1 /*
2 * Copyright (c) 2003, 2019, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.
3 * DO NOT ALTER OR REMOVE COPYRIGHT NOTICES OR THIS FILE HEADER.
4 *
5 * This code is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
6 * under the terms of the GNU General Public License version 2 only, as
7 * published by the Free Software Foundation.
8 *
9 * This code is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT
10 * ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or
11 * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU General Public License
12 * version 2 for more details (a copy is included in the LICENSE file that
13 * accompanied this code).
14 *
15 * You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License version
16 * 2 along with this work; if not, write to the Free Software Foundation,
17 * Inc., 51 Franklin St, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA 02110-1301 USA.
18 *
19 * Please contact Oracle, 500 Oracle Parkway, Redwood Shores, CA 94065 USA
20 * or visit www.oracle.com if you need additional information or have any
21 * questions.
22 *
23 */
24
25 #ifndef SHARE_SERVICES_THREADSERVICE_HPP
26 #define SHARE_SERVICES_THREADSERVICE_HPP
27
28 #include "classfile/classLoader.hpp"
29 #include "classfile/javaClasses.hpp"
30 #include "runtime/handles.hpp"
31 #include "runtime/init.hpp"
32 #include "runtime/jniHandles.hpp"
33 #include "runtime/objectMonitor.hpp"
34 #include "runtime/perfData.hpp"
35 #include "runtime/safepoint.hpp"
36 #include "runtime/thread.hpp"
37 #include "runtime/threadSMR.hpp"
38 #include "services/management.hpp"
39
40 class OopClosure;
41 class ThreadDumpResult;
42 class ThreadStackTrace;
43 class ThreadSnapshot;
44 class StackFrameInfo;
45 class ThreadConcurrentLocks;
46 class DeadlockCycle;
47
48 // VM monitoring and management support for the thread and
49 // synchronization subsystem
50 //
51 // Thread contention monitoring is disabled by default.
52 // When enabled, the VM will begin measuring the accumulated
53 // elapsed time a thread blocked on synchronization.
54 //
55 class ThreadService : public AllStatic {
56 private:
57 // These counters could be moved to Threads class
58 static PerfCounter* _total_threads_count;
59 static PerfVariable* _live_threads_count;
60 static PerfVariable* _peak_threads_count;
61 static PerfVariable* _daemon_threads_count;
62
63 // These 2 counters are like the above thread counts, but are
64 // atomically decremented in ThreadService::current_thread_exiting instead of
65 // ThreadService::remove_thread, so that the thread count is updated before
66 // Thread.join() returns.
67 static volatile int _atomic_threads_count;
68 static volatile int _atomic_daemon_threads_count;
69
70 static bool _thread_monitoring_contention_enabled;
71 static bool _thread_cpu_time_enabled;
72 static bool _thread_allocated_memory_enabled;
73
74 // Need to keep the list of thread dump result that
75 // keep references to Method* since thread dump can be
76 // requested by multiple threads concurrently.
77 static ThreadDumpResult* _threaddump_list;
78
79 static void decrement_thread_counts(JavaThread* jt, bool daemon);
80
81 public:
82 static void init();
83 static void add_thread(JavaThread* thread, bool daemon);
84 static void remove_thread(JavaThread* thread, bool daemon);
85 static void current_thread_exiting(JavaThread* jt, bool daemon);
86
87 static bool set_thread_monitoring_contention(bool flag);
88 static bool is_thread_monitoring_contention() { return _thread_monitoring_contention_enabled; }
89
90 static bool set_thread_cpu_time_enabled(bool flag);
91 static bool is_thread_cpu_time_enabled() { return _thread_cpu_time_enabled; }
92
93 static bool set_thread_allocated_memory_enabled(bool flag);
94 static bool is_thread_allocated_memory_enabled() { return _thread_allocated_memory_enabled; }
95
96 static jlong get_total_thread_count() { return _total_threads_count->get_value(); }
97 static jlong get_peak_thread_count() { return _peak_threads_count->get_value(); }
98 static jlong get_live_thread_count() { return _atomic_threads_count; }
99 static jlong get_daemon_thread_count() { return _atomic_daemon_threads_count; }
100
101 // Support for thread dump
102 static void add_thread_dump(ThreadDumpResult* dump);
103 static void remove_thread_dump(ThreadDumpResult* dump);
104
105 static Handle get_current_contended_monitor(JavaThread* thread);
106
107 // This function is called by JVM_DumpThreads.
