1 #
2 # DO NOT ALTER OR REMOVE COPYRIGHT NOTICES OR THIS FILE HEADER.
3 #
4 # This code is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
5 # under the terms of the GNU General Public License version 2 only, as
6 # published by the Free Software Foundation. Oracle designates this
7 # particular file as subject to the "Classpath" exception as provided
8 # by Oracle in the LICENSE file that accompanied this code.
9 #
10 # This code is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT
11 # ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or
12 # FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU General Public License
13 # version 2 for more details (a copy is included in the LICENSE file that
14 # accompanied this code).
15 #
16 # You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License version
17 # 2 along with this work; if not, write to the Free Software Foundation,
18 # Inc., 51 Franklin St, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA 02110-1301 USA.
19 #
20 # Please contact Oracle, 500 Oracle Parkway, Redwood Shores, CA 94065 USA
21 # or visit www.oracle.com if you need additional information or have any
22 # questions.
23 #
24 # tzdb data for Europe and environs
25
26 # This file is in the public domain, so clarified as of
27 # 2009-05-17 by Arthur David Olson.
28
29 # This file is by no means authoritative; if you think you know better,
30 # go ahead and edit the file (and please send any changes to
31 # tz@iana.org for general use in the future). For more, please see
32 # the file CONTRIBUTING in the tz distribution.
33
34 # From Paul Eggert (2017-02-10):
35 #
36 # Unless otherwise specified, the source for data through 1990 is:
37 # Thomas G. Shanks and Rique Pottenger, The International Atlas (6th edition),
38 # San Diego: ACS Publications, Inc. (2003).
39 # Unfortunately this book contains many errors and cites no sources.
40 #
41 # Many years ago Gwillim Law wrote that a good source
42 # for time zone data was the International Air Transport
43 # Association's Standard Schedules Information Manual (IATA SSIM),
44 # published semiannually. Law sent in several helpful summaries
45 # of the IATA's data after 1990. Except where otherwise noted,
46 # IATA SSIM is the source for entries after 1990.
47 #
48 # A reliable and entertaining source about time zones is
49 # Derek Howse, Greenwich time and longitude, Philip Wilson Publishers (1997).
50 #
51 # Except where otherwise noted, Shanks & Pottenger is the source for
52 # entries through 1991, and IATA SSIM is the source for entries afterwards.
53 #
54 # Other sources occasionally used include:
55 #
56 # Edward W. Whitman, World Time Differences,
57 # Whitman Publishing Co, 2 Niagara Av, Ealing, London (undated),
58 # which I found in the UCLA library.
59 #
60 # William Willett, The Waste of Daylight, 19th edition
61 # <http://cs.ucla.edu/~eggert/The-Waste-of-Daylight-19th.pdf>
62 # [PDF] (1914-03)
63 #
64 # Milne J. Civil time. Geogr J. 1899 Feb;13(2):173-94
65 # <https://www.jstor.org/stable/1774359>. He writes:
66 # "It is requested that corrections and additions to these tables
67 # may be sent to Mr. John Milne, Royal Geographical Society,
68 # Savile Row, London." Nowadays please email them to tz@iana.org.
69 #
70 # Byalokoz EL. New Counting of Time in Russia since July 1, 1919.
71 # This Russian-language source was consulted by Vladimir Karpinsky; see
72 # https://mm.icann.org/pipermail/tz/2014-August/021320.html
73 # The full Russian citation is:
74 # Бялокоз, Евгений Людвигович. Новый счет времени в течении суток
75 # введенный декретом Совета народных комиссаров для всей России с 1-го
76 # июля 1919 г. / Изд. 2-е Междуведомственной комиссии. - Петроград:
77 # Десятая гос. тип., 1919.
78 # http://resolver.gpntb.ru/purl?docushare/dsweb/Get/Resource-2011/Byalokoz__E.L.__Novyy__schet__vremeni__v__techenie__sutok__izd__2(1).pdf
79 #
80 # Brazil's Divisão Serviço da Hora (DSHO),
81 # History of Summer Time
82 # <http://pcdsh01.on.br/HISTHV.htm>
83 # (1998-09-21, in Portuguese)
84 #
85 # I invented the abbreviations marked '*' in the following table;
86 # the rest are variants of the "xMT" pattern for a city's mean time,
87 # or are from other sources. Corrections are welcome!
88 # std dst 2dst
89 # LMT Local Mean Time
90 # -4:00 AST ADT Atlantic
91 # 0:00 GMT BST BDST Greenwich, British Summer
92 # 0:00 GMT IST Greenwich, Irish Summer
93 # 0:00 WET WEST WEMT Western Europe
94 # 0:19:32.13 AMT* NST* Amsterdam, Netherlands Summer (1835-1937)
95 # 1:00 BST British Standard (1968-1971)
96 # 1:00 IST GMT Irish Standard (1968-) with winter DST
97 # 1:00 CET CEST CEMT Central Europe
98 # 1:00:14 SET Swedish (1879-1899)
99 # 1:36:34 RMT* LST* Riga, Latvian Summer (1880-1926)*
100 # 2:00 EET EEST Eastern Europe
101 # 3:00 MSK MSD MDST* Moscow
102
103 # From Peter Ilieve (1994-12-04), re EEC/EC/EU members:
104 # The original six: Belgium, France, (West) Germany, Italy,
105 # Luxembourg, the Netherlands.
106 # Plus, from 1 Jan 73: Denmark, Ireland, United Kingdom.
107 # Plus, from 1 Jan 81: Greece.
108 # Plus, from 1 Jan 86: Spain, Portugal.
109 # Plus, from 1 Jan 95: Austria, Finland, Sweden. (Norway negotiated terms for
110 # entry but in a referendum on 28 Nov 94 the people voted No by 52.2% to 47.8%
111 # on a turnout of 88.6%. This was almost the same result as Norway's previous
112 # referendum in 1972, they are the only country to have said No twice.
113 # Referendums in the other three countries voted Yes.)
114 # ...
115 # Estonia ... uses EU dates but not at 01:00 GMT, they use midnight GMT.
116 # I don't think they know yet what they will do from 1996 onwards.
117 # ...
118 # There shouldn't be any [current members who are not using EU rules].
119 # A Directive has the force of law, member states are obliged to enact
120 # national law to implement it. The only contentious issue was the
121 # different end date for the UK and Ireland, and this was always allowed
122 # in the Directive.
123
124
125 ###############################################################################
126
127 # Britain (United Kingdom) and Ireland (Eire)
128
129 # From Peter Ilieve (1994-07-06):
130 #
131 # On 17 Jan 1994 the Independent, a UK quality newspaper, had a piece about
132 # historical vistas along the Thames in west London. There was a photo
133 # and a sketch map showing some of the sightlines involved. One paragraph
134 # of the text said:
135 #
136 # 'An old stone obelisk marking a forgotten terrestrial meridian stands
137 # beside the river at Kew. In the 18th century, before time and longitude
138 # was standardised by the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, scholars observed
139 # this stone and the movement of stars from Kew Observatory nearby. They
140 # made their calculations and set the time for the Horse Guards and Parliament,
141 # but now the stone is obscured by scrubwood and can only be seen by walking
142 # along the towpath within a few yards of it.'
