1 /*
   2  * Copyright (c) 1995, 2020, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.
   3  * Copyright (c) 2019, Azul Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.
   4  * DO NOT ALTER OR REMOVE COPYRIGHT NOTICES OR THIS FILE HEADER.
   5  *
   6  * This code is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
   7  * under the terms of the GNU General Public License version 2 only, as
   8  * published by the Free Software Foundation.  Oracle designates this
   9  * particular file as subject to the "Classpath" exception as provided
  10  * by Oracle in the LICENSE file that accompanied this code.
  11  *
  12  * This code is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT
  13  * ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or
  14  * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the GNU General Public License
  15  * version 2 for more details (a copy is included in the LICENSE file that
  16  * accompanied this code).
  17  *
  18  * You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License version
  19  * 2 along with this work; if not, write to the Free Software Foundation,
  20  * Inc., 51 Franklin St, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA 02110-1301 USA.
  21  *
  22  * Please contact Oracle, 500 Oracle Parkway, Redwood Shores, CA 94065 USA
  23  * or visit www.oracle.com if you need additional information or have any
  24  * questions.
  25  */
  26 
  27 package java.lang;
  28 
  29 import java.io.*;
  30 import java.math.BigInteger;
  31 import java.util.regex.Matcher;
  32 import java.util.regex.Pattern;
  33 import java.util.stream.Collectors;
  34 import java.util.List;
  35 import java.util.Optional;
  36 import java.util.StringTokenizer;
  37 
  38 import jdk.internal.access.SharedSecrets;
  39 import jdk.internal.loader.NativeLibrary;
  40 import jdk.internal.reflect.CallerSensitive;
  41 import jdk.internal.reflect.Reflection;
  42 
  43 /**
  44  * Every Java application has a single instance of class
  45  * {@code Runtime} that allows the application to interface with
  46  * the environment in which the application is running. The current
  47  * runtime can be obtained from the {@code getRuntime} method.
  48  * <p>
  49  * An application cannot create its own instance of this class.
  50  *
  51  * @author  unascribed
  52  * @see     java.lang.Runtime#getRuntime()
  53  * @since   1.0
  54  */
  55 
  56 public class Runtime {
  57     private static final Runtime currentRuntime = new Runtime();
  58 
  59     private static Version version;
  60 
  61     /**
  62      * Returns the runtime object associated with the current Java application.
  63      * Most of the methods of class {@code Runtime} are instance
  64      * methods and must be invoked with respect to the current runtime object.
  65      *
  66      * @return  the {@code Runtime} object associated with the current
  67      *          Java application.
  68      */
  69     public static Runtime getRuntime() {
  70         return currentRuntime;
  71     }
  72 
  73     /** Don't let anyone else instantiate this class */
  74     private Runtime() {}
  75 
  76     /**
  77      * Terminates the currently running Java virtual machine by initiating its
  78      * shutdown sequence.  This method never returns normally.  The argument
  79      * serves as a status code; by convention, a nonzero status code indicates
  80      * abnormal termination.
  81      *
  82      * <p> All registered {@linkplain #addShutdownHook shutdown hooks}, if any,
  83      * are started in some unspecified order and allowed to run concurrently
  84      * until they finish.  Once this is done the virtual machine
  85      * {@linkplain #halt halts}.
  86      *
  87      * <p> If this method is invoked after all shutdown hooks have already
  88      * been run and the status is nonzero then this method halts the
  89      * virtual machine with the given status code. Otherwise, this method
  90      * blocks indefinitely.
  91      *
  92      * <p> The {@link System#exit(int) System.exit} method is the
  93      * conventional and convenient means of invoking this method.
  94      *
  95      * @param  status
  96      *         Termination status.  By convention, a nonzero status code
  97      *         indicates abnormal termination.
  98      *
  99      * @throws SecurityException
 100      *         If a security manager is present and its
 101      *         {@link SecurityManager#checkExit checkExit} method does not permit
 102      *         exiting with the specified status
 103      *
 104      * @see java.lang.SecurityException
 105      * @see java.lang.SecurityManager#checkExit(int)
 106      * @see #addShutdownHook
 107      * @see #removeShutdownHook
 108      * @see #halt(int)
 109      */
 110     public void exit(int status) {
 111         SecurityManager security = System.getSecurityManager();
 112         if (security != null) {
 113             security.checkExit(status);
 114         }
 115         Shutdown.exit(status);
 116     }
 117 
 118     /**
 119      * Registers a new virtual-machine shutdown hook.
 120      *
 121      * <p> The Java virtual machine <i>shuts down</i> in response to two kinds
 122      * of events:
 123      *
 124      *   <ul>
 125      *
 126      *   <li> The program <i>exits</i> normally, when the last non-daemon
 127      *   thread exits or when the {@link #exit exit} (equivalently,
 128      *   {@link System#exit(int) System.exit}) method is invoked, or
 129      *
 130      *   <li> The virtual machine is <i>terminated</i> in response to a
 131      *   user interrupt, such as typing {@code ^C}, or a system-wide event,
 132      *   such as user logoff or system shutdown.
 133      *
 134      *   </ul>
 135      *
 136      * <p> A <i>shutdown hook</i> is simply an initialized but unstarted
 137      * thread.  When the virtual machine begins its shutdown sequence it will
 138      * start all registered shutdown hooks in some unspecified order and let
 139      * them run concurrently.  When all the hooks have finished it will then
 140      * halt. Note that daemon threads will continue to run during the shutdown
 141      * sequence, as will non-daemon threads if shutdown was initiated by
 142      * invoking the {@link #exit exit} method.
 143      *
 144      * <p> Once the shutdown sequence has begun it can be stopped only by
 145      * invoking the {@link #halt halt} method, which forcibly
 146      * terminates the virtual machine.
 147      *
 148      * <p> Once the shutdown sequence has begun it is impossible to register a
 149      * new shutdown hook or de-register a previously-registered hook.
 150      * Attempting either of these operations will cause an
 151      * {@link IllegalStateException} to be thrown.
 152      *
 153      * <p> Shutdown hooks run at a delicate time in the life cycle of a virtual
 154      * machine and should therefore be coded defensively.  They should, in
 155      * particular, be written to be thread-safe and to avoid deadlocks insofar
 156      * as possible.  They should also not rely blindly upon services that may
 157      * have registered their own shutdown hooks and therefore may themselves in
 158      * the process of shutting down.  Attempts to use other thread-based
 159      * services such as the AWT event-dispatch thread, for example, may lead to
 160      * deadlocks.
 161      *
 162      * <p> Shutdown hooks should also finish their work quickly.  When a
 163      * program invokes {@link #exit exit} the expectation is
 164      * that the virtual machine will promptly shut down and exit.  When the
 165      * virtual machine is terminated due to user logoff or system shutdown the
 166      * underlying operating system may only allow a fixed amount of time in
 167      * which to shut down and exit.  It is therefore inadvisable to attempt any
 168      * user interaction or to perform a long-running computation in a shutdown
 169      * hook.
