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21 # CA 95054 USA or visit www.sun.com if you need additional information or
22 # have any questions.
23 #
24 # @(#)europe 8.18
25 # <pre>
26
27 # This data is by no means authoritative; if you think you know better,
28 # go ahead and edit the file (and please send any changes to
29 # tz@elsie.nci.nih.gov for general use in the future).
30
31 # From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):
32 # A good source for time zone historical data outside the U.S. is
33 # Thomas G. Shanks and Rique Pottenger, The International Atlas (6th edition),
34 # San Diego: ACS Publications, Inc. (2003).
35 #
36 # Gwillim Law writes that a good source
37 # for recent time zone data is the International Air Transport
38 # Association's Standard Schedules Information Manual (IATA SSIM),
39 # published semiannually. Law sent in several helpful summaries
40 # of the IATA's data after 1990.
41 #
42 # Except where otherwise noted, Shanks & Pottenger is the source for
43 # entries through 1991, and IATA SSIM is the source for entries afterwards.
44 #
45 # Other sources occasionally used include:
46 #
47 # Edward W. Whitman, World Time Differences,
48 # Whitman Publishing Co, 2 Niagara Av, Ealing, London (undated),
49 # which I found in the UCLA library.
50 #
51 # <a href="http://www.pettswoodvillage.co.uk/Daylight_Savings_William_Willett.pdf">
52 # William Willett, The Waste of Daylight, 19th edition
53 # </a> (1914-03)
54 #
55 # Brazil's Departamento Servico da Hora (DSH),
56 # <a href="http://pcdsh01.on.br/HISTHV.htm">
57 # History of Summer Time
58 # </a> (1998-09-21, in Portuguese)
59
60 #
61 # I invented the abbreviations marked `*' in the following table;
62 # the rest are from earlier versions of this file, or from other sources.
63 # Corrections are welcome!
64 # std dst 2dst
65 # LMT Local Mean Time
66 # -4:00 AST ADT Atlantic
67 # -3:00 WGT WGST Western Greenland*
68 # -1:00 EGT EGST Eastern Greenland*
69 # 0:00 GMT BST BDST Greenwich, British Summer
70 # 0:00 GMT IST Greenwich, Irish Summer
71 # 0:00 WET WEST WEMT Western Europe
72 # 0:19:32.13 AMT NST Amsterdam, Netherlands Summer (1835-1937)*
73 # 0:20 NET NEST Netherlands (1937-1940)*
74 # 1:00 CET CEST CEMT Central Europe
75 # 1:00:14 SET Swedish (1879-1899)*
76 # 2:00 EET EEST Eastern Europe
77 # 3:00 MSK MSD Moscow
78 #
79 # A reliable and entertaining source about time zones, especially in Britain,
80 # Derek Howse, Greenwich time and longitude, Philip Wilson Publishers (1997).
81
82 # From Peter Ilieve (1994-12-04),
83 # The original six [EU members]: Belgium, France, (West) Germany, Italy,
84 # Luxembourg, the Netherlands.
85 # Plus, from 1 Jan 73: Denmark, Ireland, United Kingdom.
86 # Plus, from 1 Jan 81: Greece.
87 # Plus, from 1 Jan 86: Spain, Portugal.
88 # Plus, from 1 Jan 95: Austria, Finland, Sweden. (Norway negotiated terms for
89 # entry but in a referendum on 28 Nov 94 the people voted No by 52.2% to 47.8%
90 # on a turnout of 88.6%. This was almost the same result as Norway's previous
91 # referendum in 1972, they are the only country to have said No twice.
92 # Referendums in the other three countries voted Yes.)
93 # ...
94 # Estonia ... uses EU dates but not at 01:00 GMT, they use midnight GMT.
95 # I don't think they know yet what they will do from 1996 onwards.
96 # ...
97 # There shouldn't be any [current members who are not using EU rules].
98 # A Directive has the force of law, member states are obliged to enact
99 # national law to implement it. The only contentious issue was the
100 # different end date for the UK and Ireland, and this was always allowed
101 # in the Directive.
102
103
104 ###############################################################################
105
106 # Britain (United Kingdom) and Ireland (Eire)
107
108 # From Peter Ilieve (1994-07-06):
109 #
110 # On 17 Jan 1994 the Independent, a UK quality newspaper, had a piece about
111 # historical vistas along the Thames in west London. There was a photo
112 # and a sketch map showing some of the sightlines involved. One paragraph
113 # of the text said:
114 #
115 # `An old stone obelisk marking a forgotten terrestrial meridian stands
116 # beside the river at Kew. In the 18th century, before time and longitude
117 # was standardised by the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, scholars observed
118 # this stone and the movement of stars from Kew Observatory nearby. They
119 # made their calculations and set the time for the Horse Guards and Parliament,
120 # but now the stone is obscured by scrubwood and can only be seen by walking
121 # along the towpath within a few yards of it.'
122 #
123 # I have a one inch to one mile map of London and my estimate of the stone's
124 # position is 51 deg. 28' 30" N, 0 deg. 18' 45" W. The longitude should
125 # be within about +-2". The Ordnance Survey grid reference is TQ172761.
126 #
127 # [This yields GMTOFF = -0:01:15 for London LMT in the 18th century.]
128
129 # From Paul Eggert (1993-11-18):
130 #
131 # Howse writes that Britain was the first country to use standard time.
132 # The railways cared most about the inconsistencies of local mean time,
133 # and it was they who forced a uniform time on the country.
134 # The original idea was credited to Dr. William Hyde Wollaston (1766-1828)
135 # and was popularized by Abraham Follett Osler (1808-1903).
136 # The first railway to adopt London time was the Great Western Railway
137 # in November 1840; other railways followed suit, and by 1847 most
138 # (though not all) railways used London time. On 1847-09-22 the
139 # Railway Clearing House, an industry standards body, recommended that GMT be
140 # adopted at all stations as soon as the General Post Office permitted it.
141 # The transition occurred on 12-01 for the L&NW, the Caledonian,
142 # and presumably other railways; the January 1848 Bradshaw's lists many
143 # railways as using GMT. By 1855 the vast majority of public
144 # clocks in Britain were set to GMT (though some, like the great clock
145 # on Tom Tower at Christ Church, Oxford, were fitted with two minute hands,
146 # one for local time and one for GMT). The last major holdout was the legal
147 # system, which stubbornly stuck to local time for many years, leading
148 # to oddities like polls opening at 08:13 and closing at 16:13.
149 # The legal system finally switched to GMT when the Statutes (Definition
150 # of Time) Act took effect; it received the Royal Assent on 1880-08-02.
151 #
152 # In the tables below, we condense this complicated story into a single
153 # transition date for London, namely 1847-12-01. We don't know as much
154 # about Dublin, so we use 1880-08-02, the legal transition time.
155
156 # From Paul Eggert (2003-09-27):
157 # Summer Time was first seriously proposed by William Willett (1857-1915),
158 # a London builder and member of the Royal Astronomical Society
159 # who circulated a pamphlet ``The Waste of Daylight'' (1907)
160 # that proposed advancing clocks 20 minutes on each of four Sundays in April,
161 # and retarding them by the same amount on four Sundays in September.
162 # A bill was drafted in 1909 and introduced in Parliament several times,
163 # but it met with ridicule and opposition, especially from farming interests.
164 # Later editions of the pamphlet proposed one-hour summer time, and
165 # it was eventually adopted as a wartime measure in 1916.
166 # See: Summer Time Arrives Early, The Times (2000-05-18).
167 # A monument to Willett was unveiled on 1927-05-21, in an open space in
168 # a 45-acre wood near Chislehurst, Kent that was purchased by popular
169 # subscription and open to the public. On the south face of the monolith,
170 # designed by G. W. Miller, is the the William Willett Memorial Sundial,
171 # which is permanently set to Summer Time.
172
173 # From Winston Churchill (1934-04-28):
174 # It is one of the paradoxes of history that we should owe the boon of
175 # summer time, which gives every year to the people of this country
176 # between 160 and 170 hours more daylight leisure, to a war which
177 # plunged Europe into darkness for four years, and shook the
178 # foundations of civilization throughout the world.
179 # -- <a href="http://www.winstonchurchill.org/fh114willett.htm">
180 # "A Silent Toast to William Willett", Pictorial Weekly
181 # </a>
182
183 # From Paul Eggert (1996-09-03):
184 # The OED Supplement says that the English originally said ``Daylight Saving''
185 # when they were debating the adoption of DST in 1908; but by 1916 this
186 # term appears only in quotes taken from DST's opponents, whereas the
187 # proponents (who eventually won the argument) are quoted as using ``Summer''.
188
189 # From Arthur David Olson (1989-01-19):
190 #
191 # A source at the British Information Office in New York avers that it's
192 # known as "British" Summer Time in all parts of the United Kingdom.
193
194 # Date: 4 Jan 89 08:57:25 GMT (Wed)
195 # From: Jonathan Leffler
196 # [British Summer Time] is fixed annually by Act of Parliament.
197 # If you can predict what Parliament will do, you should be in
198 # politics making a fortune, not computing.
199
200 # From Chris Carrier (1996-06-14):
201 # I remember reading in various wartime issues of the London Times the
202 # acronym BDST for British Double Summer Time. Look for the published
203 # time of sunrise and sunset in The Times, when BDST was in effect, and
204 # if you find a zone reference it will say, "All times B.D.S.T."
205
206 # From Joseph S. Myers (1999-09-02):
207 # ... some military cables (WO 219/4100 - this is a copy from the
208 # main SHAEF archives held in the US National Archives, SHAEF/5252/8/516)
209 # agree that the usage is BDST (this appears in a message dated 17 Feb 1945).
210
211 # From Joseph S. Myers (2000-10-03):
212 # On 18th April 1941, Sir Stephen Tallents of the BBC wrote to Sir
213 # Alexander Maxwell of the Home Office asking whether there was any
214 # official designation; the reply of the 21st was that there wasn't
215 # but he couldn't think of anything better than the "Double British
216 # Summer Time" that the BBC had been using informally.
217 # http://student.cusu.cam.ac.uk/~jsm28/british-time/bbc-19410418.png
218 # http://student.cusu.cam.ac.uk/~jsm28/british-time/ho-19410421.png
219
220 # From Sir Alexander Maxwell in the above-mentioned letter (1941-04-21):
221 # [N]o official designation has as far as I know been adopted for the time
222 # which is to be introduced in May....
223 # I cannot think of anything better than "Double British Summer Time"
224 # which could not be said to run counter to any official description.
225
226 # From Paul Eggert (2000-10-02):
227 # Howse writes (p 157) `DBST' too, but `BDST' seems to have been common
228 # and follows the more usual convention of putting the location name first,
229 # so we use `BDST'.
230
231 # Peter Ilieve (1998-04-19) described at length
232 # the history of summer time legislation in the United Kingdom.
233 # Since 1998 Joseph S. Myers has been updating
234 # and extending this list, which can be found in
235 # <a href="http://student.cusu.cam.ac.uk/~jsm28/british-time/">
236 # History of legal time in Britain
237 # </a>
238
239 # From Joseph S. Myers (1998-01-06):
240 #
241 # The legal time in the UK outside of summer time is definitely GMT, not UTC;
242 # see Lord Tanlaw's speech
243 # <a href="http://www.parliament.the-stationery-office.co.uk/pa/ld199697/ldhansrd/pdvn/lds97/text/70611-20.htm#70611-20_head0">
244 # (Lords Hansard 11 June 1997 columns 964 to 976)
245 # </a>.
246
247 # From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):
248 #
249 # For lack of other data, follow Shanks & Pottenger for Eire in 1940-1948.
250 #
251 # Given Ilieve and Myers's data, the following claims by Shanks & Pottenger
252 # are incorrect:
253 # * Wales did not switch from GMT to daylight saving time until
254 # 1921 Apr 3, when they began to conform with the rest of Great Britain.
255 # Actually, Wales was identical after 1880.
256 # * Eire had two transitions on 1916 Oct 1.
257 # It actually just had one transition.
258 # * Northern Ireland used single daylight saving time throughout WW II.
259 # Actually, it conformed to Britain.
260 # * GB-Eire changed standard time to 1 hour ahead of GMT on 1968-02-18.
261 # Actually, that date saw the usual switch to summer time.
262 # Standard time was not changed until 1968-10-27 (the clocks didn't change).
263 #
264 # Here is another incorrect claim by Shanks & Pottenger:
265 # * Jersey, Guernsey, and the Isle of Man did not switch from GMT
266 # to daylight saving time until 1921 Apr 3, when they began to
267 # conform with Great Britain.
268 # S.R.&O. 1916, No. 382 and HO 45/10811/312364 (quoted above) say otherwise.
269 #
270 # The following claim by Shanks & Pottenger is possible though doubtful;
271 # we'll ignore it for now.
272 # * Dublin's 1971-10-31 switch was at 02:00, even though London's was 03:00.
273 #
274 #
275 # Whitman says Dublin Mean Time was -0:25:21, which is more precise than
276 # Shanks & Pottenger.
277 # Perhaps this was Dunsink Observatory Time, as Dunsink Observatory
278 # (8 km NW of Dublin's center) seemingly was to Dublin as Greenwich was
279 # to London. For example:
280 #
281 # "Timeball on the ballast office is down. Dunsink time."
282 # -- James Joyce, Ulysses
283
284 # From Joseph S. Myers (2005-01-26):
285 # Irish laws are available online at www.irishstatutebook.ie. These include
286 # various relating to legal time, for example:
287 #
288 # ZZA13Y1923.html ZZA12Y1924.html ZZA8Y1925.html ZZSIV20PG1267.html
289 #
290 # ZZSI71Y1947.html ZZSI128Y1948.html ZZSI23Y1949.html ZZSI41Y1950.html
291 # ZZSI27Y1951.html ZZSI73Y1952.html
292 #
293 # ZZSI11Y1961.html ZZSI232Y1961.html ZZSI182Y1962.html
294 # ZZSI167Y1963.html ZZSI257Y1964.html ZZSI198Y1967.html
295 # ZZA23Y1968.html ZZA17Y1971.html
296 #
297 # ZZSI67Y1981.html ZZSI212Y1982.html ZZSI45Y1986.html
298 # ZZSI264Y1988.html ZZSI52Y1990.html ZZSI371Y1992.html
299 # ZZSI395Y1994.html ZZSI484Y1997.html ZZSI506Y2001.html
300 #
301 # [These are all relative to the root, e.g., the first is
302 # <http://www.irishstatutebook.ie/ZZA13Y1923.html>.]
303 #
304 # (These are those I found, but there could be more. In any case these
305 # should allow various updates to the comments in the europe file to cover
306 # the laws applicable in Ireland.)
307 #
308 # (Note that the time in the Republic of Ireland since 1968 has been defined
309 # in terms of standard time being GMT+1 with a period of winter time when it
310 # is GMT, rather than standard time being GMT with a period of summer time
311 # being GMT+1.)
312
313 # From Paul Eggert (1999-03-28):
314 # Clive Feather (<news:859845706.26043.0@office.demon.net>, 1997-03-31)
315 # reports that Folkestone (Cheriton) Shuttle Terminal uses Concession Time
316 # (CT), equivalent to French civil time.
317 # Julian Hill (<news:36118128.5A14@virgin.net>, 1998-09-30) reports that
318 # trains between Dollands Moor (the freight facility next door)
319 # and Frethun run in CT.
320 # My admittedly uninformed guess is that the terminal has two authorities,
321 # the French concession operators and the British civil authorities,
322 # and that the time depends on who you're talking to.
323 # If, say, the British police were called to the station for some reason,
324 # I would expect the official police report to use GMT/BST and not CET/CEST.
325 # This is a borderline case, but for now let's stick to GMT/BST.
326
327 # From an anonymous contributor (1996-06-02):
328 # The law governing time in Ireland is under Statutory Instrument SI 395/94,
329 # which gives force to European Union 7th Council Directive # 94/21/EC.
330 # Under this directive, the Minister for Justice in Ireland makes appropriate
331 # regulations. I spoke this morning with the Secretary of the Department of
332 # Justice (tel +353 1 678 9711) who confirmed to me that the correct name is
333 # "Irish Summer Time", abbreviated to "IST".
