1 # 2 # DO NOT ALTER OR REMOVE COPYRIGHT NOTICES OR THIS FILE HEADER. 3 # 4 # This code is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it 5 # under the terms of the GNU General Public License version 2 only, as 6 # published by the Free Software Foundation. Sun designates this 7 # particular file as subject to the "Classpath" exception as provided 8 # by Sun in the LICENSE file that accompanied this code. 9 # 10 # This code is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT 11 # ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or 12 # FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU General Public License 13 # version 2 for more details (a copy is included in the LICENSE file that 14 # accompanied this code). 15 # 16 # You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License version 17 # 2 along with this work; if not, write to the Free Software Foundation, 18 # Inc., 51 Franklin St, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA 02110-1301 USA. 19 # 20 # Please contact Sun Microsystems, Inc., 4150 Network Circle, Santa Clara, 21 # CA 95054 USA or visit www.sun.com if you need additional information or 22 # have any questions. 23 # 24 # @(#)australasia 8.9 25 # <pre> 26 27 # This file also includes Pacific islands. 28 29 # Notes are at the end of this file 30 31 ############################################################################### 32 33 # Australia 34 35 # Please see the notes below for the controversy about "EST" versus "AEST" etc. 36 37 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S 38 Rule Aus 1917 only - Jan 1 0:01 1:00 - 39 Rule Aus 1917 only - Mar 25 2:00 0 - 40 Rule Aus 1942 only - Jan 1 2:00 1:00 - 41 Rule Aus 1942 only - Mar 29 2:00 0 - 42 Rule Aus 1942 only - Sep 27 2:00 1:00 - 43 Rule Aus 1943 1944 - Mar lastSun 2:00 0 - 44 Rule Aus 1943 only - Oct 3 2:00 1:00 - 45 # Go with Whitman and the Australian National Standards Commission, which 46 # says W Australia didn't use DST in 1943/1944. Ignore Whitman's claim that 47 # 1944/1945 was just like 1943/1944. 48 49 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 50 # Northern Territory 51 Zone Australia/Darwin 8:43:20 - LMT 1895 Feb 52 9:00 - CST 1899 May 53 9:30 Aus CST 54 # Western Australia 55 # 56 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S 57 Rule AW 1974 only - Oct lastSun 2:00s 1:00 - 58 Rule AW 1975 only - Mar Sun>=1 2:00s 0 - 59 Rule AW 1983 only - Oct lastSun 2:00s 1:00 - 60 Rule AW 1984 only - Mar Sun>=1 2:00s 0 - 61 Rule AW 1991 only - Nov 17 2:00s 1:00 - 62 Rule AW 1992 only - Mar Sun>=1 2:00s 0 - 63 Rule AW 2006 only - Dec 3 2:00s 1:00 - 64 Rule AW 2007 2009 - Mar lastSun 2:00s 0 - 65 Rule AW 2007 2008 - Oct lastSun 2:00s 1:00 - 66 Zone Australia/Perth 7:43:24 - LMT 1895 Dec 67 8:00 Aus WST 1943 Jul 68 8:00 AW WST 69 Zone Australia/Eucla 8:35:28 - LMT 1895 Dec 70 8:45 Aus CWST 1943 Jul 71 8:45 AW CWST 72 73 # Queensland 74 # 75 # From Alex Livingston (1996-11-01): 76 # I have heard or read more than once that some resort islands off the coast 77 # of Queensland chose to keep observing daylight-saving time even after 78 # Queensland ceased to. 79 # 80 # From Paul Eggert (1996-11-22): 81 # IATA SSIM (1993-02/1994-09) say that the Holiday Islands (Hayman, Lindeman, 82 # Hamilton) observed DST for two years after the rest of Queensland stopped. 83 # Hamilton is the largest, but there is also a Hamilton in Victoria, 84 # so use Lindeman. 85 # 86 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S 87 Rule AQ 1971 only - Oct lastSun 2:00s 1:00 - 88 Rule AQ 1972 only - Feb lastSun 2:00s 0 - 89 Rule AQ 1989 1991 - Oct lastSun 2:00s 1:00 - 90 Rule AQ 1990 1992 - Mar Sun>=1 2:00s 0 - 91 Rule Holiday 1992 1993 - Oct lastSun 2:00s 1:00 - 92 Rule Holiday 1993 1994 - Mar Sun>=1 2:00s 0 - 93 Zone Australia/Brisbane 10:12:08 - LMT 1895 94 10:00 Aus EST 1971 95 10:00 AQ EST 96 Zone Australia/Lindeman 9:55:56 - LMT 1895 97 10:00 Aus EST 1971 98 10:00 AQ EST 1992 Jul 99 10:00 Holiday EST 100 101 # South Australia 102 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S 103 Rule AS 1971 1985 - Oct lastSun 2:00s 1:00 - 104 Rule AS 1986 only - Oct 19 2:00s 1:00 - 105 Rule AS 1987 2007 - Oct lastSun 2:00s 1:00 - 106 Rule AS 1972 only - Feb 27 2:00s 0 - 107 Rule AS 1973 1985 - Mar Sun>=1 2:00s 0 - 108 Rule AS 1986 1989 - Mar Sun>=15 2:00s 0 - 109 Rule AS 1990 only - Mar Sun>=18 2:00s 0 - 110 Rule AS 1991 only - Mar Sun>=1 2:00s 0 - 111 Rule AS 1992 only - Mar Sun>=18 2:00s 0 - 112 Rule AS 1993 only - Mar Sun>=1 2:00s 0 - 113 Rule AS 1994 only - Mar Sun>=18 2:00s 0 - 114 Rule AS 1995 2005 - Mar lastSun 2:00s 0 - 115 Rule AS 2006 only - Apr Sun>=1 2:00s 0 - 116 Rule AS 2007 only - Mar lastSun 2:00s 0 - 117 Rule AS 2008 max - Apr Sun>=1 2:00s 0 - 118 Rule AS 2008 max - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 1:00 - 119 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 120 Zone Australia/Adelaide 9:14:20 - LMT 1895 Feb 121 9:00 - CST 1899 May 122 9:30 Aus CST 1971 123 9:30 AS CST 124 125 # Tasmania 126 # 127 # From Paul Eggert (2005-08-16): 128 # <http://www.bom.gov.au/climate/averages/tables/dst_times.shtml> 129 # says King Island didn't observe DST from WWII until late 1971. 130 # 131 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S 132 Rule AT 1967 only - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 1:00 - 133 Rule AT 1968 only - Mar lastSun 2:00s 0 - 134 Rule AT 1968 1985 - Oct lastSun 2:00s 1:00 - 135 Rule AT 1969 1971 - Mar Sun>=8 2:00s 0 - 136 Rule AT 1972 only - Feb lastSun 2:00s 0 - 137 Rule AT 1973 1981 - Mar Sun>=1 2:00s 0 - 138 Rule AT 1982 1983 - Mar lastSun 2:00s 0 - 139 Rule AT 1984 1986 - Mar Sun>=1 2:00s 0 - 140 Rule AT 1986 only - Oct Sun>=15 2:00s 1:00 - 141 Rule AT 1987 1990 - Mar Sun>=15 2:00s 0 - 142 Rule AT 1987 only - Oct Sun>=22 2:00s 1:00 - 143 Rule AT 1988 1990 - Oct lastSun 2:00s 1:00 - 144 Rule AT 1991 1999 - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 1:00 - 145 Rule AT 1991 2005 - Mar lastSun 2:00s 0 - 146 Rule AT 2000 only - Aug lastSun 2:00s 1:00 - 147 Rule AT 2001 max - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 1:00 - 148 Rule AT 2006 only - Apr Sun>=1 2:00s 0 - 149 Rule AT 2007 only - Mar lastSun 2:00s 0 - 150 Rule AT 2008 max - Apr Sun>=1 2:00s 0 - 151 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 152 Zone Australia/Hobart 9:49:16 - LMT 1895 Sep 153 10:00 - EST 1916 Oct 1 2:00 154 10:00 1:00 EST 1917 Feb 155 10:00 Aus EST 1967 156 10:00 AT EST 157 Zone Australia/Currie 9:35:28 - LMT 1895 Sep 158 10:00 - EST 1916 Oct 1 2:00 159 10:00 1:00 EST 1917 Feb 160 10:00 Aus EST 1971 Jul 161 10:00 AT EST 162 163 # Victoria 164 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S 165 Rule AV 1971 1985 - Oct lastSun 2:00s 1:00 - 166 Rule AV 1972 only - Feb lastSun 2:00s 0 - 167 Rule AV 1973 1985 - Mar Sun>=1 2:00s 0 - 168 Rule AV 1986 1990 - Mar Sun>=15 2:00s 0 - 169 Rule AV 1986 1987 - Oct Sun>=15 2:00s 1:00 - 170 Rule AV 1988 1999 - Oct lastSun 2:00s 1:00 - 171 Rule AV 1991 1994 - Mar Sun>=1 2:00s 0 - 172 Rule AV 1995 2005 - Mar lastSun 2:00s 0 - 173 Rule AV 2000 only - Aug lastSun 2:00s 1:00 - 174 Rule AV 2001 2007 - Oct lastSun 2:00s 1:00 - 175 Rule AV 2006 only - Apr Sun>=1 2:00s 0 - 176 Rule AV 2007 only - Mar lastSun 2:00s 0 - 177 Rule AV 2008 max - Apr Sun>=1 2:00s 0 - 178 Rule AV 2008 max - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 1:00 - 179 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 180 Zone Australia/Melbourne 9:39:52 - LMT 1895 Feb 181 10:00 Aus EST 1971 182 10:00 AV EST 183 184 # New South Wales 185 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S 186 Rule AN 1971 1985 - Oct lastSun 2:00s 1:00 - 187 Rule AN 1972 only - Feb 27 2:00s 0 - 188 Rule AN 1973 1981 - Mar Sun>=1 2:00s 0 - 189 Rule AN 1982 only - Apr Sun>=1 2:00s 0 - 190 Rule AN 1983 1985 - Mar Sun>=1 2:00s 0 - 191 Rule AN 1986 1989 - Mar Sun>=15 2:00s 0 - 192 Rule AN 1986 only - Oct 19 2:00s 1:00 - 193 Rule AN 1987 1999 - Oct lastSun 2:00s 1:00 - 194 Rule AN 1990 1995 - Mar Sun>=1 2:00s 0 - 195 Rule AN 1996 2005 - Mar lastSun 2:00s 0 - 196 Rule AN 2000 only - Aug lastSun 2:00s 1:00 - 197 Rule AN 2001 2007 - Oct lastSun 2:00s 1:00 - 198 Rule AN 2006 only - Apr Sun>=1 2:00s 0 - 199 Rule AN 2007 only - Mar lastSun 2:00s 0 - 200 Rule AN 2008 max - Apr Sun>=1 2:00s 0 - 201 Rule AN 2008 max - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 1:00 - 202 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 203 Zone Australia/Sydney 10:04:52 - LMT 1895 Feb 204 10:00 Aus EST 1971 205 10:00 AN EST 206 Zone Australia/Broken_Hill 9:25:48 - LMT 1895 Feb 207 10:00 - EST 1896 Aug 23 208 9:00 - CST 1899 May 209 9:30 Aus CST 1971 210 9:30 AN CST 2000 211 9:30 AS CST 212 213 # Lord Howe Island 214 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S 215 Rule LH 1981 1984 - Oct lastSun 2:00 1:00 - 216 Rule LH 1982 1985 - Mar Sun>=1 2:00 0 - 217 Rule LH 1985 only - Oct lastSun 2:00 0:30 - 218 Rule LH 1986 1989 - Mar Sun>=15 2:00 0 - 219 Rule LH 1986 only - Oct 19 2:00 0:30 - 220 Rule LH 1987 1999 - Oct lastSun 2:00 0:30 - 221 Rule LH 1990 1995 - Mar Sun>=1 2:00 0 - 222 Rule LH 1996 2005 - Mar lastSun 2:00 0 - 223 Rule LH 2000 only - Aug lastSun 2:00 0:30 - 224 Rule LH 2001 2007 - Oct lastSun 2:00 0:30 - 225 Rule LH 2006 only - Apr Sun>=1 2:00 0 - 226 Rule LH 2007 only - Mar lastSun 2:00 0 - 227 Rule LH 2008 max - Apr Sun>=1 2:00 0 - 228 Rule LH 2008 max - Oct Sun>=1 2:00 0:30 - 229 Zone Australia/Lord_Howe 10:36:20 - LMT 1895 Feb 230 10:00 - EST 1981 Mar 231 10:30 LH LHST 232 233 # Australian miscellany 234 # 235 # Ashmore Is, Cartier 236 # no indigenous inhabitants; only seasonal caretakers 237 # no times are set 238 # 239 # Coral Sea Is 240 # no indigenous inhabitants; only meteorologists 241 # no times are set 242 # 243 # Macquarie 244 # permanent occupation (scientific station) since 1948; 245 # sealing and penguin oil station operated 1888/1917 246 # like Australia/Hobart 247 248 # Christmas 249 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 250 Zone Indian/Christmas 7:02:52 - LMT 1895 Feb 251 7:00 - CXT # Christmas Island Time 252 253 # Cook Is 254 # From Shanks & Pottenger: 255 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S 256 Rule Cook 1978 only - Nov 12 0:00 0:30 HS 257 Rule Cook 1979 1991 - Mar Sun>=1 0:00 0 - 258 Rule Cook 1979 1990 - Oct lastSun 0:00 0:30 HS 259 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 260 Zone Pacific/Rarotonga -10:39:04 - LMT 1901 # Avarua 261 -10:30 - CKT 1978 Nov 12 # Cook Is Time 262 -10:00 Cook CK%sT 263 264 # Cocos 265 # These islands were ruled by the Ross family from about 1830 to 1978. 266 # We don't know when standard time was introduced; for now, we guess 1900. 267 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 268 Zone Indian/Cocos 6:27:40 - LMT 1900 269 6:30 - CCT # Cocos Islands Time 270 271 # Fiji 272 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S 273 Rule Fiji 1998 1999 - Nov Sun>=1 2:00 1:00 S 274 Rule Fiji 1999 2000 - Feb lastSun 3:00 0 - 275 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 276 Zone Pacific/Fiji 11:53:40 - LMT 1915 Oct 26 # Suva 277 12:00 Fiji FJ%sT # Fiji Time 278 279 # French Polynesia 280 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 281 Zone Pacific/Gambier -8:59:48 - LMT 1912 Oct # Rikitea 282 -9:00 - GAMT # Gambier Time 283 Zone Pacific/Marquesas -9:18:00 - LMT 1912 Oct 284 -9:30 - MART # Marquesas Time 285 Zone Pacific/Tahiti -9:58:16 - LMT 1912 Oct # Papeete 286 -10:00 - TAHT # Tahiti Time 287 # Clipperton (near North America) is administered from French Polynesia; 288 # it is uninhabited. 289 290 # Guam 291 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 292 Zone Pacific/Guam -14:21:00 - LMT 1844 Dec 31 293 9:39:00 - LMT 1901 # Agana 294 10:00 - GST 2000 Dec 23 # Guam 295 10:00 - ChST # Chamorro Standard Time 296 297 # Kiribati 298 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 299 Zone Pacific/Tarawa 11:32:04 - LMT 1901 # Bairiki 300 12:00 - GILT # Gilbert Is Time 301 Zone Pacific/Enderbury -11:24:20 - LMT 1901 302 -12:00 - PHOT 1979 Oct # Phoenix Is Time 303 -11:00 - PHOT 1995 304 13:00 - PHOT 305 Zone Pacific/Kiritimati -10:29:20 - LMT 1901 306 -10:40 - LINT 1979 Oct # Line Is Time 307 -10:00 - LINT 1995 308 14:00 - LINT 309 310 # N Mariana Is 311 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 312 Zone Pacific/Saipan -14:17:00 - LMT 1844 Dec 31 313 9:43:00 - LMT 1901 314 9:00 - MPT 1969 Oct # N Mariana Is Time 315 10:00 - MPT 2000 Dec 23 316 10:00 - ChST # Chamorro Standard Time 317 318 # Marshall Is 319 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 320 Zone Pacific/Majuro 11:24:48 - LMT 1901 321 11:00 - MHT 1969 Oct # Marshall Islands Time 322 12:00 - MHT 323 Zone Pacific/Kwajalein 11:09:20 - LMT 1901 324 11:00 - MHT 1969 Oct 325 -12:00 - KWAT 1993 Aug 20 # Kwajalein Time 326 12:00 - MHT 327 328 # Micronesia 329 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 330 Zone Pacific/Truk 10:07:08 - LMT 1901 331 10:00 - TRUT # Truk Time 332 Zone Pacific/Ponape 10:32:52 - LMT 1901 # Kolonia 333 11:00 - PONT # Ponape Time 334 Zone Pacific/Kosrae 10:51:56 - LMT 1901 335 11:00 - KOST 1969 Oct # Kosrae Time 336 12:00 - KOST 1999 337 11:00 - KOST 338 339 # Nauru 340 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 341 Zone Pacific/Nauru 11:07:40 - LMT 1921 Jan 15 # Uaobe 342 11:30 - NRT 1942 Mar 15 # Nauru Time 343 9:00 - JST 1944 Aug 15 344 11:30 - NRT 1979 May 345 12:00 - NRT 346 347 # New Caledonia 348 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S 349 Rule NC 1977 1978 - Dec Sun>=1 0:00 1:00 S 350 Rule NC 1978 1979 - Feb 27 0:00 0 - 351 Rule NC 1996 only - Dec 1 2:00s 1:00 S 352 # Shanks & Pottenger say the following was at 2:00; go with IATA. 353 Rule NC 1997 only - Mar 2 2:00s 0 - 354 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 355 Zone Pacific/Noumea 11:05:48 - LMT 1912 Jan 13 356 11:00 NC NC%sT 357 358 359 ############################################################################### 360 361 # New Zealand 362 363 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S 364 Rule NZ 1927 only - Nov 6 2:00 1:00 S 365 Rule NZ 1928 only - Mar 4 2:00 0 M 366 Rule NZ 1928 1933 - Oct Sun>=8 2:00 0:30 S 367 Rule NZ 1929 1933 - Mar Sun>=15 2:00 0 M 368 Rule NZ 1934 1940 - Apr lastSun 2:00 0 M 369 Rule NZ 1934 1940 - Sep lastSun 2:00 0:30 S 370 Rule NZ 1946 only - Jan 1 0:00 0 S 371 # Since 1957 Chatham has been 45 minutes ahead of NZ, but there's no 372 # convenient notation for this so we must duplicate the Rule lines. 373 Rule NZ 1974 only - Nov Sun>=1 2:00s 1:00 D 374 Rule Chatham 1974 only - Nov Sun>=1 2:45s 1:00 D 375 Rule NZ 1975 only - Feb lastSun 2:00s 0 S 376 Rule Chatham 1975 only - Feb lastSun 2:45s 0 S 377 Rule NZ 1975 1988 - Oct lastSun 2:00s 1:00 D 378 Rule Chatham 1975 1988 - Oct lastSun 2:45s 1:00 D 379 Rule NZ 1976 1989 - Mar Sun>=1 2:00s 0 S 380 Rule Chatham 1976 1989 - Mar Sun>=1 2:45s 0 S 381 Rule NZ 1989 only - Oct Sun>=8 2:00s 1:00 D 382 Rule Chatham 1989 only - Oct Sun>=8 2:45s 1:00 D 383 Rule NZ 1990 2006 - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 1:00 D 384 Rule Chatham 1990 2006 - Oct Sun>=1 2:45s 1:00 D 385 Rule NZ 1990 2007 - Mar Sun>=15 2:00s 0 S 386 Rule Chatham 1990 2007 - Mar Sun>=15 2:45s 0 S 387 Rule NZ 2007 max - Sep lastSun 2:00s 1:00 D 388 Rule Chatham 2007 max - Sep lastSun 2:45s 1:00 D 389 Rule NZ 2008 max - Apr Sun>=1 2:00s 0 S 390 Rule Chatham 2008 max - Apr Sun>=1 2:45s 0 S 391 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 392 Zone Pacific/Auckland 11:39:04 - LMT 1868 Nov 2 393 11:30 NZ NZ%sT 1946 Jan 1 394 12:00 NZ NZ%sT 395 Zone Pacific/Chatham 12:13:48 - LMT 1957 Jan 1 396 12:45 Chatham CHA%sT 397 398 399 # Auckland Is 400 # uninhabited; Maori and Moriori, colonial settlers, pastoralists, sealers, 401 # and scientific personnel have wintered 402 403 # Campbell I 404 # minor whaling stations operated 1909/1914 405 # scientific station operated 1941/1995; 406 # previously whalers, sealers, pastoralists, and scientific personnel wintered 407 # was probably like Pacific/Auckland 408 409 ############################################################################### 410 411 412 # Niue 413 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 