143 #
144 # I have a one inch to one mile map of London and my estimate of the stone's
145 # position is 51° 28' 30" N, 0° 18' 45" W. The longitude should
146 # be within about ±2". The Ordnance Survey grid reference is TQ172761.
147 #
148 # [This yields STDOFF = -0:01:15 for London LMT in the 18th century.]
149
150 # From Paul Eggert (1993-11-18):
151 #
152 # Howse writes that Britain was the first country to use standard time.
153 # The railways cared most about the inconsistencies of local mean time,
154 # and it was they who forced a uniform time on the country.
155 # The original idea was credited to Dr. William Hyde Wollaston (1766-1828)
156 # and was popularized by Abraham Follett Osler (1808-1903).
157 # The first railway to adopt London time was the Great Western Railway
158 # in November 1840; other railways followed suit, and by 1847 most
159 # (though not all) railways used London time. On 1847-09-22 the
160 # Railway Clearing House, an industry standards body, recommended that GMT be
161 # adopted at all stations as soon as the General Post Office permitted it.
162 # The transition occurred on 12-01 for the L&NW, the Caledonian,
163 # and presumably other railways; the January 1848 Bradshaw's lists many
164 # railways as using GMT. By 1855 the vast majority of public
165 # clocks in Britain were set to GMT (though some, like the great clock
166 # on Tom Tower at Christ Church, Oxford, were fitted with two minute hands,
167 # one for local time and one for GMT). The last major holdout was the legal
168 # system, which stubbornly stuck to local time for many years, leading
169 # to oddities like polls opening at 08:13 and closing at 16:13.
170 # The legal system finally switched to GMT when the Statutes (Definition
171 # of Time) Act took effect; it received the Royal Assent on 1880-08-02.
172 #
173 # In the tables below, we condense this complicated story into a single
174 # transition date for London, namely 1847-12-01. We don't know as much
175 # about Dublin, so we use 1880-08-02, the legal transition time.
176
177 # From Paul Eggert (2014-07-19):
178 # The ancients had no need for daylight saving, as they kept time
179 # informally or via hours whose length depended on the time of year.
180 # Daylight saving time in its modern sense was invented by the
181 # New Zealand entomologist George Vernon Hudson (1867-1946),
182 # whose day job as a postal clerk led him to value
183 # after-hours daylight in which to pursue his research.
184 # In 1895 he presented a paper to the Wellington Philosophical Society
185 # that proposed a two-hour daylight-saving shift. See:
186 # Hudson GV. On seasonal time-adjustment in countries south of lat. 30°.
187 # Transactions and Proceedings of the New Zealand Institute. 1895;28:734
188 # http://rsnz.natlib.govt.nz/volume/rsnz_28/rsnz_28_00_006110.html
189 # Although some interest was expressed in New Zealand, his proposal
190 # did not find its way into law and eventually it was almost forgotten.
191 #
192 # In England, DST was independently reinvented by William Willett (1857-1915),
193 # a London builder and member of the Royal Astronomical Society
194 # who circulated a pamphlet "The Waste of Daylight" (1907)
195 # that proposed advancing clocks 20 minutes on each of four Sundays in April,
196 # and retarding them by the same amount on four Sundays in September.
197 # A bill was drafted in 1909 and introduced in Parliament several times,
198 # but it met with ridicule and opposition, especially from farming interests.
199 # Later editions of the pamphlet proposed one-hour summer time, and
200 # it was eventually adopted as a wartime measure in 1916.
201 # See: Summer Time Arrives Early, The Times (2000-05-18).
202 # A monument to Willett was unveiled on 1927-05-21, in an open space in
203 # a 45-acre wood near Chislehurst, Kent that was purchased by popular
204 # subscription and open to the public. On the south face of the monolith,
205 # designed by G. W. Miller, is the William Willett Memorial Sundial,
206 # which is permanently set to Summer Time.
207
208 # From Winston Churchill (1934-04-28):
209 # It is one of the paradoxes of history that we should owe the boon of
210 # summer time, which gives every year to the people of this country
211 # between 160 and 170 hours more daylight leisure, to a war which
212 # plunged Europe into darkness for four years, and shook the
213 # foundations of civilization throughout the world.
214 # -- "A Silent Toast to William Willett", Pictorial Weekly;
215 # republished in Finest Hour (Spring 2002) 1(114):26
216 # https://www.winstonchurchill.org/publications/finest-hour/finest-hour-114/a-silent-toast-to-william-willett-by-winston-s-churchill
217
218 # From Paul Eggert (2015-08-08):
219 # The OED Supplement says that the English originally said "Daylight Saving"
220 # when they were debating the adoption of DST in 1908; but by 1916 this
221 # term appears only in quotes taken from DST's opponents, whereas the
222 # proponents (who eventually won the argument) are quoted as using "Summer".
223 # The term "Summer Time" was introduced by Herbert Samuel, Home Secretary; see:
224 # Viscount Samuel. Leisure in a Democracy. Cambridge University Press
225 # ISBN 978-1-107-49471-8 (1949, reissued 2015), p 8.
226
227 # From Arthur David Olson (1989-01-19):
228 # A source at the British Information Office in New York avers that it's
229 # known as "British" Summer Time in all parts of the United Kingdom.
230
231 # Date: 4 Jan 89 08:57:25 GMT (Wed)
232 # From: Jonathan Leffler
233 # [British Summer Time] is fixed annually by Act of Parliament.
234 # If you can predict what Parliament will do, you should be in
235 # politics making a fortune, not computing.
236
237 # From Chris Carrier (1996-06-14):
238 # I remember reading in various wartime issues of the London Times the
239 # acronym BDST for British Double Summer Time. Look for the published
240 # time of sunrise and sunset in The Times, when BDST was in effect, and
241 # if you find a zone reference it will say, "All times B.D.S.T."
242
243 # From Joseph S. Myers (1999-09-02):
244 # ... some military cables (WO 219/4100 - this is a copy from the
245 # main SHAEF archives held in the US National Archives, SHAEF/5252/8/516)
246 # agree that the usage is BDST (this appears in a message dated 17 Feb 1945).
247
248 # From Joseph S. Myers (2000-10-03):
249 # On 18th April 1941, Sir Stephen Tallents of the BBC wrote to Sir
250 # Alexander Maxwell of the Home Office asking whether there was any
251 # official designation; the reply of the 21st was that there wasn't
252 # but he couldn't think of anything better than the "Double British
253 # Summer Time" that the BBC had been using informally.
254 # https://www.polyomino.org.uk/british-time/bbc-19410418.png
255 # https://www.polyomino.org.uk/british-time/ho-19410421.png
256
257 # From Sir Alexander Maxwell in the above-mentioned letter (1941-04-21):
258 # [N]o official designation has as far as I know been adopted for the time
259 # which is to be introduced in May....
260 # I cannot think of anything better than "Double British Summer Time"
261 # which could not be said to run counter to any official description.
262
263 # From Paul Eggert (2000-10-02):
264 # Howse writes (p 157) 'DBST' too, but 'BDST' seems to have been common
265 # and follows the more usual convention of putting the location name first,
266 # so we use 'BDST'.
267
268 # Peter Ilieve (1998-04-19) described at length
269 # the history of summer time legislation in the United Kingdom.