 170      *
 171      * <p> Uncaught exceptions are handled in shutdown hooks just as in any
 172      * other thread, by invoking the
 173      * {@link ThreadGroup#uncaughtException uncaughtException} method of the
 174      * thread's {@link ThreadGroup} object. The default implementation of this
 175      * method prints the exception's stack trace to {@link System#err} and
 176      * terminates the thread; it does not cause the virtual machine to exit or
 177      * halt.
 178      *
 179      * <p> In rare circumstances the virtual machine may <i>abort</i>, that is,
 180      * stop running without shutting down cleanly.  This occurs when the
 181      * virtual machine is terminated externally, for example with the
 182      * {@code SIGKILL} signal on Unix or the {@code TerminateProcess} call on
 183      * Microsoft Windows.  The virtual machine may also abort if a native
 184      * method goes awry by, for example, corrupting internal data structures or
 185      * attempting to access nonexistent memory.  If the virtual machine aborts
 186      * then no guarantee can be made about whether or not any shutdown hooks
 187      * will be run.
 188      *
 189      * @param   hook
 190      *          An initialized but unstarted {@link Thread} object
 191      *
 192      * @throws  IllegalArgumentException
 193      *          If the specified hook has already been registered,
 194      *          or if it can be determined that the hook is already running or
 195      *          has already been run
 196      *
 197      * @throws  IllegalStateException
 198      *          If the virtual machine is already in the process
 199      *          of shutting down
 200      *
 201      * @throws  SecurityException
 202      *          If a security manager is present and it denies
 203      *          {@link RuntimePermission}("shutdownHooks")
 204      *
 205      * @see #removeShutdownHook
 206      * @see #halt(int)
 207      * @see #exit(int)
 208      * @since 1.3
 209      */
 210     public void addShutdownHook(Thread hook) {
 211         SecurityManager sm = System.getSecurityManager();
 212         if (sm != null) {
 213             sm.checkPermission(new RuntimePermission("shutdownHooks"));
 214         }
 215         ApplicationShutdownHooks.add(hook);
 216     }
 217 
 218     /**
 219      * De-registers a previously-registered virtual-machine shutdown hook.
 220      *
 221      * @param hook the hook to remove
 222      * @return {@code true} if the specified hook had previously been
 223      * registered and was successfully de-registered, {@code false}
 224      * otherwise.
 225      *
 226      * @throws  IllegalStateException
 227      *          If the virtual machine is already in the process of shutting
 228      *          down
 229      *
 230      * @throws  SecurityException
 231      *          If a security manager is present and it denies
 232      *          {@link RuntimePermission}("shutdownHooks")
 233      *
 234      * @see #addShutdownHook
 235      * @see #exit(int)
 236      * @since 1.3
 237      */
 238     public boolean removeShutdownHook(Thread hook) {
 239         SecurityManager sm = System.getSecurityManager();
 240         if (sm != null) {
 241             sm.checkPermission(new RuntimePermission("shutdownHooks"));
 242         }
 243         return ApplicationShutdownHooks.remove(hook);
 244     }
 245 
 246     /**
 247      * Forcibly terminates the currently running Java virtual machine.  This
 248      * method never returns normally.
 249      *
 250      * <p> This method should be used with extreme caution.  Unlike the
 251      * {@link #exit exit} method, this method does not cause shutdown
 252      * hooks to be started.  If the shutdown sequence has already been
 253      * initiated then this method does not wait for any running
 254      * shutdown hooks to finish their work.
 255      *
 256      * @param  status
 257      *         Termination status. By convention, a nonzero status code
 258      *         indicates abnormal termination. If the {@link Runtime#exit exit}
 259      *         (equivalently, {@link System#exit(int) System.exit}) method
 260      *         has already been invoked then this status code
 261      *         will override the status code passed to that method.
 262      *
 263      * @throws SecurityException
 264      *         If a security manager is present and its
 265      *         {@link SecurityManager#checkExit checkExit} method
 266      *         does not permit an exit with the specified status
 267      *
 268      * @see #exit
 269      * @see #addShutdownHook
 270      * @see #removeShutdownHook
 271      * @since 1.3
 272      */
 273     public void halt(int status) {
 274         SecurityManager sm = System.getSecurityManager();
 275         if (sm != null) {
 276             sm.checkExit(status);
 277         }
 278         Shutdown.beforeHalt();
 279         Shutdown.halt(status);
 280     }
 281 
 282     /**
 283      * Executes the specified string command in a separate process.
 284      *
 285      * <p>This is a convenience method.  An invocation of the form
 286      * {@code exec(command)}
 287      * behaves in exactly the same way as the invocation
 288      * {@link #exec(String, String[], File) exec}{@code (command, null, null)}.
 289      *
 290      * @param   command   a specified system command.
 291      *
 292      * @return  A new {@link Process} object for managing the subprocess
 293      *
 294      * @throws  SecurityException
 295      *          If a security manager exists and its
 296      *          {@link SecurityManager#checkExec checkExec}
 297      *          method doesn't allow creation of the subprocess
 298      *
 299      * @throws  IOException
 300      *          If an I/O error occurs
 301      *
 302      * @throws  NullPointerException
 303      *          If {@code command} is {@code null}
 304      *
 305      * @throws  IllegalArgumentException
 306      *          If {@code command} is empty
 307      *
 308      * @see     #exec(String[], String[], File)
 309      * @see     ProcessBuilder
 310      */
 311     public Process exec(String command) throws IOException {
 312         return exec(command, null, null);
 313     }
 314 
 315     /**
 316      * Executes the specified string command in a separate process with the
 317      * specified environment.
 318      *
 319      * <p>This is a convenience method.  An invocation of the form
 320      * {@code exec(command, envp)}
 321      * behaves in exactly the same way as the invocation
 322      * {@link #exec(String, String[], File) exec}{@code (command, envp, null)}.
 323      *
 324      * @param   command   a specified system command.
 325      *
 326      * @param   envp      array of strings, each element of which
 327      *                    has environment variable settings in the format
 328      *                    <i>name</i>=<i>value</i>, or
 329      *                    {@code null} if the subprocess should inherit
 330      *                    the environment of the current process.
 331      *
 332      * @return  A new {@link Process} object for managing the subprocess
 333      *
 334      * @throws  SecurityException
 335      *          If a security manager exists and its
 336      *          {@link SecurityManager#checkExec checkExec}
 337      *          method doesn't allow creation of the subprocess
 338      *
 339      * @throws  IOException
 340      *          If an I/O error occurs
 341      *
 342      * @throws  NullPointerException
 343      *          If {@code command} is {@code null},
 344      *          or one of the elements of {@code envp} is {@code null}
 345      *
 346      * @throws  IllegalArgumentException
 347      *          If {@code command} is empty
 348      *
 349      * @see     #exec(String[], String[], File)
 350      * @see     ProcessBuilder
 351      */
 352     public Process exec(String command, String[] envp) throws IOException {
 353         return exec(command, envp, null);
 354     }
 355 
 356     /**
 357      * Executes the specified string command in a separate process with the
 358      * specified environment and working directory.
