1 /* 2 * Copyright 1994-2009 Sun Microsystems, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 3 * DO NOT ALTER OR REMOVE COPYRIGHT NOTICES OR THIS FILE HEADER. 4 * 5 * This code is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it 6 * under the terms of the GNU General Public License version 2 only, as 7 * published by the Free Software Foundation. Sun designates this 8 * particular file as subject to the "Classpath" exception as provided 9 * by Sun in the LICENSE file that accompanied this code. 10 * 11 * This code is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT 12 * ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or 13 * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU General Public License 14 * version 2 for more details (a copy is included in the LICENSE file that 15 * accompanied this code). 16 * 17 * You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License version 18 * 2 along with this work; if not, write to the Free Software Foundation, 19 * Inc., 51 Franklin St, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA 02110-1301 USA. 20 * 21 * Please contact Sun Microsystems, Inc., 4150 Network Circle, Santa Clara, 22 * CA 95054 USA or visit www.sun.com if you need additional information or 23 * have any questions. 24 */ 25 26 package java.lang; 27 28 import java.util.Properties; 29 30 /** 31 * The {@code Integer} class wraps a value of the primitive type 32 * {@code int} in an object. An object of type {@code Integer} 33 * contains a single field whose type is {@code int}. 34 * 35 * <p>In addition, this class provides several methods for converting 36 * an {@code int} to a {@code String} and a {@code String} to an 37 * {@code int}, as well as other constants and methods useful when 38 * dealing with an {@code int}. 39 * 40 * <p>Implementation note: The implementations of the "bit twiddling" 41 * methods (such as {@link #highestOneBit(int) highestOneBit} and 42 * {@link #numberOfTrailingZeros(int) numberOfTrailingZeros}) are 43 * based on material from Henry S. Warren, Jr.'s <i>Hacker's 44 * Delight</i>, (Addison Wesley, 2002). 45 * 46 * @author Lee Boynton 47 * @author Arthur van Hoff 48 * @author Josh Bloch 49 * @author Joseph D. Darcy 50 * @since JDK1.0 51 */ 52 public final class Integer extends Number implements Comparable<Integer> { 53 /** 54 * A constant holding the minimum value an {@code int} can 55 * have, -2<sup>31</sup>. 56 */ 57 public static final int MIN_VALUE = 0x80000000; 58 59 /** 60 * A constant holding the maximum value an {@code int} can 61 * have, 2<sup>31</sup>-1. 62 */ 63 public static final int MAX_VALUE = 0x7fffffff; 64 65 /** 66 * The {@code Class} instance representing the primitive type 67 * {@code int}. 68 * 69 * @since JDK1.1 70 */ 71 public static final Class<Integer> TYPE = (Class<Integer>) Class.getPrimitiveClass("int"); 72 73 /** 74 * All possible chars for representing a number as a String 75 */ 76 final static char[] digits = { 77 '0' , '1' , '2' , '3' , '4' , '5' , 78 '6' , '7' , '8' , '9' , 'a' , 'b' , 79 'c' , 'd' , 'e' , 'f' , 'g' , 'h' , 80 'i' , 'j' , 'k' , 'l' , 'm' , 'n' , 81 'o' , 'p' , 'q' , 'r' , 's' , 't' , 82 'u' , 'v' , 'w' , 'x' , 'y' , 'z' 83 }; 84 85 /** 86 * Returns a string representation of the first argument in the 87 * radix specified by the second argument. 88 * 89 * <p>If the radix is smaller than {@code Character.MIN_RADIX} 90 * or larger than {@code Character.MAX_RADIX}, then the radix 91 * {@code 10} is used instead. 92 * 93 * <p>If the first argument is negative, the first element of the 94 * result is the ASCII minus character {@code '-'} 95 * (<code>'\u002D'</code>). If the first argument is not 96 * negative, no sign character appears in the result. 97 * 98 * <p>The remaining characters of the result represent the magnitude 99 * of the first argument. If the magnitude is zero, it is 100 * represented by a single zero character {@code '0'} 101 * (<code>'\u0030'</code>); otherwise, the first character of 102 * the representation of the magnitude will not be the zero 103 * character. The following ASCII characters are used as digits: 104 * 105 * <blockquote> 106 * {@code 0123456789abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz} 107 * </blockquote> 108 * 109 * These are <code>'\u0030'</code> through 110 * <code>'\u0039'</code> and <code>'\u0061'</code> through 111 * <code>'\u007A'</code>. If {@code radix} is 112 * <var>N</var>, then the first <var>N</var> of these characters 113 * are used as radix-<var>N</var> digits in the order shown. Thus, 114 * the digits for hexadecimal (radix 16) are 115 * {@code 0123456789abcdef}. If uppercase letters are 116 * desired, the {@link java.lang.String#toUpperCase()} method may 117 * be called on the result: 118 * 119 * <blockquote> 120 * {@code Integer.toString(n, 16).toUpperCase()} 121 * </blockquote> 122 * 123 * @param i an integer to be converted to a string. 124 * @param radix the radix to use in the string representation. 125 * @return a string representation of the argument in the specified radix. 126 * @see java.lang.Character#MAX_RADIX 127 * @see java.lang.Character#MIN_RADIX 128 */ 129 public static String toString(int i, int radix) { 130 131 if (radix < Character.MIN_RADIX || radix > Character.MAX_RADIX) 132 radix = 10; 133 134 /* Use the faster version */ 135 if (radix == 10) { 136 return toString(i); 137 } 138 139 char buf[] = new char[33]; 140 boolean negative = (i < 0); 141 int charPos = 32; 142 143 if (!negative) { 144 i = -i; 145 } 146 147 while (i <= -radix) { 148 buf[charPos--] = digits[-(i % radix)]; 149 i = i / radix; 150 } 151 buf[charPos] = digits[-i]; 152 153 if (negative) { 154 buf[--charPos] = '-'; 155 } 156 157 return new String(buf, charPos, (33 - charPos)); 158 } 159 160 /** 161 * Returns a string representation of the integer argument as an 162 * unsigned integer in base 16. 