334
335 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
336 # Summer Time Act, 1916
337 Rule GB-Eire 1916 only - May 21 2:00s 1:00 BST
338 Rule GB-Eire 1916 only - Oct 1 2:00s 0 GMT
339 # S.R.&O. 1917, No. 358
340 Rule GB-Eire 1917 only - Apr 8 2:00s 1:00 BST
341 Rule GB-Eire 1917 only - Sep 17 2:00s 0 GMT
342 # S.R.&O. 1918, No. 274
343 Rule GB-Eire 1918 only - Mar 24 2:00s 1:00 BST
344 Rule GB-Eire 1918 only - Sep 30 2:00s 0 GMT
345 # S.R.&O. 1919, No. 297
346 Rule GB-Eire 1919 only - Mar 30 2:00s 1:00 BST
347 Rule GB-Eire 1919 only - Sep 29 2:00s 0 GMT
348 # S.R.&O. 1920, No. 458
349 Rule GB-Eire 1920 only - Mar 28 2:00s 1:00 BST
350 # S.R.&O. 1920, No. 1844
351 Rule GB-Eire 1920 only - Oct 25 2:00s 0 GMT
352 # S.R.&O. 1921, No. 363
353 Rule GB-Eire 1921 only - Apr 3 2:00s 1:00 BST
354 Rule GB-Eire 1921 only - Oct 3 2:00s 0 GMT
355 # S.R.&O. 1922, No. 264
356 Rule GB-Eire 1922 only - Mar 26 2:00s 1:00 BST
357 Rule GB-Eire 1922 only - Oct 8 2:00s 0 GMT
358 # The Summer Time Act, 1922
359 Rule GB-Eire 1923 only - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST
360 Rule GB-Eire 1923 1924 - Sep Sun>=16 2:00s 0 GMT
361 Rule GB-Eire 1924 only - Apr Sun>=9 2:00s 1:00 BST
362 Rule GB-Eire 1925 1926 - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST
363 # The Summer Time Act, 1925
364 Rule GB-Eire 1925 1938 - Oct Sun>=2 2:00s 0 GMT
365 Rule GB-Eire 1927 only - Apr Sun>=9 2:00s 1:00 BST
366 Rule GB-Eire 1928 1929 - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST
367 Rule GB-Eire 1930 only - Apr Sun>=9 2:00s 1:00 BST
368 Rule GB-Eire 1931 1932 - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST
369 Rule GB-Eire 1933 only - Apr Sun>=9 2:00s 1:00 BST
370 Rule GB-Eire 1934 only - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST
371 Rule GB-Eire 1935 only - Apr Sun>=9 2:00s 1:00 BST
372 Rule GB-Eire 1936 1937 - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST
373 Rule GB-Eire 1938 only - Apr Sun>=9 2:00s 1:00 BST
374 Rule GB-Eire 1939 only - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST
375 # S.R.&O. 1939, No. 1379
376 Rule GB-Eire 1939 only - Nov Sun>=16 2:00s 0 GMT
377 # S.R.&O. 1940, No. 172 and No. 1883
378 Rule GB-Eire 1940 only - Feb Sun>=23 2:00s 1:00 BST
379 # S.R.&O. 1941, No. 476
380 Rule GB-Eire 1941 only - May Sun>=2 1:00s 2:00 BDST
381 Rule GB-Eire 1941 1943 - Aug Sun>=9 1:00s 1:00 BST
382 # S.R.&O. 1942, No. 506
383 Rule GB-Eire 1942 1944 - Apr Sun>=2 1:00s 2:00 BDST
384 # S.R.&O. 1944, No. 932
385 Rule GB-Eire 1944 only - Sep Sun>=16 1:00s 1:00 BST
386 # S.R.&O. 1945, No. 312
387 Rule GB-Eire 1945 only - Apr Mon>=2 1:00s 2:00 BDST
388 Rule GB-Eire 1945 only - Jul Sun>=9 1:00s 1:00 BST
389 # S.R.&O. 1945, No. 1208
390 Rule GB-Eire 1945 1946 - Oct Sun>=2 2:00s 0 GMT
391 Rule GB-Eire 1946 only - Apr Sun>=9 2:00s 1:00 BST
392 # The Summer Time Act, 1947
393 Rule GB-Eire 1947 only - Mar 16 2:00s 1:00 BST
394 Rule GB-Eire 1947 only - Apr 13 1:00s 2:00 BDST
395 Rule GB-Eire 1947 only - Aug 10 1:00s 1:00 BST
396 Rule GB-Eire 1947 only - Nov 2 2:00s 0 GMT
397 # Summer Time Order, 1948 (S.I. 1948/495)
398 Rule GB-Eire 1948 only - Mar 14 2:00s 1:00 BST
399 Rule GB-Eire 1948 only - Oct 31 2:00s 0 GMT
400 # Summer Time Order, 1949 (S.I. 1949/373)
401 Rule GB-Eire 1949 only - Apr 3 2:00s 1:00 BST
402 Rule GB-Eire 1949 only - Oct 30 2:00s 0 GMT
403 # Summer Time Order, 1950 (S.I. 1950/518)
404 # Summer Time Order, 1951 (S.I. 1951/430)
405 # Summer Time Order, 1952 (S.I. 1952/451)
406 Rule GB-Eire 1950 1952 - Apr Sun>=14 2:00s 1:00 BST
407 Rule GB-Eire 1950 1952 - Oct Sun>=21 2:00s 0 GMT
408 # revert to the rules of the Summer Time Act, 1925
409 Rule GB-Eire 1953 only - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST
410 Rule GB-Eire 1953 1960 - Oct Sun>=2 2:00s 0 GMT
411 Rule GB-Eire 1954 only - Apr Sun>=9 2:00s 1:00 BST
412 Rule GB-Eire 1955 1956 - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST
413 Rule GB-Eire 1957 only - Apr Sun>=9 2:00s 1:00 BST
414 Rule GB-Eire 1958 1959 - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST
415 Rule GB-Eire 1960 only - Apr Sun>=9 2:00s 1:00 BST
416 # Summer Time Order, 1961 (S.I. 1961/71)
417 # Summer Time (1962) Order, 1961 (S.I. 1961/2465)
418 # Summer Time Order, 1963 (S.I. 1963/81)
419 Rule GB-Eire 1961 1963 - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 BST
420 Rule GB-Eire 1961 1968 - Oct Sun>=23 2:00s 0 GMT
421 # Summer Time (1964) Order, 1963 (S.I. 1963/2101)
422 # Summer Time Order, 1964 (S.I. 1964/1201)
423 # Summer Time Order, 1967 (S.I. 1967/1148)
424 Rule GB-Eire 1964 1967 - Mar Sun>=19 2:00s 1:00 BST
425 # Summer Time Order, 1968 (S.I. 1968/117)
426 Rule GB-Eire 1968 only - Feb 18 2:00s 1:00 BST
427 # The British Standard Time Act, 1968
428 # (no summer time)
429 # The Summer Time Act, 1972
430 Rule GB-Eire 1972 1980 - Mar Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST
431 Rule GB-Eire 1972 1980 - Oct Sun>=23 2:00s 0 GMT
432 # Summer Time Order, 1980 (S.I. 1980/1089)
433 # Summer Time Order, 1982 (S.I. 1982/1673)
434 # Summer Time Order, 1986 (S.I. 1986/223)
435 # Summer Time Order, 1988 (S.I. 1988/931)
436 Rule GB-Eire 1981 1995 - Mar lastSun 1:00u 1:00 BST
437 Rule GB-Eire 1981 1989 - Oct Sun>=23 1:00u 0 GMT
438 # Summer Time Order, 1989 (S.I. 1989/985)
439 # Summer Time Order, 1992 (S.I. 1992/1729)
440 # Summer Time Order 1994 (S.I. 1994/2798)
441 Rule GB-Eire 1990 1995 - Oct Sun>=22 1:00u 0 GMT
442 # Summer Time Order 1997 (S.I. 1997/2982)
443 # See EU for rules starting in 1996.
444
445 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
446 Zone Europe/London -0:01:15 - LMT 1847 Dec 1 0:00s
447 0:00 GB-Eire %s 1968 Oct 27
448 1:00 - BST 1971 Oct 31 2:00u
449 0:00 GB-Eire %s 1996
450 0:00 EU GMT/BST
451 Link Europe/London Europe/Jersey
452 Link Europe/London Europe/Guernsey
453 Link Europe/London Europe/Isle_of_Man
454 Zone Europe/Dublin -0:25:00 - LMT 1880 Aug 2
455 -0:25:21 - DMT 1916 May 21 2:00
456 -0:25:21 1:00 IST 1916 Oct 1 2:00s
457 0:00 GB-Eire %s 1921 Dec 6 # independence
458 0:00 GB-Eire GMT/IST 1940 Feb 25 2:00
459 0:00 1:00 IST 1946 Oct 6 2:00
460 0:00 - GMT 1947 Mar 16 2:00
461 0:00 1:00 IST 1947 Nov 2 2:00
462 0:00 - GMT 1948 Apr 18 2:00
463 0:00 GB-Eire GMT/IST 1968 Oct 27
464 1:00 - IST 1971 Oct 31 2:00u
465 0:00 GB-Eire GMT/IST 1996
466 0:00 EU GMT/IST
467
468 ###############################################################################
469
470 # Europe
471
472 # EU rules are for the European Union, previously known as the EC, EEC,
473 # Common Market, etc.
474
475 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
476 Rule EU 1977 1980 - Apr Sun>=1 1:00u 1:00 S
477 Rule EU 1977 only - Sep lastSun 1:00u 0 -
478 Rule EU 1978 only - Oct 1 1:00u 0 -
479 Rule EU 1979 1995 - Sep lastSun 1:00u 0 -
480 Rule EU 1981 max - Mar lastSun 1:00u 1:00 S
481 Rule EU 1996 max - Oct lastSun 1:00u 0 -
482 # The most recent directive covers the years starting in 2002. See:
483 # <a href="http://europa.eu.int/eur-lex/en/lif/dat/2000/en_300L0084.html">
484 # Directive 2000/84/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council
485 # of 19 January 2001 on summer-time arrangements.
486 # </a>
487
488 # W-Eur differs from EU only in that W-Eur uses standard time.
489 Rule W-Eur 1977 1980 - Apr Sun>=1 1:00s 1:00 S
490 Rule W-Eur 1977 only - Sep lastSun 1:00s 0 -
491 Rule W-Eur 1978 only - Oct 1 1:00s 0 -
492 Rule W-Eur 1979 1995 - Sep lastSun 1:00s 0 -
493 Rule W-Eur 1981 max - Mar lastSun 1:00s 1:00 S
494 Rule W-Eur 1996 max - Oct lastSun 1:00s 0 -
495
496 # Older C-Eur rules are for convenience in the tables.
497 # From 1977 on, C-Eur differs from EU only in that C-Eur uses standard time.
498 Rule C-Eur 1916 only - Apr 30 23:00 1:00 S
499 Rule C-Eur 1916 only - Oct 1 1:00 0 -
500 Rule C-Eur 1917 1918 - Apr Mon>=15 2:00s 1:00 S
501 Rule C-Eur 1917 1918 - Sep Mon>=15 2:00s 0 -
502 Rule C-Eur 1940 only - Apr 1 2:00s 1:00 S
503 Rule C-Eur 1942 only - Nov 2 2:00s 0 -
504 Rule C-Eur 1943 only - Mar 29 2:00s 1:00 S
505 Rule C-Eur 1943 only - Oct 4 2:00s 0 -
506 Rule C-Eur 1944 1945 - Apr Mon>=1 2:00s 1:00 S
507 # Whitman gives 1944 Oct 7; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
508 Rule C-Eur 1944 only - Oct 2 2:00s 0 -
509 # From Jesper Norgaard Welen (2008-07-13):
510 #
511 # I found what is probably a typo of 2:00 which should perhaps be 2:00s
512 # in the C-Eur rule from tz database version 2008d (this part was
513 # corrected in version 2008d). The circumstancial evidence is simply the
514 # tz database itself, as seen below:
515 #
516 # Zone Europe/Paris 0:09:21 - LMT 1891 Mar 15 0:01
517 # 0:00 France WE%sT 1945 Sep 16 3:00
518 #
519 # Zone Europe/Monaco 0:29:32 - LMT 1891 Mar 15
520 # 0:00 France WE%sT 1945 Sep 16 3:00
521 #
522 # Zone Europe/Belgrade 1:22:00 - LMT 1884
523 # 1:00 1:00 CEST 1945 Sep 16 2:00s
524 #
525 # Rule France 1945 only - Sep 16 3:00 0 -
526 # Rule Belgium 1945 only - Sep 16 2:00s 0 -
527 # Rule Neth 1945 only - Sep 16 2:00s 0 -
528 #
529 # The rule line to be changed is:
530 #
531 # Rule C-Eur 1945 only - Sep 16 2:00 0 -
532 #
533 # It seems that Paris, Monaco, Rule France, Rule Belgium all agree on
534 # 2:00 standard time, e.g. 3:00 local time. However there are no
535 # countries that use C-Eur rules in September 1945, so the only items
536 # affected are apparently these ficticious zones that translates acronyms
537 # CET and MET:
538 #
539 # Zone CET 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT
540 # Zone MET 1:00 C-Eur ME%sT
541 #
542 # It this is right then the corrected version would look like:
543 #
544 # Rule C-Eur 1945 only - Sep 16 2:00s 0 -
545 #
546 # A small step for mankind though 8-)
547 Rule C-Eur 1945 only - Sep 16 2:00s 0 -
548 Rule C-Eur 1977 1980 - Apr Sun>=1 2:00s 1:00 S
549 Rule C-Eur 1977 only - Sep lastSun 2:00s 0 -
550 Rule C-Eur 1978 only - Oct 1 2:00s 0 -
551 Rule C-Eur 1979 1995 - Sep lastSun 2:00s 0 -
552 Rule C-Eur 1981 max - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 S
553 Rule C-Eur 1996 max - Oct lastSun 2:00s 0 -
554
555 # E-Eur differs from EU only in that E-Eur switches at midnight local time.
556 Rule E-Eur 1977 1980 - Apr Sun>=1 0:00 1:00 S
557 Rule E-Eur 1977 only - Sep lastSun 0:00 0 -
558 Rule E-Eur 1978 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
559 Rule E-Eur 1979 1995 - Sep lastSun 0:00 0 -
560 Rule E-Eur 1981 max - Mar lastSun 0:00 1:00 S
561 Rule E-Eur 1996 max - Oct lastSun 0:00 0 -
562
563 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
564 Rule Russia 1917 only - Jul 1 23:00 1:00 MST # Moscow Summer Time
565 Rule Russia 1917 only - Dec 28 0:00 0 MMT # Moscow Mean Time
566 Rule Russia 1918 only - May 31 22:00 2:00 MDST # Moscow Double Summer Time
567 Rule Russia 1918 only - Sep 16 1:00 1:00 MST
568 Rule Russia 1919 only - May 31 23:00 2:00 MDST
569 Rule Russia 1919 only - Jul 1 2:00 1:00 S
570 Rule Russia 1919 only - Aug 16 0:00 0 -
571 Rule Russia 1921 only - Feb 14 23:00 1:00 S
572 Rule Russia 1921 only - Mar 20 23:00 2:00 M # Midsummer
573 Rule Russia 1921 only - Sep 1 0:00 1:00 S
574 Rule Russia 1921 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
575 # Act No.925 of the Council of Ministers of the USSR (1980-10-24):
576 Rule Russia 1981 1984 - Apr 1 0:00 1:00 S
577 Rule Russia 1981 1983 - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
578 # Act No.967 of the Council of Ministers of the USSR (1984-09-13), repeated in
579 # Act No.227 of the Council of Ministers of the USSR (1989-03-14):
580 Rule Russia 1984 1991 - Sep lastSun 2:00s 0 -
581 Rule Russia 1985 1991 - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 S
582 #
583 Rule Russia 1992 only - Mar lastSat 23:00 1:00 S
584 Rule Russia 1992 only - Sep lastSat 23:00 0 -
585 Rule Russia 1993 max - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 S
586 Rule Russia 1993 1995 - Sep lastSun 2:00s 0 -
587 Rule Russia 1996 max - Oct lastSun 2:00s 0 -
588
589 # These are for backward compatibility with older versions.
590
591 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
592 Zone WET 0:00 EU WE%sT
593 Zone CET 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT
594 Zone MET 1:00 C-Eur ME%sT
595 Zone EET 2:00 EU EE%sT
596
597 # Previous editions of this database used abbreviations like MET DST
598 # for Central European Summer Time, but this didn't agree with common usage.
599
600 # From Markus Kuhn (1996-07-12):
601 # The official German names ... are
602 #
603 # Mitteleuropaeische Zeit (MEZ) = UTC+01:00
604 # Mitteleuropaeische Sommerzeit (MESZ) = UTC+02:00
605 #
606 # as defined in the German Time Act (Gesetz ueber die Zeitbestimmung (ZeitG),
607 # 1978-07-25, Bundesgesetzblatt, Jahrgang 1978, Teil I, S. 1110-1111)....
608 # I wrote ... to the German Federal Physical-Technical Institution
609 #
610 # Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB)
611 # Laboratorium 4.41 "Zeiteinheit"
612 # Postfach 3345
613 # D-38023 Braunschweig
614 # phone: +49 531 592-0
615 #
616 # ... I received today an answer letter from Dr. Peter Hetzel, head of the PTB
617 # department for time and frequency transmission. He explained that the
618 # PTB translates MEZ and MESZ into English as
619 #
620 # Central European Time (CET) = UTC+01:00
621 # Central European Summer Time (CEST) = UTC+02:00
622
623
624 # Albania
625 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
626 Rule Albania 1940 only - Jun 16 0:00 1:00 S
627 Rule Albania 1942 only - Nov 2 3:00 0 -
628 Rule Albania 1943 only - Mar 29 2:00 1:00 S
629 Rule Albania 1943 only - Apr 10 3:00 0 -
630 Rule Albania 1974 only - May 4 0:00 1:00 S
631 Rule Albania 1974 only - Oct 2 0:00 0 -
632 Rule Albania 1975 only - May 1 0:00 1:00 S
633 Rule Albania 1975 only - Oct 2 0:00 0 -
634 Rule Albania 1976 only - May 2 0:00 1:00 S
635 Rule Albania 1976 only - Oct 3 0:00 0 -
636 Rule Albania 1977 only - May 8 0:00 1:00 S
637 Rule Albania 1977 only - Oct 2 0:00 0 -
638 Rule Albania 1978 only - May 6 0:00 1:00 S
639 Rule Albania 1978 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
640 Rule Albania 1979 only - May 5 0:00 1:00 S
641 Rule Albania 1979 only - Sep 30 0:00 0 -
642 Rule Albania 1980 only - May 3 0:00 1:00 S
643 Rule Albania 1980 only - Oct 4 0:00 0 -
644 Rule Albania 1981 only - Apr 26 0:00 1:00 S
645 Rule Albania 1981 only - Sep 27 0:00 0 -
646 Rule Albania 1982 only - May 2 0:00 1:00 S
647 Rule Albania 1982 only - Oct 3 0:00 0 -
648 Rule Albania 1983 only - Apr 18 0:00 1:00 S
649 Rule Albania 1983 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
650 Rule Albania 1984 only - Apr 1 0:00 1:00 S
651 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
652 Zone Europe/Tirane 1:19:20 - LMT 1914
653 1:00 - CET 1940 Jun 16
654 1:00 Albania CE%sT 1984 Jul
655 1:00 EU CE%sT
656
657 # Andorra
658 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
659 Zone Europe/Andorra 0:06:04 - LMT 1901
660 0:00 - WET 1946 Sep 30
661 1:00 - CET 1985 Mar 31 2:00
662 1:00 EU CE%sT
663
664 # Austria
665
666 # From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22): Shanks & Pottenger give 1918-06-16 and
667 # 1945-11-18, but the Austrian Federal Office of Metrology and
668 # Surveying (BEV) gives 1918-09-16 and for Vienna gives the "alleged"
669 # date of 1945-04-12 with no time. For the 1980-04-06 transition
670 # Shanks & Pottenger give 02:00, the BEV 00:00. Go with the BEV,
671 # and guess 02:00 for 1945-04-12.
672
673 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
674 Rule Austria 1920 only - Apr 5 2:00s 1:00 S
675 Rule Austria 1920 only - Sep 13 2:00s 0 -
676 Rule Austria 1946 only - Apr 14 2:00s 1:00 S
677 Rule Austria 1946 1948 - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
678 Rule Austria 1947 only - Apr 6 2:00s 1:00 S
679 Rule Austria 1948 only - Apr 18 2:00s 1:00 S
680 Rule Austria 1980 only - Apr 6 0:00 1:00 S
681 Rule Austria 1980 only - Sep 28 0:00 0 -
682 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
683 Zone Europe/Vienna 1:05:20 - LMT 1893 Apr
684 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1920
685 1:00 Austria CE%sT 1940 Apr 1 2:00s
686 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 Apr 2 2:00s
687 1:00 1:00 CEST 1945 Apr 12 2:00s
688 1:00 - CET 1946
689 1:00 Austria CE%sT 1981
690 1:00 EU CE%sT
691
692 # Belarus
693 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
694 Zone Europe/Minsk 1:50:16 - LMT 1880
695 1:50 - MMT 1924 May 2 # Minsk Mean Time
696 2:00 - EET 1930 Jun 21
697 3:00 - MSK 1941 Jun 28
698 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Jul 3
699 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1990
700 3:00 - MSK 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
701 2:00 1:00 EEST 1991 Sep 29 2:00s
702 2:00 - EET 1992 Mar 29 0:00s
703 2:00 1:00 EEST 1992 Sep 27 0:00s
704 2:00 Russia EE%sT
705
706 # Belgium
707 #
708 # From Paul Eggert (1997-07-02):
709 # Entries from 1918 through 1991 are taken from:
710 # Annuaire de L'Observatoire Royal de Belgique,
711 # Avenue Circulaire, 3, B-1180 BRUXELLES, CLVIIe annee, 1991
712 # (Imprimerie HAYEZ, s.p.r.l., Rue Fin, 4, 1080 BRUXELLES, MCMXC),
713 # pp 8-9.