 359      *
 360      * <p>This is a convenience method.  An invocation of the form
 361      * {@code exec(command, envp, dir)}
 362      * behaves in exactly the same way as the invocation
 363      * {@link #exec(String[], String[], File) exec}{@code (cmdarray, envp, dir)},
 364      * where {@code cmdarray} is an array of all the tokens in
 365      * {@code command}.
 366      *
 367      * <p>More precisely, the {@code command} string is broken
 368      * into tokens using a {@link StringTokenizer} created by the call
 369      * {@code new {@link StringTokenizer}(command)} with no
 370      * further modification of the character categories.  The tokens
 371      * produced by the tokenizer are then placed in the new string
 372      * array {@code cmdarray}, in the same order.
 373      *
 374      * @param   command   a specified system command.
 375      *
 376      * @param   envp      array of strings, each element of which
 377      *                    has environment variable settings in the format
 378      *                    <i>name</i>=<i>value</i>, or
 379      *                    {@code null} if the subprocess should inherit
 380      *                    the environment of the current process.
 381      *
 382      * @param   dir       the working directory of the subprocess, or
 383      *                    {@code null} if the subprocess should inherit
 384      *                    the working directory of the current process.
 385      *
 386      * @return  A new {@link Process} object for managing the subprocess
 387      *
 388      * @throws  SecurityException
 389      *          If a security manager exists and its
 390      *          {@link SecurityManager#checkExec checkExec}
 391      *          method doesn't allow creation of the subprocess
 392      *
 393      * @throws  IOException
 394      *          If an I/O error occurs
 395      *
 396      * @throws  NullPointerException
 397      *          If {@code command} is {@code null},
 398      *          or one of the elements of {@code envp} is {@code null}
 399      *
 400      * @throws  IllegalArgumentException
 401      *          If {@code command} is empty
 402      *
 403      * @see     ProcessBuilder
 404      * @since 1.3
 405      */
 406     public Process exec(String command, String[] envp, File dir)
 407         throws IOException {
 408         if (command.isEmpty())
 409             throw new IllegalArgumentException("Empty command");
 410 
 411         StringTokenizer st = new StringTokenizer(command);
 412         String[] cmdarray = new String[st.countTokens()];
 413         for (int i = 0; st.hasMoreTokens(); i++)
 414             cmdarray[i] = st.nextToken();
 415         return exec(cmdarray, envp, dir);
 416     }
 417 
 418     /**
 419      * Executes the specified command and arguments in a separate process.
 420      *
 421      * <p>This is a convenience method.  An invocation of the form
 422      * {@code exec(cmdarray)}
 423      * behaves in exactly the same way as the invocation
 424      * {@link #exec(String[], String[], File) exec}{@code (cmdarray, null, null)}.
 425      *
 426      * @param   cmdarray  array containing the command to call and
 427      *                    its arguments.
 428      *
 429      * @return  A new {@link Process} object for managing the subprocess
 430      *
 431      * @throws  SecurityException
 432      *          If a security manager exists and its
 433      *          {@link SecurityManager#checkExec checkExec}
 434      *          method doesn't allow creation of the subprocess
 435      *
 436      * @throws  IOException
 437      *          If an I/O error occurs
 438      *
 439      * @throws  NullPointerException
 440      *          If {@code cmdarray} is {@code null},
 441      *          or one of the elements of {@code cmdarray} is {@code null}
 442      *
 443      * @throws  IndexOutOfBoundsException
 444      *          If {@code cmdarray} is an empty array
 445      *          (has length {@code 0})
 446      *
 447      * @see     ProcessBuilder
 448      */
 449     public Process exec(String cmdarray[]) throws IOException {
 450         return exec(cmdarray, null, null);
 451     }
 452 
 453     /**
 454      * Executes the specified command and arguments in a separate process
 455      * with the specified environment.
 456      *
 457      * <p>This is a convenience method.  An invocation of the form
 458      * {@code exec(cmdarray, envp)}
 459      * behaves in exactly the same way as the invocation
 460      * {@link #exec(String[], String[], File) exec}{@code (cmdarray, envp, null)}.
 461      *
 462      * @param   cmdarray  array containing the command to call and
 463      *                    its arguments.
 464      *
 465      * @param   envp      array of strings, each element of which
 466      *                    has environment variable settings in the format
 467      *                    <i>name</i>=<i>value</i>, or
 468      *                    {@code null} if the subprocess should inherit
 469      *                    the environment of the current process.
 470      *
 471      * @return  A new {@link Process} object for managing the subprocess
 472      *
 473      * @throws  SecurityException
 474      *          If a security manager exists and its
 475      *          {@link SecurityManager#checkExec checkExec}
 476      *          method doesn't allow creation of the subprocess
 477      *
 478      * @throws  IOException
 479      *          If an I/O error occurs
 480      *
 481      * @throws  NullPointerException
 482      *          If {@code cmdarray} is {@code null},
 483      *          or one of the elements of {@code cmdarray} is {@code null},
 484      *          or one of the elements of {@code envp} is {@code null}
 485      *
 486      * @throws  IndexOutOfBoundsException
 487      *          If {@code cmdarray} is an empty array
 488      *          (has length {@code 0})
 489      *
 490      * @see     ProcessBuilder
 491      */
 492     public Process exec(String[] cmdarray, String[] envp) throws IOException {
 493         return exec(cmdarray, envp, null);
 494     }
 495 
 496 
 497     /**
 498      * Executes the specified command and arguments in a separate process with
 499      * the specified environment and working directory.
 500      *
 501      * <p>Given an array of strings {@code cmdarray}, representing the
 502      * tokens of a command line, and an array of strings {@code envp},
 503      * representing "environment" variable settings, this method creates
 504      * a new process in which to execute the specified command.
 505      *
 506      * <p>This method checks that {@code cmdarray} is a valid operating
 507      * system command.  Which commands are valid is system-dependent,
 508      * but at the very least the command must be a non-empty list of
 509      * non-null strings.
 510      *
 511      * <p>If {@code envp} is {@code null}, the subprocess inherits the
 512      * environment settings of the current process.
 513      *
 514      * <p>A minimal set of system dependent environment variables may
 515      * be required to start a process on some operating systems.
 516      * As a result, the subprocess may inherit additional environment variable
 517      * settings beyond those in the specified environment.
 518      *
 519      * <p>{@link ProcessBuilder#start()} is now the preferred way to
 520      * start a process with a modified environment.
 521      *
 522      * <p>The working directory of the new subprocess is specified by {@code dir}.
 523      * If {@code dir} is {@code null}, the subprocess inherits the
 524      * current working directory of the current process.
 525      *
 526      * <p>If a security manager exists, its
 527      * {@link SecurityManager#checkExec checkExec}
 528      * method is invoked with the first component of the array
 529      * {@code cmdarray} as its argument. This may result in a
 530      * {@link SecurityException} being thrown.
 531      *
 532      * <p>Starting an operating system process is highly system-dependent.
 533      * Among the many things that can go wrong are:
 534      * <ul>
 535      * <li>The operating system program file was not found.
 536      * <li>Access to the program file was denied.
 537      * <li>The working directory does not exist.
 538      * </ul>
 539      *
 540      * <p>In such cases an exception will be thrown.  The exact nature
 541      * of the exception is system-dependent, but it will always be a
 542      * subclass of {@link IOException}.