163 * 164 * <p>The unsigned integer value is the argument plus 2<sup>32</sup> 165 * if the argument is negative; otherwise, it is equal to the 166 * argument. This value is converted to a string of ASCII digits 167 * in hexadecimal (base 16) with no extra leading 168 * {@code 0}s. If the unsigned magnitude is zero, it is 169 * represented by a single zero character {@code '0'} 170 * (<code>'\u0030'</code>); otherwise, the first character of 171 * the representation of the unsigned magnitude will not be the 172 * zero character. The following characters are used as 173 * hexadecimal digits: 174 * 175 * <blockquote> 176 * {@code 0123456789abcdef} 177 * </blockquote> 178 * 179 * These are the characters <code>'\u0030'</code> through 180 * <code>'\u0039'</code> and <code>'\u0061'</code> through 181 * <code>'\u0066'</code>. If uppercase letters are 182 * desired, the {@link java.lang.String#toUpperCase()} method may 183 * be called on the result: 184 * 185 * <blockquote> 186 * {@code Integer.toHexString(n).toUpperCase()} 187 * </blockquote> 188 * 189 * @param i an integer to be converted to a string. 190 * @return the string representation of the unsigned integer value 191 * represented by the argument in hexadecimal (base 16). 192 * @since JDK1.0.2 193 */ 194 public static String toHexString(int i) { 195 return toUnsignedString(i, 4); 196 } 197 198 /** 199 * Returns a string representation of the integer argument as an 200 * unsigned integer in base 8. 201 * 202 * <p>The unsigned integer value is the argument plus 2<sup>32</sup> 203 * if the argument is negative; otherwise, it is equal to the 204 * argument. This value is converted to a string of ASCII digits 205 * in octal (base 8) with no extra leading {@code 0}s. 206 * 207 * <p>If the unsigned magnitude is zero, it is represented by a 208 * single zero character {@code '0'} 209 * (<code>'\u0030'</code>); otherwise, the first character of 210 * the representation of the unsigned magnitude will not be the 211 * zero character. The following characters are used as octal 212 * digits: 213 * 214 * <blockquote> 215 * {@code 01234567} 216 * </blockquote> 217 * 218 * These are the characters <code>'\u0030'</code> through 219 * <code>'\u0037'</code>. 220 * 221 * @param i an integer to be converted to a string. 222 * @return the string representation of the unsigned integer value 223 * represented by the argument in octal (base 8). 224 * @since JDK1.0.2 225 */ 226 public static String toOctalString(int i) { 227 return toUnsignedString(i, 3); 228 } 229 230 /** 231 * Returns a string representation of the integer argument as an 232 * unsigned integer in base 2. 233 * 234 * <p>The unsigned integer value is the argument plus 2<sup>32</sup> 235 * if the argument is negative; otherwise it is equal to the 236 * argument. This value is converted to a string of ASCII digits 237 * in binary (base 2) with no extra leading {@code 0}s. 238 * If the unsigned magnitude is zero, it is represented by a 239 * single zero character {@code '0'} 240 * (<code>'\u0030'</code>); otherwise, the first character of 241 * the representation of the unsigned magnitude will not be the 242 * zero character. The characters {@code '0'} 243 * (<code>'\u0030'</code>) and {@code '1'} 244 * (<code>'\u0031'</code>) are used as binary digits. 245 * 246 * @param i an integer to be converted to a string. 247 * @return the string representation of the unsigned integer value 248 * represented by the argument in binary (base 2). 249 * @since JDK1.0.2 250 */ 251 public static String toBinaryString(int i) { 252 return toUnsignedString(i, 1); 253 } 254 255 /** 256 * Convert the integer to an unsigned number. 257 */ 258 private static String toUnsignedString(int i, int shift) { 259 char[] buf = new char[32]; 260 int charPos = 32; 261 int radix = 1 << shift; 262 int mask = radix - 1; 263 do { 264 buf[--charPos] = digits[i & mask]; 265 i >>>= shift; 266 } while (i != 0); 267 268 return new String(buf, charPos, (32 - charPos)); 269 } 270 271 272 final static char [] DigitTens = { 273 '0', '0', '0', '0', '0', '0', '0', '0', '0', '0', 274 '1', '1', '1', '1', '1', '1', '1', '1', '1', '1', 275 '2', '2', '2', '2', '2', '2', '2', '2', '2', '2', 276 '3', '3', '3', '3', '3', '3', '3', '3', '3', '3', 277 '4', '4', '4', '4', '4', '4', '4', '4', '4', '4', 278 '5', '5', '5', '5', '5', '5', '5', '5', '5', '5', 279 '6', '6', '6', '6', '6', '6', '6', '6', '6', '6', 280 '7', '7', '7', '7', '7', '7', '7', '7', '7', '7', 281 '8', '8', '8', '8', '8', '8', '8', '8', '8', '8', 282 '9', '9', '9', '9', '9', '9', '9', '9', '9', '9', 283 } ; 284 285 final static char [] DigitOnes = { 286 '0', '1', '2', '3', '4', '5', '6', '7', '8', '9', 287 '0', '1', '2', '3', '4', '5', '6', '7', '8', '9', 288 '0', '1', '2', '3', '4', '5', '6', '7', '8', '9', 289 '0', '1', '2', '3', '4', '5', '6', '7', '8', '9', 290 '0', '1', '2', '3', '4', '5', '6', '7', '8', '9', 291 '0', '1', '2', '3', '4', '5', '6', '7', '8', '9', 292 '0', '1', '2', '3', '4', '5', '6', '7', '8', '9', 293 '0', '1', '2', '3', '4', '5', '6', '7', '8', '9', 294 '0', '1', '2', '3', '4', '5', '6', '7', '8', '9', 295 '0', '1', '2', '3', '4', '5', '6', '7', '8', '9', 296 } ; 297 298 // I use the "invariant division by multiplication" trick to 299 // accelerate Integer.toString. In particular we want to 300 // avoid division by 10. 