1 #
2 # DO NOT ALTER OR REMOVE COPYRIGHT NOTICES OR THIS FILE HEADER.
3 #
4 # This code is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
5 # under the terms of the GNU General Public License version 2 only, as
6 # published by the Free Software Foundation. Oracle designates this
7 # particular file as subject to the "Classpath" exception as provided
8 # by Oracle in the LICENSE file that accompanied this code.
9 #
10 # This code is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT
11 # ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or
12 # FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU General Public License
13 # version 2 for more details (a copy is included in the LICENSE file that
14 # accompanied this code).
15 #
16 # You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License version
17 # 2 along with this work; if not, write to the Free Software Foundation,
18 # Inc., 51 Franklin St, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA 02110-1301 USA.
19 #
20 # Please contact Oracle, 500 Oracle Parkway, Redwood Shores, CA 94065 USA
21 # or visit www.oracle.com if you need additional information or have any
22 # questions.
23 #
24 # tzdb data for Asia and environs
25
26 # This file is in the public domain, so clarified as of
27 # 2009-05-17 by Arthur David Olson.
28
29 # This file is by no means authoritative; if you think you know better,
30 # go ahead and edit the file (and please send any changes to
31 # tz@iana.org for general use in the future). For more, please see
32 # the file CONTRIBUTING in the tz distribution.
33
34 # From Paul Eggert (2019-07-11):
35 #
36 # Unless otherwise specified, the source for data through 1990 is:
37 # Thomas G. Shanks and Rique Pottenger, The International Atlas (6th edition),
38 # San Diego: ACS Publications, Inc. (2003).
39 # Unfortunately this book contains many errors and cites no sources.
40 #
41 # Many years ago Gwillim Law wrote that a good source
42 # for time zone data was the International Air Transport
43 # Association's Standard Schedules Information Manual (IATA SSIM),
44 # published semiannually. Law sent in several helpful summaries
45 # of the IATA's data after 1990. Except where otherwise noted,
46 # IATA SSIM is the source for entries after 1990.
47 #
48 # Another source occasionally used is Edward W. Whitman, World Time Differences,
49 # Whitman Publishing Co, 2 Niagara Av, Ealing, London (undated), which
50 # I found in the UCLA library.
51 #
52 # For data circa 1899, a common source is:
53 # Milne J. Civil time. Geogr J. 1899 Feb;13(2):173-94.
54 # https://www.jstor.org/stable/1774359
55 #
56 # For Russian data circa 1919, a source is:
57 # Byalokoz EL. New Counting of Time in Russia since July 1, 1919.
58 # (See the 'europe' file for a fuller citation.)
59 #
60 # A reliable and entertaining source about time zones is
61 # Derek Howse, Greenwich time and longitude, Philip Wilson Publishers (1997).
62 #
63 # The following alphabetic abbreviations appear in these tables
64 # (corrections are welcome):
65 # std dst
66 # LMT Local Mean Time
67 # 2:00 EET EEST Eastern European Time
68 # 2:00 IST IDT Israel
69 # 5:30 IST India
70 # 7:00 WIB west Indonesia (Waktu Indonesia Barat)
71 # 8:00 WITA central Indonesia (Waktu Indonesia Tengah)
72 # 8:00 CST China
73 # 8:00 HKT HKST Hong Kong (HKWT* for Winter Time in late 1941)
74 # 8:00 PST PDT* Philippines
75 # 8:30 KST KDT Korea when at +0830
76 # 9:00 WIT east Indonesia (Waktu Indonesia Timur)
77 # 9:00 JST JDT Japan
78 # 9:00 KST KDT Korea when at +09
79 # *I invented the abbreviations HKWT and PDT; see below.
80 # Otherwise, these tables typically use numeric abbreviations like +03
81 # and +0330 for integer hour and minute UT offsets. Although earlier
82 # editions invented alphabetic time zone abbreviations for every
83 # offset, this did not reflect common practice.
84 #
85 # See the 'europe' file for Russia and Turkey in Asia.
86
87 # From Guy Harris:
88 # Incorporates data for Singapore from Robert Elz' asia 1.1, as well as
89 # additional information from Tom Yap, Sun Microsystems Intercontinental
90 # Technical Support (including a page from the Official Airline Guide -
91 # Worldwide Edition).
92
93 ###############################################################################
94
95 # These rules are stolen from the 'europe' file.
96 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
97 Rule EUAsia 1981 max - Mar lastSun 1:00u 1:00 S
98 Rule EUAsia 1979 1995 - Sep lastSun 1:00u 0 -
99 Rule EUAsia 1996 max - Oct lastSun 1:00u 0 -
100 Rule E-EurAsia 1981 max - Mar lastSun 0:00 1:00 -
101 Rule E-EurAsia 1979 1995 - Sep lastSun 0:00 0 -
102 Rule E-EurAsia 1996 max - Oct lastSun 0:00 0 -
103 Rule RussiaAsia 1981 1984 - Apr 1 0:00 1:00 -
104 Rule RussiaAsia 1981 1983 - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
105 Rule RussiaAsia 1984 1995 - Sep lastSun 2:00s 0 -
106 Rule RussiaAsia 1985 2010 - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 -
107 Rule RussiaAsia 1996 2010 - Oct lastSun 2:00s 0 -
108
109 # Afghanistan
110 # Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
111 Zone Asia/Kabul 4:36:48 - LMT 1890
112 4:00 - +04 1945
113 4:30 - +0430
114
115 # Armenia
116 # From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):
117 # Shanks & Pottenger have Yerevan switching to 3:00 (with Russian DST)
118 # in spring 1991, then to 4:00 with no DST in fall 1995, then
119 # readopting Russian DST in 1997. Go with Shanks & Pottenger, even
120 # when they disagree with others. Edgar Der-Danieliantz
121 # reported (1996-05-04) that Yerevan probably wouldn't use DST
122 # in 1996, though it did use DST in 1995. IATA SSIM (1991/1998) reports that
123 # Armenia switched from 3:00 to 4:00 in 1998 and observed DST after 1991,
124 # but started switching at 3:00s in 1998.
125
126 # From Arthur David Olson (2011-06-15):
127 # While Russia abandoned DST in 2011, Armenia may choose to
128 # follow Russia's "old" rules.
129
130 # From Alexander Krivenyshev (2012-02-10):
131 # According to News Armenia, on Feb 9, 2012,
132 # http://newsarmenia.ru/society/20120209/42609695.html
133 #
134 # The Armenia National Assembly adopted final reading of Amendments to the
135 # Law "On procedure of calculation time on the territory of the Republic of
136 # Armenia" according to which Armenia [is] abolishing Daylight Saving Time.
137 # or
138 # (brief)
139 # http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_armenia03.html
140 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
141 Rule Armenia 2011 only - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 -
142 Rule Armenia 2011 only - Oct lastSun 2:00s 0 -
143 # Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
144 Zone Asia/Yerevan 2:58:00 - LMT 1924 May 2
145 3:00 - +03 1957 Mar
146 4:00 RussiaAsia +04/+05 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
147 3:00 RussiaAsia +03/+04 1995 Sep 24 2:00s
148 4:00 - +04 1997
149 4:00 RussiaAsia +04/+05 2011
150 4:00 Armenia +04/+05
151
152 # Azerbaijan
153
154 # From Rustam Aliyev of the Azerbaijan Internet Forum (2005-10-23):
155 # According to the resolution of Cabinet of Ministers, 1997
156 # From Paul Eggert (2015-09-17): It was Resolution No. 21 (1997-03-17).
157 # http://code.az/files/daylight_res.pdf
158
159 # From Steffen Thorsen (2016-03-17):
160 # ... the Azerbaijani Cabinet of Ministers has cancelled switching to
161 # daylight saving time....
162 # https://www.azernews.az/azerbaijan/94137.html
163 # http://vestnikkavkaza.net/news/Azerbaijani-Cabinet-of-Ministers-cancels-daylight-saving-time.html
164 # http://en.apa.az/xeber_azerbaijan_abolishes_daylight_savings_ti_240862.html
165
166 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
167 Rule Azer 1997 2015 - Mar lastSun 4:00 1:00 -
168 Rule Azer 1997 2015 - Oct lastSun 5:00 0 -
169 # Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
170 Zone Asia/Baku 3:19:24 - LMT 1924 May 2
171 3:00 - +03 1957 Mar
172 4:00 RussiaAsia +04/+05 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
173 3:00 RussiaAsia +03/+04 1992 Sep lastSun 2:00s
174 4:00 - +04 1996
175 4:00 EUAsia +04/+05 1997
176 4:00 Azer +04/+05
177
178 # Bahrain
179 # See Asia/Qatar.
180
181 # Bangladesh
182 # From Alexander Krivenyshev (2009-05-13):
183 # According to newspaper Asian Tribune (May 6, 2009) Bangladesh may introduce
184 # Daylight Saving Time from June 16 to Sept 30
185 #
186 # Bangladesh to introduce daylight saving time likely from June 16
187 # http://www.asiantribune.com/?q=node/17288
188 # http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_bangladesh02.html
189 #
190 # "... Bangladesh government has decided to switch daylight saving time from
191 # June
192 # 16 till September 30 in a bid to ensure maximum use of daylight to cope with
193 # crippling power crisis. "
194 #
195 # The switch will remain in effect from June 16 to Sept 30 (2009) but if
196 # implemented the next year, it will come in force from April 1, 2010
197
198 # From Steffen Thorsen (2009-06-02):
199 # They have finally decided now, but changed the start date to midnight between
200 # the 19th and 20th, and they have not set the end date yet.
201 #
202 # Some sources:
203 # https://in.reuters.com/article/southAsiaNews/idINIndia-40017620090601
204 # http://bdnews24.com/details.php?id=85889&cid=2
205 #
206 # Our wrap-up:
207 # https://www.timeanddate.com/news/time/bangladesh-daylight-saving-2009.html
208
209 # From A. N. M. Kamrus Saadat (2009-06-15):
210 # Finally we've got the official mail regarding DST start time where DST start
211 # time is mentioned as Jun 19 2009, 23:00 from BTRC (Bangladesh
212 # Telecommunication Regulatory Commission).
213 #
214 # No DST end date has been announced yet.
215
216 # From Alexander Krivenyshev (2009-09-25):
217 # Bangladesh won't go back to Standard Time from October 1, 2009,
218 # instead it will continue DST measure till the cabinet makes a fresh decision.
219 #
220 # Following report by same newspaper-"The Daily Star Friday":
221 # "DST change awaits cabinet decision-Clock won't go back by 1-hr from Oct 1"
222 # http://www.thedailystar.net/newDesign/news-details.php?nid=107021
223 # http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_bangladesh04.html
224
225 # From Steffen Thorsen (2009-10-13):
226 # IANS (Indo-Asian News Service) now reports:
227 # Bangladesh has decided that the clock advanced by an hour to make
228 # maximum use of daylight hours as an energy saving measure would
229 # "continue for an indefinite period."
230 #
231 # One of many places where it is published:
232 # http://www.thaindian.com/newsportal/business/bangladesh-to-continue-indefinitely-with-advanced-time_100259987.html
233
234 # From Alexander Krivenyshev (2009-12-24):
235 # According to Bangladesh newspaper "The Daily Star,"
236 # Bangladesh will change its clock back to Standard Time on Dec 31, 2009.
237 #
238 # Clock goes back 1-hr on Dec 31 night.
239 # http://www.thedailystar.net/newDesign/news-details.php?nid=119228
240 # http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_bangladesh05.html
241 #
242 # "...The government yesterday decided to put the clock back by one hour
243 # on December 31 midnight and the new time will continue until March 31,
244 # 2010 midnight. The decision came at a cabinet meeting at the Prime
245 # Minister's Office last night..."
246
247 # From Alexander Krivenyshev (2010-03-22):
248 # According to Bangladesh newspaper "The Daily Star,"
249 # Cabinet cancels Daylight Saving Time
250 # http://www.thedailystar.net/newDesign/latest_news.php?nid=22817
251 # http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_bangladesh06.html
252
253 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
254 Rule Dhaka 2009 only - Jun 19 23:00 1:00 -
255 Rule Dhaka 2009 only - Dec 31 24:00 0 -
256
257 # Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
258 Zone Asia/Dhaka 6:01:40 - LMT 1890
259 5:53:20 - HMT 1941 Oct # Howrah Mean Time?
260 6:30 - +0630 1942 May 15
261 5:30 - +0530 1942 Sep
262 6:30 - +0630 1951 Sep 30
263 6:00 - +06 2009
264 6:00 Dhaka +06/+07
265
266 # Bhutan
267 # Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
268 Zone Asia/Thimphu 5:58:36 - LMT 1947 Aug 15 # or Thimbu
269 5:30 - +0530 1987 Oct
270 6:00 - +06
271
272 # British Indian Ocean Territory
273 # Whitman and the 1995 CIA time zone map say 5:00, but the
274 # 1997 and later maps say 6:00. Assume the switch occurred in 1996.
275 # We have no information as to when standard time was introduced;
276 # assume it occurred in 1907, the same year as Mauritius (which
277 # then contained the Chagos Archipelago).
278 # Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
279 Zone Indian/Chagos 4:49:40 - LMT 1907
280 5:00 - +05 1996
281 6:00 - +06
282
283 # Brunei
284 # Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
285 Zone Asia/Brunei 7:39:40 - LMT 1926 Mar # Bandar Seri Begawan
286 7:30 - +0730 1933
287 8:00 - +08
288
289 # Burma / Myanmar
290
291 # Milne says 6:24:40 was the meridian of the time ball observatory at Rangoon.
292
293 # From Paul Eggert (2017-04-20):
294 # Page 27 of Reed & Low (cited for Asia/Kolkata) says "Rangoon local time is
295 # used upon the railways and telegraphs of Burma, and is 6h. 24m. 47s. ahead
296 # of Greenwich." This refers to the period before Burma's transition to +0630,
297 # a transition for which Shanks is the only source.
298
299 # Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
300 Zone Asia/Yangon 6:24:47 - LMT 1880 # or Rangoon
301 6:24:47 - RMT 1920 # Rangoon local time
302 6:30 - +0630 1942 May
303 9:00 - +09 1945 May 3
304 6:30 - +0630
305
306 # Cambodia
307 # See Asia/Bangkok.
308
309
310 # China
311
312 # From Phake Nick (2020-04-15):
313 # According to this news report:
314 # http://news.sina.com.cn/c/2004-09-01/19524201403.shtml
315 # on April 11, 1919, newspaper in Shanghai said clocks in Shanghai will spring
316 # forward for an hour starting from midnight of that Saturday. The report did
317 # not mention what happened in Shanghai thereafter, but it mentioned that a
318 # similar trial in Tianjin which ended at October 1st as citizens are told to
319 # recede the clock on September 30 from 12:00pm to 11:00pm. The trial at
320 # Tianjin got terminated in 1920.
321 #
322 # From Paul Eggert (2020-04-15):
323 # The Returns of Trade and Trade Reports, page 711, says "Daylight saving was
324 # given a trial during the year, and from the 12th April to the 1st October
325 # the clocks were all set one hour ahead of sun time. Though the scheme was
326 # generally esteemed a success, it was announced early in 1920 that it would
327 # not be repeated."
328 #
329 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
330 Rule Shang 1919 only - Apr 12 24:00 1:00 D
331 Rule Shang 1919 only - Sep 30 24:00 0 S
332
333 # From Paul Eggert (2018-10-02):
334 # The following comes from Table 1 of:
335 # Li Yu. Research on the daylight saving movement in 1940s Shanghai.
336 # Nanjing Journal of Social Sciences. 2014;(2):144-50.
337 # http://oversea.cnki.net/kns55/detail.aspx?dbname=CJFD2014&filename=NJSH201402020
338 # The table lists dates only; I am guessing 00:00 and 24:00 transition times.
339 # Also, the table lists the planned end of DST in 1949, but the corresponding
340 # zone line cuts this off on May 28, when the Communists took power.
341
342 # From Phake Nick (2020-04-15):
343 #
344 # For the history of time in Shanghai between 1940-1942, the situation is
345 # actually slightly more complex than the table [below].... At the time,
346 # there were three different authorities in Shanghai, including Shanghai
347 # International Settlement, a settlement established by western countries with
348 # its own westernized form of government, Shanghai French Concession, similar
349 # to the international settlement but is controlled by French, and then the
350 # rest of the city of Shanghai, which have already been controlled by Japanese
351 # force through a puppet local government (Wang Jingwei regime). It was
352 # additionally complicated by the circumstances that, according to the 1940s
353 # Shanghai summer time essay cited in the database, some
354 # departments/businesses/people in the Shanghai city itself during that time
355 # period, refused to change their clock and instead only changed their opening
356 # hours.
357 #
358 # For example, as quoted in the article, in 1940, other than the authority
359 # itself, power, tram, bus companies, cinema, department stores, and other
360 # public service organizations have all decided to follow the summer time and
361 # spring forward the clock. On the other hand, the custom office refused to
362 # spring forward the clock because of worry on mechanical wear to the physical
363 # clock, postal office refused to spring forward because of disruption to
364 # business and log-keeping, although they did changed their office hour to
365 # match rest of the city. So is travel agents, and also weather
366 # observatory. It is said both time standards had their own supporters in the
367 # city at the time, those who prefer new time standard would have moved their
368 # clock while those who prefer the old time standard would keep their clock
369 # unchange, and there were different clocks that use different time standard
370 # in the city at the time for people who use different time standard to adjust
371 # their clock to their preferred time.
372 #
373 # a. For the 1940 May 31 spring forward, the essay claim that it was
374 # coordinared between the international settlement authority and the French
375 # concession authority and have gathered support from Hong Kong and Xiamen,
376 # that it would spring forward an hour from May 31 "midnight", and the essay
377 # claim "Hong Kong government implemented the spring forward in the same time
378 # on the same date as Shanghai".
379 #
380 # b. For the 1940 fall back, it was said that they initially intended to do
381 # so on September 30 00:59 at night, however they postponed it to October 12
382 # after discussion with relevant parties. However schools restored to the
383 # original schedule ten days earlier.
384 #
385 # c. For the 1941 spring forward, it is said to start from March 15
386 # "following the previous year's method", and in addition to that the essay
387 # cited an announcement in 1941 from the Wang regime which said the Special
388 # City of Shanghai under Wang regime control will follow the DST rule set by
389 # the Settlements, irrespective of the original DST plan announced by the Wang
390 # regime for other area under its control(April 1 to September 30). (no idea
391 # to situation before that announcement)
392 #
393 # d. For the 1941 fall back, it was said that the fall back would occurs at
394 # the end of September (A newspaper headline cited by the essay, published on
395 # October 1, 1941, have the headlines which said "French Concession would
396 # rewind to the old clock this morning), but it ultimately didn't happen due
397 # to disagreement between the international settlement authority and the
398 # French concession authority, and the fall back ultimately occurred on
399 # November 1.
400 #
401 # e. In 1941 December, Japan have officially started war with the United
402 # States and the United Kingdom, and in Shanghai they have marched into the
403 # international settlement, taken over its control
404 #
405 # f. For the 1942 spring forward, the essay said that the spring forward
406 # started on January 31. It said this time the custom office and postal
407 # department will also change their clocks, unlike before.
408 #
409 # g. The essay itself didn't cover any specific changes thereafter until the
410 # end of the war, it quoted a November 1942 command from the government of the
411 # Wang regime, which claim the daylight saving time applies year round during
412 # the war. However, the essay ambiguously said the period is "February 1 to
413 # September 30", which I don't really understand what is the meaning of such
414 # period in the context of year round implementation here.. More researches
415 # might be needed to show exactly what happened during that period of time.
416
417 # From Phake Nick (2020-04-15):
418 # According to a Japanese tour bus pamphlet in Nanjing area believed to be
419 # from around year 1941: http://www.tt-museum.jp/tairiku_0280_nan1941.html ,
420 # the schedule listed was in the format of Japanese time. Which indicate some
421 # use of the Japanese time (instead of syncing by DST) might have occurred in
422 # the Yangtze river delta area during that period of time although the scope
423 # of such use will need to be investigated to determine.
424 #
425 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
426 Rule Shang 1940 only - Jun 1 0:00 1:00 D
427 Rule Shang 1940 only - Oct 12 24:00 0 S
428 Rule Shang 1941 only - Mar 15 0:00 1:00 D
429 Rule Shang 1941 only - Nov 1 24:00 0 S
430 Rule Shang 1942 only - Jan 31 0:00 1:00 D
431 Rule Shang 1945 only - Sep 1 24:00 0 S
432 Rule Shang 1946 only - May 15 0:00 1:00 D
433 Rule Shang 1946 only - Sep 30 24:00 0 S
434 Rule Shang 1947 only - Apr 15 0:00 1:00 D
435 Rule Shang 1947 only - Oct 31 24:00 0 S
436 Rule Shang 1948 1949 - May 1 0:00 1:00 D
437 Rule Shang 1948 1949 - Sep 30 24:00 0 S #plan
438
439 # From Guy Harris:
440 # People's Republic of China. Yes, they really have only one time zone.
441
442 # From Bob Devine (1988-01-28):
443 # No they don't. See TIME mag, 1986-02-17 p.52. Even though
444 # China is across 4 physical time zones, before Feb 1, 1986 only the
445 # Peking (Beijing) time zone was recognized. Since that date, China
446 # has two of 'em - Peking's and Ürümqi (named after the capital of
447 # the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region). I don't know about DST for it.
448 #
449 # . . .I just deleted the DST table and this editor makes it too
450 # painful to suck in another copy. So, here is what I have for
451 # DST start/end dates for Peking's time zone (info from AP):
452 #
453 # 1986 May 4 - Sept 14
454 # 1987 mid-April - ??
455
456 # From U. S. Naval Observatory (1989-01-19):
457 # CHINA 8 H AHEAD OF UTC ALL OF CHINA, INCL TAIWAN
458 # CHINA 9 H AHEAD OF UTC APR 17 - SEP 10
459
460 # From Paul Eggert (2008-02-11):
461 # Jim Mann, "A clumsy embrace for another western custom: China on daylight
462 # time - sort of", Los Angeles Times, 1986-05-05 ... [says] that China began
463 # observing daylight saving time in 1986.
464
465 # From P Chan (2018-05-07):
466 # The start and end time of DST in China [from 1986 on] should be 2:00
467 # (i.e. 2:00 to 3:00 at the start and 2:00 to 1:00 at the end)....
468 # Government notices about summer time:
469 #
470 # 1986-04-12 http://www.zj.gov.cn/attach/zfgb/198608.pdf p.21-22
471 # (To establish summer time from 1986. On 4 May, set the clocks ahead one hour
472 # at 2 am. On 14 September, set the clocks backward one hour at 2 am.)
473 #
474 # 1987-02-15 http://www.gov.cn/gongbao/shuju/1987/gwyb198703.pdf p.114
475 # (Summer time in 1987 to start from 12 April until 13 September)
476 #
477 # 1987-09-09 http://www.gov.cn/gongbao/shuju/1987/gwyb198721.pdf p.709
478 # (From 1988, summer time to start from 2 am of the first Sunday of mid-April
479 # until 2 am of the first Sunday of mid-September)
480 #
481 # 1992-03-03 http://www.gov.cn/gongbao/shuju/1992/gwyb199205.pdf p.152
482 # (To suspend summer time from 1992)
483 #
484 # The first page of People's Daily on 12 April 1988 stating that summer time
485 # to begin on 17 April.
486 # http://data.people.com.cn/pic/101p/1988/04/1988041201.jpg
487
488 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
489 Rule PRC 1986 only - May 4 2:00 1:00 D
490 Rule PRC 1986 1991 - Sep Sun>=11 2:00 0 S
491 Rule PRC 1987 1991 - Apr Sun>=11 2:00 1:00 D
492
493 # From Anthony Fok (2001-12-20):
494 # BTW, I did some research on-line and found some info regarding these five
495 # historic timezones from some Taiwan websites. And yes, there are official
496 # Chinese names for these locales (before 1949).
497 #
498 # From Jesper Nørgaard Welen (2006-07-14):
499 # I have investigated the timezones around 1970 on the
500 # https://www.astro.com/atlas site [with provinces and county
501 # boundaries summarized below].... A few other exceptions were two
502 # counties on the Sichuan side of the Xizang-Sichuan border,
503 # counties Dege and Baiyu which lies on the Sichuan side and are
504 # therefore supposed to be GMT+7, Xizang region being GMT+6, but Dege
505 # county is GMT+8 according to astro.com while Baiyu county is GMT+6
506 # (could be true), for the moment I am assuming that those two
507 # counties are mistakes in the astro.com data.
508
509 # From Paul Eggert (2017-01-05):
510 # Alois Treindl kindly sent me translations of the following two sources:
511 #
512 # (1)
513 # Guo Qing-sheng (National Time-Service Center, CAS, Xi'an 710600, China)
514 # Beijing Time at the Beginning of the PRC
515 # China Historical Materials of Science and Technology
516 # (Zhongguo ke ji shi liao, 中国科技史料). 2003;24(1):5-9.
517 # http://oversea.cnki.net/kcms/detail/detail.aspx?filename=ZGKS200301000&dbname=CJFD2003
518 # It gives evidence that at the beginning of the PRC, Beijing time was
519 # officially apparent solar time! However, Guo also says that the
520 # evidence is dubious, as the relevant institute of astronomy had not
521 # been taken over by the PRC yet. It's plausible that apparent solar
522 # time was announced but never implemented, and that people continued
523 # to use UT+8. As the Shanghai radio station (and I presume the
524 # observatory) was still under control of French missionaries, it
525 # could well have ignored any such mandate.
526 #
527 # (2)
528 # Guo Qing-sheng (Shaanxi Astronomical Observatory, CAS, Xi'an 710600, China)
529 # A Study on the Standard Time Changes for the Past 100 Years in China
530 # [undated and unknown publication location]
531 # It says several things:
532 # * The Qing dynasty used local apparent solar time throughout China.
533 # * The Republic of China instituted Beijing mean solar time effective
534 # the official calendar book of 1914.
535 # * The French Concession in Shanghai set up signal stations in
536 # French docks in the 1890s, controlled by Xujiahui (Zikawei)
537 # Observatory and set to local mean time.
538 # * "From the end of the 19th century" it changed to UT+8.
539 # * Chinese Customs (by then reduced to a tool of foreign powers)
540 # eventually standardized on this time for all ports, and it
541 # became used by railways as well.
542 # * In 1918 the Central Observatory proposed dividing China into
543 # five time zones (see below for details). This caught on
544 # at first only in coastal areas observing UT+8.