414 Zone Pacific/Niue -11:19:40 - LMT 1901 # Alofi 415 -11:20 - NUT 1951 # Niue Time 416 -11:30 - NUT 1978 Oct 1 417 -11:00 - NUT 418 419 # Norfolk 420 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 421 Zone Pacific/Norfolk 11:11:52 - LMT 1901 # Kingston 422 11:12 - NMT 1951 # Norfolk Mean Time 423 11:30 - NFT # Norfolk Time 424 425 # Palau (Belau) 426 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 427 Zone Pacific/Palau 8:57:56 - LMT 1901 # Koror 428 9:00 - PWT # Palau Time 429 430 # Papua New Guinea 431 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 432 Zone Pacific/Port_Moresby 9:48:40 - LMT 1880 433 9:48:32 - PMMT 1895 # Port Moresby Mean Time 434 10:00 - PGT # Papua New Guinea Time 435 436 # Pitcairn 437 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 438 Zone Pacific/Pitcairn -8:40:20 - LMT 1901 # Adamstown 439 -8:30 - PNT 1998 Apr 27 00:00 440 -8:00 - PST # Pitcairn Standard Time 441 442 # American Samoa 443 Zone Pacific/Pago_Pago 12:37:12 - LMT 1879 Jul 5 444 -11:22:48 - LMT 1911 445 -11:30 - SAMT 1950 # Samoa Time 446 -11:00 - NST 1967 Apr # N=Nome 447 -11:00 - BST 1983 Nov 30 # B=Bering 448 -11:00 - SST # S=Samoa 449 450 # Samoa 451 Zone Pacific/Apia 12:33:04 - LMT 1879 Jul 5 452 -11:26:56 - LMT 1911 453 -11:30 - SAMT 1950 # Samoa Time 454 -11:00 - WST # Samoa Time 455 456 # Solomon Is 457 # excludes Bougainville, for which see Papua New Guinea 458 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 459 Zone Pacific/Guadalcanal 10:39:48 - LMT 1912 Oct # Honiara 460 11:00 - SBT # Solomon Is Time 461 462 # Tokelau Is 463 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 464 Zone Pacific/Fakaofo -11:24:56 - LMT 1901 465 -10:00 - TKT # Tokelau Time 466 467 # Tonga 468 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S 469 Rule Tonga 1999 only - Oct 7 2:00s 1:00 S 470 Rule Tonga 2000 only - Mar 19 2:00s 0 - 471 Rule Tonga 2000 2001 - Nov Sun>=1 2:00 1:00 S 472 Rule Tonga 2001 2002 - Jan lastSun 2:00 0 - 473 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 474 Zone Pacific/Tongatapu 12:19:20 - LMT 1901 475 12:20 - TOT 1941 # Tonga Time 476 13:00 - TOT 1999 477 13:00 Tonga TO%sT 478 479 # Tuvalu 480 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 481 Zone Pacific/Funafuti 11:56:52 - LMT 1901 482 12:00 - TVT # Tuvalu Time 483 484 485 # US minor outlying islands 486 487 # Howland, Baker 488 # Howland was mined for guano by American companies 1857-1878 and British 489 # 1886-1891; Baker was similar but exact dates are not known. 490 # Inhabited by civilians 1935-1942; U.S. military bases 1943-1944; 491 # uninhabited thereafter. 492 # Howland observed Hawaii Standard Time (UTC-10:30) in 1937; 493 # see page 206 of Elgen M. Long and Marie K. Long, 494 # Amelia Earhart: the Mystery Solved, Simon & Schuster (2000). 495 # So most likely Howland and Baker observed Hawaii Time from 1935 496 # until they were abandoned after the war. 497 498 # Jarvis 499 # Mined for guano by American companies 1857-1879 and British 1883?-1891?. 500 # Inhabited by civilians 1935-1942; IGY scientific base 1957-1958; 501 # uninhabited thereafter. 502 # no information; was probably like Pacific/Kiritimati 503 504 # Johnston 505 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 506 Zone Pacific/Johnston -10:00 - HST 507 508 # Kingman 509 # uninhabited 510 511 # Midway 512 # 513 # From Mark Brader (2005-01-23): 514 # [Fallacies and Fantasies of Air Transport History, by R.E.G. Davies, 515 # published 1994 by Paladwr Press, McLean, VA, USA; ISBN 0-9626483-5-3] 516 # reproduced a Pan American Airways timeables from 1936, for their weekly 517 # "Orient Express" flights between San Francisco and Manila, and connecting 518 # flights to Chicago and the US East Coast. As it uses some time zone 519 # designations that I've never seen before:.... 520 # Fri. 6:30A Lv. HONOLOLU (Pearl Harbor), H.I. H.L.T. Ar. 5:30P Sun. 521 # " 3:00P Ar. MIDWAY ISLAND . . . . . . . . . M.L.T. Lv. 6:00A " 522 # 523 Zone Pacific/Midway -11:49:28 - LMT 1901 524 -11:00 - NST 1956 Jun 3 525 -11:00 1:00 NDT 1956 Sep 2 526 -11:00 - NST 1967 Apr # N=Nome 527 -11:00 - BST 1983 Nov 30 # B=Bering 528 -11:00 - SST # S=Samoa 529 530 # Palmyra 531 # uninhabited since World War II; was probably like Pacific/Kiritimati 532 533 # Wake 534 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 535 Zone Pacific/Wake 11:06:28 - LMT 1901 536 12:00 - WAKT # Wake Time 537 538 539 # Vanuatu 540 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S 541 Rule Vanuatu 1983 only - Sep 25 0:00 1:00 S 542 Rule Vanuatu 1984 1991 - Mar Sun>=23 0:00 0 - 543 Rule Vanuatu 1984 only - Oct 23 0:00 1:00 S 544 Rule Vanuatu 1985 1991 - Sep Sun>=23 0:00 1:00 S 545 Rule Vanuatu 1992 1993 - Jan Sun>=23 0:00 0 - 546 Rule Vanuatu 1992 only - Oct Sun>=23 0:00 1:00 S 547 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 548 Zone Pacific/Efate 11:13:16 - LMT 1912 Jan 13 # Vila 549 11:00 Vanuatu VU%sT # Vanuatu Time 550 551 # Wallis and Futuna 552 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 553 Zone Pacific/Wallis 12:15:20 - LMT 1901 554 12:00 - WFT # Wallis & Futuna Time 555 556 ############################################################################### 557 558 # NOTES 559 560 # This data is by no means authoritative; if you think you know better, 561 # go ahead and edit the file (and please send any changes to 562 # tz@elsie.nci.nih.gov for general use in the future). 563 564 # From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22): 565 # A good source for time zone historical data outside the U.S. is 566 # Thomas G. Shanks and Rique Pottenger, The International Atlas (6th edition), 567 # San Diego: ACS Publications, Inc. (2003). 568 # 569 # Gwillim Law writes that a good source 570 # for recent time zone data is the International Air Transport 571 # Association's Standard Schedules Information Manual (IATA SSIM), 572 # published semiannually. Law sent in several helpful summaries 573 # of the IATA's data after 1990. 574 # 575 # Except where otherwise noted, Shanks & Pottenger is the source for 576 # entries through 1990, and IATA SSIM is the source for entries afterwards. 577 # 578 # Another source occasionally used is Edward W. Whitman, World Time Differences, 579 # Whitman Publishing Co, 2 Niagara Av, Ealing, London (undated), which 580 # I found in the UCLA library. 581 # 582 # A reliable and entertaining source about time zones is 583 # Derek Howse, Greenwich time and longitude, Philip Wilson Publishers (1997). 584 # 585 # I invented the abbreviations marked `*' in the following table; 586 # the rest are from earlier versions of this file, or from other sources. 587 # Corrections are welcome! 588 # std dst 589 # LMT Local Mean Time 590 # 8:00 WST WST Western Australia 591 # 8:45 CWST CWST Central Western Australia* 592 # 9:00 JST Japan 593 # 9:30 CST CST Central Australia 594 # 10:00 EST EST Eastern Australia 595 # 10:00 ChST Chamorro 596 # 10:30 LHST LHST Lord Howe* 597 # 11:30 NZMT NZST New Zealand through 1945 598 # 12:00 NZST NZDT New Zealand 1946-present 599 # 12:45 CHAST CHADT Chatham* 600 # -11:00 SST Samoa 601 # -10:00 HST Hawaii 602 # - 8:00 PST Pitcairn* 603 # 604 # See the `northamerica' file for Hawaii. 605 # See the `southamerica' file for Easter I and the Galapagos Is. 606 607 ############################################################################### 608 609 # Australia 610 611 # From Paul Eggert (2005-12-08): 612 # <a href="http://www.bom.gov.au/climate/averages/tables/dst_times.shtml"> 613 # Implementation Dates of Daylight Saving Time within Australia 614 # </a> summarizes daylight saving issues in Australia. 615 616 # From Arthur David Olson (2005-12-12): 617 # <a href="http://www.lawlink.nsw.gov.au/lawlink/Corporate/ll_agdinfo.nsf/pages/community_relations_daylight_saving"> 618 # Lawlink NSW:Daylight Saving in New South Wales 619 # </a> covers New South Wales in particular. 620 621 # From John Mackin (1991-03-06): 622 # We in Australia have _never_ referred to DST as `daylight' time. 623 # It is called `summer' time. Now by a happy coincidence, `summer' 624 # and `standard' happen to start with the same letter; hence, the 625 # abbreviation does _not_ change... 