301 // 302 // The "trick" has roughly the same performance characteristics 303 // as the "classic" Integer.toString code on a non-JIT VM. 304 // The trick avoids .rem and .div calls but has a longer code 305 // path and is thus dominated by dispatch overhead. In the 306 // JIT case the dispatch overhead doesn't exist and the 307 // "trick" is considerably faster than the classic code. 308 // 309 // TODO-FIXME: convert (x * 52429) into the equiv shift-add 310 // sequence. 311 // 312 // RE: Division by Invariant Integers using Multiplication 313 // T Gralund, P Montgomery 314 // ACM PLDI 1994 315 // 316 317 /** 318 * Returns a {@code String} object representing the 319 * specified integer. The argument is converted to signed decimal 320 * representation and returned as a string, exactly as if the 321 * argument and radix 10 were given as arguments to the {@link 322 * #toString(int, int)} method. 323 * 324 * @param i an integer to be converted. 325 * @return a string representation of the argument in base 10. 326 */ 327 public static String toString(int i) { 328 if (i == Integer.MIN_VALUE) 329 return "-2147483648"; 330 int size = (i < 0) ? stringSize(-i) + 1 : stringSize(i); 331 char[] buf = new char[size]; 332 getChars(i, size, buf); 333 return new String(0, size, buf); 334 } 335 336 /** 337 * Places characters representing the integer i into the 338 * character array buf. The characters are placed into 339 * the buffer backwards starting with the least significant 340 * digit at the specified index (exclusive), and working 341 * backwards from there. 342 * 343 * Will fail if i == Integer.MIN_VALUE 344 */ 345 static void getChars(int i, int index, char[] buf) { 346 int q, r; 347 int charPos = index; 348 char sign = 0; 349 350 if (i < 0) { 351 sign = '-'; 352 i = -i; 353 } 354 355 // Generate two digits per iteration 356 while (i >= 65536) { 357 q = i / 100; 358 // really: r = i - (q * 100); 359 r = i - ((q << 6) + (q << 5) + (q << 2)); 360 i = q; 361 buf [--charPos] = DigitOnes[r]; 362 buf [--charPos] = DigitTens[r]; 363 } 364 365 // Fall thru to fast mode for smaller numbers 366 // assert(i <= 65536, i); 367 for (;;) { 368 q = (i * 52429) >>> (16+3); 369 r = i - ((q << 3) + (q << 1)); // r = i-(q*10) ... 370 buf [--charPos] = digits [r]; 371 i = q; 372 if (i == 0) break; 373 } 374 if (sign != 0) { 375 buf [--charPos] = sign; 376 } 377 } 378 379 final static int [] sizeTable = { 9, 99, 999, 9999, 99999, 999999, 9999999, 380 99999999, 999999999, Integer.MAX_VALUE }; 381 382 // Requires positive x 383 static int stringSize(int x) { 384 for (int i=0; ; i++) 385 if (x <= sizeTable[i]) 386 return i+1; 387 } 388 389 /** 390 * Parses the string argument as a signed integer in the radix 391 * specified by the second argument. The characters in the string 392 * must all be digits of the specified radix (as determined by 393 * whether {@link java.lang.Character#digit(char, int)} returns a 394 * nonnegative value), except that the first character may be an 395 * ASCII minus sign {@code '-'} (<code>'\u002D'</code>) to 396 * indicate a negative value or an ASCII plus sign {@code '+'} 397 * (<code>'\u002B'</code>) to indicate a positive value. The 398 * resulting integer value is returned. 399 * 400 * <p>An exception of type {@code NumberFormatException} is 401 * thrown if any of the following situations occurs: 402 * <ul> 403 * <li>The first argument is {@code null} or is a string of 404 * length zero. 405 * 406 * <li>The radix is either smaller than 407 * {@link java.lang.Character#MIN_RADIX} or 408 * larger than {@link java.lang.Character#MAX_RADIX}. 409 * 410 * <li>Any character of the string is not a digit of the specified 411 * radix, except that the first character may be a minus sign 412 * {@code '-'} (<code>'\u002D'</code>) or plus sign 413 * {@code '+'} (<code>'\u002B'</code>) provided that the 414 * string is longer than length 1. 415 * 416 * <li>The value represented by the string is not a value of type 417 * {@code int}. 418 * </ul> 419 * 420 * <p>Examples: 421 * <blockquote><pre> 422 * parseInt("0", 10) returns 0 423 * parseInt("473", 10) returns 473 424 * parseInt("+42", 10) returns 42 425 * parseInt("-0", 10) returns 0 426 * parseInt("-FF", 16) returns -255 427 * parseInt("1100110", 2) returns 102 428 * parseInt("2147483647", 10) returns 2147483647 429 * parseInt("-2147483648", 10) returns -2147483648 430 * parseInt("2147483648", 10) throws a NumberFormatException 431 * parseInt("99", 8) throws a NumberFormatException 432 * parseInt("Kona", 10) throws a NumberFormatException 433 * parseInt("Kona", 27) returns 411787 434 * </pre></blockquote> 435 * 436 * @param s the {@code String} containing the integer 437 * representation to be parsed 438 * @param radix the radix to be used while parsing {@code s}. 439 * @return the integer represented by the string argument in the 440 * specified radix. 441 * @exception NumberFormatException if the {@code String} 442 * does not contain a parsable {@code int}. 443 */ 444 public static int parseInt(String s, int radix) 445 throws NumberFormatException 446 { 447 /* 448 * WARNING: This method may be invoked early during VM initialization 449 * before IntegerCache is initialized. Care must be taken to not use 450 * the valueOf method. 