270 # Since 1998 Joseph S. Myers has been updating
271 # and extending this list, which can be found in
272 # https://www.polyomino.org.uk/british-time/
273
274 # From Joseph S. Myers (1998-01-06):
275 #
276 # The legal time in the UK outside of summer time is definitely GMT, not UTC;
277 # see Lord Tanlaw's speech
278 # https://www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/ld199798/ldhansrd/vo970611/text/70611-10.htm#70611-10_head0
279 # (Lords Hansard 11 June 1997 columns 964 to 976).
280
281 # From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):
282 #
283 # For lack of other data, follow Shanks & Pottenger for Eire in 1940-1948.
284 #
285 # Given Ilieve and Myers's data, the following claims by Shanks & Pottenger
286 # are incorrect:
287 # * Wales did not switch from GMT to daylight saving time until
288 # 1921 Apr 3, when they began to conform with the rest of Great Britain.
289 # Actually, Wales was identical after 1880.
290 # * Eire had two transitions on 1916 Oct 1.
291 # It actually just had one transition.
292 # * Northern Ireland used single daylight saving time throughout WW II.
293 # Actually, it conformed to Britain.
294 # * GB-Eire changed standard time to 1 hour ahead of GMT on 1968-02-18.
295 # Actually, that date saw the usual switch to summer time.
296 # Standard time was not changed until 1968-10-27 (the clocks didn't change).
297 #
298 # Here is another incorrect claim by Shanks & Pottenger:
299 # * Jersey, Guernsey, and the Isle of Man did not switch from GMT
300 # to daylight saving time until 1921 Apr 3, when they began to
301 # conform with Great Britain.
302 # S.R.&O. 1916, No. 382 and HO 45/10811/312364 (quoted above) say otherwise.
303 #
304 # The following claim by Shanks & Pottenger is possible though doubtful;
305 # we'll ignore it for now.
306 # * Dublin's 1971-10-31 switch was at 02:00, even though London's was 03:00.
307
308 # From Paul Eggert (2017-12-04):
309 #
310 # Dunsink Observatory (8 km NW of Dublin's center) was to Dublin as
311 # Greenwich was to London. For example:
312 #
313 # "Timeball on the ballast office is down. Dunsink time."
314 # -- James Joyce, Ulysses
315 #
316 # The abbreviation DMT stood for "Dublin Mean Time" or "Dunsink Mean Time";
317 # this being Ireland, opinions differed.
318 #
319 # Whitman says Dublin/Dunsink Mean Time was UT-00:25:21, which agrees
320 # with measurements of recent visitors to the Meridian Room of Dunsink
321 # Observatory; see Malone D. Dunsink and timekeeping. 2016-01-24.
322 # <https://www.maths.tcd.ie/~dwmalone/time/dunsink.html>. Malone
323 # writes that the Nautical Almanac listed UT-00:25:22 until 1896, when
324 # it moved to UT-00:25:21.1 (I confirmed that the 1893 edition used
325 # the former and the 1896 edition used the latter). Evidently the
326 # news of this change propagated slowly, as Milne 1899 still lists
327 # UT-00:25:22 and cites the International Telegraph Bureau. As it is
328 # not clear that there was any practical significance to the change
329 # from UT-00:25:22 to UT-00:25:21.1 in civil timekeeping, omit this
330 # transition for now and just use the latter value, omitting its
331 # fraction since our format cannot represent fractions.
332
333 # "Countess Markievicz ... claimed that the [1916] abolition of Dublin Mean Time
334 # was among various actions undertaken by the 'English' government that
335 # would 'put the whole country into the SF (Sinn Féin) camp'. She claimed
336 # Irish 'public feeling (was) outraged by forcing of English time on us'."
337 # -- Parsons M. Dublin lost its time zone - and 25 minutes - after 1916 Rising.
338 # Irish Times 2014-10-27.
339 # https://www.irishtimes.com/news/politics/dublin-lost-its-time-zone-and-25-minutes-after-1916-rising-1.1977411
340
341 # From Joseph S. Myers (2005-01-26):
342 # Irish laws are available online at <http://www.irishstatutebook.ie>.
343 # These include various relating to legal time, for example:
344 #
345 # ZZA13Y1923.html ZZA12Y1924.html ZZA8Y1925.html ZZSIV20PG1267.html
346 #
347 # ZZSI71Y1947.html ZZSI128Y1948.html ZZSI23Y1949.html ZZSI41Y1950.html
348 # ZZSI27Y1951.html ZZSI73Y1952.html
349 #
350 # ZZSI11Y1961.html ZZSI232Y1961.html ZZSI182Y1962.html
351 # ZZSI167Y1963.html ZZSI257Y1964.html ZZSI198Y1967.html
352 # ZZA23Y1968.html ZZA17Y1971.html
353 #
354 # ZZSI67Y1981.html ZZSI212Y1982.html ZZSI45Y1986.html
355 # ZZSI264Y1988.html ZZSI52Y1990.html ZZSI371Y1992.html
356 # ZZSI395Y1994.html ZZSI484Y1997.html ZZSI506Y2001.html
357 #
358 # [These are all relative to the root, e.g., the first is
359 # <http://www.irishstatutebook.ie/ZZA13Y1923.html>.]
360 #
361 # (These are those I found, but there could be more. In any case these
362 # should allow various updates to the comments in the europe file to cover
363 # the laws applicable in Ireland.)
364 #
365 # (Note that the time in the Republic of Ireland since 1968 has been defined
366 # in terms of standard time being GMT+1 with a period of winter time when it
367 # is GMT, rather than standard time being GMT with a period of summer time
368 # being GMT+1.)
369
370 # From Paul Eggert (1999-03-28):
371 # Clive Feather (<news:859845706.26043.0@office.demon.net>, 1997-03-31)
372 # reports that Folkestone (Cheriton) Shuttle Terminal uses Concession Time
373 # (CT), equivalent to French civil time.
374 # Julian Hill (<news:36118128.5A14@virgin.net>, 1998-09-30) reports that
375 # trains between Dollands Moor (the freight facility next door)
376 # and Frethun run in CT.
377 # My admittedly uninformed guess is that the terminal has two authorities,
378 # the French concession operators and the British civil authorities,
379 # and that the time depends on who you're talking to.
380 # If, say, the British police were called to the station for some reason,
381 # I would expect the official police report to use GMT/BST and not CET/CEST.
382 # This is a borderline case, but for now let's stick to GMT/BST.
383
384 # From an anonymous contributor (1996-06-02):
385 # The law governing time in Ireland is under Statutory Instrument SI 395/94,
386 # which gives force to European Union 7th Council Directive No. 94/21/EC.
387 # Under this directive, the Minister for Justice in Ireland makes appropriate
388 # regulations. I spoke this morning with the Secretary of the Department of
389 # Justice (tel +353 1 678 9711) who confirmed to me that the correct name is
390 # "Irish Summer Time", abbreviated to "IST".