626 # The legislation does not actually define abbreviations, at least 627 # in this State, but the abbreviation is just commonly taken to be the 628 # initials of the phrase, and the legislation here uniformly uses 629 # the phrase `summer time' and does not use the phrase `daylight 630 # time'. 631 # Announcers on the Commonwealth radio network, the ABC (for Australian 632 # Broadcasting Commission), use the phrases `Eastern Standard Time' 633 # or `Eastern Summer Time'. (Note, though, that as I say in the 634 # current australasia file, there is really no such thing.) Announcers 635 # on its overseas service, Radio Australia, use the same phrases 636 # prefixed by the word `Australian' when referring to local times; 637 # time announcements on that service, naturally enough, are made in UTC. 638 639 # From Arthur David Olson (1992-03-08): 640 # Given the above, what's chosen for year-round use is: 641 # CST for any place operating at a GMTOFF of 9:30 642 # WST for any place operating at a GMTOFF of 8:00 643 # EST for any place operating at a GMTOFF of 10:00 644 645 # From Chuck Soper (2006-06-01): 646 # I recently found this Australian government web page on time zones: 647 # <http://www.australia.gov.au/about-australia-13time> 648 # And this government web page lists time zone names and abbreviations: 649 # <http://www.bom.gov.au/climate/averages/tables/daysavtm.shtml> 650 651 # From Paul Eggert (2001-04-05), summarizing a long discussion about "EST" 652 # versus "AEST" etc.: 653 # 654 # I see the following points of dispute: 655 # 656 # * How important are unique time zone abbreviations? 657 # 658 # Here I tend to agree with the point (most recently made by Chris 659 # Newman) that unique abbreviations should not be essential for proper 660 # operation of software. We have other instances of ambiguity 661 # (e.g. "IST" denoting both "Israel Standard Time" and "Indian 662 # Standard Time"), and they are not likely to go away any time soon. 663 # In the old days, some software mistakenly relied on unique 664 # abbreviations, but this is becoming less true with time, and I don't 665 # think it's that important to cater to such software these days. 666 # 667 # On the other hand, there is another motivation for unambiguous 668 # abbreviations: it cuts down on human confusion. This is 669 # particularly true for Australia, where "EST" can mean one thing for 670 # time T and a different thing for time T plus 1 second. 671 # 672 # * Does the relevant legislation indicate which abbreviations should be used? 673 # 674 # Here I tend to think that things are a mess, just as they are in 675 # many other countries. We Americans are currently disagreeing about 676 # which abbreviation to use for the newly legislated Chamorro Standard 677 # Time, for example. 678 # 679 # Personally, I would prefer to use common practice; I would like to 680 # refer to legislation only for examples of common practice, or as a 681 # tiebreaker. 682 # 683 # * Do Australians more often use "Eastern Daylight Time" or "Eastern 684 # Summer Time"? Do they typically prefix the time zone names with 685 # the word "Australian"? 686 # 687 # My own impression is that both "Daylight Time" and "Summer Time" are 688 # common and are widely understood, but that "Summer Time" is more 689 # popular; and that the leading "A" is also common but is omitted more 690 # often than not. I just used AltaVista advanced search and got the 691 # following count of page hits: 692 # 693 # 1,103 "Eastern Summer Time" AND domain:au 694 # 971 "Australian Eastern Summer Time" AND domain:au 695 # 613 "Eastern Daylight Time" AND domain:au 696 # 127 "Australian Eastern Daylight Time" AND domain:au 697 # 698 # Here "Summer" seems quite a bit more popular than "Daylight", 699 # particularly when we know the time zone is Australian and not US, 700 # say. The "Australian" prefix seems to be popular for Eastern Summer 701 # Time, but unpopular for Eastern Daylight Time. 702 # 703 # For abbreviations, tools like AltaVista are less useful because of 704 # ambiguity. Many hits are not really time zones, unfortunately, and 705 # many hits denote US time zones and not Australian ones. But here 706 # are the hit counts anyway: 707 # 708 # 161,304 "EST" and domain:au 709 # 25,156 "EDT" and domain:au 710 # 18,263 "AEST" and domain:au 711 # 10,416 "AEDT" and domain:au 712 # 713 # 14,538 "CST" and domain:au 714 # 5,728 "CDT" and domain:au 715 # 176 "ACST" and domain:au 716 # 29 "ACDT" and domain:au 717 # 718 # 7,539 "WST" and domain:au 719 # 68 "AWST" and domain:au 720 # 721 # This data suggest that Australians tend to omit the "A" prefix in 722 # practice. The situation for "ST" versus "DT" is less clear, given 723 # the ambiguities involved. 724 # 725 # * How do Australians feel about the abbreviations in the tz database? 726 # 727 # If you just count Australians on this list, I count 2 in favor and 3 728 # against. One of the "against" votes (David Keegel) counseled delay, 729 # saying that both AEST/AEDT and EST/EST are widely used and 730 # understood in Australia. 731 732 # From Paul Eggert (1995-12-19): 733 # Shanks & Pottenger report 2:00 for all autumn changes in Australia and NZ. 734 # Mark Prior writes that his newspaper 735 # reports that NSW's fall 1995 change will occur at 2:00, 736 # but Robert Elz says it's been 3:00 in Victoria since 1970 737 # and perhaps the newspaper's `2:00' is referring to standard time. 738 # For now we'll continue to assume 2:00s for changes since 1960. 739 740 # From Eric Ulevik (1998-01-05): 741 # 742 # Here are some URLs to Australian time legislation. These URLs are stable, 743 # and should probably be included in the data file. There are probably more 744 # relevant entries in this database. 745 # 746 # NSW (including LHI and Broken Hill): 747 # <a href="http://www.austlii.edu.au/au/legis/nsw/consol_act/sta1987137/index.html"> 748 # Standard Time Act 1987 (updated 1995-04-04) 749 # </a> 750 # ACT 751 # <a href="http://www.austlii.edu.au/au/legis/act/consol_act/stasta1972279/index.html"> 752 # Standard Time and Summer Time Act 1972 753 # </a> 754 # SA 755 # <a href="http://www.austlii.edu.au/au/legis/sa/consol_act/sta1898137/index.html"> 756 # Standard Time Act, 1898 757 # </a> 758 759 # From David Grosz (2005-06-13): 760 # It was announced last week that Daylight Saving would be extended by 761 # one week next year to allow for the 2006 Commonwealth Games. 762 # Daylight Saving is now to end for next year only on the first Sunday 763 # in April instead of the last Sunday in March. 764 # 765 # From Gwillim Law (2005-06-14): 766 # I did some Googling and found that all of those states (and territory) plan 767 # to extend DST together in 2006. 768 # ACT: http://www.cmd.act.gov.au/mediareleases/fileread.cfm?file=86.txt 769 # New South Wales: http://www.thecouriermail.news.com.au/common/story_page/0,5936,15538869%255E1702,00.html 770 # South Australia: http://www.news.com.au/story/0,10117,15555031-1246,00.html 771 # Tasmania: http://www.media.tas.gov.au/release.php?id=14772 772 # Victoria: I wasn't able to find anything separate, but the other articles 773 # allude to it. 774 # But not Queensland 775 # http://www.news.com.au/story/0,10117,15564030-1248,00.html. 776 777 # Northern Territory 778 779 # From George Shepherd via Simon Woodhead via Robert Elz (1991-03-06): 780 # # The NORTHERN TERRITORY.. [ Courtesy N.T. Dept of the Chief Minister ] 781 # # [ Nov 1990 ] 782 # # N.T. have never utilised any DST due to sub-tropical/tropical location. 783 # ... 784 # Zone Australia/North 9:30 - CST 785 786 # From Bradley White (1991-03-04): 787 # A recent excerpt from an Australian newspaper... 788 # the Northern Territory do[es] not have daylight saving. 789 790 # Western Australia 791 792 # From George Shepherd via Simon Woodhead via Robert Elz (1991-03-06): 793 # # The state of WESTERN AUSTRALIA.. [ Courtesy W.A. dept Premier+Cabinet ] 794 # # [ Nov 1990 ] 795 # # W.A. suffers from a great deal of public and political opposition to 796 # # DST in principle. A bill is brought before parliament in most years, but 797 # # usually defeated either in the upper house, or in party caucus 798 # # before reaching parliament. 