451 */ 452 453 if (s == null) { 454 throw new NumberFormatException("null"); 455 } 456 457 if (radix < Character.MIN_RADIX) { 458 throw new NumberFormatException("radix " + radix + 459 " less than Character.MIN_RADIX"); 460 } 461 462 if (radix > Character.MAX_RADIX) { 463 throw new NumberFormatException("radix " + radix + 464 " greater than Character.MAX_RADIX"); 465 } 466 467 int result = 0; 468 boolean negative = false; 469 int i = 0, len = s.length(); 470 int limit = -Integer.MAX_VALUE; 471 int multmin; 472 int digit; 473 474 if (len > 0) { 475 char firstChar = s.charAt(0); 476 if (firstChar < '0') { // Possible leading "+" or "-" 477 if (firstChar == '-') { 478 negative = true; 479 limit = Integer.MIN_VALUE; 480 } else if (firstChar != '+') 481 throw NumberFormatException.forInputString(s); 482 483 if (len == 1) // Cannot have lone "+" or "-" 484 throw NumberFormatException.forInputString(s); 485 i++; 486 } 487 multmin = limit / radix; 488 while (i < len) { 489 // Accumulating negatively avoids surprises near MAX_VALUE 490 digit = Character.digit(s.charAt(i++),radix); 491 if (digit < 0) { 492 throw NumberFormatException.forInputString(s); 493 } 494 if (result < multmin) { 495 throw NumberFormatException.forInputString(s); 496 } 497 result *= radix; 498 if (result < limit + digit) { 499 throw NumberFormatException.forInputString(s); 500 } 501 result -= digit; 502 } 503 } else { 504 throw NumberFormatException.forInputString(s); 505 } 506 return negative ? result : -result; 507 } 508 509 /** 510 * Parses the string argument as a signed decimal integer. The 511 * characters in the string must all be decimal digits, except 512 * that the first character may be an ASCII minus sign {@code '-'} 513 * (<code>'\u002D'</code>) to indicate a negative value or an 514 * ASCII plus sign {@code '+'} (<code>'\u002B'</code>) to 515 * indicate a positive value. The resulting integer value is 516 * returned, exactly as if the argument and the radix 10 were 517 * given as arguments to the {@link #parseInt(java.lang.String, 518 * int)} method. 519 * 520 * @param s a {@code String} containing the {@code int} 521 * representation to be parsed 522 * @return the integer value represented by the argument in decimal. 523 * @exception NumberFormatException if the string does not contain a 524 * parsable integer. 525 */ 526 public static int parseInt(String s) throws NumberFormatException { 527 return parseInt(s,10); 528 } 529 530 /** 531 * Returns an {@code Integer} object holding the value 532 * extracted from the specified {@code String} when parsed 533 * with the radix given by the second argument. The first argument 534 * is interpreted as representing a signed integer in the radix 535 * specified by the second argument, exactly as if the arguments 536 * were given to the {@link #parseInt(java.lang.String, int)} 537 * method. The result is an {@code Integer} object that 538 * represents the integer value specified by the string. 539 * 540 * <p>In other words, this method returns an {@code Integer} 541 * object equal to the value of: 542 * 543 * <blockquote> 544 * {@code new Integer(Integer.parseInt(s, radix))} 545 * </blockquote> 546 * 547 * @param s the string to be parsed. 548 * @param radix the radix to be used in interpreting {@code s} 549 * @return an {@code Integer} object holding the value 550 * represented by the string argument in the specified 551 * radix. 552 * @exception NumberFormatException if the {@code String} 553 * does not contain a parsable {@code int}. 554 */ 555 public static Integer valueOf(String s, int radix) throws NumberFormatException { 556 return Integer.valueOf(parseInt(s,radix)); 557 } 558 559 /** 560 * Returns an {@code Integer} object holding the 561 * value of the specified {@code String}. The argument is 562 * interpreted as representing a signed decimal integer, exactly 563 * as if the argument were given to the {@link 564 * #parseInt(java.lang.String)} method. The result is an 565 * {@code Integer} object that represents the integer value 566 * specified by the string. 567 * 568 * <p>In other words, this method returns an {@code Integer} 569 * object equal to the value of: 570 * 571 * <blockquote> 572 * {@code new Integer(Integer.parseInt(s))} 573 * </blockquote> 574 * 575 * @param s the string to be parsed. 576 * @return an {@code Integer} object holding the value 577 * represented by the string argument. 578 * @exception NumberFormatException if the string cannot be parsed 579 * as an integer. 580 */ 581 public static Integer valueOf(String s) throws NumberFormatException { 582 return Integer.valueOf(parseInt(s, 10)); 583 } 584 585 /** 586 * Cache to support the object identity semantics of autoboxing for values between 587 * -128 and 127 (inclusive) as required by JLS. 588 * 589 * The cache is initialized on first usage. During VM initialization the 590 * getAndRemoveCacheProperties method may be used to get and remove any system 591 * properites that configure the cache size. At this time, the size of the 592 * cache may be controlled by the -XX:AutoBoxCacheMax=<size> option. 593 */ 594 595 // value of java.lang.Integer.IntegerCache.high property (obtained during VM init) 596 private static String integerCacheHighPropValue; 597 598 static void getAndRemoveCacheProperties() { 599 if (!sun.misc.VM.isBooted()) { 600 Properties props = System.getProperties(); 601 integerCacheHighPropValue = 602 (String)props.remove("java.lang.Integer.IntegerCache.high"); 603 if (integerCacheHighPropValue != null) 604 System.setProperties(props); // remove from system props 605 } 606 } 607 608 private static class IntegerCache { 609 static final int low = -128; 610 static final int high; 611 static final Integer cache[]; 612 613 static { 614 // high value may be configured by property 615 int h = 127; 616 if (integerCacheHighPropValue != null) { 617 int i = parseInt(integerCacheHighPropValue); 618 i = Math.max(i, 127); 619 // Maximum array size is Integer.MAX_VALUE 620 h = Math.min(i, Integer.MAX_VALUE - (-low)); 621 } 622 high = h; 623 624 cache = new Integer[(high - low) + 1]; 625 int j = low; 626 for(int k = 0; k < cache.length; k++) 627 cache[k] = new Integer(j++); 628 } 629 630 private IntegerCache() {} 631 } 632 633 /** 634 * Returns an {@code Integer} instance representing the specified 635 * {@code int} value. If a new {@code Integer} instance is not 636 * required, this method should generally be used in preference to 637 * the constructor {@link #Integer(int)}, as this method is likely 638 * to yield significantly better space and time performance by 639 * caching frequently requested values. 