1 /*
   2  * Copyright (c) 2005, 2016, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.
   3  * DO NOT ALTER OR REMOVE COPYRIGHT NOTICES OR THIS FILE HEADER.
   4  *
   5  * This code is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
   6  * under the terms of the GNU General Public License version 2 only, as
   7  * published by the Free Software Foundation.  Oracle designates this
   8  * particular file as subject to the "Classpath" exception as provided
   9  * by Oracle in the LICENSE file that accompanied this code.
  10  *
  11  * This code is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT
  12  * ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or
  13  * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the GNU General Public License
  14  * version 2 for more details (a copy is included in the LICENSE file that
  15  * accompanied this code).
  16  *
  17  * You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License version
  18  * 2 along with this work; if not, write to the Free Software Foundation,
  19  * Inc., 51 Franklin St, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA 02110-1301 USA.
  20  *
  21  * Please contact Oracle, 500 Oracle Parkway, Redwood Shores, CA 94065 USA
  22  * or visit www.oracle.com if you need additional information or have any
  23  * questions.
  24  */
  25 package javax.imageio.plugins.tiff;
  26 
  27 import java.util.StringTokenizer;
  28 import org.w3c.dom.NamedNodeMap;
  29 import org.w3c.dom.Node;
  30 import com.sun.imageio.plugins.tiff.TIFFFieldNode;
  31 import com.sun.imageio.plugins.tiff.TIFFIFD;
  32 
  33 /**
  34  * A class representing a field in a TIFF 6.0 Image File Directory.
  35  *
  36  * <p> A field in a TIFF Image File Directory (IFD) is defined as a
  37  * tag number accompanied by a sequence of values of identical data type.
  38  * TIFF 6.0 defines 12 data types; a 13th type {@code IFD} is
  39  * defined in TIFF Tech Note 1 of TIFF Specification Supplement 1. These
  40  * TIFF data types are referred to by Java constants and mapped internally
  41  * onto Java language data types and type names as follows:
  42  *
  43  * <br>
  44  * <br>
  45  * <table border="1">
  46  * <caption>TIFF Data Type to Java Data Type Mapping</caption>
  47  *
  48  * <tr>
  49  * <th>
  50  * <b>TIFF Data Type</b>
  51  * </th>
  52  * <th>
  53  * <b>Java Constant</b>
  54  * </th>
  55  * <th>
  56  * <b>Java Data Type</b>
  57  * </th>
  58  * <th>
  59  * <b>Java Type Name</b>
  60  * </th>
  61  * </tr>
  62  *
  63  * <tr>
  64  * <td>
  65  * <tt>BYTE</tt>
  66  * </td>
  67  * <td>
  68  * {@link TIFFTag#TIFF_BYTE}
  69  * </td>
  70  * <td>
  71  * {@code byte}
  72  * </td>
  73  * <td>
  74  * {@code "Byte"}
  75  * </td>
  76  * </tr>
  77  *
  78  * <tr>
  79  * <td>
  80  * <tt>ASCII</tt>
  81  * </td>
  82  * <td>
  83  * {@link TIFFTag#TIFF_ASCII}
  84  * </td>
  85  * <td>
  86  * {@code String}
  87  * </td>
  88  * <td>
  89  * {@code "Ascii"}
  90  * </td>
  91  * </tr>
  92  *
  93  * <tr>
  94  * <td>
  95  * <tt>SHORT</tt>
  96  * </td>
  97  * <td>
  98  * {@link TIFFTag#TIFF_SHORT}
  99  * </td>
 100  * <td>
 101  * {@code char}
 102  * </td>
 103  * <td>
 104  * {@code "Short"}
 105  * </td>
 106  * </tr>
 107  *
 108  * <tr>
 109  * <td>
 110  * <tt>LONG</tt>
 111  * </td>
 112  * <td>
 113  * {@link TIFFTag#TIFF_LONG}
 114  * </td>
 115  * <td>
 116  * {@code long}
 117  * </td>
 118  * <td>
 119  * {@code "Long"}
 120  * </td>
 121  * </tr>
 122  *
 123  * <tr>
 124  * <td>
 125  * <tt>RATIONAL</tt>
 126  * </td>
 127  * <td>
 128  * {@link TIFFTag#TIFF_RATIONAL}
 129  * </td>
 130  * <td>
 131  * {@code long[2]} {numerator, denominator}
 132  * </td>
 133  * <td>
 134  * {@code "Rational"}
 135  * </td>
 136  * </tr>
 137  *
 138  * <tr>
 139  * <td>
 140  * <tt>SBYTE</tt>
 141  * </td>
 142  * <td>
 143  * {@link TIFFTag#TIFF_SBYTE}
 144  * </td>
 145  * <td>
 146  * {@code byte}
 147  * </td>
 148  * <td>
 149  * {@code "SByte"}
 150  * </td>
 151  * </tr>
 152  *
 153  * <tr>
 154  * <td>
 155  * <tt>UNDEFINED</tt>
 156  * </td>
 157  * <td>
 158  * {@link TIFFTag#TIFF_UNDEFINED}
 159  * </td>
 160  * <td>
 161  * {@code byte}
 162  * </td>
 163  * <td>
 164  * {@code "Undefined"}
 165  * </td>
 166  * </tr>
 167  *
 168  * <tr>
 169  * <td>
 170  * <tt>SSHORT</tt>
 171  * </td>
 172  * <td>
 173  * {@link TIFFTag#TIFF_SSHORT}
 174  * </td>
 175  * <td>
 176  * {@code short}
 177  * </td>
 178  * <td>
 179  * {@code "SShort"}
 180  * </td>
 181  * </tr>
 182  *
 183  * <tr>
 184  * <td>
 185  * <tt>SLONG</tt>
 186  * </td>
 187  * <td>
 188  * {@link TIFFTag#TIFF_SLONG}
 189  * </td>
 190  * <td>
 191  * {@code int}
 192  * </td>
 193  * <td>
 194  * {@code "SLong"}
 195  * </td>
 196  * </tr>
 197  *
 198  * <tr>
 199  * <td>
 200  * <tt>SRATIONAL</tt>
 201  * </td>
 202  * <td>
 203  * {@link TIFFTag#TIFF_SRATIONAL}
 204  * </td>
 205  * <td>
 206  * {@code int[2]} {numerator, denominator}
 207  * </td>
 208  * <td>
 209  * {@code "SRational"}
 210  * </td>
 211  * </tr>
 212  *
 213  * <tr>
 214  * <td>
 215  * <tt>FLOAT</tt>
 216  * </td>
 217  * <td>
 218  * {@link TIFFTag#TIFF_FLOAT}
 219  * </td>
 220  * <td>
 221  * {@code float}
 222  * </td>
 223  * <td>
 224  * {@code "Float"}
 225  * </td>
 226  * </tr>
 227  *
 228  * <tr>
 229  * <td>
 230  * <tt>DOUBLE</tt>
 231  * </td>
 232  * <td>
 233  * {@link TIFFTag#TIFF_DOUBLE}
 234  * </td>
 235  * <td>
 236  * {@code double}
 237  * </td>
 238  * <td>
 239  * {@code "Double"}
 240  * </td>
 241  * </tr>
 242  *
 243  * <tr>
 244  * <td>
 245  * <tt>IFD</tt>
 246  * </td>
 247  * <td>
 248  * {@link TIFFTag#TIFF_IFD_POINTER}
 249  * </td>
 250  * <td>
 251  * {@code long}
 252  * </td>
 253  * <td>
 254  * {@code "IFDPointer"}
 255  * </td>
 256  * </tr>
 257  *
 258  * </table>
 259  *
 260  * @since 9
 261  * @see   TIFFDirectory
 262  * @see   TIFFTag
 263  */
 264 public class TIFFField implements Cloneable {
 265 
 266     private static final String[] typeNames = {
 267         null,
 268         "Byte", "Ascii", "Short", "Long", "Rational",
 269         "SByte", "Undefined", "SShort", "SLong", "SRational",