799 # ... 800 # Zone Australia/West 8:00 AW %sST 801 # ... 802 # Rule AW 1974 only - Oct lastSun 2:00 1:00 D 803 # Rule AW 1975 only - Mar Sun>=1 3:00 0 W 804 # Rule AW 1983 only - Oct lastSun 2:00 1:00 D 805 # Rule AW 1984 only - Mar Sun>=1 3:00 0 W 806 807 # From Bradley White (1991-03-04): 808 # A recent excerpt from an Australian newspaper... 809 # Western Australia...do[es] not have daylight saving. 810 811 # From John D. Newman via Bradley White (1991-11-02): 812 # Western Australia is still on "winter time". Some DH in Sydney 813 # rang me at home a few days ago at 6.00am. (He had just arrived at 814 # work at 9.00am.) 815 # W.A. is switching to Summer Time on Nov 17th just to confuse 816 # everybody again. 817 818 # From Arthur David Olson (1992-03-08): 819 # The 1992 ending date used in the rules is a best guess; 820 # it matches what was used in the past. 821 822 # <a href="http://www.bom.gov.au/faq/faqgen.htm"> 823 # The Australian Bureau of Meteorology FAQ 824 # </a> (1999-09-27) writes that Giles Meteorological Station uses 825 # South Australian time even though it's located in Western Australia. 826 827 # Queensland 828 # From George Shepherd via Simon Woodhead via Robert Elz (1991-03-06): 829 # # The state of QUEENSLAND.. [ Courtesy Qld. Dept Premier Econ&Trade Devel ] 830 # # [ Dec 1990 ] 831 # ... 832 # Zone Australia/Queensland 10:00 AQ %sST 833 # ... 834 # Rule AQ 1971 only - Oct lastSun 2:00 1:00 D 835 # Rule AQ 1972 only - Feb lastSun 3:00 0 E 836 # Rule AQ 1989 max - Oct lastSun 2:00 1:00 D 837 # Rule AQ 1990 max - Mar Sun>=1 3:00 0 E 838 839 # From Bradley White (1989-12-24): 840 # "Australia/Queensland" now observes daylight time (i.e. from 841 # October 1989). 842 843 # From Bradley White (1991-03-04): 844 # A recent excerpt from an Australian newspaper... 845 # ...Queensland...[has] agreed to end daylight saving 846 # at 3am tomorrow (March 3)... 847 848 # From John Mackin (1991-03-06): 849 # I can certainly confirm for my part that Daylight Saving in NSW did in fact 850 # end on Sunday, 3 March. I don't know at what hour, though. (It surprised 851 # me.) 852 853 # From Bradley White (1992-03-08): 854 # ...there was recently a referendum in Queensland which resulted 855 # in the experimental daylight saving system being abandoned. So, ... 856 # ... 857 # Rule QLD 1989 1991 - Oct lastSun 2:00 1:00 D 858 # Rule QLD 1990 1992 - Mar Sun>=1 3:00 0 S 859 # ... 860 861 # From Arthur David Olson (1992-03-08): 862 # The chosen rules the union of the 1971/1972 change and the 1989-1992 changes. 863 864 # From Christopher Hunt (2006-11-21), after an advance warning 865 # from Jesper Norgaard Welen (2006-11-01): 866 # WA are trialing DST for three years. 867 # <http://www.parliament.wa.gov.au/parliament/bills.nsf/9A1B183144403DA54825721200088DF1/$File/Bill175-1B.pdf> 868 869 # From Rives McDow (2002-04-09): 870 # The most interesting region I have found consists of three towns on the 871 # southern coast.... South Australia observes daylight saving time; Western 872 # Australia does not. The two states are one and a half hours apart. The 873 # residents decided to forget about this nonsense of changing the clock so 874 # much and set the local time 20 hours and 45 minutes from the 875 # international date line, or right in the middle of the time of South 876 # Australia and Western Australia.... 877 # 878 # From Paul Eggert (2002-04-09): 879 # This is confirmed by the section entitled 880 # "What's the deal with time zones???" in 881 # <http://www.earthsci.unimelb.edu.au/~awatkins/null.html>. 882 # 883 # From Alex Livingston (2006-12-07): 884 # ... it was just on four years ago that I drove along the Eyre Highway, 885 # which passes through eastern Western Australia close to the southern 886 # coast of the continent. 887 # 888 # I paid particular attention to the time kept there. There can be no 889 # dispute that UTC+08:45 was considered "the time" from the border 890 # village just inside the border with South Australia to as far west 891 # as just east of Caiguna. There can also be no dispute that Eucla is 892 # the largest population centre in this zone.... 893 # 894 # Now that Western Australia is observing daylight saving, the 895 # question arose whether this part of the state would follow suit. I 896 # just called the border village and confirmed that indeed they have, 897 # meaning that they are now observing UTC+09:45. 898 # 899 # (2006-12-09): 900 # I personally doubt that either experimentation with daylight saving 901 # in WA or its introduction in SA had anything to do with the genesis 902 # of this time zone. My hunch is that it's been around since well 903 # before 1975. I remember seeing it noted on road maps decades ago. 904 905 # From Paul Eggert (2006-12-15): 906 # For lack of better info, assume the tradition dates back to the 907 # introduction of standard time in 1895. 908 909 910 # southeast Australia 911 # 912 # From Paul Eggert (2007-07-23): 913 # Starting autumn 2008 Victoria, NSW, South Australia, Tasmania and the ACT 914 # end DST the first Sunday in April and start DST the first Sunday in October. 915 # http://www.theage.com.au/news/national/daylight-savings-to-span-six-months/2007/06/27/1182623966703.html 916 917 918 # South Australia 919 920 # From Bradley White (1991-03-04): 921 # A recent excerpt from an Australian newspaper... 922 # ...South Australia...[has] agreed to end daylight saving 923 # at 3am tomorrow (March 3)... 924 925 # From George Shepherd via Simon Woodhead via Robert Elz (1991-03-06): 926 # # The state of SOUTH AUSTRALIA....[ Courtesy of S.A. Dept of Labour ] 927 # # [ Nov 1990 ] 928 # ... 929 # Zone Australia/South 9:30 AS %sST 930 # ... 931 # Rule AS 1971 max - Oct lastSun 2:00 1:00 D 932 # Rule AS 1972 1985 - Mar Sun>=1 3:00 0 C 933 # Rule AS 1986 1990 - Mar Sun>=15 3:00 0 C 934 # Rule AS 1991 max - Mar Sun>=1 3:00 0 C 935 936 # From Bradley White (1992-03-11): 937 # Recent correspondence with a friend in Adelaide 938 # contained the following exchange: "Due to the Adelaide Festival, 939 # South Australia delays setting back our clocks for a few weeks." 940 941 # From Robert Elz (1992-03-13): 942 # I heard that apparently (or at least, it appears that) 943 # South Aus will have an extra 3 weeks daylight saving every even 944 # numbered year (from 1990). That's when the Adelaide Festival 945 # is on... 946 947 # From Robert Elz (1992-03-16, 00:57:07 +1000): 948 # DST didn't end in Adelaide today (yesterday).... 949 # But whether it's "4th Sunday" or "2nd last Sunday" I have no idea whatever... 950 # (it's just as likely to be "the Sunday we pick for this year"...). 951 952 # From Bradley White (1994-04-11): 953 # If Sun, 15 March, 1992 was at +1030 as kre asserts, but yet Sun, 20 March, 954 # 1994 was at +0930 as John Connolly's customer seems to assert, then I can 955 # only conclude that the actual rule is more complicated.... 956 957 # From John Warburton (1994-10-07): 958 # The new Daylight Savings dates for South Australia ... 959 # was gazetted in the Government Hansard on Sep 26 1994.... 960 # start on last Sunday in October and end in last sunday in March. 961 962 # From Paul Eggert (2007-07-23): 963 # See "southeast Australia" above for 2008 and later. 964 965 # Tasmania 966 967 # The rules for 1967 through 1991 were reported by George Shepherd 968 # via Simon Woodhead via Robert Elz (1991-03-06): 969 # # The state of TASMANIA.. [Courtesy Tasmanian Dept of Premier + Cabinet ] 970 # # [ Nov 1990 ] 971 972 # From Bill Hart via Guy Harris (1991-10-10): 973 # Oh yes, the new daylight savings rules are uniquely tasmanian, we have 974 # 6 weeks a year now when we are out of sync with the rest of Australia 975 # (but nothing new about that). 