714 # LMT before 1892 was 0:17:30, according to the official journal of Belgium:
715 # Moniteur Belge, Samedi 30 Avril 1892, N.121.
716 # Thanks to Pascal Delmoitie for these references.
717 # The 1918 rules are listed for completeness; they apply to unoccupied Belgium.
718 # Assume Brussels switched to WET in 1918 when the armistice took effect.
719 #
720 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
721 Rule Belgium 1918 only - Mar 9 0:00s 1:00 S
722 Rule Belgium 1918 1919 - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 -
723 Rule Belgium 1919 only - Mar 1 23:00s 1:00 S
724 Rule Belgium 1920 only - Feb 14 23:00s 1:00 S
725 Rule Belgium 1920 only - Oct 23 23:00s 0 -
726 Rule Belgium 1921 only - Mar 14 23:00s 1:00 S
727 Rule Belgium 1921 only - Oct 25 23:00s 0 -
728 Rule Belgium 1922 only - Mar 25 23:00s 1:00 S
729 Rule Belgium 1922 1927 - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 -
730 Rule Belgium 1923 only - Apr 21 23:00s 1:00 S
731 Rule Belgium 1924 only - Mar 29 23:00s 1:00 S
732 Rule Belgium 1925 only - Apr 4 23:00s 1:00 S
733 # DSH writes that a royal decree of 1926-02-22 specified the Sun following 3rd
734 # Sat in Apr (except if it's Easter, in which case it's one Sunday earlier),
735 # to Sun following 1st Sat in Oct, and that a royal decree of 1928-09-15
736 # changed the transition times to 02:00 GMT.
737 Rule Belgium 1926 only - Apr 17 23:00s 1:00 S
738 Rule Belgium 1927 only - Apr 9 23:00s 1:00 S
739 Rule Belgium 1928 only - Apr 14 23:00s 1:00 S
740 Rule Belgium 1928 1938 - Oct Sun>=2 2:00s 0 -
741 Rule Belgium 1929 only - Apr 21 2:00s 1:00 S
742 Rule Belgium 1930 only - Apr 13 2:00s 1:00 S
743 Rule Belgium 1931 only - Apr 19 2:00s 1:00 S
744 Rule Belgium 1932 only - Apr 3 2:00s 1:00 S
745 Rule Belgium 1933 only - Mar 26 2:00s 1:00 S
746 Rule Belgium 1934 only - Apr 8 2:00s 1:00 S
747 Rule Belgium 1935 only - Mar 31 2:00s 1:00 S
748 Rule Belgium 1936 only - Apr 19 2:00s 1:00 S
749 Rule Belgium 1937 only - Apr 4 2:00s 1:00 S
750 Rule Belgium 1938 only - Mar 27 2:00s 1:00 S
751 Rule Belgium 1939 only - Apr 16 2:00s 1:00 S
752 Rule Belgium 1939 only - Nov 19 2:00s 0 -
753 Rule Belgium 1940 only - Feb 25 2:00s 1:00 S
754 Rule Belgium 1944 only - Sep 17 2:00s 0 -
755 Rule Belgium 1945 only - Apr 2 2:00s 1:00 S
756 Rule Belgium 1945 only - Sep 16 2:00s 0 -
757 Rule Belgium 1946 only - May 19 2:00s 1:00 S
758 Rule Belgium 1946 only - Oct 7 2:00s 0 -
759 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
760 Zone Europe/Brussels 0:17:30 - LMT 1880
761 0:17:30 - BMT 1892 May 1 12:00 # Brussels MT
762 0:00 - WET 1914 Nov 8
763 1:00 - CET 1916 May 1 0:00
764 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1918 Nov 11 11:00u
765 0:00 Belgium WE%sT 1940 May 20 2:00s
766 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Sep 3
767 1:00 Belgium CE%sT 1977
768 1:00 EU CE%sT
769
770 # Bosnia and Herzegovina
771 # see Serbia
772
773 # Bulgaria
774 #
775 # From Plamen Simenov via Steffen Thorsen (1999-09-09):
776 # A document of Government of Bulgaria (No.94/1997) says:
777 # EET --> EETDST is in 03:00 Local time in last Sunday of March ...
778 # EETDST --> EET is in 04:00 Local time in last Sunday of October
779 #
780 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
781 Rule Bulg 1979 only - Mar 31 23:00 1:00 S
782 Rule Bulg 1979 only - Oct 1 1:00 0 -
783 Rule Bulg 1980 1982 - Apr Sat>=1 23:00 1:00 S
784 Rule Bulg 1980 only - Sep 29 1:00 0 -
785 Rule Bulg 1981 only - Sep 27 2:00 0 -
786 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
787 Zone Europe/Sofia 1:33:16 - LMT 1880
788 1:56:56 - IMT 1894 Nov 30 # Istanbul MT?
789 2:00 - EET 1942 Nov 2 3:00
790 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945
791 1:00 - CET 1945 Apr 2 3:00
792 2:00 - EET 1979 Mar 31 23:00
793 2:00 Bulg EE%sT 1982 Sep 26 2:00
794 2:00 C-Eur EE%sT 1991
795 2:00 E-Eur EE%sT 1997
796 2:00 EU EE%sT
797
798 # Croatia
799 # see Serbia
800
801 # Cyprus
802 # Please see the `asia' file for Asia/Nicosia.
803
804 # Czech Republic
805 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
806 Rule Czech 1945 only - Apr 8 2:00s 1:00 S
807 Rule Czech 1945 only - Nov 18 2:00s 0 -
808 Rule Czech 1946 only - May 6 2:00s 1:00 S
809 Rule Czech 1946 1949 - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
810 Rule Czech 1947 only - Apr 20 2:00s 1:00 S
811 Rule Czech 1948 only - Apr 18 2:00s 1:00 S
812 Rule Czech 1949 only - Apr 9 2:00s 1:00 S
813 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
814 Zone Europe/Prague 0:57:44 - LMT 1850
815 0:57:44 - PMT 1891 Oct # Prague Mean Time
816 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Sep 17 2:00s
817 1:00 Czech CE%sT 1979
818 1:00 EU CE%sT
819
820 # Denmark, Faroe Islands, and Greenland
821
822 # From Jesper Norgaard Welen (2005-04-26):
823 # http://www.hum.aau.dk/~poe/tid/tine/DanskTid.htm says that the law
824 # [introducing standard time] was in effect from 1894-01-01....
825 # The page http://www.retsinfo.dk/_GETDOCI_/ACCN/A18930008330-REGL
826 # confirms this, and states that the law was put forth 1893-03-29.
827 #
828 # The EU treaty with effect from 1973:
829 # http://www.retsinfo.dk/_GETDOCI_/ACCN/A19722110030-REGL
830 #
831 # This provoked a new law from 1974 to make possible summer time changes
832 # in subsequenet decrees with the law
833 # http://www.retsinfo.dk/_GETDOCI_/ACCN/A19740022330-REGL
834 #
835 # It seems however that no decree was set forward until 1980. I have
836 # not found any decree, but in another related law, the effecting DST
837 # changes are stated explicitly to be from 1980-04-06 at 02:00 to
838 # 1980-09-28 at 02:00. If this is true, this differs slightly from
839 # the EU rule in that DST runs to 02:00, not 03:00. We don't know
840 # when Denmark began using the EU rule correctly, but we have only
841 # confirmation of the 1980-time, so I presume it was correct in 1981:
842 # The law is about the management of the extra hour, concerning
843 # working hours reported and effect on obligatory-rest rules (which
844 # was suspended on that night):
845 # http://www.retsinfo.dk/_GETDOCI_/ACCN/C19801120554-REGL
846
847 # From Jesper Norgaard Welen (2005-06-11):
848 # The Herning Folkeblad (1980-09-26) reported that the night between
849 # Saturday and Sunday the clock is set back from three to two.
850
851 # From Paul Eggert (2005-06-11):
852 # Hence the "02:00" of the 1980 law refers to standard time, not
853 # wall-clock time, and so the EU rules were in effect in 1980.
854
855 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
856 Rule Denmark 1916 only - May 14 23:00 1:00 S
857 Rule Denmark 1916 only - Sep 30 23:00 0 -
858 Rule Denmark 1940 only - May 15 0:00 1:00 S
859 Rule Denmark 1945 only - Apr 2 2:00s 1:00 S
860 Rule Denmark 1945 only - Aug 15 2:00s 0 -
861 Rule Denmark 1946 only - May 1 2:00s 1:00 S
862 Rule Denmark 1946 only - Sep 1 2:00s 0 -
863 Rule Denmark 1947 only - May 4 2:00s 1:00 S
864 Rule Denmark 1947 only - Aug 10 2:00s 0 -
865 Rule Denmark 1948 only - May 9 2:00s 1:00 S
866 Rule Denmark 1948 only - Aug 8 2:00s 0 -
867 #
868 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
869 Zone Europe/Copenhagen 0:50:20 - LMT 1890
870 0:50:20 - CMT 1894 Jan 1 # Copenhagen MT
871 1:00 Denmark CE%sT 1942 Nov 2 2:00s
872 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 Apr 2 2:00
873 1:00 Denmark CE%sT 1980
874 1:00 EU CE%sT
875 Zone Atlantic/Faroe -0:27:04 - LMT 1908 Jan 11 # Torshavn
876 0:00 - WET 1981
877 0:00 EU WE%sT
878 #
879 # From Paul Eggert (2004-10-31):
880 # During World War II, Germany maintained secret manned weather stations in
881 # East Greenland and Franz Josef Land, but we don't know their time zones.
882 # My source for this is Wilhelm Dege's book mentioned under Svalbard.
883 #
884 # From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):
885 # Greenland joined the EU as part of Denmark, obtained home rule on 1979-05-01,
886 # and left the EU on 1985-02-01. It therefore should have been using EU
887 # rules at least through 1984. Shanks & Pottenger say Scoresbysund and Godthab
888 # used C-Eur rules after 1980, but IATA SSIM (1991/1996) says they use EU
889 # rules since at least 1991. Assume EU rules since 1980.
890
891 # From Gwillin Law (2001-06-06), citing
892 # <http://www.statkart.no/efs/efshefter/2001/efs5-2001.pdf> (2001-03-15),
893 # and with translations corrected by Steffen Thorsen:
894 #
895 # Greenland has four local times, and the relation to UTC
896 # is according to the following time line:
897 #
898 # The military zone near Thule UTC-4
899 # Standard Greenland time UTC-3
900 # Scoresbysund UTC-1
901 # Danmarkshavn UTC
902 #
903 # In the military area near Thule and in Danmarkshavn DST will not be
904 # introduced.
905
906 # From Rives McDow (2001-11-01):
907 #
908 # I correspond regularly with the Dansk Polarcenter, and wrote them at
909 # the time to clarify the situation in Thule. Unfortunately, I have
910 # not heard back from them regarding my recent letter. [But I have
911 # info from earlier correspondence.]
912 #
913 # According to the center, a very small local time zone around Thule
914 # Air Base keeps the time according to UTC-4, implementing daylight
915 # savings using North America rules, changing the time at 02:00 local time....
916 #
917 # The east coast of Greenland north of the community of Scoresbysund
918 # uses UTC in the same way as in Iceland, year round, with no dst.
919 # There are just a few stations on this coast, including the
920 # Danmarkshavn ICAO weather station mentioned in your September 29th
921 # email. The other stations are two sledge patrol stations in
922 # Mestersvig and Daneborg, the air force base at Station Nord, and the
923 # DPC research station at Zackenberg.
924 #
925 # Scoresbysund and two small villages nearby keep time UTC-1 and use
926 # the same daylight savings time period as in West Greenland (Godthab).
927 #
928 # The rest of Greenland, including Godthab (this area, although it
929 # includes central Greenland, is known as west Greenland), keeps time
930 # UTC-3, with daylight savings methods according to European rules.
931 #
932 # It is common procedure to use UTC 0 in the wilderness of East and
933 # North Greenland, because it is mainly Icelandic aircraft operators
934 # maintaining traffic in these areas. However, the official status of
935 # this area is that it sticks with Godthab time. This area might be
936 # considered a dual time zone in some respects because of this.
937
938 # From Rives McDow (2001-11-19):
939 # I heard back from someone stationed at Thule; the time change took place
940 # there at 2:00 AM.
941
942 # From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):
943 # From 1997 on the CIA map shows Danmarkshavn on GMT;
944 # the 1995 map as like Godthab.
945 # For lack of better info, assume they were like Godthab before 1996.
946 # startkart.no says Thule does not observe DST, but this is clearly an error,
947 # so go with Shanks & Pottenger for Thule transitions until this year.
948 # For 2007 on assume Thule will stay in sync with US DST rules.
949 #
950 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
951 Rule Thule 1991 1992 - Mar lastSun 2:00 1:00 D
952 Rule Thule 1991 1992 - Sep lastSun 2:00 0 S
953 Rule Thule 1993 2006 - Apr Sun>=1 2:00 1:00 D
954 Rule Thule 1993 2006 - Oct lastSun 2:00 0 S
955 Rule Thule 2007 max - Mar Sun>=8 2:00 1:00 D
956 Rule Thule 2007 max - Nov Sun>=1 2:00 0 S
957 #
958 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
959 Zone America/Danmarkshavn -1:14:40 - LMT 1916 Jul 28
960 -3:00 - WGT 1980 Apr 6 2:00
961 -3:00 EU WG%sT 1996
962 0:00 - GMT
963 Zone America/Scoresbysund -1:27:52 - LMT 1916 Jul 28 # Ittoqqortoormiit
964 -2:00 - CGT 1980 Apr 6 2:00
965 -2:00 C-Eur CG%sT 1981 Mar 29
966 -1:00 EU EG%sT
967 Zone America/Godthab -3:26:56 - LMT 1916 Jul 28 # Nuuk
968 -3:00 - WGT 1980 Apr 6 2:00
969 -3:00 EU WG%sT
970 Zone America/Thule -4:35:08 - LMT 1916 Jul 28 # Pituffik air base
971 -4:00 Thule A%sT
972
973 # Estonia
974 # From Peter Ilieve (1994-10-15):
975 # A relative in Tallinn confirms the accuracy of the data for 1989 onwards
976 # [through 1994] and gives the legal authority for it,
977 # a regulation of the Government of Estonia, No. 111 of 1989....
978 #
979 # From Peter Ilieve (1996-10-28):
980 # [IATA SSIM (1992/1996) claims that the Baltic republics switch at 01:00s,
981 # but a relative confirms that Estonia still switches at 02:00s, writing:]
982 # ``I do not [know] exactly but there are some little different
983 # (confusing) rules for International Air and Railway Transport Schedules
984 # conversion in Sunday connected with end of summer time in Estonia....
985 # A discussion is running about the summer time efficiency and effect on
986 # human physiology. It seems that Estonia maybe will not change to
987 # summer time next spring.''
988
989 # From Peter Ilieve (1998-11-04), heavily edited:
990 # <a href="http://trip.rk.ee/cgi-bin/thw?${BASE}=akt&${OOHTML}=rtd&TA=1998&TO=1&AN=1390">
991 # The 1998-09-22 Estonian time law
992 # </a>
993 # refers to the Eighth Directive and cites the association agreement between
994 # the EU and Estonia, ratified by the Estonian law (RT II 1995, 22--27, 120).
995 #
996 # I also asked [my relative] whether they use any standard abbreviation
997 # for their standard and summer times. He says no, they use "suveaeg"
998 # (summer time) and "talveaeg" (winter time).
999
1000 # From <a href="http://www.baltictimes.com/">The Baltic Times</a> (1999-09-09)
1001 # via Steffen Thorsen:
1002 # This year will mark the last time Estonia shifts to summer time,
1003 # a council of the ruling coalition announced Sept. 6....
1004 # But what this could mean for Estonia's chances of joining the European
1005 # Union are still unclear. In 1994, the EU declared summer time compulsory
1006 # for all member states until 2001. Brussels has yet to decide what to do
1007 # after that.
1008
1009 # From Mart Oruaas (2000-01-29):
1010 # Regulation no. 301 (1999-10-12) obsoletes previous regulation
1011 # no. 206 (1998-09-22) and thus sticks Estonia to +02:00 GMT for all
1012 # the year round. The regulation is effective 1999-11-01.
1013
1014 # From Toomas Soome (2002-02-21):
1015 # The Estonian government has changed once again timezone politics.
1016 # Now we are using again EU rules.
1017 #
1018 # From Urmet Jaanes (2002-03-28):
1019 # The legislative reference is Government decree No. 84 on 2002-02-21.
1020
1021 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1022 Zone Europe/Tallinn 1:39:00 - LMT 1880
1023 1:39:00 - TMT 1918 Feb # Tallinn Mean Time
1024 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1919 Jul
1025 1:39:00 - TMT 1921 May
1026 2:00 - EET 1940 Aug 6
1027 3:00 - MSK 1941 Sep 15
1028 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Sep 22
1029 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1989 Mar 26 2:00s
1030 2:00 1:00 EEST 1989 Sep 24 2:00s
1031 2:00 C-Eur EE%sT 1998 Sep 22
1032 2:00 EU EE%sT 1999 Nov 1
1033 2:00 - EET 2002 Feb 21
1034 2:00 EU EE%sT
1035
1036 # Finland
1037 #
1038 # From Hannu Strang (1994-09-25 06:03:37 UTC):
1039 # Well, here in Helsinki we're just changing from summer time to regular one,
1040 # and it's supposed to change at 4am...
1041 #
1042 # From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):
1043 # Shanks & Pottenger say Finland has switched at 02:00 standard time
1044 # since 1981. Go with Strang instead.
