 # From Chris Carrier (1996-10-30):
2435 # According to a friend of mine who rode the Trans-Siberian Railroad from
2436 # Moscow to Irkutsk in 1995, public air and rail transport in Russia ...
2437 # still follows Moscow time, no matter where in Russia it is located.
2438 #
2439 # For Grozny, Chechnya, we have the following story from
2440 # John Daniszewski, "Scavengers in the Rubble", Los Angeles Times (2001-02-07):
2441 # News - often false - is spread by word of mouth.  A rumor that it was
2442 # time to move the clocks back put this whole city out of sync with
2443 # the rest of Russia for two weeks - even soldiers stationed here began
2444 # enforcing curfew at the wrong time.
2445 #
2446 # From Gwillim Law (2001-06-05):
2447 # There's considerable evidence that Sakhalin Island used to be in
2448 # UTC+11, and has changed to UTC+10, in this decade.  I start with the
2449 # SSIM, which listed Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk in zone RU10 along with Magadan
2450 # until February 1997, and then in RU9 with Khabarovsk and Vladivostok
2451 # since September 1997....  Although the Kuril Islands are
2452 # administratively part of Sakhalin oblast', they appear to have
2453 # remained on UTC+11 along with Magadan.
2454 
2455 # From Marat Nigametzianov (2018-07-16):
2456 # this is link to order from 1956 about timezone in USSR
2457 # http://astro.uni-altai.ru/~orion/blog/2011/11/novyie-granitsyi-chasovyih-poyasov-v-sssr/
2458 #
2459 # From Paul Eggert (2018-07-16):
2460 # Perhaps someone could translate the above-mentioned link and use it
2461 # to correct our data for the ex-Soviet Union.  It cites the following:
2462 # «Поясное время и новые границы часовых поясов» / сост. П.Н. Долгов,
2463 # отв. ред. Г.Д. Бурдун - М: Комитет стандартов, мер и измерительных
2464 # приборов при Совете Министров СССР, Междуведомственная комиссия
2465 # единой службы времени, 1956 г.
2466 # This book looks like it would be a helpful resource for the Soviet
2467 # Union through 1956.  Although a copy was in the Scientific Library
2468 # of Tomsk State University, I have not been able to track down a copy nearby.
2469 #
2470 # From Stepan Golosunov (2018-07-21):
2471 # http://astro.uni-altai.ru/~orion/blog/2015/05/center-reforma-ischisleniya-vremeni-br-na-territorii-sssr-v-1957-godu-center/
2472 # says that the 1956 decision to change time belts' borders was not
2473 # implemented as planned in 1956 and the change happened in 1957.
2474 # There is also the problem that actual time zones were different from
2475 # the official time belts (and from many time belts' maps) as there were
2476 # numerous exceptions to application of time belt rules.  For example,
2477 # https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Московское_время#Перемещение_границы_применения_московского_времени_на_восток
2478 # says that by 1962 there were many regions in the 3rd time belt that
2479 # were on Moscow time, referring to a 1962 map.  By 1989 number of such
2480 # exceptions grew considerably.
2481 
2482 # From Tim Parenti (2014-07-06):
2483 # The comments detailing the coverage of each Russian zone are meant to assist
2484 # with maintenance only and represent our best guesses as to which regions
2485 # are covered by each zone.  They are not meant to be taken as an authoritative
2486 # listing.  The region codes listed come from
2487 # https://en.wikipedia.org/w/?title=Federal_subjects_of_Russia&oldid=611810498
2488 # and are used for convenience only; no guarantees are made regarding their
2489 # future stability.  ISO 3166-2:RU codes are also listed for first-level
2490 # divisions where available.
2491 
2492 # From Tim Parenti (2014-07-03):
2493 # Europe/Kaliningrad covers...
2494 # 39    RU-KGD  Kaliningrad Oblast
2495 
2496 # From Paul Eggert (2016-03-18):
2497 # The 1989 transition is from USSR act No. 227 (1989-03-14).
2498 
2499 # From Stepan Golosunov (2016-03-07):
2500 # http://www.rgo.ru/ru/kaliningradskoe-oblastnoe-otdelenie/ob-otdelenii/publikacii/kak-nam-zhilos-bez-letnego-vremeni
2501 # confirms that the 1989 change to Moscow-1 was implemented.
2502 # (The article, though, is misattributed to 1990 while saying that
2503 # summer->winter transition would be done on the 24 of September. But
2504 # 1990-09-24 was Monday, while 1989-09-24 was Sunday as expected.)
2505 # ...
2506 # http://www.kaliningradka.ru/site_pc/cherez/index.php?ELEMENT_ID=40091
2507 # says that Kaliningrad switched to Moscow-1 on 1989-03-26, avoided
2508 # at the last moment switch to Moscow-1 on 1991-03-31, switched to
2509 # Moscow on 1991-11-03, switched to Moscow-1 on 1992-01-19.
2510 
2511 Zone Europe/Kaliningrad  1:22:00 -      LMT     1893 Apr
2512                          1:00   C-Eur   CE%sT   1945
2513                          2:00   Poland  CE%sT   1946
2514                          3:00   Russia  MSK/MSD 1989 Mar 26  2:00s
2515                          2:00   Russia  EE%sT   2011 Mar 27  2:00s
2516                          3:00   -       +03     2014 Oct 26  2:00s
2517                          2:00   -       EET
2518 
2519 
2520 # From Paul Eggert (2016-02-21), per Tim Parenti (2014-07-03) and
2521 # Oscar van Vlijmen (2001-08-25):
2522 # Europe/Moscow covers...
2523 # 01    RU-AD   Adygea, Republic of
2524 # 05    RU-DA   Dagestan, Republic of
2525 # 06    RU-IN   Ingushetia, Republic of
2526 # 07    RU-KB   Kabardino-Balkar Republic
2527 # 08    RU-KL   Kalmykia, Republic of
2528 # 09    RU-KC   Karachay-Cherkess Republic
2529 # 10    RU-KR   Karelia, Republic of
2530 # 11    RU-KO   Komi Republic
2531 # 12    RU-ME   Mari El Republic
2532 # 13    RU-MO   Mordovia, Republic of
2533 # 15    RU-SE   North Ossetia-Alania, Republic of
2534 # 16    RU-TA   Tatarstan, Republic of
2535 # 20    RU-CE   Chechen Republic
2536 # 21    RU-CU   Chuvash Republic
2537 # 23    RU-KDA  Krasnodar Krai
2538 # 26    RU-STA  Stavropol Krai
2539 # 29    RU-ARK  Arkhangelsk Oblast
2540 # 31    RU-BEL  Belgorod Oblast
2541 # 32    RU-BRY  Bryansk Oblast
2542 # 33    RU-VLA  Vladimir Oblast
2543 # 35    RU-VLG  Vologda Oblast
2544 # 36    RU-VOR  Voronezh Oblast
2545 # 37    RU-IVA  Ivanovo Oblast
2546 # 40    RU-KLU  Kaluga Oblast
2547 # 44    RU-KOS  Kostroma Oblast
2548 # 46    RU-KRS  Kursk Oblast
2549 # 47    RU-LEN  Leningrad Oblast
2550 # 48    RU-LIP  Lipetsk Oblast
2551 # 50    RU-MOS  Moscow Oblast
2552 # 51    RU-MUR  Murmansk Oblast
2553 # 52    RU-NIZ  Nizhny Novgorod Oblast
2554 # 53    RU-NGR  Novgorod Oblast
2555 # 57    RU-ORL  Oryol Oblast
2556 # 58    RU-PNZ  Penza Oblast
2557 # 60    RU-PSK  Pskov Oblast
2558 # 61    RU-ROS  Rostov Oblast
2559 # 62    RU-RYA  Ryazan Oblast
2560 # 67    RU-SMO  Smolensk Oblast
2561 # 68    RU-TAM  Tambov Oblast
2562 # 69    RU-TVE  Tver Oblast
2563 # 71    RU-TUL  Tula Oblast
2564 # 76    RU-YAR  Yaroslavl Oblast
2565 # 77    RU-MOW  Moscow
2566 # 78    RU-SPE  Saint Petersburg
2567 # 83    RU-NEN  Nenets Autonomous Okrug
2568 
2569 # From Paul Eggert (2016-08-23):
2570 # The Soviets switched to UT-based time in 1919.  Decree No. 59
2571 # (1919-02-08) http://istmat.info/node/35567 established UT-based time
2572 # zones, and Decree No. 147 (1919-03-29) http://istmat.info/node/35854
2573 # specified a transition date of 1919-07-01, apparently at 00:00 UT.
2574 # No doubt only the Soviet-controlled regions switched on that date;
2575 # later transitions to UT-based time in other parts of Russia are
2576 # taken from what appear to be guesses by Shanks.
2577 # (Thanks to Alexander Belopolsky for pointers to the decrees.)
2578 
2579 # From Stepan Golosunov (2016-03-07):
2580 # 11. Regions-violators, 1981-1982.
2581 # Wikipedia refers to
2582 # http://maps.monetonos.ru/maps/raznoe/Old_Maps/Old_Maps/Articles/022/3_1981.html
2583 # http://besp.narod.ru/nauka_1981_3.htm
2584 #
2585 # The second link provides two articles scanned from the Nauka i Zhizn
2586 # magazine No. 3, 1981 and a scan of the short article attributed to
2587 # the Trud newspaper from February 1982.  The first link provides the
2588 # same Nauka i Zhizn articles converted to the text form (but misses
2589 # time belt changes map).
2590 #
2591 # The second Nauka i Zhizn article says that in addition to
2592 # introduction of summer time on 1981-04-01 there are some time belt
2593 # border changes on 1981-10-01, mostly affecting Nenets Autonomous
2594 # Okrug, Krasnoyarsk Krai, Yakutia, Magadan Oblast and Chukotka
2595 # according to the provided map (colored one).  In addition to that
2596 # "time violators" (regions which were not using rules of the time
2597 # belts in which they were located) would not be moving off the DST on
2598 # 1981-10-01 to restore the decree time usage.  (Komi ASSR was
2599 # supposed to repeat that move in October 1982 to account for the 2
2600 # hour difference.)  Map depicting "time violators" before 1981-10-01
2601 # is also provided.
2602 #
2603 # The article from Trud says that 1981-10-01 changes caused problems
2604 # and some territories would be moved to pre-1981-10-01 time by not
2605 # moving to summer time on 1982-04-01.  Namely: Dagestan,
2606 # Kabardino-Balkar, Kalmyk, Komi, Mari, Mordovian, North Ossetian,
2607 # Tatar, Chechen-Ingush and Chuvash ASSR, Krasnodar and Stavropol
2608 # krais, Arkhangelsk, Vladimir, Vologda, Voronezh, Gorky, Ivanovo,
2609 # Kostroma, Lipetsk, Penza, Rostov, Ryazan, Tambov, Tyumen and
2610 # Yaroslavl oblasts, Nenets and Evenk autonomous okrugs, Khatangsky
2611 # district of Taymyr Autonomous Okrug.  As a result Evenk Autonomous
2612 # Okrug and Khatangsky district of Taymyr Autonomous Okrug would end
2613 # up on Moscow+4, Tyumen Oblast on Moscow+2 and the rest on Moscow
2614 # time.
2615 #
2616 # http://astrozet.net/files/Zones/DOC/RU/1980-925.txt
2617 # attributes the 1982 changes to the Act of the Council of Ministers
2618 # of the USSR No. 126 from 18.02.1982.  1980-925.txt also adds
2619 # Udmurtia to the list of affected territories and lists Khatangsky
2620 # district separately from Taymyr Autonomous Okrug.  Probably erroneously.
2621 #
2622 # The affected territories are currently listed under Europe/Moscow,
2623 # Asia/Yekaterinburg and Asia/Krasnoyarsk.