 543      *
 544      * <p>If the operating system does not support the creation of
 545      * processes, an {@link UnsupportedOperationException} will be thrown.
 546      *
 547      *
 548      * @param   cmdarray  array containing the command to call and
 549      *                    its arguments.
 550      *
 551      * @param   envp      array of strings, each element of which
 552      *                    has environment variable settings in the format
 553      *                    <i>name</i>=<i>value</i>, or
 554      *                    {@code null} if the subprocess should inherit
 555      *                    the environment of the current process.
 556      *
 557      * @param   dir       the working directory of the subprocess, or
 558      *                    {@code null} if the subprocess should inherit
 559      *                    the working directory of the current process.
 560      *
 561      * @return  A new {@link Process} object for managing the subprocess
 562      *
 563      * @throws  SecurityException
 564      *          If a security manager exists and its
 565      *          {@link SecurityManager#checkExec checkExec}
 566      *          method doesn't allow creation of the subprocess
 567      *
 568      * @throws  UnsupportedOperationException
 569      *          If the operating system does not support the creation of processes.
 570      *
 571      * @throws  IOException
 572      *          If an I/O error occurs
 573      *
 574      * @throws  NullPointerException
 575      *          If {@code cmdarray} is {@code null},
 576      *          or one of the elements of {@code cmdarray} is {@code null},
 577      *          or one of the elements of {@code envp} is {@code null}
 578      *
 579      * @throws  IndexOutOfBoundsException
 580      *          If {@code cmdarray} is an empty array
 581      *          (has length {@code 0})
 582      *
 583      * @see     ProcessBuilder
 584      * @since 1.3
 585      */
 586     public Process exec(String[] cmdarray, String[] envp, File dir)
 587         throws IOException {
 588         return new ProcessBuilder(cmdarray)
 589             .environment(envp)
 590             .directory(dir)
 591             .start();
 592     }
 593 
 594     /**
 595      * Returns the number of processors available to the Java virtual machine.
 596      *
 597      * <p> This value may change during a particular invocation of the virtual
 598      * machine.  Applications that are sensitive to the number of available
 599      * processors should therefore occasionally poll this property and adjust
 600      * their resource usage appropriately. </p>
 601      *
 602      * @return  the maximum number of processors available to the virtual
 603      *          machine; never smaller than one
 604      * @since 1.4
 605      */
 606     public native int availableProcessors();
 607 
 608     /**
 609      * Returns the amount of free memory in the Java Virtual Machine.
 610      * Calling the
 611      * {@code gc} method may result in increasing the value returned
 612      * by {@code freeMemory.}
 613      *
 614      * @return  an approximation to the total amount of memory currently
 615      *          available for future allocated objects, measured in bytes.
 616      */
 617     public native long freeMemory();
 618 
 619     /**
 620      * Returns the total amount of memory in the Java virtual machine.
 621      * The value returned by this method may vary over time, depending on
 622      * the host environment.
 623      * <p>
 624      * Note that the amount of memory required to hold an object of any
 625      * given type may be implementation-dependent.
 626      *
 627      * @return  the total amount of memory currently available for current
 628      *          and future objects, measured in bytes.
 629      */
 630     public native long totalMemory();
 631 
 632     /**
 633      * Returns the maximum amount of memory that the Java virtual machine
 634      * will attempt to use.  If there is no inherent limit then the value
 635      * {@link java.lang.Long#MAX_VALUE} will be returned.
 636      *
 637      * @return  the maximum amount of memory that the virtual machine will
 638      *          attempt to use, measured in bytes
 639      * @since 1.4
 640      */
 641     public native long maxMemory();
 642 
 643     /**
 644      * Runs the garbage collector in the Java Virtual Machine.
 645      * <p>
 646      * Calling this method suggests that the Java Virtual Machine
 647      * expend effort toward recycling unused objects in order to
 648      * make the memory they currently occupy available for reuse
 649      * by the Java Virtual Machine.
 650      * When control returns from the method call, the Java Virtual Machine
 651      * has made a best effort to reclaim space from all unused objects.
 652      * There is no guarantee that this effort will recycle any particular
 653      * number of unused objects, reclaim any particular amount of space, or
 654      * complete at any particular time, if at all, before the method returns or ever.
 655      * <p>
 656      * The name {@code gc} stands for "garbage
 657      * collector". The Java Virtual Machine performs this recycling
 658      * process automatically as needed, in a separate thread, even if the
 659      * {@code gc} method is not invoked explicitly.
 660      * <p>
 661      * The method {@link System#gc()} is the conventional and convenient
 662      * means of invoking this method.
 663      */
 664     public native void gc();
 665 
 666     /**
 667      * Runs the finalization methods of any objects pending finalization.
 668      * Calling this method suggests that the Java virtual machine expend
 669      * effort toward running the {@code finalize} methods of objects
 670      * that have been found to be discarded but whose {@code finalize}
 671      * methods have not yet been run. When control returns from the
 672      * method call, the virtual machine has made a best effort to
 673      * complete all outstanding finalizations.
 674      * <p>
 675      * The virtual machine performs the finalization process
 676      * automatically as needed, in a separate thread, if the
 677      * {@code runFinalization} method is not invoked explicitly.
 678      * <p>
 679      * The method {@link System#runFinalization()} is the conventional
 680      * and convenient means of invoking this method.
 681      *
 682      * @see     java.lang.Object#finalize()
 683      */
 684     public void runFinalization() {
 685         SharedSecrets.getJavaLangRefAccess().runFinalization();
 686     }
 687 
 688     /**
 689      * Loads the native library specified by the filename argument.  The filename
 690      * argument must be an absolute path name.
 691      * (for example
 692      * {@code Runtime.getRuntime().load("/home/avh/lib/libX11.so");}).
 693      *
 694      * If the filename argument, when stripped of any platform-specific library
 695      * prefix, path, and file extension, indicates a library whose name is,
 696      * for example, L, and a native library called L is statically linked
 697      * with the VM, then the JNI_OnLoad_L function exported by the library
 698      * is invoked rather than attempting to load a dynamic library.
 699      * A filename matching the argument does not have to exist in the file
 700      * system.
 701      * See the <a href="{@docRoot}/../specs/jni/index.html"> JNI Specification</a>
 702      * for more details.
 703      *
 704      * Otherwise, the filename argument is mapped to a native library image in
 705      * an implementation-dependent manner.
 706      * <p>
 707      * First, if there is a security manager, its {@code checkLink}
 708      * method is called with the {@code filename} as its argument.
 709      * This may result in a security exception.
 710      * <p>
 711      * This is similar to the method {@link #loadLibrary(String)}, but it
 712      * accepts a general file name as an argument rather than just a library
 713      * name, allowing any file of native code to be loaded.
 714      * <p>
 715      * The method {@link System#load(String)} is the conventional and
 716      * convenient means of invoking this method.
 717      *
 718      * @param      filename   the file to load.