1045 #
1046 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1047 Rule Finland 1942 only - Apr 3 0:00 1:00 S
1048 Rule Finland 1942 only - Oct 3 0:00 0 -
1049 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1050 Zone Europe/Helsinki 1:39:52 - LMT 1878 May 31
1051 1:39:52 - HMT 1921 May # Helsinki Mean Time
1052 2:00 Finland EE%sT 1981 Mar 29 2:00
1053 2:00 EU EE%sT
1054
1055 # Aaland Is
1056 Link Europe/Helsinki Europe/Mariehamn
1057
1058
1059 # France
1060
1061 # From Ciro Discepolo (2000-12-20):
1062 #
1063 # Henri Le Corre, Regimes Horaires pour le monde entier, Editions
1064 # Traditionnelles - Paris 2 books, 1993
1065 #
1066 # Gabriel, Traite de l'heure dans le monde, Guy Tredaniel editeur,
1067 # Paris, 1991
1068 #
1069 # Francoise Gauquelin, Problemes de l'heure resolus en astrologie,
1070 # Guy tredaniel, Paris 1987
1071
1072
1073 #
1074 # Shank & Pottenger seem to use `24:00' ambiguously; resolve it with Whitman.
1075 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1076 Rule France 1916 only - Jun 14 23:00s 1:00 S
1077 Rule France 1916 1919 - Oct Sun>=1 23:00s 0 -
1078 Rule France 1917 only - Mar 24 23:00s 1:00 S
1079 Rule France 1918 only - Mar 9 23:00s 1:00 S
1080 Rule France 1919 only - Mar 1 23:00s 1:00 S
1081 Rule France 1920 only - Feb 14 23:00s 1:00 S
1082 Rule France 1920 only - Oct 23 23:00s 0 -
1083 Rule France 1921 only - Mar 14 23:00s 1:00 S
1084 Rule France 1921 only - Oct 25 23:00s 0 -
1085 Rule France 1922 only - Mar 25 23:00s 1:00 S
1086 # DSH writes that a law of 1923-05-24 specified 3rd Sat in Apr at 23:00 to 1st
1087 # Sat in Oct at 24:00; and that in 1930, because of Easter, the transitions
1088 # were Apr 12 and Oct 5. Go with Shanks & Pottenger.
1089 Rule France 1922 1938 - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 -
1090 Rule France 1923 only - May 26 23:00s 1:00 S
1091 Rule France 1924 only - Mar 29 23:00s 1:00 S
1092 Rule France 1925 only - Apr 4 23:00s 1:00 S
1093 Rule France 1926 only - Apr 17 23:00s 1:00 S
1094 Rule France 1927 only - Apr 9 23:00s 1:00 S
1095 Rule France 1928 only - Apr 14 23:00s 1:00 S
1096 Rule France 1929 only - Apr 20 23:00s 1:00 S
1097 Rule France 1930 only - Apr 12 23:00s 1:00 S
1098 Rule France 1931 only - Apr 18 23:00s 1:00 S
1099 Rule France 1932 only - Apr 2 23:00s 1:00 S
1100 Rule France 1933 only - Mar 25 23:00s 1:00 S
1101 Rule France 1934 only - Apr 7 23:00s 1:00 S
1102 Rule France 1935 only - Mar 30 23:00s 1:00 S
1103 Rule France 1936 only - Apr 18 23:00s 1:00 S
1104 Rule France 1937 only - Apr 3 23:00s 1:00 S
1105 Rule France 1938 only - Mar 26 23:00s 1:00 S
1106 Rule France 1939 only - Apr 15 23:00s 1:00 S
1107 Rule France 1939 only - Nov 18 23:00s 0 -
1108 Rule France 1940 only - Feb 25 2:00 1:00 S
1109 # The French rules for 1941-1944 were not used in Paris, but Shanks & Pottenger
1110 # write that they were used in Monaco and in many French locations.
1111 # Le Corre writes that the upper limit of the free zone was Arneguy, Orthez,
1112 # Mont-de-Marsan, Bazas, Langon, Lamotte-Montravel, Marouil, La
1113 # Rochefoucault, Champagne-Mouton, La Roche-Posay, La Haye-Decartes,
1114 # Loches, Montrichard, Vierzon, Bourges, Moulins, Digoin,
1115 # Paray-le-Monial, Montceau-les-Mines, Chalons-sur-Saone, Arbois,
1116 # Dole, Morez, St-Claude, and Collognes (Haute-Savioe).
1117 Rule France 1941 only - May 5 0:00 2:00 M # Midsummer
1118 # Shanks & Pottenger say this transition occurred at Oct 6 1:00,
1119 # but go with Denis Excoffier (1997-12-12),
1120 # who quotes the Ephemerides Astronomiques for 1998 from Bureau des Longitudes
1121 # as saying 5/10/41 22hUT.
1122 Rule France 1941 only - Oct 6 0:00 1:00 S
1123 Rule France 1942 only - Mar 9 0:00 2:00 M
1124 Rule France 1942 only - Nov 2 3:00 1:00 S
1125 Rule France 1943 only - Mar 29 2:00 2:00 M
1126 Rule France 1943 only - Oct 4 3:00 1:00 S
1127 Rule France 1944 only - Apr 3 2:00 2:00 M
1128 Rule France 1944 only - Oct 8 1:00 1:00 S
1129 Rule France 1945 only - Apr 2 2:00 2:00 M
1130 Rule France 1945 only - Sep 16 3:00 0 -
1131 # Shanks & Pottenger give Mar 28 2:00 and Sep 26 3:00;
1132 # go with Excoffier's 28/3/76 0hUT and 25/9/76 23hUT.
1133 Rule France 1976 only - Mar 28 1:00 1:00 S
1134 Rule France 1976 only - Sep 26 1:00 0 -
1135 # Shanks & Pottenger give 0:09:20 for Paris Mean Time, and Whitman 0:09:05,
1136 # but Howse quotes the actual French legislation as saying 0:09:21.
1137 # Go with Howse. Howse writes that the time in France was officially based
1138 # on PMT-0:09:21 until 1978-08-09, when the time base finally switched to UTC.
1139 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1140 Zone Europe/Paris 0:09:21 - LMT 1891 Mar 15 0:01
1141 0:09:21 - PMT 1911 Mar 11 0:01 # Paris MT
1142 # Shanks & Pottenger give 1940 Jun 14 0:00; go with Excoffier and Le Corre.
1143 0:00 France WE%sT 1940 Jun 14 23:00
1144 # Le Corre says Paris stuck with occupied-France time after the liberation;
1145 # go with Shanks & Pottenger.
1146 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Aug 25
1147 0:00 France WE%sT 1945 Sep 16 3:00
1148 1:00 France CE%sT 1977
1149 1:00 EU CE%sT
1150
1151 # Germany
1152
1153 # From Markus Kuhn (1998-09-29):
1154 # The German time zone web site by the Physikalisch-Technische
1155 # Bundesanstalt contains DST information back to 1916.
1156 # [See tz-link.htm for the URL.]
1157
1158 # From Joerg Schilling (2002-10-23):
1159 # In 1945, Berlin was switched to Moscow Summer time (GMT+4) by
1160 # <a href="http://www.dhm.de/lemo/html/biografien/BersarinNikolai/">
1161 # General [Nikolai] Bersarin</a>.
1162
1163 # From Paul Eggert (2003-03-08):
1164 # <a href="http://www.parlament-berlin.de/pds-fraktion.nsf/727459127c8b66ee8525662300459099/defc77cb784f180ac1256c2b0030274b/$FILE/bersarint.pdf">
1165 # http://www.parlament-berlin.de/pds-fraktion.nsf/727459127c8b66ee8525662300459099/defc77cb784f180ac1256c2b0030274b/$FILE/bersarint.pdf
1166 # </a>
1167 # says that Bersarin issued an order to use Moscow time on May 20.
1168 # However, Moscow did not observe daylight saving in 1945, so
1169 # this was equivalent to CEMT (GMT+3), not GMT+4.
1170
1171
1172 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1173 Rule Germany 1946 only - Apr 14 2:00s 1:00 S
1174 Rule Germany 1946 only - Oct 7 2:00s 0 -
1175 Rule Germany 1947 1949 - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
1176 # http://www.ptb.de/de/org/4/44/441/salt.htm says the following transition
1177 # occurred at 3:00 MEZ, not the 2:00 MEZ given in Shanks & Pottenger.
1178 # Go with the PTB.
1179 Rule Germany 1947 only - Apr 6 3:00s 1:00 S
1180 Rule Germany 1947 only - May 11 2:00s 2:00 M
1181 Rule Germany 1947 only - Jun 29 3:00 1:00 S
1182 Rule Germany 1948 only - Apr 18 2:00s 1:00 S
1183 Rule Germany 1949 only - Apr 10 2:00s 1:00 S
1184
1185 Rule SovietZone 1945 only - May 24 2:00 2:00 M # Midsummer
1186 Rule SovietZone 1945 only - Sep 24 3:00 1:00 S
1187 Rule SovietZone 1945 only - Nov 18 2:00s 0 -
1188
1189 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1190 Zone Europe/Berlin 0:53:28 - LMT 1893 Apr
1191 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 May 24 2:00
1192 1:00 SovietZone CE%sT 1946
1193 1:00 Germany CE%sT 1980
1194 1:00 EU CE%sT
1195
1196 # Georgia
1197 # Please see the "asia" file for Asia/Tbilisi.
1198 # Herodotus (Histories, IV.45) says Georgia north of the Phasis (now Rioni)
1199 # is in Europe. Our reference location Tbilisi is in the Asian part.
1200
1201 # Gibraltar
1202 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1203 Zone Europe/Gibraltar -0:21:24 - LMT 1880 Aug 2 0:00s
1204 0:00 GB-Eire %s 1957 Apr 14 2:00
1205 1:00 - CET 1982
1206 1:00 EU CE%sT
1207
1208 # Greece
1209 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1210 # Whitman gives 1932 Jul 5 - Nov 1; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
1211 Rule Greece 1932 only - Jul 7 0:00 1:00 S
1212 Rule Greece 1932 only - Sep 1 0:00 0 -
1213 # Whitman gives 1941 Apr 25 - ?; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
1214 Rule Greece 1941 only - Apr 7 0:00 1:00 S
1215 # Whitman gives 1942 Feb 2 - ?; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
1216 Rule Greece 1942 only - Nov 2 3:00 0 -
1217 Rule Greece 1943 only - Mar 30 0:00 1:00 S
1218 Rule Greece 1943 only - Oct 4 0:00 0 -
1219 # Whitman gives 1944 Oct 3 - Oct 31; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
1220 Rule Greece 1952 only - Jul 1 0:00 1:00 S
1221 Rule Greece 1952 only - Nov 2 0:00 0 -
1222 Rule Greece 1975 only - Apr 12 0:00s 1:00 S
1223 Rule Greece 1975 only - Nov 26 0:00s 0 -
1224 Rule Greece 1976 only - Apr 11 2:00s 1:00 S
1225 Rule Greece 1976 only - Oct 10 2:00s 0 -
1226 Rule Greece 1977 1978 - Apr Sun>=1 2:00s 1:00 S
1227 Rule Greece 1977 only - Sep 26 2:00s 0 -
1228 Rule Greece 1978 only - Sep 24 4:00 0 -
1229 Rule Greece 1979 only - Apr 1 9:00 1:00 S
1230 Rule Greece 1979 only - Sep 29 2:00 0 -
1231 Rule Greece 1980 only - Apr 1 0:00 1:00 S
1232 Rule Greece 1980 only - Sep 28 0:00 0 -
1233 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1234 Zone Europe/Athens 1:34:52 - LMT 1895 Sep 14
1235 1:34:52 - AMT 1916 Jul 28 0:01 # Athens MT
1236 2:00 Greece EE%sT 1941 Apr 30
1237 1:00 Greece CE%sT 1944 Apr 4
1238 2:00 Greece EE%sT 1981
1239 # Shanks & Pottenger say it switched to C-Eur in 1981;
1240 # go with EU instead, since Greece joined it on Jan 1.
1241 2:00 EU EE%sT
1242
1243 # Hungary
1244 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1245 Rule Hungary 1918 only - Apr 1 3:00 1:00 S
1246 Rule Hungary 1918 only - Sep 29 3:00 0 -
1247 Rule Hungary 1919 only - Apr 15 3:00 1:00 S
1248 Rule Hungary 1919 only - Sep 15 3:00 0 -
1249 Rule Hungary 1920 only - Apr 5 3:00 1:00 S
1250 Rule Hungary 1920 only - Sep 30 3:00 0 -
1251 Rule Hungary 1945 only - May 1 23:00 1:00 S
1252 Rule Hungary 1945 only - Nov 3 0:00 0 -
1253 Rule Hungary 1946 only - Mar 31 2:00s 1:00 S
1254 Rule Hungary 1946 1949 - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
1255 Rule Hungary 1947 1949 - Apr Sun>=4 2:00s 1:00 S
1256 Rule Hungary 1950 only - Apr 17 2:00s 1:00 S
1257 Rule Hungary 1950 only - Oct 23 2:00s 0 -
1258 Rule Hungary 1954 1955 - May 23 0:00 1:00 S
1259 Rule Hungary 1954 1955 - Oct 3 0:00 0 -
1260 Rule Hungary 1956 only - Jun Sun>=1 0:00 1:00 S
1261 Rule Hungary 1956 only - Sep lastSun 0:00 0 -
1262 Rule Hungary 1957 only - Jun Sun>=1 1:00 1:00 S
1263 Rule Hungary 1957 only - Sep lastSun 3:00 0 -
1264 Rule Hungary 1980 only - Apr 6 1:00 1:00 S
1265 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1266 Zone Europe/Budapest 1:16:20 - LMT 1890 Oct
1267 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1918
1268 1:00 Hungary CE%sT 1941 Apr 6 2:00
1269 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945
1270 1:00 Hungary CE%sT 1980 Sep 28 2:00s
1271 1:00 EU CE%sT
1272
1273 # Iceland
1274 #
1275 # From Adam David (1993-11-06):
1276 # The name of the timezone in Iceland for system / mail / news purposes is GMT.
1277 #
1278 # (1993-12-05):
1279 # This material is paraphrased from the 1988 edition of the University of
1280 # Iceland Almanak.
1281 #
1282 # From January 1st, 1908 the whole of Iceland was standardised at 1 hour
1283 # behind GMT. Previously, local mean solar time was used in different parts
1284 # of Iceland, the almanak had been based on Reykjavik mean solar time which
1285 # was 1 hour and 28 minutes behind GMT.
1286 #
1287 # "first day of winter" referred to [below] means the first day of the 26 weeks
1288 # of winter, according to the old icelandic calendar that dates back to the
1289 # time the norsemen first settled Iceland. The first day of winter is always
1290 # Saturday, but is not dependent on the Julian or Gregorian calendars.
1291 #
1292 # (1993-12-10):
1293 # I have a reference from the Oxford Icelandic-English dictionary for the
1294 # beginning of winter, which ties it to the ecclesiastical calendar (and thus
1295 # to the julian/gregorian calendar) over the period in question.
1296 # the winter begins on the Saturday next before St. Luke's day
1297 # (old style), or on St. Luke's day, if a Saturday.
1298 # St. Luke's day ought to be traceable from ecclesiastical sources. "old style"
1299 # might be a reference to the Julian calendar as opposed to Gregorian, or it
1300 # might mean something else (???).
1301 #
1302 # From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):
1303 # The Iceland Almanak, Shanks & Pottenger, and Whitman disagree on many points.
1304 # We go with the Almanak, except for one claim from Shanks & Pottenger, namely
1305 # that Reykavik was 21W57 from 1837 to 1908, local mean time before that.
1306 #
1307 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1308 Rule Iceland 1917 1918 - Feb 19 23:00 1:00 S
1309 Rule Iceland 1917 only - Oct 21 1:00 0 -
1310 Rule Iceland 1918 only - Nov 16 1:00 0 -
1311 Rule Iceland 1939 only - Apr 29 23:00 1:00 S
1312 Rule Iceland 1939 only - Nov 29 2:00 0 -
1313 Rule Iceland 1940 only - Feb 25 2:00 1:00 S
1314 Rule Iceland 1940 only - Nov 3 2:00 0 -
1315 Rule Iceland 1941 only - Mar 2 1:00s 1:00 S
1316 Rule Iceland 1941 only - Nov 2 1:00s 0 -
1317 Rule Iceland 1942 only - Mar 8 1:00s 1:00 S
1318 Rule Iceland 1942 only - Oct 25 1:00s 0 -
1319 # 1943-1946 - first Sunday in March until first Sunday in winter
1320 Rule Iceland 1943 1946 - Mar Sun>=1 1:00s 1:00 S
1321 Rule Iceland 1943 1948 - Oct Sun>=22 1:00s 0 -
1322 # 1947-1967 - first Sunday in April until first Sunday in winter
1323 Rule Iceland 1947 1967 - Apr Sun>=1 1:00s 1:00 S
1324 # 1949 Oct transition delayed by 1 week
1325 Rule Iceland 1949 only - Oct 30 1:00s 0 -
1326 Rule Iceland 1950 1966 - Oct Sun>=22 1:00s 0 -
1327 Rule Iceland 1967 only - Oct 29 1:00s 0 -
1328 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1329 Zone Atlantic/Reykjavik -1:27:24 - LMT 1837
1330 -1:27:48 - RMT 1908 # Reykjavik Mean Time?
1331 -1:00 Iceland IS%sT 1968 Apr 7 1:00s
1332 0:00 - GMT
1333
1334 # Italy
1335 #
1336 # From Paul Eggert (2001-03-06):
1337 # Sicily and Sardinia each had their own time zones from 1866 to 1893,
1338 # called Palermo Time (+00:53:28) and Cagliari Time (+00:36:32).
1339 # During World War II, German-controlled Italy used German time.
1340 # But these events all occurred before the 1970 cutoff,
1341 # so record only the time in Rome.