391 #
392 # From Paul Eggert (2017-12-07):
393 # The 1996 anonymous contributor's goal was to determine the correct
394 # abbreviation for summer time in Dublin and so the contributor
395 # focused on the "IST", not on the "Irish Summer Time". Though the
396 # "IST" was correct, the "Irish Summer Time" appears to have been an
397 # error, as Ireland's Standard Time (Amendment) Act, 1971 states that
398 # standard time in Ireland remains at UT +01 and is observed in
399 # summer, and that Greenwich mean time is observed in winter. (Thanks
400 # to Derick Rethans for pointing out the error.) That is, when
401 # Ireland amended the 1968 act that established UT +01 as Irish
402 # Standard Time, it left standard time unchanged and established GMT
403 # as a negative daylight saving time in winter. So, in this database
404 # IST stands for Irish Summer Time for timestamps before 1968, and for
405 # Irish Standard Time after that. See:
406 # http://www.irishstatutebook.ie/eli/1971/act/17/enacted/en/print
407
408 # Michael Deckers (2017-06-01) gave the following URLs for Ireland's
409 # Summer Time Act, 1925 and Summer Time Orders, 1926 and 1947:
410 # http://www.irishstatutebook.ie/eli/1925/act/8/enacted/en/print
411 # http://www.irishstatutebook.ie/eli/1926/sro/919/made/en/print
412 # http://www.irishstatutebook.ie/eli/1947/sro/71/made/en/print
413
414 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
415 # Summer Time Act, 1916
416 Rule GB-Eire 1916 only - May 21 2:00s 1:00 BST
417 Rule GB-Eire 1916 only - Oct 1 2:00s 0 GMT
418 # S.R.&O. 1917, No. 358
419 Rule GB-Eire 1917 only - Apr 8 2:00s 1:00 BST
420 Rule GB-Eire 1917 only - Sep 17 2:00s 0 GMT
421 # S.R.&O. 1918, No. 274
422 Rule GB-Eire 1918 only - Mar 24 2:00s 1:00 BST
423 Rule GB-Eire 1918 only - Sep 30 2:00s 0 GMT
424 # S.R.&O. 1919, No. 297
425 Rule GB-Eire 1919 only - Mar 30 2:00s 1:00 BST
426 Rule GB-Eire 1919 only - Sep 29 2:00s 0 GMT
427 # S.R.&O. 1920, No. 458
428 Rule GB-Eire 1920 only - Mar 28 2:00s 1:00 BST
429 # S.R.&O. 1920, No. 1844
430 Rule GB-Eire 1920 only - Oct 25 2:00s 0 GMT
431 # S.R.&O. 1921, No. 363
432 Rule GB-Eire 1921 only - Apr 3 2:00s 1:00 BST
433 Rule GB-Eire 1921 only - Oct 3 2:00s 0 GMT
434 # S.R.&O. 1922, No. 264
435 Rule GB-Eire 1922 only - Mar 26 2:00s 1:00 BST
436 Rule GB-Eire 1922 only - Oct 8 2:00s 0 GMT
437 # The Summer Time Act, 1922
438 Rule GB-Eire 1923 only - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST
439 Rule GB-Eire 1923 1924 - Sep Sun>=16 2:00s 0 GMT
440 Rule GB-Eire 1924 only - Apr Sun>=9 2:00s 1:00 BST
441 Rule GB-Eire 1925 1926 - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST
442 # The Summer Time Act, 1925
443 Rule GB-Eire 1925 1938 - Oct Sun>=2 2:00s 0 GMT
444 Rule GB-Eire 1927 only - Apr Sun>=9 2:00s 1:00 BST
445 Rule GB-Eire 1928 1929 - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST
446 Rule GB-Eire 1930 only - Apr Sun>=9 2:00s 1:00 BST
447 Rule GB-Eire 1931 1932 - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST
448 Rule GB-Eire 1933 only - Apr Sun>=9 2:00s 1:00 BST
449 Rule GB-Eire 1934 only - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST
450 Rule GB-Eire 1935 only - Apr Sun>=9 2:00s 1:00 BST
451 Rule GB-Eire 1936 1937 - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST
452 Rule GB-Eire 1938 only - Apr Sun>=9 2:00s 1:00 BST
453 Rule GB-Eire 1939 only - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST
454 # S.R.&O. 1939, No. 1379
455 Rule GB-Eire 1939 only - Nov Sun>=16 2:00s 0 GMT
456 # S.R.&O. 1940, No. 172 and No. 1883
457 Rule GB-Eire 1940 only - Feb Sun>=23 2:00s 1:00 BST
458 # S.R.&O. 1941, No. 476
459 Rule GB-Eire 1941 only - May Sun>=2 1:00s 2:00 BDST
460 Rule GB-Eire 1941 1943 - Aug Sun>=9 1:00s 1:00 BST
461 # S.R.&O. 1942, No. 506
462 Rule GB-Eire 1942 1944 - Apr Sun>=2 1:00s 2:00 BDST
463 # S.R.&O. 1944, No. 932
464 Rule GB-Eire 1944 only - Sep Sun>=16 1:00s 1:00 BST
465 # S.R.&O. 1945, No. 312
466 Rule GB-Eire 1945 only - Apr Mon>=2 1:00s 2:00 BDST
467 Rule GB-Eire 1945 only - Jul Sun>=9 1:00s 1:00 BST
468 # S.R.&O. 1945, No. 1208
469 Rule GB-Eire 1945 1946 - Oct Sun>=2 2:00s 0 GMT
470 Rule GB-Eire 1946 only - Apr Sun>=9 2:00s 1:00 BST
471 # The Summer Time Act, 1947
472 Rule GB-Eire 1947 only - Mar 16 2:00s 1:00 BST
473 Rule GB-Eire 1947 only - Apr 13 1:00s 2:00 BDST
474 Rule GB-Eire 1947 only - Aug 10 1:00s 1:00 BST
475 Rule GB-Eire 1947 only - Nov 2 2:00s 0 GMT
476 # Summer Time Order, 1948 (S.I. 1948/495)
477 Rule GB-Eire 1948 only - Mar 14 2:00s 1:00 BST
478 Rule GB-Eire 1948 only - Oct 31 2:00s 0 GMT
479 # Summer Time Order, 1949 (S.I. 1949/373)
480 Rule GB-Eire 1949 only - Apr 3 2:00s 1:00 BST
481 Rule GB-Eire 1949 only - Oct 30 2:00s 0 GMT
482 # Summer Time Order, 1950 (S.I. 1950/518)
483 # Summer Time Order, 1951 (S.I. 1951/430)
484 # Summer Time Order, 1952 (S.I. 1952/451)
485 Rule GB-Eire 1950 1952 - Apr Sun>=14 2:00s 1:00 BST
486 Rule GB-Eire 1950 1952 - Oct Sun>=21 2:00s 0 GMT
487 # revert to the rules of the Summer Time Act, 1925
488 Rule GB-Eire 1953 only - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST
489 Rule GB-Eire 1953 1960 - Oct Sun>=2 2:00s 0 GMT
490 Rule GB-Eire 1954 only - Apr Sun>=9 2:00s 1:00 BST
491 Rule GB-Eire 1955 1956 - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST
492 Rule GB-Eire 1957 only - Apr Sun>=9 2:00s 1:00 BST
493 Rule GB-Eire 1958 1959 - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST
494 Rule GB-Eire 1960 only - Apr Sun>=9 2:00s 1:00 BST
495 # Summer Time Order, 1961 (S.I. 1961/71)
496 # Summer Time (1962) Order, 1961 (S.I. 1961/2465)
497 # Summer Time Order, 1963 (S.I. 1963/81)
498 Rule GB-Eire 1961 1963 - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 BST
499 Rule GB-Eire 1961 1968 - Oct Sun>=23 2:00s 0 GMT
500 # Summer Time (1964) Order, 1963 (S.I. 1963/2101)
501 # Summer Time Order, 1964 (S.I. 1964/1201)
502 # Summer Time Order, 1967 (S.I. 1967/1148)
503 Rule GB-Eire 1964 1967 - Mar Sun>=19 2:00s 1:00 BST
504 # Summer Time Order, 1968 (S.I. 1968/117)
505 Rule GB-Eire 1968 only - Feb 18 2:00s 1:00 BST
506 # The British Standard Time Act, 1968
507 # (no summer time)
508 # The Summer Time Act, 1972
509 Rule GB-Eire 1972 1980 - Mar Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST
510 Rule GB-Eire 1972 1980 - Oct Sun>=23 2:00s 0 GMT
511 # Summer Time Order, 1980 (S.I. 1980/1089)
512 # Summer Time Order, 1982 (S.I. 1982/1673)
513 # Summer Time Order, 1986 (S.I. 1986/223)
514 # Summer Time Order, 1988 (S.I. 1988/931)
515 Rule GB-Eire 1981 1995 - Mar lastSun 1:00u 1:00 BST
516 Rule GB-Eire 1981 1989 - Oct Sun>=23 1:00u 0 GMT
517 # Summer Time Order, 1989 (S.I. 1989/985)
518 # Summer Time Order, 1992 (S.I. 1992/1729)
519 # Summer Time Order 1994 (S.I. 1994/2798)
520 Rule GB-Eire 1990 1995 - Oct Sun>=22 1:00u 0 GMT
521 # Summer Time Order 1997 (S.I. 1997/2982)
522 # See EU for rules starting in 1996.