 270         "Float", "Double", "IFDPointer"
 271     };
 272 
 273     private static final boolean[] isIntegral = {
 274         false,
 275         true, false, true, true, false,
 276         true, true, true, true, false,
 277         false, false, false
 278     };
 279 
 280     /** The tag. */
 281     private TIFFTag tag;
 282 
 283     /** The tag number. */
 284     private int tagNumber;
 285 
 286     /** The tag type. */
 287     private int type;
 288 
 289     /** The number of data items present in the field. */
 290     private int count;
 291 
 292     /** The field data. */
 293     private Object data;
 294 
 295     /** The IFD contents if available. This will usually be a TIFFIFD. */
 296     private TIFFDirectory dir;
 297 
 298     /** The default constructor. */
 299     private TIFFField() {}
 300 
 301     private static String getAttribute(Node node, String attrName) {
 302         NamedNodeMap attrs = node.getAttributes();
 303         return attrs.getNamedItem(attrName).getNodeValue();
 304     }
 305 
 306     private static void initData(Node node,
 307                                  int[] otype, int[] ocount, Object[] odata) {
 308         int type;
 309         int count;
 310         Object data = null;
 311 
 312         String typeName = node.getNodeName();
 313         typeName = typeName.substring(4);
 314         typeName = typeName.substring(0, typeName.length() - 1);
 315         type = TIFFField.getTypeByName(typeName);
 316         if (type == -1) {
 317             throw new IllegalArgumentException("typeName = " + typeName);
 318         }
 319 
 320         Node child = node.getFirstChild();
 321 
 322         count = 0;
 323         while (child != null) {
 324             String childTypeName = child.getNodeName().substring(4);
 325             if (!typeName.equals(childTypeName)) {
 326                 // warning
 327             }
 328 
 329             ++count;
 330             child = child.getNextSibling();
 331         }
 332 
 333         if (count > 0) {
 334             data = createArrayForType(type, count);
 335             child = node.getFirstChild();
 336             int idx = 0;
 337             while (child != null) {
 338                 String value = getAttribute(child, "value");
 339 
 340                 String numerator, denominator;
 341                 int slashPos;
 342 
 343                 switch (type) {
 344                 case TIFFTag.TIFF_ASCII:
 345                     ((String[])data)[idx] = value;
 346                     break;
 347                 case TIFFTag.TIFF_BYTE:
 348                 case TIFFTag.TIFF_SBYTE:
 349                     ((byte[])data)[idx] =
 350                         (byte)Integer.parseInt(value);
 351                     break;
 352                 case TIFFTag.TIFF_SHORT:
 353                     ((char[])data)[idx] =
 354                         (char)Integer.parseInt(value);
 355                     break;
 356                 case TIFFTag.TIFF_SSHORT:
 357                     ((short[])data)[idx] =
 358                         (short)Integer.parseInt(value);
 359                     break;
 360                 case TIFFTag.TIFF_SLONG:
 361                     ((int[])data)[idx] =
 362                         Integer.parseInt(value);
 363                     break;
 364                 case TIFFTag.TIFF_LONG:
 365                 case TIFFTag.TIFF_IFD_POINTER:
 366                     ((long[])data)[idx] =
 367                         Long.parseLong(value);
 368                     break;
 369                 case TIFFTag.TIFF_FLOAT:
 370                     ((float[])data)[idx] =
 371                         Float.parseFloat(value);
 372                     break;
 373                 case TIFFTag.TIFF_DOUBLE:
 374                     ((double[])data)[idx] =
 375                         Double.parseDouble(value);
 376                     break;
 377                 case TIFFTag.TIFF_SRATIONAL:
 378                     slashPos = value.indexOf("/");
 379                     numerator = value.substring(0, slashPos);
 380                     denominator = value.substring(slashPos + 1);
 381 
 382                     ((int[][])data)[idx] = new int[2];
 383                     ((int[][])data)[idx][0] =
 384                         Integer.parseInt(numerator);
 385                     ((int[][])data)[idx][1] =
 386                         Integer.parseInt(denominator);
 387                     break;
 388                 case TIFFTag.TIFF_RATIONAL:
 389                     slashPos = value.indexOf("/");
 390                     numerator = value.substring(0, slashPos);
 391                     denominator = value.substring(slashPos + 1);
 392 
 393                     ((long[][])data)[idx] = new long[2];
 394                     ((long[][])data)[idx][0] =
 395                         Long.parseLong(numerator);
 396                     ((long[][])data)[idx][1] =
 397                         Long.parseLong(denominator);
 398                     break;
 399                 default:
 400                     // error
 401                 }
 402 
 403                 idx++;
 404                 child = child.getNextSibling();
 405             }
 406         }
 407 
 408         otype[0] = type;
 409         ocount[0] = count;
 410         odata[0] = data;
 411     }
 412 
 413     /**
 414      * Creates a {@code TIFFField} from a TIFF native image
 415      * metadata node. If the value of the <tt>"tagNumber"</tt> attribute
 416      * of the node is not found in {@code tagSet} then a new
 417      * {@code TIFFTag} with name {@code TIFFTag.UNKNOWN_TAG_NAME}
 418      * will be created and assigned to the field.
 419      *
 420      * @param tagSet The {@code TIFFTagSet} to which the
 421      * {@code TIFFTag} of the field belongs.
 422      * @param node A native TIFF image metadata {@code TIFFField} node.
 423      * @throws NullPointerException if {@code node} is
 424      * {@code null}.
 425      * @throws IllegalArgumentException if the name of the node is not
 426      * {@code "TIFFField"}.
 427      * @return A new {@code TIFFField}.