108 static Handle dump_stack_traces(GrowableArray<instanceHandle>* threads,
109 int num_threads, TRAPS);
110
111 static void reset_peak_thread_count();
112 static void reset_contention_count_stat(JavaThread* thread);
113 static void reset_contention_time_stat(JavaThread* thread);
114
115 static DeadlockCycle* find_deadlocks_at_safepoint(ThreadsList * t_list, bool object_monitors_only);
116
117 // GC support
118 static void oops_do(OopClosure* f);
119 static void metadata_do(void f(Metadata*));
120 };
121
122 // Per-thread Statistics for synchronization
123 class ThreadStatistics : public CHeapObj<mtInternal> {
124 private:
125 // The following contention statistics are only updated by
126 // the thread owning these statistics when contention occurs.
127
128 jlong _contended_enter_count;
129 elapsedTimer _contended_enter_timer;
130 jlong _monitor_wait_count;
131 elapsedTimer _monitor_wait_timer;
132 jlong _sleep_count;
133 elapsedTimer _sleep_timer;
134
135
136 // These two reset flags are set to true when another thread
137 // requests to reset the statistics. The actual statistics
138 // are reset when the thread contention occurs and attempts
139 // to update the statistics.
140 bool _count_pending_reset;
141 bool _timer_pending_reset;
142
143 // Keep accurate times for potentially recursive class operations
144 int _perf_recursion_counts[PerfClassTraceTime::EVENT_TYPE_COUNT];
145 elapsedTimer _perf_timers[PerfClassTraceTime::EVENT_TYPE_COUNT];
146
147 // utility functions
148 void check_and_reset_count() {
149 if (!_count_pending_reset) return;
150 _contended_enter_count = 0;
151 _monitor_wait_count = 0;
152 _sleep_count = 0;
153 _count_pending_reset = 0;
154 }
155 void check_and_reset_timer() {
156 if (!_timer_pending_reset) return;
157 _contended_enter_timer.reset();
158 _monitor_wait_timer.reset();
159 _sleep_timer.reset();
160 _timer_pending_reset = 0;
161 }
162
163 public:
164 ThreadStatistics();
165
166 jlong contended_enter_count() { return (_count_pending_reset ? 0 : _contended_enter_count); }
167 jlong contended_enter_ticks() { return (_timer_pending_reset ? 0 : _contended_enter_timer.active_ticks()); }
168 jlong monitor_wait_count() { return (_count_pending_reset ? 0 : _monitor_wait_count); }
169 jlong monitor_wait_ticks() { return (_timer_pending_reset ? 0 : _monitor_wait_timer.active_ticks()); }
170 jlong sleep_count() { return (_count_pending_reset ? 0 : _sleep_count); }
171 jlong sleep_ticks() { return (_timer_pending_reset ? 0 : _sleep_timer.active_ticks()); }
172
173 void monitor_wait() { check_and_reset_count(); _monitor_wait_count++; }
174 void monitor_wait_begin() { check_and_reset_timer(); _monitor_wait_timer.start(); }
175 void monitor_wait_end() { _monitor_wait_timer.stop(); check_and_reset_timer(); }
176
177 void thread_sleep() { check_and_reset_count(); _sleep_count++; }
178 void thread_sleep_begin() { check_and_reset_timer(); _sleep_timer.start(); }
179 void thread_sleep_end() { _sleep_timer.stop(); check_and_reset_timer(); }
180
181 void contended_enter() { check_and_reset_count(); _contended_enter_count++; }
182 void contended_enter_begin() { check_and_reset_timer(); _contended_enter_timer.start(); }
183 void contended_enter_end() { _contended_enter_timer.stop(); check_and_reset_timer(); }
184
185 void reset_count_stat() { _count_pending_reset = true; }
186 void reset_time_stat() { _timer_pending_reset = true; }
187
188 int* perf_recursion_counts_addr() { return _perf_recursion_counts; }
189 elapsedTimer* perf_timers_addr() { return _perf_timers; }
190 };
191
192 // Thread snapshot to represent the thread state and statistics
193 class ThreadSnapshot : public CHeapObj<mtInternal> {
194 private:
195 // This JavaThread* is protected by being stored in objects that are
196 // protected by a ThreadsListSetter (ThreadDumpResult).