976 977 # From Alex Livingston (1999-10-04): 978 # I heard on the ABC (Australian Broadcasting Corporation) radio news on the 979 # (long) weekend that Tasmania, which usually goes its own way in this regard, 980 # has decided to join with most of NSW, the ACT, and most of Victoria 981 # (Australia) and start daylight saving on the last Sunday in August in 2000 982 # instead of the first Sunday in October. 983 984 # Sim Alam (2000-07-03) reported a legal citation for the 2000/2001 rules: 985 # http://www.thelaw.tas.gov.au/fragview/42++1968+GS3A@EN+2000070300 986 987 # From Paul Eggert (2007-07-23): 988 # See "southeast Australia" above for 2008 and later. 989 990 # Victoria 991 992 # The rules for 1971 through 1991 were reported by George Shepherd 993 # via Simon Woodhead via Robert Elz (1991-03-06): 994 # # The state of VICTORIA.. [ Courtesy of Vic. Dept of Premier + Cabinet ] 995 # # [ Nov 1990 ] 996 997 # From Scott Harrington (2001-08-29): 998 # On KQED's "City Arts and Lectures" program last night I heard an 999 # interesting story about daylight savings time. Dr. John Heilbron was 1000 # discussing his book "The Sun in the Church: Cathedrals as Solar 1001 # Observatories"[1], and in particular the Shrine of Remembrance[2] located 1002 # in Melbourne, Australia. 1003 # 1004 # Apparently the shrine's main purpose is a beam of sunlight which 1005 # illuminates a special spot on the floor at the 11th hour of the 11th day 1006 # of the 11th month (Remembrance Day) every year in memory of Australia's 1007 # fallen WWI soldiers. And if you go there on Nov. 11, at 11am local time, 1008 # you will indeed see the sunbeam illuminate the special spot at the 1009 # expected time. 1010 # 1011 # However, that is only because of some special mirror contraption that had 1012 # to be employed, since due to daylight savings time, the true solar time of 1013 # the remembrance moment occurs one hour later (or earlier?). Perhaps 1014 # someone with more information on this jury-rig can tell us more. 1015 # 1016 # [1] http://www.hup.harvard.edu/catalog/HEISUN.html 1017 # [2] http://www.shrine.org.au 1018 1019 # From Paul Eggert (2007-07-23): 1020 # See "southeast Australia" above for 2008 and later. 1021 1022 # New South Wales 1023 1024 # From Arthur David Olson: 1025 # New South Wales and subjurisdictions have their own ideas of a fun time. 1026 # Based on law library research by John Mackin, 1027 # who notes: 1028 # In Australia, time is not legislated federally, but rather by the 1029 # individual states. Thus, while such terms as ``Eastern Standard Time'' 1030 # [I mean, of course, Australian EST, not any other kind] are in common 1031 # use, _they have NO REAL MEANING_, as they are not defined in the 1032 # legislation. This is very important to understand. 1033 # I have researched New South Wales time only... 1034 1035 # From Eric Ulevik (1999-05-26): 1036 # DST will start in NSW on the last Sunday of August, rather than the usual 1037 # October in 2000. [See: Matthew Moore, 1038 # <a href="http://www.smh.com.au/news/9905/26/pageone/pageone4.html"> 1039 # Two months more daylight saving 1040 # </a> 1041 # Sydney Morning Herald (1999-05-26).] 1042 1043 # From Paul Eggert (1999-09-27): 1044 # See the following official NSW source: 1045 # <a href="http://dir.gis.nsw.gov.au/cgi-bin/genobject/document/other/daylightsaving/tigGmZ"> 1046 # Daylight Saving in New South Wales. 1047 # </a> 1048 # 1049 # Narrabri Shire (NSW) council has announced it will ignore the extension of 1050 # daylight saving next year. See: 1051 # <a href="http://abc.net.au/news/regionals/neweng/monthly/regeng-22jul1999-1.htm"> 1052 # Narrabri Council to ignore daylight saving 1053 # </a> (1999-07-22). For now, we'll wait to see if this really happens. 1054 # 1055 # Victoria will following NSW. See: 1056 # <a href="http://abc.net.au/local/news/olympics/1999/07/item19990728112314_1.htm"> 1057 # Vic to extend daylight saving 1058 # </a> (1999-07-28). 1059 # 1060 # However, South Australia rejected the DST request. See: 1061 # <a href="http://abc.net.au/news/olympics/1999/07/item19990719151754_1.htm"> 1062 # South Australia rejects Olympics daylight savings request 1063 # </a> (1999-07-19). 1064 # 1065 # Queensland also will not observe DST for the Olympics. See: 1066 # <a href="http://abc.net.au/news/olympics/1999/06/item19990601114608_1.htm"> 1067 # Qld says no to daylight savings for Olympics 1068 # </a> (1999-06-01), which quotes Queensland Premier Peter Beattie as saying 1069 # ``Look you've got to remember in my family when this came up last time 1070 # I voted for it, my wife voted against it and she said to me it's all very 1071 # well for you, you don't have to worry about getting the children out of 1072 # bed, getting them to school, getting them to sleep at night. 1073 # I've been through all this argument domestically...my wife rules.'' 1074 # 1075 # Broken Hill will stick with South Australian time in 2000. See: 1076 # <a href="http://abc.net.au/news/regionals/brokenh/monthly/regbrok-21jul1999-6.htm"> 1077 # Broken Hill to be behind the times 1078 # </a> (1999-07-21). 1079 1080 # IATA SSIM (1998-09) says that the spring 2000 change for Australian 1081 # Capital Territory, New South Wales except Lord Howe Island and Broken 1082 # Hill, and Victoria will be August 27, presumably due to the Sydney Olympics. 1083 1084 # From Eric Ulevik, referring to Sydney's Sun Herald (2000-08-13), page 29: 1085 # The Queensland Premier Peter Beattie is encouraging northern NSW 1086 # towns to use Queensland time. 1087 1088 # From Paul Eggert (2007-07-23): 1089 # See "southeast Australia" above for 2008 and later. 1090 1091 # Yancowinna 1092 1093 # From John Mackin (1989-01-04): 1094 # `Broken Hill' means the County of Yancowinna. 1095 1096 # From George Shepherd via Simon Woodhead via Robert Elz (1991-03-06): 1097 # # YANCOWINNA.. [ Confirmation courtesy of Broken Hill Postmaster ] 1098 # # [ Dec 1990 ] 1099 # ... 1100 # # Yancowinna uses Central Standard Time, despite [its] location on the 1101 # # New South Wales side of the S.A. border. Most business and social dealings 1102 # # are with CST zones, therefore CST is legislated by local government 1103 # # although the switch to Summer Time occurs in line with N.S.W. There have 1104 # # been years when this did not apply, but the historical data is not 1105 # # presently available. 1106 # Zone Australia/Yancowinna 9:30 AY %sST 1107 # ... 1108 # Rule AY 1971 1985 - Oct lastSun 2:00 1:00 D 1109 # Rule AY 1972 only - Feb lastSun 3:00 0 C 1110 # [followed by other Rules] 1111 1112 # Lord Howe Island 1113 1114 # From George Shepherd via Simon Woodhead via Robert Elz (1991-03-06): 1115 # LHI... [ Courtesy of Pauline Van Winsen ] 1116 # [ Dec 1990 ] 1117 # Lord Howe Island is located off the New South Wales coast, and is half an 1118 # hour ahead of NSW time. 1119 1120 # From James Lonergan, Secretary, Lord Howe Island Board (2000-01-27): 1121 # Lord Howe Island summer time in 2000/2001 will commence on the same 1122 # date as the rest of NSW (i.e. 2000-08-27). For your information the 1123 # Lord Howe Island Board (controlling authority for the Island) is 1124 # seeking the community's views on various options for summer time 1125 # arrangements on the Island, e.g. advance clocks by 1 full hour 1126 # instead of only 30 minutes. Dependant on the wishes of residents 1127 # the Board may approach the NSW government to change the existing 1128 # arrangements. The starting date for summer time on the Island will 1129 # however always coincide with the rest of NSW. 1130 1131 # From James Lonergan, Secretary, Lord Howe Island Board (2000-10-25): 1132 # Lord Howe Island advances clocks by 30 minutes during DST in NSW and retards 1133 # clocks by 30 minutes when DST finishes. Since DST was most recently 1134 # introduced in NSW, the "changeover" time on the Island has been 02:00 as 1135 # shown on clocks on LHI. I guess this means that for 30 minutes at the start 1136 # of DST, LHI is actually 1 hour ahead of the rest of NSW. 1137 1138 # From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22): 1139 # For Lord Howe dates we use Shanks & Pottenger through 1989, and 1140 # Lonergan thereafter. For times we use Lonergan. 1141 1142 # From Paul Eggert (2007-07-23): 1143 # See "southeast Australia" above for 2008 and later. 