640 * 641 * This method will always cache values in the range -128 to 127, 642 * inclusive, and may cache other values outside of this range. 643 * 644 * @param i an {@code int} value. 645 * @return an {@code Integer} instance representing {@code i}. 646 * @since 1.5 647 */ 648 public static Integer valueOf(int i) { 649 assert IntegerCache.high >= 127; 650 if (i >= IntegerCache.low && i <= IntegerCache.high) 651 return IntegerCache.cache[i + (-IntegerCache.low)]; 652 return new Integer(i); 653 } 654 655 /** 656 * The value of the {@code Integer}. 657 * 658 * @serial 659 */ 660 private final int value; 661 662 /** 663 * Constructs a newly allocated {@code Integer} object that 664 * represents the specified {@code int} value. 665 * 666 * @param value the value to be represented by the 667 * {@code Integer} object. 668 */ 669 public Integer(int value) { 670 this.value = value; 671 } 672 673 /** 674 * Constructs a newly allocated {@code Integer} object that 675 * represents the {@code int} value indicated by the 676 * {@code String} parameter. The string is converted to an 677 * {@code int} value in exactly the manner used by the 678 * {@code parseInt} method for radix 10. 679 * 680 * @param s the {@code String} to be converted to an 681 * {@code Integer}. 682 * @exception NumberFormatException if the {@code String} does not 683 * contain a parsable integer. 684 * @see java.lang.Integer#parseInt(java.lang.String, int) 685 */ 686 public Integer(String s) throws NumberFormatException { 687 this.value = parseInt(s, 10); 688 } 689 690 /** 691 * Returns the value of this {@code Integer} as a 692 * {@code byte}. 693 */ 694 public byte byteValue() { 695 return (byte)value; 696 } 697 698 /** 699 * Returns the value of this {@code Integer} as a 700 * {@code short}. 701 */ 702 public short shortValue() { 703 return (short)value; 704 } 705 706 /** 707 * Returns the value of this {@code Integer} as an 708 * {@code int}. 709 */ 710 public int intValue() { 711 return value; 712 } 713 714 /** 715 * Returns the value of this {@code Integer} as a 716 * {@code long}. 717 */ 718 public long longValue() { 719 return (long)value; 720 } 721 722 /** 723 * Returns the value of this {@code Integer} as a 724 * {@code float}. 725 */ 726 public float floatValue() { 727 return (float)value; 728 } 729 730 /** 731 * Returns the value of this {@code Integer} as a 732 * {@code double}. 733 */ 734 public double doubleValue() { 735 return (double)value; 736 } 737 738 /** 739 * Returns a {@code String} object representing this 740 * {@code Integer}'s value. The value is converted to signed 741 * decimal representation and returned as a string, exactly as if 742 * the integer value were given as an argument to the {@link 743 * java.lang.Integer#toString(int)} method. 744 * 745 * @return a string representation of the value of this object in 746 * base 10. 747 */ 748 public String toString() { 749 return String.valueOf(value); 750 } 751 752 /** 753 * Returns a hash code for this {@code Integer}. 754 * 755 * @return a hash code value for this object, equal to the 756 * primitive {@code int} value represented by this 757 * {@code Integer} object. 758 */ 759 public int hashCode() { 760 return value; 761 } 762 763 /** 764 * Compares this object to the specified object. The result is 765 * {@code true} if and only if the argument is not 766 * {@code null} and is an {@code Integer} object that 767 * contains the same {@code int} value as this object. 768 * 769 * @param obj the object to compare with. 770 * @return {@code true} if the objects are the same; 771 * {@code false} otherwise. 772 */ 773 public boolean equals(Object obj) { 774 if (obj instanceof Integer) { 775 return value == ((Integer)obj).intValue(); 776 } 777 return false; 778 } 779 780 /** 781 * Determines the integer value of the system property with the 782 * specified name. 783 * 784 * <p>The first argument is treated as the name of a system property. 785 * System properties are accessible through the 786 * {@link java.lang.System#getProperty(java.lang.String)} method. The 787 * string value of this property is then interpreted as an integer 788 * value and an {@code Integer} object representing this value is 789 * returned. Details of possible numeric formats can be found with 790 * the definition of {@code getProperty}. 791 * 792 * <p>If there is no property with the specified name, if the specified name 793 * is empty or {@code null}, or if the property does not have 794 * the correct numeric format, then {@code null} is returned. 795 * 796 * <p>In other words, this method returns an {@code Integer} 797 * object equal to the value of: 798 * 799 * <blockquote> 800 * {@code getInteger(nm, null)} 801 * </blockquote> 802 * 803 * @param nm property name. 804 * @return the {@code Integer} value of the property. 805 * @see java.lang.System#getProperty(java.lang.String) 806 * @see java.lang.System#getProperty(java.lang.String, java.lang.String) 807 */ 808 public static Integer getInteger(String nm) { 809 return getInteger(nm, null); 810 } 811 812 /** 813 * Determines the integer value of the system property with the 814 * specified name. 815 * 816 * <p>The first argument is treated as the name of a system property. 