 428      */
 429     public static TIFFField createFromMetadataNode(TIFFTagSet tagSet,
 430                                                    Node node) {
 431         if (node == null) {
 432             throw new NullPointerException("node == null!");
 433         }
 434         String name = node.getNodeName();
 435         if (!name.equals("TIFFField")) {
 436             throw new IllegalArgumentException("!name.equals(\"TIFFField\")");
 437         }
 438 
 439         int tagNumber = Integer.parseInt(getAttribute(node, "number"));
 440         TIFFTag tag = null;
 441         if (tagSet != null) {
 442             tag = tagSet.getTag(tagNumber);
 443         }
 444 
 445         int type = TIFFTag.TIFF_UNDEFINED;
 446         int count = 0;
 447         Object data = null;
 448 
 449         Node child = node.getFirstChild();
 450         if (child != null) {
 451             String typeName = child.getNodeName();
 452             if (typeName.equals("TIFFUndefined")) {
 453                 String values = getAttribute(child, "value");
 454                 StringTokenizer st = new StringTokenizer(values, ",");
 455                 count = st.countTokens();
 456 
 457                 byte[] bdata = new byte[count];
 458                 for (int i = 0; i < count; i++) {
 459                     bdata[i] = (byte)Integer.parseInt(st.nextToken());
 460                 }
 461 
 462                 type = TIFFTag.TIFF_UNDEFINED;
 463                 data = bdata;
 464             } else {
 465                 int[] otype = new int[1];
 466                 int[] ocount = new int[1];
 467                 Object[] odata = new Object[1];
 468 
 469                 initData(node.getFirstChild(), otype, ocount, odata);
 470                 type = otype[0];
 471                 count = ocount[0];
 472                 data = odata[0];
 473             }
 474         } else if (tag != null) {
 475             int t = TIFFTag.MAX_DATATYPE;
 476             while(t >= TIFFTag.MIN_DATATYPE && !tag.isDataTypeOK(t)) {
 477                 t--;
 478             }
 479             type = t;
 480         }
 481 
 482         if (tag == null) {
 483             tag = new TIFFTag(TIFFTag.UNKNOWN_TAG_NAME, tagNumber, 1 << type);
 484         }
 485 
 486         return new TIFFField(tag, type, count, data);
 487     }
 488 
 489     /**
 490      * Constructs a {@code TIFFField} with arbitrary data. The
 491      * {@code type} parameter must be a value for which
 492      * {@link TIFFTag#isDataTypeOK tag.isDataTypeOK()}
 493      * returns {@code true}. The {@code data} parameter must
 494      * be an array of a Java type appropriate for the type of the TIFF
 495      * field.
 496      *
 497      * <p>Note that the value (data) of the {@code TIFFField}
 498      * will always be the actual field value regardless of the number of
 499      * bytes required for that value. This is the case despite the fact
 500      * that the TIFF <i>IFD Entry</i> corresponding to the field may
 501      * actually contain the offset to the value of the field rather than
 502      * the value itself (the latter occurring if and only if the
 503      * value fits into 4 bytes). In other words, the value of the
 504      * field will already have been read from the TIFF stream. (An exception
 505      * to this case may occur when the field represents the contents of a
 506      * non-baseline IFD. In that case the data will be a {@code long[]}
 507      * containing the offset to the IFD and the {@code TIFFDirectory}
 508      * returned by {@link #getDirectory()} will be its contents.)
 509      *
 510      * @param tag The tag to associated with this field.
 511      * @param type One of the {@code TIFFTag.TIFF_*} constants
 512      * indicating the data type of the field as written to the TIFF stream.
 513      * @param count The number of data values.
 514      * @param data The actual data content of the field.
 515      *
 516      * @throws NullPointerException if {@code tag&nbsp;==&nbsp;null}.
 517      * @throws IllegalArgumentException if {@code type} is not
 518      * one of the {@code TIFFTag.TIFF_*} data type constants.
 519      * @throws IllegalArgumentException if {@code type} is an unacceptable
 520      * data type for the supplied {@code TIFFTag}.
 521      * @throws IllegalArgumentException if {@code count&nbsp;&lt;&nbsp;0}.
 522      * @throws IllegalArgumentException if {@code count&nbsp;&lt;&nbsp;1}
 523      * and {@code type} is {@code TIFF_RATIONAL} or
 524      * {@code TIFF_SRATIONAL}.
 525      * @throws IllegalArgumentException if {@code count&nbsp;&ne;&nbsp;1}
 526      * and {@code type} is {@code TIFF_IFD_POINTER}.
 527      * @throws NullPointerException if {@code data&nbsp;==&nbsp;null}.
 528      * @throws IllegalArgumentException if {@code data} is an instance of
 529      * a class incompatible with the specified type.
 530      * @throws IllegalArgumentException if the size of the data array is wrong.
 531      */
 532     public TIFFField(TIFFTag tag, int type, int count, Object data) {
 533         if(tag == null) {
 534             throw new NullPointerException("tag == null!");
 535         } else if(type < TIFFTag.MIN_DATATYPE || type > TIFFTag.MAX_DATATYPE) {
 536             throw new IllegalArgumentException("Unknown data type "+type);
 537         } else if(!tag.isDataTypeOK(type)) {
 538             throw new IllegalArgumentException("Illegal data type " + type
 539                 + " for " + tag.getName() + " tag");
 540         } else if(count < 0) {
 541             throw new IllegalArgumentException("count < 0!");
 542         } else if((type == TIFFTag.TIFF_RATIONAL
 543                    || type == TIFFTag.TIFF_SRATIONAL)
 544                   && count < 1) {
 545             throw new IllegalArgumentException
 546                 ("Type is TIFF_RATIONAL or TIFF_SRATIONAL and count < 1");
 547         } else if (type == TIFFTag.TIFF_IFD_POINTER && count != 1) {
 548             throw new IllegalArgumentException
 549                 ("Type is TIFF_IFD_POINTER count != 1");
 550         } else if(data == null) {
 551             throw new NullPointerException("data == null!");
 552         }
 553 
 554         boolean isDataArrayCorrect = false;
 555 
 556         switch (type) {
 557         case TIFFTag.TIFF_BYTE:
 558         case TIFFTag.TIFF_SBYTE:
 559         case TIFFTag.TIFF_UNDEFINED:
 560             isDataArrayCorrect = data instanceof byte[]
 561                 && ((byte[])data).length == count;
 562             break;
 563         case TIFFTag.TIFF_ASCII:
 564             isDataArrayCorrect = data instanceof String[]
 565                 && ((String[])data).length == count;
 566             break;
 567         case TIFFTag.TIFF_SHORT:
 568             isDataArrayCorrect = data instanceof char[]
 569                 && ((char[])data).length == count;
 570             break;
 571         case TIFFTag.TIFF_LONG:
 572             isDataArrayCorrect = data instanceof long[]
 573                 && ((long[])data).length == count;
 574             break;
 575         case TIFFTag.TIFF_IFD_POINTER:
 576             isDataArrayCorrect = data instanceof long[]
 577                 && ((long[])data).length == 1;
 578             break;
 579         case TIFFTag.TIFF_RATIONAL:
 580             isDataArrayCorrect = data instanceof long[][]
 581                 && ((long[][])data).length == count
 582                 && ((long[][])data)[0].length == 2;
 583             break;
 584         case TIFFTag.TIFF_SSHORT:
 585             isDataArrayCorrect = data instanceof short[]
 586                 && ((short[])data).length == count;
 587             break;
 588         case TIFFTag.TIFF_SLONG:
 589             isDataArrayCorrect = data instanceof int[]
 590                 && ((int[])data).length == count;
 591             break;
 592         case TIFFTag.TIFF_SRATIONAL:
 593             isDataArrayCorrect = data instanceof int[][]
 594                 && ((int[][])data).length == count
 595                 && ((int[][])data)[0].length == 2;
 596             break;
 597         case TIFFTag.TIFF_FLOAT:
 598             isDataArrayCorrect = data instanceof float[]
 599                 && ((float[])data).length == count;
 600             break;
 601         case TIFFTag.TIFF_DOUBLE:
 602             isDataArrayCorrect = data instanceof double[]
 603                 && ((double[])data).length == count;
 604             break;
 605         default:
 606             throw new IllegalArgumentException("Unknown data type "+type);
 607         }
 608 
 609         if (!isDataArrayCorrect) {
 610             throw new IllegalArgumentException
 611                 ("Illegal class or length for data array");
 612         }
 613 
 614         this.tag = tag;
 615         this.tagNumber = tag.getNumber();
 616         this.type = type;
 617         this.count = count;
 618         this.data = data;
 619     }
 620 
 621     /**
 622      * Constructs a data array using {@link #createArrayForType
 623      * createArrayForType()} and invokes
 624      * {@link #TIFFField(TIFFTag,int,int,Object)} with the supplied
 625      * parameters and the created array.