545 # * During WWII all of China was in theory was at UT+7. In practice
546 # this was ignored in the west, and I presume was ignored in
547 # Japanese-occupied territory.
548 # * Japanese-occupied Manchuria was at UT+9, i.e., Japan time.
549 # * The five-zone plan was resurrected after WWII and officially put into
550 # place (with some modifications) in March 1948. It's not clear
551 # how well it was observed in areas under Nationalist control.
552 # * The People's Liberation Army used UT+8 during the civil war.
553 #
554 # An AP article "Shanghai Internat'l Area Little Changed" in the
555 # Lewiston (ME) Daily Sun (1939-05-29), p 17, said "Even the time is
556 # different - the occupied districts going by Tokyo time, an hour
557 # ahead of that prevailing in the rest of Shanghai." Guess that the
558 # Xujiahui Observatory was under French control and stuck with UT +08.
559 #
560 # In earlier versions of this file, China had many separate Zone entries, but
561 # this was based on what were apparently incorrect data in Shanks & Pottenger.
562 # This has now been simplified to the two entries Asia/Shanghai and
563 # Asia/Urumqi, with the others being links for backward compatibility.
564 # Proposed in 1918 and theoretically in effect until 1949 (although in practice
565 # mainly observed in coastal areas), the five zones were:
566 #
567 # Changbai Time ("Long-white Time", Long-white = Heilongjiang area) UT +08:30
568 # Now part of Asia/Shanghai; its pre-1970 times are not recorded here.
569 # Heilongjiang (except Mohe county), Jilin
570 #
571 # Zhongyuan Time ("Central plain Time") UT +08
572 # Now part of Asia/Shanghai.
573 # most of China
574 # Milne gives 8:05:43.2 for Xujiahui Observatory time; round to nearest.
575 # Guo says Shanghai switched to UT +08 "from the end of the 19th century".
576 #
577 # Long-shu Time (probably as Long and Shu were two names of the area) UT +07
578 # Now part of Asia/Shanghai; its pre-1970 times are not recorded here.
579 # Guangxi, Guizhou, Hainan, Ningxia, Sichuan, Shaanxi, and Yunnan;
580 # most of Gansu; west Inner Mongolia; east Qinghai; and the Guangdong
581 # counties Deqing, Enping, Kaiping, Luoding, Taishan, Xinxing,
582 # Yangchun, Yangjiang, Yu'nan, and Yunfu.
583 #
584 # Xin-zang Time ("Xinjiang-Tibet Time") UT +06
585 # This region is now part of either Asia/Urumqi or Asia/Shanghai with
586 # current boundaries uncertain; times before 1970 for areas that
587 # disagree with Ürümqi or Shanghai are not recorded here.
588 # The Gansu counties Aksay, Anxi, Dunhuang, Subei; west Qinghai;
589 # the Guangdong counties Xuwen, Haikang, Suixi, Lianjiang,
590 # Zhanjiang, Wuchuan, Huazhou, Gaozhou, Maoming, Dianbai, and Xinyi;
591 # east Tibet, including Lhasa, Chamdo, Shigaise, Jimsar, Shawan and Hutubi;
592 # east Xinjiang, including Ürümqi, Turpan, Karamay, Korla, Minfeng, Jinghe,
593 # Wusu, Qiemo, Xinyan, Wulanwusu, Jinghe, Yumin, Tacheng, Tuoli, Emin,
594 # Shihezi, Changji, Yanqi, Heshuo, Tuokexun, Tulufan, Shanshan, Hami,
595 # Fukang, Kuitun, Kumukuli, Miquan, Qitai, and Turfan.
596 #
597 # Kunlun Time UT +05:30
598 # This region is now in the same status as Xin-zang Time (see above).
599 # West Tibet, including Pulan, Aheqi, Shufu, Shule;
600 # West Xinjiang, including Aksu, Atushi, Yining, Hetian, Cele, Luopu, Nileke,
601 # Zhaosu, Tekesi, Gongliu, Chabuchaer, Huocheng, Bole, Pishan, Suiding,
602 # and Yarkand.
603
604 # From Luther Ma (2009-10-17):
605 # Almost all (>99.9%) ethnic Chinese (properly ethnic Han) living in
606 # Xinjiang use Chinese Standard Time. Some are aware of Xinjiang time,
607 # but have no need of it. All planes, trains, and schools function on
608 # what is called "Beijing time." When Han make an appointment in Chinese
609 # they implicitly use Beijing time.
610 #
611 # On the other hand, ethnic Uyghurs, who make up about half the
612 # population of Xinjiang, typically use "Xinjiang time" which is two
613 # hours behind Beijing time, or UT +06. The government of the Xinjiang
614 # Uyghur Autonomous Region, (XAUR, or just Xinjiang for short) as well as
615 # local governments such as the Ürümqi city government use both times in
616 # publications, referring to what is popularly called Xinjiang time as
617 # "Ürümqi time." When Uyghurs make an appointment in the Uyghur language
618 # they almost invariably use Xinjiang time.
619 #
620 # (Their ethnic Han compatriots would typically have no clue of its
621 # widespread use, however, because so extremely few of them are fluent in
622 # Uyghur, comparable to the number of Anglo-Americans fluent in Navajo.)
623 #
624 # (...As with the rest of China there was a brief interval ending in 1990
625 # or 1991 when summer time was in use. The confusion was severe, with
626 # the province not having dual times but four times in use at the same
627 # time. Some areas remained on standard Xinjiang time or Beijing time and
628 # others moving their clocks ahead.)
629
630 # From Luther Ma (2009-11-19):
631 # With the risk of being redundant to previous answers these are the most common
632 # English "transliterations" (w/o using non-English symbols):
633 #
634 # 1. Wulumuqi...
635 # 2. Kashi...
636 # 3. Urumqi...
637 # 4. Kashgar...
638 # ...
639 # 5. It seems that Uyghurs in Ürümqi has been using Xinjiang since at least the
640 # 1960's. I know of one Han, now over 50, who grew up in the surrounding
641 # countryside and used Xinjiang time as a child.
642 #
643 # 6. Likewise for Kashgar and the rest of south Xinjiang I don't know of any
644 # start date for Xinjiang time.
645 #
646 # Without having access to local historical records, nor the ability to legally
647 # publish them, I would go with October 1, 1949, when Xinjiang became the Uyghur
648 # Autonomous Region under the PRC. (Before that Uyghurs, of course, would also
649 # not be using Beijing time, but some local time.)
650
651 # From David Cochrane (2014-03-26):
652 # Just a confirmation that Ürümqi time was implemented in Ürümqi on 1 Feb 1986:
653 # https://content.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,960684,00.html
654
655 # From Luther Ma (2014-04-22):
656 # I have interviewed numerous people of various nationalities and from
657 # different localities in Xinjiang and can confirm the information in Guo's
658 # report regarding Xinjiang, as well as the Time article reference by David
659 # Cochrane. Whether officially recognized or not (and both are officially
660 # recognized), two separate times have been in use in Xinjiang since at least
661 # the Cultural Revolution: Xinjiang Time (XJT), aka Ürümqi Time or local time;
662 # and Beijing Time. There is no confusion in Xinjiang as to which name refers
663 # to which time. Both are widely used in the province, although in some
664 # population groups might be use one to the exclusion of the other. The only
665 # problem is that computers and smart phones list Ürümqi (or Kashgar) as
666 # having the same time as Beijing.
667
668 # From Paul Eggert (2014-06-30):
669 # In the early days of the PRC, Tibet was given its own time zone (UT +06)
670 # but this was withdrawn in 1959 and never reinstated; see Tubten Khétsun,
671 # Memories of life in Lhasa under Chinese Rule, Columbia U Press, ISBN
672 # 978-0231142861 (2008), translator's introduction by Matthew Akester, p x.
673 # As this is before our 1970 cutoff, Tibet doesn't need a separate zone.
674 #
675 # Xinjiang Time is well-documented as being officially recognized. E.g., see
676 # "The Working-Calendar for The Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region Government"
677 # <http://www.sinkiang.gov.cn/service/ourworking/> (2014-04-22).
678 # Unfortunately, we have no good records of time in Xinjiang before 1986.
679 # During the 20th century parts of Xinjiang were ruled by the Qing dynasty,
680 # the Republic of China, various warlords, the First and Second East Turkestan
681 # Republics, the Soviet Union, the Kuomintang, and the People's Republic of
682 # China, and tracking down all these organizations' timekeeping rules would be
683 # quite a trick. Approximate this lost history by a transition from LMT to
684 # UT +06 at the start of 1928, the year of accession of the warlord Jin Shuren,
685 # which happens to be the date given by Shanks & Pottenger (no doubt as a
686 # guess) as the transition from LMT. Ignore the usage of +08 before
687 # 1986-02-01 under the theory that the transition date to +08 is unknown and
688 # that the sort of users who prefer Asia/Urumqi now typically ignored the
689 # +08 mandate back then.
690
691 # Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
692 # Beijing time, used throughout China; represented by Shanghai.
693 Zone Asia/Shanghai 8:05:43 - LMT 1901
694 8:00 Shang C%sT 1949 May 28
695 8:00 PRC C%sT
696 # Xinjiang time, used by many in western China; represented by Ürümqi / Ürümchi
697 # / Wulumuqi. (Please use Asia/Shanghai if you prefer Beijing time.)
698 Zone Asia/Urumqi 5:50:20 - LMT 1928
699 6:00 - +06
700
701
702 # Hong Kong
703
704 # Milne gives 7:36:41.7; round this.
705
706 # From Lee Yiu Chung (2009-10-24):
707 # I found there are some mistakes for the...DST rule for Hong
708 # Kong. [According] to the DST record from Hong Kong Observatory (actually,
709 # it is not [an] observatory, but the official meteorological agency of HK,
710 # and also serves as the official timing agency), there are some missing
711 # and incorrect rules. Although the exact switch over time is missing, I
712 # think 3:30 is correct.
713
714 # From Phake Nick (2018-10-27):
715 # According to Singaporean newspaper
716 # http://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/Digitised/Article/singfreepresswk19041102-1.2.37
717 # the day that Hong Kong start using GMT+8 should be Oct 30, 1904.
718 #
719 # From Paul Eggert (2018-11-17):
720 # Hong Kong had a time ball near the Marine Police Station, Tsim Sha Tsui.
721 # "The ball was raised manually each day and dropped at exactly 1pm
722 # (except on Sundays and Government holidays)."
723 # Dyson AD. From Time Ball to Atomic Clock. Hong Kong Government. 1983.
724 # <https://www.hko.gov.hk/publica/gen_pub/timeball_atomic_clock.pdf>
725 # "From 1904 October 30 the time-ball at Hong Kong has been dropped by order
726 # of the Governor of the Colony at 17h 0m 0s G.M.T., which is 23m 18s.14 in
727 # advance of 1h 0m 0s of Hong Kong mean time."
728 # Hollis HP. Universal Time, Longitudes, and Geodesy. Mon Not R Astron Soc.
729 # 1905-02-10;65(4):405-6. https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/65.4.382
730 #
731 # From Joseph Myers (2018-11-18):
732 # An astronomer before 1925 referring to GMT would have been using the old
733 # astronomical convention where the day started at noon, not midnight.
734 #
735 # From Steve Allen (2018-11-17):
736 # Meteorological Observations made at the Hongkong Observatory in the year 1904
737 # page 4 <https://books.google.com/books?id=kgw5AQAAMAAJ&pg=RA4-PA4>
738 # ... the log of drop times in Table II shows that on Sunday 1904-10-30 the
739 # ball was dropped. So that looks like a special case drop for the sake
740 # of broadcasting the new local time.
741 #
742 # From Phake Nick (2018-11-18):
743 # According to The Hong Kong Weekly Press, 1904-10-29, p.324, the
744 # governor of Hong Kong at the time stated that "We are further desired to
745 # make it known that the change will be effected by firing the gun and by the
746 # dropping of the Ball at 23min. 18sec. before one."
747 # From Paul Eggert (2018-11-18):
748 # See <https://mmis.hkpl.gov.hk> for this; unfortunately Flash is required.
749
750 # From Phake Nick (2018-10-26):
751 # I went to check microfilm records stored at Hong Kong Public Library....
752 # on September 30 1941, according to Ta Kung Pao (Hong Kong edition), it was
753 # stated that fallback would occur on the next day (the 1st)'s "03:00 am (Hong
754 # Kong Time 04:00 am)" and the clock will fall back for a half hour. (03:00
755 # probably refer to the time commonly used in mainland China at the time given
756 # the paper's background) ... the sunrise/sunset time given by South China
757 # Morning Post for October 1st was indeed moved by half an hour compares to
758 # before. After that, in December, the battle to capture Hong Kong started and
759 # the library doesn't seems to have any record stored about press during that
760 # period of time. Some media resumed publication soon after that within the
761 # same month, but there were not much information about time there. Later they
762 # started including a radio program guide when they restored radio service,
763 # explicitly mentioning it use Tokyo standard time, and later added a note
764 # saying it's half an hour ahead of the old Hong Kong standard time, and it
765 # also seems to indicate that Hong Kong was not using GMT+8 when it was
766 # captured by Japan.
767 #
768 # Image of related sections on newspaper:
769 # * 1941-09-30, Ta Kung Pao (Hong Kong), "Winter Time start tomorrow".
770 # https://i.imgur.com/6waY51Z.jpg (Chinese)
771 # * 1941-09-29, South China Morning Post, Information on sunrise/sunset
772 # time and other things for September 30 and October 1.
773 # https://i.imgur.com/kCiUR78.jpg
774 # * 1942-02-05. The Hong Kong News, Radio Program Guide.
775 # https://i.imgur.com/eVvDMzS.jpg
776 # * 1941-06-14. Hong Kong Daily Press, Daylight Saving from 3am Tomorrow.
777 # https://i.imgur.com/05KkvtC.png
778 # * 1941-09-30, Hong Kong Daily Press, Winter Time Warning.
779 # https://i.imgur.com/dge4kFJ.png
780
781 # From Paul Eggert (2019-07-11):
782 # "Hong Kong winter time" is considered to be daylight saving.
783 # "Hong Kong had adopted daylight saving on June 15 as a wartime measure,
784 # clocks moving forward one hour until October 1, when they would be put back
785 # by just half an hour for 'Hong Kong Winter time', so that daylight saving
786 # operated year round." -- Low Z. The longest day: when wartime Hong Kong
787 # introduced daylight saving. South China Morning Post. 2019-06-28.
788 # https://www.scmp.com/magazines/post-magazine/short-reads/article/3016281/longest-day-when-wartime-hong-kong-introduced
789
790 # From P Chan (2018-12-31):
791 # * According to the Hong Kong Daylight-Saving Regulations, 1941, the
792 # 1941 spring-forward transition was at 03:00.
793 # http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkgro/view/g1941/304271.pdf
794 # http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkgro/view/g1941/305516.pdf
795 # * According to some articles from South China Morning Post, +08 was
796 # resumed on 1945-11-18 at 02:00.
797 # https://i.imgur.com/M2IsZ3c.png
798 # https://i.imgur.com/iOPqrVo.png
799 # https://i.imgur.com/fffcGDs.png
800 # * Some newspapers ... said the 1946 spring-forward transition was on
801 # 04-21 at 00:00. The Kung Sheung Evening News 1946-04-20 (Chinese)
802 # https://i.imgur.com/ZSzent0.png
803 # https://mmis.hkpl.gov.hk///c/portal/cover?c=QF757YsWv5%2FH7zGe%2FKF%2BFLYsuqGhRBfe p.4
804 # The Kung Sheung Daily News 1946-04-21 (Chinese)
805 # https://i.imgur.com/7ecmRlcm.png
806 # https://mmis.hkpl.gov.hk///c/portal/cover?c=QF757YsWv5%2BQBGt1%2BwUj5qG2GqtwR3Wh p.4
807 # * According to the Summer Time Ordinance (1946), the fallback
808 # transitions between 1946 and 1952 were at 03:30 Standard Time (+08)
809 # http://oelawhk.lib.hku.hk/archive/files/bb74b06a74d5294620a15de560ab33c6.pdf
810 # * Some other laws and regulations related to DST from 1953 to 1979
811 # Summer Time Ordinance 1953
812 # https://i.imgur.com/IOlJMav.jpg
813 # Summer Time (Amendment) Ordinance 1965
814 # https://i.imgur.com/8rofeLa.jpg
815 # Interpretation and General Clauses Ordinance (1966)
816 # https://i.imgur.com/joy3msj.jpg
817 # Emergency (Summer Time) Regulation 1973 <https://i.imgur.com/OpRWrKz.jpg>
818 # Interpretation and General Clauses (Amendment) Ordinance 1977
819 # https://i.imgur.com/RaNqnc4.jpg
820 # Resolution of the Legislative Council passed on 9 May 1979
821 # https://www.legco.gov.hk/yr78-79/english/lc_sitg/hansard/h790509.pdf#page=39
822
823 # From Paul Eggert (2020-04-15):
824 # Here are the dates given at
825 # https://www.hko.gov.hk/en/gts/time/Summertime.htm
826 # as of 2020-02-10:
827 # Year Period
828 # 1941 15 Jun to 30 Sep
829 # 1942 Whole year
830 # 1943 Whole year
831 # 1944 Whole year
832 # 1945 Whole year
833 # 1946 20 Apr to 1 Dec
834 # 1947 13 Apr to 30 Nov
835 # 1948 2 May to 31 Oct
836 # 1949 3 Apr to 30 Oct
837 # 1950 2 Apr to 29 Oct
838 # 1951 1 Apr to 28 Oct
839 # 1952 6 Apr to 2 Nov
840 # 1953 5 Apr to 1 Nov
841 # 1954 21 Mar to 31 Oct
842 # 1955 20 Mar to 6 Nov
843 # 1956 18 Mar to 4 Nov
844 # 1957 24 Mar to 3 Nov
845 # 1958 23 Mar to 2 Nov
846 # 1959 22 Mar to 1 Nov
847 # 1960 20 Mar to 6 Nov
848 # 1961 19 Mar to 5 Nov
849 # 1962 18 Mar to 4 Nov
850 # 1963 24 Mar to 3 Nov
851 # 1964 22 Mar to 1 Nov
852 # 1965 18 Apr to 17 Oct
853 # 1966 17 Apr to 16 Oct
854 # 1967 16 Apr to 22 Oct
855 # 1968 21 Apr to 20 Oct
856 # 1969 20 Apr to 19 Oct
857 # 1970 19 Apr to 18 Oct
858 # 1971 18 Apr to 17 Oct
859 # 1972 16 Apr to 22 Oct
860 # 1973 22 Apr to 21 Oct
861 # 1973/74 30 Dec 73 to 20 Oct 74
862 # 1975 20 Apr to 19 Oct
863 # 1976 18 Apr to 17 Oct
864 # 1977 Nil
865 # 1978 Nil
866 # 1979 13 May to 21 Oct
867 # 1980 to Now Nil
868 # The page does not give times of day for transitions,
869 # or dates for the 1942 and 1945 transitions.
870 # The Japanese occupation of Hong Kong began 1941-12-25.
871
872 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
873 Rule HK 1946 only - Apr 21 0:00 1:00 S
874 Rule HK 1946 only - Dec 1 3:30s 0 -
875 Rule HK 1947 only - Apr 13 3:30s 1:00 S
876 Rule HK 1947 only - Nov 30 3:30s 0 -
877 Rule HK 1948 only - May 2 3:30s 1:00 S
878 Rule HK 1948 1952 - Oct Sun>=28 3:30s 0 -
879 Rule HK 1949 1953 - Apr Sun>=1 3:30 1:00 S
880 Rule HK 1953 1964 - Oct Sun>=31 3:30 0 -
881 Rule HK 1954 1964 - Mar Sun>=18 3:30 1:00 S
882 Rule HK 1965 1976 - Apr Sun>=16 3:30 1:00 S
883 Rule HK 1965 1976 - Oct Sun>=16 3:30 0 -
884 Rule HK 1973 only - Dec 30 3:30 1:00 S
885 Rule HK 1979 only - May 13 3:30 1:00 S
886 Rule HK 1979 only - Oct 21 3:30 0 -
887 # Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
888 Zone Asia/Hong_Kong 7:36:42 - LMT 1904 Oct 30 0:36:42
889 8:00 - HKT 1941 Jun 15 3:00
890 8:00 1:00 HKST 1941 Oct 1 4:00
891 8:00 0:30 HKWT 1941 Dec 25
892 9:00 - JST 1945 Nov 18 2:00
893 8:00 HK HK%sT
894
895 ###############################################################################
896
897 # Taiwan
898
899 # From smallufo (2010-04-03):
900 # According to Taiwan's CWB [Central Weather Bureau],
901 # http://www.cwb.gov.tw/V6/astronomy/cdata/summert.htm
902 # Taipei has DST in 1979 between July 1st and Sep 30.
903
904 # From Yu-Cheng Chuang (2013-07-12):
905 # On Dec 28, 1895, the Meiji Emperor announced Ordinance No. 167 of
906 # Meiji Year 28 "The clause about standard time", mentioned that
907 # Taiwan and Penghu Islands, as well as Yaeyama and Miyako Islands
908 # (both in Okinawa) adopt the Western Standard Time which is based on
909 # 120E. The adoption began from Jan 1, 1896. The original text can be
910 # found on Wikisource:
911 # https://ja.wikisource.org/wiki/標準時ニ關スル件_(公布時)
912 # ... This could be the first adoption of time zone in Taiwan, because
913 # during the Qing Dynasty, it seems that there was no time zone
914 # declared officially.
915 #
916 # Later, in the beginning of World War II, on Sep 25, 1937, the Showa
917 # Emperor announced Ordinance No. 529 of Showa Year 12 "The clause of
918 # revision in the ordinance No. 167 of Meiji year 28 about standard
919 # time", in which abolished the adoption of Western Standard Time in
920 # western islands (listed above), which means the whole Japan
921 # territory, including later occupations, adopt Japan Central Time
922 # (UT+9). The adoption began on Oct 1, 1937. The original text can
923 # be found on Wikisource:
924 # https://ja.wikisource.org/wiki/明治二十八年勅令第百六十七號標準時ニ關スル件中改正ノ件
925 #
926 # That is, the time zone of Taipei switched to UT+9 on Oct 1, 1937.
927
928 # From Yu-Cheng Chuang (2014-07-02):
929 # I've found more evidence about when the time zone was switched from UT+9
930 # back to UT+8 after WW2. I believe it was on Sep 21, 1945. In a document
931 # during Japanese era [1] in which the officer told the staff to change time
932 # zone back to Western Standard Time (UT+8) on Sep 21. And in another
933 # history page of National Cheng Kung University [2], on Sep 21 there is a
934 # note "from today, switch back to Western Standard Time". From these two
935 # materials, I believe that the time zone change happened on Sep 21. And
936 # today I have found another monthly journal called "The Astronomical Herald"
937 # from The Astronomical Society of Japan [3] in which it mentioned the fact
938 # that:
939 #
940 # 1. Standard Time of the Country (Japan) was adopted on Jan 1, 1888, using
941 # the time at 135E (GMT+9)
942 #
943 # 2. Standard Time of the Country was renamed to Central Standard Time, on Jan
944 # 1, 1898, and on the same day, the new territories Taiwan and Penghu islands,
945 # as well as Yaeyama and Miyako islands, adopted a new time zone called
946 # Western Standard Time, which is in GMT+8.
947 #
948 # 3. Western Standard Time was deprecated on Sep 30, 1937. From then all the
949 # territories of Japan adopted the same time zone, which is Central Standard
950 # Time.
951 #
952 # [1] Academica Historica, Taiwan:
953 # http://163.29.208.22:8080/govsaleShowImage/connect_img.php?s=00101738900090036&e=00101738900090037
954 # [2] Nat'l Cheng Kung University 70th Anniversary Special Site:
955 # http://www.ncku.edu.tw/~ncku70/menu/001/01_01.htm
956 # [3] Yukio Niimi, The Standard Time in Japan (1997), p.475:
957 # http://www.asj.or.jp/geppou/archive_open/1997/pdf/19971001c.pdf
958
959 # Yu-Cheng Chuang (2014-07-03):
960 # I finally have found the real official gazette about changing back to
961 # Western Standard Time on Sep 21 in Taiwan. It's Taiwan Governor-General
962 # Bulletin No. 386 in Showa 20 years (1945), published on Sep 19, 1945. [1] ...
963 # [It] abolishes Bulletin No. 207 in Showa 12 years (1937), which is a local
964 # bulletin in Taiwan for that Ordinance No. 529. It also mentioned that 1am on
965 # Sep 21, 1945 will be 12am on Sep 21. I think this bulletin is much more
966 # official than the one I mentioned in my first mail, because it's from the
967 # top-level government in Taiwan. If you're going to quote any resource, this
968 # would be a good one.
969 # [1] Taiwan Governor-General Gazette, No. 1018, Sep 19, 1945:
970 # http://db2.th.gov.tw/db2/view/viewImg.php?imgcode=0072031018a&num=19&bgn=019&end=019&otherImg=&type=gener
971
972 # From Yu-Cheng Chuang (2014-07-02):
973 # In 1946, DST in Taiwan was from May 15 and ended on Sep 30. The info from
974 # Central Weather Bureau website was not correct.
975 #
976 # Original Bulletin:
977 # http://subtpg.tpg.gov.tw/og/image2.asp?f=03502F0AKM1AF
978 # http://subtpg.tpg.gov.tw/og/image2.asp?f=0350300AKM1B0 (cont.)
979 #
980 # In 1947, DST in Taiwan was expanded to Oct 31. There is a backup of that
981 # telegram announcement from Taiwan Province Government:
982 #
983 # http://subtpg.tpg.gov.tw/og/image2.asp?f=0360310AKZ431
984 #
985 # Here is a brief translation:
986 #
987 # The Summer Time this year is adopted from midnight Apr 15 until Sep 20
988 # midnight. To save (energy?) consumption, we're expanding Summer Time
989 # adoption till Oct 31 midnight.
990 #
991 # The Central Weather Bureau website didn't mention that, however it can
992 # be found from historical government announcement database.
993
994 # From Paul Eggert (2014-07-03):
995 # As per Yu-Cheng Chuang, say that Taiwan was at UT +09 from 1937-10-01
996 # until 1945-09-21 at 01:00, overriding Shanks & Pottenger.
997 # Likewise, use Yu-Cheng Chuang's data for DST in Taiwan.