817 * System properties are accessible through the {@link 818 * java.lang.System#getProperty(java.lang.String)} method. The 819 * string value of this property is then interpreted as an integer 820 * value and an {@code Integer} object representing this value is 821 * returned. Details of possible numeric formats can be found with 822 * the definition of {@code getProperty}. 823 * 824 * <p>The second argument is the default value. An {@code Integer} object 825 * that represents the value of the second argument is returned if there 826 * is no property of the specified name, if the property does not have 827 * the correct numeric format, or if the specified name is empty or 828 * {@code null}. 829 * 830 * <p>In other words, this method returns an {@code Integer} object 831 * equal to the value of: 832 * 833 * <blockquote> 834 * {@code getInteger(nm, new Integer(val))} 835 * </blockquote> 836 * 837 * but in practice it may be implemented in a manner such as: 838 * 839 * <blockquote><pre> 840 * Integer result = getInteger(nm, null); 841 * return (result == null) ? new Integer(val) : result; 842 * </pre></blockquote> 843 * 844 * to avoid the unnecessary allocation of an {@code Integer} 845 * object when the default value is not needed. 846 * 847 * @param nm property name. 848 * @param val default value. 849 * @return the {@code Integer} value of the property. 850 * @see java.lang.System#getProperty(java.lang.String) 851 * @see java.lang.System#getProperty(java.lang.String, java.lang.String) 852 */ 853 public static Integer getInteger(String nm, int val) { 854 Integer result = getInteger(nm, null); 855 return (result == null) ? Integer.valueOf(val) : result; 856 } 857 858 /** 859 * Returns the integer value of the system property with the 860 * specified name. The first argument is treated as the name of a 861 * system property. System properties are accessible through the 862 * {@link java.lang.System#getProperty(java.lang.String)} method. 863 * The string value of this property is then interpreted as an 864 * integer value, as per the {@code Integer.decode} method, 865 * and an {@code Integer} object representing this value is 866 * returned. 867 * 868 * <ul><li>If the property value begins with the two ASCII characters 869 * {@code 0x} or the ASCII character {@code #}, not 870 * followed by a minus sign, then the rest of it is parsed as a 871 * hexadecimal integer exactly as by the method 872 * {@link #valueOf(java.lang.String, int)} with radix 16. 873 * <li>If the property value begins with the ASCII character 874 * {@code 0} followed by another character, it is parsed as an 875 * octal integer exactly as by the method 876 * {@link #valueOf(java.lang.String, int)} with radix 8. 877 * <li>Otherwise, the property value is parsed as a decimal integer 878 * exactly as by the method {@link #valueOf(java.lang.String, int)} 879 * with radix 10. 880 * </ul> 881 * 882 * <p>The second argument is the default value. The default value is 883 * returned if there is no property of the specified name, if the 884 * property does not have the correct numeric format, or if the 885 * specified name is empty or {@code null}. 886 * 887 * @param nm property name. 888 * @param val default value. 889 * @return the {@code Integer} value of the property. 890 * @see java.lang.System#getProperty(java.lang.String) 891 * @see java.lang.System#getProperty(java.lang.String, java.lang.String) 892 * @see java.lang.Integer#decode 893 */ 894 public static Integer getInteger(String nm, Integer val) { 895 String v = null; 896 try { 897 v = System.getProperty(nm); 898 } catch (IllegalArgumentException e) { 899 } catch (NullPointerException e) { 900 } 901 if (v != null) { 902 try { 903 return Integer.decode(v); 904 } catch (NumberFormatException e) { 905 } 906 } 907 return val; 908 } 909 910 /** 911 * Decodes a {@code String} into an {@code Integer}. 912 * Accepts decimal, hexadecimal, and octal numbers given 913 * by the following grammar: 914 * 915 * <blockquote> 916 * <dl> 917 * <dt><i>DecodableString:</i> 918 * <dd><i>Sign<sub>opt</sub> DecimalNumeral</i> 919 * <dd><i>Sign<sub>opt</sub></i> {@code 0x} <i>HexDigits</i> 920 * <dd><i>Sign<sub>opt</sub></i> {@code 0X} <i>HexDigits</i> 921 * <dd><i>Sign<sub>opt</sub></i> {@code #} <i>HexDigits</i> 922 * <dd><i>Sign<sub>opt</sub></i> {@code 0} <i>OctalDigits</i> 923 * <p> 924 * <dt><i>Sign:</i> 925 * <dd>{@code -} 926 * <dd>{@code +} 927 * </dl> 928 * </blockquote> 929 * 930 * <i>DecimalNumeral</i>, <i>HexDigits</i>, and <i>OctalDigits</i> 931 * are defined in <a href="http://java.sun.com/docs/books/jls/second_edition/html/lexical.doc.html#48282">§3.10.1</a> 932 * of the <a href="http://java.sun.com/docs/books/jls/html/">Java 933 * Language Specification</a>. 934 * 935 * <p>The sequence of characters following an optional 936 * sign and/or radix specifier ("{@code 0x}", "{@code 0X}", 937 * "{@code #}", or leading zero) is parsed as by the {@code 938 * Integer.parseInt} method with the indicated radix (10, 16, or 939 * 8). This sequence of characters must represent a positive 940 * value or a {@link NumberFormatException} will be thrown. The 941 * result is negated if first character of the specified {@code 942 * String} is the minus sign. No whitespace characters are 943 * permitted in the {@code String}. 944 * 945 * @param nm the {@code String} to decode. 