523 #
524 # Use Europe/London for Jersey, Guernsey, and the Isle of Man.
525
526 # Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
527 Zone Europe/London -0:01:15 - LMT 1847 Dec 1 0:00s
528 0:00 GB-Eire %s 1968 Oct 27
529 1:00 - BST 1971 Oct 31 2:00u
530 0:00 GB-Eire %s 1996
531 0:00 EU GMT/BST
532 Link Europe/London Europe/Jersey
533 Link Europe/London Europe/Guernsey
534 Link Europe/London Europe/Isle_of_Man
535
536 # From Paul Eggert (2018-02-15):
537 # In January 2018 we discovered that the negative SAVE values in the
538 # Eire rules cause problems with tests for ICU:
539 # https://mm.icann.org/pipermail/tz/2018-January/025825.html
540 # and with tests for OpenJDK:
541 # https://mm.icann.org/pipermail/tz/2018-January/025822.html
542 #
543 # To work around this problem, the build procedure can translate the
544 # following data into two forms, one with negative SAVE values and the
545 # other form with a traditional approximation for Irish timestamps
546 # after 1971-10-31 02:00 UTC; although this approximation has tm_isdst
547 # flags that are reversed, its UTC offsets are correct and this often
548 # suffices. This source file currently uses only nonnegative SAVE
549 # values, but this is intended to change and downstream code should
550 # not rely on it.
551 #
552 # The following is like GB-Eire and EU, except with standard time in
553 # summer and negative daylight saving time in winter. It is for when
554 # negative SAVE values are used.
555 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
556 Rule Eire 1971 only - Oct 31 2:00u -1:00 -
557 Rule Eire 1972 1980 - Mar Sun>=16 2:00u 0 -
558 Rule Eire 1972 1980 - Oct Sun>=23 2:00u -1:00 -
559 Rule Eire 1981 max - Mar lastSun 1:00u 0 -
560 Rule Eire 1981 1989 - Oct Sun>=23 1:00u -1:00 -
561 Rule Eire 1990 1995 - Oct Sun>=22 1:00u -1:00 -
562 Rule Eire 1996 max - Oct lastSun 1:00u -1:00 -
563
564 # Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
565 Zone Europe/Dublin -0:25:00 - LMT 1880 Aug 2
566 -0:25:21 - DMT 1916 May 21 2:00s
567 -0:25:21 1:00 IST 1916 Oct 1 2:00s
568 0:00 GB-Eire %s 1921 Dec 6 # independence
569 0:00 GB-Eire GMT/IST 1940 Feb 25 2:00s
570 0:00 1:00 IST 1946 Oct 6 2:00s
571 0:00 - GMT 1947 Mar 16 2:00s
572 0:00 1:00 IST 1947 Nov 2 2:00s
573 0:00 - GMT 1948 Apr 18 2:00s
574 0:00 GB-Eire GMT/IST 1968 Oct 27
575 # Vanguard section, for zic and other parsers that support negative DST.
576 1:00 Eire IST/GMT
577 # Rearguard section, for parsers lacking negative DST; see ziguard.awk.
578 # 1:00 - IST 1971 Oct 31 2:00u
579 # 0:00 GB-Eire GMT/IST 1996
580 # 0:00 EU GMT/IST
581 # End of rearguard section.
582
583
584 ###############################################################################
585
586 # Europe
587
588 # The following rules are for the European Union and for its
589 # predecessor organization, the European Communities.
590 # For brevity they are called "EU rules" elsewhere in this file.
591
592 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
593 Rule EU 1977 1980 - Apr Sun>=1 1:00u 1:00 S
594 Rule EU 1977 only - Sep lastSun 1:00u 0 -
595 Rule EU 1978 only - Oct 1 1:00u 0 -
596 Rule EU 1979 1995 - Sep lastSun 1:00u 0 -
597 Rule EU 1981 max - Mar lastSun 1:00u 1:00 S
598 Rule EU 1996 max - Oct lastSun 1:00u 0 -
599 # The most recent directive covers the years starting in 2002. See:
600 # Directive 2000/84/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council
601 # of 19 January 2001 on summer-time arrangements.
602 # http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=CELEX:32000L0084:EN:NOT
603
604 # W-Eur differs from EU only in that W-Eur uses standard time.
605 Rule W-Eur 1977 1980 - Apr Sun>=1 1:00s 1:00 S
606 Rule W-Eur 1977 only - Sep lastSun 1:00s 0 -
607 Rule W-Eur 1978 only - Oct 1 1:00s 0 -
608 Rule W-Eur 1979 1995 - Sep lastSun 1:00s 0 -
609 Rule W-Eur 1981 max - Mar lastSun 1:00s 1:00 S
610 Rule W-Eur 1996 max - Oct lastSun 1:00s 0 -
611
612 # Older C-Eur rules are for convenience in the tables.
613 # From 1977 on, C-Eur differs from EU only in that C-Eur uses standard time.