998
999 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1000 Rule Taiwan 1946 only - May 15 0:00 1:00 D
1001 Rule Taiwan 1946 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 S
1002 Rule Taiwan 1947 only - Apr 15 0:00 1:00 D
1003 Rule Taiwan 1947 only - Nov 1 0:00 0 S
1004 Rule Taiwan 1948 1951 - May 1 0:00 1:00 D
1005 Rule Taiwan 1948 1951 - Oct 1 0:00 0 S
1006 Rule Taiwan 1952 only - Mar 1 0:00 1:00 D
1007 Rule Taiwan 1952 1954 - Nov 1 0:00 0 S
1008 Rule Taiwan 1953 1959 - Apr 1 0:00 1:00 D
1009 Rule Taiwan 1955 1961 - Oct 1 0:00 0 S
1010 Rule Taiwan 1960 1961 - Jun 1 0:00 1:00 D
1011 Rule Taiwan 1974 1975 - Apr 1 0:00 1:00 D
1012 Rule Taiwan 1974 1975 - Oct 1 0:00 0 S
1013 Rule Taiwan 1979 only - Jul 1 0:00 1:00 D
1014 Rule Taiwan 1979 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 S
1015
1016 # Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1017 # Taipei or Taibei or T'ai-pei
1018 Zone Asia/Taipei 8:06:00 - LMT 1896 Jan 1
1019 8:00 - CST 1937 Oct 1
1020 9:00 - JST 1945 Sep 21 1:00
1021 8:00 Taiwan C%sT
1022
1023 # Macau (Macao, Aomen)
1024 #
1025 # From P Chan (2018-05-10):
1026 # * LegisMac
1027 # http://legismac.safp.gov.mo/legismac/descqry/Descqry.jsf?lang=pt
1028 # A database for searching titles of legal documents of Macau in
1029 # Chinese and Portuguese. The term "HORÁRIO DE VERÃO" can be used for
1030 # searching decrees about summer time.
1031 # * Archives of Macao
1032 # http://www.archives.gov.mo/en/bo/
1033 # It contains images of old official gazettes.
1034 # * The Macao Meteorological and Geophysical Bureau have a page listing the
1035 # summer time history. But it is not complete and has some mistakes.
1036 # http://www.smg.gov.mo/smg/geophysics/e_t_Summer%20Time.htm
1037 # Macau adopted GMT+8 on 30 Oct 1904 to follow Hong Kong. Clocks were
1038 # advanced by 25 minutes and 50 seconds. Which means the LMT used was
1039 # +7:34:10. As stated in the "Portaria No. 204" dated 21 October 1904
1040 # and published in the Official Gazette on 29 October 1904.
1041 # http://igallery.icm.gov.mo/Images/Archives/BO/MO_AH_PUB_BO_1904_10/MO_AH_PUB_BO_1904_10_00025_Grey.JPG
1042 #
1043 # Therefore the 1911 decree of Portugal did not change time in Macau.
1044 #
1045 # From LegisMac, here is a list of decrees that changed the time ...
1046 # [Decree Gazette-no. date; titles omitted in this quotation]
1047 # DIL 732 BOCM 51 1941.12.20
1048 # DIL 764 BOCM 9S 1942.04.30
1049 # DIL 781 BOCM 21 1942.10.10
1050 # PT 3434 BOCM 8S 1943.04.17
1051 # PT 3504 BOCM 20 1943.09.25
1052 # PT 3843 BOCM 39 1945.09.29
1053 # PT 3961 BOCM 17 1946.04.27
1054 # PT 4026 BOCM 39 1946.09.28
1055 # PT 4153 BOCM 16 1947.04.10
1056 # PT 4271 BOCM 48 1947.11.29
1057 # PT 4374 BOCM 18 1948.05.01
1058 # PT 4465 BOCM 44 1948.10.30
1059 # PT 4590 BOCM 14 1949.04.02
1060 # PT 4666 BOCM 44 1949.10.29
1061 # PT 4771 BOCM 12 1950.03.25
1062 # PT 4838 BOCM 43 1950.10.28
1063 # PT 4946 BOCM 12 1951.03.24
1064 # PT 5025 BO 43 1951.10.27
1065 # PT 5149 BO 14 1952.04.05
1066 # PT 5251 BO 43 1952.10.25
1067 # PT 5366 BO 13 1953.03.28
1068 # PT 5444 BO 44 1953.10.31
1069 # PT 5540 BO 12 1954.03.20
1070 # PT 5589 BO 44 1954.10.30
1071 # PT 5676 BO 12 1955.03.19
1072 # PT 5739 BO 45 1955.11.05
1073 # PT 5823 BO 11 1956.03.17
1074 # PT 5891 BO 44 1956.11.03
1075 # PT 5981 BO 12 1957.03.23
1076 # PT 6064 BO 43 1957.10.26
1077 # PT 6172 BO 12 1958.03.22
1078 # PT 6243 BO 43 1958.10.25
1079 # PT 6341 BO 12 1959.03.21
1080 # PT 6411 BO 43 1959.10.24
1081 # PT 6514 BO 11 1960.03.12
1082 # PT 6584 BO 44 1960.10.29
1083 # PT 6721 BO 10 1961.03.11
1084 # PT 6815 BO 43 1961.10.28
1085 # PT 6947 BO 10 1962.03.10
1086 # PT 7080 BO 43 1962.10.27
1087 # PT 7218 BO 12 1963.03.23
1088 # PT 7340 BO 43 1963.10.26
1089 # PT 7491 BO 11 1964.03.14
1090 # PT 7664 BO 43 1964.10.24
1091 # PT 7846 BO 15 1965.04.10
1092 # PT 7979 BO 42 1965.10.16
1093 # PT 8146 BO 15 1966.04.09
1094 # PT 8252 BO 41 1966.10.08
1095 # PT 8429 BO 15 1967.04.15
1096 # PT 8540 BO 41 1967.10.14
1097 # PT 8735 BO 15 1968.04.13
1098 # PT 8860 BO 41 1968.10.12
1099 # PT 9035 BO 16 1969.04.19
1100 # PT 9156 BO 42 1969.10.18
1101 # PT 9328 BO 15 1970.04.11
1102 # PT 9418 BO 41 1970.10.10
1103 # PT 9587 BO 14 1971.04.03
1104 # PT 9702 BO 41 1971.10.09
1105 # PT 38-A/72 BO 14 1972.04.01
1106 # PT 126-A/72 BO 41 1972.10.07
1107 # PT 61/73 BO 14 1973.04.07
1108 # PT 182/73 BO 40 1973.10.06
1109 # PT 282/73 BO 51 1973.12.22
1110 # PT 177/74 BO 41 1974.10.12
1111 # PT 51/75 BO 15 1975.04.12
1112 # PT 173/75 BO 41 1975.10.11
1113 # PT 67/76/M BO 14 1976.04.03
1114 # PT 169/76/M BO 41 1976.10.09
1115 # PT 78/79/M BO 19 1979.05.12
1116 # PT 166/79/M BO 42 1979.10.20
1117 # Note that DIL 732 does not belong to "HORÁRIO DE VERÃO" according to
1118 # LegisMac.... Note that between 1942 and 1945, the time switched
1119 # between GMT+9 and GMT+10. Also in 1965 and 1965 the DST ended at 2:30am.
1120
1121 # From Paul Eggert (2018-05-10):
1122 # The 1904 decree says that Macau changed from the meridian of
1123 # Fortaleza do Monte, presumably the basis for the 7:34:10 for LMT.
1124
1125 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1126 Rule Macau 1942 1943 - Apr 30 23:00 1:00 -
1127 Rule Macau 1942 only - Nov 17 23:00 0 -
1128 Rule Macau 1943 only - Sep 30 23:00 0 S
1129 Rule Macau 1946 only - Apr 30 23:00s 1:00 D
1130 Rule Macau 1946 only - Sep 30 23:00s 0 S
1131 Rule Macau 1947 only - Apr 19 23:00s 1:00 D
1132 Rule Macau 1947 only - Nov 30 23:00s 0 S
1133 Rule Macau 1948 only - May 2 23:00s 1:00 D
1134 Rule Macau 1948 only - Oct 31 23:00s 0 S
1135 Rule Macau 1949 1950 - Apr Sat>=1 23:00s 1:00 D
1136 Rule Macau 1949 1950 - Oct lastSat 23:00s 0 S
1137 Rule Macau 1951 only - Mar 31 23:00s 1:00 D
1138 Rule Macau 1951 only - Oct 28 23:00s 0 S
1139 Rule Macau 1952 1953 - Apr Sat>=1 23:00s 1:00 D
1140 Rule Macau 1952 only - Nov 1 23:00s 0 S
1141 Rule Macau 1953 1954 - Oct lastSat 23:00s 0 S
1142 Rule Macau 1954 1956 - Mar Sat>=17 23:00s 1:00 D
1143 Rule Macau 1955 only - Nov 5 23:00s 0 S
1144 Rule Macau 1956 1964 - Nov Sun>=1 03:30 0 S
1145 Rule Macau 1957 1964 - Mar Sun>=18 03:30 1:00 D
1146 Rule Macau 1965 1973 - Apr Sun>=16 03:30 1:00 D
1147 Rule Macau 1965 1966 - Oct Sun>=16 02:30 0 S
1148 Rule Macau 1967 1976 - Oct Sun>=16 03:30 0 S
1149 Rule Macau 1973 only - Dec 30 03:30 1:00 D
1150 Rule Macau 1975 1976 - Apr Sun>=16 03:30 1:00 D
1151 Rule Macau 1979 only - May 13 03:30 1:00 D
1152 Rule Macau 1979 only - Oct Sun>=16 03:30 0 S
1153
1154 # Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1155 Zone Asia/Macau 7:34:10 - LMT 1904 Oct 30
1156 8:00 - CST 1941 Dec 21 23:00
1157 9:00 Macau +09/+10 1945 Sep 30 24:00
1158 8:00 Macau C%sT
1159
1160
1161 ###############################################################################
1162
1163 # Cyprus
1164
1165 # Milne says the Eastern Telegraph Company used 2:14:00. Stick with LMT.
1166 # IATA SSIM (1998-09) has Cyprus using EU rules for the first time.
1167
1168 # From Paul Eggert (2016-09-09):
1169 # Yesterday's Cyprus Mail reports that Northern Cyprus followed Turkey's
1170 # lead and switched from +02/+03 to +03 year-round.
1171 # http://cyprus-mail.com/2016/09/08/two-time-zones-cyprus-turkey-will-not-turn-clocks-back-next-month/
1172 #
1173 # From Even Scharning (2016-10-31):
1174 # Looks like the time zone split in Cyprus went through last night.
1175 # http://cyprus-mail.com/2016/10/30/cyprus-new-division-two-time-zones-now-reality/
1176
1177 # From Paul Eggert (2017-10-18):
1178 # Northern Cyprus will reinstate winter time on October 29, thus
1179 # staying in sync with the rest of Cyprus. See: Anastasiou A.
1180 # Cyprus to remain united in time. Cyprus Mail 2017-10-17.
1181 # https://cyprus-mail.com/2017/10/17/cyprus-remain-united-time/
1182
1183 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1184 Rule Cyprus 1975 only - Apr 13 0:00 1:00 S
1185 Rule Cyprus 1975 only - Oct 12 0:00 0 -
1186 Rule Cyprus 1976 only - May 15 0:00 1:00 S
1187 Rule Cyprus 1976 only - Oct 11 0:00 0 -
1188 Rule Cyprus 1977 1980 - Apr Sun>=1 0:00 1:00 S
1189 Rule Cyprus 1977 only - Sep 25 0:00 0 -
1190 Rule Cyprus 1978 only - Oct 2 0:00 0 -
1191 Rule Cyprus 1979 1997 - Sep lastSun 0:00 0 -
1192 Rule Cyprus 1981 1998 - Mar lastSun 0:00 1:00 S
1193 # Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1194 Zone Asia/Nicosia 2:13:28 - LMT 1921 Nov 14
1195 2:00 Cyprus EE%sT 1998 Sep
1196 2:00 EUAsia EE%sT
1197 Zone Asia/Famagusta 2:15:48 - LMT 1921 Nov 14
1198 2:00 Cyprus EE%sT 1998 Sep
1199 2:00 EUAsia EE%sT 2016 Sep 8
1200 3:00 - +03 2017 Oct 29 1:00u
1201 2:00 EUAsia EE%sT
1202
1203 # Classically, Cyprus belongs to Asia; e.g. see Herodotus, Histories, I.72.
1204 # However, for various reasons many users expect to find it under Europe.
1205 Link Asia/Nicosia Europe/Nicosia
1206
1207 # Georgia
1208 # From Paul Eggert (1994-11-19):
1209 # Today's _Economist_ (p 60) reports that Georgia moved its clocks forward
1210 # an hour recently, due to a law proposed by Zurab Murvanidze,
1211 # an MP who went on a hunger strike for 11 days to force discussion about it!
1212 # We have no details, but we'll guess they didn't move the clocks back in fall.
1213 #
1214 # From Mathew Englander, quoting AP (1996-10-23 13:05-04):
1215 # Instead of putting back clocks at the end of October, Georgia
1216 # will stay on daylight savings time this winter to save energy,
1217 # President Eduard Shevardnadze decreed Wednesday.
1218 #
1219 # From the BBC via Joseph S. Myers (2004-06-27):
1220 #
1221 # Georgia moved closer to Western Europe on Sunday... The former Soviet
1222 # republic has changed its time zone back to that of Moscow. As a result it
1223 # is now just four hours ahead of Greenwich Mean Time, rather than five hours
1224 # ahead. The switch was decreed by the pro-Western president of Georgia,
1225 # Mikheil Saakashvili, who said the change was partly prompted by the process
1226 # of integration into Europe.
1227
1228 # From Teimuraz Abashidze (2005-11-07):
1229 # Government of Georgia ... decided to NOT CHANGE daylight savings time on
1230 # [Oct.] 30, as it was done before during last more than 10 years.
1231 # Currently, we are in fact GMT +4:00, as before 30 October it was GMT
1232 # +3:00.... The problem is, there is NO FORMAL LAW or governmental document
1233 # about it. As far as I can find, I was told, that there is no document,
1234 # because we just DIDN'T ISSUE document about switching to winter time....
1235 # I don't know what can be done, especially knowing that some years ago our
1236 # DST rules where changed THREE TIMES during one month.
1237
1238 # Milne 1899 says Tbilisi (Tiflis) time was 2:59:05.7.
1239 # Byalokoz 1919 says Georgia was 2:59:11.
1240 # Go with Byalokoz.
1241
1242 # Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1243 Zone Asia/Tbilisi 2:59:11 - LMT 1880
1244 2:59:11 - TBMT 1924 May 2 # Tbilisi Mean Time
1245 3:00 - +03 1957 Mar
1246 4:00 RussiaAsia +04/+05 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
1247 3:00 RussiaAsia +03/+04 1992
1248 3:00 E-EurAsia +03/+04 1994 Sep lastSun
1249 4:00 E-EurAsia +04/+05 1996 Oct lastSun
1250 4:00 1:00 +05 1997 Mar lastSun
1251 4:00 E-EurAsia +04/+05 2004 Jun 27
1252 3:00 RussiaAsia +03/+04 2005 Mar lastSun 2:00
1253 4:00 - +04
1254
1255 # East Timor
1256
1257 # See Indonesia for the 1945 transition.
1258
1259 # From João Carrascalão, brother of the former governor of East Timor, in
1260 # East Timor may be late for its millennium
1261 # <https://etan.org/et99c/december/26-31/30ETMAY.htm> (1999-12-26/31):
1262 # Portugal tried to change the time forward in 1974 because the sun
1263 # rises too early but the suggestion raised a lot of problems with the
1264 # Timorese and I still don't think it would work today because it
1265 # conflicts with their way of life.
1266
1267 # From Paul Eggert (2000-12-04):
1268 # We don't have any record of the above attempt.
1269 # Most likely our records are incomplete, but we have no better data.
1270
1271 # From Manoel de Almeida e Silva, Deputy Spokesman for the UN Secretary-General
1272 # http://www.hri.org/news/world/undh/2000/00-08-16.undh.html
1273 # (2000-08-16):
1274 # The Cabinet of the East Timor Transition Administration decided
1275 # today to advance East Timor's time by one hour. The time change,
1276 # which will be permanent, with no seasonal adjustment, will happen at
1277 # midnight on Saturday, September 16.
1278
1279 # Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1280 Zone Asia/Dili 8:22:20 - LMT 1912 Jan 1
1281 8:00 - +08 1942 Feb 21 23:00
1282 9:00 - +09 1976 May 3
1283 8:00 - +08 2000 Sep 17 0:00
1284 9:00 - +09
1285
1286 # India
1287
1288 # British astronomer Henry Park Hollis disliked India Standard Time's offset:
1289 # "A new time system has been proposed for India, Further India, and Burmah.
1290 # The scheme suggested is that the times of the meridians 5½ and 6½ hours
1291 # east of Greenwich should be adopted in these territories. No reason is
1292 # given why hourly meridians five hours and six hours east should not be
1293 # chosen; a plan which would bring the time of India into harmony with
1294 # that of almost the whole of the civilised world."
1295 # Hollis HP. Universal Time, Longitudes, and Geodesy. Mon Not R Astron Soc.
1296 # 1905-02-10;65(4):405-6. https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/65.4.382
1297
1298 # From Ian P. Beacock, in "A brief history of (modern) time", The Atlantic
1299 # https://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2015/12/the-creation-of-modern-time/421419/
1300 # (2015-12-22):
1301 # In January 1906, several thousand cotton-mill workers rioted on the
1302 # outskirts of Bombay.... They were protesting the proposed abolition of
1303 # local time in favor of Indian Standard Time.... Journalists called this
1304 # dispute the "Battle of the Clocks." It lasted nearly half a century.
1305
1306 # From Paul Eggert (2017-04-20):
1307 # Good luck trying to nail down old timekeeping records in India.
1308 # "... in the nineteenth century ... Madras Observatory took its magnetic
1309 # measurements on Göttingen time, its meteorological measurements on Madras
1310 # (local) time, dropped its time ball on Greenwich (ocean navigator's) time,
1311 # and distributed civil (local time)." -- Bartky IR. Selling the true time:
1312 # 19th-century timekeeping in america. Stanford U Press (2000), 247 note 19.
1313 # "A more potent cause of resistance to the general adoption of the present
1314 # standard time lies in the fact that it is Madras time. The citizen of
1315 # Bombay, proud of being 'primus in Indis' and of Calcutta, equally proud of
1316 # his city being the Capital of India, and - for a part of the year - the Seat
1317 # of the Supreme Government, alike look down on Madras, and refuse to change
1318 # the time they are using, for that of what they regard as a benighted
1319 # Presidency; while Madras, having for long given the standard time to the
1320 # rest of India, would resist the adoption of any other Indian standard in its
1321 # place." -- Oldham RD. On Time in India: a suggestion for its improvement.
1322 # Proceedings of the Asiatic Society of Bengal (April 1899), 49-55.
1323 #
1324 # "In 1870 ... Madras time - 'now used by the telegraph and regulated from the
1325 # only government observatory' - was suggested as a standard railway time,
1326 # first to be adopted on the Great Indian Peninsular Railway (GIPR)....
1327 # Calcutta, Bombay, and Karachi, were to be allowed to continue with their
1328 # local time for civil purposes." - Prasad R. Tracks of Change: Railways and
1329 # Everyday Life in Colonial India. Cambridge University Press (2016), 145.
1330 #
1331 # Reed S, Low F. The Indian Year Book 1936-37. Bennett, Coleman, pp 27-8.
1332 # https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.282212
1333 # This lists +052110 as Madras local time used in railways, and says that on
1334 # 1906-01-01 railways and telegraphs in India switched to +0530. Some
1335 # municipalities retained their former time, and the time in Calcutta
1336 # continued to depend on whether you were at the railway station or at
1337 # government offices. Government time was at +055320 (according to Shanks) or
1338 # at +0554 (according to the Indian Year Book). Railway time is more
1339 # appropriate for our purposes, as it was better documented, it is what we do
1340 # elsewhere (e.g., Europe/London before 1880), and after 1906 it was
1341 # consistent in the region now identified by Asia/Kolkata. So, use railway
1342 # time for 1870-1941. Shanks is our only (and dubious) source for the
1343 # 1941-1945 data.
1344
1345 # Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1346 Zone Asia/Kolkata 5:53:28 - LMT 1854 Jun 28 # Kolkata
1347 5:53:20 - HMT 1870 # Howrah Mean Time?
1348 5:21:10 - MMT 1906 Jan 1 # Madras local time
1349 5:30 - IST 1941 Oct
1350 5:30 1:00 +0630 1942 May 15
1351 5:30 - IST 1942 Sep
1352 5:30 1:00 +0630 1945 Oct 15
1353 5:30 - IST
1354 # Since 1970 the following are like Asia/Kolkata:
1355 # Andaman Is
1356 # Lakshadweep (Laccadive, Minicoy and Amindivi Is)
1357 # Nicobar Is
1358
1359 # Indonesia
1360 #
1361 # From Paul Eggert (2014-09-06):
1362 # The 1876 Report of the Secretary of the [US] Navy, p 306 says that Batavia
1363 # civil time was 7:07:12.5; round to even for Jakarta.
1364 #
1365 # From Gwillim Law (2001-05-28), overriding Shanks & Pottenger:
1366 # http://www.sumatera-inc.com/go_to_invest/about_indonesia.asp#standtime
1367 # says that Indonesia's time zones changed on 1988-01-01. Looking at some
1368 # time zone maps, I think that must refer to Western Borneo (Kalimantan Barat
1369 # and Kalimantan Tengah) switching from UTC+8 to UTC+7.
1370 #
1371 # From Paul Eggert (2007-03-10):
1372 # Here is another correction to Shanks & Pottenger.
1373 # JohnTWB writes that Japanese forces did not surrender control in
1374 # Indonesia until 1945-09-01 00:00 at the earliest (in Jakarta) and
1375 # other formal surrender ceremonies were September 9, 11, and 13, plus
1376 # September 12 for the regional surrender to Mountbatten in Singapore.
1377 # These would be the earliest possible times for a change.
1378 # Régimes horaires pour le monde entier, by Henri Le Corre, (Éditions
1379 # Traditionnelles, 1987, Paris) says that Java and Madura switched
1380 # from UT +09 to +07:30 on 1945-09-23, and gives 1944-09-01 for Jayapura
1381 # (Hollandia). For now, assume all Indonesian locations other than Jayapura
1382 # switched on 1945-09-23.
1383 #
1384 # From Paul Eggert (2013-08-11):
1385 # Normally the tz database uses English-language abbreviations, but in
1386 # Indonesia it's typical to use Indonesian-language abbreviations even
1387 # when writing in English. For example, see the English-language
1388 # summary published by the Time and Frequency Laboratory of the
1389 # Research Center for Calibration, Instrumentation and Metrology,
1390 # Indonesia, <http://time.kim.lipi.go.id/time-eng.php> (2006-09-29).
1391 # The time zone abbreviations and UT offsets are:
1392 #
1393 # WIB - +07 - Waktu Indonesia Barat (Indonesia western time)
1394 # WITA - +08 - Waktu Indonesia Tengah (Indonesia central time)
1395 # WIT - +09 - Waktu Indonesia Timur (Indonesia eastern time)
1396 #
1397 # Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1398 # Java, Sumatra
1399 Zone Asia/Jakarta 7:07:12 - LMT 1867 Aug 10
1400 # Shanks & Pottenger say the next transition was at 1924 Jan 1 0:13,
1401 # but this must be a typo.
1402 7:07:12 - BMT 1923 Dec 31 23:47:12 # Batavia
1403 7:20 - +0720 1932 Nov
1404 7:30 - +0730 1942 Mar 23
1405 9:00 - +09 1945 Sep 23
1406 7:30 - +0730 1948 May
1407 8:00 - +08 1950 May
1408 7:30 - +0730 1964
1409 7:00 - WIB
1410 # west and central Borneo
1411 Zone Asia/Pontianak 7:17:20 - LMT 1908 May
1412 7:17:20 - PMT 1932 Nov # Pontianak MT
1413 7:30 - +0730 1942 Jan 29
1414 9:00 - +09 1945 Sep 23
1415 7:30 - +0730 1948 May
1416 8:00 - +08 1950 May
1417 7:30 - +0730 1964
1418 8:00 - WITA 1988 Jan 1
1419 7:00 - WIB
1420 # Sulawesi, Lesser Sundas, east and south Borneo
1421 Zone Asia/Makassar 7:57:36 - LMT 1920
1422 7:57:36 - MMT 1932 Nov # Macassar MT
1423 8:00 - +08 1942 Feb 9
1424 9:00 - +09 1945 Sep 23
1425 8:00 - WITA
1426 # Maluku Islands, West Papua, Papua
1427 Zone Asia/Jayapura 9:22:48 - LMT 1932 Nov
1428 9:00 - +09 1944 Sep 1
1429 9:30 - +0930 1964
1430 9:00 - WIT
1431
1432 # Iran
1433
1434 # From Roozbeh Pournader (2003-03-15):
1435 # This is an English translation of what I just found (originally in Persian).
1436 # The Gregorian dates in brackets are mine:
1437 #
1438 # Official Newspaper No. 13548-1370/6/25 [1991-09-16]
1439 # No. 16760/T233 H 1370/6/10 [1991-09-01]
1440 #
1441 # The Rule About Change of the Official Time of the Country
1442 #
1443 # The Board of Ministers, in the meeting dated 1370/5/23 [1991-08-14],
1444 # based on the suggestion number 2221/D dated 1370/4/22 [1991-07-13]
1445 # of the Country's Organization for Official and Employment Affairs,
1446 # and referring to the law for equating the working hours of workers
1447 # and officers in the whole country dated 1359/4/23 [1980-07-14], and
1448 # for synchronizing the official times of the country, agreed that:
1449 #
1450 # The official time of the country will should move forward one hour
1451 # at the 24[:00] hours of the first day of Farvardin and should return
1452 # to its previous state at the 24[:00] hours of the 30th day of
1453 # Shahrivar.
1454 #
1455 # First Deputy to the President - Hassan Habibi
1456 #
1457 # From personal experience, that agrees with what has been followed
1458 # for at least the last 5 years. Before that, for a few years, the
1459 # date used was the first Thursday night of Farvardin and the last
1460 # Thursday night of Shahrivar, but I can't give exact dates....
1461 #
1462 # From Roozbeh Pournader (2005-04-05):
1463 # The text of the Iranian law, in effect since 1925, clearly mentions
1464 # that the true solar year is the measure, and there is no arithmetic
1465 # leap year calculation involved. There has never been any serious
1466 # plan to change that law....
1467 #
1468 # From Paul Eggert (2018-11-30):
1469 # Go with Shanks & Pottenger before Sept. 1991, and with Pournader thereafter.