1342 #
1343 # From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):
1344 # For Italian DST we have three sources: Shanks & Pottenger, Whitman, and
1345 # F. Pollastri
1346 # <a href="http://toi.iriti.cnr.it/uk/ienitlt.html">
1347 # Day-light Saving Time in Italy (2006-02-03)
1348 # </a>
1349 # (`FP' below), taken from an Italian National Electrotechnical Institute
1350 # publication. When the three sources disagree, guess who's right, as follows:
1351 #
1352 # year FP Shanks&P. (S) Whitman (W) Go with:
1353 # 1916 06-03 06-03 24:00 06-03 00:00 FP & W
1354 # 09-30 09-30 24:00 09-30 01:00 FP; guess 24:00s
1355 # 1917 04-01 03-31 24:00 03-31 00:00 FP & S
1356 # 09-30 09-29 24:00 09-30 01:00 FP & W
1357 # 1918 03-09 03-09 24:00 03-09 00:00 FP & S
1358 # 10-06 10-05 24:00 10-06 01:00 FP & W
1359 # 1919 03-01 03-01 24:00 03-01 00:00 FP & S
1360 # 10-04 10-04 24:00 10-04 01:00 FP; guess 24:00s
1361 # 1920 03-20 03-20 24:00 03-20 00:00 FP & S
1362 # 09-18 09-18 24:00 10-01 01:00 FP; guess 24:00s
1363 # 1944 04-02 04-03 02:00 S (see C-Eur)
1364 # 09-16 10-02 03:00 FP; guess 24:00s
1365 # 1945 09-14 09-16 24:00 FP; guess 24:00s
1366 # 1970 05-21 05-31 00:00 S
1367 # 09-20 09-27 00:00 S
1368 #
1369 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1370 Rule Italy 1916 only - Jun 3 0:00s 1:00 S
1371 Rule Italy 1916 only - Oct 1 0:00s 0 -
1372 Rule Italy 1917 only - Apr 1 0:00s 1:00 S
1373 Rule Italy 1917 only - Sep 30 0:00s 0 -
1374 Rule Italy 1918 only - Mar 10 0:00s 1:00 S
1375 Rule Italy 1918 1919 - Oct Sun>=1 0:00s 0 -
1376 Rule Italy 1919 only - Mar 2 0:00s 1:00 S
1377 Rule Italy 1920 only - Mar 21 0:00s 1:00 S
1378 Rule Italy 1920 only - Sep 19 0:00s 0 -
1379 Rule Italy 1940 only - Jun 15 0:00s 1:00 S
1380 Rule Italy 1944 only - Sep 17 0:00s 0 -
1381 Rule Italy 1945 only - Apr 2 2:00 1:00 S
1382 Rule Italy 1945 only - Sep 15 0:00s 0 -
1383 Rule Italy 1946 only - Mar 17 2:00s 1:00 S
1384 Rule Italy 1946 only - Oct 6 2:00s 0 -
1385 Rule Italy 1947 only - Mar 16 0:00s 1:00 S
1386 Rule Italy 1947 only - Oct 5 0:00s 0 -
1387 Rule Italy 1948 only - Feb 29 2:00s 1:00 S
1388 Rule Italy 1948 only - Oct 3 2:00s 0 -
1389 Rule Italy 1966 1968 - May Sun>=22 0:00 1:00 S
1390 Rule Italy 1966 1969 - Sep Sun>=22 0:00 0 -
1391 Rule Italy 1969 only - Jun 1 0:00 1:00 S
1392 Rule Italy 1970 only - May 31 0:00 1:00 S
1393 Rule Italy 1970 only - Sep lastSun 0:00 0 -
1394 Rule Italy 1971 1972 - May Sun>=22 0:00 1:00 S
1395 Rule Italy 1971 only - Sep lastSun 1:00 0 -
1396 Rule Italy 1972 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
1397 Rule Italy 1973 only - Jun 3 0:00 1:00 S
1398 Rule Italy 1973 1974 - Sep lastSun 0:00 0 -
1399 Rule Italy 1974 only - May 26 0:00 1:00 S
1400 Rule Italy 1975 only - Jun 1 0:00s 1:00 S
1401 Rule Italy 1975 1977 - Sep lastSun 0:00s 0 -
1402 Rule Italy 1976 only - May 30 0:00s 1:00 S
1403 Rule Italy 1977 1979 - May Sun>=22 0:00s 1:00 S
1404 Rule Italy 1978 only - Oct 1 0:00s 0 -
1405 Rule Italy 1979 only - Sep 30 0:00s 0 -
1406 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1407 Zone Europe/Rome 0:49:56 - LMT 1866 Sep 22
1408 0:49:56 - RMT 1893 Nov 1 0:00s # Rome Mean
1409 1:00 Italy CE%sT 1942 Nov 2 2:00s
1410 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Jul
1411 1:00 Italy CE%sT 1980
1412 1:00 EU CE%sT
1413
1414 Link Europe/Rome Europe/Vatican
1415 Link Europe/Rome Europe/San_Marino
1416
1417 # Latvia
1418
1419 # From Liene Kanepe (1998-09-17):
1420
1421 # I asked about this matter Scientific Secretary of the Institute of Astronomy
1422 # of The University of Latvia Dr. paed Mr. Ilgonis Vilks. I also searched the
1423 # correct data in juridical acts and I found some juridical documents about
1424 # changes in the counting of time in Latvia from 1981....
1425 #
1426 # Act No.35 of the Council of Ministers of Latvian SSR of 1981-01-22 ...
1427 # according to the Act No.925 of the Council of Ministers of USSR of 1980-10-24
1428 # ...: all year round the time of 2nd time zone + 1 hour, in addition turning
1429 # the hands of the clock 1 hour forward on 1 April at 00:00 (GMT 31 March 21:00)
1430 # and 1 hour backward on the 1 October at 00:00 (GMT 30 September 20:00).
1431 #
1432 # Act No.592 of the Council of Ministers of Latvian SSR of 1984-09-24 ...
1433 # according to the Act No.967 of the Council of Ministers of USSR of 1984-09-13
1434 # ...: all year round the time of 2nd time zone + 1 hour, in addition turning
1435 # the hands of the clock 1 hour forward on the last Sunday of March at 02:00
1436 # (GMT 23:00 on the previous day) and 1 hour backward on the last Sunday of
1437 # September at 03:00 (GMT 23:00 on the previous day).
1438 #
1439 # Act No.81 of the Council of Ministers of Latvian SSR of 1989-03-22 ...
1440 # according to the Act No.227 of the Council of Ministers of USSR of 1989-03-14
1441 # ...: since the last Sunday of March 1989 in Lithuanian SSR, Latvian SSR,
1442 # Estonian SSR and Kaliningrad region of Russian Federation all year round the
1443 # time of 2nd time zone (Moscow time minus one hour). On the territory of Latvia
1444 # transition to summer time is performed on the last Sunday of March at 02:00
1445 # (GMT 00:00), turning the hands of the clock 1 hour forward. The end of
1446 # daylight saving time is performed on the last Sunday of September at 03:00
1447 # (GMT 00:00), turning the hands of the clock 1 hour backward. Exception is
1448 # 1989-03-26, when we must not turn the hands of the clock....
1449 #
1450 # The Regulations of the Cabinet of Ministers of the Republic of Latvia of
1451 # 1997-01-21 on transition to Summer time ... established the same order of
1452 # daylight savings time settings as in the States of the European Union.
1453
1454 # From Andrei Ivanov (2000-03-06):
1455 # This year Latvia will not switch to Daylight Savings Time (as specified in
1456 # <a href="http://www.lv-laiks.lv/wwwraksti/2000/071072/vd4.htm">
1457 # The Regulations of the Cabinet of Ministers of the Rep. of Latvia of
1458 # 29-Feb-2000 (#79)</a>, in Latvian for subscribers only).
1459
1460 # <a href="http://www.rferl.org/newsline/2001/01/3-CEE/cee-030101.html">
1461 # From RFE/RL Newsline (2001-01-03), noted after a heads-up by Rives McDow:
1462 # </a>
1463 # The Latvian government on 2 January decided that the country will
1464 # institute daylight-saving time this spring, LETA reported.
1465 # Last February the three Baltic states decided not to turn back their
1466 # clocks one hour in the spring....
1467 # Minister of Economy Aigars Kalvitis noted that Latvia had too few
1468 # daylight hours and thus decided to comply with a draft European
1469 # Commission directive that provides for instituting daylight-saving
1470 # time in EU countries between 2002 and 2006. The Latvian government
1471 # urged Lithuania and Estonia to adopt a similar time policy, but it
1472 # appears that they will not do so....
1473
1474 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1475 Rule Latvia 1989 1996 - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 S
1476 Rule Latvia 1989 1996 - Sep lastSun 2:00s 0 -
1477 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1478 Zone Europe/Riga 1:36:24 - LMT 1880
1479 1:36:24 - RMT 1918 Apr 15 2:00 #Riga Mean Time
1480 1:36:24 1:00 LST 1918 Sep 16 3:00 #Latvian Summer
1481 1:36:24 - RMT 1919 Apr 1 2:00
1482 1:36:24 1:00 LST 1919 May 22 3:00
1483 1:36:24 - RMT 1926 May 11
1484 2:00 - EET 1940 Aug 5
1485 3:00 - MSK 1941 Jul
1486 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Oct 13
1487 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1989 Mar lastSun 2:00s
1488 2:00 1:00 EEST 1989 Sep lastSun 2:00s
1489 2:00 Latvia EE%sT 1997 Jan 21
1490 2:00 EU EE%sT 2000 Feb 29
1491 2:00 - EET 2001 Jan 2
1492 2:00 EU EE%sT
1493
1494 # Liechtenstein
1495 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1496 Zone Europe/Vaduz 0:38:04 - LMT 1894 Jun
1497 1:00 - CET 1981
1498 1:00 EU CE%sT
1499
1500 # Lithuania
1501
1502 # From Paul Eggert (1996-11-22):
1503 # IATA SSIM (1992/1996) says Lithuania uses W-Eur rules, but since it is
1504 # known to be wrong about Estonia and Latvia, assume it's wrong here too.
1505
1506 # From Marius Gedminas (1998-08-07):
1507 # I would like to inform that in this year Lithuanian time zone
1508 # (Europe/Vilnius) was changed.
1509
1510 # From <a href="http://www.elta.lt/">ELTA</a> No. 972 (2582) (1999-09-29),
1511 # via Steffen Thorsen:
1512 # Lithuania has shifted back to the second time zone (GMT plus two hours)
1513 # to be valid here starting from October 31,
1514 # as decided by the national government on Wednesday....
1515 # The Lithuanian government also announced plans to consider a
1516 # motion to give up shifting to summer time in spring, as it was
1517 # already done by Estonia.
1518
1519 # From the <a href="http://www.tourism.lt/informa/ff.htm">
1520 # Fact File, Lithuanian State Department of Tourism
1521 # </a> (2000-03-27): Local time is GMT+2 hours ..., no daylight saving.
1522
1523 # From a user via Klaus Marten (2003-02-07):
1524 # As a candidate for membership of the European Union, Lithuania will
1525 # observe Summer Time in 2003, changing its clocks at the times laid
1526 # down in EU Directive 2000/84 of 19.I.01 (i.e. at the same times as its
1527 # neighbour Latvia). The text of the Lithuanian government Order of
1528 # 7.XI.02 to this effect can be found at
1529 # http://www.lrvk.lt/nut/11/n1749.htm
1530
1531
1532 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1533 Zone Europe/Vilnius 1:41:16 - LMT 1880
1534 1:24:00 - WMT 1917 # Warsaw Mean Time
1535 1:35:36 - KMT 1919 Oct 10 # Kaunas Mean Time
1536 1:00 - CET 1920 Jul 12
1537 2:00 - EET 1920 Oct 9
1538 1:00 - CET 1940 Aug 3
1539 3:00 - MSK 1941 Jun 24
1540 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Aug
1541 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
1542 2:00 1:00 EEST 1991 Sep 29 2:00s
1543 2:00 C-Eur EE%sT 1998
1544 2:00 - EET 1998 Mar 29 1:00u
1545 1:00 EU CE%sT 1999 Oct 31 1:00u
1546 2:00 - EET 2003 Jan 1
1547 2:00 EU EE%sT
1548
1549 # Luxembourg
1550 # Whitman disagrees with most of these dates in minor ways;
1551 # go with Shanks & Pottenger.
1552 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1553 Rule Lux 1916 only - May 14 23:00 1:00 S
1554 Rule Lux 1916 only - Oct 1 1:00 0 -
1555 Rule Lux 1917 only - Apr 28 23:00 1:00 S
1556 Rule Lux 1917 only - Sep 17 1:00 0 -
1557 Rule Lux 1918 only - Apr Mon>=15 2:00s 1:00 S
1558 Rule Lux 1918 only - Sep Mon>=15 2:00s 0 -
1559 Rule Lux 1919 only - Mar 1 23:00 1:00 S
1560 Rule Lux 1919 only - Oct 5 3:00 0 -
1561 Rule Lux 1920 only - Feb 14 23:00 1:00 S
1562 Rule Lux 1920 only - Oct 24 2:00 0 -
1563 Rule Lux 1921 only - Mar 14 23:00 1:00 S
1564 Rule Lux 1921 only - Oct 26 2:00 0 -
1565 Rule Lux 1922 only - Mar 25 23:00 1:00 S
1566 Rule Lux 1922 only - Oct Sun>=2 1:00 0 -
1567 Rule Lux 1923 only - Apr 21 23:00 1:00 S
1568 Rule Lux 1923 only - Oct Sun>=2 2:00 0 -
1569 Rule Lux 1924 only - Mar 29 23:00 1:00 S
1570 Rule Lux 1924 1928 - Oct Sun>=2 1:00 0 -
1571 Rule Lux 1925 only - Apr 5 23:00 1:00 S
1572 Rule Lux 1926 only - Apr 17 23:00 1:00 S
1573 Rule Lux 1927 only - Apr 9 23:00 1:00 S
1574 Rule Lux 1928 only - Apr 14 23:00 1:00 S
1575 Rule Lux 1929 only - Apr 20 23:00 1:00 S
1576 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1577 Zone Europe/Luxembourg 0:24:36 - LMT 1904 Jun
1578 1:00 Lux CE%sT 1918 Nov 25
1579 0:00 Lux WE%sT 1929 Oct 6 2:00s
1580 0:00 Belgium WE%sT 1940 May 14 3:00
1581 1:00 C-Eur WE%sT 1944 Sep 18 3:00
1582 1:00 Belgium CE%sT 1977
1583 1:00 EU CE%sT
1584
1585 # Macedonia
1586 # see Serbia
1587
1588 # Malta
1589 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1590 Rule Malta 1973 only - Mar 31 0:00s 1:00 S
1591 Rule Malta 1973 only - Sep 29 0:00s 0 -
1592 Rule Malta 1974 only - Apr 21 0:00s 1:00 S
1593 Rule Malta 1974 only - Sep 16 0:00s 0 -
1594 Rule Malta 1975 1979 - Apr Sun>=15 2:00 1:00 S
1595 Rule Malta 1975 1980 - Sep Sun>=15 2:00 0 -
1596 Rule Malta 1980 only - Mar 31 2:00 1:00 S
1597 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1598 Zone Europe/Malta 0:58:04 - LMT 1893 Nov 2 0:00s # Valletta
1599 1:00 Italy CE%sT 1942 Nov 2 2:00s
1600 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 Apr 2 2:00s
1601 1:00 Italy CE%sT 1973 Mar 31
1602 1:00 Malta CE%sT 1981
1603 1:00 EU CE%sT
1604
1605 # Moldova
1606
1607 # From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):
1608 # A previous version of this database followed Shanks & Pottenger, who write
1609 # that Tiraspol switched to Moscow time on 1992-01-19 at 02:00.
1610 # However, this is most likely an error, as Moldova declared independence
1611 # on 1991-08-27 (the 1992-01-19 date is that of a Russian decree).
1612 # In early 1992 there was large-scale interethnic violence in the area
1613 # and it's possible that some Russophones continued to observe Moscow time.
1614 # But [two people] separately reported via
1615 # Jesper Norgaard that as of 2001-01-24 Tiraspol was like Chisinau.
1616 # The Tiraspol entry has therefore been removed for now.
1617
1618 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1619 Zone Europe/Chisinau 1:55:20 - LMT 1880
1620 1:55 - CMT 1918 Feb 15 # Chisinau MT
1621 1:44:24 - BMT 1931 Jul 24 # Bucharest MT
1622 2:00 Romania EE%sT 1940 Aug 15
1623 2:00 1:00 EEST 1941 Jul 17
1624 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Aug 24
1625 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1990
1626 3:00 - MSK 1990 May 6
1627 2:00 - EET 1991
1628 2:00 Russia EE%sT 1992
1629 2:00 E-Eur EE%sT 1997
1630 # See Romania commentary for the guessed 1997 transition to EU rules.
1631 2:00 EU EE%sT
1632
1633 # Monaco
1634 # Shanks & Pottenger give 0:09:20 for Paris Mean Time; go with Howse's
1635 # more precise 0:09:21.
1636 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1637 Zone Europe/Monaco 0:29:32 - LMT 1891 Mar 15
1638 0:09:21 - PMT 1911 Mar 11 # Paris Mean Time
1639 0:00 France WE%sT 1945 Sep 16 3:00
1640 1:00 France CE%sT 1977
1641 1:00 EU CE%sT
1642
1643 # Montenegro
1644 # see Serbia
1645
1646 # Netherlands
1647
1648 # Howse writes that the Netherlands' railways used GMT between 1892 and 1940,
1649 # but for other purposes the Netherlands used Amsterdam mean time.
1650
1651 # However, Robert H. van Gent writes (2001-04-01):
1652 # Howse's statement is only correct up to 1909. From 1909-05-01 (00:00:00
1653 # Amsterdam mean time) onwards, the whole of the Netherlands (including
1654 # the Dutch railways) was required by law to observe Amsterdam mean time
1655 # (19 minutes 32.13 seconds ahead of GMT). This had already been the
1656 # common practice (except for the railways) for many decades but it was
1657 # not until 1909 when the Dutch government finally defined this by law.
1658 # On 1937-07-01 this was changed to 20 minutes (exactly) ahead of GMT and
1659 # was generally known as Dutch Time ("Nederlandse Tijd").
1660 #
1661 # (2001-04-08):
1662 # 1892-05-01 was the date when the Dutch railways were by law required to
1663 # observe GMT while the remainder of the Netherlands adhered to the common
1664 # practice of following Amsterdam mean time.
1665 #
1666 # (2001-04-09):
1667 # In 1835 the authorities of the province of North Holland requested the
1668 # municipal authorities of the towns and cities in the province to observe
1669 # Amsterdam mean time but I do not know in how many cases this request was
1670 # actually followed.
1671 #
1672 # From 1852 onwards the Dutch telegraph offices were by law required to
1673 # observe Amsterdam mean time. As the time signals from the observatory of
1674 # Leiden were also distributed by the telegraph system, I assume that most
1675 # places linked up with the telegraph (and railway) system automatically
1676 # adopted Amsterdam mean time.
1677 #
1678 # Although the early Dutch railway companies initially observed a variety
1679 # of times, most of them had adopted Amsterdam mean time by 1858 but it
1680 # was not until 1866 when they were all required by law to observe
1681 # Amsterdam mean time.
1682
1683 # The data before 1945 are taken from
1684 # <http://www.phys.uu.nl/~vgent/wettijd/wettijd.htm>.