946 * @return an {@code Integer} object holding the {@code int} 947 * value represented by {@code nm} 948 * @exception NumberFormatException if the {@code String} does not 949 * contain a parsable integer. 950 * @see java.lang.Integer#parseInt(java.lang.String, int) 951 */ 952 public static Integer decode(String nm) throws NumberFormatException { 953 int radix = 10; 954 int index = 0; 955 boolean negative = false; 956 Integer result; 957 958 if (nm.length() == 0) 959 throw new NumberFormatException("Zero length string"); 960 char firstChar = nm.charAt(0); 961 // Handle sign, if present 962 if (firstChar == '-') { 963 negative = true; 964 index++; 965 } else if (firstChar == '+') 966 index++; 967 968 // Handle radix specifier, if present 969 if (nm.startsWith("0x", index) || nm.startsWith("0X", index)) { 970 index += 2; 971 radix = 16; 972 } 973 else if (nm.startsWith("#", index)) { 974 index ++; 975 radix = 16; 976 } 977 else if (nm.startsWith("0", index) && nm.length() > 1 + index) { 978 index ++; 979 radix = 8; 980 } 981 982 if (nm.startsWith("-", index) || nm.startsWith("+", index)) 983 throw new NumberFormatException("Sign character in wrong position"); 984 985 try { 986 result = Integer.valueOf(nm.substring(index), radix); 987 result = negative ? Integer.valueOf(-result.intValue()) : result; 988 } catch (NumberFormatException e) { 989 // If number is Integer.MIN_VALUE, we'll end up here. The next line 990 // handles this case, and causes any genuine format error to be 991 // rethrown. 992 String constant = negative ? ("-" + nm.substring(index)) 993 : nm.substring(index); 994 result = Integer.valueOf(constant, radix); 995 } 996 return result; 997 } 998 999 /** 1000 * Compares two {@code Integer} objects numerically. 1001 * 1002 * @param anotherInteger the {@code Integer} to be compared. 1003 * @return the value {@code 0} if this {@code Integer} is 1004 * equal to the argument {@code Integer}; a value less than 1005 * {@code 0} if this {@code Integer} is numerically less 1006 * than the argument {@code Integer}; and a value greater 1007 * than {@code 0} if this {@code Integer} is numerically 1008 * greater than the argument {@code Integer} (signed 1009 * comparison). 1010 * @since 1.2 1011 */ 1012 public int compareTo(Integer anotherInteger) { 1013 return compare(this.value, anotherInteger.value); 1014 } 1015 1016 /** 1017 * Compares two {@code int} values numerically. 1018 * The value returned is identical to what would be returned by: 1019 * <pre> 1020 * Integer.valueOf(x).compareTo(Integer.valueOf(y)) 1021 * </pre> 1022 * 1023 * @param x the first {@code int} to compare 1024 * @param y the second {@code int} to compare 1025 * @return the value {@code 0} if {@code x == y}; 1026 * a value less than {@code 0} if {@code x < y}; and 1027 * a value greater than {@code 0} if {@code x > y} 1028 * @since 1.7 1029 */ 1030 public static int compare(int x, int y) { 1031 return (x < y) ? -1 : ((x == y) ? 0 : 1); 1032 } 1033 1034 1035 // Bit twiddling 1036 1037 /** 1038 * The number of bits used to represent an {@code int} value in two's 1039 * complement binary form. 1040 * 1041 * @since 1.5 1042 */ 1043 public static final int SIZE = 32; 1044 1045 /** 1046 * Returns an {@code int} value with at most a single one-bit, in the 1047 * position of the highest-order ("leftmost") one-bit in the specified 1048 * {@code int} value. Returns zero if the specified value has no 1049 * one-bits in its two's complement binary representation, that is, if it 1050 * is equal to zero. 1051 * 1052 * @return an {@code int} value with a single one-bit, in the position 1053 * of the highest-order one-bit in the specified value, or zero if 1054 * the specified value is itself equal to zero. 1055 * @since 1.5 1056 */ 1057 public static int highestOneBit(int i) { 1058 // HD, Figure 3-1 1059 i |= (i >> 1); 1060 i |= (i >> 2); 1061 i |= (i >> 4); 1062 i |= (i >> 8); 1063 i |= (i >> 16); 1064 return i - (i >>> 1); 1065 } 1066 1067 /** 1068 * Returns an {@code int} value with at most a single one-bit, in the 1069 * position of the lowest-order ("rightmost") one-bit in the specified 1070 * {@code int} value. Returns zero if the specified value has no 1071 * one-bits in its two's complement binary representation, that is, if it 1072 * is equal to zero. 1073 * 1074 * @return an {@code int} value with a single one-bit, in the position 1075 * of the lowest-order one-bit in the specified value, or zero if 1076 * the specified value is itself equal to zero. 1077 * @since 1.5 1078 */ 1079 public static int lowestOneBit(int i) { 1080 // HD, Section 2-1 1081 return i & -i; 1082 } 1083 1084 /** 1085 * Returns the number of zero bits preceding the highest-order 1086 * ("leftmost") one-bit in the two's complement binary representation 1087 * of the specified {@code int} value. Returns 32 if the 1088 * specified value has no one-bits in its two's complement representation, 1089 * in other words if it is equal to zero. 1090 * 1091 * <p>Note that this method is closely related to the logarithm base 2. 