2624 #
2625 # 12. Udmurtia
2626 # The fact that Udmurtia is depicted as a violator in the Nauka i
2627 # Zhizn article hints at Izhevsk being on different time from
2628 # Kuybyshev before 1981-10-01. Udmurtia is not mentioned in the 1989 act.
2629 # http://astrozet.net/files/Zones/DOC/RU/1980-925.txt
2630 # implies Udmurtia was on Moscow time after 1982-04-01.
2631 # Wikipedia implies Udmurtia being on Moscow+1 until 1991.
2632 #
2633 # ...
2634 #
2635 # All Russian zones are supposed to have by default a -1 change at
2636 # 1991-03-31 2:00 (cancellation of the decree time in the USSR) and a +1
2637 # change at 1992-01-19 2:00 (restoration of the decree time in Russia).
2638 #
2639 # There were some exceptions, though.
2640 # Wikipedia says newspapers listed Astrakhan, Saratov, Kirov, Volgograd,
2641 # Izhevsk, Grozny, Kazan and Samara as such exceptions for the 1992
2642 # change. (Different newspapers providing different lists. And some
2643 # lists found in the internet are quite wild.)
2644 #
2645 # And apparently some exceptions were reverted in the last moment.
2646 # http://www.kaliningradka.ru/site_pc/cherez/index.php?ELEMENT_ID=40091
2647 # says that Kaliningrad decided not to be an exception 2 days before the
2648 # 1991-03-31 switch and one person at
2649 # https://izhevsk.ru/forum_light_message/50/682597-m8369040.html
2650 # says he remembers that Samara opted out of the 1992-01-19 exception
2651 # 2 days before the switch.
2652 #
2653 #
2654 # From Paul Eggert (2016-03-18):
2655 # Given the above, we appear to be missing some Zone entries for the
2656 # chaotic early 1980s in Russia.  It's not clear what these entries
2657 # should be.  For now, sweep this under the rug and just document the
2658 # time in Moscow.
2659 
2660 # From Vladimir Karpinsky (2014-07-08):
2661 # LMT in Moscow (before Jul 3, 1916) is 2:30:17, that was defined by Moscow
2662 # Observatory (coordinates: 55° 45' 29.70", 37° 34' 05.30")....
2663 # LMT in Moscow since Jul 3, 1916 is 2:31:01 as a result of new standard.
2664 # (The info is from the book by Byalokoz ... p. 18.)
2665 # The time in St. Petersburg as capital of Russia was defined by
2666 # Pulkov observatory, near St. Petersburg.  In 1916 LMT Moscow
2667 # was synchronized with LMT St. Petersburg (+30 minutes), (Pulkov observatory
2668 # coordinates: 59° 46' 18.70", 30° 19' 40.70") so 30° 19' 40.70" >
2669 # 2h01m18.7s = 2:01:19.  LMT Moscow = LMT St.Petersburg + 30m 2:01:19 + 0:30 =
2670 # 2:31:19 ...
2671 #
2672 # From Paul Eggert (2014-07-08):
2673 # Milne does not list Moscow, but suggests that its time might be listed in
2674 # Résumés mensuels et annuels des observations météorologiques (1895).
2675 # Presumably this is OCLC 85825704, a journal published with parallel text in
2676 # Russian and French.  This source has not been located; go with Karpinsky.
2677 
2678 Zone Europe/Moscow       2:30:17 -      LMT     1880
2679                          2:30:17 -      MMT     1916 Jul  3 # Moscow Mean Time
2680                          2:31:19 Russia %s      1919 Jul  1  0:00u
2681                          3:00   Russia  %s      1921 Oct
2682                          3:00   Russia  MSK/MSD 1922 Oct
2683                          2:00   -       EET     1930 Jun 21
2684                          3:00   Russia  MSK/MSD 1991 Mar 31  2:00s
2685                          2:00   Russia  EE%sT   1992 Jan 19  2:00s
2686                          3:00   Russia  MSK/MSD 2011 Mar 27  2:00s
2687                          4:00   -       MSK     2014 Oct 26  2:00s
2688                          3:00   -       MSK
2689 
2690 
2691 # From Paul Eggert (2016-12-06):
2692 # Europe/Simferopol covers Crimea.
2693 
2694 Zone Europe/Simferopol   2:16:24 -      LMT     1880
2695                          2:16   -       SMT     1924 May  2 # Simferopol Mean T
2696                          2:00   -       EET     1930 Jun 21
2697                          3:00   -       MSK     1941 Nov
2698                          1:00   C-Eur   CE%sT   1944 Apr 13
2699                          3:00   Russia  MSK/MSD 1990
2700                          3:00   -       MSK     1990 Jul  1  2:00
2701                          2:00   -       EET     1992
2702 # Central Crimea used Moscow time 1994/1997.
2703 #
2704 # From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):
2705 # The _Economist_ (1994-05-28, p 45) reports that central Crimea switched
2706 # from Kiev to Moscow time sometime after the January 1994 elections.
2707 # Shanks (1999) says "date of change uncertain", but implies that it happened
2708 # sometime between the 1994 DST switches.  Shanks & Pottenger simply say
2709 # 1994-09-25 03:00, but that can't be right.  For now, guess it
2710 # changed in May.
2711                          2:00   E-Eur   EE%sT   1994 May
2712 # From IATA SSIM (1994/1997), which also says that Kerch is still like Kiev.
2713                          3:00   E-Eur   MSK/MSD 1996 Mar 31  0:00s
2714                          3:00   1:00    MSD     1996 Oct 27  3:00s
2715 # IATA SSIM (1997-09) says Crimea switched to EET/EEST.
2716 # Assume it happened in March by not changing the clocks.
2717                          3:00   Russia  MSK/MSD 1997
2718                          3:00   -       MSK     1997 Mar lastSun  1:00u
2719 # From Alexander Krivenyshev (2014-03-17):
2720 # time change at 2:00 (2am) on March 30, 2014
2721 # https://vz.ru/news/2014/3/17/677464.html
2722 # From Paul Eggert (2014-03-30):
2723 # Simferopol and Sevastopol reportedly changed their central town clocks
2724 # late the previous day, but this appears to have been ceremonial
2725 # and the discrepancies are small enough to not worry about.
2726                          2:00   EU      EE%sT   2014 Mar 30  2:00
2727                          4:00   -       MSK     2014 Oct 26  2:00s
2728                          3:00   -       MSK
2729 
2730 
2731 # From Paul Eggert (2016-03-18):
2732 # Europe/Astrakhan covers:
2733 # 30    RU-AST  Astrakhan Oblast
2734 #
2735 # The 1989 transition is from USSR act No. 227 (1989-03-14).
2736 
2737 # From Alexander Krivenyshev (2016-01-12):
2738 # On February 10, 2016 Astrakhan Oblast got approval by the Federation
2739 # Council to change its time zone to UTC+4 (from current UTC+3 Moscow time)....
2740 # This Federal Law shall enter into force on 27 March 2016 at 02:00.
2741 # From Matt Johnson (2016-03-09):
2742 # http://publication.pravo.gov.ru/Document/View/0001201602150056
2743 
2744 Zone Europe/Astrakhan    3:12:12 -      LMT     1924 May
2745                          3:00   -       +03     1930 Jun 21
2746                          4:00   Russia  +04/+05 1989 Mar 26  2:00s
2747                          3:00   Russia  +03/+04 1991 Mar 31  2:00s
2748                          4:00   -       +04     1992 Mar 29  2:00s
2749                          3:00   Russia  +03/+04 2011 Mar 27  2:00s
2750                          4:00   -       +04     2014 Oct 26  2:00s
2751                          3:00   -       +03     2016 Mar 27  2:00s
2752                          4:00   -       +04
2753 
2754 # From Paul Eggert (2016-11-11):
2755 # Europe/Volgograd covers:
2756 # 34    RU-VGG  Volgograd Oblast
2757 # The 1988 transition is from USSR act No. 5 (1988-01-04).
2758 
2759 # From Alexander Fetisov (2018-09-20):
2760 # Volgograd region in southern Russia (Europe/Volgograd) change
2761 # timezone from UTC+3 to UTC+4 from 28oct2018.
2762 # http://sozd.parliament.gov.ru/bill/452878-7
2763 #
2764 # From Stepan Golosunov (2018-10-11):
2765 # The law has been published today on
2766 # http://publication.pravo.gov.ru/Document/View/0001201810110037
2767 
2768 Zone Europe/Volgograd    2:57:40 -      LMT     1920 Jan  3
2769                          3:00   -       +03     1930 Jun 21
2770                          4:00   -       +04     1961 Nov 11
2771                          4:00   Russia  +04/+05 1988 Mar 27  2:00s
2772                          3:00   Russia  +03/+04 1991 Mar 31  2:00s
2773                          4:00   -       +04     1992 Mar 29  2:00s
2774                          3:00   Russia  +03/+04 2011 Mar 27  2:00s
2775                          4:00   -       +04     2014 Oct 26  2:00s
2776                          3:00   -       +03     2018 Oct 28  2:00s
2777                          4:00   -       +04
2778 
2779 # From Paul Eggert (2016-11-11):
2780 # Europe/Saratov covers:
2781 # 64    RU-SAR  Saratov Oblast
2782 
2783 # From Yuri Konotopov (2016-11-11):
2784 # Dec 4, 2016 02:00 UTC+3....  Saratov Region's local time will be ... UTC+4.
2785 # From Stepan Golosunov (2016-11-11):
2786 # ... Byalokoz listed Saratov on 03:04:18.
2787 # From Stepan Golosunov (2016-11-22):
2788 # http://publication.pravo.gov.ru/Document/View/0001201611220031
2789 
2790 Zone Europe/Saratov      3:04:18 -      LMT     1919 Jul  1  0:00u
2791                          3:00   -       +03     1930 Jun 21
2792                          4:00   Russia  +04/+05 1988 Mar 27  2:00s
2793                          3:00   Russia  +03/+04 1991 Mar 31  2:00s
2794                          4:00   -       +04     1992 Mar 29  2:00s
2795                          3:00   Russia  +03/+04 2011 Mar 27  2:00s
2796                          4:00   -       +04     2014 Oct 26  2:00s
2797                          3:00   -       +03     2016 Dec  4  2:00s
2798                          4:00   -       +04
2799 
2800 # From Paul Eggert (2016-03-18):
2801 # Europe/Kirov covers:
2802 # 43    RU-KIR  Kirov Oblast
2803 # The 1989 transition is from USSR act No. 227 (1989-03-14).
2804 #
2805 Zone Europe/Kirov        3:18:48 -      LMT     1919 Jul  1  0:00u
2806                          3:00   -       +03     1930 Jun 21
2807                          4:00   Russia  +04/+05 1989 Mar 26  2:00s
2808                          3:00   Russia  +03/+04 1991 Mar 31  2:00s
2809                          4:00   -       +04     1992 Mar 29  2:00s
2810                          3:00   Russia  +03/+04 2011 Mar 27  2:00s
2811                          4:00   -       +04     2014 Oct 26  2:00s
2812                          3:00   -       +03
2813 
2814 # From Tim Parenti (2014-07-03), per Oscar van Vlijmen (2001-08-25):
2815 # Europe/Samara covers...
2816 # 18    RU-UD   Udmurt Republic
2817 # 63    RU-SAM  Samara Oblast
2818 
2819 # From Paul Eggert (2016-03-18):
2820 # Byalokoz 1919 says Samara was 3:20:20.
2821 # The 1989 transition is from USSR act No. 227 (1989-03-14).
2822 
2823 Zone Europe/Samara       3:20:20 -      LMT     1919 Jul  1  0:00u
2824                          3:00   -       +03     1930 Jun 21
2825                          4:00   -       +04     1935 Jan 27
2826                          4:00   Russia  +04/+05 1989 Mar 26  2:00s
2827                          3:00   Russia  +03/+04 1991 Mar 31  2:00s
2828                          2:00   Russia  +02/+03 1991 Sep 29  2:00s
2829                          3:00   -       +03     1991 Oct 20  3:00
2830                          4:00   Russia  +04/+05 2010 Mar 28  2:00s
2831                          3:00   Russia  +03/+04 2011 Mar 27  2:00s
2832                          4:00   -       +04
2833 
2834 # From Paul Eggert (2016-03-18):
2835 # Europe/Ulyanovsk covers:
2836 # 73    RU-ULY  Ulyanovsk Oblast
2837 
2838 # The 1989 transition is from USSR act No. 227 (1989-03-14).