 626      *
 627      * @param tag The tag to associated with this field.
 628      * @param type One of the {@code TIFFTag.TIFF_*} constants
 629      * indicating the data type of the field as written to the TIFF stream.
 630      * @param count The number of data values.
 631      * @throws NullPointerException if {@code tag&nbsp;==&nbsp;null}.
 632      * @throws IllegalArgumentException if {@code type} is not
 633      * one of the {@code TIFFTag.TIFF_*} data type constants.
 634      * @throws IllegalArgumentException if {@code type} is an unacceptable
 635      * data type for the supplied {@code TIFFTag}.
 636      * @throws IllegalArgumentException if {@code count&nbsp;&lt;&nbsp;0}.
 637      * @see #TIFFField(TIFFTag,int,int,Object)
 638      */
 639     public TIFFField(TIFFTag tag, int type, int count) {
 640         this(tag, type, count, createArrayForType(type, count));
 641     }
 642 
 643     /**
 644      * Constructs a {@code TIFFField} with a single non-negative integral
 645      * value.
 646      * The field will have type
 647      * {@link TIFFTag#TIFF_SHORT  TIFF_SHORT} if
 648      * {@code val&nbsp;&lt;&nbsp;65536} and type
 649      * {@link TIFFTag#TIFF_LONG TIFF_LONG} otherwise.  The count
 650      * of the field will be unity.
 651      *
 652      * @param tag The tag to associate with this field.
 653      * @param value The value to associate with this field.
 654      * @throws NullPointerException if {@code tag&nbsp;==&nbsp;null}.
 655      * @throws IllegalArgumentException if the derived type is unacceptable
 656      * for the supplied {@code TIFFTag}.
 657      * @throws IllegalArgumentException if {@code value&nbsp;&lt;&nbsp;0}.
 658      */
 659     public TIFFField(TIFFTag tag, int value) {
 660         if(tag == null) {
 661             throw new NullPointerException("tag == null!");
 662         }
 663         if (value < 0) {
 664             throw new IllegalArgumentException("value < 0!");
 665         }
 666 
 667         this.tag = tag;
 668         this.tagNumber = tag.getNumber();
 669         this.count = 1;
 670 
 671         if (value < 65536) {
 672             if (!tag.isDataTypeOK(TIFFTag.TIFF_SHORT)) {
 673                 throw new IllegalArgumentException("Illegal data type "
 674                     + TIFFTag.TIFF_SHORT + " for " + tag.getName() + " tag");
 675             }
 676             this.type = TIFFTag.TIFF_SHORT;
 677             char[] cdata = new char[1];
 678             cdata[0] = (char)value;
 679             this.data = cdata;
 680         } else {
 681             if (!tag.isDataTypeOK(TIFFTag.TIFF_LONG)) {
 682                 throw new IllegalArgumentException("Illegal data type "
 683                     + TIFFTag.TIFF_LONG + " for " + tag.getName() + " tag");
 684             }
 685             this.type = TIFFTag.TIFF_LONG;
 686             long[] ldata = new long[1];
 687             ldata[0] = value;
 688             this.data = ldata;
 689         }
 690     }
 691 
 692     /**
 693      * Constructs a {@code TIFFField} with an IFD offset and contents.
 694      * The offset will be stored as the data of this field as
 695      * {@code long[] {offset}}. The directory will not be cloned. The count
 696      * of the field will be unity.
 697      *
 698      * @param tag The tag to associated with this field.
 699      * @param type One of the constants {@code TIFFTag.TIFF_LONG} or
 700      * {@code TIFFTag.TIFF_IFD_POINTER}.
 701      * @param offset The IFD offset.
 702      * @param dir The directory.
 703      *
 704      * @throws NullPointerException if {@code tag&nbsp;==&nbsp;null}.
 705      * @throws IllegalArgumentException if {@code type} is neither
 706      * {@code TIFFTag.TIFF_LONG} nor {@code TIFFTag.TIFF_IFD_POINTER}.
 707      * @throws IllegalArgumentException if {@code type} is an unacceptable
 708      * data type for the supplied {@code TIFFTag}.
 709      * @throws IllegalArgumentException if {@code offset} is non-positive.
 710      * @throws NullPointerException if {@code dir&nbsp;==&nbsp;null}.
 711      *
 712      * @see #TIFFField(TIFFTag,int,int,Object)
 713      */
 714     public TIFFField(TIFFTag tag, int type, long offset, TIFFDirectory dir) {
 715         this(tag, type, 1, new long[] {offset});
 716         if (type != TIFFTag.TIFF_LONG && type != TIFFTag.TIFF_IFD_POINTER) {
 717             throw new IllegalArgumentException("type " + type
 718                 + " is neither TIFFTag.TIFF_LONG nor TIFFTag.TIFF_IFD_POINTER");
 719         } else if (offset <= 0) {
 720             throw new IllegalArgumentException("offset " + offset
 721                 + " is non-positive");
 722         } else if (dir == null) {
 723             throw new NullPointerException("dir == null");
 724         }
 725         this.dir = dir;
 726     }
 727 
 728     /**
 729      * Retrieves the tag associated with this field.
 730      *
 731      * @return The associated {@code TIFFTag}.
 732      */
 733     public TIFFTag getTag() {
 734         return tag;
 735     }
 736 
 737     /**
 738      * Retrieves the tag number in the range {@code [0,&nbsp;65535]}.
 739      *
 740      * @return The tag number.