614 Rule C-Eur 1916 only - Apr 30 23:00 1:00 S
615 Rule C-Eur 1916 only - Oct 1 1:00 0 -
616 Rule C-Eur 1917 1918 - Apr Mon>=15 2:00s 1:00 S
617 Rule C-Eur 1917 1918 - Sep Mon>=15 2:00s 0 -
618 Rule C-Eur 1940 only - Apr 1 2:00s 1:00 S
619 Rule C-Eur 1942 only - Nov 2 2:00s 0 -
620 Rule C-Eur 1943 only - Mar 29 2:00s 1:00 S
621 Rule C-Eur 1943 only - Oct 4 2:00s 0 -
622 Rule C-Eur 1944 1945 - Apr Mon>=1 2:00s 1:00 S
623 # Whitman gives 1944 Oct 7; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
624 Rule C-Eur 1944 only - Oct 2 2:00s 0 -
625 # From Jesper Nørgaard Welen (2008-07-13):
626 #
627 # I found what is probably a typo of 2:00 which should perhaps be 2:00s
628 # in the C-Eur rule from tz database version 2008d (this part was
629 # corrected in version 2008d). The circumstantial evidence is simply the
630 # tz database itself, as seen below:
631 #
632 # Zone Europe/Paris 0:09:21 - LMT 1891 Mar 15 0:01
633 # 0:00 France WE%sT 1945 Sep 16 3:00
634 #
635 # Zone Europe/Monaco 0:29:32 - LMT 1891 Mar 15
636 # 0:00 France WE%sT 1945 Sep 16 3:00
637 #
638 # Zone Europe/Belgrade 1:22:00 - LMT 1884
639 # 1:00 1:00 CEST 1945 Sep 16 2:00s
640 #
641 # Rule France 1945 only - Sep 16 3:00 0 -
642 # Rule Belgium 1945 only - Sep 16 2:00s 0 -
643 # Rule Neth 1945 only - Sep 16 2:00s 0 -
644 #
645 # The rule line to be changed is:
646 #
647 # Rule C-Eur 1945 only - Sep 16 2:00 0 -
648 #
649 # It seems that Paris, Monaco, Rule France, Rule Belgium all agree on
650 # 2:00 standard time, e.g. 3:00 local time. However there are no
651 # countries that use C-Eur rules in September 1945, so the only items
652 # affected are apparently these fictitious zones that translate acronyms
653 # CET and MET:
654 #
655 # Zone CET 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT
656 # Zone MET 1:00 C-Eur ME%sT
657 #
658 # It this is right then the corrected version would look like:
659 #
660 # Rule C-Eur 1945 only - Sep 16 2:00s 0 -
661 #
662 # A small step for mankind though 8-)
663 Rule C-Eur 1945 only - Sep 16 2:00s 0 -
664 Rule C-Eur 1977 1980 - Apr Sun>=1 2:00s 1:00 S
665 Rule C-Eur 1977 only - Sep lastSun 2:00s 0 -
666 Rule C-Eur 1978 only - Oct 1 2:00s 0 -
667 Rule C-Eur 1979 1995 - Sep lastSun 2:00s 0 -
668 Rule C-Eur 1981 max - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 S
669 Rule C-Eur 1996 max - Oct lastSun 2:00s 0 -
670
671 # E-Eur differs from EU only in that E-Eur switches at midnight local time.
672 Rule E-Eur 1977 1980 - Apr Sun>=1 0:00 1:00 S
673 Rule E-Eur 1977 only - Sep lastSun 0:00 0 -
674 Rule E-Eur 1978 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
675 Rule E-Eur 1979 1995 - Sep lastSun 0:00 0 -
676 Rule E-Eur 1981 max - Mar lastSun 0:00 1:00 S
677 Rule E-Eur 1996 max - Oct lastSun 0:00 0 -
678
679
680 # Daylight saving time for Russia and the Soviet Union
681 #
682 # The 1917-1921 decree URLs are from Alexander Belopolsky (2016-08-23).
683
684 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
685 Rule Russia 1917 only - Jul 1 23:00 1:00 MST # Moscow Summer Time
686 #
687 # Decree No. 142 (1917-12-22) http://istmat.info/node/28137
688 Rule Russia 1917 only - Dec 28 0:00 0 MMT # Moscow Mean Time
689 #
690 # Decree No. 497 (1918-05-30) http://istmat.info/node/30001
691 Rule Russia 1918 only - May 31 22:00 2:00 MDST # Moscow Double Summer Time
692 Rule Russia 1918 only - Sep 16 1:00 1:00 MST
693 #
694 # Decree No. 258 (1919-05-29) http://istmat.info/node/37949
695 Rule Russia 1919 only - May 31 23:00 2:00 MDST
696 #
697 Rule Russia 1919 only - Jul 1 0:00u 1:00 MSD
698 Rule Russia 1919 only - Aug 16 0:00 0 MSK
699 #
700 # Decree No. 63 (1921-02-03) http://istmat.info/node/45840
701 Rule Russia 1921 only - Feb 14 23:00 1:00 MSD
702 #
703 # Decree No. 121 (1921-03-07) http://istmat.info/node/45949
704 Rule Russia 1921 only - Mar 20 23:00 2:00 +05
705 #
706 Rule Russia 1921 only - Sep 1 0:00 1:00 MSD
707 Rule Russia 1921 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
708 # Act No. 925 of the Council of Ministers of the USSR (1980-10-24):
709 Rule Russia 1981 1984 - Apr 1 0:00 1:00 S
710 Rule Russia 1981 1983 - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
711 # Act No. 967 of the Council of Ministers of the USSR (1984-09-13), repeated in
712 # Act No. 227 of the Council of Ministers of the USSR (1989-03-14):
713 Rule Russia 1984 1995 - Sep lastSun 2:00s 0 -
714 Rule Russia 1985 2010 - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 S
715 #
716 Rule Russia 1996 2010 - Oct lastSun 2:00s 0 -
717 # As described below, Russia's 2014 change affects Zone data, not Rule data.
718
719 # From Stepan Golosunov (2016-03-07):
720 # Wikipedia and other sources refer to the Act of the Council of
721 # Ministers of the USSR from 1988-01-04 No. 5 and the Act of the
722 # Council of Ministers of the USSR from 1989-03-14 No. 227.
723 #
724 # I did not find full texts of these acts. For the 1989 one we have
725 # title at https://base.garant.ru/70754136/ :
726 # "About change in calculation of time on the territories of
727 # Lithuanian SSR, Latvian SSR and Estonian SSR, Astrakhan,
728 # Kaliningrad, Kirov, Kuybyshev, Ulyanovsk and Uralsk oblasts".
729 # And http://astrozet.net/files/Zones/DOC/RU/1980-925.txt appears to
730 # contain quotes from both acts: Since last Sunday of March 1988 rules
731 # of the second time belt are installed in Volgograd and Saratov
732 # oblasts. Since last Sunday of March 1989:
733 # a) Lithuanian SSR, Latvian SSR, Estonian SSR, Kaliningrad oblast:
734 # second time belt rules without extra hour (Moscow-1);
735 # b) Astrakhan, Kirov, Kuybyshev, Ulyanovsk oblasts: second time belt
736 # rules (Moscow time)
737 # c) Uralsk oblast: third time belt rules (Moscow+1).
738
739 # From Stepan Golosunov (2016-03-27):
740 # Unamended version of the act of the
741 # Government of the Russian Federation No. 23 from 08.01.1992
742 # http://pravo.gov.ru/proxy/ips/?docbody=&nd=102014034&rdk=0
743 # says that every year clocks were to be moved forward on last Sunday
744 # of March at 2 hours and moved backwards on last Sunday of September
745 # at 3 hours. It was amended in 1996 to replace September with October.
746
747 # From Alexander Krivenyshev (2011-06-14):
748 # According to Kremlin press service, Russian President Dmitry Medvedev
749 # signed a federal law "On calculation of time" on June 9, 2011.