2839 
2840 # From Alexander Krivenyshev (2016-02-17):
2841 # Ulyanovsk ... on their way to change time zones by March 27, 2016 at 2am.
2842 # Ulyanovsk Oblast ... from MSK to MSK+1 (UTC+3 to UTC+4) ...
2843 # 920582-6 ... 02/17/2016 The State Duma passed the bill in the first reading.
2844 # From Matt Johnson (2016-03-09):
2845 # http://publication.pravo.gov.ru/Document/View/0001201603090051
2846 
2847 Zone Europe/Ulyanovsk    3:13:36 -      LMT     1919 Jul  1  0:00u
2848                          3:00   -       +03     1930 Jun 21
2849                          4:00   Russia  +04/+05 1989 Mar 26  2:00s
2850                          3:00   Russia  +03/+04 1991 Mar 31  2:00s
2851                          2:00   Russia  +02/+03 1992 Jan 19  2:00s
2852                          3:00   Russia  +03/+04 2011 Mar 27  2:00s
2853                          4:00   -       +04     2014 Oct 26  2:00s
2854                          3:00   -       +03     2016 Mar 27  2:00s
2855                          4:00   -       +04
2856 
2857 # From Tim Parenti (2014-07-03), per Oscar van Vlijmen (2001-08-25):
2858 # Asia/Yekaterinburg covers...
2859 # 02    RU-BA   Bashkortostan, Republic of
2860 # 90    RU-PER  Perm Krai
2861 # 45    RU-KGN  Kurgan Oblast
2862 # 56    RU-ORE  Orenburg Oblast
2863 # 66    RU-SVE  Sverdlovsk Oblast
2864 # 72    RU-TYU  Tyumen Oblast
2865 # 74    RU-CHE  Chelyabinsk Oblast
2866 # 86    RU-KHM  Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug - Yugra
2867 # 89    RU-YAN  Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug
2868 #
2869 # Note: Effective 2005-12-01, (59) Perm Oblast and (81) Komi-Permyak
2870 # Autonomous Okrug merged to form (90, RU-PER) Perm Krai.
2871 
2872 # Milne says Yekaterinburg was 4:02:32.9; round to nearest.
2873 # Byalokoz 1919 says its provincial time was based on Perm, at 3:45:05.
2874 # Assume it switched on 1916-07-03, the time of the new standard.
2875 # The 1919 and 1930 transitions are from Shanks.
2876 
2877 Zone Asia/Yekaterinburg  4:02:33 -      LMT     1916 Jul  3
2878                          3:45:05 -      PMT     1919 Jul 15  4:00
2879                          4:00   -       +04     1930 Jun 21
2880                          5:00   Russia  +05/+06 1991 Mar 31  2:00s
2881                          4:00   Russia  +04/+05 1992 Jan 19  2:00s
2882                          5:00   Russia  +05/+06 2011 Mar 27  2:00s
2883                          6:00   -       +06     2014 Oct 26  2:00s
2884                          5:00   -       +05
2885 
2886 
2887 # From Tim Parenti (2014-07-03), per Oscar van Vlijmen (2001-08-25):
2888 # Asia/Omsk covers...
2889 # 55    RU-OMS  Omsk Oblast
2890 
2891 # Byalokoz 1919 says Omsk was 4:53:30.
2892 
2893 Zone Asia/Omsk           4:53:30 -      LMT     1919 Nov 14
2894                          5:00   -       +05     1930 Jun 21
2895                          6:00   Russia  +06/+07 1991 Mar 31  2:00s
2896                          5:00   Russia  +05/+06 1992 Jan 19  2:00s
2897                          6:00   Russia  +06/+07 2011 Mar 27  2:00s
2898                          7:00   -       +07     2014 Oct 26  2:00s
2899                          6:00   -       +06
2900 
2901 # From Paul Eggert (2016-02-22):
2902 # Asia/Barnaul covers:
2903 # 04    RU-AL   Altai Republic
2904 # 22    RU-ALT  Altai Krai
2905 
2906 # Data before 1991 are from Shanks & Pottenger.
2907 
2908 # From Stepan Golosunov (2016-03-07):
2909 # Letter of Bank of Russia from 1995-05-25
2910 # http://www.bestpravo.ru/rossijskoje/lj-akty/y3a.htm
2911 # suggests that Altai Republic transitioned to Moscow+3 on
2912 # 1995-05-28.
2913 #
2914 # https://regnum.ru/news/society/1957270.html
2915 # has some historical data for Altai Krai:
2916 # before 1957: west part on UT+6, east on UT+7
2917 # after 1957: UT+7
2918 # since 1995: UT+6
2919 # http://barnaul.rusplt.ru/index/pochemu_altajskij_kraj_okazalsja_v_neprivychnom_chasovom_pojase-17648.html
2920 # confirms that and provides more details including 1995-05-28 transition date.
2921 
2922 # From Alexander Krivenyshev (2016-02-17):
2923 # Altai Krai and Altai Republic on their way to change time zones
2924 # by March 27, 2016 at 2am....
2925 # Altai Republic / Gorno-Altaysk MSK+3 to MSK+4 (UTC+6 to UTC+7) ...
2926 # Altai Krai / Barnaul MSK+3 to MSK+4 (UTC+6 to UTC+7)
2927 # From Matt Johnson (2016-03-09):
2928 # http://publication.pravo.gov.ru/Document/View/0001201603090043
2929 # http://publication.pravo.gov.ru/Document/View/0001201603090038
2930 
2931 Zone Asia/Barnaul        5:35:00 -      LMT     1919 Dec 10
2932                          6:00   -       +06     1930 Jun 21
2933                          7:00   Russia  +07/+08 1991 Mar 31  2:00s
2934                          6:00   Russia  +06/+07 1992 Jan 19  2:00s
2935                          7:00   Russia  +07/+08 1995 May 28
2936                          6:00   Russia  +06/+07 2011 Mar 27  2:00s
2937                          7:00   -       +07     2014 Oct 26  2:00s
2938                          6:00   -       +06     2016 Mar 27  2:00s
2939                          7:00   -       +07
2940 
2941 # From Paul Eggert (2016-03-18):
2942 # Asia/Novosibirsk covers:
2943 # 54    RU-NVS  Novosibirsk Oblast
2944 
2945 # From Stepan Golosunov (2016-05-30):
2946 # http://asozd2.duma.gov.ru/main.nsf/(Spravka)?OpenAgent&RN=1085784-6
2947 # moves Novosibirsk oblast from UTC+6 to UTC+7.
2948 # From Stepan Golosunov (2016-07-04):
2949 # The law was signed yesterday and published today on
2950 # http://publication.pravo.gov.ru/Document/View/0001201607040064
2951 
2952 Zone Asia/Novosibirsk    5:31:40 -      LMT     1919 Dec 14  6:00
2953                          6:00   -       +06     1930 Jun 21
2954                          7:00   Russia  +07/+08 1991 Mar 31  2:00s
2955                          6:00   Russia  +06/+07 1992 Jan 19  2:00s
2956                          7:00   Russia  +07/+08 1993 May 23 # say Shanks & P.
2957                          6:00   Russia  +06/+07 2011 Mar 27  2:00s
2958                          7:00   -       +07     2014 Oct 26  2:00s
2959                          6:00   -       +06     2016 Jul 24  2:00s
2960                          7:00   -       +07
2961 
2962 # From Paul Eggert (2016-03-18):
2963 # Asia/Tomsk covers:
2964 # 70    RU-TOM  Tomsk Oblast
2965 
2966 # From Stepan Golosunov (2016-03-24):
2967 # Byalokoz listed Tomsk at 5:39:51.
2968 
2969 # From Stanislaw A. Kuzikowski (1994-06-29):
2970 # Tomsk is still 4 hours ahead of Moscow.
2971 
2972 # From Stepan Golosunov (2016-03-19):
2973 # http://pravo.gov.ru/proxy/ips/?docbody=&nd=102075743
2974 # (fifth time belt being UTC+5+1(decree time)
2975 # / UTC+5+1(decree time)+1(summer time)) ...
2976 # Note that time belts (numbered from 2 (Moscow) to 12 according to their
2977 # GMT/UTC offset and having too many exceptions like regions formally
2978 # belonging to one belt but using time from another) were replaced
2979 # with time zones in 2011 with different numbering (there was a
2980 # 2-hour gap between second and third zones in 2011-2014).
2981 
2982 # From Stepan Golosunov (2016-04-12):
2983 # http://asozd2.duma.gov.ru/main.nsf/(SpravkaNew)?OpenAgent&RN=1006865-6
2984 # This bill was approved in the first reading today.  It moves Tomsk oblast
2985 # from UTC+6 to UTC+7 and is supposed to come into effect on 2016-05-29 at
2986 # 2:00.  The bill needs to be approved in the second and the third readings by
2987 # the State Duma, approved by the Federation Council, signed by the President
2988 # and published to become a law.  Minor changes in the text are to be expected
2989 # before the second reading (references need to be updated to account for the
2990 # recent changes).
2991 #
2992 # Judging by the ultra-short one-day amendments period, recent similar laws,
2993 # the State Duma schedule and the Federation Council schedule
2994 # http://www.duma.gov.ru/legislative/planning/day-shedule/por_vesna_2016/
2995 # http://council.gov.ru/activity/meetings/schedule/63303
2996 # I speculate that the final text of the bill will be proposed tomorrow, the
2997 # bill will be approved in the second and the third readings on Friday,
2998 # approved by the Federation Council on 2016-04-20, signed by the President and
2999 # published as a law around 2016-04-26.
3000 
3001 # From Matt Johnson (2016-04-26):
3002 # http://publication.pravo.gov.ru/Document/View/0001201604260048
3003 
3004 Zone    Asia/Tomsk       5:39:51 -      LMT     1919 Dec 22
3005                          6:00   -       +06     1930 Jun 21
3006                          7:00   Russia  +07/+08 1991 Mar 31  2:00s
3007                          6:00   Russia  +06/+07 1992 Jan 19  2:00s
3008                          7:00   Russia  +07/+08 2002 May  1  3:00
3009                          6:00   Russia  +06/+07 2011 Mar 27  2:00s
3010                          7:00   -       +07     2014 Oct 26  2:00s
3011                          6:00   -       +06     2016 May 29  2:00s
3012                          7:00   -       +07
3013 
3014 
3015 # From Tim Parenti (2014-07-03):
3016 # Asia/Novokuznetsk covers...
3017 # 42    RU-KEM  Kemerovo Oblast
3018 
3019 # From Alexander Krivenyshev (2009-10-13):
3020 # Kemerovo oblast' (Kemerovo region) in Russia will change current time zone on
3021 # March 28, 2010:
3022 # from current Russia Zone 6 - Krasnoyarsk Time Zone (KRA) UTC +0700
3023 # to Russia Zone 5 - Novosibirsk Time Zone (NOV) UTC +0600
3024 #
3025 # This is according to Government of Russia decree No. 740, on September
3026 # 14, 2009 "Application in the territory of the Kemerovo region the Fifth
3027 # time zone." ("Russia Zone 5" or old "USSR Zone 5" is GMT +0600)
3028 #
3029 # Russian Government web site (Russian language)
3030 # http://www.government.ru/content/governmentactivity/rfgovernmentdecisions/archive/2009/09/14/991633.htm
3031 # or Russian-English translation by WorldTimeZone.com with reference
3032 # map to local region and new Russia Time Zone map after March 28, 2010
3033 # http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_russia03.html
3034 #
3035 # Thus, when Russia will switch to DST on the night of March 28, 2010
3036 # Kemerovo region (Kemerovo oblast') will not change the clock.