 741      */
 742     public int getTagNumber() {
 743         return tagNumber;
 744     }
 745 
 746     /**
 747      * Returns the type of the data stored in the field.  For a TIFF 6.0
 748      * stream, the value will equal one of the {@code TIFFTag.TIFF_*}
 749      * constants. For future revisions of TIFF, higher values are possible.
 750      *
 751      * @return The data type of the field value.
 752      */
 753     public int getType() {
 754         return type;
 755     }
 756 
 757     /**
 758      * Returns the name of the supplied data type constant.
 759      *
 760      * @param dataType One of the {@code TIFFTag.TIFF_*} constants
 761      * indicating the data type of the field as written to the TIFF stream.
 762      * @return The type name corresponding to the supplied type constant.
 763      * @throws IllegalArgumentException if {@code dataType} is not
 764      * one of the {@code TIFFTag.TIFF_*} data type constants.
 765      */
 766     public static String getTypeName(int dataType) {
 767         if (dataType < TIFFTag.MIN_DATATYPE ||
 768             dataType > TIFFTag.MAX_DATATYPE) {
 769             throw new IllegalArgumentException("Unknown data type "+dataType);
 770         }
 771 
 772         return typeNames[dataType];
 773     }
 774 
 775     /**
 776      * Returns the data type constant corresponding to the supplied data
 777      * type name. If the name is unknown {@code -1} will be returned.
 778      *
 779      * @param typeName The type name.
 780      * @return One of the {@code TIFFTag.TIFF_*} constants or
 781      * {@code -1} if the name is not recognized.
 782      */
 783     public static int getTypeByName(String typeName) {
 784         for (int i = TIFFTag.MIN_DATATYPE; i <= TIFFTag.MAX_DATATYPE; i++) {
 785             if (typeName.equals(typeNames[i])) {
 786                 return i;
 787             }
 788         }
 789 
 790         return -1;
 791     }
 792 
 793     /**
 794      * Creates an array appropriate for the indicated data type.
 795      *
 796      * @param dataType One of the {@code TIFFTag.TIFF_*} data type
 797      * constants.
 798      * @param count The number of values in the array.
 799      * @return An array appropriate for the specified data type.
 800      *
 801      * @throws IllegalArgumentException if {@code dataType} is not
 802      * one of the {@code TIFFTag.TIFF_*} data type constants.
 803      * @throws IllegalArgumentException if {@code count&nbsp;&lt;&nbsp;0}.
 804      */
 805     public static Object createArrayForType(int dataType, int count) {
 806         if(count < 0) {
 807             throw new IllegalArgumentException("count < 0!");
 808         }
 809         switch (dataType) {
 810         case TIFFTag.TIFF_BYTE:
 811         case TIFFTag.TIFF_SBYTE:
 812         case TIFFTag.TIFF_UNDEFINED:
 813             return new byte[count];
 814         case TIFFTag.TIFF_ASCII:
 815             return new String[count];
 816         case TIFFTag.TIFF_SHORT:
 817             return new char[count];
 818         case TIFFTag.TIFF_LONG:
 819         case TIFFTag.TIFF_IFD_POINTER:
 820             return new long[count];
 821         case TIFFTag.TIFF_RATIONAL:
 822             return new long[count][2];
 823         case TIFFTag.TIFF_SSHORT:
 824             return new short[count];
 825         case TIFFTag.TIFF_SLONG:
 826             return new int[count];
 827         case TIFFTag.TIFF_SRATIONAL:
 828             return new int[count][2];
 829         case TIFFTag.TIFF_FLOAT:
 830             return new float[count];
 831         case TIFFTag.TIFF_DOUBLE:
 832             return new double[count];
 833         default:
 834             throw new IllegalArgumentException("Unknown data type "+dataType);
 835         }
 836     }
 837 
 838     /**
 839      * Returns the {@code TIFFField} as a node named either
 840      * <tt>"TIFFField"</tt> or <tt>"TIFFIFD"</tt> as described in the
 841      * TIFF native image metadata specification. The node will be named
 842      * <tt>"TIFFIFD"</tt> if and only if the field's data object is an
 843      * instance of {@link TIFFDirectory} or equivalently
 844      * {@link TIFFTag#isIFDPointer getTag.isIFDPointer()} returns
 845      * {@code true}.
 846      *
 847      * @return a {@code Node} named <tt>"TIFFField"</tt> or
 848      * <tt>"TIFFIFD"</tt>.
 849      */
 850     public Node getAsNativeNode() {
 851         return new TIFFFieldNode(this);
 852     }
 853 
 854     /**
 855      * Indicates whether the value associated with the field is of
 856      * integral data type.
 857      *
 858      * @return Whether the field type is integral.
 859      */
 860     public boolean isIntegral() {
 861         return isIntegral[type];
 862     }
 863 
 864     /**
 865      * Returns the number of data items present in the field.  For
 866      * {@code TIFFTag.TIFF_ASCII} fields, the value returned is the
 867      * number of {@code String}s, not the total length of the
 868      * data as in the file representation.
 869      *
 870      * @return The number of data items present in the field.
 871      */
 872     public int getCount() {
 873         return count;
 874     }
 875 
 876     /**
 877      * Returns a reference to the data object associated with the field.
 878      *
 879      * @return The data object of the field.
 880      */
 881     public Object getData() {
 882         return data;
 883     }
 884 
 885     /**
 886      * Returns the data as an uninterpreted array of
 887      * {@code byte}s.  The type of the field must be one of
 888      * {@code TIFFTag.TIFF_BYTE}, {@code TIFF_SBYTE}, or
 889      * {@code TIFF_UNDEFINED}.
 890      *
 891      * <p> For data in {@code TIFFTag.TIFF_BYTE} format, the application
 892      * must take care when promoting the data to longer integral types
 893      * to avoid sign extension.
 894      *
 895      * @throws ClassCastException if the field is not of type
 896      * {@code TIFF_BYTE}, {@code TIFF_SBYTE}, or
 897      * {@code TIFF_UNDEFINED}.
 898      * @return The data as an uninterpreted array of bytes.
 899      */
 900     public byte[] getAsBytes() {
 901         return (byte[])data;
 902     }
 903 
 904     /**
 905      * Returns {@code TIFFTag.TIFF_SHORT} data as an array of
 906      * {@code char}s (unsigned 16-bit integers).
 907      *
 908      * @throws ClassCastException if the field is not of type
 909      * {@code TIFF_SHORT}.
 910      * @return The data as an array of {@code char}s.
 911      */
 912     public char[] getAsChars() {
 913         return (char[])data;
 914     }
 915 
 916     /**
 917      * Returns {@code TIFFTag.TIFF_SSHORT} data as an array of
 918      * {@code short}s (signed 16-bit integers).
 919      *
 920      * @throws ClassCastException if the field is not of type
 921      * {@code TIFF_SSHORT}.
 922      * @return The data as an array of {@code short}s.
 923      */
 924     public short[] getAsShorts() {
 925         return (short[])data;
 926     }
 927 
 928     /**
 929      * Returns {@code TIFFTag.TIFF_SLONG} data as an array of
 930      * {@code int}s (signed 32-bit integers).