750 # According to the law Russia is abolishing daylight saving time.
751 #
752 # Medvedev signed a law "On the Calculation of Time" (in russian):
753 # http://bmockbe.ru/events/?ID=7583
754 #
755 # Medvedev signed a law on the calculation of the time (in russian):
756 # https://www.regnum.ru/news/polit/1413906.html
757
758 # From Arthur David Olson (2011-06-15):
759 # Take "abolishing daylight saving time" to mean that time is now considered
760 # to be standard.
761
762 # These are for backward compatibility with older versions.
763
764 # Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
765 Zone WET 0:00 EU WE%sT
766 Zone CET 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT
767 Zone MET 1:00 C-Eur ME%sT
768 Zone EET 2:00 EU EE%sT
769
770 # Previous editions of this database used abbreviations like MET DST
771 # for Central European Summer Time, but this didn't agree with common usage.
772
773 # From Markus Kuhn (1996-07-12):
774 # The official German names ... are
775 #
776 # Mitteleuropäische Zeit (MEZ) = UTC+01:00
777 # Mitteleuropäische Sommerzeit (MESZ) = UTC+02:00
778 #
779 # as defined in the German Time Act (Gesetz über die Zeitbestimmung (ZeitG),
780 # 1978-07-25, Bundesgesetzblatt, Jahrgang 1978, Teil I, S. 1110-1111)....
781 # I wrote ... to the German Federal Physical-Technical Institution
782 #
783 # Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB)
784 # Laboratorium 4.41 "Zeiteinheit"
785 # Postfach 3345
786 # D-38023 Braunschweig
787 # phone: +49 531 592-0
788 #
789 # ... I received today an answer letter from Dr. Peter Hetzel, head of the PTB
790 # department for time and frequency transmission. He explained that the
791 # PTB translates MEZ and MESZ into English as
792 #
793 # Central European Time (CET) = UTC+01:00
794 # Central European Summer Time (CEST) = UTC+02:00
795
796
797 # Albania
798 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
799 Rule Albania 1940 only - Jun 16 0:00 1:00 S
800 Rule Albania 1942 only - Nov 2 3:00 0 -
801 Rule Albania 1943 only - Mar 29 2:00 1:00 S
802 Rule Albania 1943 only - Apr 10 3:00 0 -
803 Rule Albania 1974 only - May 4 0:00 1:00 S
804 Rule Albania 1974 only - Oct 2 0:00 0 -
805 Rule Albania 1975 only - May 1 0:00 1:00 S
806 Rule Albania 1975 only - Oct 2 0:00 0 -
807 Rule Albania 1976 only - May 2 0:00 1:00 S
808 Rule Albania 1976 only - Oct 3 0:00 0 -
809 Rule Albania 1977 only - May 8 0:00 1:00 S
810 Rule Albania 1977 only - Oct 2 0:00 0 -
811 Rule Albania 1978 only - May 6 0:00 1:00 S
812 Rule Albania 1978 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
813 Rule Albania 1979 only - May 5 0:00 1:00 S
814 Rule Albania 1979 only - Sep 30 0:00 0 -
815 Rule Albania 1980 only - May 3 0:00 1:00 S
816 Rule Albania 1980 only - Oct 4 0:00 0 -
817 Rule Albania 1981 only - Apr 26 0:00 1:00 S
818 Rule Albania 1981 only - Sep 27 0:00 0 -
819 Rule Albania 1982 only - May 2 0:00 1:00 S
820 Rule Albania 1982 only - Oct 3 0:00 0 -
821 Rule Albania 1983 only - Apr 18 0:00 1:00 S
822 Rule Albania 1983 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
823 Rule Albania 1984 only - Apr 1 0:00 1:00 S
824 # Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
825 Zone Europe/Tirane 1:19:20 - LMT 1914
826 1:00 - CET 1940 Jun 16
827 1:00 Albania CE%sT 1984 Jul
828 1:00 EU CE%sT
829
830 # Andorra
831 # Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
832 Zone Europe/Andorra 0:06:04 - LMT 1901
833 0:00 - WET 1946 Sep 30
834 1:00 - CET 1985 Mar 31 2:00
835 1:00 EU CE%sT
836
837 # Austria
838
839 # Milne says Vienna time was 1:05:21.
840
841 # From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22): Shanks & Pottenger give 1918-06-16 and
842 # 1945-11-18, but the Austrian Federal Office of Metrology and
843 # Surveying (BEV) gives 1918-09-16 and for Vienna gives the "alleged"
844 # date of 1945-04-12 with no time. For the 1980-04-06 transition
845 # Shanks & Pottenger give 02:00, the BEV 00:00. Go with the BEV,
846 # and guess 02:00 for 1945-04-12.
847
848 # From Alois Triendl (2019-07-22):
849 # In 1946 the end of DST was on Monday, 7 October 1946, at 3:00 am.
850 # Shanks had this right. Source: Die Weltpresse, 5. Oktober 1946, page 5.
851
852 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
853 Rule Austria 1920 only - Apr 5 2:00s 1:00 S
854 Rule Austria 1920 only - Sep 13 2:00s 0 -
855 Rule Austria 1946 only - Apr 14 2:00s 1:00 S
856 Rule Austria 1946 only - Oct 7 2:00s 0 -
857 Rule Austria 1947 1948 - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
858 Rule Austria 1947 only - Apr 6 2:00s 1:00 S
859 Rule Austria 1948 only - Apr 18 2:00s 1:00 S
860 Rule Austria 1980 only - Apr 6 0:00 1:00 S
861 Rule Austria 1980 only - Sep 28 0:00 0 -
862 # Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
863 Zone Europe/Vienna 1:05:21 - LMT 1893 Apr
864 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1920
865 1:00 Austria CE%sT 1940 Apr 1 2:00s
866 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 Apr 2 2:00s
867 1:00 1:00 CEST 1945 Apr 12 2:00s
868 1:00 - CET 1946
869 1:00 Austria CE%sT 1981
870 1:00 EU CE%sT
871
872 # Belarus
873 #
874 # From Stepan Golosunov (2016-07-02):
875 # http://www.lawbelarus.com/repub/sub30/texf9611.htm
876 # (Act of the Cabinet of Ministers of the Republic of Belarus from
877 # 1992-03-25 No. 157) ... says clocks were to be moved forward at 2:00
878 # on last Sunday of March and backward at 3:00 on last Sunday of September
879 # (the same as previous USSR and contemporary Russian regulations).
880 #
881 # From Yauhen Kharuzhy (2011-09-16):
882 # By latest Belarus government act Europe/Minsk timezone was changed to
883 # GMT+3 without DST (was GMT+2 with DST).
884 #
885 # Sources (Russian language):
886 # http://www.belta.by/ru/all_news/society/V-Belarusi-otmenjaetsja-perexod-na-sezonnoe-vremja_i_572952.html
887 # http://naviny.by/rubrics/society/2011/09/16/ic_articles_116_175144/
888 # https://news.tut.by/society/250578.html
889 #
890 # From Alexander Bokovoy (2014-10-09):
891 # Belarussian government decided against changing to winter time....