3037 
3038 # From Tim Parenti (2014-07-02), per Alexander Krivenyshev (2014-07-02):
3039 # The Kemerovo region will remain at UTC+7 through the 2014-10-26 change, thus
3040 # realigning itself with KRAT.
3041 
3042 Zone Asia/Novokuznetsk   5:48:48 -      LMT     1924 May  1
3043                          6:00   -       +06     1930 Jun 21
3044                          7:00   Russia  +07/+08 1991 Mar 31  2:00s
3045                          6:00   Russia  +06/+07 1992 Jan 19  2:00s
3046                          7:00   Russia  +07/+08 2010 Mar 28  2:00s
3047                          6:00   Russia  +06/+07 2011 Mar 27  2:00s
3048                          7:00   -       +07
3049 
3050 # From Tim Parenti (2014-07-03), per Oscar van Vlijmen (2001-08-25):
3051 # Asia/Krasnoyarsk covers...
3052 # 17    RU-TY   Tuva Republic
3053 # 19    RU-KK   Khakassia, Republic of
3054 # 24    RU-KYA  Krasnoyarsk Krai
3055 #
3056 # Note: Effective 2007-01-01, (88) Evenk Autonomous Okrug and (84) Taymyr
3057 # Autonomous Okrug were merged into (24, RU-KYA) Krasnoyarsk Krai.
3058 
3059 # Byalokoz 1919 says Krasnoyarsk was 6:11:26.
3060 
3061 Zone Asia/Krasnoyarsk    6:11:26 -      LMT     1920 Jan  6
3062                          6:00   -       +06     1930 Jun 21
3063                          7:00   Russia  +07/+08 1991 Mar 31  2:00s
3064                          6:00   Russia  +06/+07 1992 Jan 19  2:00s
3065                          7:00   Russia  +07/+08 2011 Mar 27  2:00s
3066                          8:00   -       +08     2014 Oct 26  2:00s
3067                          7:00   -       +07
3068 
3069 
3070 # From Tim Parenti (2014-07-03), per Oscar van Vlijmen (2001-08-25):
3071 # Asia/Irkutsk covers...
3072 # 03    RU-BU   Buryatia, Republic of
3073 # 38    RU-IRK  Irkutsk Oblast
3074 #
3075 # Note: Effective 2008-01-01, (85) Ust-Orda Buryat Autonomous Okrug was
3076 # merged into (38, RU-IRK) Irkutsk Oblast.
3077 
3078 # Milne 1899 says Irkutsk was 6:57:15.
3079 # Byalokoz 1919 says Irkutsk was 6:57:05.
3080 # Go with Byalokoz.
3081 
3082 Zone Asia/Irkutsk        6:57:05 -      LMT     1880
3083                          6:57:05 -      IMT     1920 Jan 25 # Irkutsk Mean Time
3084                          7:00   -       +07     1930 Jun 21
3085                          8:00   Russia  +08/+09 1991 Mar 31  2:00s
3086                          7:00   Russia  +07/+08 1992 Jan 19  2:00s
3087                          8:00   Russia  +08/+09 2011 Mar 27  2:00s
3088                          9:00   -       +09     2014 Oct 26  2:00s
3089                          8:00   -       +08
3090 
3091 
3092 # From Tim Parenti (2014-07-06):
3093 # Asia/Chita covers...
3094 # 92    RU-ZAB  Zabaykalsky Krai
3095 #
3096 # Note: Effective 2008-03-01, (75) Chita Oblast and (80) Agin-Buryat
3097 # Autonomous Okrug merged to form (92, RU-ZAB) Zabaykalsky Krai.
3098 
3099 # From Alexander Krivenyshev (2016-01-02):
3100 # [The] time zone in the Trans-Baikal Territory (Zabaykalsky Krai) -
3101 # Asia/Chita [is changing] from UTC+8 to UTC+9.  Effective date will
3102 # be March 27, 2016 at 2:00am....
3103 # http://publication.pravo.gov.ru/Document/View/0001201512300107
3104 
3105 Zone Asia/Chita  7:33:52 -      LMT     1919 Dec 15
3106                          8:00   -       +08     1930 Jun 21
3107                          9:00   Russia  +09/+10 1991 Mar 31  2:00s
3108                          8:00   Russia  +08/+09 1992 Jan 19  2:00s
3109                          9:00   Russia  +09/+10 2011 Mar 27  2:00s
3110                         10:00   -       +10     2014 Oct 26  2:00s
3111                          8:00   -       +08     2016 Mar 27  2:00
3112                          9:00   -       +09
3113 
3114 
3115 # From Tim Parenti (2014-07-03), per Oscar van Vlijmen (2009-11-29):
3116 # Asia/Yakutsk covers...
3117 # 28    RU-AMU  Amur Oblast
3118 #
3119 # ...and parts of (14, RU-SA) Sakha (Yakutia) Republic:
3120 # 14-02 ****    Aldansky District
3121 # 14-04 ****    Amginsky District
3122 # 14-05 ****    Anabarsky District
3123 # 14-06 ****    Bulunsky District
3124 # 14-07 ****    Verkhnevilyuysky District
3125 # 14-10 ****    Vilyuysky District
3126 # 14-11 ****    Gorny District
3127 # 14-12 ****    Zhigansky District
3128 # 14-13 ****    Kobyaysky District
3129 # 14-14 ****    Lensky District
3130 # 14-15 ****    Megino-Kangalassky District
3131 # 14-16 ****    Mirninsky District
3132 # 14-18 ****    Namsky District
3133 # 14-19 ****    Neryungrinsky District
3134 # 14-21 ****    Nyurbinsky District
3135 # 14-23 ****    Olenyoksky District
3136 # 14-24 ****    Olyokminsky District
3137 # 14-26 ****    Suntarsky District
3138 # 14-27 ****    Tattinsky District
3139 # 14-29 ****    Ust-Aldansky District
3140 # 14-32 ****    Khangalassky District
3141 # 14-33 ****    Churapchinsky District
3142 # 14-34 ****    Eveno-Bytantaysky National District
3143 
3144 # From Tim Parenti (2014-07-03):
3145 # Our commentary seems to have lost mention of (14-19) Neryungrinsky District.
3146 # Since the surrounding districts of Sakha are all YAKT, assume this is, too.
3147 # Also assume its history has been the same as the rest of Asia/Yakutsk.
3148 
3149 # Byalokoz 1919 says Yakutsk was 8:38:58.
3150 
3151 Zone Asia/Yakutsk        8:38:58 -      LMT     1919 Dec 15
3152                          8:00   -       +08     1930 Jun 21
3153                          9:00   Russia  +09/+10 1991 Mar 31  2:00s
3154                          8:00   Russia  +08/+09 1992 Jan 19  2:00s
3155                          9:00   Russia  +09/+10 2011 Mar 27  2:00s
3156                         10:00   -       +10     2014 Oct 26  2:00s
3157                          9:00   -       +09
3158 
3159 
3160 # From Tim Parenti (2014-07-03), per Oscar van Vlijmen (2009-11-29):
3161 # Asia/Vladivostok covers...
3162 # 25    RU-PRI  Primorsky Krai
3163 # 27    RU-KHA  Khabarovsk Krai
3164 # 79    RU-YEV  Jewish Autonomous Oblast
3165 #
3166 # ...and parts of (14, RU-SA) Sakha (Yakutia) Republic:
3167 # 14-09 ****    Verkhoyansky District
3168 # 14-31 ****    Ust-Yansky District
3169 
3170 # Milne 1899 says Vladivostok was 8:47:33.5.
3171 # Byalokoz 1919 says Vladivostok was 8:47:31.
3172 # Go with Byalokoz.
3173 
3174 Zone Asia/Vladivostok    8:47:31 -      LMT     1922 Nov 15
3175                          9:00   -       +09     1930 Jun 21
3176                         10:00   Russia  +10/+11 1991 Mar 31  2:00s
3177                          9:00   Russia  +09/+10 1992 Jan 19  2:00s
3178                         10:00   Russia  +10/+11 2011 Mar 27  2:00s
3179                         11:00   -       +11     2014 Oct 26  2:00s
3180                         10:00   -       +10
3181 
3182 
3183 # From Tim Parenti (2014-07-03):
3184 # Asia/Khandyga covers parts of (14, RU-SA) Sakha (Yakutia) Republic:
3185 # 14-28 ****    Tomponsky District
3186 # 14-30 ****    Ust-Maysky District
3187 
3188 # From Arthur David Olson (2012-05-09):
3189 # Tomponskij and Ust'-Majskij switched from Vladivostok time to Yakutsk time
3190 # in 2011.
3191 
3192 # From Paul Eggert (2012-11-25):
3193 # Shanks and Pottenger (2003) has Khandyga on Yakutsk time.
3194 # Make a wild guess that it switched to Vladivostok time in 2004.
3195 # This transition is no doubt wrong, but we have no better info.
3196 
3197 Zone Asia/Khandyga       9:02:13 -      LMT     1919 Dec 15
3198                          8:00   -       +08     1930 Jun 21
3199                          9:00   Russia  +09/+10 1991 Mar 31  2:00s
3200                          8:00   Russia  +08/+09 1992 Jan 19  2:00s
3201                          9:00   Russia  +09/+10 2004
3202                         10:00   Russia  +10/+11 2011 Mar 27  2:00s
3203                         11:00   -       +11     2011 Sep 13  0:00s # Decree 725?
3204                         10:00   -       +10     2014 Oct 26  2:00s
3205                          9:00   -       +09
3206 
3207 
3208 # From Tim Parenti (2014-07-03):
3209 # Asia/Sakhalin covers...
3210 # 65    RU-SAK  Sakhalin Oblast
3211 # ...with the exception of:
3212 # 65-11 ****    Severo-Kurilsky District (North Kuril Islands)
3213 
3214 # From Matt Johnson (2016-02-22):
3215 # Asia/Sakhalin is moving (in entirety) from UTC+10 to UTC+11 ...
3216 # (2016-03-09):
3217 # http://publication.pravo.gov.ru/Document/View/0001201603090044
3218 
3219 # The Zone name should be Asia/Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk, but that's too long.
3220 Zone Asia/Sakhalin       9:30:48 -      LMT     1905 Aug 23
3221                          9:00   -       +09     1945 Aug 25
3222                         11:00   Russia  +11/+12 1991 Mar 31  2:00s # Sakhalin T
3223                         10:00   Russia  +10/+11 1992 Jan 19  2:00s
3224                         11:00   Russia  +11/+12 1997 Mar lastSun  2:00s
3225                         10:00   Russia  +10/+11 2011 Mar 27  2:00s
3226                         11:00   -       +11     2014 Oct 26  2:00s
3227                         10:00   -       +10     2016 Mar 27  2:00s
3228                         11:00   -       +11
3229 
3230 
3231 # From Tim Parenti (2014-07-03), per Oscar van Vlijmen (2009-11-29):
3232 # Asia/Magadan covers...
3233 # 49    RU-MAG  Magadan Oblast
3234 
3235 # From Tim Parenti (2014-07-06), per Alexander Krivenyshev (2014-07-02):
3236 # Magadan Oblast is moving from UTC+12 to UTC+10 on 2014-10-26; however,
3237 # several districts of Sakha Republic as well as Severo-Kurilsky District of
3238 # the Sakhalin Oblast (also known as the North Kuril Islands), represented
3239 # until now by Asia/Magadan, will instead move to UTC+11.  These regions will
3240 # need their own zone.
3241 
3242 # From Alexander Krivenyshev (2016-03-27):
3243 # ... draft bill 948300-6 to change its time zone from UTC+10 to UTC+11 ...
3244 # will take ... effect ... on April 24, 2016 at 2 o'clock
3245 #
3246 # From Matt Johnson (2016-04-05):
3247 # ... signed by the President today ...