197 JavaThread* _thread;
198 oop _threadObj;
199 java_lang_Thread::ThreadStatus _thread_status;
200
201 bool _is_ext_suspended;
202 bool _is_in_native;
203
204 jlong _contended_enter_ticks;
205 jlong _contended_enter_count;
206 jlong _monitor_wait_ticks;
207 jlong _monitor_wait_count;
208 jlong _sleep_ticks;
209 jlong _sleep_count;
210 oop _blocker_object;
211 oop _blocker_object_owner;
212
213 ThreadStackTrace* _stack_trace;
214 ThreadConcurrentLocks* _concurrent_locks;
215 ThreadSnapshot* _next;
216
217 // ThreadSnapshot instances should only be created via
218 // ThreadDumpResult::add_thread_snapshot.
219 friend class ThreadDumpResult;
220 ThreadSnapshot() : _thread(NULL), _threadObj(NULL),
221 _blocker_object(NULL), _blocker_object_owner(NULL),
222 _stack_trace(NULL), _concurrent_locks(NULL), _next(NULL) {};
223 void initialize(ThreadsList * t_list, JavaThread* thread);
224
225 public:
226 ~ThreadSnapshot();
227
228 java_lang_Thread::ThreadStatus thread_status() { return _thread_status; }
229
230 oop threadObj() const { return _threadObj; }
231
232 void set_next(ThreadSnapshot* n) { _next = n; }
233
234 bool is_ext_suspended() { return _is_ext_suspended; }
235 bool is_in_native() { return _is_in_native; }
236
237 jlong contended_enter_count() { return _contended_enter_count; }
238 jlong contended_enter_ticks() { return _contended_enter_ticks; }
239 jlong monitor_wait_count() { return _monitor_wait_count; }
240 jlong monitor_wait_ticks() { return _monitor_wait_ticks; }
241 jlong sleep_count() { return _sleep_count; }
242 jlong sleep_ticks() { return _sleep_ticks; }
243
244
245 oop blocker_object() { return _blocker_object; }
246 oop blocker_object_owner() { return _blocker_object_owner; }
247
248 ThreadSnapshot* next() const { return _next; }
249 ThreadStackTrace* get_stack_trace() { return _stack_trace; }
250 ThreadConcurrentLocks* get_concurrent_locks() { return _concurrent_locks; }
251
252 void dump_stack_at_safepoint(int max_depth, bool with_locked_monitors);
253 void set_concurrent_locks(ThreadConcurrentLocks* l) { _concurrent_locks = l; }
254 void oops_do(OopClosure* f);
255 void metadata_do(void f(Metadata*));
256 };
257
258 class ThreadStackTrace : public CHeapObj<mtInternal> {
259 private:
260 JavaThread* _thread;
261 int _depth; // number of stack frames added
262 bool _with_locked_monitors;
263 GrowableArray<StackFrameInfo*>* _frames;
264 GrowableArray<oop>* _jni_locked_monitors;
265
266 public:
267
268 ThreadStackTrace(JavaThread* thread, bool with_locked_monitors);
269 ~ThreadStackTrace();
270
271 JavaThread* thread() { return _thread; }
272 StackFrameInfo* stack_frame_at(int i) { return _frames->at(i); }
273 int get_stack_depth() { return _depth; }
274
275 void add_stack_frame(javaVFrame* jvf);
276 void dump_stack_at_safepoint(int max_depth);
277 Handle allocate_fill_stack_trace_element_array(TRAPS);
278 void oops_do(OopClosure* f);
279 void metadata_do(void f(Metadata*));
280 GrowableArray<oop>* jni_locked_monitors() { return _jni_locked_monitors; }
281 int num_jni_locked_monitors() { return (_jni_locked_monitors != NULL ? _jni_locked_monitors->length() : 0); }
282
283 bool is_owned_monitor_on_stack(oop object);
284 void add_jni_locked_monitor(oop object) { _jni_locked_monitors->append(object); }
285 };
286
287 // StackFrameInfo for keeping Method* and bci during
288 // stack walking for later construction of StackTraceElement[]
289 // Java instances
290 class StackFrameInfo : public CHeapObj<mtInternal> {
291 private:
292 Method* _method;
293 int _bci;
294 GrowableArray<oop>* _locked_monitors; // list of object monitors locked by this frame
295 // We need to save the mirrors in the backtrace to keep the class
296 // from being unloaded while we still have this stack trace.