 719      * @throws     SecurityException  if a security manager exists and its
 720      *             {@code checkLink} method doesn't allow
 721      *             loading of the specified dynamic library
 722      * @throws     UnsatisfiedLinkError  if either the filename is not an
 723      *             absolute path name, the native library is not statically
 724      *             linked with the VM, or the library cannot be mapped to
 725      *             a native library image by the host system.
 726      * @throws     NullPointerException if {@code filename} is
 727      *             {@code null}
 728      * @see        java.lang.Runtime#getRuntime()
 729      * @see        java.lang.SecurityException
 730      * @see        java.lang.SecurityManager#checkLink(java.lang.String)
 731      */
 732     @CallerSensitive
 733     public void load(String filename) {
 734         load0(Reflection.getCallerClass(), filename);
 735     }
 736 
 737     void load0(Class<?> fromClass, String filename) {
 738         SecurityManager security = System.getSecurityManager();
 739         if (security != null) {
 740             security.checkLink(filename);
 741         }
 742         File file = new File(filename);
 743         if (!file.isAbsolute()) {
 744             throw new UnsatisfiedLinkError(
 745                 "Expecting an absolute path of the library: " + filename);
 746         }
 747         ClassLoader.loadLibrary(fromClass, file);
 748     }
 749 
 750     /**
 751      * Loads the native library specified by the {@code libname}
 752      * argument.  The {@code libname} argument must not contain any platform
 753      * specific prefix, file extension or path. If a native library
 754      * called {@code libname} is statically linked with the VM, then the
 755      * JNI_OnLoad_{@code libname} function exported by the library is invoked.
 756      * See the <a href="{@docRoot}/../specs/jni/index.html"> JNI Specification</a>
 757      * for more details.
 758      *
 759      * Otherwise, the libname argument is loaded from a system library
 760      * location and mapped to a native library image in an implementation-
 761      * dependent manner.
 762      * <p>
 763      * First, if there is a security manager, its {@code checkLink}
 764      * method is called with the {@code libname} as its argument.
 765      * This may result in a security exception.
 766      * <p>
 767      * The method {@link System#loadLibrary(String)} is the conventional
 768      * and convenient means of invoking this method. If native
 769      * methods are to be used in the implementation of a class, a standard
 770      * strategy is to put the native code in a library file (call it
 771      * {@code LibFile}) and then to put a static initializer:
 772      * <blockquote><pre>
 773      * static { System.loadLibrary("LibFile"); }
 774      * </pre></blockquote>
 775      * within the class declaration. When the class is loaded and
 776      * initialized, the necessary native code implementation for the native
 777      * methods will then be loaded as well.
 778      * <p>
 779      * If this method is called more than once with the same library
 780      * name, the second and subsequent calls are ignored.
 781      *
 782      * @param      libname   the name of the library.
 783      * @throws     SecurityException  if a security manager exists and its
 784      *             {@code checkLink} method doesn't allow
 785      *             loading of the specified dynamic library
 786      * @throws     UnsatisfiedLinkError if either the libname argument
 787      *             contains a file path, the native library is not statically
 788      *             linked with the VM,  or the library cannot be mapped to a
 789      *             native library image by the host system.
 790      * @throws     NullPointerException if {@code libname} is
 791      *             {@code null}
 792      * @see        java.lang.SecurityException
 793      * @see        java.lang.SecurityManager#checkLink(java.lang.String)
 794      */
 795     @CallerSensitive
 796     public void loadLibrary(String libname) {
 797         loadLibrary0(Reflection.getCallerClass(), libname);
 798     }
 799 
 800     void loadLibrary0(Class<?> fromClass, String libname) {
 801         SecurityManager security = System.getSecurityManager();
 802         if (security != null) {
 803             security.checkLink(libname);
 804         }
 805         if (libname.indexOf((int)File.separatorChar) != -1) {
 806             throw new UnsatisfiedLinkError(
 807                 "Directory separator should not appear in library name: " + libname);
 808         }
 809         ClassLoader.loadLibrary(fromClass, libname);
 810     }
 811 
 812     /**
 813      * Returns the version of the Java Runtime Environment as a {@link Version}.
 814      *
 815      * @return  the {@link Version} of the Java Runtime Environment
 816      *
 817      * @since  9
 818      */
 819     public static Version version() {
 820         if (version == null) {
 821             version = new Version(VersionProps.versionNumbers(),
 822                     VersionProps.pre(), VersionProps.build(),
 823                     VersionProps.optional());
 824         }
 825         return version;
 826     }
 827 
 828     /**
 829      * A representation of a version string for an implementation of the
 830      * Java&nbsp;SE Platform.  A version string consists of a version number
 831      * optionally followed by pre-release and build information.
 832      *
 833      * <h2><a id="verNum">Version numbers</a></h2>
 834      *
 835      * <p> A <em>version number</em>, {@code $VNUM}, is a non-empty sequence of
 836      * elements separated by period characters (U+002E).  An element is either
 837      * zero, or an unsigned integer numeral without leading zeros.  The final
 838      * element in a version number must not be zero.  When an element is
 839      * incremented, all subsequent elements are removed.  The format is: </p>
 840      *
 841      * <blockquote><pre>
 842      * [1-9][0-9]*((\.0)*\.[1-9][0-9]*)*
 843      * </pre></blockquote>
 844      *
 845      * <p> The sequence may be of arbitrary length but the first four elements
 846      * are assigned specific meanings, as follows:</p>
 847      *
 848      * <blockquote><pre>
 849      * $FEATURE.$INTERIM.$UPDATE.$PATCH
 850      * </pre></blockquote>
 851      *
 852      * <ul>
 853      *
 854      * <li><p> <a id="FEATURE">{@code $FEATURE}</a> — The
 855      * feature-release counter, incremented for every feature release
 856      * regardless of release content.  Features may be added in a feature
 857      * release; they may also be removed, if advance notice was given at least
 858      * one feature release ahead of time.  Incompatible changes may be made
 859      * when justified. </p></li>
 860      *
 861      * <li><p> <a id="INTERIM">{@code $INTERIM}</a> — The
 862      * interim-release counter, incremented for non-feature releases that
 863      * contain compatible bug fixes and enhancements but no incompatible
 864      * changes, no feature removals, and no changes to standard APIs.
 865      * </p></li>
 866      *
 867      * <li><p> <a id="UPDATE">{@code $UPDATE}</a> — The update-release
 868      * counter, incremented for compatible update releases that fix security
 869      * issues, regressions, and bugs in newer features. </p></li>
 870      *
 871      * <li><p> <a id="PATCH">{@code $PATCH}</a> — The emergency
 872      * patch-release counter, incremented only when it's necessary to produce
 873      * an emergency release to fix a critical issue. </p></li>
 874      *
 875      * </ul>
 876      *
 877      * <p> The fifth and later elements of a version number are free for use by
 878      * platform implementors, to identify implementor-specific patch
 879      * releases. </p>
 880      *
 881      * <p> A version number never has trailing zero elements.  If an element
 882      * and all those that follow it logically have the value zero then all of
 883      * them are omitted. </p>
 884      *
 885      * <p> The sequence of numerals in a version number is compared to another
 886      * such sequence in numerical, pointwise fashion; <em>e.g.</em>, {@code
 887      * 10.0.4} is less than {@code 10.1.2}.  If one sequence is shorter than
 888      * another then the missing elements of the shorter sequence are considered
 889      * to be less than the corresponding elements of the longer sequence;
 890      * <em>e.g.</em>, {@code 10.0.2} is less than {@code 10.0.2.1}. </p>
 891      *
 892      * <h2><a id="verStr">Version strings</a></h2>
 893      *
 894      * <p> A <em>version string</em>, {@code $VSTR}, is a version number {@code
 895      * $VNUM}, as described above, optionally followed by pre-release and build
 896      * information, in one of the following formats: </p>
 897      *
 898      * <blockquote><pre>
 899      *     $VNUM(-$PRE)?\+$BUILD(-$OPT)?