1470 # I used the following code in GNU Emacs 26.1 to generate the "Rule Iran"
1471 # lines from 2008 through 2087. Emacs 26.1 uses Ed Reingold's
1472 # cal-persia implementation of Birashk's approximation, which in the
1473 # 2008-2087 range disagrees with the astronomical Persian calendar
1474 # for Persian years 1404 (Gregorian 2025) and 1437 (Gregorian 2058), so
1475 # the following code special-cases those years. See Table 15.1, page 264, of:
1476 # Edward M. Reingold and Nachum Dershowitz, Calendrical Calculations:
1477 # The Ultimate Edition, Cambridge University Press (2018).
1478 # https://www.cambridge.org/fr/academic/subjects/computer-science/computing-general-interest/calendrical-calculations-ultimate-edition-4th-edition
1479 # Page 258, footnote 2, of this book says there is some dispute over what will
1480 # happen in 2091 (and some other years after that), so this code
1481 # stops in 2087, as 2088 and 2089 agree with the "max" rule below.
1482 # (cl-loop
1483 # initially (require 'cal-persia)
1484 # with first-persian-year = 1387
1485 # with last-persian-year = 1466
1486 # ;; Exceptional years in the above range,
1487 # ;; from Reingold & Dershowitz Table 15.1, page 264:
1488 # with exceptional-persian-years = '(1404 1437)
1489 # with range-start = nil
1490 # for persian-year from first-persian-year to last-persian-year
1491 # do
1492 # (let*
1493 # ((exceptional-year-offset
1494 # (if (member persian-year exceptional-persian-years) 1 0))
1495 # (beg-dst-absolute
1496 # (+ (calendar-persian-to-absolute (list 1 1 persian-year))
1497 # exceptional-year-offset))
1498 # (end-dst-absolute
1499 # (+ (calendar-persian-to-absolute (list 6 30 persian-year))
1500 # exceptional-year-offset))
1501 # (next-year-beg-dst-absolute
1502 # (+ (calendar-persian-to-absolute (list 1 1 (1+ persian-year)))
1503 # (if (member (1+ persian-year) exceptional-persian-years) 1 0)))
1504 # (beg-dst (calendar-gregorian-from-absolute beg-dst-absolute))
1505 # (end-dst (calendar-gregorian-from-absolute end-dst-absolute))
1506 # (next-year-beg-dst (calendar-gregorian-from-absolute
1507 # next-year-beg-dst-absolute))
1508 # (year (calendar-extract-year beg-dst))
1509 # (range-end (if range-start year "only")))
1510 # (setq range-start (or range-start year))
1511 # (when (or (/= (calendar-extract-day beg-dst)
1512 # (calendar-extract-day next-year-beg-dst))
1513 # (= persian-year last-persian-year))
1514 # (insert
1515 # (format
1516 # "Rule\tIran\t%d\t%s\t-\t%s\t%2d\t24:00\t1:00\t-\n"
1517 # range-start range-end
1518 # (calendar-month-name (calendar-extract-month beg-dst) t)
1519 # (calendar-extract-day beg-dst)))
1520 # (insert
1521 # (format
1522 # "Rule\tIran\t%d\t%s\t-\t%s\t%2d\t24:00\t0\t-\n"
1523 # range-start range-end
1524 # (calendar-month-name (calendar-extract-month end-dst) t)
1525 # (calendar-extract-day end-dst)))
1526 # (setq range-start nil))))
1527 #
1528 # From Oscar van Vlijmen (2005-03-30), writing about future
1529 # discrepancies between cal-persia and the Iranian calendar:
1530 # For 2091 solar-longitude-after yields 2091-03-20 08:40:07.7 UT for
1531 # the vernal equinox and that gets so close to 12:00 some local
1532 # Iranian time that the definition of the correct location needs to be
1533 # known exactly, amongst other factors. 2157 is even closer:
1534 # 2157-03-20 08:37:15.5 UT. But the Gregorian year 2025 should give
1535 # no interpretation problem whatsoever. By the way, another instant
1536 # in the near future where there will be a discrepancy between
1537 # arithmetical and astronomical Iranian calendars will be in 2058:
1538 # vernal equinox on 2058-03-20 09:03:05.9 UT. The Java version of
1539 # Reingold's/Dershowitz' calculator gives correctly the Gregorian date
1540 # 2058-03-21 for 1 Farvardin 1437 (astronomical).
1541 #
1542 # From Steffen Thorsen (2006-03-22):
1543 # Several of my users have reported that Iran will not observe DST anymore:
1544 # http://www.irna.ir/en/news/view/line-17/0603193812164948.htm
1545 #
1546 # From Reuters (2007-09-16), with a heads-up from Jesper Nørgaard Welen:
1547 # ... the Guardian Council ... approved a law on Sunday to re-introduce
1548 # daylight saving time ...
1549 # https://uk.reuters.com/article/oilRpt/idUKBLA65048420070916
1550 #
1551 # From Roozbeh Pournader (2007-11-05):
1552 # This is quoted from Official Gazette of the Islamic Republic of
1553 # Iran, Volume 63, No. 18242, dated Tuesday 1386/6/24
1554 # [2007-10-16]. I am doing the best translation I can:...
1555 # The official time of the country will be moved forward for one hour
1556 # on the 24 hours of the first day of the month of Farvardin and will
1557 # be changed back to its previous state on the 24 hours of the
1558 # thirtieth day of Shahrivar.
1559 #
1560 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1561 Rule Iran 1978 1980 - Mar 20 24:00 1:00 -
1562 Rule Iran 1978 only - Oct 20 24:00 0 -
1563 Rule Iran 1979 only - Sep 18 24:00 0 -
1564 Rule Iran 1980 only - Sep 22 24:00 0 -
1565 Rule Iran 1991 only - May 2 24:00 1:00 -
1566 Rule Iran 1992 1995 - Mar 21 24:00 1:00 -
1567 Rule Iran 1991 1995 - Sep 21 24:00 0 -
1568 Rule Iran 1996 only - Mar 20 24:00 1:00 -
1569 Rule Iran 1996 only - Sep 20 24:00 0 -
1570 Rule Iran 1997 1999 - Mar 21 24:00 1:00 -
1571 Rule Iran 1997 1999 - Sep 21 24:00 0 -
1572 Rule Iran 2000 only - Mar 20 24:00 1:00 -
1573 Rule Iran 2000 only - Sep 20 24:00 0 -
1574 Rule Iran 2001 2003 - Mar 21 24:00 1:00 -
1575 Rule Iran 2001 2003 - Sep 21 24:00 0 -
1576 Rule Iran 2004 only - Mar 20 24:00 1:00 -
1577 Rule Iran 2004 only - Sep 20 24:00 0 -
1578 Rule Iran 2005 only - Mar 21 24:00 1:00 -
1579 Rule Iran 2005 only - Sep 21 24:00 0 -
1580 Rule Iran 2008 only - Mar 20 24:00 1:00 -
1581 Rule Iran 2008 only - Sep 20 24:00 0 -
1582 Rule Iran 2009 2011 - Mar 21 24:00 1:00 -
1583 Rule Iran 2009 2011 - Sep 21 24:00 0 -
1584 Rule Iran 2012 only - Mar 20 24:00 1:00 -
1585 Rule Iran 2012 only - Sep 20 24:00 0 -
1586 Rule Iran 2013 2015 - Mar 21 24:00 1:00 -
1587 Rule Iran 2013 2015 - Sep 21 24:00 0 -
1588 Rule Iran 2016 only - Mar 20 24:00 1:00 -
1589 Rule Iran 2016 only - Sep 20 24:00 0 -
1590 Rule Iran 2017 2019 - Mar 21 24:00 1:00 -
1591 Rule Iran 2017 2019 - Sep 21 24:00 0 -
1592 Rule Iran 2020 only - Mar 20 24:00 1:00 -
1593 Rule Iran 2020 only - Sep 20 24:00 0 -
1594 Rule Iran 2021 2023 - Mar 21 24:00 1:00 -
1595 Rule Iran 2021 2023 - Sep 21 24:00 0 -
1596 Rule Iran 2024 only - Mar 20 24:00 1:00 -
1597 Rule Iran 2024 only - Sep 20 24:00 0 -
1598 Rule Iran 2025 2027 - Mar 21 24:00 1:00 -
1599 Rule Iran 2025 2027 - Sep 21 24:00 0 -
1600 Rule Iran 2028 2029 - Mar 20 24:00 1:00 -
1601 Rule Iran 2028 2029 - Sep 20 24:00 0 -
1602 Rule Iran 2030 2031 - Mar 21 24:00 1:00 -
1603 Rule Iran 2030 2031 - Sep 21 24:00 0 -
1604 Rule Iran 2032 2033 - Mar 20 24:00 1:00 -
1605 Rule Iran 2032 2033 - Sep 20 24:00 0 -
1606 Rule Iran 2034 2035 - Mar 21 24:00 1:00 -
1607 Rule Iran 2034 2035 - Sep 21 24:00 0 -
1608 Rule Iran 2036 2037 - Mar 20 24:00 1:00 -
1609 Rule Iran 2036 2037 - Sep 20 24:00 0 -
1610 Rule Iran 2038 2039 - Mar 21 24:00 1:00 -
1611 Rule Iran 2038 2039 - Sep 21 24:00 0 -
1612 Rule Iran 2040 2041 - Mar 20 24:00 1:00 -
1613 Rule Iran 2040 2041 - Sep 20 24:00 0 -
1614 Rule Iran 2042 2043 - Mar 21 24:00 1:00 -
1615 Rule Iran 2042 2043 - Sep 21 24:00 0 -
1616 Rule Iran 2044 2045 - Mar 20 24:00 1:00 -
1617 Rule Iran 2044 2045 - Sep 20 24:00 0 -
1618 Rule Iran 2046 2047 - Mar 21 24:00 1:00 -
1619 Rule Iran 2046 2047 - Sep 21 24:00 0 -
1620 Rule Iran 2048 2049 - Mar 20 24:00 1:00 -
1621 Rule Iran 2048 2049 - Sep 20 24:00 0 -
1622 Rule Iran 2050 2051 - Mar 21 24:00 1:00 -
1623 Rule Iran 2050 2051 - Sep 21 24:00 0 -
1624 Rule Iran 2052 2053 - Mar 20 24:00 1:00 -
1625 Rule Iran 2052 2053 - Sep 20 24:00 0 -
1626 Rule Iran 2054 2055 - Mar 21 24:00 1:00 -
1627 Rule Iran 2054 2055 - Sep 21 24:00 0 -
1628 Rule Iran 2056 2057 - Mar 20 24:00 1:00 -
1629 Rule Iran 2056 2057 - Sep 20 24:00 0 -
1630 Rule Iran 2058 2059 - Mar 21 24:00 1:00 -
1631 Rule Iran 2058 2059 - Sep 21 24:00 0 -
1632 Rule Iran 2060 2062 - Mar 20 24:00 1:00 -
1633 Rule Iran 2060 2062 - Sep 20 24:00 0 -
1634 Rule Iran 2063 only - Mar 21 24:00 1:00 -
1635 Rule Iran 2063 only - Sep 21 24:00 0 -
1636 Rule Iran 2064 2066 - Mar 20 24:00 1:00 -
1637 Rule Iran 2064 2066 - Sep 20 24:00 0 -
1638 Rule Iran 2067 only - Mar 21 24:00 1:00 -
1639 Rule Iran 2067 only - Sep 21 24:00 0 -
1640 Rule Iran 2068 2070 - Mar 20 24:00 1:00 -
1641 Rule Iran 2068 2070 - Sep 20 24:00 0 -
1642 Rule Iran 2071 only - Mar 21 24:00 1:00 -
1643 Rule Iran 2071 only - Sep 21 24:00 0 -
1644 Rule Iran 2072 2074 - Mar 20 24:00 1:00 -
1645 Rule Iran 2072 2074 - Sep 20 24:00 0 -
1646 Rule Iran 2075 only - Mar 21 24:00 1:00 -
1647 Rule Iran 2075 only - Sep 21 24:00 0 -
1648 Rule Iran 2076 2078 - Mar 20 24:00 1:00 -
1649 Rule Iran 2076 2078 - Sep 20 24:00 0 -
1650 Rule Iran 2079 only - Mar 21 24:00 1:00 -
1651 Rule Iran 2079 only - Sep 21 24:00 0 -
1652 Rule Iran 2080 2082 - Mar 20 24:00 1:00 -
1653 Rule Iran 2080 2082 - Sep 20 24:00 0 -
1654 Rule Iran 2083 only - Mar 21 24:00 1:00 -
1655 Rule Iran 2083 only - Sep 21 24:00 0 -
1656 Rule Iran 2084 2086 - Mar 20 24:00 1:00 -
1657 Rule Iran 2084 2086 - Sep 20 24:00 0 -
1658 Rule Iran 2087 only - Mar 21 24:00 1:00 -
1659 Rule Iran 2087 only - Sep 21 24:00 0 -
1660 #
1661 # The following rules are approximations starting in the year 2088.
1662 # These are the best post-2088 approximations available, given the
1663 # restrictions of a single rule using ordinary Gregorian dates.
1664 # At some point this table will need to be extended, though quite
1665 # possibly Iran will change the rules first.
1666 Rule Iran 2088 max - Mar 20 24:00 1:00 -
1667 Rule Iran 2088 max - Sep 20 24:00 0 -
1668
1669 # Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1670 Zone Asia/Tehran 3:25:44 - LMT 1916
1671 3:25:44 - TMT 1946 # Tehran Mean Time
1672 3:30 - +0330 1977 Nov
1673 4:00 Iran +04/+05 1979
1674 3:30 Iran +0330/+0430
1675
1676
1677 # Iraq
1678 #
1679 # From Jonathan Lennox (2000-06-12):
1680 # An article in this week's Economist ("Inside the Saddam-free zone", p. 50 in
1681 # the U.S. edition) on the Iraqi Kurds contains a paragraph:
1682 # "The three northern provinces ... switched their clocks this spring and
1683 # are an hour ahead of Baghdad."
1684 #
1685 # But Rives McDow (2000-06-18) quotes a contact in Iraqi-Kurdistan as follows:
1686 # In the past, some Kurdish nationalists, as a protest to the Iraqi
1687 # Government, did not adhere to daylight saving time. They referred
1688 # to daylight saving as Saddam time. But, as of today, the time zone
1689 # in Iraqi-Kurdistan is on standard time with Baghdad, Iraq.
1690 #
1691 # So we'll ignore the Economist's claim.
1692
1693 # From Steffen Thorsen (2008-03-10):
1694 # The cabinet in Iraq abolished DST last week, according to the following
1695 # news sources (in Arabic):
1696 # http://www.aljeeran.net/wesima_articles/news-20080305-98602.html
1697 # http://www.aswataliraq.info/look/article.tpl?id=2047&IdLanguage=17&IdPublication=4&NrArticle=71743&NrIssue=1&NrSection=10
1698 #
1699 # We have published a short article in English about the change:
1700 # https://www.timeanddate.com/news/time/iraq-dumps-daylight-saving.html
1701
1702 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1703 Rule Iraq 1982 only - May 1 0:00 1:00 -
1704 Rule Iraq 1982 1984 - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
1705 Rule Iraq 1983 only - Mar 31 0:00 1:00 -
1706 Rule Iraq 1984 1985 - Apr 1 0:00 1:00 -
1707 Rule Iraq 1985 1990 - Sep lastSun 1:00s 0 -
1708 Rule Iraq 1986 1990 - Mar lastSun 1:00s 1:00 -
1709 # IATA SSIM (1991/1996) says Apr 1 12:01am UTC; guess the ':01' is a typo.
1710 # Shanks & Pottenger say Iraq did not observe DST 1992/1997; ignore this.
1711 #
1712 Rule Iraq 1991 2007 - Apr 1 3:00s 1:00 -
1713 Rule Iraq 1991 2007 - Oct 1 3:00s 0 -
1714 # Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1715 Zone Asia/Baghdad 2:57:40 - LMT 1890
1716 2:57:36 - BMT 1918 # Baghdad Mean Time?
1717 3:00 - +03 1982 May
1718 3:00 Iraq +03/+04
1719
1720
1721 ###############################################################################
1722
1723 # Israel
1724
1725 # From Ephraim Silverberg (2001-01-11):
1726 #
1727 # I coined "IST/IDT" circa 1988. Until then there were three
1728 # different abbreviations in use:
1729 #
1730 # JST Jerusalem Standard Time [Danny Braniss, Hebrew University]
1731 # IZT Israel Zonal (sic) Time [Prof. Haim Papo, Technion]
1732 # EEST Eastern Europe Standard Time [used by almost everyone else]
1733 #
1734 # Since timezones should be called by country and not capital cities,
1735 # I ruled out JST. As Israel is in Asia Minor and not Eastern Europe,
1736 # EEST was equally unacceptable. Since "zonal" was not compatible with
1737 # any other timezone abbreviation, I felt that 'IST' was the way to go
1738 # and, indeed, it has received almost universal acceptance in timezone
1739 # settings in Israeli computers.
1740 #
1741 # In any case, I am happy to share timezone abbreviations with India,
1742 # high on my favorite-country list (and not only because my wife's
1743 # family is from India).
1744
1745 # From Shanks & Pottenger:
1746 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1747 Rule Zion 1940 only - Jun 1 0:00 1:00 D
1748 Rule Zion 1942 1944 - Nov 1 0:00 0 S
1749 Rule Zion 1943 only - Apr 1 2:00 1:00 D
1750 Rule Zion 1944 only - Apr 1 0:00 1:00 D
1751 Rule Zion 1945 only - Apr 16 0:00 1:00 D
1752 Rule Zion 1945 only - Nov 1 2:00 0 S
1753 Rule Zion 1946 only - Apr 16 2:00 1:00 D
1754 Rule Zion 1946 only - Nov 1 0:00 0 S
1755 Rule Zion 1948 only - May 23 0:00 2:00 DD
1756 Rule Zion 1948 only - Sep 1 0:00 1:00 D
1757 Rule Zion 1948 1949 - Nov 1 2:00 0 S
1758 Rule Zion 1949 only - May 1 0:00 1:00 D
1759 Rule Zion 1950 only - Apr 16 0:00 1:00 D
1760 Rule Zion 1950 only - Sep 15 3:00 0 S
1761 Rule Zion 1951 only - Apr 1 0:00 1:00 D
1762 Rule Zion 1951 only - Nov 11 3:00 0 S
1763 Rule Zion 1952 only - Apr 20 2:00 1:00 D
1764 Rule Zion 1952 only - Oct 19 3:00 0 S
1765 Rule Zion 1953 only - Apr 12 2:00 1:00 D
1766 Rule Zion 1953 only - Sep 13 3:00 0 S
1767 Rule Zion 1954 only - Jun 13 0:00 1:00 D
1768 Rule Zion 1954 only - Sep 12 0:00 0 S
1769 Rule Zion 1955 only - Jun 11 2:00 1:00 D
1770 Rule Zion 1955 only - Sep 11 0:00 0 S
1771 Rule Zion 1956 only - Jun 3 0:00 1:00 D
1772 Rule Zion 1956 only - Sep 30 3:00 0 S
1773 Rule Zion 1957 only - Apr 29 2:00 1:00 D
1774 Rule Zion 1957 only - Sep 22 0:00 0 S
1775 Rule Zion 1974 only - Jul 7 0:00 1:00 D
1776 Rule Zion 1974 only - Oct 13 0:00 0 S
1777 Rule Zion 1975 only - Apr 20 0:00 1:00 D
1778 Rule Zion 1975 only - Aug 31 0:00 0 S
1779
1780 # From Alois Treindl (2019-03-06):
1781 # http://www.moin.gov.il/Documents/שעון%20קיץ/clock-50-years-7-2014.pdf
1782 # From Isaac Starkman (2019-03-06):
1783 # Summer time was in that period in 1980 and 1984, see
1784 # https://www.ynet.co.il/articles/0,7340,L-3951073,00.html
1785 # You can of course read it in translation.
1786 # I checked the local newspapers for that years.
1787 # It started on midnight and end at 01.00 am.
1788 # From Paul Eggert (2019-03-06):
1789 # Also see this thread about the moin.gov.il URL:
1790 # https://mm.icann.org/pipermail/tz/2018-November/027194.html
1791 Rule Zion 1980 only - Aug 2 0:00 1:00 D
1792 Rule Zion 1980 only - Sep 13 1:00 0 S
1793 Rule Zion 1984 only - May 5 0:00 1:00 D
1794 Rule Zion 1984 only - Aug 25 1:00 0 S
1795
1796 # From Shanks & Pottenger:
1797 Rule Zion 1985 only - Apr 14 0:00 1:00 D
1798 Rule Zion 1985 only - Sep 15 0:00 0 S
1799 Rule Zion 1986 only - May 18 0:00 1:00 D
1800 Rule Zion 1986 only - Sep 7 0:00 0 S
1801 Rule Zion 1987 only - Apr 15 0:00 1:00 D
1802 Rule Zion 1987 only - Sep 13 0:00 0 S
1803
1804 # From Avigdor Finkelstein (2014-03-05):
1805 # I check the Parliament (Knesset) records and there it's stated that the
1806 # [1988] transition should take place on Saturday night, when the Sabbath
1807 # ends and changes to Sunday.
1808 Rule Zion 1988 only - Apr 10 0:00 1:00 D
1809 Rule Zion 1988 only - Sep 4 0:00 0 S
1810
1811 # From Ephraim Silverberg
1812 # (1997-03-04, 1998-03-16, 1998-12-28, 2000-01-17, 2000-07-25, 2004-12-22,
1813 # and 2005-02-17):
1814
1815 # According to the Office of the Secretary General of the Ministry of
1816 # Interior, there is NO set rule for Daylight-Savings/Standard time changes.
1817 # One thing is entrenched in law, however: that there must be at least 150
1818 # days of daylight savings time annually. From 1993-1998, the change to
1819 # daylight savings time was on a Friday morning from midnight IST to
1820 # 1 a.m IDT; up until 1998, the change back to standard time was on a
1821 # Saturday night from midnight daylight savings time to 11 p.m. standard
1822 # time. 1996 is an exception to this rule where the change back to standard
1823 # time took place on Sunday night instead of Saturday night to avoid
1824 # conflicts with the Jewish New Year. In 1999, the change to
1825 # daylight savings time was still on a Friday morning but from
1826 # 2 a.m. IST to 3 a.m. IDT; furthermore, the change back to standard time
1827 # was also on a Friday morning from 2 a.m. IDT to 1 a.m. IST for
1828 # 1999 only. In the year 2000, the change to daylight savings time was
1829 # similar to 1999, but although the change back will be on a Friday, it
1830 # will take place from 1 a.m. IDT to midnight IST. Starting in 2001, all
1831 # changes to/from will take place at 1 a.m. old time, but now there is no
1832 # rule as to what day of the week it will take place in as the start date
1833 # (except in 2003) is the night after the Passover Seder (i.e. the eve
1834 # of the 16th of Nisan in the lunar Hebrew calendar) and the end date
1835 # (except in 2002) is three nights before Yom Kippur [Day of Atonement]
1836 # (the eve of the 7th of Tishrei in the lunar Hebrew calendar).
1837
1838 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1839 Rule Zion 1989 only - Apr 30 0:00 1:00 D
1840 Rule Zion 1989 only - Sep 3 0:00 0 S
1841 Rule Zion 1990 only - Mar 25 0:00 1:00 D
1842 Rule Zion 1990 only - Aug 26 0:00 0 S
1843 Rule Zion 1991 only - Mar 24 0:00 1:00 D
1844 Rule Zion 1991 only - Sep 1 0:00 0 S
1845 Rule Zion 1992 only - Mar 29 0:00 1:00 D
1846 Rule Zion 1992 only - Sep 6 0:00 0 S
1847 Rule Zion 1993 only - Apr 2 0:00 1:00 D
1848 Rule Zion 1993 only - Sep 5 0:00 0 S
1849
1850 # The dates for 1994-1995 were obtained from Office of the Spokeswoman for the
1851 # Ministry of Interior, Jerusalem, Israel. The spokeswoman can be reached by
1852 # calling the office directly at 972-2-6701447 or 972-2-6701448.
1853
1854 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1855 Rule Zion 1994 only - Apr 1 0:00 1:00 D
1856 Rule Zion 1994 only - Aug 28 0:00 0 S
1857 Rule Zion 1995 only - Mar 31 0:00 1:00 D
1858 Rule Zion 1995 only - Sep 3 0:00 0 S
1859
1860 # The dates for 1996 were determined by the Minister of Interior of the
1861 # time, Haim Ramon. The official announcement regarding 1996-1998
1862 # (with the dates for 1997-1998 no longer being relevant) can be viewed at:
1863 #
1864 # ftp://ftp.cs.huji.ac.il/pub/tz/announcements/1996-1998.ramon.ps.gz
1865 #
1866 # The dates for 1997-1998 were altered by his successor, Rabbi Eli Suissa.
1867 #
1868 # The official announcements for the years 1997-1999 can be viewed at:
1869 #
1870 # ftp://ftp.cs.huji.ac.il/pub/tz/announcements/YYYY.ps.gz
1871 #
1872 # where YYYY is the relevant year.
1873
1874 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1875 Rule Zion 1996 only - Mar 15 0:00 1:00 D
1876 Rule Zion 1996 only - Sep 16 0:00 0 S
1877 Rule Zion 1997 only - Mar 21 0:00 1:00 D
1878 Rule Zion 1997 only - Sep 14 0:00 0 S
1879 Rule Zion 1998 only - Mar 20 0:00 1:00 D
1880 Rule Zion 1998 only - Sep 6 0:00 0 S
1881 Rule Zion 1999 only - Apr 2 2:00 1:00 D
1882 Rule Zion 1999 only - Sep 3 2:00 0 S
1883
1884 # The Knesset Interior Committee has changed the dates for 2000 for
1885 # the third time in just over a year and have set new dates for the
1886 # years 2001-2004 as well.