 931      *
 932      * @throws ClassCastException if the field is not of type
 933      * {@code TIFF_SHORT}, {@code TIFF_SSHORT}, or
 934      * {@code TIFF_SLONG}.
 935      * @return The data as an array of {@code int}s.
 936      */
 937     public int[] getAsInts() {
 938         if (data instanceof int[]) {
 939             return (int[])data;
 940         } else if (data instanceof char[]){
 941             char[] cdata = (char[])data;
 942             int[] idata = new int[cdata.length];
 943             for (int i = 0; i < cdata.length; i++) {
 944                 idata[i] = cdata[i] & 0xffff;
 945             }
 946             return idata;
 947         } else if (data instanceof short[]){
 948             short[] sdata = (short[])data;
 949             int[] idata = new int[sdata.length];
 950             for (int i = 0; i < sdata.length; i++) {
 951                 idata[i] = (int)sdata[i];
 952             }
 953             return idata;
 954         } else {
 955             throw new ClassCastException("Data not char[], short[], or int[]!");
 956         }
 957     }
 958 
 959     /**
 960      * Returns {@code TIFFTag.TIFF_LONG} or
 961      * {@code TIFF_IFD_POINTER} data as an array of
 962      * {@code long}s (signed 64-bit integers).
 963      *
 964      * @throws ClassCastException if the field is not of type
 965      * {@code TIFF_LONG} or {@code TIFF_IFD_POINTER}.
 966      * @return The data as an array of {@code long}s.
 967      */
 968     public long[] getAsLongs() {
 969         return (long[])data;
 970     }
 971 
 972     /**
 973      * Returns {@code TIFFTag.TIFF_FLOAT} data as an array of
 974      * {@code float}s (32-bit floating-point values).
 975      *
 976      * @throws ClassCastException if the field is not of type
 977      * {@code TIFF_FLOAT}.
 978      * @return The data as an array of {@code float}s.
 979      */
 980     public float[] getAsFloats() {
 981         return (float[])data;
 982     }
 983 
 984     /**
 985      * Returns {@code TIFFTag.TIFF_DOUBLE} data as an array of
 986      * {@code double}s (64-bit floating-point values).
 987      *
 988      * @throws ClassCastException if the field is not of type
 989      * {@code TIFF_DOUBLE}.
 990      * @return The data as an array of {@code double}s.
 991      */
 992     public double[] getAsDoubles() {
 993         return (double[])data;
 994     }
 995 
 996     /**
 997      * Returns {@code TIFFTag.TIFF_SRATIONAL} data as an array of
 998      * 2-element arrays of {@code int}s.
 999      *
1000      * @throws ClassCastException if the field is not of type
1001      * {@code TIFF_SRATIONAL}.
1002      * @return The data as an array of signed rationals.
1003      */
1004     public int[][] getAsSRationals() {
1005         return (int[][])data;
1006     }
1007 
1008     /**
1009      * Returns {@code TIFFTag.TIFF_RATIONAL} data as an array of
1010      * 2-element arrays of {@code long}s.
1011      *
1012      * @throws ClassCastException if the field is not of type
1013      * {@code TIFF_RATIONAL}.
1014      * @return The data as an array of unsigned rationals.
1015      */
1016     public long[][] getAsRationals() {
1017         return (long[][])data;
1018     }
1019 
1020     /**
1021      * Returns data in any format as an {@code int}.
1022      *
1023      * <p> {@code TIFFTag.TIFF_BYTE} values are treated as unsigned; that
1024      * is, no sign extension will take place and the returned value
1025      * will be in the range [0, 255].  {@code TIFF_SBYTE} data
1026      * will be returned in the range [-128, 127].
1027      *
1028      * <p> A {@code TIFF_UNDEFINED} value is treated as though
1029      * it were a {@code TIFF_BYTE}.
1030      *
1031      * <p> Data in {@code TIFF_SLONG}, {@code TIFF_LONG},
1032      * {@code TIFF_FLOAT}, {@code TIFF_DOUBLE} or
1033      * {@code TIFF_IFD_POINTER} format are simply cast to
1034      * {@code int} and may suffer from truncation.
1035      *
1036      * <p> Data in {@code TIFF_SRATIONAL} or
1037      * {@code TIFF_RATIONAL} format are evaluated by dividing the
1038      * numerator into the denominator using double-precision
1039      * arithmetic and then casting to {@code int}.  Loss of
1040      * precision and truncation may occur.
1041      *
1042      * <p> Data in {@code TIFF_ASCII} format will be parsed as by
1043      * the {@code Double.parseDouble} method, with the result
1044      * case to {@code int}.
1045      *
1046      * @param index The index of the data.
1047      * @return The data at the given index as an {@code int}.
1048      */
1049     public int getAsInt(int index) {
1050         switch (type) {
1051         case TIFFTag.TIFF_BYTE:
1052         case TIFFTag.TIFF_UNDEFINED:
1053             return ((byte[])data)[index] & 0xff;
1054         case TIFFTag.TIFF_SBYTE:
1055             return ((byte[])data)[index];
1056         case TIFFTag.TIFF_SHORT:
1057             return ((char[])data)[index] & 0xffff;
1058         case TIFFTag.TIFF_SSHORT:
1059             return ((short[])data)[index];
1060         case TIFFTag.TIFF_SLONG:
1061             return ((int[])data)[index];
1062         case TIFFTag.TIFF_LONG:
1063         case TIFFTag.TIFF_IFD_POINTER:
1064             return (int)((long[])data)[index];
1065         case TIFFTag.TIFF_FLOAT:
1066             return (int)((float[])data)[index];
1067         case TIFFTag.TIFF_DOUBLE:
1068             return (int)((double[])data)[index];
1069         case TIFFTag.TIFF_SRATIONAL:
1070             int[] ivalue = getAsSRational(index);
1071             return (int)((double)ivalue[0]/ivalue[1]);
1072         case TIFFTag.TIFF_RATIONAL:
1073             long[] lvalue = getAsRational(index);
1074             return (int)((double)lvalue[0]/lvalue[1]);
1075         case TIFFTag.TIFF_ASCII:
1076              String s = ((String[])data)[index];
1077              return (int)Double.parseDouble(s);
1078         default:
1079             throw new ClassCastException(); // should never happen
1080         }
1081     }
1082 
1083     /**
1084      * Returns data in any format as a {@code long}.
1085      *
1086      * <p> {@code TIFFTag.TIFF_BYTE} and {@code TIFF_UNDEFINED} data
1087      * are treated as unsigned; that is, no sign extension will take
1088      * place and the returned value will be in the range [0, 255].
1089      * {@code TIFF_SBYTE} data will be returned in the range
1090      * [-128, 127].
1091      *
1092      * <p> Data in {@code TIFF_ASCII} format will be parsed as by
1093      * the {@code Double.parseDouble} method, with the result
1094      * cast to {@code long}.
1095      *
1096      * @param index The index of the data.
1097      * @return The data at the given index as a {@code long}.