1685
1686 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1687 Rule Neth 1916 only - May 1 0:00 1:00 NST # Netherlands Summer Time
1688 Rule Neth 1916 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 AMT # Amsterdam Mean Time
1689 Rule Neth 1917 only - Apr 16 2:00s 1:00 NST
1690 Rule Neth 1917 only - Sep 17 2:00s 0 AMT
1691 Rule Neth 1918 1921 - Apr Mon>=1 2:00s 1:00 NST
1692 Rule Neth 1918 1921 - Sep lastMon 2:00s 0 AMT
1693 Rule Neth 1922 only - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 NST
1694 Rule Neth 1922 1936 - Oct Sun>=2 2:00s 0 AMT
1695 Rule Neth 1923 only - Jun Fri>=1 2:00s 1:00 NST
1696 Rule Neth 1924 only - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 NST
1697 Rule Neth 1925 only - Jun Fri>=1 2:00s 1:00 NST
1698 # From 1926 through 1939 DST began 05-15, except that it was delayed by a week
1699 # in years when 05-15 fell in the Pentecost weekend.
1700 Rule Neth 1926 1931 - May 15 2:00s 1:00 NST
1701 Rule Neth 1932 only - May 22 2:00s 1:00 NST
1702 Rule Neth 1933 1936 - May 15 2:00s 1:00 NST
1703 Rule Neth 1937 only - May 22 2:00s 1:00 NST
1704 Rule Neth 1937 only - Jul 1 0:00 1:00 S
1705 Rule Neth 1937 1939 - Oct Sun>=2 2:00s 0 -
1706 Rule Neth 1938 1939 - May 15 2:00s 1:00 S
1707 Rule Neth 1945 only - Apr 2 2:00s 1:00 S
1708 Rule Neth 1945 only - Sep 16 2:00s 0 -
1709 #
1710 # Amsterdam Mean Time was +00:19:32.13 exactly, but the .13 is omitted
1711 # below because the current format requires GMTOFF to be an integer.
1712 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1713 Zone Europe/Amsterdam 0:19:32 - LMT 1835
1714 0:19:32 Neth %s 1937 Jul 1
1715 0:20 Neth NE%sT 1940 May 16 0:00 # Dutch Time
1716 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 Apr 2 2:00
1717 1:00 Neth CE%sT 1977
1718 1:00 EU CE%sT
1719
1720 # Norway
1721 # http://met.no/met/met_lex/q_u/sommertid.html (2004-01) agrees with Shanks &
1722 # Pottenger.
1723 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1724 Rule Norway 1916 only - May 22 1:00 1:00 S
1725 Rule Norway 1916 only - Sep 30 0:00 0 -
1726 Rule Norway 1945 only - Apr 2 2:00s 1:00 S
1727 Rule Norway 1945 only - Oct 1 2:00s 0 -
1728 Rule Norway 1959 1964 - Mar Sun>=15 2:00s 1:00 S
1729 Rule Norway 1959 1965 - Sep Sun>=15 2:00s 0 -
1730 Rule Norway 1965 only - Apr 25 2:00s 1:00 S
1731 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1732 Zone Europe/Oslo 0:43:00 - LMT 1895 Jan 1
1733 1:00 Norway CE%sT 1940 Aug 10 23:00
1734 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 Apr 2 2:00
1735 1:00 Norway CE%sT 1980
1736 1:00 EU CE%sT
1737
1738 # Svalbard & Jan Mayen
1739
1740 # From Steffen Thorsen (2001-05-01):
1741 # Although I could not find it explicitly, it seems that Jan Mayen and
1742 # Svalbard have been using the same time as Norway at least since the
1743 # time they were declared as parts of Norway. Svalbard was declared
1744 # as a part of Norway by law of 1925-07-17 no 11, section 4 and Jan
1745 # Mayen by law of 1930-02-27 no 2, section 2. (From
1746 # http://www.lovdata.no/all/nl-19250717-011.html and
1747 # http://www.lovdata.no/all/nl-19300227-002.html). The law/regulation
1748 # for normal/standard time in Norway is from 1894-06-29 no 1 (came
1749 # into operation on 1895-01-01) and Svalbard/Jan Mayen seem to be a
1750 # part of this law since 1925/1930. (From
1751 # http://www.lovdata.no/all/nl-18940629-001.html ) I have not been
1752 # able to find if Jan Mayen used a different time zone (e.g. -0100)
1753 # before 1930. Jan Mayen has only been "inhabitated" since 1921 by
1754 # Norwegian meteorologists and maybe used the same time as Norway ever
1755 # since 1921. Svalbard (Arctic/Longyearbyen) has been inhabited since
1756 # before 1895, and therefore probably changed the local time somewhere
1757 # between 1895 and 1925 (inclusive).
1758
1759 # From Paul Eggert (2001-05-01):
1760 #
1761 # Actually, Jan Mayen was never occupied by Germany during World War II,
1762 # so it must have diverged from Oslo time during the war, as Oslo was
1763 # keeping Berlin time.
1764 #
1765 # <http://home.no.net/janmayen/history.htm> says that the meteorologists
1766 # burned down their station in 1940 and left the island, but returned in
1767 # 1941 with a small Norwegian garrison and continued operations despite
1768 # frequent air ttacks from Germans. In 1943 the Americans established a
1769 # radiolocating station on the island, called "Atlantic City". Possibly
1770 # the UTC offset changed during the war, but I think it unlikely that
1771 # Jan Mayen used German daylight-saving rules.
1772 #
1773 # Svalbard is more complicated, as it was raided in August 1941 by an
1774 # Allied party that evacuated the civilian population to England (says
1775 # <http://www.bartleby.com/65/sv/Svalbard.html>). The Svalbard FAQ
1776 # <http://www.svalbard.com/SvalbardFAQ.html> says that the Germans were
1777 # expelled on 1942-05-14. However, small parties of Germans did return,
1778 # and according to Wilhelm Dege's book "War North of 80" (1954)
1779 # <http://www.ucalgary.ca/UofC/departments/UP/1-55238/1-55238-110-2.html>
1780 # the German armed forces at the Svalbard weather station code-named
1781 # Haudegen did not surrender to the Allies until September 1945.
1782 #
1783 # All these events predate our cutoff date of 1970. Unless we can
1784 # come up with more definitive info about the timekeeping during the
1785 # war years it's probably best just do do the following for now:
1786 Link Europe/Oslo Arctic/Longyearbyen
1787
1788 # Poland
1789 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1790 Rule Poland 1918 1919 - Sep 16 2:00s 0 -
1791 Rule Poland 1919 only - Apr 15 2:00s 1:00 S
1792 Rule Poland 1944 only - Apr 3 2:00s 1:00 S
1793 # Whitman gives 1944 Nov 30; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
1794 Rule Poland 1944 only - Oct 4 2:00 0 -
1795 # For 1944-1948 Whitman gives the previous day; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
1796 Rule Poland 1945 only - Apr 29 0:00 1:00 S
1797 Rule Poland 1945 only - Nov 1 0:00 0 -
1798 # For 1946 on the source is Kazimierz Borkowski,
1799 # Torun Center for Astronomy, Dept. of Radio Astronomy, Nicolaus Copernicus U.,
1800 # <http://www.astro.uni.torun.pl/~kb/Artykuly/U-PA/Czas2.htm#tth_tAb1>
1801 # Thanks to Przemyslaw Augustyniak (2005-05-28) for this reference.
1802 # He also gives these further references:
1803 # Mon Pol nr 13, poz 162 (1995) <http://www.abc.com.pl/serwis/mp/1995/0162.htm>
1804 # Druk nr 2180 (2003) <http://www.senat.gov.pl/k5/dok/sejm/053/2180.pdf>
1805 Rule Poland 1946 only - Apr 14 0:00s 1:00 S
1806 Rule Poland 1946 only - Oct 7 2:00s 0 -
1807 Rule Poland 1947 only - May 4 2:00s 1:00 S
1808 Rule Poland 1947 1949 - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
1809 Rule Poland 1948 only - Apr 18 2:00s 1:00 S
1810 Rule Poland 1949 only - Apr 10 2:00s 1:00 S
1811 Rule Poland 1957 only - Jun 2 1:00s 1:00 S
1812 Rule Poland 1957 1958 - Sep lastSun 1:00s 0 -
1813 Rule Poland 1958 only - Mar 30 1:00s 1:00 S
1814 Rule Poland 1959 only - May 31 1:00s 1:00 S
1815 Rule Poland 1959 1961 - Oct Sun>=1 1:00s 0 -
1816 Rule Poland 1960 only - Apr 3 1:00s 1:00 S
1817 Rule Poland 1961 1964 - May lastSun 1:00s 1:00 S
1818 Rule Poland 1962 1964 - Sep lastSun 1:00s 0 -
1819 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1820 Zone Europe/Warsaw 1:24:00 - LMT 1880
1821 1:24:00 - WMT 1915 Aug 5 # Warsaw Mean Time
1822 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1918 Sep 16 3:00
1823 2:00 Poland EE%sT 1922 Jun
1824 1:00 Poland CE%sT 1940 Jun 23 2:00
1825 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Oct
1826 1:00 Poland CE%sT 1977
1827 1:00 W-Eur CE%sT 1988
1828 1:00 EU CE%sT
1829
1830 # Portugal
1831 #
1832 # From Rui Pedro Salgueiro (1992-11-12):
1833 # Portugal has recently (September, 27) changed timezone
1834 # (from WET to MET or CET) to harmonize with EEC.
1835 #
1836 # Martin Bruckmann (1996-02-29) reports via Peter Ilieve
1837 # that Portugal is reverting to 0:00 by not moving its clocks this spring.
1838 # The new Prime Minister was fed up with getting up in the dark in the winter.
1839 #
1840 # From Paul Eggert (1996-11-12):
1841 # IATA SSIM (1991-09) reports several 1991-09 and 1992-09 transitions
1842 # at 02:00u, not 01:00u. Assume that these are typos.
1843 # IATA SSIM (1991/1992) reports that the Azores were at -1:00.
1844 # IATA SSIM (1993-02) says +0:00; later issues (through 1996-09) say -1:00.
1845 # Guess that the Azores changed to EU rules in 1992 (since that's when Portugal
1846 # harmonized with the EU), and that they stayed +0:00 that winter.
1847 #
1848 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1849 # DSH writes that despite Decree 1,469 (1915), the change to the clocks was not
1850 # done every year, depending on what Spain did, because of railroad schedules.
1851 # Go with Shanks & Pottenger.
1852 Rule Port 1916 only - Jun 17 23:00 1:00 S
1853 # Whitman gives 1916 Oct 31; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
1854 Rule Port 1916 only - Nov 1 1:00 0 -
1855 Rule Port 1917 only - Feb 28 23:00s 1:00 S
1856 Rule Port 1917 1921 - Oct 14 23:00s 0 -
1857 Rule Port 1918 only - Mar 1 23:00s 1:00 S
1858 Rule Port 1919 only - Feb 28 23:00s 1:00 S
1859 Rule Port 1920 only - Feb 29 23:00s 1:00 S
1860 Rule Port 1921 only - Feb 28 23:00s 1:00 S
1861 Rule Port 1924 only - Apr 16 23:00s 1:00 S
1862 Rule Port 1924 only - Oct 14 23:00s 0 -
1863 Rule Port 1926 only - Apr 17 23:00s 1:00 S
1864 Rule Port 1926 1929 - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 -
1865 Rule Port 1927 only - Apr 9 23:00s 1:00 S
1866 Rule Port 1928 only - Apr 14 23:00s 1:00 S
1867 Rule Port 1929 only - Apr 20 23:00s 1:00 S
1868 Rule Port 1931 only - Apr 18 23:00s 1:00 S
1869 # Whitman gives 1931 Oct 8; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
1870 Rule Port 1931 1932 - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 -
1871 Rule Port 1932 only - Apr 2 23:00s 1:00 S
1872 Rule Port 1934 only - Apr 7 23:00s 1:00 S
1873 # Whitman gives 1934 Oct 5; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
1874 Rule Port 1934 1938 - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 -
1875 # Shanks & Pottenger give 1935 Apr 30; go with Whitman.
1876 Rule Port 1935 only - Mar 30 23:00s 1:00 S
1877 Rule Port 1936 only - Apr 18 23:00s 1:00 S
1878 # Whitman gives 1937 Apr 2; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
1879 Rule Port 1937 only - Apr 3 23:00s 1:00 S
1880 Rule Port 1938 only - Mar 26 23:00s 1:00 S
1881 Rule Port 1939 only - Apr 15 23:00s 1:00 S
1882 # Whitman gives 1939 Oct 7; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
1883 Rule Port 1939 only - Nov 18 23:00s 0 -
1884 Rule Port 1940 only - Feb 24 23:00s 1:00 S
1885 # Shanks & Pottenger give 1940 Oct 7; go with Whitman.
1886 Rule Port 1940 1941 - Oct 5 23:00s 0 -
1887 Rule Port 1941 only - Apr 5 23:00s 1:00 S
1888 Rule Port 1942 1945 - Mar Sat>=8 23:00s 1:00 S
1889 Rule Port 1942 only - Apr 25 22:00s 2:00 M # Midsummer
1890 Rule Port 1942 only - Aug 15 22:00s 1:00 S
1891 Rule Port 1942 1945 - Oct Sat>=24 23:00s 0 -
1892 Rule Port 1943 only - Apr 17 22:00s 2:00 M
1893 Rule Port 1943 1945 - Aug Sat>=25 22:00s 1:00 S
1894 Rule Port 1944 1945 - Apr Sat>=21 22:00s 2:00 M
1895 Rule Port 1946 only - Apr Sat>=1 23:00s 1:00 S
1896 Rule Port 1946 only - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 -
1897 Rule Port 1947 1949 - Apr Sun>=1 2:00s 1:00 S
1898 Rule Port 1947 1949 - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
1899 # Shanks & Pottenger say DST was observed in 1950; go with Whitman.
1900 # Whitman gives Oct lastSun for 1952 on; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
1901 Rule Port 1951 1965 - Apr Sun>=1 2:00s 1:00 S
1902 Rule Port 1951 1965 - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
1903 Rule Port 1977 only - Mar 27 0:00s 1:00 S
1904 Rule Port 1977 only - Sep 25 0:00s 0 -
1905 Rule Port 1978 1979 - Apr Sun>=1 0:00s 1:00 S
1906 Rule Port 1978 only - Oct 1 0:00s 0 -
1907 Rule Port 1979 1982 - Sep lastSun 1:00s 0 -
1908 Rule Port 1980 only - Mar lastSun 0:00s 1:00 S
1909 Rule Port 1981 1982 - Mar lastSun 1:00s 1:00 S
1910 Rule Port 1983 only - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 S
1911 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1912 # Shanks & Pottenger say the transition from LMT to WET occurred 1911-05-24;
1913 # Willett says 1912-01-01. Go with Willett.
1914 Zone Europe/Lisbon -0:36:32 - LMT 1884
1915 -0:36:32 - LMT 1912 Jan 1 # Lisbon Mean Time
1916 0:00 Port WE%sT 1966 Apr 3 2:00
1917 1:00 - CET 1976 Sep 26 1:00
1918 0:00 Port WE%sT 1983 Sep 25 1:00s
1919 0:00 W-Eur WE%sT 1992 Sep 27 1:00s
1920 1:00 EU CE%sT 1996 Mar 31 1:00u
1921 0:00 EU WE%sT
1922 Zone Atlantic/Azores -1:42:40 - LMT 1884 # Ponta Delgada
1923 -1:54:32 - HMT 1911 May 24 # Horta Mean Time
1924 -2:00 Port AZO%sT 1966 Apr 3 2:00 # Azores Time
1925 -1:00 Port AZO%sT 1983 Sep 25 1:00s
1926 -1:00 W-Eur AZO%sT 1992 Sep 27 1:00s
1927 0:00 EU WE%sT 1993 Mar 28 1:00u
1928 -1:00 EU AZO%sT
1929 Zone Atlantic/Madeira -1:07:36 - LMT 1884 # Funchal
1930 -1:07:36 - FMT 1911 May 24 # Funchal Mean Time
1931 -1:00 Port MAD%sT 1966 Apr 3 2:00 # Madeira Time
1932 0:00 Port WE%sT 1983 Sep 25 1:00s
1933 0:00 EU WE%sT
1934
1935 # Romania
1936 #
1937 # From Paul Eggert (1999-10-07):
1938 # <a href="http://www.nineoclock.ro/POL/1778pol.html">
1939 # Nine O'clock</a> (1998-10-23) reports that the switch occurred at
1940 # 04:00 local time in fall 1998. For lack of better info,
1941 # assume that Romania and Moldova switched to EU rules in 1997,
1942 # the same year as Bulgaria.
1943 #
1944 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1945 Rule Romania 1932 only - May 21 0:00s 1:00 S
1946 Rule Romania 1932 1939 - Oct Sun>=1 0:00s 0 -
1947 Rule Romania 1933 1939 - Apr Sun>=2 0:00s 1:00 S
1948 Rule Romania 1979 only - May 27 0:00 1:00 S
1949 Rule Romania 1979 only - Sep lastSun 0:00 0 -
1950 Rule Romania 1980 only - Apr 5 23:00 1:00 S
1951 Rule Romania 1980 only - Sep lastSun 1:00 0 -
1952 Rule Romania 1991 1993 - Mar lastSun 0:00s 1:00 S
1953 Rule Romania 1991 1993 - Sep lastSun 0:00s 0 -
1954 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1955 Zone Europe/Bucharest 1:44:24 - LMT 1891 Oct
1956 1:44:24 - BMT 1931 Jul 24 # Bucharest MT
1957 2:00 Romania EE%sT 1981 Mar 29 2:00s
1958 2:00 C-Eur EE%sT 1991
1959 2:00 Romania EE%sT 1994
1960 2:00 E-Eur EE%sT 1997
1961 2:00 EU EE%sT
1962
1963 # Russia
1964
1965 # From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):
1966 # Except for Moscow after 1919-07-01, I invented the time zone abbreviations.
1967 # Moscow time zone abbreviations after 1919-07-01, and Moscow rules after 1991,
1968 # are from Andrey A. Chernov. The rest is from Shanks & Pottenger,
1969 # except we follow Chernov's report that 1992 DST transitions were Sat
1970 # 23:00, not Sun 02:00s.
1971 #
1972 # From Stanislaw A. Kuzikowski (1994-06-29):
1973 # But now it is some months since Novosibirsk is 3 hours ahead of Moscow!
1974 # I do not know why they have decided to make this change;
1975 # as far as I remember it was done exactly during winter->summer switching
1976 # so we (Novosibirsk) simply did not switch.
1977 #
1978 # From Andrey A. Chernov (1996-10-04):
1979 # `MSK' and `MSD' were born and used initially on Moscow computers with
1980 # UNIX-like OSes by several developer groups (e.g. Demos group, Kiae group)....