3248 # http://publication.pravo.gov.ru/Document/View/0001201604050038
3249 
3250 Zone Asia/Magadan       10:03:12 -      LMT     1924 May  2
3251                         10:00   -       +10     1930 Jun 21 # Magadan Time
3252                         11:00   Russia  +11/+12 1991 Mar 31  2:00s
3253                         10:00   Russia  +10/+11 1992 Jan 19  2:00s
3254                         11:00   Russia  +11/+12 2011 Mar 27  2:00s
3255                         12:00   -       +12     2014 Oct 26  2:00s
3256                         10:00   -       +10     2016 Apr 24  2:00s
3257                         11:00   -       +11
3258 
3259 
3260 # From Tim Parenti (2014-07-06):
3261 # Asia/Srednekolymsk covers parts of (14, RU-SA) Sakha (Yakutia) Republic:
3262 # 14-01 ****    Abyysky District
3263 # 14-03 ****    Allaikhovsky District
3264 # 14-08 ****    Verkhnekolymsky District
3265 # 14-17 ****    Momsky District
3266 # 14-20 ****    Nizhnekolymsky District
3267 # 14-25 ****    Srednekolymsky District
3268 #
3269 # ...and parts of (65, RU-SAK) Sakhalin Oblast:
3270 # 65-11 ****    Severo-Kurilsky District (North Kuril Islands)
3271 
3272 # From Tim Parenti (2014-07-02):
3273 # Oymyakonsky District of Sakha Republic (represented by Ust-Nera), along with
3274 # most of Sakhalin Oblast (represented by Sakhalin) will be moving to UTC+10 on
3275 # 2014-10-26 to stay aligned with VLAT/SAKT; however, Severo-Kurilsky District
3276 # of the Sakhalin Oblast (also known as the North Kuril Islands, represented by
3277 # Severo-Kurilsk) will remain on UTC+11.
3278 
3279 # From Tim Parenti (2014-07-06):
3280 # Assume North Kuril Islands have history like Magadan before 2011-03-27.
3281 # There is a decent chance this is wrong, in which case a new zone
3282 # Asia/Severo-Kurilsk would become necessary.
3283 #
3284 # Srednekolymsk and Zyryanka are the most populous places amongst these
3285 # districts, but have very similar populations.  In fact, Wikipedia currently
3286 # lists them both as having 3528 people, exactly 1668 males and 1860 females
3287 # each!  (Yikes!)
3288 # https://en.wikipedia.org/w/?title=Srednekolymsky_District&oldid=603435276
3289 # https://en.wikipedia.org/w/?title=Verkhnekolymsky_District&oldid=594378493
3290 # Assume this is a mistake, albeit an amusing one.
3291 #
3292 # Looking at censuses, the populations of the two municipalities seem to have
3293 # fluctuated recently.  Zyryanka was more populous than Srednekolymsk in the
3294 # 1989 and 2002 censuses, but Srednekolymsk was more populous in the most
3295 # recent (2010) census, 3525 to 3170.  (See pages 195 and 197 of
3296 # http://www.gks.ru/free_doc/new_site/perepis2010/croc/Documents/Vol1/pub-01-05.pdf
3297 # in Russian.)  In addition, Srednekolymsk appears to be a much older
3298 # settlement and the population of Zyryanka seems to be declining.
3299 # Go with Srednekolymsk.
3300 
3301 Zone Asia/Srednekolymsk 10:14:52 -      LMT     1924 May  2
3302                         10:00   -       +10     1930 Jun 21
3303                         11:00   Russia  +11/+12 1991 Mar 31  2:00s
3304                         10:00   Russia  +10/+11 1992 Jan 19  2:00s
3305                         11:00   Russia  +11/+12 2011 Mar 27  2:00s
3306                         12:00   -       +12     2014 Oct 26  2:00s
3307                         11:00   -       +11
3308 
3309 
3310 # From Tim Parenti (2014-07-03):
3311 # Asia/Ust-Nera covers parts of (14, RU-SA) Sakha (Yakutia) Republic:
3312 # 14-22 ****    Oymyakonsky District
3313 
3314 # From Arthur David Olson (2012-05-09):
3315 # Ojmyakonskij [and the Kuril Islands] switched from
3316 # Magadan time to Vladivostok time in 2011.
3317 #
3318 # From Tim Parenti (2014-07-06), per Alexander Krivenyshev (2014-07-02):
3319 # It's unlikely that any of the Kuril Islands were involved in such a switch,
3320 # as the South and Middle Kurils have been on UTC+11 (SAKT) with the rest of
3321 # Sakhalin Oblast since at least 2011-09, and the North Kurils have been on
3322 # UTC+12 since at least then, too.
3323 
3324 Zone Asia/Ust-Nera       9:32:54 -      LMT     1919 Dec 15
3325                          8:00   -       +08     1930 Jun 21
3326                          9:00   Russia  +09/+10 1981 Apr  1
3327                         11:00   Russia  +11/+12 1991 Mar 31  2:00s
3328                         10:00   Russia  +10/+11 1992 Jan 19  2:00s
3329                         11:00   Russia  +11/+12 2011 Mar 27  2:00s
3330                         12:00   -       +12     2011 Sep 13  0:00s # Decree 725?
3331                         11:00   -       +11     2014 Oct 26  2:00s
3332                         10:00   -       +10
3333 
3334 
3335 # From Tim Parenti (2014-07-03), per Oscar van Vlijmen (2001-08-25):
3336 # Asia/Kamchatka covers...
3337 # 91    RU-KAM  Kamchatka Krai
3338 #
3339 # Note: Effective 2007-07-01, (41) Kamchatka Oblast and (82) Koryak
3340 # Autonomous Okrug merged to form (91, RU-KAM) Kamchatka Krai.
3341 
3342 # The Zone name should be Asia/Petropavlovsk-Kamchatski or perhaps
3343 # Asia/Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky, but these are too long.
3344 Zone Asia/Kamchatka     10:34:36 -      LMT     1922 Nov 10
3345                         11:00   -       +11     1930 Jun 21
3346                         12:00   Russia  +12/+13 1991 Mar 31  2:00s
3347                         11:00   Russia  +11/+12 1992 Jan 19  2:00s
3348                         12:00   Russia  +12/+13 2010 Mar 28  2:00s
3349                         11:00   Russia  +11/+12 2011 Mar 27  2:00s
3350                         12:00   -       +12
3351 
3352 
3353 # From Tim Parenti (2014-07-03):
3354 # Asia/Anadyr covers...
3355 # 87    RU-CHU  Chukotka Autonomous Okrug
3356 
3357 Zone Asia/Anadyr        11:49:56 -      LMT     1924 May  2
3358                         12:00   -       +12     1930 Jun 21
3359                         13:00   Russia  +13/+14 1982 Apr  1  0:00s
3360                         12:00   Russia  +12/+13 1991 Mar 31  2:00s
3361                         11:00   Russia  +11/+12 1992 Jan 19  2:00s
3362                         12:00   Russia  +12/+13 2010 Mar 28  2:00s
3363                         11:00   Russia  +11/+12 2011 Mar 27  2:00s
3364                         12:00   -       +12
3365 
3366 
3367 # San Marino
3368 # See Europe/Rome.
3369 
3370 # Serbia
3371 # Zone  NAME            GMTOFF  RULES   FORMAT  [UNTIL]
3372 Zone    Europe/Belgrade 1:22:00 -       LMT     1884
3373                         1:00    -       CET     1941 Apr 18 23:00
3374                         1:00    C-Eur   CE%sT   1945
3375                         1:00    -       CET     1945 May  8  2:00s
3376                         1:00    1:00    CEST    1945 Sep 16  2:00s
3377 # Metod Koželj reports that the legal date of
3378 # transition to EU rules was 1982-11-27, for all of Yugoslavia at the time.
3379 # Shanks & Pottenger don't give as much detail, so go with Koželj.
3380                         1:00    -       CET     1982 Nov 27
3381                         1:00    EU      CE%sT
3382 Link Europe/Belgrade Europe/Ljubljana   # Slovenia
3383 Link Europe/Belgrade Europe/Podgorica   # Montenegro
3384 Link Europe/Belgrade Europe/Sarajevo    # Bosnia and Herzegovina
3385 Link Europe/Belgrade Europe/Skopje      # Macedonia
3386 Link Europe/Belgrade Europe/Zagreb      # Croatia
3387 
3388 # Slovakia
3389 Link Europe/Prague Europe/Bratislava
3390 
3391 # Slovenia
3392 # See Europe/Belgrade.
3393 
3394 # Spain
3395 #
3396 # From Paul Eggert (2016-12-14):
3397 #
3398 # The source for Europe/Madrid before 2013 is:
3399 # Planesas P. La hora oficial en España y sus cambios.
3400 # Anuario del Observatorio Astronómico de Madrid (2013, in Spanish).
3401 # http://astronomia.ign.es/rknowsys-theme/images/webAstro/paginas/documentos/Anuario/lahoraoficialenespana.pdf
3402 # As this source says that historical time in the Canaries is obscure,
3403 # and it does not discuss Ceuta, stick with Shanks for now for that data.
3404 #
3405 # In the 1918 and 1919 fallback transitions in Spain, the clock for
3406 # the hour-longer day officially kept going after midnight, so that
3407 # the repeated instances of that day's 00:00 hour were 24 hours apart,
3408 # with a fallback transition from the second occurrence of 00:59... to
3409 # the next day's 00:00.  Our data format cannot represent this
3410 # directly, and instead repeats the first hour of the next day, with a
3411 # fallback transition from the next day's 00:59... to 00:00.
3412 
3413 # From Michael Deckers (2016-12-15):
3414 # The Royal Decree of 1900-06-26 quoted by Planesas, online at
3415 # https://www.boe.es/datos/pdfs/BOE//1900/209/A00383-00384.pdf
3416 # says in its article 5 (my translation):
3417 # These dispositions will enter into force beginning with the
3418 # instant at which, according to the time indicated in article 1,
3419 # the 1st day of January of 1901 will begin.
3420 
3421 # Rule  NAME    FROM    TO      TYPE    IN      ON      AT      SAVE    LETTER/S
3422 Rule    Spain   1918    only    -       Apr     15      23:00   1:00    S
3423 Rule    Spain   1918    1919    -       Oct      6      24:00s  0       -
3424 Rule    Spain   1919    only    -       Apr      6      23:00   1:00    S
3425 Rule    Spain   1924    only    -       Apr     16      23:00   1:00    S
3426 Rule    Spain   1924    only    -       Oct      4      24:00s  0       -
3427 Rule    Spain   1926    only    -       Apr     17      23:00   1:00    S
3428 Rule    Spain   1926    1929    -       Oct     Sat>=1       24:00s  0       -
3429 Rule    Spain   1927    only    -       Apr      9      23:00   1:00    S
3430 Rule    Spain   1928    only    -       Apr     15       0:00   1:00    S
3431 Rule    Spain   1929    only    -       Apr     20      23:00   1:00    S
3432 # Republican Spain during the civil war; it controlled Madrid until 1939-03-28.
3433 Rule    Spain   1937    only    -       Jun     16      23:00   1:00    S
3434 Rule    Spain   1937    only    -       Oct      2      24:00s  0       -
3435 Rule    Spain   1938    only    -       Apr      2      23:00   1:00    S
3436 Rule    Spain   1938    only    -       Apr     30      23:00   2:00    M
3437 Rule    Spain   1938    only    -       Oct      2      24:00   1:00    S
3438 # The following rules are for unified Spain again.
3439 #
3440 # Planesas does not say what happened in Madrid between its fall on
3441 # 1939-03-28 and the Nationalist spring-forward transition on
3442 # 1939-04-15.  For lack of better info, assume Madrid's clocks did not
3443 # change during that period.
3444 #
3445 # The first rule is commented out, as it is redundant for Republican Spain.