1144 1145 ############################################################################### 1146 1147 # New Zealand 1148 1149 # From Mark Davies (1990-10-03): 1150 # the 1989/90 year was a trial of an extended "daylight saving" period. 1151 # This trial was deemed successful and the extended period adopted for 1152 # subsequent years (with the addition of a further week at the start). 1153 # source -- phone call to Ministry of Internal Affairs Head Office. 1154 1155 # From George Shepherd via Simon Woodhead via Robert Elz (1991-03-06): 1156 # # The Country of New Zealand (Australia's east island -) Gee they hate that! 1157 # # or is Australia the west island of N.Z. 1158 # # [ courtesy of Geoff Tribble.. Auckland N.Z. ] 1159 # # [ Nov 1990 ] 1160 # ... 1161 # Rule NZ 1974 1988 - Oct lastSun 2:00 1:00 D 1162 # Rule NZ 1989 max - Oct Sun>=1 2:00 1:00 D 1163 # Rule NZ 1975 1989 - Mar Sun>=1 3:00 0 S 1164 # Rule NZ 1990 max - Mar lastSun 3:00 0 S 1165 # ... 1166 # Zone NZ 12:00 NZ NZ%sT # New Zealand 1167 # Zone NZ-CHAT 12:45 - NZ-CHAT # Chatham Island 1168 1169 # From Arthur David Olson (1992-03-08): 1170 # The chosen rules use the Davies October 8 values for the start of DST in 1989 1171 # rather than the October 1 value. 1172 1173 # From Paul Eggert (1995-12-19); 1174 # Shank & Pottenger report 2:00 for all autumn changes in Australia and NZ. 1175 # Robert Uzgalis writes that the New Zealand Daylight 1176 # Savings Time Order in Council dated 1990-06-18 specifies 2:00 standard 1177 # time on both the first Sunday in October and the third Sunday in March. 1178 # As with Australia, we'll assume the tradition is 2:00s, not 2:00. 1179 # 1180 # From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22): 1181 # The Department of Internal Affairs (DIA) maintains a brief history, 1182 # as does Carol Squires; see tz-link.htm for the full references. 1183 # Use these sources in preference to Shanks & Pottenger. 1184 # 1185 # For Chatham, IATA SSIM (1991/1999) gives the NZ rules but with 1186 # transitions at 2:45 local standard time; this confirms that Chatham 1187 # is always exactly 45 minutes ahead of Auckland. 1188 1189 # From Colin Sharples (2007-04-30): 1190 # DST will now start on the last Sunday in September, and end on the 1191 # first Sunday in April. The changes take effect this year, meaning 1192 # that DST will begin on 2007-09-30 2008-04-06. 1193 # http://www.dia.govt.nz/diawebsite.nsf/wpg_URL/Services-Daylight-Saving-Daylight-saving-to-be-extended 1194 1195 ############################################################################### 1196 1197 1198 # Fiji 1199 1200 # Howse writes (p 153) that in 1879 the British governor of Fiji 1201 # enacted an ordinance standardizing the islands on Antipodean Time 1202 # instead of the American system (which was one day behind). 1203 1204 # From Rives McDow (1998-10-08): 1205 # Fiji will introduce DST effective 0200 local time, 1998-11-01 1206 # until 0300 local time 1999-02-28. Each year the DST period will 1207 # be from the first Sunday in November until the last Sunday in February. 1208 1209 # From Paul Eggert (2000-01-08): 1210 # IATA SSIM (1999-09) says DST ends 0100 local time. Go with McDow. 1211 1212 # From the BBC World Service (1998-10-31 11:32 UTC): 1213 # The Fijiian government says the main reasons for the time change is to 1214 # improve productivity and reduce road accidents. But correspondents say it 1215 # also hopes the move will boost Fiji's ability to compete with other pacific 1216 # islands in the effort to attract tourists to witness the dawning of the new 1217 # millenium. 1218 1219 # http://www.fiji.gov.fj/press/2000_09/2000_09_13-05.shtml (2000-09-13) 1220 # reports that Fiji has discontinued DST. 1221 1222 # Johnston 1223 1224 # Johnston data is from usno1995. 1225 1226 1227 # Kiribati 1228 1229 # From Paul Eggert (1996-01-22): 1230 # Today's _Wall Street Journal_ (page 1) reports that Kiribati 1231 # ``declared it the same day throught the country as of Jan. 1, 1995'' 1232 # as part of the competition to be first into the 21st century. 1233 1234 1235 # Kwajalein 1236 1237 # In comp.risks 14.87 (26 August 1993), Peter Neumann writes: 1238 # I wonder what happened in Kwajalein, where there was NO Friday, 1239 # 1993-08-20. Thursday night at midnight Kwajalein switched sides with 1240 # respect to the International Date Line, to rejoin its fellow islands, 1241 # going from 11:59 p.m. Thursday to 12:00 m. Saturday in a blink. 1242 1243 1244 # N Mariana Is, Guam 1245 1246 # Howse writes (p 153) ``The Spaniards, on the other hand, reached the 1247 # Philippines and the Ladrones from America,'' and implies that the Ladrones 1248 # (now called the Marianas) kept American date for quite some time. 1249 # For now, we assume the Ladrones switched at the same time as the Philippines; 1250 # see Asia/Manila. 1251 1252 # US Public Law 106-564 (2000-12-23) made UTC+10 the official standard time, 1253 # under the name "Chamorro Standard Time". There is no official abbreviation, 1254 # but Congressman Robert A. Underwood, author of the bill that became law, 1255 # wrote in a press release (2000-12-27) that he will seek the use of "ChST". 1256 1257 1258 # Micronesia 1259 1260 # Alan Eugene Davis writes (1996-03-16), 1261 # ``I am certain, having lived there for the past decade, that "Truk" 1262 # (now properly known as Chuuk) ... is in the time zone GMT+10.'' 1263 # 1264 # Shanks & Pottenger write that Truk switched from UTC+10 to UTC+11 1265 # on 1978-10-01; ignore this for now. 1266 1267 # From Paul Eggert (1999-10-29): 1268 # The Federated States of Micronesia Visitors Board writes in 1269 # <a href="http://www.fsmgov.org/info/clocks.html"> 1270 # The Federated States of Micronesia - Visitor Information 1271 # </a> (1999-01-26) 1272 # that Truk and Yap are UTC+10, and Ponape and Kosrae are UTC+11. 1273 # We don't know when Kosrae switched from UTC+12; assume January 1 for now. 1274 1275 1276 # Midway 1277 1278 # From Charles T O'Connor, KMTH DJ (1956), 1279 # quoted in the KTMH section of the Radio Heritage Collection 1280 # <http://radiodx.com/spdxr/KMTH.htm> (2002-12-31): 1281 # For the past two months we've been on what is known as Daylight 1282 # Saving Time. This time has put us on air at 5am in the morning, 1283 # your time down there in New Zealand. Starting September 2, 1956 1284 # we'll again go back to Standard Time. This'll mean that we'll go to 1285 # air at 6am your time. 1286 # 1287 # From Paul Eggert (2003-03-23): 1288 # We don't know the date of that quote, but we'll guess they 1289 # started DST on June 3. Possibly DST was observed other years 1290 # in Midway, but we have no record of it. 1291 1292 1293 # Pitcairn 1294 1295 # From Rives McDow (1999-11-08): 1296 # A Proclamation was signed by the Governor of Pitcairn on the 27th March 1998 1297 # with regard to Pitcairn Standard Time. The Proclamation is as follows. 1298 # 1299 # The local time for general purposes in the Islands shall be 1300 # Co-ordinated Universal time minus 8 hours and shall be known 1301 # as Pitcairn Standard Time. 1302 # 1303 # ... I have also seen Pitcairn listed as UTC minus 9 hours in several 1304 # references, and can only assume that this was an error in interpretation 1305 # somehow in light of this proclamation. 1306 1307 # From Rives McDow (1999-11-09): 1308 # The Proclamation regarding Pitcairn time came into effect on 27 April 1998 1309 # ... at midnight. 