1981 # The next step was the UUCP network, the Relcom predecessor
1982 # (used mainly for mail), and MSK/MSD was actively used there.
1983 #
1984 # From Chris Carrier (1996-10-30):
1985 # According to a friend of mine who rode the Trans-Siberian Railroad from
1986 # Moscow to Irkutsk in 1995, public air and rail transport in Russia ...
1987 # still follows Moscow time, no matter where in Russia it is located.
1988 #
1989 # For Grozny, Chechnya, we have the following story from
1990 # John Daniszewski, "Scavengers in the Rubble", Los Angeles Times (2001-02-07):
1991 # News--often false--is spread by word of mouth. A rumor that it was
1992 # time to move the clocks back put this whole city out of sync with
1993 # the rest of Russia for two weeks--even soldiers stationed here began
1994 # enforcing curfew at the wrong time.
1995 #
1996 # From Gwillim Law (2001-06-05):
1997 # There's considerable evidence that Sakhalin Island used to be in
1998 # UTC+11, and has changed to UTC+10, in this decade. I start with the
1999 # SSIM, which listed Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk in zone RU10 along with Magadan
2000 # until February 1997, and then in RU9 with Khabarovsk and Vladivostok
2001 # since September 1997.... Although the Kuril Islands are
2002 # administratively part of Sakhalin oblast', they appear to have
2003 # remained on UTC+11 along with Magadan.
2004 #
2005 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
2006 #
2007 # Kaliningradskaya oblast'.
2008 Zone Europe/Kaliningrad 1:22:00 - LMT 1893 Apr
2009 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945
2010 2:00 Poland CE%sT 1946
2011 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2012 2:00 Russia EE%sT
2013 #
2014 # From Oscar van Vlijmen (2001-08-25): [This region consists of]
2015 # Respublika Adygeya, Arkhangel'skaya oblast',
2016 # Belgorodskaya oblast', Bryanskaya oblast', Vladimirskaya oblast',
2017 # Vologodskaya oblast', Voronezhskaya oblast',
2018 # Respublika Dagestan, Ivanovskaya oblast', Respublika Ingushetiya,
2019 # Kabarbino-Balkarskaya Respublika, Respublika Kalmykiya,
2020 # Kalyzhskaya oblast', Respublika Karachaevo-Cherkessiya,
2021 # Respublika Kareliya, Respublika Komi,
2022 # Kostromskaya oblast', Krasnodarskij kraj, Kurskaya oblast',
2023 # Leningradskaya oblast', Lipetskaya oblast', Respublika Marij El,
2024 # Respublika Mordoviya, Moskva, Moskovskaya oblast',
2025 # Murmanskaya oblast', Nenetskij avtonomnyj okrug,
2026 # Nizhegorodskaya oblast', Novgorodskaya oblast', Orlovskaya oblast',
2027 # Penzenskaya oblast', Pskovskaya oblast', Rostovskaya oblast',
2028 # Ryazanskaya oblast', Sankt-Peterburg,
2029 # Respublika Severnaya Osetiya, Smolenskaya oblast',
2030 # Stavropol'skij kraj, Tambovskaya oblast', Respublika Tatarstan,
2031 # Tverskaya oblast', Tyl'skaya oblast', Ul'yanovskaya oblast',
2032 # Chechenskaya Respublika, Chuvashskaya oblast',
2033 # Yaroslavskaya oblast'
2034 Zone Europe/Moscow 2:30:20 - LMT 1880
2035 2:30 - MMT 1916 Jul 3 # Moscow Mean Time
2036 2:30:48 Russia %s 1919 Jul 1 2:00
2037 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1922 Oct
2038 2:00 - EET 1930 Jun 21
2039 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2040 2:00 Russia EE%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
2041 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD
2042 #
2043 # Astrakhanskaya oblast', Kirovskaya oblast', Saratovskaya oblast',
2044 # Volgogradskaya oblast'. Shanks & Pottenger say Kirov is still at +0400
2045 # but Wikipedia (2006-05-09) says +0300. Perhaps it switched after the
2046 # others? But we have no data.
2047 Zone Europe/Volgograd 2:57:40 - LMT 1920 Jan 3
2048 3:00 - TSAT 1925 Apr 6 # Tsaritsyn Time
2049 3:00 - STAT 1930 Jun 21 # Stalingrad Time
2050 4:00 - STAT 1961 Nov 11
2051 4:00 Russia VOL%sT 1989 Mar 26 2:00s # Volgograd T
2052 3:00 Russia VOL%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2053 4:00 - VOLT 1992 Mar 29 2:00s
2054 3:00 Russia VOL%sT
2055 #
2056 # From Oscar van Vlijmen (2001-08-25): [This region consists of]
2057 # Samarskaya oblast', Udmyrtskaya respublika
2058 Zone Europe/Samara 3:20:36 - LMT 1919 Jul 1 2:00
2059 3:00 - SAMT 1930 Jun 21
2060 4:00 - SAMT 1935 Jan 27
2061 4:00 Russia KUY%sT 1989 Mar 26 2:00s # Kuybyshev
2062 3:00 Russia KUY%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2063 2:00 Russia KUY%sT 1991 Sep 29 2:00s
2064 3:00 - KUYT 1991 Oct 20 3:00
2065 4:00 Russia SAM%sT # Samara Time
2066 #
2067 # From Oscar van Vlijmen (2001-08-25): [This region consists of]
2068 # Respublika Bashkortostan, Komi-Permyatskij avtonomnyj okrug,
2069 # Kurganskaya oblast', Orenburgskaya oblast', Permskaya oblast',
2070 # Sverdlovskaya oblast', Tyumenskaya oblast',
2071 # Khanty-Manskijskij avtonomnyj okrug, Chelyabinskaya oblast',
2072 # Yamalo-Nenetskij avtonomnyj okrug.
2073 Zone Asia/Yekaterinburg 4:02:24 - LMT 1919 Jul 15 4:00
2074 4:00 - SVET 1930 Jun 21 # Sverdlovsk Time
2075 5:00 Russia SVE%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2076 4:00 Russia SVE%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
2077 5:00 Russia YEK%sT # Yekaterinburg Time
2078 #
2079 # From Oscar van Vlijmen (2001-08-25): [This region consists of]
2080 # Respublika Altaj, Altajskij kraj, Omskaya oblast'.
2081 Zone Asia/Omsk 4:53:36 - LMT 1919 Nov 14
2082 5:00 - OMST 1930 Jun 21 # Omsk TIme
2083 6:00 Russia OMS%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2084 5:00 Russia OMS%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
2085 6:00 Russia OMS%sT
2086 #
2087 # From Paul Eggert (2006-08-19): I'm guessing about Tomsk here; it's
2088 # not clear when it switched from +7 to +6.
2089 # Novosibirskaya oblast', Tomskaya oblast'.
2090 Zone Asia/Novosibirsk 5:31:40 - LMT 1919 Dec 14 6:00
2091 6:00 - NOVT 1930 Jun 21 # Novosibirsk Time
2092 7:00 Russia NOV%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2093 6:00 Russia NOV%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
2094 7:00 Russia NOV%sT 1993 May 23 # say Shanks & P.
2095 6:00 Russia NOV%sT
2096 #
2097 # From Oscar van Vlijmen (2001-08-25): [This region consists of]
2098 # Kemerovskaya oblast', Krasnoyarskij kraj,
2099 # Tajmyrskij (Dolgano-Nenetskij) avtonomnyj okrug,
2100 # Respublika Tuva, Respublika Khakasiya, Evenkijskij avtonomnyj okrug.
2101 Zone Asia/Krasnoyarsk 6:11:20 - LMT 1920 Jan 6
2102 6:00 - KRAT 1930 Jun 21 # Krasnoyarsk Time
2103 7:00 Russia KRA%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2104 6:00 Russia KRA%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
2105 7:00 Russia KRA%sT
2106 #
2107 # From Oscar van Vlijmen (2001-08-25): [This region consists of]
2108 # Respublika Buryatiya, Irkutskaya oblast',
2109 # Ust'-Ordynskij Buryatskij avtonomnyj okrug.
2110 Zone Asia/Irkutsk 6:57:20 - LMT 1880
2111 6:57:20 - IMT 1920 Jan 25 # Irkutsk Mean Time
2112 7:00 - IRKT 1930 Jun 21 # Irkutsk Time
2113 8:00 Russia IRK%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2114 7:00 Russia IRK%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
2115 8:00 Russia IRK%sT
2116 #
2117 # From Oscar van Vlijmen (2003-10-18): [This region consists of]
2118 # Aginskij Buryatskij avtonomnyj okrug, Amurskaya oblast',
2119 # [parts of] Respublika Sakha (Yakutiya), Chitinskaya oblast'.
2120 # The Sakha districts are: Aldanskij, Amginskij, Anabarskij,
2121 # Bulunskij, Verkhnekolymskij, Verkhnevilyujskij, Vilyujskij, Gornyj,
2122 # Zhiganskij, Kobyajskij, Lenskij, Megino-Kangalasskij, Mirninskij,
2123 # Namskij, Nyurbinskij, Olenekskij, Olekminskij, Srednekolymskij,
2124 # Suntarskij, Tattinskij, Ust'-Aldanskij, Khangalasskij,
2125 # Churapchinskij, Eveno-Bytantajskij.
2126 Zone Asia/Yakutsk 8:38:40 - LMT 1919 Dec 15
2127 8:00 - YAKT 1930 Jun 21 # Yakutsk Time
2128 9:00 Russia YAK%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2129 8:00 Russia YAK%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
2130 9:00 Russia YAK%sT
2131 #
2132 # From Oscar van Vlijmen (2003-10-18): [This region consists of]
2133 # Evrejskaya avtonomnaya oblast', Khabarovskij kraj, Primorskij kraj,
2134 # [parts of] Respublika Sakha (Yakutiya).
2135 # The Sakha districts are: Verkhoyanskij, Tomponskij, Ust'-Majskij,
2136 # Ust'-Yanskij.
2137 Zone Asia/Vladivostok 8:47:44 - LMT 1922 Nov 15
2138 9:00 - VLAT 1930 Jun 21 # Vladivostok Time
2139 10:00 Russia VLA%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2140 9:00 Russia VLA%sST 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
2141 10:00 Russia VLA%sT
2142 #
2143 # Sakhalinskaya oblast'.
2144 # The Zone name should be Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk, but that's too long.
2145 Zone Asia/Sakhalin 9:30:48 - LMT 1905 Aug 23
2146 9:00 - CJT 1938
2147 9:00 - JST 1945 Aug 25
2148 11:00 Russia SAK%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s # Sakhalin T.
2149 10:00 Russia SAK%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
2150 11:00 Russia SAK%sT 1997 Mar lastSun 2:00s
2151 10:00 Russia SAK%sT
2152 #
2153 # From Oscar van Vlijmen (2003-10-18): [This region consists of]
2154 # Magadanskaya oblast', Respublika Sakha (Yakutiya).
2155 # Probably also: Kuril Islands.
2156 # The Sakha districts are: Abyjskij, Allaikhovskij, Momskij,
2157 # Nizhnekolymskij, Ojmyakonskij.
2158 Zone Asia/Magadan 10:03:12 - LMT 1924 May 2
2159 10:00 - MAGT 1930 Jun 21 # Magadan Time
2160 11:00 Russia MAG%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2161 10:00 Russia MAG%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
2162 11:00 Russia MAG%sT
2163 #
2164 # From Oscar van Vlijmen (2001-08-25): [This region consists of]
2165 # Kamchatskaya oblast', Koryakskij avtonomnyj okrug.
2166 #
2167 # The Zone name should be Asia/Petropavlovsk-Kamchatski, but that's too long.
2168 Zone Asia/Kamchatka 10:34:36 - LMT 1922 Nov 10
2169 11:00 - PETT 1930 Jun 21 # P-K Time
2170 12:00 Russia PET%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2171 11:00 Russia PET%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
2172 12:00 Russia PET%sT
2173 #
2174 # Chukotskij avtonomnyj okrug
2175 Zone Asia/Anadyr 11:49:56 - LMT 1924 May 2
2176 12:00 - ANAT 1930 Jun 21 # Anadyr Time
2177 13:00 Russia ANA%sT 1982 Apr 1 0:00s
2178 12:00 Russia ANA%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2179 11:00 Russia ANA%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
2180 12:00 Russia ANA%sT
2181
2182 # Serbia
2183 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
2184 Zone Europe/Belgrade 1:22:00 - LMT 1884
2185 1:00 - CET 1941 Apr 18 23:00
2186 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945
2187 1:00 - CET 1945 May 8 2:00s
2188 1:00 1:00 CEST 1945 Sep 16 2:00s
2189 # Metod Kozelj reports that the legal date of
2190 # transition to EU rules was 1982-11-27, for all of Yugoslavia at the time.
2191 # Shanks & Pottenger don't give as much detail, so go with Kozelj.
2192 1:00 - CET 1982 Nov 27
2193 1:00 EU CE%sT
2194 Link Europe/Belgrade Europe/Ljubljana # Slovenia
2195 Link Europe/Belgrade Europe/Podgorica # Montenegro
2196 Link Europe/Belgrade Europe/Sarajevo # Bosnia and Herzegovina
2197 Link Europe/Belgrade Europe/Skopje # Macedonia
2198 Link Europe/Belgrade Europe/Zagreb # Croatia
2199
2200 # Slovakia
2201 Link Europe/Prague Europe/Bratislava
2202
2203 # Slovenia
2204 # see Serbia
2205
2206 # Spain
2207 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
2208 # For 1917-1919 Whitman gives Apr Sat>=1 - Oct Sat>=1;
2209 # go with Shanks & Pottenger.
2210 Rule Spain 1917 only - May 5 23:00s 1:00 S
2211 Rule Spain 1917 1919 - Oct 6 23:00s 0 -
2212 Rule Spain 1918 only - Apr 15 23:00s 1:00 S
2213 Rule Spain 1919 only - Apr 5 23:00s 1:00 S
2214 # Whitman gives 1921 Feb 28 - Oct 14; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
2215 Rule Spain 1924 only - Apr 16 23:00s 1:00 S
2216 # Whitman gives 1924 Oct 14; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
2217 Rule Spain 1924 only - Oct 4 23:00s 0 -
2218 Rule Spain 1926 only - Apr 17 23:00s 1:00 S
2219 # Whitman says no DST in 1929; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
2220 Rule Spain 1926 1929 - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 -
2221 Rule Spain 1927 only - Apr 9 23:00s 1:00 S
2222 Rule Spain 1928 only - Apr 14 23:00s 1:00 S
2223 Rule Spain 1929 only - Apr 20 23:00s 1:00 S
2224 # Whitman gives 1937 Jun 16, 1938 Apr 16, 1940 Apr 13;
2225 # go with Shanks & Pottenger.
2226 Rule Spain 1937 only - May 22 23:00s 1:00 S
2227 Rule Spain 1937 1939 - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 -
2228 Rule Spain 1938 only - Mar 22 23:00s 1:00 S
2229 Rule Spain 1939 only - Apr 15 23:00s 1:00 S
2230 Rule Spain 1940 only - Mar 16 23:00s 1:00 S
2231 # Whitman says no DST 1942-1945; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
2232 Rule Spain 1942 only - May 2 22:00s 2:00 M # Midsummer
2233 Rule Spain 1942 only - Sep 1 22:00s 1:00 S
2234 Rule Spain 1943 1946 - Apr Sat>=13 22:00s 2:00 M
2235 Rule Spain 1943 only - Oct 3 22:00s 1:00 S
2236 Rule Spain 1944 only - Oct 10 22:00s 1:00 S
2237 Rule Spain 1945 only - Sep 30 1:00 1:00 S
2238 Rule Spain 1946 only - Sep 30 0:00 0 -
2239 Rule Spain 1949 only - Apr 30 23:00 1:00 S
2240 Rule Spain 1949 only - Sep 30 1:00 0 -
2241 Rule Spain 1974 1975 - Apr Sat>=13 23:00 1:00 S
2242 Rule Spain 1974 1975 - Oct Sun>=1 1:00 0 -
2243 Rule Spain 1976 only - Mar 27 23:00 1:00 S
2244 Rule Spain 1976 1977 - Sep lastSun 1:00 0 -
2245 Rule Spain 1977 1978 - Apr 2 23:00 1:00 S
2246 Rule Spain 1978 only - Oct 1 1:00 0 -
2247 # The following rules are copied from Morocco from 1967 through 1978.
2248 Rule SpainAfrica 1967 only - Jun 3 12:00 1:00 S
2249 Rule SpainAfrica 1967 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
2250 Rule SpainAfrica 1974 only - Jun 24 0:00 1:00 S
2251 Rule SpainAfrica 1974 only - Sep 1 0:00 0 -
2252 Rule SpainAfrica 1976 1977 - May 1 0:00 1:00 S
2253 Rule SpainAfrica 1976 only - Aug 1 0:00 0 -
2254 Rule SpainAfrica 1977 only - Sep 28 0:00 0 -
2255 Rule SpainAfrica 1978 only - Jun 1 0:00 1:00 S
2256 Rule SpainAfrica 1978 only - Aug 4 0:00 0 -
2257 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
2258 Zone Europe/Madrid -0:14:44 - LMT 1901 Jan 1 0:00s
2259 0:00 Spain WE%sT 1946 Sep 30
2260 1:00 Spain CE%sT 1979
2261 1:00 EU CE%sT
2262 Zone Africa/Ceuta -0:21:16 - LMT 1901
2263 0:00 - WET 1918 May 6 23:00
2264 0:00 1:00 WEST 1918 Oct 7 23:00
2265 0:00 - WET 1924
2266 0:00 Spain WE%sT 1929
2267 0:00 SpainAfrica WE%sT 1984 Mar 16
2268 1:00 - CET 1986
2269 1:00 EU CE%sT
2270 Zone Atlantic/Canary -1:01:36 - LMT 1922 Mar # Las Palmas de Gran C.
2271 -1:00 - CANT 1946 Sep 30 1:00 # Canaries Time
2272 0:00 - WET 1980 Apr 6 0:00s
2273 0:00 1:00 WEST 1980 Sep 28 0:00s
2274 0:00 EU WE%sT
2275 # IATA SSIM (1996-09) says the Canaries switch at 2:00u, not 1:00u.
2276 # Ignore this for now, as the Canaries are part of the EU.
2277
2278 # Sweden
2279
2280 # From Ivan Nilsson (2001-04-13), superseding Shanks & Pottenger:
2281 #
2282 # The law "Svensk forfattningssamling 1878, no 14" about standard time in 1879:
2283 # From the beginning of 1879 (that is 01-01 00:00) the time for all
2284 # places in the country is "the mean solar time for the meridian at
2285 # three degrees, or twelve minutes of time, to the west of the
2286 # meridian of the Observatory of Stockholm". The law is dated 1878-05-31.