297 oop _class_holder;
298
299 public:
300
301 StackFrameInfo(javaVFrame* jvf, bool with_locked_monitors);
302 ~StackFrameInfo() {
303 if (_locked_monitors != NULL) {
304 delete _locked_monitors;
305 }
306 };
307 Method* method() const { return _method; }
308 int bci() const { return _bci; }
309 void oops_do(OopClosure* f);
310 void metadata_do(void f(Metadata*));
311
312 int num_locked_monitors() { return (_locked_monitors != NULL ? _locked_monitors->length() : 0); }
313 GrowableArray<oop>* locked_monitors() { return _locked_monitors; }
314
315 void print_on(outputStream* st) const;
316 };
317
318 class ThreadConcurrentLocks : public CHeapObj<mtInternal> {
319 private:
320 GrowableArray<instanceOop>* _owned_locks;
321 ThreadConcurrentLocks* _next;
322 // This JavaThread* is protected in one of two different ways
323 // depending on the usage of the ThreadConcurrentLocks object:
324 // 1) by being stored in objects that are only allocated and used at a
325 // safepoint (ConcurrentLocksDump), or 2) by being stored in objects
326 // that are protected by a ThreadsListSetter (ThreadSnapshot inside
327 // ThreadDumpResult).
328 JavaThread* _thread;
329 public:
330 ThreadConcurrentLocks(JavaThread* thread);
331 ~ThreadConcurrentLocks();
332
333 void add_lock(instanceOop o);
334 void set_next(ThreadConcurrentLocks* n) { _next = n; }
335 ThreadConcurrentLocks* next() { return _next; }
336 JavaThread* java_thread() { return _thread; }
337 GrowableArray<instanceOop>* owned_locks() { return _owned_locks; }
338 void oops_do(OopClosure* f);
339 };
340
341 class ConcurrentLocksDump : public StackObj {
342 private:
343 ThreadConcurrentLocks* _map;
344 ThreadConcurrentLocks* _last; // Last ThreadConcurrentLocks in the map
345 bool _retain_map_on_free;
346
347 void build_map(GrowableArray<oop>* aos_objects);
348 void add_lock(JavaThread* thread, instanceOop o);
349
350 public:
351 ConcurrentLocksDump(bool retain_map_on_free) : _map(NULL), _last(NULL), _retain_map_on_free(retain_map_on_free) {
352 assert(SafepointSynchronize::is_at_safepoint(), "Must be constructed at a safepoint.");
353 };
354 ConcurrentLocksDump() : _map(NULL), _last(NULL), _retain_map_on_free(false) {
355 assert(SafepointSynchronize::is_at_safepoint(), "Must be constructed at a safepoint.");
356 };
357 ~ConcurrentLocksDump();
358
359 void dump_at_safepoint();
360 ThreadConcurrentLocks* thread_concurrent_locks(JavaThread* thread);
361 void print_locks_on(JavaThread* t, outputStream* st);
362 };
363
364 class ThreadDumpResult : public StackObj {
365 private:
366 int _num_threads;
367 int _num_snapshots;
368 ThreadSnapshot* _snapshots;
369 ThreadSnapshot* _last;
370 ThreadDumpResult* _next;
371 ThreadsListSetter _setter; // Helper to set hazard ptr in the originating thread
372 // which protects the JavaThreads in _snapshots.