1887 #
1888 # The official announcement for the start date of 2000 can be viewed at:
1889 #
1890 # ftp://ftp.cs.huji.ac.il/pub/tz/announcements/2000-start.ps.gz
1891 #
1892 # The official announcement for the end date of 2000 and the dates
1893 # for the years 2001-2004 can be viewed at:
1894 #
1895 # ftp://ftp.cs.huji.ac.il/pub/tz/announcements/2000-2004.ps.gz
1896
1897 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1898 Rule Zion 2000 only - Apr 14 2:00 1:00 D
1899 Rule Zion 2000 only - Oct 6 1:00 0 S
1900 Rule Zion 2001 only - Apr 9 1:00 1:00 D
1901 Rule Zion 2001 only - Sep 24 1:00 0 S
1902 Rule Zion 2002 only - Mar 29 1:00 1:00 D
1903 Rule Zion 2002 only - Oct 7 1:00 0 S
1904 Rule Zion 2003 only - Mar 28 1:00 1:00 D
1905 Rule Zion 2003 only - Oct 3 1:00 0 S
1906 Rule Zion 2004 only - Apr 7 1:00 1:00 D
1907 Rule Zion 2004 only - Sep 22 1:00 0 S
1908
1909 # The proposed law agreed upon by the Knesset Interior Committee on
1910 # 2005-02-14 is that, for 2005 and beyond, DST starts at 02:00 the
1911 # last Friday before April 2nd (i.e. the last Friday in March or April
1912 # 1st itself if it falls on a Friday) and ends at 02:00 on the Saturday
1913 # night _before_ the fast of Yom Kippur.
1914 #
1915 # Those who can read Hebrew can view the announcement at:
1916 #
1917 # ftp://ftp.cs.huji.ac.il/pub/tz/announcements/2005+beyond.ps
1918
1919 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1920 Rule Zion 2005 2012 - Apr Fri<=1 2:00 1:00 D
1921 Rule Zion 2005 only - Oct 9 2:00 0 S
1922 Rule Zion 2006 only - Oct 1 2:00 0 S
1923 Rule Zion 2007 only - Sep 16 2:00 0 S
1924 Rule Zion 2008 only - Oct 5 2:00 0 S
1925 Rule Zion 2009 only - Sep 27 2:00 0 S
1926 Rule Zion 2010 only - Sep 12 2:00 0 S
1927 Rule Zion 2011 only - Oct 2 2:00 0 S
1928 Rule Zion 2012 only - Sep 23 2:00 0 S
1929
1930 # From Ephraim Silverberg (2013-06-27):
1931 # On June 23, 2013, the Israeli government approved changes to the
1932 # Time Decree Law. The next day, the changes passed the First Reading
1933 # in the Knesset. The law is expected to pass the Second and Third
1934 # (final) Readings by the beginning of September 2013.
1935 #
1936 # As of 2013, DST starts at 02:00 on the Friday before the last Sunday
1937 # in March. DST ends at 02:00 on the last Sunday of October.
1938
1939 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1940 Rule Zion 2013 max - Mar Fri>=23 2:00 1:00 D
1941 Rule Zion 2013 max - Oct lastSun 2:00 0 S
1942
1943 # Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1944 Zone Asia/Jerusalem 2:20:54 - LMT 1880
1945 2:20:40 - JMT 1918 # Jerusalem Mean Time?
1946 2:00 Zion I%sT
1947
1948
1949
1950 ###############################################################################
1951
1952 # Japan
1953
1954 # '9:00' and 'JST' is from Guy Harris.
1955
1956 # From Paul Eggert (2020-01-19):
1957 # Starting in the 7th century, Japan generally followed an ancient Chinese
1958 # timekeeping system that divided night and day into six hours each,
1959 # with hour length depending on season. In 1873 the government
1960 # started requiring the use of a Western style 24-hour clock. See:
1961 # Yulia Frumer, "Making Time: Astronomical Time Measurement in Tokugawa Japan"
1962 # <https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1043907065>. As the tzdb code and
1963 # data support only 24-hour clocks, its tables model timestamps before
1964 # 1873 using Western-style local mean time.
1965
1966 # From Hideyuki Suzuki (1998-11-09):
1967 # 'Tokyo' usually stands for the former location of Tokyo Astronomical
1968 # Observatory: 139° 44' 40.90" E (9h 18m 58.727s), 35° 39' 16.0" N.
1969 # This data is from 'Rika Nenpyou (Chronological Scientific Tables) 1996'
1970 # edited by National Astronomical Observatory of Japan....
1971 # JST (Japan Standard Time) has been used since 1888-01-01 00:00 (JST).
1972 # The law is enacted on 1886-07-07.
1973
1974 # From Hideyuki Suzuki (1998-11-16):
1975 # The ordinance No. 51 (1886) established "standard time" in Japan,
1976 # which stands for the time on 135° E.
1977 # In the ordinance No. 167 (1895), "standard time" was renamed to "central
1978 # standard time". And the same ordinance also established "western standard
1979 # time", which stands for the time on 120° E.... But "western standard
1980 # time" was abolished in the ordinance No. 529 (1937). In the ordinance No.
1981 # 167, there is no mention regarding for what place western standard time is
1982 # standard....
1983 #
1984 # I wrote "ordinance" above, but I don't know how to translate.
1985 # In Japanese it's "chokurei", which means ordinance from emperor.
1986
1987 # From Yu-Cheng Chuang (2013-07-12):
1988 # ...the Meiji Emperor announced Ordinance No. 167 of Meiji Year 28 "The clause
1989 # about standard time" ... The adoption began from Jan 1, 1896.
1990 # https://ja.wikisource.org/wiki/標準時ニ關スル件_(公布時)
1991 #
1992 # ...the Showa Emperor announced Ordinance No. 529 of Showa Year 12 ... which
1993 # means the whole Japan territory, including later occupations, adopt Japan
1994 # Central Time (UT+9). The adoption began on Oct 1, 1937.
1995 # https://ja.wikisource.org/wiki/明治二十八年勅令第百六十七號標準時ニ關スル件中改正ノ件
1996
1997 # From Paul Eggert (1995-03-06):
1998 # Today's _Asahi Evening News_ (page 4) reports that Japan had
1999 # daylight saving between 1948 and 1951, but "the system was discontinued
2000 # because the public believed it would lead to longer working hours."
2001
2002 # From Mayumi Negishi in the 2005-08-10 Japan Times:
2003 # http://www.japantimes.co.jp/cgi-bin/getarticle.pl5?nn20050810f2.htm
2004 # Occupation authorities imposed daylight-saving time on Japan on
2005 # [1948-05-01].... But lack of prior debate and the execution of
2006 # daylight-saving time just three days after the bill was passed generated
2007 # deep hatred of the concept.... The Diet unceremoniously passed a bill to
2008 # dump the unpopular system in October 1951, less than a month after the San
2009 # Francisco Peace Treaty was signed. (A government poll in 1951 showed 53%
2010 # of the Japanese wanted to scrap daylight-saving time, as opposed to 30% who
2011 # wanted to keep it.)
2012
2013 # From Takayuki Nikai (2018-01-19):
2014 # The source of information is Japanese law.
2015 # http://www.shugiin.go.jp/internet/itdb_housei.nsf/html/houritsu/00219480428029.htm
2016 # http://www.shugiin.go.jp/internet/itdb_housei.nsf/html/houritsu/00719500331039.htm
2017 # ... In summary, it is written as follows. From 24:00 on the first Saturday
2018 # in May, until 0:00 on the day after the second Saturday in September.
2019
2020 # From Phake Nick (2018-09-27):
2021 # [T]he webpage authored by National Astronomical Observatory of Japan
2022 # https://eco.mtk.nao.ac.jp/koyomi/wiki/BBFEB9EF2FB2C6BBFEB9EF.html
2023 # ... mentioned that using Showa 23 (year 1948) as example, 13pm of September
2024 # 11 in summer time will equal to 0am of September 12 in standard time.
2025 # It cited a document issued by the Liaison Office which briefly existed
2026 # during the postwar period of Japan, where the detail on implementation
2027 # of the summer time is described in the document.
2028 # https://eco.mtk.nao.ac.jp/koyomi/wiki/BBFEB9EF2FB2C6BBFEB9EFB2C6BBFEB9EFA4CEBCC2BBDCA4CBA4C4A4A4A4C6.pdf
2029 # The text in the document do instruct a fall back to occur at
2030 # September 11, 13pm in summer time, while ordinary citizens can
2031 # change the clock before they sleep.
2032 #
2033 # From Paul Eggert (2018-09-27):
2034 # This instruction is equivalent to "Sat>=8 25:00", so use that. zic treats
2035 # it like "Sun>=9 01:00", which is not quite the same but is the best we can
2036 # do in any POSIX or C platform. The "25:00" assumes zic from 2007 or later,
2037 # which should be safe now.
2038
2039 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
2040 Rule Japan 1948 only - May Sat>=1 24:00 1:00 D
2041 Rule Japan 1948 1951 - Sep Sat>=8 25:00 0 S
2042 Rule Japan 1949 only - Apr Sat>=1 24:00 1:00 D
2043 Rule Japan 1950 1951 - May Sat>=1 24:00 1:00 D
2044
2045 # Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
2046 Zone Asia/Tokyo 9:18:59 - LMT 1887 Dec 31 15:00u
2047 9:00 Japan J%sT
2048 # Since 1938, all Japanese possessions have been like Asia/Tokyo,
2049 # except that Truk (Chuuk), Ponape (Pohnpei), and Jaluit (Kosrae) did not
2050 # switch from +10 to +09 until 1941-04-01; see the 'australasia' file.
2051
2052 # Jordan
2053 #
2054 # From <http://star.arabia.com/990701/JO9.html>
2055 # Jordan Week (1999-07-01) via Steffen Thorsen (1999-09-09):
2056 # Clocks in Jordan were forwarded one hour on Wednesday at midnight,
2057 # in accordance with the government's decision to implement summer time
2058 # all year round.
2059 #
2060 # From <http://star.arabia.com/990930/JO9.html>
2061 # Jordan Week (1999-09-30) via Steffen Thorsen (1999-11-09):
2062 # Winter time starts today Thursday, 30 September. Clocks will be turned back
2063 # by one hour. This is the latest government decision and it's final!
2064 # The decision was taken because of the increase in working hours in
2065 # government's departments from six to seven hours.
2066 #
2067 # From Paul Eggert (2005-11-22):
2068 # Starting 2003 transitions are from Steffen Thorsen's web site timeanddate.com.
2069 #
2070 # From Steffen Thorsen (2005-11-23):
2071 # For Jordan I have received multiple independent user reports every year
2072 # about DST end dates, as the end-rule is different every year.
2073 #
2074 # From Steffen Thorsen (2006-10-01), after a heads-up from Hilal Malawi:
2075 # http://www.petranews.gov.jo/nepras/2006/Sep/05/4000.htm
2076 # "Jordan will switch to winter time on Friday, October 27".
2077 #
2078
2079 # From Steffen Thorsen (2009-04-02):
2080 # This single one might be good enough, (2009-03-24, Arabic):
2081 # http://petra.gov.jo/Artical.aspx?Lng=2&Section=8&Artical=95279
2082 #
2083 # Google's translation:
2084 #
2085 # > The Council of Ministers decided in 2002 to adopt the principle of timely
2086 # > submission of the summer at 60 minutes as of midnight on the last Thursday
2087 # > of the month of March of each year.
2088 #
2089 # So - this means the midnight between Thursday and Friday since 2002.
2090
2091 # From Arthur David Olson (2009-04-06):
2092 # We still have Jordan switching to DST on Thursdays in 2000 and 2001.
2093
2094 # From Steffen Thorsen (2012-10-25):
2095 # Yesterday the government in Jordan announced that they will not
2096 # switch back to standard time this winter, so the will stay on DST
2097 # until about the same time next year (at least).
2098 # http://www.petra.gov.jo/Public_News/Nws_NewsDetails.aspx?NewsID=88950
2099
2100 # From Steffen Thorsen (2013-12-11):
2101 # Jordan Times and other sources say that Jordan is going back to
2102 # UTC+2 on 2013-12-19 at midnight:
2103 # http://jordantimes.com/govt-decides-to-switch-back-to-wintertime
2104 # Official, in Arabic:
2105 # http://www.petra.gov.jo/public_news/Nws_NewsDetails.aspx?Menu_ID=&Site_Id=2&lang=1&NewsID=133230&CatID=14
2106 # ... Our background/permalink about it
2107 # https://www.timeanddate.com/news/time/jordan-reverses-dst-decision.html
2108 # ...
2109 # http://www.petra.gov.jo/Public_News/Nws_NewsDetails.aspx?lang=2&site_id=1&NewsID=133313&Type=P
2110 # ... says midnight for the coming one and 1:00 for the ones in the future
2111 # (and they will use DST again next year, using the normal schedule).
2112
2113 # From Paul Eggert (2013-12-11):
2114 # As Steffen suggested, consider the past 21-month experiment to be DST.
2115
2116 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
2117 Rule Jordan 1973 only - Jun 6 0:00 1:00 S
2118 Rule Jordan 1973 1975 - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
2119 Rule Jordan 1974 1977 - May 1 0:00 1:00 S
2120 Rule Jordan 1976 only - Nov 1 0:00 0 -
2121 Rule Jordan 1977 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
2122 Rule Jordan 1978 only - Apr 30 0:00 1:00 S
2123 Rule Jordan 1978 only - Sep 30 0:00 0 -
2124 Rule Jordan 1985 only - Apr 1 0:00 1:00 S
2125 Rule Jordan 1985 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
2126 Rule Jordan 1986 1988 - Apr Fri>=1 0:00 1:00 S
2127 Rule Jordan 1986 1990 - Oct Fri>=1 0:00 0 -
2128 Rule Jordan 1989 only - May 8 0:00 1:00 S
2129 Rule Jordan 1990 only - Apr 27 0:00 1:00 S
2130 Rule Jordan 1991 only - Apr 17 0:00 1:00 S
2131 Rule Jordan 1991 only - Sep 27 0:00 0 -
2132 Rule Jordan 1992 only - Apr 10 0:00 1:00 S
2133 Rule Jordan 1992 1993 - Oct Fri>=1 0:00 0 -
2134 Rule Jordan 1993 1998 - Apr Fri>=1 0:00 1:00 S
2135 Rule Jordan 1994 only - Sep Fri>=15 0:00 0 -
2136 Rule Jordan 1995 1998 - Sep Fri>=15 0:00s 0 -
2137 Rule Jordan 1999 only - Jul 1 0:00s 1:00 S
2138 Rule Jordan 1999 2002 - Sep lastFri 0:00s 0 -
2139 Rule Jordan 2000 2001 - Mar lastThu 0:00s 1:00 S
2140 Rule Jordan 2002 2012 - Mar lastThu 24:00 1:00 S
2141 Rule Jordan 2003 only - Oct 24 0:00s 0 -
2142 Rule Jordan 2004 only - Oct 15 0:00s 0 -
2143 Rule Jordan 2005 only - Sep lastFri 0:00s 0 -
2144 Rule Jordan 2006 2011 - Oct lastFri 0:00s 0 -
2145 Rule Jordan 2013 only - Dec 20 0:00 0 -
2146 Rule Jordan 2014 max - Mar lastThu 24:00 1:00 S
2147 Rule Jordan 2014 max - Oct lastFri 0:00s 0 -
2148 # Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
2149 Zone Asia/Amman 2:23:44 - LMT 1931
2150 2:00 Jordan EE%sT
2151
2152
2153 # Kazakhstan
2154
2155 # From Kazakhstan Embassy's News Bulletin No. 11
2156 # <http://www.kazsociety.org.uk/news/2005/03/30.htm> (2005-03-21):
2157 # The Government of Kazakhstan passed a resolution March 15 abolishing
2158 # daylight saving time citing lack of economic benefits and health
2159 # complications coupled with a decrease in productivity.
2160 #
2161 # From Branislav Kojic (in Astana) via Gwillim Law (2005-06-28):
2162 # ... what happened was that the former Kazakhstan Eastern time zone
2163 # was "blended" with the Central zone. Therefore, Kazakhstan now has
2164 # two time zones, and difference between them is one hour. The zone
2165 # closer to UTC is the former Western zone (probably still called the
2166 # same), encompassing four provinces in the west: Aqtöbe, Atyraū,
2167 # Mangghystaū, and West Kazakhstan. The other zone encompasses
2168 # everything else.... I guess that would make Kazakhstan time zones
2169 # de jure UTC+5 and UTC+6 respectively.
2170
2171 # From Stepan Golosunov (2016-03-27):
2172 # Review of the linked documents from http://adilet.zan.kz/
2173 # produced the following data for post-1991 Kazakhstan:
2174 #
2175 # 0. Act of the Cabinet of Ministers of the USSR
2176 # from 1991-02-04 No. 20
2177 # http://pravo.gov.ru/proxy/ips/?docbody=&nd=102010545
2178 # removed the extra hour ("decree time") on the territory of the USSR
2179 # starting with the last Sunday of March 1991.
2180 # It also allowed (but not mandated) Kazakh SSR, Kirghiz SSR, Tajik SSR,
2181 # Turkmen SSR and Uzbek SSR to not have "summer" time.
2182 #
2183 # The 1992-01-13 act also refers to the act of the Cabinet of Ministers
2184 # of the Kazakh SSR from 1991-03-20 No. 170 "About the act of the Cabinet
2185 # of Ministers of the USSR from 1991-02-04 No. 20" but I didn't found its
2186 # text.
2187 #
2188 # According to Izvestia newspaper No. 68 (23334) from 1991-03-20
2189 # -- page 6; available at http://libinfo.org/newsr/newsr2574.djvu via
2190 # http://libinfo.org/index.php?id=58564 -- on 1991-03-31 at 2:00 during
2191 # transition to "summer" time:
2192 # Republic of Georgia, Latvian SSR, Lithuanian SSR, SSR Moldova,
2193 # Estonian SSR; Komi ASSR; Kaliningrad oblast; Nenets autonomous okrug
2194 # were to move clocks 1 hour forward.
2195 # Kazakh SSR (excluding Uralsk oblast); Republic of Kyrgyzstan, Tajik
2196 # SSR; Andijan, Jizzakh, Namangan, Sirdarya, Tashkent, Fergana oblasts
2197 # of the Uzbek SSR were to move clocks 1 hour backwards.
2198 # Other territories were to not move clocks.
2199 # When the "summer" time would end on 1991-09-29, clocks were to be
2200 # moved 1 hour backwards on the territory of the USSR excluding
2201 # Kazakhstan, Kirghizia, Uzbekistan, Turkmenia, Tajikistan.
2202 #
2203 # Apparently there were last minute changes. Apparently Kazakh act No. 170
2204 # was one of such changes.
2205 #
2206 # https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Декретное_время
2207 # claims that Sovetskaya Rossiya newspaper on 1991-03-29 published that
2208 # Nenets autonomous okrug, Komi and Kazakhstan (excluding Uralsk oblast)
2209 # were to not move clocks and Uralsk oblast was to move clocks
2210 # forward; on 1991-09-29 Kazakhstan was to move clocks backwards.
2211 # (Probably there were changes even after that publication. There is an
2212 # article claiming that Kaliningrad oblast decided on 1991-03-29 to not
2213 # move clocks.)
2214 #
2215 # This implies that on 1991-03-31 Asia/Oral remained on +04/+05 while
2216 # the rest of Kazakhstan switched from +06/+07 to +05/06 or from +05/06
2217 # to +04/+05. It's unclear how Qyzylorda oblast moved into the fifth
2218 # time belt. (By switching from +04/+05 to +05/+06 on 1991-09-29?) ...
2219 #
2220 # 1. Act of the Cabinet of Ministers of the Republic of Kazakhstan
2221 # from 1992-01-13 No. 28
2222 # http://adilet.zan.kz/rus/docs/P920000028_
2223 # (text includes modification from the 1996 act)
2224 # introduced new rules for calculation of time, mirroring Russian
2225 # 1992-01-08 act. It specified that time would be calculated
2226 # according to time belts plus extra hour ("decree time"), moved clocks
2227 # on the whole territory of Kazakhstan 1 hour forward on 1992-01-19 at
2228 # 2:00, specified DST rules. It acknowledged that Kazakhstan was
2229 # located in the fourth and the fifth time belts and specified the
2230 # border between them to be located east of Qostanay and Aktyubinsk
2231 # oblasts (notably including Turgai and Qyzylorda oblasts into the fifth
2232 # time belt).
2233 #
2234 # This means switch on 1992-01-19 at 2:00 from +04/+05 to +05/+06 for
2235 # Asia/Aqtau, Asia/Aqtobe, Asia/Oral, Atyraū and Qostanay oblasts; from
2236 # +05/+06 to +06/+07 for Asia/Almaty and Asia/Qyzylorda (and Arkalyk)....
2237 #
2238 # 2. Act of the Cabinet of Ministers of the Republic of Kazakhstan
2239 # from 1992-03-27 No. 284
2240 # http://adilet.zan.kz/rus/docs/P920000284_
2241 # cancels extra hour ("decree time") for Uralsk and Qyzylorda oblasts
2242 # since the last Sunday of March 1992, while keeping them in the fourth
2243 # and the fifth time belts respectively.
2244 #
2245 # 3. Order of the Prime Minister of the Republic of Kazakhstan
2246 # from 1994-09-23 No. 384
2247 # http://adilet.zan.kz/rus/docs/R940000384_
2248 # cancels the extra hour ("decree time") on the territory of Mangghystaū
2249 # oblast since the last Sunday of September 1994 (saying that time on
2250 # the territory would correspond to the third time belt as a
2251 # result)....
2252 #
2253 # 4. Act of the Government of the Republic of Kazakhstan
2254 # from 1996-05-08 No. 575
2255 # http://adilet.zan.kz/rus/docs/P960000575_
2256 # amends the 1992-01-13 act to end summer time in October instead
2257 # of September, mirroring identical Russian change from 1996-04-23 act.
2258 #
2259 # 5. Act of the Government of the Republic of Kazakhstan
2260 # from 1999-03-26 No. 305
2261 # http://adilet.zan.kz/rus/docs/P990000305_
2262 # cancels the extra hour ("decree time") for Atyraū oblast since the
2263 # last Sunday of March 1999 while retaining the oblast in the fourth
2264 # time belt.
2265 #
2266 # This means change from +05/+06 to +04/+05....
2267 #
2268 # 6. Act of the Government of the Republic of Kazakhstan
2269 # from 2000-11-23 No. 1749
2270 # http://adilet.zan.kz/rus/archive/docs/P000001749_/23.11.2000
2271 # replaces the previous five documents.
2272 #
2273 # The only changes I noticed are in definition of the border between the
2274 # fourth and the fifth time belts. They account for changes in spelling
2275 # and administrative division (splitting of Turgai oblast in 1997
2276 # probably changed time in territories incorporated into Qostanay oblast
2277 # (including Arkalyk) from +06/+07 to +05/+06) and move Qyzylorda oblast
2278 # from being in the fifth time belt and not using decree time into the
2279 # fourth time belt (no change in practice).
2280 #
2281 # 7. Act of the Government of the Republic of Kazakhstan
2282 # from 2003-12-29 No. 1342
2283 # http://adilet.zan.kz/rus/docs/P030001342_
2284 # modified the 2000-11-23 act. No relevant changes, apparently.
2285 #
2286 # 8. Act of the Government of the Republic of Kazakhstan
2287 # from 2004-07-20 No. 775
2288 # http://adilet.zan.kz/rus/archive/docs/P040000775_/20.07.2004
2289 # modified the 2000-11-23 act to move Qostanay and Qyzylorda oblasts into
2290 # the fifth time belt and add Aktobe oblast to the list of regions not
2291 # using extra hour ("decree time"), leaving Kazakhstan with only 2 time
2292 # zones (+04/+05 and +06/+07). The changes were to be implemented
2293 # during DST transitions in 2004 and 2005 but the acts got radically
2294 # amended before implementation happened.
2295 #
2296 # 9. Act of the Government of the Republic of Kazakhstan
2297 # from 2004-09-15 No. 1059
2298 # http://adilet.zan.kz/rus/docs/P040001059_
2299 # modified the 2000-11-23 act to remove exceptions from the "decree time"
2300 # (leaving Kazakhstan in +05/+06 and +06/+07 zones), amended the
2301 # 2004-07-20 act to implement changes for Atyraū, West Kazakhstan,
2302 # Qostanay, Qyzylorda and Mangghystaū oblasts by not moving clocks
2303 # during the 2004 transition to "winter" time.
2304 #
2305 # This means transition from +04/+05 to +05/+06 for Atyraū oblast (no
2306 # zone currently), Asia/Oral, Asia/Aqtau and transition from +05/+06 to
2307 # +06/+07 for Qostanay oblast (Qostanay and Arkalyk, no zones currently)
2308 # and Asia/Qyzylorda on 2004-10-31 at 3:00....
2309 #
2310 # 10. Act of the Government of the Republic of Kazakhstan
2311 # from 2005-03-15 No. 231
2312 # http://adilet.zan.kz/rus/docs/P050000231_
2313 # removes DST provisions from the 2000-11-23 act, removes most of the
2314 # (already implemented) provisions from the 2004-07-20 and 2004-09-15
2315 # acts, comes into effect 10 days after official publication.
2316 # The only practical effect seems to be the abolition of the summer
2317 # time.
2318 #
2319 # Unamended version of the act of the Government of the Russian Federation
2320 # No. 23 from 1992-01-08 [See 'europe' file for details].
2321 # Kazakh 1992-01-13 act appears to provide the same rules and 1992-03-27
2322 # act was to be enacted on the last Sunday of March 1992.
2323
2324 # From Stepan Golosunov (2016-11-08):
2325 # Turgai reorganization should affect only southern part of Qostanay
2326 # oblast. Which should probably be separated into Asia/Arkalyk zone.
2327 # (There were also 1970, 1988 and 1990 Turgai oblast reorganizations
2328 # according to wikipedia.)
2329 #
2330 # [For Qostanay] http://www.ng.kz/gazeta/195/hranit/
2331 # suggests that clocks were to be moved 40 minutes backwards on
2332 # 1920-01-01 to the fourth time belt. But I do not understand
2333 # how that could happen....
2334 #
2335 # [For Atyrau and Oral] 1919 decree
2336 # (http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_russia-1919-02-08.html
2337 # and in Byalokoz) lists Ural river (plus 10 versts on its left bank) in
2338 # the third time belt (before 1930 this means +03).
2339
2340 # From Alexander Konzurovski (2018-12-20):
2341 # Qyzyolrda Region (Asia/Qyzylorda) is changing its time zone from
2342 # UTC+6 to UTC+5 effective December 21st, 2018. The legal document is
2343 # located here: http://adilet.zan.kz/rus/docs/P1800000817 (russian language).
2344
2345 # Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
2346 #
2347 # Almaty (formerly Alma-Ata), representing most locations in Kazakhstan
2348 # This includes KZ-AKM, KZ-ALA, KZ-ALM, KZ-AST, KZ-BAY, KZ-VOS, KZ-ZHA,
2349 # KZ-KAR, KZ-SEV, KZ-PAV, and KZ-YUZ.