1098      */
1099     public long getAsLong(int index) {
1100         switch (type) {
1101         case TIFFTag.TIFF_BYTE:
1102         case TIFFTag.TIFF_UNDEFINED:
1103             return ((byte[])data)[index] & 0xff;
1104         case TIFFTag.TIFF_SBYTE:
1105             return ((byte[])data)[index];
1106         case TIFFTag.TIFF_SHORT:
1107             return ((char[])data)[index] & 0xffff;
1108         case TIFFTag.TIFF_SSHORT:
1109             return ((short[])data)[index];
1110         case TIFFTag.TIFF_SLONG:
1111             return ((int[])data)[index];
1112         case TIFFTag.TIFF_LONG:
1113         case TIFFTag.TIFF_IFD_POINTER:
1114             return ((long[])data)[index];
1115         case TIFFTag.TIFF_SRATIONAL:
1116             int[] ivalue = getAsSRational(index);
1117             return (long)((double)ivalue[0]/ivalue[1]);
1118         case TIFFTag.TIFF_RATIONAL:
1119             long[] lvalue = getAsRational(index);
1120             return (long)((double)lvalue[0]/lvalue[1]);
1121         case TIFFTag.TIFF_ASCII:
1122              String s = ((String[])data)[index];
1123              return (long)Double.parseDouble(s);
1124         default:
1125             throw new ClassCastException(); // should never happen
1126         }
1127     }
1128 
1129     /**
1130      * Returns data in any format as a {@code float}.
1131      *
1132      * <p> {@code TIFFTag.TIFF_BYTE} and {@code TIFF_UNDEFINED} data
1133      * are treated as unsigned; that is, no sign extension will take
1134      * place and the returned value will be in the range [0, 255].
1135      * {@code TIFF_SBYTE} data will be returned in the range
1136      * [-128, 127].
1137      *
1138      * <p> Data in {@code TIFF_SLONG}, {@code TIFF_LONG},
1139      * {@code TIFF_DOUBLE}, or {@code TIFF_IFD_POINTER} format are
1140      * simply cast to {@code float} and may suffer from
1141      * truncation.
1142      *
1143      * <p> Data in {@code TIFF_SRATIONAL} or
1144      * {@code TIFF_RATIONAL} format are evaluated by dividing the
1145      * numerator into the denominator using double-precision
1146      * arithmetic and then casting to {@code float}.
1147      *
1148      * <p> Data in {@code TIFF_ASCII} format will be parsed as by
1149      * the {@code Double.parseDouble} method, with the result
1150      * cast to {@code float}.
1151      *
1152      * @param index The index of the data.
1153      * @return The data at the given index as a {@code float}.
1154      */
1155     public float getAsFloat(int index) {
1156         switch (type) {
1157         case TIFFTag.TIFF_BYTE:
1158         case TIFFTag.TIFF_UNDEFINED:
1159             return ((byte[])data)[index] & 0xff;
1160         case TIFFTag.TIFF_SBYTE:
1161             return ((byte[])data)[index];
1162         case TIFFTag.TIFF_SHORT:
1163             return ((char[])data)[index] & 0xffff;
1164         case TIFFTag.TIFF_SSHORT:
1165             return ((short[])data)[index];
1166         case TIFFTag.TIFF_SLONG:
1167             return ((int[])data)[index];
1168         case TIFFTag.TIFF_LONG:
1169         case TIFFTag.TIFF_IFD_POINTER:
1170             return ((long[])data)[index];
1171         case TIFFTag.TIFF_FLOAT:
1172             return ((float[])data)[index];
1173         case TIFFTag.TIFF_DOUBLE:
1174             return (float)((double[])data)[index];
1175         case TIFFTag.TIFF_SRATIONAL:
1176             int[] ivalue = getAsSRational(index);
1177             return (float)((double)ivalue[0]/ivalue[1]);
1178         case TIFFTag.TIFF_RATIONAL:
1179             long[] lvalue = getAsRational(index);
1180             return (float)((double)lvalue[0]/lvalue[1]);
1181         case TIFFTag.TIFF_ASCII:
1182              String s = ((String[])data)[index];
1183              return (float)Double.parseDouble(s);
1184         default:
1185             throw new ClassCastException(); // should never happen
1186         }
1187     }
1188 
1189     /**
1190      * Returns data in any format as a {@code double}.
1191      *
1192      * <p> {@code TIFFTag.TIFF_BYTE} and {@code TIFF_UNDEFINED} data
1193      * are treated as unsigned; that is, no sign extension will take
1194      * place and the returned value will be in the range [0, 255].
1195      * {@code TIFF_SBYTE} data will be returned in the range
1196      * [-128, 127].
1197      *
1198      * <p> Data in {@code TIFF_SRATIONAL} or
1199      * {@code TIFF_RATIONAL} format are evaluated by dividing the
1200      * numerator into the denominator using double-precision
1201      * arithmetic.
1202      *
1203      * <p> Data in {@code TIFF_ASCII} format will be parsed as by
1204      * the {@code Double.parseDouble} method.
1205      *
1206      * @param index The index of the data.
1207      * @return The data at the given index as a {@code double}.
1208      */
1209     public double getAsDouble(int index) {
1210         switch (type) {
1211         case TIFFTag.TIFF_BYTE:
1212         case TIFFTag.TIFF_UNDEFINED:
1213             return ((byte[])data)[index] & 0xff;
1214         case TIFFTag.TIFF_SBYTE:
1215             return ((byte[])data)[index];
1216         case TIFFTag.TIFF_SHORT:
1217             return ((char[])data)[index] & 0xffff;
1218         case TIFFTag.TIFF_SSHORT:
1219             return ((short[])data)[index];
1220         case TIFFTag.TIFF_SLONG:
1221             return ((int[])data)[index];
1222         case TIFFTag.TIFF_LONG:
1223         case TIFFTag.TIFF_IFD_POINTER:
1224             return ((long[])data)[index];
1225         case TIFFTag.TIFF_FLOAT:
1226             return ((float[])data)[index];
1227         case TIFFTag.TIFF_DOUBLE:
1228             return ((double[])data)[index];
1229         case TIFFTag.TIFF_SRATIONAL:
1230             int[] ivalue = getAsSRational(index);
1231             return (double)ivalue[0]/ivalue[1];
1232         case TIFFTag.TIFF_RATIONAL:
1233             long[] lvalue = getAsRational(index);
1234             return (double)lvalue[0]/lvalue[1];
1235         case TIFFTag.TIFF_ASCII:
1236              String s = ((String[])data)[index];
1237              return Double.parseDouble(s);
1238         default:
1239             throw new ClassCastException(); // should never happen
1240         }
1241     }
1242 
1243     /**
1244      * Returns a {@code TIFFTag.TIFF_ASCII} value as a
1245      * {@code String}.
1246      *
1247      * @throws ClassCastException if the field is not of type
1248      * {@code TIFF_ASCII}.
1249      *
1250      * @param index The index of the data.
1251      * @return The data at the given index as a {@code String}.