 900      *     $VNUM-$PRE(-$OPT)?
 901      *     $VNUM(\+-$OPT)?
 902      * </pre></blockquote>
 903      *
 904      * <p> where: </p>
 905      *
 906      * <ul>
 907      *
 908      * <li><p> <a id="pre">{@code $PRE}</a>, matching {@code ([a-zA-Z0-9]+)}
 909      * — A pre-release identifier.  Typically {@code ea}, for a
 910      * potentially unstable early-access release under active development, or
 911      * {@code internal}, for an internal developer build. </p></li>
 912      *
 913      * <li><p> <a id="build">{@code $BUILD}</a>, matching {@code
 914      * (0|[1-9][0-9]*)} — The build number, incremented for each promoted
 915      * build.  {@code $BUILD} is reset to {@code 1} when any portion of {@code
 916      * $VNUM} is incremented. </p></li>
 917      *
 918      * <li><p> <a id="opt">{@code $OPT}</a>, matching {@code ([-a-zA-Z0-9.]+)}
 919      * — Additional build information, if desired.  In the case of an
 920      * {@code internal} build this will often contain the date and time of the
 921      * build. </p></li>
 922      *
 923      * </ul>
 924      *
 925      * <p> A version string {@code 10-ea} matches {@code $VNUM = "10"} and
 926      * {@code $PRE = "ea"}.  The version string {@code 10+-ea} matches
 927      * {@code $VNUM = "10"} and {@code $OPT = "ea"}. </p>
 928      *
 929      * <p> When comparing two version strings, the value of {@code $OPT}, if
 930      * present, may or may not be significant depending on the chosen
 931      * comparison method.  The comparison methods {@link #compareTo(Version)
 932      * compareTo()} and {@link #compareToIgnoreOptional(Version)
 933      * compareToIgnoreOptional()} should be used consistently with the
 934      * corresponding methods {@link #equals(Object) equals()} and {@link
 935      * #equalsIgnoreOptional(Object) equalsIgnoreOptional()}.  </p>
 936      *
 937      * <p> A <em>short version string</em>, {@code $SVSTR}, often useful in
 938      * less formal contexts, is a version number optionally followed by a
 939      * pre-release identifier:</p>
 940      *
 941      * <blockquote><pre>
 942      *     $VNUM(-$PRE)?
 943      * </pre></blockquote>
 944      *
 945      * <p>This is a <a href="./doc-files/ValueBased.html">value-based</a>
 946      * class; use of identity-sensitive operations (including reference equality
 947      * ({@code ==}), identity hash code, or synchronization) on instances of
 948      * {@code Version} may have unpredictable results and should be avoided.
 949      * </p>
 950      *
 951      * @since  9
 952      */
 953     public static final class Version
 954         implements Comparable<Version>
 955     {
 956         private final List<Integer>     version;
 957         private final Optional<String>  pre;
 958         private final Optional<Integer> build;
 959         private final Optional<String>  optional;
 960 
 961         /*
 962          * List of version number components passed to this constructor MUST
 963          * be at least unmodifiable (ideally immutable). In the case on an
 964          * unmodifiable list, the caller MUST hand the list over to this
 965          * constructor and never change the underlying list.
 966          */
 967         private Version(List<Integer> unmodifiableListOfVersions,
 968                         Optional<String> pre,
 969                         Optional<Integer> build,
 970                         Optional<String> optional)
 971         {
 972             this.version = unmodifiableListOfVersions;
 973             this.pre = pre;
 974             this.build = build;
 975             this.optional = optional;
 976         }
 977 
 978         /**
 979          * Parses the given string as a valid
 980          * <a href="#verStr">version string</a> containing a
 981          * <a href="#verNum">version number</a> followed by pre-release and
 982          * build information.
 983          *
 984          * @param  s
 985          *         A string to interpret as a version
 986          *
 987          * @throws  IllegalArgumentException
 988          *          If the given string cannot be interpreted as a valid
 989          *          version
 990          *
 991          * @throws  NullPointerException
 992          *          If the given string is {@code null}
 993          *
 994          * @throws  NumberFormatException
 995          *          If an element of the version number or the build number
 996          *          cannot be represented as an {@link Integer}
 997          *
 998          * @return  The Version of the given string
 999          */
1000         public static Version parse(String s) {
1001             if (s == null)
1002                 throw new NullPointerException();
1003 
1004             // Shortcut to avoid initializing VersionPattern when creating
1005             // feature-version constants during startup
1006             if (isSimpleNumber(s)) {
1007                 return new Version(List.of(Integer.parseInt(s)),
1008                         Optional.empty(), Optional.empty(), Optional.empty());
1009             }
1010             Matcher m = VersionPattern.VSTR_PATTERN.matcher(s);
1011             if (!m.matches())
1012                 throw new IllegalArgumentException("Invalid version string: '"
1013                                                    + s + "'");
1014 
1015             // $VNUM is a dot-separated list of integers of arbitrary length
1016             String[] split = m.group(VersionPattern.VNUM_GROUP).split("\\.");
1017             Integer[] version = new Integer[split.length];
1018             for (int i = 0; i < split.length; i++) {
1019                 version[i] = Integer.parseInt(split[i]);
1020             }
1021 
1022             Optional<String> pre = Optional.ofNullable(
1023                     m.group(VersionPattern.PRE_GROUP));
1024 
1025             String b = m.group(VersionPattern.BUILD_GROUP);
1026             // $BUILD is an integer
1027             Optional<Integer> build = (b == null)
1028                 ? Optional.empty()
1029                 : Optional.of(Integer.parseInt(b));
1030 
1031             Optional<String> optional = Optional.ofNullable(
1032                     m.group(VersionPattern.OPT_GROUP));
1033 
1034             // empty '+'
1035             if (!build.isPresent()) {
1036                 if (m.group(VersionPattern.PLUS_GROUP) != null) {
1037                     if (optional.isPresent()) {
1038                         if (pre.isPresent())
1039                             throw new IllegalArgumentException("'+' found with"
1040                                 + " pre-release and optional components:'" + s
1041                                 + "'");
1042                     } else {
1043                         throw new IllegalArgumentException("'+' found with neither"
1044                             + " build or optional components: '" + s + "'");
1045                     }
1046                 } else {
1047                     if (optional.isPresent() && !pre.isPresent()) {
1048                         throw new IllegalArgumentException("optional component"
1049                             + " must be preceeded by a pre-release component"
1050                             + " or '+': '" + s + "'");
1051                     }
1052                 }
1053             }
1054             return new Version(List.of(version), pre, build, optional);
1055         }
1056 
1057         private static boolean isSimpleNumber(String s) {
1058             for (int i = 0; i < s.length(); i++) {
1059                 char c = s.charAt(i);
1060                 char lowerBound = (i > 0) ? '0' : '1';
1061                 if (c < lowerBound || c > '9') {
1062                     return false;
1063                 }
1064             }
1065             return true;
1066         }
1067 
1068         /**
1069          * Returns the value of the <a href="#FEATURE">feature</a> element of
1070          * the version number.