2350 Zone Asia/Almaty 5:07:48 - LMT 1924 May 2 # or Alma-Ata
2351 5:00 - +05 1930 Jun 21
2352 6:00 RussiaAsia +06/+07 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2353 5:00 RussiaAsia +05/+06 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
2354 6:00 RussiaAsia +06/+07 2004 Oct 31 2:00s
2355 6:00 - +06
2356 # Qyzylorda (aka Kyzylorda, Kizilorda, Kzyl-Orda, etc.) (KZ-KZY)
2357 Zone Asia/Qyzylorda 4:21:52 - LMT 1924 May 2
2358 4:00 - +04 1930 Jun 21
2359 5:00 - +05 1981 Apr 1
2360 5:00 1:00 +06 1981 Oct 1
2361 6:00 - +06 1982 Apr 1
2362 5:00 RussiaAsia +05/+06 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2363 4:00 RussiaAsia +04/+05 1991 Sep 29 2:00s
2364 5:00 RussiaAsia +05/+06 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
2365 6:00 RussiaAsia +06/+07 1992 Mar 29 2:00s
2366 5:00 RussiaAsia +05/+06 2004 Oct 31 2:00s
2367 6:00 - +06 2018 Dec 21 0:00
2368 5:00 - +05
2369 #
2370 # Qostanay (aka Kostanay, Kustanay) (KZ-KUS)
2371 # The 1991/2 rules are unclear partly because of the 1997 Turgai
2372 # reorganization.
2373 Zone Asia/Qostanay 4:14:28 - LMT 1924 May 2
2374 4:00 - +04 1930 Jun 21
2375 5:00 - +05 1981 Apr 1
2376 5:00 1:00 +06 1981 Oct 1
2377 6:00 - +06 1982 Apr 1
2378 5:00 RussiaAsia +05/+06 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2379 4:00 RussiaAsia +04/+05 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
2380 5:00 RussiaAsia +05/+06 2004 Oct 31 2:00s
2381 6:00 - +06
2382
2383 # Aqtöbe (aka Aktobe, formerly Aktyubinsk) (KZ-AKT)
2384 Zone Asia/Aqtobe 3:48:40 - LMT 1924 May 2
2385 4:00 - +04 1930 Jun 21
2386 5:00 - +05 1981 Apr 1
2387 5:00 1:00 +06 1981 Oct 1
2388 6:00 - +06 1982 Apr 1
2389 5:00 RussiaAsia +05/+06 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2390 4:00 RussiaAsia +04/+05 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
2391 5:00 RussiaAsia +05/+06 2004 Oct 31 2:00s
2392 5:00 - +05
2393 # Mangghystaū (KZ-MAN)
2394 # Aqtau was not founded until 1963, but it represents an inhabited region,
2395 # so include timestamps before 1963.
2396 Zone Asia/Aqtau 3:21:04 - LMT 1924 May 2
2397 4:00 - +04 1930 Jun 21
2398 5:00 - +05 1981 Oct 1
2399 6:00 - +06 1982 Apr 1
2400 5:00 RussiaAsia +05/+06 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2401 4:00 RussiaAsia +04/+05 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
2402 5:00 RussiaAsia +05/+06 1994 Sep 25 2:00s
2403 4:00 RussiaAsia +04/+05 2004 Oct 31 2:00s
2404 5:00 - +05
2405 # Atyraū (KZ-ATY) is like Mangghystaū except it switched from
2406 # +04/+05 to +05/+06 in spring 1999, not fall 1994.
2407 Zone Asia/Atyrau 3:27:44 - LMT 1924 May 2
2408 3:00 - +03 1930 Jun 21
2409 5:00 - +05 1981 Oct 1
2410 6:00 - +06 1982 Apr 1
2411 5:00 RussiaAsia +05/+06 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2412 4:00 RussiaAsia +04/+05 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
2413 5:00 RussiaAsia +05/+06 1999 Mar 28 2:00s
2414 4:00 RussiaAsia +04/+05 2004 Oct 31 2:00s
2415 5:00 - +05
2416 # West Kazakhstan (KZ-ZAP)
2417 # From Paul Eggert (2016-03-18):
2418 # The 1989 transition is from USSR act No. 227 (1989-03-14).
2419 Zone Asia/Oral 3:25:24 - LMT 1924 May 2 # or Ural'sk
2420 3:00 - +03 1930 Jun 21
2421 5:00 - +05 1981 Apr 1
2422 5:00 1:00 +06 1981 Oct 1
2423 6:00 - +06 1982 Apr 1
2424 5:00 RussiaAsia +05/+06 1989 Mar 26 2:00s
2425 4:00 RussiaAsia +04/+05 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
2426 5:00 RussiaAsia +05/+06 1992 Mar 29 2:00s
2427 4:00 RussiaAsia +04/+05 2004 Oct 31 2:00s
2428 5:00 - +05
2429
2430 # Kyrgyzstan (Kirgizstan)
2431 # Transitions through 1991 are from Shanks & Pottenger.
2432
2433 # From Paul Eggert (2005-08-15):
2434 # According to an article dated today in the Kyrgyzstan Development Gateway
2435 # http://eng.gateway.kg/cgi-bin/page.pl?id=1&story_name=doc9979.shtml
2436 # Kyrgyzstan is canceling the daylight saving time system. I take the article
2437 # to mean that they will leave their clocks at 6 hours ahead of UTC.
2438 # From Malik Abdugaliev (2005-09-21):
2439 # Our government cancels daylight saving time 6th of August 2005.
2440 # From 2005-08-12 our GMT-offset is +6, w/o any daylight saving.
2441
2442 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
2443 Rule Kyrgyz 1992 1996 - Apr Sun>=7 0:00s 1:00 -
2444 Rule Kyrgyz 1992 1996 - Sep lastSun 0:00 0 -
2445 Rule Kyrgyz 1997 2005 - Mar lastSun 2:30 1:00 -
2446 Rule Kyrgyz 1997 2004 - Oct lastSun 2:30 0 -
2447 # Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
2448 Zone Asia/Bishkek 4:58:24 - LMT 1924 May 2
2449 5:00 - +05 1930 Jun 21
2450 6:00 RussiaAsia +06/+07 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2451 5:00 RussiaAsia +05/+06 1991 Aug 31 2:00
2452 5:00 Kyrgyz +05/+06 2005 Aug 12
2453 6:00 - +06
2454
2455 ###############################################################################
2456
2457 # Korea (North and South)
2458
2459 # From Annie I. Bang (2006-07-10):
2460 # http://www.koreaherald.com/view.php?ud=200607100012
2461 # Korea ran a daylight saving program from 1949-61 but stopped it
2462 # during the 1950-53 Korean War. The system was temporarily enforced
2463 # between 1987 and 1988 ...
2464
2465 # From Sanghyuk Jung (2014-10-29):
2466 # https://mm.icann.org/pipermail/tz/2014-October/021830.html
2467 # According to the Korean Wikipedia
2468 # https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/한국_표준시
2469 # [oldid=12896437 2014-09-04 08:03 UTC]
2470 # DST in Republic of Korea was as follows.... And I checked old
2471 # newspapers in Korean, all articles correspond with data in Wikipedia.
2472 # For example, the article in 1948 (Korean Language) proved that DST
2473 # started at June 1 in that year. For another example, the article in
2474 # 1988 said that DST started at 2:00 AM in that year.
2475
2476 # From Phake Nick (2018-10-27):
2477 # 1. According to official announcement from Korean government, the DST end
2478 # date in South Korea should be
2479 # 1955-09-08 without specifying time
2480 # http://theme.archives.go.kr/next/common/viewEbook.do?singleData=N&archiveEventId=0027977557
2481 # 1956-09-29 without specifying time
2482 # http://theme.archives.go.kr/next/common/viewEbook.do?singleData=N&archiveEventId=0027978341
2483 # 1957-09-21 24 o'clock
2484 # http://theme.archives.go.kr/next/common/viewEbook.do?singleData=N&archiveEventId=0027979690#3
2485 # 1958-09-20 24 o'clock
2486 # http://theme.archives.go.kr/next/common/viewEbook.do?singleData=N&archiveEventId=0027981189
2487 # 1959-09-19 24 o'clock
2488 # http://theme.archives.go.kr/next/common/viewEbook.do?singleData=N&archiveEventId=0027982974#2
2489 # 1960-09-17 24 o'clock
2490 # http://theme.archives.go.kr/next/common/viewEbook.do?singleData=N&archiveEventId=0028044104
2491 # ...
2492 # 2.... https://namu.wiki/w/대한민국%20표준시 ... [says]
2493 # when Korea was using GMT+8:30 as standard time, the international
2494 # aviation/marine/meteorological industry in the country refused to
2495 # follow and continued to use GMT+9:00 for interoperability.
2496
2497
2498 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
2499 Rule ROK 1948 only - Jun 1 0:00 1:00 D
2500 Rule ROK 1948 only - Sep 12 24:00 0 S
2501 Rule ROK 1949 only - Apr 3 0:00 1:00 D
2502 Rule ROK 1949 1951 - Sep Sat>=7 24:00 0 S
2503 Rule ROK 1950 only - Apr 1 0:00 1:00 D
2504 Rule ROK 1951 only - May 6 0:00 1:00 D
2505 Rule ROK 1955 only - May 5 0:00 1:00 D
2506 Rule ROK 1955 only - Sep 8 24:00 0 S
2507 Rule ROK 1956 only - May 20 0:00 1:00 D
2508 Rule ROK 1956 only - Sep 29 24:00 0 S
2509 Rule ROK 1957 1960 - May Sun>=1 0:00 1:00 D
2510 Rule ROK 1957 1960 - Sep Sat>=17 24:00 0 S
2511 Rule ROK 1987 1988 - May Sun>=8 2:00 1:00 D
2512 Rule ROK 1987 1988 - Oct Sun>=8 3:00 0 S
2513
2514 # From Paul Eggert (2016-08-23):
2515 # The Korean Wikipedia entry gives the following sources for UT offsets:
2516 #
2517 # 1908: Official Journal Article No. 3994 (decree No. 5)
2518 # 1912: Governor-General of Korea Official Gazette Issue No. 367
2519 # (Announcement No. 338)
2520 # 1954: Presidential Decree No. 876 (1954-03-17)
2521 # 1961: Law No. 676 (1961-08-07)
2522 #
2523 # (Another source "1987: Law No. 3919 (1986-12-31)" was in the 2014-10-30
2524 # edition of the Korean Wikipedia entry.)
2525 #
2526 # I guessed that time zone abbreviations through 1945 followed the same
2527 # rules as discussed under Taiwan, with nominal switches from JST to KST
2528 # when the respective cities were taken over by the Allies after WWII.
2529 #
2530 # For Pyongyang, guess no changes from World War II until 2015, as we
2531 # have no information otherwise.
2532
2533 # From Steffen Thorsen (2015-08-07):
2534 # According to many news sources, North Korea is going to change to
2535 # the 8:30 time zone on August 15, one example:
2536 # http://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-33815049
2537 #
2538 # From Paul Eggert (2015-08-15):
2539 # Bells rang out midnight (00:00) Friday as part of the celebrations. See:
2540 # Talmadge E. North Korea celebrates new time zone, 'Pyongyang Time'
2541 # http://news.yahoo.com/north-korea-celebrates-time-zone-pyongyang-time-164038128.html
2542 # There is no common English-language abbreviation for this time zone.
2543 # Use KST, as that's what we already use for 1954-1961 in ROK.
2544
2545 # From Kang Seonghoon (2018-04-29):
2546 # North Korea will revert its time zone from UTC+8:30 (PYT; Pyongyang
2547 # Time) back to UTC+9 (KST; Korea Standard Time).
2548 #
2549 # From Seo Sanghyeon (2018-04-30):
2550 # Rodong Sinmun 2018-04-30 announced Pyongyang Time transition plan.
2551 # https://www.nknews.org/kcna/wp-content/uploads/sites/5/2018/04/rodong-2018-04-30.pdf
2552 # ... the transition date is 2018-05-05 ... Citation should be Decree
2553 # No. 2232 of April 30, 2018, of the Presidium of the Supreme People's
2554 # Assembly, as published in Rodong Sinmun.
2555 # From Tim Parenti (2018-04-29):
2556 # It appears to be the front page story at the top in the right-most column.
2557 #
2558 # From Paul Eggert (2018-05-04):
2559 # The BBC reported that the transition was from 23:30 to 24:00 today.
2560 # https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-44010705
2561
2562 # Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
2563 Zone Asia/Seoul 8:27:52 - LMT 1908 Apr 1
2564 8:30 - KST 1912 Jan 1
2565 9:00 - JST 1945 Sep 8
2566 9:00 ROK K%sT 1954 Mar 21
2567 8:30 ROK K%sT 1961 Aug 10
2568 9:00 ROK K%sT
2569 Zone Asia/Pyongyang 8:23:00 - LMT 1908 Apr 1
2570 8:30 - KST 1912 Jan 1
2571 9:00 - JST 1945 Aug 24
2572 9:00 - KST 2015 Aug 15 00:00
2573 8:30 - KST 2018 May 4 23:30
2574 9:00 - KST
2575
2576 ###############################################################################
2577
2578 # Kuwait
2579 # See Asia/Riyadh.
2580
2581 # Laos
2582 # See Asia/Bangkok.
2583
2584
2585 # Lebanon
2586 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
2587 Rule Lebanon 1920 only - Mar 28 0:00 1:00 S
2588 Rule Lebanon 1920 only - Oct 25 0:00 0 -
2589 Rule Lebanon 1921 only - Apr 3 0:00 1:00 S
2590 Rule Lebanon 1921 only - Oct 3 0:00 0 -
2591 Rule Lebanon 1922 only - Mar 26 0:00 1:00 S
2592 Rule Lebanon 1922 only - Oct 8 0:00 0 -
2593 Rule Lebanon 1923 only - Apr 22 0:00 1:00 S
2594 Rule Lebanon 1923 only - Sep 16 0:00 0 -
2595 Rule Lebanon 1957 1961 - May 1 0:00 1:00 S
2596 Rule Lebanon 1957 1961 - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
2597 Rule Lebanon 1972 only - Jun 22 0:00 1:00 S
2598 Rule Lebanon 1972 1977 - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
2599 Rule Lebanon 1973 1977 - May 1 0:00 1:00 S
2600 Rule Lebanon 1978 only - Apr 30 0:00 1:00 S
2601 Rule Lebanon 1978 only - Sep 30 0:00 0 -
2602 Rule Lebanon 1984 1987 - May 1 0:00 1:00 S
2603 Rule Lebanon 1984 1991 - Oct 16 0:00 0 -
2604 Rule Lebanon 1988 only - Jun 1 0:00 1:00 S
2605 Rule Lebanon 1989 only - May 10 0:00 1:00 S
2606 Rule Lebanon 1990 1992 - May 1 0:00 1:00 S
2607 Rule Lebanon 1992 only - Oct 4 0:00 0 -
2608 Rule Lebanon 1993 max - Mar lastSun 0:00 1:00 S
2609 Rule Lebanon 1993 1998 - Sep lastSun 0:00 0 -
2610 Rule Lebanon 1999 max - Oct lastSun 0:00 0 -
2611 # Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
2612 Zone Asia/Beirut 2:22:00 - LMT 1880
2613 2:00 Lebanon EE%sT
2614
2615 # Malaysia
2616 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
2617 Rule NBorneo 1935 1941 - Sep 14 0:00 0:20 -
2618 Rule NBorneo 1935 1941 - Dec 14 0:00 0 -
2619 #
2620 # peninsular Malaysia
2621 # taken from Mok Ly Yng (2003-10-30)
2622 # http://www.math.nus.edu.sg/aslaksen/teaching/timezone.html
2623 # Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
2624 Zone Asia/Kuala_Lumpur 6:46:46 - LMT 1901 Jan 1
2625 6:55:25 - SMT 1905 Jun 1 # Singapore M.T.
2626 7:00 - +07 1933 Jan 1
2627 7:00 0:20 +0720 1936 Jan 1
2628 7:20 - +0720 1941 Sep 1
2629 7:30 - +0730 1942 Feb 16
2630 9:00 - +09 1945 Sep 12
2631 7:30 - +0730 1982 Jan 1
2632 8:00 - +08
2633 # Sabah & Sarawak
2634 # From Paul Eggert (2014-08-12):
2635 # The data entries here are mostly from Shanks & Pottenger, but the 1942, 1945
2636 # and 1982 transition dates are from Mok Ly Yng.
2637 # Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
2638 Zone Asia/Kuching 7:21:20 - LMT 1926 Mar
2639 7:30 - +0730 1933
2640 8:00 NBorneo +08/+0820 1942 Feb 16
2641 9:00 - +09 1945 Sep 12
2642 8:00 - +08
2643
2644 # Maldives
2645 # Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
2646 Zone Indian/Maldives 4:54:00 - LMT 1880 # Malé
2647 4:54:00 - MMT 1960 # Malé Mean Time
2648 5:00 - +05
2649
2650 # Mongolia
2651
2652 # Shanks & Pottenger say that Mongolia has three time zones, but
2653 # The USNO (1995-12-21) and the CIA map Standard Time Zones of the World
2654 # (2005-03) both say that it has just one.
2655
2656 # From Oscar van Vlijmen (1999-12-11):
2657 # General Information Mongolia
2658 # <http://www.mongoliatourism.gov.mn/general.htm> (1999-09)
2659 # "Time: Mongolia has two time zones. Three westernmost provinces of
2660 # Bayan-Ölgii, Uvs, and Hovd are one hour earlier than the capital city, and
2661 # the rest of the country follows the Ulaanbaatar time, which is UTC/GMT plus
2662 # eight hours."
2663
2664 # From Rives McDow (1999-12-13):
2665 # Mongolia discontinued the use of daylight savings time in 1999; 1998
2666 # being the last year it was implemented. The dates of implementation I am
2667 # unsure of, but most probably it was similar to Russia, except for the time
2668 # of implementation may have been different....
2669 # Some maps in the past have indicated that there was an additional time
2670 # zone in the eastern part of Mongolia, including the provinces of Dornod,
2671 # Sükhbaatar, and possibly Khentii.
2672
2673 # From Paul Eggert (1999-12-15):
2674 # Naming and spelling is tricky in Mongolia.
2675 # We'll use Hovd (also spelled Chovd and Khovd) to represent the west zone;
2676 # the capital of the Hovd province is sometimes called Hovd, sometimes Dund-Us,
2677 # and sometimes Jirgalanta (with variant spellings), but the name Hovd
2678 # is good enough for our purposes.
2679
2680 # From Rives McDow (2001-05-13):
2681 # In addition to Mongolia starting daylight savings as reported earlier
2682 # (adopted DST on 2001-04-27 02:00 local time, ending 2001-09-28),
2683 # there are three time zones.
2684 #
2685 # Provinces [at 7:00]: Bayan-Ölgii, Uvs, Khovd, Zavkhan, Govi-Altai
2686 # Provinces [at 8:00]: Khövsgöl, Bulgan, Arkhangai, Khentii, Töv,
2687 # Bayankhongor, Övörkhangai, Dundgovi, Dornogovi, Ömnögovi
2688 # Provinces [at 9:00]: Dornod, Sükhbaatar
2689 #
2690 # [The province of Selenge is omitted from the above lists.]
2691
2692 # From Ganbold Ts., Ulaanbaatar (2004-04-17):
2693 # Daylight saving occurs at 02:00 local time last Saturday of March.
2694 # It will change back to normal at 02:00 local time last Saturday of
2695 # September.... As I remember this rule was changed in 2001.
2696 #
2697 # From Paul Eggert (2004-04-17):
2698 # For now, assume Rives McDow's informant got confused about Friday vs
2699 # Saturday, and that his 2001 dates should have 1 added to them.
2700
2701 # From Paul Eggert (2005-07-26):
2702 # We have wildly conflicting information about Mongolia's time zones.
2703 # Bill Bonnet (2005-05-19) reports that the US Embassy in Ulaanbaatar says
2704 # there is only one time zone and that DST is observed, citing Microsoft
2705 # Windows XP as the source. Risto Nykänen (2005-05-16) reports that
2706 # travelmongolia.org says there are two time zones (UT +07, +08) with no DST.
2707 # Oscar van Vlijmen (2005-05-20) reports that the Mongolian Embassy in
2708 # Washington, DC says there are two time zones, with DST observed.
2709 # He also found
2710 # http://ubpost.mongolnews.mn/index.php?subaction=showcomments&id=1111634894&archive=&start_from=&ucat=1&
2711 # which also says that there is DST, and which has a comment by "Toddius"
2712 # (2005-03-31 06:05 +0700) saying "Mongolia actually has 3.5 time zones.
2713 # The West (OLGII) is +7 GMT, most of the country is ULAT is +8 GMT
2714 # and some Eastern provinces are +9 GMT but Sükhbaatar Aimag is SUHK +8.5 GMT.
2715 # The SUKH timezone is new this year, it is one of the few things the
2716 # parliament passed during the tumultuous winter session."
2717 # For now, let's ignore this information, until we have more confirmation.
2718
2719 # From Ganbold Ts. (2007-02-26):
2720 # Parliament of Mongolia has just changed the daylight-saving rule in February.
2721 # They decided not to adopt daylight-saving time....
2722 # http://www.mongolnews.mn/index.php?module=unuudur&sec=view&id=15742
2723
2724 # From Deborah Goldsmith (2008-03-30):
2725 # We received a bug report claiming that the tz database UTC offset for
2726 # Asia/Choibalsan (GMT+09:00) is incorrect, and that it should be GMT
2727 # +08:00 instead. Different sources appear to disagree with the tz
2728 # database on this, e.g.:
2729 #
2730 # https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/city.html?n=1026
2731 # http://www.worldtimeserver.com/current_time_in_MN.aspx
2732 #
2733 # both say GMT+08:00.
2734
2735 # From Steffen Thorsen (2008-03-31):
2736 # eznis airways, which operates several domestic flights, has a flight
2737 # schedule here:
2738 # http://www.eznis.com/Container.jsp?id=112
2739 # (click the English flag for English)
2740 #
2741 # There it appears that flights between Choibalsan and Ulaanbaatar arrive
2742 # about 1:35 - 1:50 hours later in local clock time, no matter the
2743 # direction, while Ulaanbaatar-Khovd takes 2 hours in the Eastern
2744 # direction and 3:35 back, which indicates that Ulaanbaatar and Khovd are
2745 # in different time zones (like we know about), while Choibalsan and
2746 # Ulaanbaatar are in the same time zone (correction needed).
2747
2748 # From Arthur David Olson (2008-05-19):
2749 # Assume that Choibalsan is indeed offset by 8:00.
2750 # XXX--in the absence of better information, assume that transition
2751 # was at the start of 2008-03-31 (the day of Steffen Thorsen's report);
2752 # this is almost surely wrong.
2753
2754 # From Ganbold Tsagaankhuu (2015-03-10):
2755 # It seems like yesterday Mongolian Government meeting has concluded to use
2756 # daylight saving time in Mongolia.... Starting at 2:00AM of last Saturday of
2757 # March 2015, daylight saving time starts. And 00:00AM of last Saturday of
2758 # September daylight saving time ends. Source:
2759 # http://zasag.mn/news/view/8969
2760
2761 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
2762 Rule Mongol 1983 1984 - Apr 1 0:00 1:00 -
2763 Rule Mongol 1983 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
2764 # Shanks & Pottenger and IATA SSIM say 1990s switches occurred at 00:00,
2765 # but McDow says the 2001 switches occurred at 02:00. Also, IATA SSIM
2766 # (1996-09) says 1996-10-25. Go with Shanks & Pottenger through 1998.
2767 #
2768 # Shanks & Pottenger say that the Sept. 1984 through Sept. 1990 switches
2769 # in Choibalsan (more precisely, in Dornod and Sükhbaatar) took place
2770 # at 02:00 standard time, not at 00:00 local time as in the rest of
2771 # the country. That would be odd, and possibly is a result of their
2772 # correction of 02:00 (in the previous edition) not being done correctly
2773 # in the latest edition; so ignore it for now.
2774
2775 # From Ganbold Tsagaankhuu (2017-02-09):
2776 # Mongolian Government meeting has concluded today to cancel daylight
2777 # saving time adoption in Mongolia. Source: http://zasag.mn/news/view/16192
2778
2779 Rule Mongol 1985 1998 - Mar lastSun 0:00 1:00 -
2780 Rule Mongol 1984 1998 - Sep lastSun 0:00 0 -
2781 # IATA SSIM (1999-09) says Mongolia no longer observes DST.
2782 Rule Mongol 2001 only - Apr lastSat 2:00 1:00 -
2783 Rule Mongol 2001 2006 - Sep lastSat 2:00 0 -
2784 Rule Mongol 2002 2006 - Mar lastSat 2:00 1:00 -
2785 Rule Mongol 2015 2016 - Mar lastSat 2:00 1:00 -
2786 Rule Mongol 2015 2016 - Sep lastSat 0:00 0 -
2787
2788 # Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
2789 # Hovd, a.k.a. Chovd, Dund-Us, Dzhargalant, Khovd, Jirgalanta
2790 Zone Asia/Hovd 6:06:36 - LMT 1905 Aug
2791 6:00 - +06 1978
2792 7:00 Mongol +07/+08
2793 # Ulaanbaatar, a.k.a. Ulan Bataar, Ulan Bator, Urga
2794 Zone Asia/Ulaanbaatar 7:07:32 - LMT 1905 Aug
2795 7:00 - +07 1978
2796 8:00 Mongol +08/+09
2797 # Choibalsan, a.k.a. Bajan Tümen, Bajan Tumen, Chojbalsan,
2798 # Choybalsan, Sanbejse, Tchoibalsan
2799 Zone Asia/Choibalsan 7:38:00 - LMT 1905 Aug
2800 7:00 - +07 1978
2801 8:00 - +08 1983 Apr
2802 9:00 Mongol +09/+10 2008 Mar 31
2803 8:00 Mongol +08/+09
2804
2805 # Nepal
2806 # Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
2807 Zone Asia/Kathmandu 5:41:16 - LMT 1920
2808 5:30 - +0530 1986
2809 5:45 - +0545
2810
2811 # Oman
2812 # See Asia/Dubai.
2813
2814 # Pakistan
2815
2816 # From Rives McDow (2002-03-13):
2817 # I have been advised that Pakistan has decided to adopt dst on a
2818 # TRIAL basis for one year, starting 00:01 local time on April 7, 2002
2819 # and ending at 00:01 local time October 6, 2002. This is what I was
2820 # told, but I believe that the actual time of change may be 00:00; the
2821 # 00:01 was to make it clear which day it was on.