2287 #
2288 # The observatory at that time had the meridian 18 degrees 03' 30"
2289 # eastern longitude = 01:12:14 in time. Less 12 minutes gives the
2290 # national standard time as 01:00:14 ahead of GMT....
2291 #
2292 # About the beginning of CET in Sweden. The lawtext ("Svensk
2293 # forfattningssamling 1899, no 44") states, that "from the beginning
2294 # of 1900... ... the same as the mean solar time for the meridian at
2295 # the distance of one hour of time from the meridian of the English
2296 # observatory at Greenwich, or at 12 minutes 14 seconds to the west
2297 # from the meridian of the Observatory of Stockholm". The law is dated
2298 # 1899-06-16. In short: At 1900-01-01 00:00:00 the new standard time
2299 # in Sweden is 01:00:00 ahead of GMT.
2300 #
2301 # 1916: The lawtext ("Svensk forfattningssamling 1916, no 124") states
2302 # that "1916-05-15 is considered to begin one hour earlier". It is
2303 # pretty obvious that at 05-14 23:00 the clocks are set to 05-15 00:00....
2304 # Further the law says, that "1916-09-30 is considered to end one hour later".
2305 #
2306 # The laws regulating [DST] are available on the site of the Swedish
2307 # Parliament beginning with 1985 - the laws regulating 1980/1984 are
2308 # not available on the site (to my knowledge they are only available
2309 # in Swedish): <http://www.riksdagen.se/english/work/sfst.asp> (type
2310 # "sommartid" without the quotes in the field "Fritext" and then click
2311 # the Sok-button).
2312 #
2313 # (2001-05-13):
2314 #
2315 # I have now found a newspaper stating that at 1916-10-01 01:00
2316 # summertime the church-clocks etc were set back one hour to show
2317 # 1916-10-01 00:00 standard time. The article also reports that some
2318 # people thought the switch to standard time would take place already
2319 # at 1916-10-01 00:00 summer time, but they had to wait for another
2320 # hour before the event took place.
2321 #
2322 # Source: The newspaper "Dagens Nyheter", 1916-10-01, page 7 upper left.
2323
2324 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
2325 Zone Europe/Stockholm 1:12:12 - LMT 1879 Jan 1
2326 1:00:14 - SET 1900 Jan 1 # Swedish Time
2327 1:00 - CET 1916 May 14 23:00
2328 1:00 1:00 CEST 1916 Oct 1 01:00
2329 1:00 - CET 1980
2330 1:00 EU CE%sT
2331
2332 # Switzerland
2333 # From Howse:
2334 # By the end of the 18th century clocks and watches became commonplace
2335 # and their performance improved enormously. Communities began to keep
2336 # mean time in preference to apparent time -- Geneva from 1780 ....
2337 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
2338 # From Whitman (who writes ``Midnight?''):
2339 Rule Swiss 1940 only - Nov 2 0:00 1:00 S
2340 Rule Swiss 1940 only - Dec 31 0:00 0 -
2341 # From Shanks & Pottenger:
2342 Rule Swiss 1941 1942 - May Sun>=1 2:00 1:00 S
2343 Rule Swiss 1941 1942 - Oct Sun>=1 0:00 0 -
2344 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
2345 Zone Europe/Zurich 0:34:08 - LMT 1848 Sep 12
2346 0:29:44 - BMT 1894 Jun # Bern Mean Time
2347 1:00 Swiss CE%sT 1981
2348 1:00 EU CE%sT
2349
2350 # Turkey
2351
2352 # From Amar Devegowda (2007-01-03):
2353 # The time zone rules for Istanbul, Turkey have not been changed for years now.
2354 # ... The latest rules are available at -
2355 # http://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/timezone.html?n=107
2356 # From Steffen Thorsen (2007-01-03):
2357 # I have been able to find press records back to 1996 which all say that
2358 # DST started 01:00 local time and end at 02:00 local time. I am not sure
2359 # what happened before that. One example for each year from 1996 to 2001:
2360 # http://newspot.byegm.gov.tr/arsiv/1996/21/N4.htm
2361 # http://www.byegm.gov.tr/YAYINLARIMIZ/CHR/ING97/03/97X03X25.TXT
2362 # http://www.byegm.gov.tr/YAYINLARIMIZ/CHR/ING98/03/98X03X02.HTM
2363 # http://www.byegm.gov.tr/YAYINLARIMIZ/CHR/ING99/10/99X10X26.HTM#%2016
2364 # http://www.byegm.gov.tr/YAYINLARIMIZ/CHR/ING2000/03/00X03X06.HTM#%2021
2365 # http://www.byegm.gov.tr/YAYINLARIMIZ/CHR/ING2001/03/23x03x01.HTM#%2027
2366 # From Paul Eggert (2007-01-03):
2367 # Prefer the above source to Shanks & Pottenger for time stamps after 1990.
2368
2369 # From Steffen Thorsen (2007-03-09):
2370 # Starting 2007 though, it seems that they are adopting EU's 1:00 UTC
2371 # start/end time, according to the following page (2007-03-07):
2372 # http://www.ntvmsnbc.com/news/402029.asp
2373 # The official document is located here - it is in Turkish...:
2374 # http://rega.basbakanlik.gov.tr/eskiler/2007/03/20070307-7.htm
2375 # I was able to locate the following seemingly official document
2376 # (on a non-government server though) describing dates between 2002 and 2006:
2377 # http://www.alomaliye.com/bkk_2002_3769.htm
2378
2379 # From Sue Williams (2008-08-11):
2380 # I spotted this news article about a potential change in Turkey.
2381 #
2382 # <a href="http://www.hurriyet.com.tr/english/domestic/9626174.asp?scr=1">
2383 # http://www.hurriyet.com.tr/english/domestic/9626174.asp?scr=1
2384 # </a>
2385
2386 # From Sue Williams (2008-08-20):
2387 # This article says that around the end of March 2011, Turkey wants to
2388 # adjust the clocks forward by 1/2 hour and stay that way permanently.
2389 # The article indicates that this is a change in timezone offset in addition
2390 # to stopping observance of DST.
2391 # This proposal has not yet been approved.
2392 #
2393 # Read more here...
2394 #
2395 # Turkey to abandon daylight saving time in 2011
2396 # <a href="http://www.turkishdailynews.com.tr/article.php?enewsid=112989">
2397 # http://www.turkishdailynews.com.tr/article.php?enewsid=112989
2398 # </a>
2399
2400 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
2401 Rule Turkey 1916 only - May 1 0:00 1:00 S
2402 Rule Turkey 1916 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
2403 Rule Turkey 1920 only - Mar 28 0:00 1:00 S
2404 Rule Turkey 1920 only - Oct 25 0:00 0 -
2405 Rule Turkey 1921 only - Apr 3 0:00 1:00 S
2406 Rule Turkey 1921 only - Oct 3 0:00 0 -
2407 Rule Turkey 1922 only - Mar 26 0:00 1:00 S
2408 Rule Turkey 1922 only - Oct 8 0:00 0 -
2409 # Whitman gives 1923 Apr 28 - Sep 16 and no DST in 1924-1925;
2410 # go with Shanks & Pottenger.
2411 Rule Turkey 1924 only - May 13 0:00 1:00 S
2412 Rule Turkey 1924 1925 - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
2413 Rule Turkey 1925 only - May 1 0:00 1:00 S
2414 Rule Turkey 1940 only - Jun 30 0:00 1:00 S
2415 Rule Turkey 1940 only - Oct 5 0:00 0 -
2416 Rule Turkey 1940 only - Dec 1 0:00 1:00 S
2417 Rule Turkey 1941 only - Sep 21 0:00 0 -
2418 Rule Turkey 1942 only - Apr 1 0:00 1:00 S
2419 # Whitman omits the next two transition and gives 1945 Oct 1;
2420 # go with Shanks & Pottenger.
2421 Rule Turkey 1942 only - Nov 1 0:00 0 -
2422 Rule Turkey 1945 only - Apr 2 0:00 1:00 S
2423 Rule Turkey 1945 only - Oct 8 0:00 0 -
2424 Rule Turkey 1946 only - Jun 1 0:00 1:00 S
2425 Rule Turkey 1946 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
2426 Rule Turkey 1947 1948 - Apr Sun>=16 0:00 1:00 S
2427 Rule Turkey 1947 1950 - Oct Sun>=2 0:00 0 -
2428 Rule Turkey 1949 only - Apr 10 0:00 1:00 S
2429 Rule Turkey 1950 only - Apr 19 0:00 1:00 S
2430 Rule Turkey 1951 only - Apr 22 0:00 1:00 S
2431 Rule Turkey 1951 only - Oct 8 0:00 0 -
2432 Rule Turkey 1962 only - Jul 15 0:00 1:00 S
2433 Rule Turkey 1962 only - Oct 8 0:00 0 -
2434 Rule Turkey 1964 only - May 15 0:00 1:00 S
2435 Rule Turkey 1964 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
2436 Rule Turkey 1970 1972 - May Sun>=2 0:00 1:00 S
2437 Rule Turkey 1970 1972 - Oct Sun>=2 0:00 0 -
2438 Rule Turkey 1973 only - Jun 3 1:00 1:00 S
2439 Rule Turkey 1973 only - Nov 4 3:00 0 -
2440 Rule Turkey 1974 only - Mar 31 2:00 1:00 S
2441 Rule Turkey 1974 only - Nov 3 5:00 0 -
2442 Rule Turkey 1975 only - Mar 30 0:00 1:00 S
2443 Rule Turkey 1975 1976 - Oct lastSun 0:00 0 -
2444 Rule Turkey 1976 only - Jun 1 0:00 1:00 S
2445 Rule Turkey 1977 1978 - Apr Sun>=1 0:00 1:00 S
2446 Rule Turkey 1977 only - Oct 16 0:00 0 -
2447 Rule Turkey 1979 1980 - Apr Sun>=1 3:00 1:00 S
2448 Rule Turkey 1979 1982 - Oct Mon>=11 0:00 0 -
2449 Rule Turkey 1981 1982 - Mar lastSun 3:00 1:00 S
2450 Rule Turkey 1983 only - Jul 31 0:00 1:00 S
2451 Rule Turkey 1983 only - Oct 2 0:00 0 -
2452 Rule Turkey 1985 only - Apr 20 0:00 1:00 S
2453 Rule Turkey 1985 only - Sep 28 0:00 0 -
2454 Rule Turkey 1986 1990 - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 S
2455 Rule Turkey 1986 1990 - Sep lastSun 2:00s 0 -
2456 Rule Turkey 1991 2006 - Mar lastSun 1:00s 1:00 S
2457 Rule Turkey 1991 1995 - Sep lastSun 1:00s 0 -
2458 Rule Turkey 1996 2006 - Oct lastSun 1:00s 0 -
2459 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
2460 Zone Europe/Istanbul 1:55:52 - LMT 1880
2461 1:56:56 - IMT 1910 Oct # Istanbul Mean Time?
2462 2:00 Turkey EE%sT 1978 Oct 15
2463 3:00 Turkey TR%sT 1985 Apr 20 # Turkey Time
2464 2:00 Turkey EE%sT 2007
2465 2:00 EU EE%sT
2466 Link Europe/Istanbul Asia/Istanbul # Istanbul is in both continents.
2467
2468 # Ukraine
2469 #
2470 # From Igor Karpov, who works for the Ukranian Ministry of Justice,
2471 # via Garrett Wollman (2003-01-27):
2472 # BTW, I've found the official document on this matter. It's goverment
2473 # regulations number 509, May 13, 1996. In my poor translation it says:
2474 # "Time in Ukraine is set to second timezone (Kiev time). Each last Sunday
2475 # of March at 3am the time is changing to 4am and each last Sunday of
2476 # October the time at 4am is changing to 3am"
2477
2478 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
2479 # Most of Ukraine since 1970 has been like Kiev.
2480 # "Kyiv" is the transliteration of the Ukrainian name, but
2481 # "Kiev" is more common in English.
2482 Zone Europe/Kiev 2:02:04 - LMT 1880
2483 2:02:04 - KMT 1924 May 2 # Kiev Mean Time
2484 2:00 - EET 1930 Jun 21
2485 3:00 - MSK 1941 Sep 20
2486 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1943 Nov 6
2487 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1990
2488 3:00 - MSK 1990 Jul 1 2:00
2489 2:00 - EET 1992
2490 2:00 E-Eur EE%sT 1995
2491 2:00 EU EE%sT
2492 # Ruthenia used CET 1990/1991.
2493 # "Uzhhorod" is the transliteration of the Ukrainian name, but
2494 # "Uzhgorod" is more common in English.
2495 Zone Europe/Uzhgorod 1:29:12 - LMT 1890 Oct
2496 1:00 - CET 1940
2497 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Oct
2498 1:00 1:00 CEST 1944 Oct 26
2499 1:00 - CET 1945 Jun 29
2500 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1990
2501 3:00 - MSK 1990 Jul 1 2:00
2502 1:00 - CET 1991 Mar 31 3:00
2503 2:00 - EET 1992
2504 2:00 E-Eur EE%sT 1995
2505 2:00 EU EE%sT
2506 # Zaporozh'ye and eastern Lugansk oblasts observed DST 1990/1991.
2507 # "Zaporizhia" is the transliteration of the Ukrainian name, but
2508 # "Zaporozh'ye" is more common in English. Use the common English
2509 # spelling, except omit the apostrophe as it is not allowed in
2510 # portable Posix file names.
2511 Zone Europe/Zaporozhye 2:20:40 - LMT 1880
2512 2:20 - CUT 1924 May 2 # Central Ukraine T
2513 2:00 - EET 1930 Jun 21
2514 3:00 - MSK 1941 Aug 25
2515 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1943 Oct 25
2516 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1991 Mar 31 2:00
2517 2:00 E-Eur EE%sT 1995
2518 2:00 EU EE%sT
2519 # Central Crimea used Moscow time 1994/1997.
2520 Zone Europe/Simferopol 2:16:24 - LMT 1880
2521 2:16 - SMT 1924 May 2 # Simferopol Mean T
2522 2:00 - EET 1930 Jun 21
2523 3:00 - MSK 1941 Nov
2524 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Apr 13
2525 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1990
2526 3:00 - MSK 1990 Jul 1 2:00
2527 2:00 - EET 1992
2528 # From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):
2529 # The _Economist_ (1994-05-28, p 45) reports that central Crimea switched
2530 # from Kiev to Moscow time sometime after the January 1994 elections.
2531 # Shanks (1999) says ``date of change uncertain'', but implies that it happened
2532 # sometime between the 1994 DST switches. Shanks & Pottenger simply say
2533 # 1994-09-25 03:00, but that can't be right. For now, guess it
2534 # changed in May.
2535 2:00 E-Eur EE%sT 1994 May
2536 # From IATA SSIM (1994/1997), which also says that Kerch is still like Kiev.
2537 3:00 E-Eur MSK/MSD 1996 Mar 31 3:00s
2538 3:00 1:00 MSD 1996 Oct 27 3:00s
2539 # IATA SSIM (1997-09) says Crimea switched to EET/EEST.
2540 # Assume it happened in March by not changing the clocks.
2541 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1997
2542 3:00 - MSK 1997 Mar lastSun 1:00u
2543 2:00 EU EE%sT
2544
2545 ###############################################################################
2546
2547 # One source shows that Bulgaria, Cyprus, Finland, and Greece observe DST from
2548 # the last Sunday in March to the last Sunday in September in 1986.
2549 # The source shows Romania changing a day later than everybody else.
2550 #
2551 # According to Bernard Sieloff's source, Poland is in the MET time zone but
2552 # uses the WE DST rules. The Western USSR uses EET+1 and ME DST rules.
2553 # Bernard Sieloff's source claims Romania switches on the same day, but at
2554 # 00:00 standard time (i.e., 01:00 DST). It also claims that Turkey
2555 # switches on the same day, but switches on at 01:00 standard time
2556 # and off at 00:00 standard time (i.e., 01:00 DST)
2557
2558 # ...
2559 # Date: Wed, 28 Jan 87 16:56:27 -0100
2560 # From: Tom Hofmann
2561 # ...
2562 #
2563 # ...the European time rules are...standardized since 1981, when
2564 # most European coun[tr]ies started DST. Before that year, only
2565 # a few countries (UK, France, Italy) had DST, each according
2566 # to own national rules. In 1981, however, DST started on
2567 # 'Apr firstSun', and not on 'Mar lastSun' as in the following
2568 # years...
2569 # But also since 1981 there are some more national exceptions
2570 # than listed in 'europe': Switzerland, for example, joined DST
2571 # one year later, Denmark ended DST on 'Oct 1' instead of 'Sep
2572 # lastSun' in 1981---I don't know how they handle now.
2573 #
2574 # Finally, DST ist always from 'Apr 1' to 'Oct 1' in the
2575 # Soviet Union (as far as I know).
2576 #
2577 # Tom Hofmann, Scientific Computer Center, CIBA-GEIGY AG,
2578 # 4002 Basle, Switzerland
2579 # ...
2580
2581 # ...
2582 # Date: Wed, 4 Feb 87 22:35:22 +0100
2583 # From: Dik T. Winter
2584 # ...
2585 #
2586 # The information from Tom Hofmann is (as far as I know) not entirely correct.
2587 # After a request from chongo at amdahl I tried to retrieve all information
2588 # about DST in Europe. I was able to find all from about 1969.
2589 #
2590 # ...standardization on DST in Europe started in about 1977 with switches on
2591 # first Sunday in April and last Sunday in September...
2592 # In 1981 UK joined Europe insofar that
2593 # the starting day for both shifted to last Sunday in March. And from 1982
2594 # the whole of Europe used DST, with switch dates April 1 and October 1 in
2595 # the Sov[i]et Union. In 1985 the SU reverted to standard Europe[a]n switch
2596 # dates...
2597 #
2598 # It should also be remembered that time-zones are not constants; e.g.
2599 # Portugal switched in 1976 from MET (or CET) to WET with DST...
2600 # Note also that though there were rules for switch dates not
2601 # all countries abided to these dates, and many individual deviations
2602 # occurred, though not since 1982 I believe. Another note: it is always
2603 # assumed that DST is 1 hour ahead of normal time, this need not be the
2604 # case; at least in the Netherlands there have been times when DST was 2 hours
2605 # in advance of normal time.
2606 #
2607 # ...
2608 # dik t. winter, cwi, amsterdam, nederland
2609 # ...
2610
2611 # From Bob Devine (1988-01-28):
2612 # ...
2613 # Greece: Last Sunday in April to last Sunday in September (iffy on dates).
2614 # Since 1978. Change at midnight.
2615 # ...
2616 # Monaco: has same DST as France.
2617 # ...