3446 #Rule   Spain   1939    only    -       Apr     15      23:00   1:00    S
3447 Rule    Spain   1939    only    -       Oct      7      24:00s  0       -
3448 Rule    Spain   1942    only    -       May      2      23:00   1:00    S
3449 Rule    Spain   1942    only    -       Sep      1       1:00   0       -
3450 Rule    Spain   1943    1946    -       Apr     Sat>=13      23:00   1:00    S
3451 Rule    Spain   1943    1944    -       Oct     Sun>=1        1:00   0       -
3452 Rule    Spain   1945    1946    -       Sep     lastSun  1:00   0       -
3453 Rule    Spain   1949    only    -       Apr     30      23:00   1:00    S
3454 Rule    Spain   1949    only    -       Oct      2       1:00   0       -
3455 Rule    Spain   1974    1975    -       Apr     Sat>=12      23:00   1:00    S
3456 Rule    Spain   1974    1975    -       Oct     Sun>=1        1:00   0       -
3457 Rule    Spain   1976    only    -       Mar     27      23:00   1:00    S
3458 Rule    Spain   1976    1977    -       Sep     lastSun  1:00   0       -
3459 Rule    Spain   1977    only    -       Apr      2      23:00   1:00    S
3460 Rule    Spain   1978    only    -       Apr      2       2:00s  1:00    S
3461 Rule    Spain   1978    only    -       Oct      1       2:00s  0       -
3462 # Nationalist Spain during the civil war
3463 #Rule NatSpain  1937    only    -       May     22      23:00   1:00    S
3464 #Rule NatSpain  1937    1938    -       Oct     Sat>=1       24:00s  0       -
3465 #Rule NatSpain  1938    only    -       Mar     26      23:00   1:00    S
3466 # The following rules are copied from Morocco from 1967 through 1978,
3467 # except with "S" letters.
3468 Rule SpainAfrica 1967   only    -       Jun      3      12:00   1:00    S
3469 Rule SpainAfrica 1967   only    -       Oct      1       0:00   0       -
3470 Rule SpainAfrica 1974   only    -       Jun     24       0:00   1:00    S
3471 Rule SpainAfrica 1974   only    -       Sep      1       0:00   0       -
3472 Rule SpainAfrica 1976   1977    -       May      1       0:00   1:00    S
3473 Rule SpainAfrica 1976   only    -       Aug      1       0:00   0       -
3474 Rule SpainAfrica 1977   only    -       Sep     28       0:00   0       -
3475 Rule SpainAfrica 1978   only    -       Jun      1       0:00   1:00    S
3476 Rule SpainAfrica 1978   only    -       Aug      4       0:00   0       -
3477 # Zone  NAME            GMTOFF  RULES   FORMAT  [UNTIL]
3478 Zone    Europe/Madrid   -0:14:44 -      LMT     1900 Dec 31 23:45:16
3479                          0:00   Spain   WE%sT   1940 Mar 16 23:00
3480                          1:00   Spain   CE%sT   1979
3481                          1:00   EU      CE%sT
3482 Zone    Africa/Ceuta    -0:21:16 -      LMT     1900 Dec 31 23:38:44
3483                          0:00   -       WET     1918 May  6 23:00
3484                          0:00   1:00    WEST    1918 Oct  7 23:00
3485                          0:00   -       WET     1924
3486                          0:00   Spain   WE%sT   1929
3487                          0:00   -       WET     1967 # Help zishrink.awk.
3488                          0:00 SpainAfrica WE%sT 1984 Mar 16
3489                          1:00   -       CET     1986
3490                          1:00   EU      CE%sT
3491 Zone    Atlantic/Canary -1:01:36 -      LMT     1922 Mar # Las Palmas de Gran C.
3492                         -1:00   -       -01     1946 Sep 30  1:00
3493                          0:00   -       WET     1980 Apr  6  0:00s
3494                          0:00   1:00    WEST    1980 Sep 28  1:00u
3495                          0:00   EU      WE%sT
3496 # IATA SSIM (1996-09) says the Canaries switch at 2:00u, not 1:00u.
3497 # Ignore this for now, as the Canaries are part of the EU.
3498 
3499 # Sweden
3500 
3501 # From Ivan Nilsson (2001-04-13), superseding Shanks & Pottenger:
3502 #
3503 # The law "Svensk författningssamling 1878, no 14" about standard time in 1879:
3504 # From the beginning of 1879 (that is 01-01 00:00) the time for all
3505 # places in the country is "the mean solar time for the meridian at
3506 # three degrees, or twelve minutes of time, to the west of the
3507 # meridian of the Observatory of Stockholm".  The law is dated 1878-05-31.
3508 #
3509 # The observatory at that time had the meridian 18° 03' 30"
3510 # eastern longitude = 01:12:14 in time.  Less 12 minutes gives the
3511 # national standard time as 01:00:14 ahead of GMT....
3512 #
3513 # About the beginning of CET in Sweden. The lawtext ("Svensk
3514 # författningssamling 1899, no 44") states, that "from the beginning
3515 # of 1900... ... the same as the mean solar time for the meridian at
3516 # the distance of one hour of time from the meridian of the English
3517 # observatory at Greenwich, or at 12 minutes 14 seconds to the west
3518 # from the meridian of the Observatory of Stockholm". The law is dated
3519 # 1899-06-16.  In short: At 1900-01-01 00:00:00 the new standard time
3520 # in Sweden is 01:00:00 ahead of GMT.
3521 #
3522 # 1916: The lawtext ("Svensk författningssamling 1916, no 124") states
3523 # that "1916-05-15 is considered to begin one hour earlier". It is
3524 # pretty obvious that at 05-14 23:00 the clocks are set to 05-15 00:00....
3525 # Further the law says, that "1916-09-30 is considered to end one hour later".
3526 #
3527 # The laws regulating [DST] are available on the site of the Swedish
3528 # Parliament beginning with 1985 - the laws regulating 1980/1984 are
3529 # not available on the site (to my knowledge they are only available
3530 # in Swedish): <http://www.riksdagen.se/english/work/sfst.asp> (type
3531 # "sommartid" without the quotes in the field "Fritext" and then click
3532 # the Sök-button).
3533 #
3534 # (2001-05-13):
3535 #
3536 # I have now found a newspaper stating that at 1916-10-01 01:00
3537 # summertime the church-clocks etc were set back one hour to show
3538 # 1916-10-01 00:00 standard time.  The article also reports that some
3539 # people thought the switch to standard time would take place already
3540 # at 1916-10-01 00:00 summer time, but they had to wait for another
3541 # hour before the event took place.
3542 #
3543 # Source: The newspaper "Dagens Nyheter", 1916-10-01, page 7 upper left.
3544 
3545 # Zone  NAME            GMTOFF  RULES   FORMAT  [UNTIL]
3546 Zone Europe/Stockholm   1:12:12 -       LMT     1879 Jan  1
3547                         1:00:14 -       SET     1900 Jan  1 # Swedish Time
3548                         1:00    -       CET     1916 May 14 23:00
3549                         1:00    1:00    CEST    1916 Oct  1  1:00
3550                         1:00    -       CET     1980
3551                         1:00    EU      CE%sT
3552 
3553 # Switzerland
3554 # From Howse:
3555 # By the end of the 18th century clocks and watches became commonplace
3556 # and their performance improved enormously.  Communities began to keep
3557 # mean time in preference to apparent time - Geneva from 1780 ....
3558 # Rule  NAME    FROM    TO      TYPE    IN      ON      AT      SAVE    LETTER/S
3559 # From Whitman (who writes "Midnight?"):
3560 # Rule  Swiss   1940    only    -       Nov      2      0:00    1:00    S
3561 # Rule  Swiss   1940    only    -       Dec     31      0:00    0       -
3562 # From Shanks & Pottenger:
3563 # Rule  Swiss   1941    1942    -       May     Sun>=1       2:00    1:00    S
3564 # Rule  Swiss   1941    1942    -       Oct     Sun>=1       0:00    0       -
3565 
3566 # From Alois Treindl (2008-12-17):
3567 # I have researched the DST usage in Switzerland during the 1940ies.
3568 #
3569 # As I wrote in an earlier message, I suspected the current tzdata values
3570 # to be wrong. This is now verified.
3571 #
3572 # I have found copies of the original ruling by the Swiss Federal
3573 # government, in 'Eidgenössische Gesetzessammlung 1941 and 1942' (Swiss
3574 # federal law collection)...
3575 #
3576 # DST began on Monday 5 May 1941, 1:00 am by shifting the clocks to 2:00 am
3577 # DST ended on Monday 6 Oct 1941, 2:00 am by shifting the clocks to 1:00 am.
3578 #
3579 # DST began on Monday, 4 May 1942 at 01:00 am
3580 # DST ended on Monday, 5 Oct 1942 at 02:00 am
3581 #
3582 # There was no DST in 1940, I have checked the law collection carefully.
3583 # It is also indicated by the fact that the 1942 entry in the law
3584 # collection points back to 1941 as a reference, but no reference to any
3585 # other years are made.
3586 #
3587 # Newspaper articles I have read in the archives on 6 May 1941 reported
3588 # about the introduction of DST (Sommerzeit in German) during the previous
3589 # night as an absolute novelty, because this was the first time that such
3590 # a thing had happened in Switzerland.
3591 #
3592 # I have also checked 1916, because one book source (Gabriel, Traité de
3593 # l'heure dans le monde) claims that Switzerland had DST in 1916. This is
3594 # false, no official document could be found. Probably Gabriel got misled
3595 # by references to Germany, which introduced DST in 1916 for the first time.
3596 #
3597 # The tzdata rules for Switzerland must be changed to:
3598 # Rule  Swiss   1941    1942    -       May     Mon>=1  1:00    1:00    S
3599 # Rule  Swiss   1941    1942    -       Oct     Mon>=1  2:00    0       -
3600 #
3601 # The 1940 rules must be deleted.
3602 #
3603 # One further detail for Switzerland, which is probably out of scope for
3604 # most users of tzdata: The [Europe/Zurich zone] ...
3605 # describes all of Switzerland correctly, with the exception of
3606 # the Canton de Genève (Geneva, Genf). Between 1848 and 1894 Geneva did not
3607 # follow Bern Mean Time but kept its own local mean time.
3608 # To represent this, an extra zone would be needed.
3609 #
3610 # From Alois Treindl (2013-09-11):
3611 # The Federal regulations say
3612 # https://www.admin.ch/opc/de/classified-compilation/20071096/index.html
3613 # ... the meridian for Bern mean time ... is 7° 26' 22.50".
3614 # Expressed in time, it is 0h29m45.5s.
3615 
3616 # From Pierre-Yves Berger (2013-09-11):
3617 # the "Circulaire du conseil fédéral" (December 11 1893)
3618 # http://www.amtsdruckschriften.bar.admin.ch/viewOrigDoc.do?id=10071353
3619 # clearly states that the [1894-06-01] change should be done at midnight
3620 # but if no one is present after 11 at night, could be postponed until one
3621 # hour before the beginning of service.
3622 
3623 # From Paul Eggert (2013-09-11):
3624 # Round BMT to the nearest even second, 0:29:46.
3625 #
3626 # We can find no reliable source for Shanks's assertion that all of Switzerland
3627 # except Geneva switched to Bern Mean Time at 00:00 on 1848-09-12.  This book:
3628 #
3629 #       Jakob Messerli. Gleichmässig, pünktlich, schnell. Zeiteinteilung und
3630 #       Zeitgebrauch in der Schweiz im 19. Jahrhundert. Chronos, Zurich 1995,
3631 #       ISBN 3-905311-68-2, OCLC 717570797.