1092 * For all positive {@code int} values x: 1093 * <ul> 1094 * <li>floor(log<sub>2</sub>(x)) = {@code 31 - numberOfLeadingZeros(x)} 1095 * <li>ceil(log<sub>2</sub>(x)) = {@code 32 - numberOfLeadingZeros(x - 1)} 1096 * </ul> 1097 * 1098 * @return the number of zero bits preceding the highest-order 1099 * ("leftmost") one-bit in the two's complement binary representation 1100 * of the specified {@code int} value, or 32 if the value 1101 * is equal to zero. 1102 * @since 1.5 1103 */ 1104 public static int numberOfLeadingZeros(int i) { 1105 // HD, Figure 5-6 1106 if (i == 0) 1107 return 32; 1108 int n = 1; 1109 if (i >>> 16 == 0) { n += 16; i <<= 16; } 1110 if (i >>> 24 == 0) { n += 8; i <<= 8; } 1111 if (i >>> 28 == 0) { n += 4; i <<= 4; } 1112 if (i >>> 30 == 0) { n += 2; i <<= 2; } 1113 n -= i >>> 31; 1114 return n; 1115 } 1116 1117 /** 1118 * Returns the number of zero bits following the lowest-order ("rightmost") 1119 * one-bit in the two's complement binary representation of the specified 1120 * {@code int} value. Returns 32 if the specified value has no 1121 * one-bits in its two's complement representation, in other words if it is 1122 * equal to zero. 1123 * 1124 * @return the number of zero bits following the lowest-order ("rightmost") 1125 * one-bit in the two's complement binary representation of the 1126 * specified {@code int} value, or 32 if the value is equal 1127 * to zero. 1128 * @since 1.5 1129 */ 1130 public static int numberOfTrailingZeros(int i) { 1131 // HD, Figure 5-14 1132 int y; 1133 if (i == 0) return 32; 1134 int n = 31; 1135 y = i <<16; if (y != 0) { n = n -16; i = y; } 1136 y = i << 8; if (y != 0) { n = n - 8; i = y; } 1137 y = i << 4; if (y != 0) { n = n - 4; i = y; } 1138 y = i << 2; if (y != 0) { n = n - 2; i = y; } 1139 return n - ((i << 1) >>> 31); 1140 } 1141 1142 /** 1143 * Returns the number of one-bits in the two's complement binary 1144 * representation of the specified {@code int} value. This function is 1145 * sometimes referred to as the <i>population count</i>. 1146 * 1147 * @return the number of one-bits in the two's complement binary 1148 * representation of the specified {@code int} value. 1149 * @since 1.5 1150 */ 1151 public static int bitCount(int i) { 1152 // HD, Figure 5-2 1153 i = i - ((i >>> 1) & 0x55555555); 1154 i = (i & 0x33333333) + ((i >>> 2) & 0x33333333); 1155 i = (i + (i >>> 4)) & 0x0f0f0f0f; 1156 i = i + (i >>> 8); 1157 i = i + (i >>> 16); 1158 return i & 0x3f; 1159 } 1160 1161 /** 1162 * Returns the value obtained by rotating the two's complement binary 1163 * representation of the specified {@code int} value left by the 1164 * specified number of bits. (Bits shifted out of the left hand, or 1165 * high-order, side reenter on the right, or low-order.) 1166 * 1167 * <p>Note that left rotation with a negative distance is equivalent to 1168 * right rotation: {@code rotateLeft(val, -distance) == rotateRight(val, 1169 * distance)}. Note also that rotation by any multiple of 32 is a 1170 * no-op, so all but the last five bits of the rotation distance can be 1171 * ignored, even if the distance is negative: {@code rotateLeft(val, 1172 * distance) == rotateLeft(val, distance & 0x1F)}. 1173 * 1174 * @return the value obtained by rotating the two's complement binary 1175 * representation of the specified {@code int} value left by the 1176 * specified number of bits. 1177 * @since 1.5 1178 */ 1179 public static int rotateLeft(int i, int distance) { 1180 return (i << distance) | (i >>> -distance); 1181 } 1182 1183 /** 1184 * Returns the value obtained by rotating the two's complement binary 1185 * representation of the specified {@code int} value right by the 1186 * specified number of bits. (Bits shifted out of the right hand, or 1187 * low-order, side reenter on the left, or high-order.) 1188 * 1189 * <p>Note that right rotation with a negative distance is equivalent to 1190 * left rotation: {@code rotateRight(val, -distance) == rotateLeft(val, 1191 * distance)}. Note also that rotation by any multiple of 32 is a 1192 * no-op, so all but the last five bits of the rotation distance can be 1193 * ignored, even if the distance is negative: {@code rotateRight(val, 1194 * distance) == rotateRight(val, distance & 0x1F)}. 1195 * 1196 * @return the value obtained by rotating the two's complement binary 1197 * representation of the specified {@code int} value right by the 1198 * specified number of bits. 1199 * @since 1.5 1200 */ 1201 public static int rotateRight(int i, int distance) { 1202 return (i >>> distance) | (i << -distance); 1203 } 1204 1205 /** 1206 * Returns the value obtained by reversing the order of the bits in the 1207 * two's complement binary representation of the specified {@code int} 1208 * value. 1209 * 1210 * @return the value obtained by reversing order of the bits in the 1211 * specified {@code int} value. 1212 * @since 1.5 1213 */ 1214 public static int reverse(int i) { 1215 // HD, Figure 7-1 1216 i = (i & 0x55555555) << 1 | (i >>> 1) & 0x55555555; 1217 i = (i & 0x33333333) << 2 | (i >>> 2) & 0x33333333; 1218 i = (i & 0x0f0f0f0f) << 4 | (i >>> 4) & 0x0f0f0f0f; 1219 i = (i << 24) | ((i & 0xff00) << 8) | 1220 ((i >>> 8) & 0xff00) | (i >>> 24); 1221 return i; 1222 } 1223 1224 /** 1225 * Returns the signum function of the specified {@code int} value. (The 1226 * return value is -1 if the specified value is negative; 0 if the 1227 * specified value is zero; and 1 if the specified value is positive.) 1228 * 1229 * @return the signum function of the specified {@code int} value. 1230 * @since 1.5 1231 */ 1232 public static int signum(int i) { 1233 // HD, Section 2-7 1234 return (i >> 31) | (-i >>> 31); 1235 } 1236 1237 /** 1238 * Returns the value obtained by reversing the order of the bytes in the 1239 * two's complement representation of the specified {@code int} value. 1240 * 1241 * @return the value obtained by reversing the bytes in the specified 1242 * {@code int} value. 1243 * @since 1.5 1244 */ 1245 public static int reverseBytes(int i) { 1246 return ((i >>> 24) ) | 1247 ((i >> 8) & 0xFF00) | 1248 ((i << 8) & 0xFF0000) | 1249 ((i << 24)); 1250 } 1251 1252 /** use serialVersionUID from JDK 1.0.2 for interoperability */ 1253 private static final long serialVersionUID = 1360826667806852920L; 1254 }