373
374 void link_thread_snapshot(ThreadSnapshot* ts);
375
376 public:
377 ThreadDumpResult();
378 ThreadDumpResult(int num_threads);
379 ~ThreadDumpResult();
380
381 ThreadSnapshot* add_thread_snapshot();
382 ThreadSnapshot* add_thread_snapshot(JavaThread* thread);
383
384 void set_next(ThreadDumpResult* next) { _next = next; }
385 ThreadDumpResult* next() { return _next; }
386 int num_threads() { return _num_threads; }
387 int num_snapshots() { return _num_snapshots; }
388 ThreadSnapshot* snapshots() { return _snapshots; }
389 void set_t_list() { _setter.set(); }
390 ThreadsList* t_list();
391 bool t_list_has_been_set() { return _setter.is_set(); }
392 void oops_do(OopClosure* f);
393 void metadata_do(void f(Metadata*));
394 };
395
396 class DeadlockCycle : public CHeapObj<mtInternal> {
397 private:
398 bool _is_deadlock;
399 GrowableArray<JavaThread*>* _threads;
400 DeadlockCycle* _next;
401 public:
402 DeadlockCycle();
403 ~DeadlockCycle();
404
405 DeadlockCycle* next() { return _next; }
406 void set_next(DeadlockCycle* d) { _next = d; }
407 void add_thread(JavaThread* t) { _threads->append(t); }
408 void reset() { _is_deadlock = false; _threads->clear(); }
409 void set_deadlock(bool value) { _is_deadlock = value; }
410 bool is_deadlock() { return _is_deadlock; }
411 int num_threads() { return _threads->length(); }
412 GrowableArray<JavaThread*>* threads() { return _threads; }
413 void print_on_with(ThreadsList * t_list, outputStream* st) const;
414 };
415
416 // Utility class to get list of java threads.
417 class ThreadsListEnumerator : public StackObj {
418 private:
419 GrowableArray<instanceHandle>* _threads_array;
420 public:
421 ThreadsListEnumerator(Thread* cur_thread,
422 bool include_jvmti_agent_threads = false,
423 bool include_jni_attaching_threads = true);
424 int num_threads() { return _threads_array->length(); }
425 instanceHandle get_threadObj(int index) { return _threads_array->at(index); }
426 };
427
428
429 // abstract utility class to set new thread states, and restore previous after the block exits
430 class JavaThreadStatusChanger : public StackObj {
431 private:
432 java_lang_Thread::ThreadStatus _old_state;
433 JavaThread* _java_thread;
434 bool _is_alive;
435
436 void save_old_state(JavaThread* java_thread) {
437 _java_thread = java_thread;
438 _is_alive = is_alive(java_thread);
439 if (is_alive()) {
440 _old_state = java_lang_Thread::get_thread_status(_java_thread->threadObj());
441 }
442 }
443
444 public:
445 static void set_thread_status(JavaThread* java_thread,
446 java_lang_Thread::ThreadStatus state) {
447 java_lang_Thread::set_thread_status(java_thread->threadObj(), state);
448 }
449
450 void set_thread_status(java_lang_Thread::ThreadStatus state) {
451 if (is_alive()) {
452 set_thread_status(_java_thread, state);
453 }
454 }
455
456 JavaThreadStatusChanger(JavaThread* java_thread,
457 java_lang_Thread::ThreadStatus state) : _old_state(java_lang_Thread::NEW) {
458 save_old_state(java_thread);
459 set_thread_status(state);
460 }
461
462 JavaThreadStatusChanger(JavaThread* java_thread) : _old_state(java_lang_Thread::NEW) {
463 save_old_state(java_thread);
464 }
465
466 ~JavaThreadStatusChanger() {
467 set_thread_status(_old_state);
468 }
469
470 static bool is_alive(JavaThread* java_thread) {
471 return java_thread != NULL && java_thread->threadObj() != NULL;
472 }
473
474 bool is_alive() {
475 return _is_alive;
476 }
477 };
478
479 // Change status to waiting on an object (timed or indefinite)
480 class JavaThreadInObjectWaitState : public JavaThreadStatusChanger {
481 private:
482 ThreadStatistics* _stat;
483 bool _active;
484
485 public:
486 JavaThreadInObjectWaitState(JavaThread *java_thread, bool timed) :
487 JavaThreadStatusChanger(java_thread,
488 timed ? java_lang_Thread::IN_OBJECT_WAIT_TIMED : java_lang_Thread::IN_OBJECT_WAIT) {
489 if (is_alive()) {
490 _stat = java_thread->get_thread_stat();