2822
2823 # From Paul Eggert (2002-03-15):
2824 # Jesper Nørgaard found this URL:
2825 # http://www.pak.gov.pk/public/news/app/app06_dec.htm
2826 # (dated 2001-12-06) which says that the Cabinet adopted a scheme "to
2827 # advance the clocks by one hour on the night between the first
2828 # Saturday and Sunday of April and revert to the original position on
2829 # 15th October each year". This agrees with McDow's 04-07 at 00:00,
2830 # but disagrees about the October transition, and makes it sound like
2831 # it's not on a trial basis. Also, the "between the first Saturday
2832 # and Sunday of April" phrase, if taken literally, means that the
2833 # transition takes place at 00:00 on the first Sunday on or after 04-02.
2834
2835 # From Paul Eggert (2003-02-09):
2836 # DAWN <http://www.dawn.com/2002/10/06/top13.htm> reported on 2002-10-05
2837 # that 2002 DST ended that day at midnight. Go with McDow for now.
2838
2839 # From Steffen Thorsen (2003-03-14):
2840 # According to http://www.dawn.com/2003/03/07/top15.htm
2841 # there will be no DST in Pakistan this year:
2842 #
2843 # ISLAMABAD, March 6: Information and Media Development Minister Sheikh
2844 # Rashid Ahmed on Thursday said the cabinet had reversed a previous
2845 # decision to advance clocks by one hour in summer and put them back by
2846 # one hour in winter with the aim of saving light hours and energy.
2847 #
2848 # The minister told a news conference that the experiment had rather
2849 # shown 8 per cent higher consumption of electricity.
2850
2851 # From Alex Krivenyshev (2008-05-15):
2852 #
2853 # Here is an article that Pakistan plan to introduce Daylight Saving Time
2854 # on June 1, 2008 for 3 months.
2855 #
2856 # "... The federal cabinet on Wednesday announced a new conservation plan to
2857 # help reduce load shedding by approving the closure of commercial centres at
2858 # 9pm and moving clocks forward by one hour for the next three months. ...."
2859 #
2860 # http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_pakistan01.html
2861 # http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp?page=2008%5C05%5C15%5Cstory_15-5-2008_pg1_4
2862
2863 # From Arthur David Olson (2008-05-19):
2864 # XXX--midnight transitions is a guess; 2008 only is a guess.
2865
2866 # From Alexander Krivenyshev (2008-08-28):
2867 # Pakistan government has decided to keep the watches one-hour advanced
2868 # for another 2 months - plan to return to Standard Time on October 31
2869 # instead of August 31.
2870 #
2871 # http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_pakistan02.html
2872 # http://dailymailnews.com/200808/28/news/dmbrn03.html
2873
2874 # From Alexander Krivenyshev (2009-04-08):
2875 # Based on previous media reports that "... proposed plan to
2876 # advance clocks by one hour from May 1 will cause disturbance
2877 # to the working schedules rather than bringing discipline in
2878 # official working."
2879 # http://www.thenews.com.pk/daily_detail.asp?id=171280
2880 #
2881 # recent news that instead of May 2009 - Pakistan plan to
2882 # introduce DST from April 15, 2009
2883 #
2884 # FYI: Associated Press Of Pakistan
2885 # April 08, 2009
2886 # Cabinet okays proposal to advance clocks by one hour from April 15
2887 # http://www.app.com.pk/en_/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=73043&Itemid=1
2888 # http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_pakistan05.html
2889 #
2890 # ....
2891 # The Federal Cabinet on Wednesday approved the proposal to
2892 # advance clocks in the country by one hour from April 15 to
2893 # conserve energy"
2894
2895 # From Steffen Thorsen (2009-09-17):
2896 # "The News International," Pakistan reports that: "The Federal
2897 # Government has decided to restore the previous time by moving the
2898 # clocks backward by one hour from October 1. A formal announcement to
2899 # this effect will be made after the Prime Minister grants approval in
2900 # this regard."
2901 # http://www.thenews.com.pk/updates.asp?id=87168
2902
2903 # From Alexander Krivenyshev (2009-09-28):
2904 # According to Associated Press Of Pakistan, it is confirmed that
2905 # Pakistan clocks across the country would be turned back by an hour from
2906 # October 1, 2009.
2907 #
2908 # "Clocks to go back one hour from 1 Oct"
2909 # http://www.app.com.pk/en_/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=86715&Itemid=2
2910 # http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_pakistan07.htm
2911 #
2912 # From Steffen Thorsen (2009-09-29):
2913 # Now they seem to have changed their mind, November 1 is the new date:
2914 # http://www.thenews.com.pk/top_story_detail.asp?Id=24742
2915 # "The country's clocks will be reversed by one hour on November 1.
2916 # Officials of Federal Ministry for Interior told this to Geo News on
2917 # Monday."
2918 #
2919 # And more importantly, it seems that these dates will be kept every year:
2920 # "It has now been decided that clocks will be wound forward by one hour
2921 # on April 15 and reversed by an hour on November 1 every year without
2922 # obtaining prior approval, the officials added."
2923 #
2924 # We have confirmed this year's end date with both with the Ministry of
2925 # Water and Power and the Pakistan Electric Power Company:
2926 # https://www.timeanddate.com/news/time/pakistan-ends-dst09.html
2927
2928 # From Christoph Göhre (2009-10-01):
2929 # [T]he German Consulate General in Karachi reported me today that Pakistan
2930 # will go back to standard time on 1st of November.
2931
2932 # From Steffen Thorsen (2010-03-26):
2933 # Steffen Thorsen wrote:
2934 # > On Thursday (2010-03-25) it was announced that DST would start in
2935 # > Pakistan on 2010-04-01.
2936 # >
2937 # > Then today, the president said that they might have to revert the
2938 # > decision if it is not supported by the parliament. So at the time
2939 # > being, it seems unclear if DST will be actually observed or not - but
2940 # > April 1 could be a more likely date than April 15.
2941 # Now, it seems that the decision to not observe DST in final:
2942 #
2943 # "Govt Withdraws Plan To Advance Clocks"
2944 # http://www.apakistannews.com/govt-withdraws-plan-to-advance-clocks-172041
2945 #
2946 # "People laud PM's announcement to end DST"
2947 # http://www.app.com.pk/en_/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=99374&Itemid=2
2948
2949 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
2950 Rule Pakistan 2002 only - Apr Sun>=2 0:00 1:00 S
2951 Rule Pakistan 2002 only - Oct Sun>=2 0:00 0 -
2952 Rule Pakistan 2008 only - Jun 1 0:00 1:00 S
2953 Rule Pakistan 2008 2009 - Nov 1 0:00 0 -
2954 Rule Pakistan 2009 only - Apr 15 0:00 1:00 S
2955
2956 # Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
2957 Zone Asia/Karachi 4:28:12 - LMT 1907
2958 5:30 - +0530 1942 Sep
2959 5:30 1:00 +0630 1945 Oct 15
2960 5:30 - +0530 1951 Sep 30
2961 5:00 - +05 1971 Mar 26
2962 5:00 Pakistan PK%sT # Pakistan Time
2963
2964 # Palestine
2965
2966 # From Amos Shapir (1998-02-15):
2967 #
2968 # From 1917 until 1948-05-15, all of Palestine, including the parts now
2969 # known as the Gaza Strip and the West Bank, was under British rule.
2970 # Therefore the rules given for Israel for that period, apply there too...
2971 #
2972 # The Gaza Strip was under Egyptian rule between 1948-05-15 until 1967-06-05
2973 # (except a short occupation by Israel from 1956-11 till 1957-03, but no
2974 # time zone was affected then). It was never formally annexed to Egypt,
2975 # though.
2976 #
2977 # The rest of Palestine was under Jordanian rule at that time, formally
2978 # annexed in 1950 as the West Bank (and the word "Trans" was dropped from
2979 # the country's previous name of "the Hashemite Kingdom of the
2980 # Trans-Jordan"). So the rules for Jordan for that time apply. Major
2981 # towns in that area are Nablus (Shchem), El-Halil (Hebron), Ramallah, and
2982 # East Jerusalem.
2983 #
2984 # Both areas were occupied by Israel in June 1967, but not annexed (except
2985 # for East Jerusalem). They were on Israel time since then; there might
2986 # have been a Military Governor's order about time zones, but I'm not aware
2987 # of any (such orders may have been issued semi-annually whenever summer
2988 # time was in effect, but maybe the legal aspect of time was just neglected).
2989 #
2990 # The Palestinian Authority was established in 1993, and got hold of most
2991 # towns in the West Bank and Gaza by 1995. I know that in order to
2992 # demonstrate...independence, they have been switching to
2993 # summer time and back on a different schedule than Israel's, but I don't
2994 # know when this was started, or what algorithm is used (most likely the
2995 # Jordanian one).
2996 #
2997 # To summarize, the table should probably look something like that:
2998 #
2999 # Area \ when | 1918-1947 | 1948-1967 | 1967-1995 | 1996-
3000 # ------------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------
3001 # Israel | Zion | Zion | Zion | Zion
3002 # West bank | Zion | Jordan | Zion | Jordan
3003 # Gaza | Zion | Egypt | Zion | Jordan
3004 #
3005 # I guess more info may be available from the PA's web page (if/when they
3006 # have one).
3007
3008 # From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):
3009 # Shanks & Pottenger write that Gaza did not observe DST until 1957, but go
3010 # with Shapir and assume that it observed DST from 1940 through 1947,
3011 # and that it used Jordanian rules starting in 1996.
3012 # We don't yet need a separate entry for the West Bank, since
3013 # the only differences between it and Gaza that we know about
3014 # occurred before our cutoff date of 1970.
3015 # However, as we get more information, we may need to add entries
3016 # for parts of the West Bank as they transitioned from Israel's rules
3017 # to Palestine's rules.
3018
3019 # From IINS News Service - Israel - 1998-03-23 10:38:07 Israel time,
3020 # forwarded by Ephraim Silverberg:
3021 #
3022 # Despite the fact that Israel changed over to daylight savings time
3023 # last week, the PLO Authority (PA) has decided not to turn its clocks
3024 # one-hour forward at this time. As a sign of independence from Israeli rule,
3025 # the PA has decided to implement DST in April.
3026
3027 # From Paul Eggert (1999-09-20):
3028 # Daoud Kuttab writes in Holiday havoc
3029 # http://www.jpost.com/com/Archive/22.Apr.1999/Opinion/Article-2.html
3030 # (Jerusalem Post, 1999-04-22) that
3031 # the Palestinian National Authority changed to DST on 1999-04-15.
3032 # I vaguely recall that they switch back in October (sorry, forgot the source).
3033 # For now, let's assume that the spring switch was at 24:00,
3034 # and that they switch at 0:00 on the 3rd Fridays of April and October.
3035
3036 # From Paul Eggert (2005-11-22):
3037 # Starting 2004 transitions are from Steffen Thorsen's web site timeanddate.com.
3038
3039 # From Steffen Thorsen (2005-11-23):
3040 # A user from Gaza reported that Gaza made the change early because of
3041 # the Ramadan. Next year Ramadan will be even earlier, so I think
3042 # there is a good chance next year's end date will be around two weeks
3043 # earlier - the same goes for Jordan.
3044
3045 # From Steffen Thorsen (2006-08-17):
3046 # I was informed by a user in Bethlehem that in Bethlehem it started the
3047 # same day as Israel, and after checking with other users in the area, I
3048 # was informed that they started DST one day after Israel. I was not
3049 # able to find any authoritative sources at the time, nor details if
3050 # Gaza changed as well, but presumed Gaza to follow the same rules as
3051 # the West Bank.
3052
3053 # From Steffen Thorsen (2006-09-26):
3054 # according to the Palestine News Network (2006-09-19):
3055 # http://english.pnn.ps/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=596&Itemid=5
3056 # > The Council of Ministers announced that this year its winter schedule
3057 # > will begin early, as of midnight Thursday. It is also time to turn
3058 # > back the clocks for winter. Friday will begin an hour late this week.
3059 # I guess it is likely that next year's date will be moved as well,
3060 # because of the Ramadan.
3061
3062 # From Jesper Nørgaard Welen (2007-09-18):
3063 # According to Steffen Thorsen's web site the Gaza Strip and the rest of the
3064 # Palestinian territories left DST early on 13.th. of September at 2:00.
3065
3066 # From Paul Eggert (2007-09-20):
3067 # My understanding is that Gaza and the West Bank disagree even over when
3068 # the weekend is (Thursday+Friday versus Friday+Saturday), so I'd be a bit
3069 # surprised if they agreed about DST. But for now, assume they agree.
3070 # For lack of better information, predict that future changes will be
3071 # the 2nd Thursday of September at 02:00.
3072
3073 # From Alexander Krivenyshev (2008-08-28):
3074 # Here is an article, that Mideast running on different clocks at Ramadan.
3075 #
3076 # Gaza Strip (as Egypt) ended DST at midnight Thursday (Aug 28, 2008), while
3077 # the West Bank will end Daylight Saving Time at midnight Sunday (Aug 31, 2008).
3078 #
3079 # http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/feedarticle/7759001
3080 # http://www.abcnews.go.com/International/wireStory?id=5676087
3081 # http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_gazastrip01.html
3082
3083 # From Alexander Krivenyshev (2009-03-26):
3084 # According to the Palestine News Network (arabic.pnn.ps), Palestinian
3085 # government decided to start Daylight Time on Thursday night March
3086 # 26 and continue until the night of 27 September 2009.
3087 #
3088 # (in Arabic)
3089 # http://arabic.pnn.ps/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=50850
3090 #
3091 # (English translation)
3092 # http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_westbank01.html
3093
3094 # From Steffen Thorsen (2009-08-31):
3095 # Palestine's Council of Ministers announced that they will revert back to
3096 # winter time on Friday, 2009-09-04.
3097 #
3098 # One news source:
3099 # http://www.safa.ps/ara/?action=showdetail&seid=4158
3100 # (Palestinian press agency, Arabic),
3101 # Google translate: "Decided that the Palestinian government in Ramallah
3102 # headed by Salam Fayyad, the start of work in time for the winter of
3103 # 2009, starting on Friday approved the fourth delay Sept. clock sixty
3104 # minutes per hour as of Friday morning."
3105 #
3106 # We are not sure if Gaza will do the same, last year they had a different
3107 # end date, we will keep this page updated:
3108 # https://www.timeanddate.com/news/time/westbank-gaza-dst-2009.html
3109
3110 # From Alexander Krivenyshev (2009-09-02):
3111 # Seems that Gaza Strip will go back to Winter Time same date as West Bank.
3112 #
3113 # According to Palestinian Ministry Of Interior, West Bank and Gaza Strip plan
3114 # to change time back to Standard time on September 4, 2009.
3115 #
3116 # "Winter time unite the West Bank and Gaza"
3117 # (from Palestinian National Authority):
3118 # http://www.moi.gov.ps/en/?page=633167343250594025&nid=11505
3119 # http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_gazastrip02.html
3120
3121 # From Alexander Krivenyshev (2010-03-19):
3122 # According to Voice of Palestine DST will last for 191 days, from March
3123 # 26, 2010 till "the last Sunday before the tenth day of Tishri
3124 # (October), each year" (October 03, 2010?)
3125 #
3126 # http://palvoice.org/forums/showthread.php?t=245697
3127 # (in Arabic)
3128 # http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_westbank03.html
3129
3130 # From Steffen Thorsen (2010-03-24):
3131 # ...Ma'an News Agency reports that Hamas cabinet has decided it will
3132 # start one day later, at 12:01am. Not sure if they really mean 12:01am or
3133 # noon though:
3134 #
3135 # http://www.maannews.net/eng/ViewDetails.aspx?ID=271178
3136 # (Ma'an News Agency)
3137 # "At 12:01am Friday, clocks in Israel and the West Bank will change to
3138 # 1:01am, while Gaza clocks will change at 12:01am Saturday morning."
3139
3140 # From Steffen Thorsen (2010-08-11):
3141 # According to several sources, including
3142 # http://www.maannews.net/eng/ViewDetails.aspx?ID=306795
3143 # the clocks were set back one hour at 2010-08-11 00:00:00 local time in
3144 # Gaza and the West Bank.
3145 # Some more background info:
3146 # https://www.timeanddate.com/news/time/westbank-gaza-end-dst-2010.html
3147
3148 # From Steffen Thorsen (2011-08-26):
3149 # Gaza and the West Bank did go back to standard time in the beginning of
3150 # August, and will now enter daylight saving time again on 2011-08-30
3151 # 00:00 (so two periods of DST in 2011). The pause was because of
3152 # Ramadan.
3153 #
3154 # http://www.maannews.net/eng/ViewDetails.aspx?ID=416217
3155 # Additional info:
3156 # https://www.timeanddate.com/news/time/palestine-dst-2011.html
3157
3158 # From Alexander Krivenyshev (2011-08-27):
3159 # According to the article in The Jerusalem Post:
3160 # "...Earlier this month, the Palestinian government in the West Bank decided to
3161 # move to standard time for 30 days, during Ramadan. The Palestinians in the
3162 # Gaza Strip accepted the change and also moved their clocks one hour back.
3163 # The Hamas government said on Saturday that it won't observe summertime after
3164 # the Muslim feast of Id al-Fitr, which begins on Tuesday..."
3165 # ...
3166 # https://www.jpost.com/MiddleEast/Article.aspx?id=235650
3167 # http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_gazastrip05.html
3168 # The rules for Egypt are stolen from the 'africa' file.
3169
3170 # From Steffen Thorsen (2011-09-30):
3171 # West Bank did end Daylight Saving Time this morning/midnight (2011-09-30
3172 # 00:00).
3173 # So West Bank and Gaza now have the same time again.
3174 #
3175 # Many sources, including:
3176 # http://www.maannews.net/eng/ViewDetails.aspx?ID=424808
3177
3178 # From Steffen Thorsen (2012-03-26):
3179 # Palestinian news sources tell that both Gaza and West Bank will start DST
3180 # on Friday (Thursday midnight, 2012-03-29 24:00).
3181 # Some of many sources in Arabic:
3182 # http://www.samanews.com/index.php?act=Show&id=122638
3183 #
3184 # http://safa.ps/details/news/74352/%D8%A8%D8%AF%D8%A1-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%82%D9%8A%D8%AA-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B5%D9%8A%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B6%D9%81%D8%A9-%D9%88%D8%BA%D8%B2%D8%A9-%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%84%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%A9.html
3185 #
3186 # Our brief summary:
3187 # https://www.timeanddate.com/news/time/gaza-west-bank-dst-2012.html
3188
3189 # From Steffen Thorsen (2013-03-26):
3190 # The following news sources tells that Palestine will "start daylight saving
3191 # time from midnight on Friday, March 29, 2013" (translated).
3192 # [These are in Arabic and are for Gaza and for Ramallah, respectively.]
3193 # http://www.samanews.com/index.php?act=Show&id=154120
3194 # http://safa.ps/details/news/99844/%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%85-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%84%D9%87-%D8%A8%D8%AF%D8%A1-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%82%D9%8A%D8%AA-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B5%D9%8A%D9%81%D9%8A-29-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A.html
3195
3196 # From Steffen Thorsen (2013-09-24):
3197 # The Gaza and West Bank are ending DST Thursday at midnight
3198 # (2013-09-27 00:00:00) (one hour earlier than last year...).
3199 # This source in English, says "that winter time will go into effect
3200 # at midnight on Thursday in the West Bank and Gaza Strip":
3201 # http://english.wafa.ps/index.php?action=detail&id=23246
3202 # official source...:
3203 # http://www.palestinecabinet.gov.ps/ar/Views/ViewDetails.aspx?pid=1252
3204
3205 # From Steffen Thorsen (2015-03-03):
3206 # Sources such as http://www.alquds.com/news/article/view/id/548257
3207 # and https://www.raya.ps/ar/news/890705.html say Palestine areas will
3208 # start DST on 2015-03-28 00:00 which is one day later than expected.
3209 #
3210 # From Paul Eggert (2015-03-03):
3211 # https://www.timeanddate.com/time/change/west-bank/ramallah?year=2014
3212 # says that the fall 2014 transition was Oct 23 at 24:00.
3213
3214 # From Hannah Kreitem (2016-03-09):
3215 # http://www.palestinecabinet.gov.ps/WebSite/ar/ViewDetails?ID=31728
3216 # [Google translation]: "The Council also decided to start daylight
3217 # saving in Palestine as of one o'clock on Saturday morning,
3218 # 2016-03-26, to provide the clock 60 minutes ahead."
3219
3220 # From Sharef Mustafa (2016-10-19):
3221 # [T]he Palestinian cabinet decision (Mar 8th 2016) published on
3222 # http://www.palestinecabinet.gov.ps/WebSite/Upload/Decree/GOV_17/16032016134830.pdf
3223 # states that summer time will end on Oct 29th at 01:00.
3224
3225 # From Sharef Mustafa (2018-03-16):
3226 # Palestine summer time will start on Mar 24th 2018 ...
3227 # http://www.palestinecabinet.gov.ps/Website/AR/NDecrees/ViewFile.ashx?ID=e7a42ab7-ee23-435a-b9c8-a4f7e81f3817
3228
3229 # From Even Scharning (2019-03-23):
3230 # http://pnn.ps/news/401130
3231 # http://palweather.ps/ar/node/50136.html
3232 #
3233 # From Sharif Mustafa (2019-03-26):
3234 # The Palestinian cabinet announced today that the switch to DST will
3235 # be on Fri Mar 29th 2019 by advancing the clock by 60 minutes.
3236 # http://palestinecabinet.gov.ps/Website/AR/NDecrees/ViewFile.ashx?ID=e54e9ea1-50ee-4137-84df-0d6c78da259b
3237 #
3238 # From Even Scharning (2019-04-10):
3239 # Our source in Palestine said it happened Friday 29 at 00:00 local time....
3240
3241 # From Sharef Mustafa (2019-10-18):
3242 # Palestine summer time will end on midnight Oct 26th 2019 ...
3243 # http://www.palestinecabinet.gov.ps/website/ar/ViewDetails?ID=43948
3244 #
3245 # From Paul Eggert (2019-04-10):
3246 # For now, guess spring-ahead transitions are March's last Friday at 00:00.
3247 #
3248 # From Tim Parenti (2016-10-19):
3249 # Predict fall transitions on October's last Saturday at 01:00 from now on.
3250
3251 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
3252 Rule EgyptAsia 1957 only - May 10 0:00 1:00 S
3253 Rule EgyptAsia 1957 1958 - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
3254 Rule EgyptAsia 1958 only - May 1 0:00 1:00 S
3255 Rule EgyptAsia 1959 1967 - May 1 1:00 1:00 S
3256 Rule EgyptAsia 1959 1965 - Sep 30 3:00 0 -
3257 Rule EgyptAsia 1966 only - Oct 1 3:00 0 -
3258
3259 Rule Palestine 1999 2005 - Apr Fri>=15 0:00 1:00 S
3260 Rule Palestine 1999 2003 - Oct Fri>=15 0:00 0 -
3261 Rule Palestine 2004 only - Oct 1 1:00 0 -
3262 Rule Palestine 2005 only - Oct 4 2:00 0 -
3263 Rule Palestine 2006 2007 - Apr 1 0:00 1:00 S
3264 Rule Palestine 2006 only - Sep 22 0:00 0 -
3265 Rule Palestine 2007 only - Sep Thu>=8 2:00 0 -
3266 Rule Palestine 2008 2009 - Mar lastFri 0:00 1:00 S
3267 Rule Palestine 2008 only - Sep 1 0:00 0 -
3268 Rule Palestine 2009 only - Sep Fri>=1 1:00 0 -
3269 Rule Palestine 2010 only - Mar 26 0:00 1:00 S
3270 Rule Palestine 2010 only - Aug 11 0:00 0 -
3271 Rule Palestine 2011 only - Apr 1 0:01 1:00 S
3272 Rule Palestine 2011 only - Aug 1 0:00 0 -
3273 Rule Palestine 2011 only - Aug 30 0:00 1:00 S
3274 Rule Palestine 2011 only - Sep 30 0:00 0 -
3275 Rule Palestine 2012 2014 - Mar lastThu 24:00 1:00 S
3276 Rule Palestine 2012 only - Sep 21 1:00 0 -
3277 Rule Palestine 2013 only - Sep Fri>=21 0:00 0 -
3278 Rule Palestine 2014 2015 - Oct Fri>=21 0:00 0 -
3279 Rule Palestine 2015 only - Mar lastFri 24:00 1:00 S
3280 Rule Palestine 2016 2018 - Mar Sat>=24 1:00 1:00 S
3281 Rule Palestine 2016 max - Oct lastSat 1:00 0 -
3282 Rule Palestine 2019 max - Mar lastFri 0:00 1:00 S
3283
3284 # Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
3285 Zone Asia/Gaza 2:17:52 - LMT 1900 Oct
3286 2:00 Zion EET/EEST 1948 May 15
3287 2:00 EgyptAsia EE%sT 1967 Jun 5
3288 2:00 Zion I%sT 1996
3289 2:00 Jordan EE%sT 1999
3290 2:00 Palestine EE%sT 2008 Aug 29 0:00
3291 2:00 - EET 2008 Sep
3292 2:00 Palestine EE%sT 2010
3293 2:00 - EET 2010 Mar 27 0:01
3294 2:00 Palestine EE%sT 2011 Aug 1
3295 2:00 - EET 2012
3296 2:00 Palestine EE%sT
3297
3298 Zone Asia/Hebron 2:20:23 - LMT 1900 Oct
3299 2:00 Zion EET/EEST 1948 May 15
3300 2:00 EgyptAsia EE%sT 1967 Jun 5
3301 2:00 Zion I%sT 1996
3302 2:00 Jordan EE%sT 1999
3303 2:00 Palestine EE%sT
3304
3305 # Paracel Is
3306 # no information
3307
3308 # Philippines
3309
3310 # From Paul Eggert (2018-11-18):
3311 # The Spanish initially used American (west-of-Greenwich) time.
3312 # It is unknown what time Manila kept when the British occupied it from
3313 # 1762-10-06 through 1764-04; for now assume it kept American time.
3314 # On 1844-08-16, Narciso Clavería, governor-general of the
3315 # Philippines, issued a proclamation announcing that 1844-12-30 was to
3316 # be immediately followed by 1845-01-01; see R.H. van Gent's
3317 # History of the International Date Line
3318 # https://www.staff.science.uu.nl/~gent0113/idl/idl_philippines.htm
3319 # The rest of the data entries are from Shanks & Pottenger.