1071          *
1072          * @return The value of the feature element
1073          *
1074          * @since 10
1075          */
1076         public int feature() {
1077             return version.get(0);
1078         }
1079 
1080         /**
1081          * Returns the value of the <a href="#INTERIM">interim</a> element of
1082          * the version number, or zero if it is absent.
1083          *
1084          * @return The value of the interim element, or zero
1085          *
1086          * @since 10
1087          */
1088         public int interim() {
1089             return (version.size() > 1 ? version.get(1) : 0);
1090         }
1091 
1092         /**
1093          * Returns the value of the <a href="#UPDATE">update</a> element of the
1094          * version number, or zero if it is absent.
1095          *
1096          * @return The value of the update element, or zero
1097          *
1098          * @since 10
1099          */
1100         public int update() {
1101             return (version.size() > 2 ? version.get(2) : 0);
1102         }
1103 
1104         /**
1105          * Returns the value of the <a href="#PATCH">patch</a> element of the
1106          * version number, or zero if it is absent.
1107          *
1108          * @return The value of the patch element, or zero
1109          *
1110          * @since 10
1111          */
1112         public int patch() {
1113             return (version.size() > 3 ? version.get(3) : 0);
1114         }
1115 
1116         /**
1117          * Returns the value of the major element of the version number.
1118          *
1119          * @deprecated As of Java&nbsp;SE 10, the first element of a version
1120          * number is not the major-release number but the feature-release
1121          * counter, incremented for every time-based release.  Use the {@link
1122          * #feature()} method in preference to this method.  For compatibility,
1123          * this method returns the value of the <a href="#FEATURE">feature</a>
1124          * element.
1125          *
1126          * @return The value of the feature element
1127          */
1128         @Deprecated(since = "10")
1129         public int major() {
1130             return feature();
1131         }
1132 
1133         /**
1134          * Returns the value of the minor element of the version number, or
1135          * zero if it is absent.
1136          *
1137          * @deprecated As of Java&nbsp;SE 10, the second element of a version
1138          * number is not the minor-release number but the interim-release
1139          * counter, incremented for every interim release.  Use the {@link
1140          * #interim()} method in preference to this method.  For compatibility,
1141          * this method returns the value of the <a href="#INTERIM">interim</a>
1142          * element, or zero if it is absent.
1143          *
1144          * @return The value of the interim element, or zero
1145          */
1146         @Deprecated(since = "10")
1147         public int minor() {
1148             return interim();
1149         }
1150 
1151         /**
1152          * Returns the value of the security element of the version number, or
1153          * zero if it is absent.
1154          *
1155          * @deprecated As of Java&nbsp;SE 10, the third element of a version
1156          * number is not the security level but the update-release counter,
1157          * incremented for every update release.  Use the {@link #update()}
1158          * method in preference to this method.  For compatibility, this method
1159          * returns the value of the <a href="#UPDATE">update</a> element, or
1160          * zero if it is absent.
1161          *
1162          * @return  The value of the update element, or zero
1163          */
1164         @Deprecated(since = "10")
1165         public int security() {
1166             return update();
1167         }
1168 
1169         /**
1170          * Returns an unmodifiable {@link java.util.List List} of the integers
1171          * represented in the <a href="#verNum">version number</a>.
1172          * The {@code List} always contains at least one element corresponding to
1173          * the <a href="#FEATURE">feature version number</a>.
1174          *
1175          * @return  An unmodifiable list of the integers
1176          *          represented in the version number
1177          */
1178         public List<Integer> version() {
1179             return version;
1180         }
1181 
1182         /**
1183          * Returns the optional <a href="#pre">pre-release</a> information.
1184          *
1185          * @return  The optional pre-release information as a String
1186          */
1187         public Optional<String> pre() {
1188             return pre;
1189         }
1190 
1191         /**
1192          * Returns the <a href="#build">build number</a>.
1193          *
1194          * @return  The optional build number.
1195          */
1196         public Optional<Integer> build() {
1197             return build;
1198         }
1199 
1200         /**
1201          * Returns <a href="#opt">optional</a> additional identifying build
1202          * information.
1203          *
1204          * @return  Additional build information as a String
1205          */
1206         public Optional<String> optional() {
1207             return optional;
1208         }
1209 
1210         /**
1211          * Compares this version to another.
1212          *
1213          * <p> Each of the components in the <a href="#verStr">version</a> is
1214          * compared in the following order of precedence: version numbers,
1215          * pre-release identifiers, build numbers, optional build information.
1216          * </p>
1217          *
1218          * <p> Comparison begins by examining the sequence of version numbers.
1219          * If one sequence is shorter than another, then the missing elements
1220          * of the shorter sequence are considered to be less than the
1221          * corresponding elements of the longer sequence. </p>
1222          *
1223          * <p> A version with a pre-release identifier is always considered to
1224          * be less than a version without one.  Pre-release identifiers are
1225          * compared numerically when they consist only of digits, and
1226          * lexicographically otherwise.  Numeric identifiers are considered to
1227          * be less than non-numeric identifiers.  </p>
1228          *
1229          * <p> A version without a build number is always less than one with a
1230          * build number; otherwise build numbers are compared numerically. </p>
1231          *
1232          * <p> The optional build information is compared lexicographically.
1233          * During this comparison, a version with optional build information is
1234          * considered to be greater than a version without one. </p>
1235          *
1236          * @param  obj
1237          *         The object to be compared
1238          *
1239          * @return  A negative integer, zero, or a positive integer if this
1240          *          {@code Version} is less than, equal to, or greater than the
1241          *          given {@code Version}
1242          *
1243          * @throws  NullPointerException
1244          *          If the given object is {@code null}
1245          */
1246         @Override
1247         public int compareTo(Version obj) {
1248             return compare(obj, false);
1249         }
1250 
1251         /**
1252          * Compares this version to another disregarding optional build
1253          * information.