1310 1311 # From Howie Phelps (1999-11-10), who talked to a Pitcairner via shortwave: 1312 # Betty Christian told me yesterday that their local time is the same as 1313 # Pacific Standard Time. They used to be 1/2 hour different from us here in 1314 # Sacramento but it was changed a couple of years ago. 1315 1316 1317 # Samoa 1318 1319 # Howse writes (p 153, citing p 10 of the 1883-11-18 New York Herald) 1320 # that in 1879 the King of Samoa decided to change 1321 # ``the date in his kingdom from the Antipodean to the American system, 1322 # ordaining -- by a masterpiece of diplomatic flattery -- that 1323 # the Fourth of July should be celebrated twice in that year.'' 1324 1325 1326 # Tonga 1327 1328 # From Paul Eggert (1996-01-22): 1329 # Today's _Wall Street Journal_ (p 1) reports that ``Tonga has been plotting 1330 # to sneak ahead of [New Zealanders] by introducing daylight-saving time.'' 1331 # Since Kiribati has moved the Date Line it's not clear what Tonga will do. 1332 1333 # Don Mundell writes in the 1997-02-20 Tonga Chronicle 1334 # <a href="http://www.tongatapu.net.to/tonga/homeland/timebegins.htm"> 1335 # How Tonga became `The Land where Time Begins' 1336 # </a>: 1337 1338 # Until 1941 Tonga maintained a standard time 50 minutes ahead of NZST 1339 # 12 hours and 20 minutes ahead of GMT. When New Zealand adjusted its 1340 # standard time in 1940s, Tonga had the choice of subtracting from its 1341 # local time to come on the same standard time as New Zealand or of 1342 # advancing its time to maintain the differential of 13 degrees 1343 # (approximately 50 minutes ahead of New Zealand time). 1344 # 1345 # Because His Majesty King Taufa'ahau Tupou IV, then Crown Prince 1346 # Tungi, preferred to ensure Tonga's title as the land where time 1347 # begins, the Legislative Assembly approved the latter change. 1348 # 1349 # But some of the older, more conservative members from the outer 1350 # islands objected. "If at midnight on Dec. 31, we move ahead 40 1351 # minutes, as your Royal Highness wishes, what becomes of the 40 1352 # minutes we have lost?" 1353 # 1354 # The Crown Prince, presented an unanswerable argument: "Remember that 1355 # on the World Day of Prayer, you would be the first people on Earth 1356 # to say your prayers in the morning." 1357 1358 # From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22): 1359 # Shanks & Pottenger say the transition was on 1968-10-01; go with Mundell. 1360 1361 # From Eric Ulevik (1999-05-03): 1362 # Tonga's director of tourism, who is also secretary of the National Millenium 1363 # Committee, has a plan to get Tonga back in front. 1364 # He has proposed a one-off move to tropical daylight saving for Tonga from 1365 # October to March, which has won approval in principle from the Tongan 1366 # Government. 1367 1368 # From Steffen Thorsen (1999-09-09): 1369 # * Tonga will introduce DST in November 1370 # 1371 # I was given this link by John Letts: 1372 # <a href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/hi/english/world/asia-pacific/newsid_424000/424764.stm"> 1373 # http://news.bbc.co.uk/hi/english/world/asia-pacific/newsid_424000/424764.stm 1374 # </a> 1375 # 1376 # I have not been able to find exact dates for the transition in November 1377 # yet. By reading this article it seems like Fiji will be 14 hours ahead 1378 # of UTC as well, but as far as I know Fiji will only be 13 hours ahead 1379 # (12 + 1 hour DST). 1380 1381 # From Arthur David Olson (1999-09-20): 1382 # According to <a href="http://www.tongaonline.com/news/sept1799.html"> 1383 # http://www.tongaonline.com/news/sept1799.html 1384 # </a>: 1385 # "Daylight Savings Time will take effect on Oct. 2 through April 15, 2000 1386 # and annually thereafter from the first Saturday in October through the 1387 # third Saturday of April. Under the system approved by Privy Council on 1388 # Sept. 10, clocks must be turned ahead one hour on the opening day and 1389 # set back an hour on the closing date." 1390 # Alas, no indication of the time of day. 1391 1392 # From Rives McDow (1999-10-06): 1393 # Tonga started its Daylight Saving on Saturday morning October 2nd at 0200am. 1394 # Daylight Saving ends on April 16 at 0300am which is Sunday morning. 1395 1396 # From Steffen Thorsen (2000-10-31): 1397 # Back in March I found a notice on the website http://www.tongaonline.com 1398 # that Tonga changed back to standard time one month early, on March 19 1399 # instead of the original reported date April 16. Unfortunately, the article 1400 # is no longer available on the site, and I did not make a copy of the 1401 # text, and I have forgotten to report it here. 1402 # (Original URL was: http://www.tongaonline.com/news/march162000.htm ) 1403 1404 # From Rives McDow (2000-12-01): 1405 # Tonga is observing DST as of 2000-11-04 and will stop on 2001-01-27. 1406 1407 # From Sione Moala-Mafi (2001-09-20) via Rives McDow: 1408 # At 2:00am on the first Sunday of November, the standard time in the Kingdom 1409 # shall be moved forward by one hour to 3:00am. At 2:00am on the last Sunday 1410 # of January the standard time in the Kingdom shall be moved backward by one 1411 # hour to 1:00am. 1412 1413 # From Pulu 'Anau (2002-11-05): 1414 # The law was for 3 years, supposedly to get renewed. It wasn't. 1415 1416 1417 # Wake 1418 1419 # From Vernice Anderson, Personal Secretary to Philip Jessup, 1420 # US Ambassador At Large (oral history interview, 1971-02-02): 1421 # 1422 # Saturday, the 14th [of October, 1950] -- ... The time was all the 1423 # more confusing at that point, because we had crossed the 1424 # International Date Line, thus getting two Sundays. Furthermore, we 1425 # discovered that Wake Island had two hours of daylight saving time 1426 # making calculation of time in Washington difficult if not almost 1427 # impossible. 1428 # 1429 # http://www.trumanlibrary.org/wake/meeting.htm 1430 1431 # From Paul Eggert (2003-03-23): 1432 # We have no other report of DST in Wake Island, so omit this info for now. 1433 1434 ############################################################################### 1435 1436 # The International Date Line 1437 1438 # From Gwillim Law (2000-01-03): 1439 # 1440 # The International Date Line is not defined by any international standard, 1441 # convention, or treaty. Mapmakers are free to draw it as they please. 1442 # Reputable mapmakers will simply ensure that every point of land appears on 1443 # the correct side of the IDL, according to the date legally observed there. 1444 # 1445 # When Kiribati adopted a uniform date in 1995, thereby moving the Phoenix and 1446 # Line Islands to the west side of the IDL (or, if you prefer, moving the IDL 1447 # to the east side of the Phoenix and Line Islands), I suppose that most 1448 # mapmakers redrew the IDL following the boundary of Kiribati. Even that line 1449 # has a rather arbitrary nature. The straight-line boundaries between Pacific 1450 # island nations that are shown on many maps are based on an international 1451 # convention, but are not legally binding national borders.... The date is 1452 # governed by the IDL; therefore, even on the high seas, there may be some 1453 # places as late as fourteen hours later than UTC. And, since the IDL is not 1454 # an international standard, there are some places on the high seas where the 1455 # correct date is ambiguous. 1456 1457 # From Wikipedia <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_zone> (2005-08-31): 1458 # Before 1920, all ships kept local apparent time on the high seas by setting 1459 # their clocks at night or at the morning sight so that, given the ship's 1460 # speed and direction, it would be 12 o'clock when the Sun crossed the ship's 1461 # meridian (12 o'clock = local apparent noon). During 1917, at the 1462 # Anglo-French Conference on Time-keeping at Sea, it was recommended that all 1463 # ships, both military and civilian, should adopt hourly standard time zones 1464 # on the high seas. Whenever a ship was within the territorial waters of any 1465 # nation it would use that nation's standard time. The captain was permitted 1466 # to change his ship's clocks at a time of his choice following his ship's 1467 # entry into another zone time--he often chose midnight. These zones were 1468 # adopted by all major fleets between 1920 and 1925 but not by many 1469 # independent merchant ships until World War II. 1470 1471 # From Paul Eggert, using references suggested by Oscar van Vlijmen 1472 # (2005-03-20): 1473 # 1474 # The American Practical Navigator (2002) 1475 # <http://pollux.nss.nima.mil/pubs/pubs_j_apn_sections.html?rid=187> 1476 # talks only about the 180-degree meridian with respect to ships in 1477 # international waters; it ignores the international date line.