3632 #
3633 # suggests that the transition was more gradual, and that the Swiss did not
3634 # agree about civil time during the transition.  The timekeeping it gives the
3635 # most detail for is postal and telegraph time: here, federal legislation (the
3636 # "Bundesgesetz über die Erstellung von elektrischen Telegraphen") passed on
3637 # 1851-11-23, and an official implementation notice was published 1853-07-16
3638 # (Bundesblatt 1853, Bd. II, S. 859).  On p 72 Messerli writes that in
3639 # practice since July 1853 Bernese time was used in "all postal and telegraph
3640 # offices in Switzerland from Geneva to St. Gallen and Basel to Chiasso"
3641 # (Google translation).  For now, model this transition as occurring on
3642 # 1853-07-16, though it probably occurred at some other date in Zurich, and
3643 # legal civil time probably changed at still some other transition date.
3644 
3645 # Rule  NAME    FROM    TO      TYPE    IN      ON      AT      SAVE    LETTER/S
3646 Rule    Swiss   1941    1942    -       May     Mon>=1       1:00    1:00    S
3647 Rule    Swiss   1941    1942    -       Oct     Mon>=1       2:00    0       -
3648 # Zone  NAME            GMTOFF  RULES   FORMAT  [UNTIL]
3649 Zone    Europe/Zurich   0:34:08 -       LMT     1853 Jul 16 # See above comment.
3650                         0:29:46 -       BMT     1894 Jun    # Bern Mean Time
3651                         1:00    Swiss   CE%sT   1981
3652                         1:00    EU      CE%sT
3653 
3654 # Turkey
3655 
3656 # From Kıvanç Yazan (2016-09-25):
3657 # 1) For 1986-2006, DST started at 01:00 local and ended at 02:00 local, with
3658 #    no exceptions.
3659 # 2) 1994's lastSun was overridden with Mar 20 ...
3660 # Here are official papers:
3661 # http://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/arsiv/19032.pdf  - page 2 for 1986
3662 # http://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/arsiv/19400.pdf  - page 4 for 1987
3663 # http://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/arsiv/19752.pdf  - page 15 for 1988
3664 # http://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/arsiv/20102.pdf  - page 6 for 1989
3665 # http://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/arsiv/20464.pdf  - page 1 for 1990 - 1992
3666 # http://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/arsiv/21531.pdf  - page 15 for 1993 - 1995
3667 # http://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/arsiv/21879.pdf  - page 1 for overriding 1994
3668 # http://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/arsiv/22588.pdf  - page 1 for 1996, 1997
3669 # http://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/arsiv/23286.pdf  - page 10 for 1998 - 2000
3670 # http://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/eskiler/2001/03/20010324.htm#2  - for 2001
3671 # http://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/eskiler/2002/03/20020316.htm#2  - for 2002-2006
3672 # From Paul Eggert (2016-09-25):
3673 # Prefer the above sources to Shanks & Pottenger for timestamps after 1985.
3674 
3675 # From Steffen Thorsen (2007-03-09):
3676 # Starting 2007 though, it seems that they are adopting EU's 1:00 UTC
3677 # start/end time, according to the following page (2007-03-07):
3678 # http://www.ntvmsnbc.com/news/402029.asp
3679 # The official document is located here - it is in Turkish...:
3680 # http://rega.basbakanlik.gov.tr/eskiler/2007/03/20070307-7.htm
3681 # I was able to locate the following seemingly official document
3682 # (on a non-government server though) describing dates between 2002 and 2006:
3683 # http://www.alomaliye.com/bkk_2002_3769.htm
3684 
3685 # From Gökdeniz Karadağ (2011-03-10):
3686 # According to the articles linked below, Turkey will change into summer
3687 # time zone (GMT+3) on March 28, 2011 at 3:00 a.m. instead of March 27.
3688 # This change is due to a nationwide exam on 27th.
3689 # https://www.worldbulletin.net/?aType=haber&ArticleID=70872
3690 # Turkish:
3691 # https://www.hurriyet.com.tr/yaz-saati-uygulamasi-bir-gun-ileri-alindi-17230464
3692 
3693 # From Faruk Pasin (2014-02-14):
3694 # The DST for Turkey has been changed for this year because of the
3695 # Turkish Local election....
3696 # http://www.sabah.com.tr/Ekonomi/2014/02/12/yaz-saatinde-onemli-degisiklik
3697 # ... so Turkey will move clocks forward one hour on March 31 at 3:00 a.m.
3698 # From Randal L. Schwartz (2014-04-15):
3699 # Having landed on a flight from the states to Istanbul (via AMS) on March 31,
3700 # I can tell you that NOBODY (even the airlines) respected this timezone DST
3701 # change delay.  Maybe the word just didn't get out in time.
3702 # From Paul Eggert (2014-06-15):
3703 # The press reported massive confusion, as election officials obeyed the rule
3704 # change but cell phones (and airline baggage systems) did not.  See:
3705 # Kostidis M. Eventful elections in Turkey. Balkan News Agency
3706 # http://www.balkaneu.com/eventful-elections-turkey/ 2014-03-30.
3707 # I guess the best we can do is document the official time.
3708 
3709 # From Fatih (2015-09-29):
3710 # It's officially announced now by the Ministry of Energy.
3711 # Turkey delays winter time to 8th of November 04:00
3712 # http://www.aa.com.tr/tr/turkiye/yaz-saati-uygulamasi-8-kasimda-sona-erecek/362217
3713 #
3714 # From BBC News (2015-10-25):
3715 # Confused Turks are asking "what's the time?" after automatic clocks defied a
3716 # government decision ... "For the next two weeks #Turkey is on EEST... Erdogan
3717 # Engineered Standard Time," said Twitter user @aysekarahasan.
3718 # http://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-34631326
3719 
3720 # From Burak AYDIN (2016-09-08):
3721 # Turkey will stay in Daylight Saving Time even in winter....
3722 # http://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/eskiler/2016/09/20160908-2.pdf
3723 #
3724 # From Paul Eggert (2016-09-07):
3725 # The change is permanent, so this is the new standard time in Turkey.
3726 # It takes effect today, which is not much notice.
3727 
3728 # From Kıvanç Yazan (2017-10-28):
3729 # Turkey will go back to Daylight Saving Time starting 2018-10.
3730 # http://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/eskiler/2017/10/20171028-5.pdf
3731 #
3732 # From Even Scharning (2017-11-08):
3733 # ... today it was announced that the DST will become "continuous":
3734 # http://www.hurriyet.com.tr/son-dakika-yaz-saati-uygulamasi-surekli-hale-geldi-40637482
3735 # From Paul Eggert (2017-11-08):
3736 # Although Google Translate misfires on that source, it looks like
3737 # Turkey reversed last month's decision, and so will stay at +03.
3738 
3739 # Rule  NAME    FROM    TO      TYPE    IN      ON      AT      SAVE    LETTER/S
3740 Rule    Turkey  1916    only    -       May      1      0:00    1:00    S
3741 Rule    Turkey  1916    only    -       Oct      1      0:00    0       -
3742 Rule    Turkey  1920    only    -       Mar     28      0:00    1:00    S
3743 Rule    Turkey  1920    only    -       Oct     25      0:00    0       -
3744 Rule    Turkey  1921    only    -       Apr      3      0:00    1:00    S
3745 Rule    Turkey  1921    only    -       Oct      3      0:00    0       -
3746 Rule    Turkey  1922    only    -       Mar     26      0:00    1:00    S
3747 Rule    Turkey  1922    only    -       Oct      8      0:00    0       -
3748 # Whitman gives 1923 Apr 28 - Sep 16 and no DST in 1924-1925;
3749 # go with Shanks & Pottenger.
3750 Rule    Turkey  1924    only    -       May     13      0:00    1:00    S
3751 Rule    Turkey  1924    1925    -       Oct      1      0:00    0       -
3752 Rule    Turkey  1925    only    -       May      1      0:00    1:00    S
3753 Rule    Turkey  1940    only    -       Jun     30      0:00    1:00    S
3754 Rule    Turkey  1940    only    -       Oct      5      0:00    0       -
3755 Rule    Turkey  1940    only    -       Dec      1      0:00    1:00    S
3756 Rule    Turkey  1941    only    -       Sep     21      0:00    0       -
3757 Rule    Turkey  1942    only    -       Apr      1      0:00    1:00    S
3758 # Whitman omits the next two transition and gives 1945 Oct 1;
3759 # go with Shanks & Pottenger.
3760 Rule    Turkey  1942    only    -       Nov      1      0:00    0       -
3761 Rule    Turkey  1945    only    -       Apr      2      0:00    1:00    S
3762 Rule    Turkey  1945    only    -       Oct      8      0:00    0       -
3763 Rule    Turkey  1946    only    -       Jun      1      0:00    1:00    S
3764 Rule    Turkey  1946    only    -       Oct      1      0:00    0       -
3765 Rule    Turkey  1947    1948    -       Apr     Sun>=16      0:00    1:00    S
3766 Rule    Turkey  1947    1950    -       Oct     Sun>=2       0:00    0       -
3767 Rule    Turkey  1949    only    -       Apr     10      0:00    1:00    S
3768 Rule    Turkey  1950    only    -       Apr     19      0:00    1:00    S
3769 Rule    Turkey  1951    only    -       Apr     22      0:00    1:00    S
3770 Rule    Turkey  1951    only    -       Oct      8      0:00    0       -
3771 Rule    Turkey  1962    only    -       Jul     15      0:00    1:00    S
3772 Rule    Turkey  1962    only    -       Oct      8      0:00    0       -
3773 Rule    Turkey  1964    only    -       May     15      0:00    1:00    S
3774 Rule    Turkey  1964    only    -       Oct      1      0:00    0       -
3775 Rule    Turkey  1970    1972    -       May     Sun>=2       0:00    1:00    S
3776 Rule    Turkey  1970    1972    -       Oct     Sun>=2       0:00    0       -
3777 Rule    Turkey  1973    only    -       Jun      3      1:00    1:00    S
3778 Rule    Turkey  1973    only    -       Nov      4      3:00    0       -
3779 Rule    Turkey  1974    only    -       Mar     31      2:00    1:00    S
3780 Rule    Turkey  1974    only    -       Nov      3      5:00    0       -
3781 Rule    Turkey  1975    only    -       Mar     30      0:00    1:00    S
3782 Rule    Turkey  1975    1976    -       Oct     lastSun 0:00    0       -
3783 Rule    Turkey  1976    only    -       Jun      1      0:00    1:00    S
3784 Rule    Turkey  1977    1978    -       Apr     Sun>=1       0:00    1:00    S
3785 Rule    Turkey  1977    only    -       Oct     16      0:00    0       -
3786 Rule    Turkey  1979    1980    -       Apr     Sun>=1       3:00    1:00    S
3787 Rule    Turkey  1979    1982    -       Oct     Mon>=11      0:00    0       -
3788 Rule    Turkey  1981    1982    -       Mar     lastSun 3:00    1:00    S
3789 Rule    Turkey  1983    only    -       Jul     31      0:00    1:00    S
3790 Rule    Turkey  1983    only    -       Oct      2      0:00    0       -
3791 Rule    Turkey  1985    only    -       Apr     20      0:00    1:00    S
3792 Rule    Turkey  1985    only    -       Sep     28      0:00    0       -
3793 Rule    Turkey  1986    1993    -       Mar     lastSun 1:00s   1:00    S
3794 Rule    Turkey  1986    1995    -       Sep     lastSun 1:00s   0       -
3795 Rule    Turkey  1994    only    -       Mar     20      1:00s   1:00    S
3796 Rule    Turkey  1995    2006    -       Mar     lastSun 1:00s   1:00    S
3797 Rule    Turkey  1996    2006    -       Oct     lastSun 1:00s   0       -
3798 # Zone  NAME            GMTOFF  RULES   FORMAT  [UNTIL]
3799 Zone    Europe/Istanbul 1:55:52 -       LMT     1880
3800                         1:56:56 -       IMT     1910 Oct # Istanbul Mean Time?