1252      */
1253     public String getAsString(int index) {
1254         return ((String[])data)[index];
1255     }
1256 
1257     /**
1258      * Returns a {@code TIFFTag.TIFF_SRATIONAL} data item as a
1259      * two-element array of {@code int}s.
1260      *
1261      * @param index The index of the data.
1262      * @return The data at the given index as a signed rational.
1263      * @throws ClassCastException if the field is not of type
1264      * {@code TIFF_SRATIONAL}.
1265      */
1266     public int[] getAsSRational(int index) {
1267         return ((int[][])data)[index];
1268     }
1269 
1270     /**
1271      * Returns a TIFFTag.TIFF_RATIONAL data item as a two-element array
1272      * of ints.
1273      *
1274      * @param index The index of the data.
1275      * @return The data at the given index as an unsigned rational.
1276      * @throws ClassCastException if the field is not of type
1277      * {@code TIFF_RATIONAL}.
1278      */
1279     public long[] getAsRational(int index) {
1280         return ((long[][])data)[index];
1281     }
1282 
1283 
1284     /**
1285      * Returns a {@code String} containing a human-readable
1286      * version of the data item.  Data of type
1287      * {@code TIFFTag.TIFF_RATIONAL} or {@code TIFF_SRATIONAL} are
1288      * represented as a pair of integers separated by a
1289      * {@code '/'} character.
1290      *
1291      * @param index The index of the data.
1292      * @return The data at the given index as a {@code String}.
1293      * @throws ClassCastException if the field is not of one of the
1294      * legal field types.
1295      */
1296     public String getValueAsString(int index) {
1297         switch (type) {
1298         case TIFFTag.TIFF_ASCII:
1299             return ((String[])data)[index];
1300         case TIFFTag.TIFF_BYTE:
1301         case TIFFTag.TIFF_UNDEFINED:
1302             return Integer.toString(((byte[])data)[index] & 0xff);
1303         case TIFFTag.TIFF_SBYTE:
1304             return Integer.toString(((byte[])data)[index]);
1305         case TIFFTag.TIFF_SHORT:
1306             return Integer.toString(((char[])data)[index] & 0xffff);
1307         case TIFFTag.TIFF_SSHORT:
1308             return Integer.toString(((short[])data)[index]);
1309         case TIFFTag.TIFF_SLONG:
1310             return Integer.toString(((int[])data)[index]);
1311         case TIFFTag.TIFF_LONG:
1312         case TIFFTag.TIFF_IFD_POINTER:
1313             return Long.toString(((long[])data)[index]);
1314         case TIFFTag.TIFF_FLOAT:
1315             return Float.toString(((float[])data)[index]);
1316         case TIFFTag.TIFF_DOUBLE:
1317             return Double.toString(((double[])data)[index]);
1318         case TIFFTag.TIFF_SRATIONAL:
1319             int[] ivalue = getAsSRational(index);
1320             String srationalString;
1321             if(ivalue[1] != 0 && ivalue[0] % ivalue[1] == 0) {
1322                 // If the denominator is a non-zero integral divisor
1323                 // of the numerator then convert the fraction to be
1324                 // with respect to a unity denominator.
1325                 srationalString =
1326                     Integer.toString(ivalue[0] / ivalue[1]) + "/1";
1327             } else {
1328                 // Use the values directly.
1329                 srationalString =
1330                     Integer.toString(ivalue[0]) +
1331                     "/" +
1332                     Integer.toString(ivalue[1]);
1333             }
1334             return srationalString;
1335         case TIFFTag.TIFF_RATIONAL:
1336             long[] lvalue = getAsRational(index);
1337             String rationalString;
1338             if(lvalue[1] != 0L && lvalue[0] % lvalue[1] == 0) {
1339                 // If the denominator is a non-zero integral divisor
1340                 // of the numerator then convert the fraction to be
1341                 // with respect to a unity denominator.
1342                 rationalString =
1343                     Long.toString(lvalue[0] / lvalue[1]) + "/1";
1344             } else {
1345                 // Use the values directly.
1346                 rationalString =
1347                     Long.toString(lvalue[0]) +
1348                     "/" +
1349                     Long.toString(lvalue[1]);
1350             }
1351             return rationalString;
1352         default:
1353             throw new ClassCastException(); // should never happen
1354         }
1355     }
1356 
1357     /**
1358      * Returns whether the field has a {@code TIFFDirectory}.
1359      *
1360      * @return true if and only if getDirectory() returns non-null.
1361      */
1362     public boolean hasDirectory() {
1363         return getDirectory() != null;
1364     }
1365 
1366     /**
1367      * Returns the associated {@code TIFFDirectory}, if available. If no
1368      * directory is set, then {@code null} will be returned.
1369      *
1370      * @return the TIFFDirectory instance or null.
1371      */
1372     public TIFFDirectory getDirectory() {
1373         return dir;
1374     }
1375 
1376     /**
1377      * Clones the field and all the information contained therein.
1378      *
1379      * @return A clone of this {@code TIFFField}.
1380      * @throws CloneNotSupportedException if the instance cannot be cloned.
1381      */
1382     @Override
1383     public TIFFField clone() throws CloneNotSupportedException {
1384         TIFFField field = (TIFFField)super.clone();
1385 
1386         Object fieldData;
1387         switch (type) {
1388         case TIFFTag.TIFF_BYTE:
1389         case TIFFTag.TIFF_UNDEFINED:
1390         case TIFFTag.TIFF_SBYTE:
1391             fieldData = ((byte[])data).clone();
1392             break;
1393         case TIFFTag.TIFF_SHORT:
1394             fieldData = ((char[])data).clone();
1395             break;
1396         case TIFFTag.TIFF_SSHORT:
1397             fieldData = ((short[])data).clone();
1398             break;
1399         case TIFFTag.TIFF_SLONG:
1400             fieldData = ((int[])data).clone();
1401             break;
1402         case TIFFTag.TIFF_LONG:
1403         case TIFFTag.TIFF_IFD_POINTER:
1404             fieldData = ((long[])data).clone();
1405             break;
1406         case TIFFTag.TIFF_FLOAT:
1407             fieldData = ((float[])data).clone();
1408             break;
1409         case TIFFTag.TIFF_DOUBLE:
1410             fieldData = ((double[])data).clone();
1411             break;
1412         case TIFFTag.TIFF_SRATIONAL:
1413             fieldData = ((int[][])data).clone();
1414             break;
1415         case TIFFTag.TIFF_RATIONAL:
1416             fieldData = ((long[][])data).clone();
1417             break;
1418         case TIFFTag.TIFF_ASCII:
1419             fieldData = ((String[])data).clone();
1420             break;
1421         default:
1422             throw new ClassCastException(); // should never happen
1423         }
1424 
1425         field.tag = tag;
1426         field.tagNumber = tagNumber;
1427         field.type = type;
1428         field.count = count;
1429         field.data = fieldData;
1430         field.dir = dir != null ? dir.clone() : null;
1431 
1432         return field;
1433     }
1434 }