3320
3321 # From Jesper Nørgaard Welen (2006-04-26):
3322 # ... claims that Philippines had DST last time in 1990:
3323 # http://story.philippinetimes.com/p.x/ct/9/id/145be20cc6b121c0/cid/3e5bbccc730d258c/
3324 # [a story dated 2006-04-25 by Cris Larano of Dow Jones Newswires,
3325 # but no details]
3326
3327 # From Paul Eggert (2014-08-14):
3328 # The following source says DST may be instituted November-January and again
3329 # March-June, but this is not definite. It also says DST was last proclaimed
3330 # during the Ramos administration (1992-1998); but again, no details.
3331 # Carcamo D. PNoy urged to declare use of daylight saving time.
3332 # Philippine Star 2014-08-05
3333 # http://www.philstar.com/headlines/2014/08/05/1354152/pnoy-urged-declare-use-daylight-saving-time
3334
3335 # From Paul Goyette (2018-06-15):
3336 # In the Philippines, there is a national law, Republic Act No. 10535
3337 # which declares the official time here as "Philippine Standard Time".
3338 # The act [1] even specifies use of PST as the abbreviation, although
3339 # the FAQ provided by PAGASA [2] uses the "acronym PhST to distinguish
3340 # it from the Pacific Standard Time (PST)."
3341 # [1] http://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/2013/05/15/republic-act-no-10535/
3342 # [2] https://www1.pagasa.dost.gov.ph/index.php/astronomy/philippine-standard-time#republic-act-10535
3343 #
3344 # From Paul Eggert (2018-06-19):
3345 # I surveyed recent news reports, and my impression is that "PST" is
3346 # more popular among reliable English-language news sources. This is
3347 # not just a measure of Google hit counts: it's also the sizes and
3348 # influence of the sources. There is no current abbreviation for DST,
3349 # so use "PDT", the usual American style.
3350
3351 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
3352 Rule Phil 1936 only - Nov 1 0:00 1:00 D
3353 Rule Phil 1937 only - Feb 1 0:00 0 S
3354 Rule Phil 1954 only - Apr 12 0:00 1:00 D
3355 Rule Phil 1954 only - Jul 1 0:00 0 S
3356 Rule Phil 1978 only - Mar 22 0:00 1:00 D
3357 Rule Phil 1978 only - Sep 21 0:00 0 S
3358 # Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
3359 Zone Asia/Manila -15:56:00 - LMT 1844 Dec 31
3360 8:04:00 - LMT 1899 May 11
3361 8:00 Phil P%sT 1942 May
3362 9:00 - JST 1944 Nov
3363 8:00 Phil P%sT
3364
3365 # Qatar
3366 # Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
3367 Zone Asia/Qatar 3:26:08 - LMT 1920 # Al Dawhah / Doha
3368 4:00 - +04 1972 Jun
3369 3:00 - +03
3370 Link Asia/Qatar Asia/Bahrain
3371
3372 # Saudi Arabia
3373 #
3374 # From Paul Eggert (2018-08-29):
3375 # Time in Saudi Arabia and other countries in the Arabian peninsula was not
3376 # standardized until 1968 or so; we don't know exactly when, and possibly it
3377 # has never been made official. Richard P Hunt, in "Islam city yielding to
3378 # modern times", New York Times (1961-04-09), p 20, wrote that only airlines
3379 # observed standard time, and that people in Jeddah mostly observed quasi-solar
3380 # time, doing so by setting their watches at sunrise to 6 o'clock (or to 12
3381 # o'clock for "Arab" time).
3382 #
3383 # Timekeeping differed depending on who you were and which part of Saudi
3384 # Arabia you were in. In 1969, Elias Antar wrote that although a common
3385 # practice had been to set one's watch to 12:00 (i.e., midnight) at sunset -
3386 # which meant that the time on one side of a mountain could differ greatly from
3387 # the time on the other side - many foreigners set their watches to 6pm
3388 # instead, while airlines instead used UTC +03 (except in Dhahran, where they
3389 # used UTC +04), Aramco used UTC +03 with DST, and the Trans-Arabian Pipe Line
3390 # Company used Aramco time in eastern Saudi Arabia and airline time in western.
3391 # (The American Military Aid Advisory Group used plain UTC.) Antar writes,
3392 # "A man named Higgins, so the story goes, used to run a local power
3393 # station. One day, the whole thing became too much for Higgins and he
3394 # assembled his staff and laid down the law. 'I've had enough of this,' he
3395 # shrieked. 'It is now 12 o'clock Higgins Time, and from now on this station is
3396 # going to run on Higgins Time.' And so, until last year, it did." See:
3397 # Antar E. Dinner at When? Saudi Aramco World, 1969 March/April. 2-3.
3398 # http://archive.aramcoworld.com/issue/196902/dinner.at.when.htm
3399 # Also see: Antar EN. Arabian flying is confusing.
3400 # Port Angeles (WA) Evening News. 1965-03-10. page 3.
3401 #
3402 # The TZ database cannot represent quasi-solar time; airline time is the best
3403 # we can do. The 1946 foreign air news digest of the U.S. Civil Aeronautics
3404 # Board (OCLC 42299995) reported that the "... Arabian Government, inaugurated
3405 # a weekly Dhahran-Cairo service, via the Saudi Arabian cities of Riyadh and
3406 # Jidda, on March 14, 1947". Shanks & Pottenger guessed 1950; go with the
3407 # earlier date.
3408 #
3409 # Shanks & Pottenger also state that until 1968-05-01 Saudi Arabia had two
3410 # time zones; the other zone, at UT +04, was in the far eastern part of
3411 # the country. Presumably this is documenting airline time. Ignore this,
3412 # as it's before our 1970 cutoff.
3413 #
3414 # Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
3415 Zone Asia/Riyadh 3:06:52 - LMT 1947 Mar 14
3416 3:00 - +03
3417 Link Asia/Riyadh Asia/Aden # Yemen
3418 Link Asia/Riyadh Asia/Kuwait
3419
3420 # Singapore
3421 # taken from Mok Ly Yng (2003-10-30)
3422 # http://www.math.nus.edu.sg/aslaksen/teaching/timezone.html
3423 # Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
3424 Zone Asia/Singapore 6:55:25 - LMT 1901 Jan 1
3425 6:55:25 - SMT 1905 Jun 1 # Singapore M.T.
3426 7:00 - +07 1933 Jan 1
3427 7:00 0:20 +0720 1936 Jan 1
3428 7:20 - +0720 1941 Sep 1
3429 7:30 - +0730 1942 Feb 16
3430 9:00 - +09 1945 Sep 12
3431 7:30 - +0730 1982 Jan 1
3432 8:00 - +08
3433
3434 # Spratly Is
3435 # no information
3436
3437 # Sri Lanka
3438
3439 # From Paul Eggert (2013-02-21):
3440 # Milne says "Madras mean time use from May 1, 1898. Prior to this Colombo
3441 # mean time, 5h. 4m. 21.9s. F., was used." But 5:04:21.9 differs considerably
3442 # from Colombo's meridian 5:19:24, so for now ignore Milne and stick with
3443 # Shanks and Pottenger.
3444
3445 # From Paul Eggert (1996-09-03):
3446 # "Sri Lanka advances clock by an hour to avoid blackout"
3447 # (<http://www.virtual-pc.com/lankaweb/news/items/240596-2.html>, 1996-05-24,
3448 # no longer available as of 1999-08-17)
3449 # reported "the country's standard time will be put forward by one hour at
3450 # midnight Friday (1830 GMT) 'in the light of the present power crisis'."
3451 #
3452 # From Dharmasiri Senanayake, Sri Lanka Media Minister (1996-10-24), as quoted
3453 # by Shamindra in Daily News - Hot News Section
3454 # <news:54rka5$m5h@mtinsc01-mgt.ops.worldnet.att.net> (1996-10-26):
3455 # With effect from 12.30 a.m. on 26th October 1996
3456 # Sri Lanka will be six (06) hours ahead of GMT.
3457
3458 # From Jesper Nørgaard Welen (2006-04-14), quoting Sri Lanka News Online
3459 # <http://news.sinhalaya.com/wmview.php?ArtID=11002> (2006-04-13):
3460 # 0030 hrs on April 15, 2006 (midnight of April 14, 2006 +30 minutes)
3461 # at present, become 2400 hours of April 14, 2006 (midnight of April 14, 2006).
3462
3463 # From Peter Apps and Ranga Sirila of Reuters (2006-04-12) in:
3464 # http://today.reuters.co.uk/news/newsArticle.aspx?type=scienceNews&storyID=2006-04-12T172228Z_01_COL295762_RTRIDST_0_SCIENCE-SRILANKA-TIME-DC.XML
3465 # [The Tamil Tigers] never accepted the original 1996 time change and simply
3466 # kept their clocks set five and a half hours ahead of Greenwich Mean
3467 # Time (GMT), in line with neighbor India.
3468 # From Paul Eggert (2006-04-18):
3469 # People who live in regions under Tamil control can use [TZ='Asia/Kolkata'],
3470 # as that zone has agreed with the Tamil areas since our cutoff date of 1970.
3471
3472 # From Sadika Sumanapala (2016-10-19):
3473 # According to http://www.sltime.org (maintained by Measurement Units,
3474 # Standards & Services Department, Sri Lanka) abbreviation for Sri Lanka
3475 # standard time is SLST.
3476 #
3477 # From Paul Eggert (2016-10-18):
3478 # "SLST" seems to be reasonably recent and rarely-used outside time
3479 # zone nerd sources. I searched Google News and found three uses of
3480 # it in the International Business Times of India in February and
3481 # March of this year when discussing cricket match times, but nothing
3482 # since then (though there has been a lot of cricket) and nothing in
3483 # other English-language news sources. Our old abbreviation "LKT" is
3484 # even worse. For now, let's use a numeric abbreviation; we can
3485 # switch to "SLST" if it catches on.
3486
3487 # Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
3488 Zone Asia/Colombo 5:19:24 - LMT 1880
3489 5:19:32 - MMT 1906 # Moratuwa Mean Time
3490 5:30 - +0530 1942 Jan 5
3491 5:30 0:30 +06 1942 Sep
3492 5:30 1:00 +0630 1945 Oct 16 2:00
3493 5:30 - +0530 1996 May 25 0:00
3494 6:30 - +0630 1996 Oct 26 0:30
3495 6:00 - +06 2006 Apr 15 0:30
3496 5:30 - +0530
3497
3498 # Syria
3499 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
3500 Rule Syria 1920 1923 - Apr Sun>=15 2:00 1:00 S
3501 Rule Syria 1920 1923 - Oct Sun>=1 2:00 0 -
3502 Rule Syria 1962 only - Apr 29 2:00 1:00 S
3503 Rule Syria 1962 only - Oct 1 2:00 0 -
3504 Rule Syria 1963 1965 - May 1 2:00 1:00 S
3505 Rule Syria 1963 only - Sep 30 2:00 0 -
3506 Rule Syria 1964 only - Oct 1 2:00 0 -
3507 Rule Syria 1965 only - Sep 30 2:00 0 -
3508 Rule Syria 1966 only - Apr 24 2:00 1:00 S
3509 Rule Syria 1966 1976 - Oct 1 2:00 0 -
3510 Rule Syria 1967 1978 - May 1 2:00 1:00 S
3511 Rule Syria 1977 1978 - Sep 1 2:00 0 -
3512 Rule Syria 1983 1984 - Apr 9 2:00 1:00 S
3513 Rule Syria 1983 1984 - Oct 1 2:00 0 -
3514 Rule Syria 1986 only - Feb 16 2:00 1:00 S
3515 Rule Syria 1986 only - Oct 9 2:00 0 -
3516 Rule Syria 1987 only - Mar 1 2:00 1:00 S
3517 Rule Syria 1987 1988 - Oct 31 2:00 0 -
3518 Rule Syria 1988 only - Mar 15 2:00 1:00 S
3519 Rule Syria 1989 only - Mar 31 2:00 1:00 S
3520 Rule Syria 1989 only - Oct 1 2:00 0 -
3521 Rule Syria 1990 only - Apr 1 2:00 1:00 S
3522 Rule Syria 1990 only - Sep 30 2:00 0 -
3523 Rule Syria 1991 only - Apr 1 0:00 1:00 S
3524 Rule Syria 1991 1992 - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
3525 Rule Syria 1992 only - Apr 8 0:00 1:00 S
3526 Rule Syria 1993 only - Mar 26 0:00 1:00 S
3527 Rule Syria 1993 only - Sep 25 0:00 0 -
3528 # IATA SSIM (1998-02) says 1998-04-02;
3529 # (1998-09) says 1999-03-29 and 1999-09-29; (1999-02) says 1999-04-02,
3530 # 2000-04-02, and 2001-04-02; (1999-09) says 2000-03-31 and 2001-03-31;
3531 # (2006) says 2006-03-31 and 2006-09-22;
3532 # for now ignore all these claims and go with Shanks & Pottenger,
3533 # except for the 2006-09-22 claim (which seems right for Ramadan).
3534 Rule Syria 1994 1996 - Apr 1 0:00 1:00 S
3535 Rule Syria 1994 2005 - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
3536 Rule Syria 1997 1998 - Mar lastMon 0:00 1:00 S
3537 Rule Syria 1999 2006 - Apr 1 0:00 1:00 S
3538 # From Stephen Colebourne (2006-09-18):
3539 # According to IATA data, Syria will change DST on 21st September [21:00 UTC]
3540 # this year [only].... This is probably related to Ramadan, like Egypt.
3541 Rule Syria 2006 only - Sep 22 0:00 0 -
3542 # From Paul Eggert (2007-03-29):
3543 # Today the AP reported "Syria will switch to summertime at midnight Thursday."
3544 # http://www.iht.com/articles/ap/2007/03/29/africa/ME-GEN-Syria-Time-Change.php
3545 Rule Syria 2007 only - Mar lastFri 0:00 1:00 S
3546 # From Jesper Nørgaard (2007-10-27):
3547 # The sister center ICARDA of my work CIMMYT is confirming that Syria DST will
3548 # not take place 1st November at 0:00 o'clock but 1st November at 24:00 or
3549 # rather Midnight between Thursday and Friday. This does make more sense than
3550 # having it between Wednesday and Thursday (two workdays in Syria) since the
3551 # weekend in Syria is not Saturday and Sunday, but Friday and Saturday. So now
3552 # it is implemented at midnight of the last workday before weekend...
3553 #
3554 # From Steffen Thorsen (2007-10-27):
3555 # Jesper Nørgaard Welen wrote:
3556 #
3557 # > "Winter local time in Syria will be observed at midnight of Thursday 1
3558 # > November 2007, and the clock will be put back 1 hour."
3559 #
3560 # I found confirmation on this in this gov.sy-article (Arabic):
3561 # http://wehda.alwehda.gov.sy/_print_veiw.asp?FileName=12521710520070926111247
3562 #
3563 # which using Google's translate tools says:
3564 # Council of Ministers also approved the commencement of work on
3565 # identifying the winter time as of Friday, 2/11/2007 where the 60th
3566 # minute delay at midnight Thursday 1/11/2007.
3567 Rule Syria 2007 only - Nov Fri>=1 0:00 0 -
3568
3569 # From Stephen Colebourne (2008-03-17):
3570 # For everyone's info, I saw an IATA time zone change for [Syria] for
3571 # this month (March 2008) in the last day or so....
3572 # Country Time Standard --- DST Start --- --- DST End --- DST
3573 # Name Zone Variation Time Date Time Date
3574 # Variation
3575 # Syrian Arab
3576 # Republic SY +0200 2200 03APR08 2100 30SEP08 +0300
3577 # 2200 02APR09 2100 30SEP09 +0300
3578 # 2200 01APR10 2100 30SEP10 +0300
3579
3580 # From Arthur David Olson (2008-03-17):
3581 # Here's a link to English-language coverage by the Syrian Arab News
3582 # Agency (SANA)...
3583 # http://www.sana.sy/eng/21/2008/03/11/165173.htm
3584 # ...which reads (in part) "The Cabinet approved the suggestion of the
3585 # Ministry of Electricity to begin daylight savings time on Friday April
3586 # 4th, advancing clocks one hour ahead on midnight of Thursday April 3rd."
3587 # Since Syria is two hours east of UTC, the 2200 and 2100 transition times
3588 # shown above match up with midnight in Syria.
3589
3590 # From Arthur David Olson (2008-03-18):
3591 # My best guess at a Syrian rule is "the Friday nearest April 1";
3592 # coding that involves either using a "Mar Fri>=29" construct that old time zone
3593 # compilers can't handle or having multiple Rules (a la Israel).
3594 # For now, use "Apr Fri>=1", and go with IATA on a uniform Sep 30 end.
3595
3596 # From Steffen Thorsen (2008-10-07):
3597 # Syria has now officially decided to end DST on 2008-11-01 this year,
3598 # according to the following article in the Syrian Arab News Agency (SANA).
3599 #
3600 # The article is in Arabic, and seems to tell that they will go back to
3601 # winter time on 2008-11-01 at 00:00 local daylight time (delaying/setting
3602 # clocks back 60 minutes).
3603 #
3604 # http://sana.sy/ara/2/2008/10/07/195459.htm
3605
3606 # From Steffen Thorsen (2009-03-19):
3607 # Syria will start DST on 2009-03-27 00:00 this year according to many sources,
3608 # two examples:
3609 #
3610 # http://www.sana.sy/eng/21/2009/03/17/217563.htm
3611 # (English, Syrian Arab News # Agency)
3612 # http://thawra.alwehda.gov.sy/_View_news2.asp?FileName=94459258720090318012209
3613 # (Arabic, gov-site)
3614 #
3615 # We have not found any sources saying anything about when DST ends this year.
3616 #
3617 # Our summary
3618 # https://www.timeanddate.com/news/time/syria-dst-starts-march-27-2009.html
3619
3620 # From Steffen Thorsen (2009-10-27):
3621 # The Syrian Arab News Network on 2009-09-29 reported that Syria will
3622 # revert back to winter (standard) time on midnight between Thursday
3623 # 2009-10-29 and Friday 2009-10-30:
3624 # http://www.sana.sy/ara/2/2009/09/29/247012.htm (Arabic)
3625
3626 # From Arthur David Olson (2009-10-28):
3627 # We'll see if future DST switching times turn out to be end of the last
3628 # Thursday of the month or the start of the last Friday of the month or
3629 # something else. For now, use the start of the last Friday.
3630
3631 # From Steffen Thorsen (2010-03-17):
3632 # The "Syrian News Station" reported on 2010-03-16 that the Council of
3633 # Ministers has decided that Syria will start DST on midnight Thursday
3634 # 2010-04-01: (midnight between Thursday and Friday):
3635 # http://sns.sy/sns/?path=news/read/11421 (Arabic)
3636
3637 # From Steffen Thorsen (2012-03-26):
3638 # Today, Syria's government announced that they will start DST early on Friday
3639 # (00:00). This is a bit earlier than the past two years.
3640 #
3641 # From Syrian Arab News Agency, in Arabic:
3642 # http://www.sana.sy/ara/2/2012/03/26/408215.htm
3643 #
3644 # Our brief summary:
3645 # https://www.timeanddate.com/news/time/syria-dst-2012.html
3646
3647 # From Arthur David Olson (2012-03-27):
3648 # Assume last Friday in March going forward XXX.
3649
3650 Rule Syria 2008 only - Apr Fri>=1 0:00 1:00 S
3651 Rule Syria 2008 only - Nov 1 0:00 0 -
3652 Rule Syria 2009 only - Mar lastFri 0:00 1:00 S
3653 Rule Syria 2010 2011 - Apr Fri>=1 0:00 1:00 S
3654 Rule Syria 2012 max - Mar lastFri 0:00 1:00 S
3655 Rule Syria 2009 max - Oct lastFri 0:00 0 -
3656
3657 # Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
3658 Zone Asia/Damascus 2:25:12 - LMT 1920 # Dimashq
3659 2:00 Syria EE%sT
3660
3661 # Tajikistan
3662 # From Shanks & Pottenger.
3663 # Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
3664 Zone Asia/Dushanbe 4:35:12 - LMT 1924 May 2
3665 5:00 - +05 1930 Jun 21
3666 6:00 RussiaAsia +06/+07 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
3667 5:00 1:00 +05/+06 1991 Sep 9 2:00s
3668 5:00 - +05
3669
3670 # Thailand
3671 # Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
3672 Zone Asia/Bangkok 6:42:04 - LMT 1880
3673 6:42:04 - BMT 1920 Apr # Bangkok Mean Time
3674 7:00 - +07
3675 Link Asia/Bangkok Asia/Phnom_Penh # Cambodia
3676 Link Asia/Bangkok Asia/Vientiane # Laos
3677
3678 # Turkmenistan
3679 # From Shanks & Pottenger.
3680 # Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
3681 Zone Asia/Ashgabat 3:53:32 - LMT 1924 May 2 # or Ashkhabad
3682 4:00 - +04 1930 Jun 21
3683 5:00 RussiaAsia +05/+06 1991 Mar 31 2:00
3684 4:00 RussiaAsia +04/+05 1992 Jan 19 2:00
3685 5:00 - +05
3686
3687 # United Arab Emirates
3688 # Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
3689 Zone Asia/Dubai 3:41:12 - LMT 1920
3690 4:00 - +04
3691 Link Asia/Dubai Asia/Muscat # Oman
3692
3693 # Uzbekistan
3694 # Byalokoz 1919 says Uzbekistan was 4:27:53.
3695 # Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
3696 Zone Asia/Samarkand 4:27:53 - LMT 1924 May 2
3697 4:00 - +04 1930 Jun 21
3698 5:00 - +05 1981 Apr 1
3699 5:00 1:00 +06 1981 Oct 1
3700 6:00 - +06 1982 Apr 1
3701 5:00 RussiaAsia +05/+06 1992
3702 5:00 - +05
3703 # Milne says Tashkent was 4:37:10.8; round to nearest.
3704 Zone Asia/Tashkent 4:37:11 - LMT 1924 May 2
3705 5:00 - +05 1930 Jun 21
3706 6:00 RussiaAsia +06/+07 1991 Mar 31 2:00
3707 5:00 RussiaAsia +05/+06 1992
3708 5:00 - +05
3709
3710 # Vietnam
3711
3712 # From Paul Eggert (2014-10-04):
3713 # Milne gives 7:16:56 for the meridian of Saigon in 1899, as being
3714 # used in Lower Laos, Cambodia, and Annam. But this is quite a ways
3715 # from Saigon's location. For now, ignore this and stick with Shanks
3716 # and Pottenger for LMT before 1906.
3717
3718 # From Arthur David Olson (2008-03-18):
3719 # The English-language name of Vietnam's most populous city is "Ho Chi Minh
3720 # City"; use Ho_Chi_Minh below to avoid a name of more than 14 characters.
3721
3722 # From Paul Eggert (2014-10-21) after a heads-up from Trần Ngọc Quân:
3723 # Trần Tiến Bình's authoritative book "Lịch Việt Nam: thế kỷ XX-XXI (1901-2100)"
3724 # (Nhà xuất bản Văn Hoá - Thông Tin, Hanoi, 2005), pp 49-50,
3725 # is quoted verbatim in:
3726 # http://www.thoigian.com.vn/?mPage=P80D01
3727 # is translated by Brian Inglis in:
3728 # https://mm.icann.org/pipermail/tz/2014-October/021654.html
3729 # and is the basis for the information below.
3730 #
3731 # The 1906 transition was effective July 1 and standardized Indochina to
3732 # Phù Liễn Observatory, legally 104° 17' 17" east of Paris.
3733 # It's unclear whether this meant legal Paris Mean Time (00:09:21) or
3734 # the Paris Meridian (2° 20' 14.03" E); the former yields 07:06:30.1333...
3735 # and the latter 07:06:29.333... so either way it rounds to 07:06:30,
3736 # which is used below even though the modern-day Phù Liễn Observatory
3737 # is closer to 07:06:31. Abbreviate Phù Liễn Mean Time as PLMT.
3738 #
3739 # The following transitions occurred in Indochina in general (before 1954)
3740 # and in South Vietnam in particular (after 1954):
3741 # To 07:00 on 1911-05-01.
3742 # To 08:00 on 1942-12-31 at 23:00.
3743 # To 09:00 on 1945-03-14 at 23:00.
3744 # To 07:00 on 1945-09-02 in Vietnam.
3745 # To 08:00 on 1947-04-01 in French-controlled Indochina.
3746 # To 07:00 on 1955-07-01 in South Vietnam.
3747 # To 08:00 on 1959-12-31 at 23:00 in South Vietnam.
3748 # To 07:00 on 1975-06-13 in South Vietnam.
3749 #
3750 # Trần cites the following sources; it's unclear which supplied the info above.
3751 #
3752 # Hoàng Xuân Hãn: "Lịch và lịch Việt Nam". Tập san Khoa học Xã hội,
3753 # No. 9, Paris, February 1982.
3754 #
3755 # Lê Thành Lân: "Lịch và niên biểu lịch sử hai mươi thế kỷ (0001-2010)",
3756 # NXB Thống kê, Hanoi, 2000.
3757 #
3758 # Lê Thành Lân: "Lịch hai thế kỷ (1802-2010) và các lịch vĩnh cửu",
3759 # NXB Thuận Hoá, Huế, 1995.
3760
3761 # Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
3762 Zone Asia/Ho_Chi_Minh 7:06:40 - LMT 1906 Jul 1
3763 7:06:30 - PLMT 1911 May 1 # Phù Liễn MT
3764 7:00 - +07 1942 Dec 31 23:00
3765 8:00 - +08 1945 Mar 14 23:00
3766 9:00 - +09 1945 Sep 2
3767 7:00 - +07 1947 Apr 1
3768 8:00 - +08 1955 Jul 1
3769 7:00 - +07 1959 Dec 31 23:00
3770 8:00 - +08 1975 Jun 13
3771 7:00 - +07
3772
3773 # From Paul Eggert (2019-02-19):
3774 #
3775 # The Ho Chi Minh entry suffices for most purposes as it agrees with all of
3776 # Vietnam since 1975-06-13. Presumably clocks often changed in south Vietnam
3777 # in the early 1970s as locations changed hands during the war; however the
3778 # details are unknown and would likely be too voluminous for this database.
3779 #
3780 # For timestamps in north Vietnam back to 1970 (the tzdb cutoff),
3781 # use Asia/Bangkok; see the VN entries in the file zone1970.tab.
3782 # For timestamps before 1970, see Asia/Hanoi in the file 'backzone'.
3783
3784
3785 # Yemen
3786 # See Asia/Riyadh.