3801                         2:00    Turkey  EE%sT   1978 Oct 15
3802                         3:00    Turkey  +03/+04 1985 Apr 20
3803                         2:00    Turkey  EE%sT   2007
3804                         2:00    EU      EE%sT   2011 Mar 27  1:00u
3805                         2:00    -       EET     2011 Mar 28  1:00u
3806                         2:00    EU      EE%sT   2014 Mar 30  1:00u
3807                         2:00    -       EET     2014 Mar 31  1:00u
3808                         2:00    EU      EE%sT   2015 Oct 25  1:00u
3809                         2:00    1:00    EEST    2015 Nov  8  1:00u
3810                         2:00    EU      EE%sT   2016 Sep  7
3811                         3:00    -       +03
3812 Link    Europe/Istanbul Asia/Istanbul   # Istanbul is in both continents.
3813 
3814 # Ukraine
3815 #
3816 # From Igor Karpov, who works for the Ukrainian Ministry of Justice,
3817 # via Garrett Wollman (2003-01-27):
3818 # BTW, I've found the official document on this matter. It's government
3819 # regulations No. 509, May 13, 1996. In my poor translation it says:
3820 # "Time in Ukraine is set to second timezone (Kiev time). Each last Sunday
3821 # of March at 3am the time is changing to 4am and each last Sunday of
3822 # October the time at 4am is changing to 3am"
3823 
3824 # From Alexander Krivenyshev (2011-09-20):
3825 # On September 20, 2011 the deputies of the Verkhovna Rada agreed to
3826 # abolish the transfer clock to winter time.
3827 #
3828 # Bill No. 8330 of MP from the Party of Regions Oleg Nadoshi got
3829 # approval from 266 deputies.
3830 #
3831 # Ukraine abolishes transfer back to the winter time (in Russian)
3832 # http://news.mail.ru/politics/6861560/
3833 #
3834 # The Ukrainians will no longer change the clock (in Russian)
3835 # http://www.segodnya.ua/news/14290482.html
3836 #
3837 # Deputies cancelled the winter time (in Russian)
3838 # https://www.pravda.com.ua/rus/news/2011/09/20/6600616/
3839 #
3840 # From Philip Pizzey (2011-10-18):
3841 # Today my Ukrainian colleagues have informed me that the
3842 # Ukrainian parliament have decided that they will go to winter
3843 # time this year after all.
3844 #
3845 # From Udo Schwedt (2011-10-18):
3846 # As far as I understand, the recent change to the Ukrainian time zone
3847 # (Europe/Kiev) to introduce permanent daylight saving time (similar
3848 # to Russia) was reverted today:
3849 # http://portal.rada.gov.ua/rada/control/en/publish/article/info_left?art_id=287324&cat_id=105995
3850 #
3851 # Also reported by Alexander Bokovoy (2011-10-18) who also noted:
3852 # The law documents themselves are at
3853 # http://w1.c1.rada.gov.ua/pls/zweb_n/webproc4_1?id=&pf3511=41484
3854 
3855 # From Vladimir in Moscow via Alois Treindl re Kiev time 1991/2 (2014-02-28):
3856 # First in Ukraine they changed Time zone from UTC+3 to UTC+2 with DST:
3857 #       03 25 1990 02:00 -03.00 1       Time Zone 3 with DST
3858 #       07 01 1990 02:00 -02.00 1       Time Zone 2 with DST
3859 # * Ukrainian Government's Resolution of 18.06.1990, No. 134.
3860 # http://search.ligazakon.ua/l_doc2.nsf/link1/T001500.html
3861 #
3862 # They did not end DST in September, 1990 (according to the law,
3863 # "summer time" was still in action):
3864 #       09 30 1990 03:00 -02.00 1       Time Zone 2 with DST
3865 # * Ukrainian Government's Resolution of 21.09.1990, No. 272.
3866 # http://search.ligazakon.ua/l_doc2.nsf/link1/KP900272.html
3867 #
3868 # Again no change in March, 1991 ("summer time" in action):
3869 #       03 31 1991 02:00 -02.00 1       Time Zone 2 with DST
3870 #
3871 # DST ended in September 1991 ("summer time" ended):
3872 #       09 29 1991 03:00 -02.00 0       Time Zone 2, no DST
3873 # * Ukrainian Government's Resolution of 25.09.1991, No. 225.
3874 # http://www.uazakon.com/documents/date_21/pg_iwgdoc.htm
3875 # This is an answer.
3876 #
3877 # Since 1992 they had normal DST procedure:
3878 #       03 29 1992 02:00 -02.00 1       DST started
3879 #       09 27 1992 03:00 -02.00 0       DST ended
3880 # * Ukrainian Government's Resolution of 20.03.1992, No. 139.
3881 # http://www.uazakon.com/documents/date_8u/pg_grcasa.htm
3882 
3883 # From Paul Eggert (2018-10-03):
3884 # As is usual in tzdb, Ukrainian zones use the most common English spellings.
3885 # For example, tzdb uses Europe/Kiev, as "Kiev" is the most common spelling in
3886 # English for Ukraine's capital, even though it is certainly wrong as a
3887 # transliteration of the Ukrainian "Київ".  This is similar to tzdb's use of
3888 # Europe/Prague, which is certainly wrong as a transliteration of the Czech
3889 # "Praha".  ("Kiev" came from old Slavic via Russian to English, and "Prague"
3890 # came from old Slavic via French to English, so the two cases have something
3891 # in common.)  Admittedly English-language spelling of Ukrainian names is
3892 # controversial, and some day "Kyiv" may become substantially more popular in
3893 # English; in the meantime, stick with the traditional English "Kiev" as that
3894 # means less disruption for our users.
3895 #
3896 # Anyway, none of the common English-language spellings (Kiev, Kyiv, Kieff,
3897 # Kijeff, Kijev, Kiyef, Kiyeff) do justice to the common pronunciation in
3898 # Ukrainian, namely [ˈkɪjiu̯] (IPA).  This pronunciation has nothing like an
3899 # English "v" or "f", and instead trails off with what an English-speaker
3900 # would call a demure "oo" sound, and it would would be better anglicized as
3901 # "Kuiyu".  Here's a sound file, if you would like to do as the Kuiyuvians do:
3902 # https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Uk-Київ.ogg
3903 
3904 # Zone  NAME            GMTOFF  RULES   FORMAT  [UNTIL]
3905 # This represents most of Ukraine.  See above for the spelling of "Kiev".
3906 Zone Europe/Kiev        2:02:04 -       LMT     1880
3907                         2:02:04 -       KMT     1924 May  2 # Kiev Mean Time
3908                         2:00    -       EET     1930 Jun 21
3909                         3:00    -       MSK     1941 Sep 20
3910                         1:00    C-Eur   CE%sT   1943 Nov  6
3911                         3:00    Russia  MSK/MSD 1990 Jul  1  2:00
3912                         2:00    1:00    EEST    1991 Sep 29  3:00
3913                         2:00    E-Eur   EE%sT   1995
3914                         2:00    EU      EE%sT
3915 # Ruthenia used CET 1990/1991.
3916 # "Uzhhorod" is the transliteration of the Rusyn/Ukrainian pronunciation, but
3917 # "Uzhgorod" is more common in English.
3918 Zone Europe/Uzhgorod    1:29:12 -       LMT     1890 Oct
3919                         1:00    -       CET     1940
3920                         1:00    C-Eur   CE%sT   1944 Oct
3921                         1:00    1:00    CEST    1944 Oct 26
3922                         1:00    -       CET     1945 Jun 29
3923                         3:00    Russia  MSK/MSD 1990
3924                         3:00    -       MSK     1990 Jul  1  2:00
3925                         1:00    -       CET     1991 Mar 31  3:00
3926                         2:00    -       EET     1992
3927                         2:00    E-Eur   EE%sT   1995
3928                         2:00    EU      EE%sT
3929 # Zaporozh'ye and eastern Lugansk oblasts observed DST 1990/1991.
3930 # "Zaporizhia" is the transliteration of the Ukrainian name, but
3931 # "Zaporozh'ye" is more common in English.  Use the common English
3932 # spelling, except omit the apostrophe as it is not allowed in
3933 # portable Posix file names.
3934 Zone Europe/Zaporozhye  2:20:40 -       LMT     1880
3935                         2:20    -       +0220   1924 May  2
3936                         2:00    -       EET     1930 Jun 21
3937                         3:00    -       MSK     1941 Aug 25
3938                         1:00    C-Eur   CE%sT   1943 Oct 25
3939                         3:00    Russia  MSK/MSD 1991 Mar 31  2:00
3940                         2:00    E-Eur   EE%sT   1995
3941                         2:00    EU      EE%sT
3942 
3943 # Vatican City
3944 # See Europe/Rome.
3945 
3946 ###############################################################################
3947 
3948 # One source shows that Bulgaria, Cyprus, Finland, and Greece observe DST from
3949 # the last Sunday in March to the last Sunday in September in 1986.
3950 # The source shows Romania changing a day later than everybody else.
3951 #
3952 # According to Bernard Sieloff's source, Poland is in the MET time zone but
3953 # uses the WE DST rules.  The Western USSR uses EET+1 and ME DST rules.
3954 # Bernard Sieloff's source claims Romania switches on the same day, but at
3955 # 00:00 standard time (i.e., 01:00 DST).  It also claims that Turkey
3956 # switches on the same day, but switches on at 01:00 standard time
3957 # and off at 00:00 standard time (i.e., 01:00 DST)
3958 
3959 # ...
3960 # Date: Wed, 28 Jan 87 16:56:27 -0100
3961 # From: Tom Hofmann
3962 # ...
3963 #
3964 # ...the European time rules are...standardized since 1981, when
3965 # most European countries started DST.  Before that year, only
3966 # a few countries (UK, France, Italy) had DST, each according
3967 # to own national rules.  In 1981, however, DST started on
3968 # 'Apr firstSun', and not on 'Mar lastSun' as in the following
3969 # years...
3970 # But also since 1981 there are some more national exceptions
3971 # than listed in 'europe': Switzerland, for example, joined DST
3972 # one year later, Denmark ended DST on 'Oct 1' instead of 'Sep
3973 # lastSun' in 1981 - I don't know how they handle now.
3974 #
3975 # Finally, DST ist always from 'Apr 1' to 'Oct 1' in the
3976 # Soviet Union (as far as I know).
3977 #
3978 # Tom Hofmann, Scientific Computer Center, CIBA-GEIGY AG,
3979 # 4002 Basle, Switzerland
3980 # ...
3981 
3982 # ...
3983 # Date: Wed, 4 Feb 87 22:35:22 +0100
3984 # From: Dik T. Winter
3985 # ...
3986 #
3987 # The information from Tom Hofmann is (as far as I know) not entirely correct.
3988 # After a request from chongo at amdahl I tried to retrieve all information
3989 # about DST in Europe.  I was able to find all from about 1969.
3990 #
3991 # ...standardization on DST in Europe started in about 1977 with switches on
3992 # first Sunday in April and last Sunday in September...
3993 # In 1981 UK joined Europe insofar that
3994 # the starting day for both shifted to last Sunday in March.  And from 1982
3995 # the whole of Europe used DST, with switch dates April 1 and October 1 in
3996 # the Sov[i]et Union.  In 1985 the SU reverted to standard Europe[a]n switch
3997 # dates...
3998 #
3999 # It should also be remembered that time-zones are not constants; e.g.
4000 # Portugal switched in 1976 from MET (or CET) to WET with DST...
4001 # Note also that though there were rules for switch dates not
4002 # all countries abided to these dates, and many individual deviations
4003 # occurred, though not since 1982 I believe.  Another note: it is always
4004 # assumed that DST is 1 hour ahead of normal time, this need not be the
4005 # case; at least in the Netherlands there have been times when DST was 2 hours
4006 # in advance of normal time.
4007 #
4008 # ...
4009 # dik t. winter, cwi, amsterdam, nederland
4010 # ...
4011 
4012 # From Bob Devine (1988-01-28):
4013 # ...
4014 # Greece: Last Sunday in April to last Sunday in September (iffy on dates).
4015 # Since 1978.  Change at midnight.
4016 # ...
4017 # Monaco: has same DST as France.
4018 # ...