491 _active = ThreadService::is_thread_monitoring_contention();
492 _stat->monitor_wait();
493 if (_active) {
494 _stat->monitor_wait_begin();
495 }
496 } else {
497 _active = false;
498 }
499 }
500
501 ~JavaThreadInObjectWaitState() {
502 if (_active) {
503 _stat->monitor_wait_end();
504 }
505 }
506 };
507
508 // Change status to parked (timed or indefinite)
509 class JavaThreadParkedState : public JavaThreadStatusChanger {
510 private:
511 ThreadStatistics* _stat;
512 bool _active;
513
514 public:
515 JavaThreadParkedState(JavaThread *java_thread, bool timed) :
516 JavaThreadStatusChanger(java_thread,
517 timed ? java_lang_Thread::PARKED_TIMED : java_lang_Thread::PARKED) {
518 if (is_alive()) {
519 _stat = java_thread->get_thread_stat();
520 _active = ThreadService::is_thread_monitoring_contention();
521 _stat->monitor_wait();
522 if (_active) {
523 _stat->monitor_wait_begin();
524 }
525 } else {
526 _active = false;
527 }
528 }
529
530 ~JavaThreadParkedState() {
531 if (_active) {
532 _stat->monitor_wait_end();
533 }
534 }
535 };
536
537 // Change status to blocked on (re-)entering a synchronization block
538 class JavaThreadBlockedOnMonitorEnterState : public JavaThreadStatusChanger {
539 private:
540 ThreadStatistics* _stat;
541 bool _active;
542
543 static bool contended_enter_begin(JavaThread *java_thread) {
544 set_thread_status(java_thread, java_lang_Thread::BLOCKED_ON_MONITOR_ENTER);
545 ThreadStatistics* stat = java_thread->get_thread_stat();
546 stat->contended_enter();
547 bool active = ThreadService::is_thread_monitoring_contention();
548 if (active) {
549 stat->contended_enter_begin();
550 }
551 return active;
552 }
553
554 public:
555 // java_thread is waiting thread being blocked on monitor reenter.
556 // Current thread is the notifying thread which holds the monitor.
557 static bool wait_reenter_begin(JavaThread *java_thread, ObjectMonitor *obj_m) {
558 assert((java_thread != NULL), "Java thread should not be null here");
559 bool active = false;
560 if (is_alive(java_thread)) {
561 active = contended_enter_begin(java_thread);
562 }
563 return active;
564 }
565
566 static void wait_reenter_end(JavaThread *java_thread, bool active) {
567 if (active) {
568 java_thread->get_thread_stat()->contended_enter_end();
569 }
570 set_thread_status(java_thread, java_lang_Thread::RUNNABLE);
571 }
572
573 JavaThreadBlockedOnMonitorEnterState(JavaThread *java_thread, ObjectMonitor *obj_m) :
574 JavaThreadStatusChanger(java_thread), _stat(NULL), _active(false) {
575 assert((java_thread != NULL), "Java thread should not be null here");
576 // Change thread status and collect contended enter stats for monitor contended
577 // enter done for external java world objects and it is contended. All other cases
578 // like for vm internal objects and for external objects which are not contended
579 // thread status is not changed and contended enter stat is not collected.
580 _active = false;
581 if (is_alive() && obj_m->contentions() > 0) {
582 _stat = java_thread->get_thread_stat();
583 _active = contended_enter_begin(java_thread);
584 }
585 }
586
587 ~JavaThreadBlockedOnMonitorEnterState() {
588 if (_active) {
589 _stat->contended_enter_end();
590 }
591 }
592 };
593
594 // Change status to sleeping
595 class JavaThreadSleepState : public JavaThreadStatusChanger {
596 private:
597 ThreadStatistics* _stat;
598 bool _active;
599 public:
600 JavaThreadSleepState(JavaThread *java_thread) :
601 JavaThreadStatusChanger(java_thread, java_lang_Thread::SLEEPING) {
602 if (is_alive()) {
603 _stat = java_thread->get_thread_stat();
604 _active = ThreadService::is_thread_monitoring_contention();
605 _stat->thread_sleep();
606 if (_active) {
607 _stat->thread_sleep_begin();
608 }
609 } else {
610 _active = false;
611 }
612 }
613
614 ~JavaThreadSleepState() {
615 if (_active) {
616 _stat->thread_sleep_end();
617 }
618 }
619 };
620
621 #endif // SHARE_SERVICES_THREADSERVICE_HPP