1254          *
1255          * <p> Two versions are compared by examining the version string as
1256          * described in {@link #compareTo(Version)} with the exception that the
1257          * optional build information is always ignored. </p>
1258          *
1259          * <p> This method provides ordering which is consistent with
1260          * {@code equalsIgnoreOptional()}. </p>
1261          *
1262          * @param  obj
1263          *         The object to be compared
1264          *
1265          * @return  A negative integer, zero, or a positive integer if this
1266          *          {@code Version} is less than, equal to, or greater than the
1267          *          given {@code Version}
1268          *
1269          * @throws  NullPointerException
1270          *          If the given object is {@code null}
1271          */
1272         public int compareToIgnoreOptional(Version obj) {
1273             return compare(obj, true);
1274         }
1275 
1276         private int compare(Version obj, boolean ignoreOpt) {
1277             if (obj == null)
1278                 throw new NullPointerException();
1279 
1280             int ret = compareVersion(obj);
1281             if (ret != 0)
1282                 return ret;
1283 
1284             ret = comparePre(obj);
1285             if (ret != 0)
1286                 return ret;
1287 
1288             ret = compareBuild(obj);
1289             if (ret != 0)
1290                 return ret;
1291 
1292             if (!ignoreOpt)
1293                 return compareOptional(obj);
1294 
1295             return 0;
1296         }
1297 
1298         private int compareVersion(Version obj) {
1299             int size = version.size();
1300             int oSize = obj.version().size();
1301             int min = Math.min(size, oSize);
1302             for (int i = 0; i < min; i++) {
1303                 int val = version.get(i);
1304                 int oVal = obj.version().get(i);
1305                 if (val != oVal)
1306                     return val - oVal;
1307             }
1308             return size - oSize;
1309         }
1310 
1311         private int comparePre(Version obj) {
1312             Optional<String> oPre = obj.pre();
1313             if (!pre.isPresent()) {
1314                 if (oPre.isPresent())
1315                     return 1;
1316             } else {
1317                 if (!oPre.isPresent())
1318                     return -1;
1319                 String val = pre.get();
1320                 String oVal = oPre.get();
1321                 if (val.matches("\\d+")) {
1322                     return (oVal.matches("\\d+")
1323                         ? (new BigInteger(val)).compareTo(new BigInteger(oVal))
1324                         : -1);
1325                 } else {
1326                     return (oVal.matches("\\d+")
1327                         ? 1
1328                         : val.compareTo(oVal));
1329                 }
1330             }
1331             return 0;
1332         }
1333 
1334         private int compareBuild(Version obj) {
1335             Optional<Integer> oBuild = obj.build();
1336             if (oBuild.isPresent()) {
1337                 return (build.isPresent()
1338                         ? build.get().compareTo(oBuild.get())
1339                         : -1);
1340             } else if (build.isPresent()) {
1341                 return 1;
1342             }
1343             return 0;
1344         }
1345 
1346         private int compareOptional(Version obj) {
1347             Optional<String> oOpt = obj.optional();
1348             if (!optional.isPresent()) {
1349                 if (oOpt.isPresent())
1350                     return -1;
1351             } else {
1352                 if (!oOpt.isPresent())
1353                     return 1;
1354                 return optional.get().compareTo(oOpt.get());
1355             }
1356             return 0;
1357         }
1358 
1359         /**
1360          * Returns a string representation of this version.
1361          *
1362          * @return  The version string
1363          */
1364         @Override
1365         public String toString() {
1366             StringBuilder sb
1367                 = new StringBuilder(version.stream()
1368                     .map(Object::toString)
1369                     .collect(Collectors.joining(".")));
1370 
1371             pre.ifPresent(v -> sb.append("-").append(v));
1372 
1373             if (build.isPresent()) {
1374                 sb.append("+").append(build.get());
1375                 if (optional.isPresent())
1376                     sb.append("-").append(optional.get());
1377             } else {
1378                 if (optional.isPresent()) {
1379                     sb.append(pre.isPresent() ? "-" : "+-");
1380                     sb.append(optional.get());
1381                 }
1382             }
1383 
1384             return sb.toString();
1385         }
1386 
1387         /**
1388          * Determines whether this {@code Version} is equal to another object.
1389          *
1390          * <p> Two {@code Version}s are equal if and only if they represent the
1391          * same version string.
1392          *
1393          * @param  obj
1394          *         The object to which this {@code Version} is to be compared
1395          *
1396          * @return  {@code true} if, and only if, the given object is a {@code
1397          *          Version} that is identical to this {@code Version}
1398          *
1399          */
1400         @Override
1401         public boolean equals(Object obj) {
1402             boolean ret = equalsIgnoreOptional(obj);
1403             if (!ret)
1404                 return false;
1405 
1406             Version that = (Version)obj;
1407             return (this.optional().equals(that.optional()));
1408         }
1409 
1410         /**
1411          * Determines whether this {@code Version} is equal to another
1412          * disregarding optional build information.
1413          *
1414          * <p> Two {@code Version}s are equal if and only if they represent the
1415          * same version string disregarding the optional build information.
1416          *
1417          * @param  obj
1418          *         The object to which this {@code Version} is to be compared
1419          *
1420          * @return  {@code true} if, and only if, the given object is a {@code
1421          *          Version} that is identical to this {@code Version}
1422          *          ignoring the optional build information
1423          *
1424          */
1425         public boolean equalsIgnoreOptional(Object obj) {
1426             if (this == obj)
1427                 return true;
1428             if (!(obj instanceof Version))
1429                 return false;
1430 
1431             Version that = (Version)obj;
1432             return (this.version().equals(that.version())
1433                 && this.pre().equals(that.pre())
1434                 && this.build().equals(that.build()));
1435         }
1436 
1437         /**
1438          * Returns the hash code of this version.
1439          *
1440          * @return  The hashcode of this version
1441          */
1442         @Override
1443         public int hashCode() {
1444             int h = 1;
1445             int p = 17;
1446 
1447             h = p * h + version.hashCode();
1448             h = p * h + pre.hashCode();
1449             h = p * h + build.hashCode();
1450             h = p * h + optional.hashCode();
1451 
1452             return h;
1453         }
1454     }
1455 
1456     private static class VersionPattern {
1457         // $VNUM(-$PRE)?(\+($BUILD)?(\-$OPT)?)?
1458         // RE limits the format of version strings
1459         // ([1-9][0-9]*(?:(?:\.0)*\.[1-9][0-9]*)*)(?:-([a-zA-Z0-9]+))?(?:(\+)(0|[1-9][0-9]*)?)?(?:-([-a-zA-Z0-9.]+))?
1460 
1461         private static final String VNUM
1462             = "(?<VNUM>[1-9][0-9]*(?:(?:\\.0)*\\.[1-9][0-9]*)*)";
1463         private static final String PRE      = "(?:-(?<PRE>[a-zA-Z0-9]+))?";
1464         private static final String BUILD
1465             = "(?:(?<PLUS>\\+)(?<BUILD>0|[1-9][0-9]*)?)?";
1466         private static final String OPT      = "(?:-(?<OPT>[-a-zA-Z0-9.]+))?";
1467         private static final String VSTR_FORMAT = VNUM + PRE + BUILD + OPT;
1468 
1469         static final Pattern VSTR_PATTERN = Pattern.compile(VSTR_FORMAT);
1470 
1471         static final String VNUM_GROUP  = "VNUM";
1472         static final String PRE_GROUP   = "PRE";
1473         static final String PLUS_GROUP  = "PLUS";
1474         static final String BUILD_GROUP = "BUILD";
1475         static final String OPT_GROUP   = "OPT";
1476     }
1477 }