892 # http://eng.belta.by/all_news/society/Belarus-decides-against-adjusting-time-in-Russias-wake_i_76335.html
893 #
894 # Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
895 Zone Europe/Minsk 1:50:16 - LMT 1880
896 1:50 - MMT 1924 May 2 # Minsk Mean Time
897 2:00 - EET 1930 Jun 21
898 3:00 - MSK 1941 Jun 28
899 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Jul 3
900 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1990
901 3:00 - MSK 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
902 2:00 Russia EE%sT 2011 Mar 27 2:00s
903 3:00 - +03
904
905 # Belgium
906 #
907 # From Michael Deckers (2019-08-25):
908 # The exposition in the web page
909 # https://www.bestor.be/wiki/index.php/Voyager_dans_le_temps._L%E2%80%99introduction_de_la_norme_de_Greenwich_en_Belgique
910 # gives several contemporary sources from which one can conclude that
911 # the switch in Europe/Brussels on 1892-05-01 was from 00:17:30 to 00:00:00.
912 #
913 # From Paul Eggert (2019-08-28):
914 # This quote helps explain the late-1914 situation:
915 # In early November 1914, the Germans imposed the time zone used in central
916 # Europe and forced the inhabitants to set their watches and public clocks
917 # sixty minutes ahead. Many were reluctant to accept "German time" and
918 # continued to use "Belgian time" among themselves. Reflecting the spirit of
919 # resistance that arose in the population, a song made fun of this change....
920 # The song ended:
921 # Putting your clock forward
922 # Will but hasten the happy hour
923 # When we kick out the Boches!
924 # See: Pluvinage G. Brussels on German time. Cahiers Bruxellois -
925 # Brusselse Cahiers. 2014;XLVI(1E):15-38.
926 # https://www.cairn.info/revue-cahiers-bruxellois-2014-1E-page-15.htm
927 #
928 # Entries from 1914 through 1917 are taken from "De tijd in België"
929 # <https://www.astro.oma.be/GENERAL/INFO/nli001a.html>.
930 # Entries from 1918 through 1991 are taken from:
931 # Annuaire de L'Observatoire Royal de Belgique,
932 # Avenue Circulaire, 3, B-1180 BRUXELLES, CLVIIe année, 1991
933 # (Imprimerie HAYEZ, s.p.r.l., Rue Fin, 4, 1080 BRUXELLES, MCMXC),
934 # pp 8-9.
935 # Thanks to Pascal Delmoitie for the 1918/1991 references.
936 # The 1918 rules are listed for completeness; they apply to unoccupied Belgium.
937 # Assume Brussels switched to WET in 1918 when the armistice took effect.
938 #
939 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
940 Rule Belgium 1918 only - Mar 9 0:00s 1:00 S
941 Rule Belgium 1918 1919 - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 -
942 Rule Belgium 1919 only - Mar 1 23:00s 1:00 S
943 Rule Belgium 1920 only - Feb 14 23:00s 1:00 S
944 Rule Belgium 1920 only - Oct 23 23:00s 0 -
945 Rule Belgium 1921 only - Mar 14 23:00s 1:00 S
946 Rule Belgium 1921 only - Oct 25 23:00s 0 -
947 Rule Belgium 1922 only - Mar 25 23:00s 1:00 S
948 Rule Belgium 1922 1927 - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 -
949 Rule Belgium 1923 only - Apr 21 23:00s 1:00 S
950 Rule Belgium 1924 only - Mar 29 23:00s 1:00 S
951 Rule Belgium 1925 only - Apr 4 23:00s 1:00 S
952 # DSH writes that a royal decree of 1926-02-22 specified the Sun following 3rd
953 # Sat in Apr (except if it's Easter, in which case it's one Sunday earlier),
954 # to Sun following 1st Sat in Oct, and that a royal decree of 1928-09-15
955 # changed the transition times to 02:00 GMT.
956 Rule Belgium 1926 only - Apr 17 23:00s 1:00 S
957 Rule Belgium 1927 only - Apr 9 23:00s 1:00 S
958 Rule Belgium 1928 only - Apr 14 23:00s 1:00 S
959 Rule Belgium 1928 1938 - Oct Sun>=2 2:00s 0 -
960 Rule Belgium 1929 only - Apr 21 2:00s 1:00 S
961 Rule Belgium 1930 only - Apr 13 2:00s 1:00 S
962 Rule Belgium 1931 only - Apr 19 2:00s 1:00 S
963 Rule Belgium 1932 only - Apr 3 2:00s 1:00 S
964 Rule Belgium 1933 only - Mar 26 2:00s 1:00 S
965 Rule Belgium 1934 only - Apr 8 2:00s 1:00 S
966 Rule Belgium 1935 only - Mar 31 2:00s 1:00 S
967 Rule Belgium 1936 only - Apr 19 2:00s 1:00 S
968 Rule Belgium 1937 only - Apr 4 2:00s 1:00 S
969 Rule Belgium 1938 only - Mar 27 2:00s 1:00 S
970 Rule Belgium 1939 only - Apr 16 2:00s 1:00 S
971 Rule Belgium 1939 only - Nov 19 2:00s 0 -
972 Rule Belgium 1940 only - Feb 25 2:00s 1:00 S
973 Rule Belgium 1944 only - Sep 17 2:00s 0 -
974 Rule Belgium 1945 only - Apr 2 2:00s 1:00 S
975 Rule Belgium 1945 only - Sep 16 2:00s 0 -
976 Rule Belgium 1946 only - May 19 2:00s 1:00 S
977 Rule Belgium 1946 only - Oct 7 2:00s 0 -
978 # Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
979 Zone Europe/Brussels 0:17:30 - LMT 1880
980 0:17:30 - BMT 1892 May 1 00:17:30
981 0:00 - WET 1914 Nov 8
982 1:00 - CET 1916 May 1 0:00
983 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1918 Nov 11 11:00u
984 0:00 Belgium WE%sT 1940 May 20 2:00s
985 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Sep 3
986 1:00 Belgium CE%sT 1977
987 1:00 EU CE%sT
988
989 # Bosnia and Herzegovina
990 # See Europe/Belgrade.
991
992 # Bulgaria
993 #
994 # From Plamen Simenov via Steffen Thorsen (1999-09-09):
995 # A document of Government of Bulgaria (No. 94/1997) says:
996 # EET -> EETDST is in 03:00 Local time in last Sunday of March ...
997 # EETDST -> EET is in 04:00 Local time in last Sunday of October
998 #
999 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1000 Rule Bulg 1979 only - Mar 31 23:00 1:00 S
1001 Rule Bulg 1979 only - Oct 1 1:00 0 -
1002 Rule Bulg 1980 1982 - Apr Sat>=1 23:00 1:00 S
1003 Rule Bulg 1980 only - Sep 29 1:00 0 -
1004 Rule Bulg 1981 only - Sep 27 2:00 0 -
1005 # Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1006 Zone Europe/Sofia 1:33:16 - LMT 1880
1007 1:56:56 - IMT 1894 Nov 30 # Istanbul MT?
1008 2:00 - EET 1942 Nov 2 3:00
1009 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945
1010 1:00 - CET 1945 Apr 2 3:00
1011 2:00 - EET 1979 Mar 31 23:00
1012 2:00 Bulg EE%sT 1982 Sep 26 3:00
1013 2:00 C-Eur EE%sT 1991
1014 2:00 E-Eur EE%sT 1997
1015 2:00 EU EE%sT
1016
1017 # Croatia
1018 # See Europe/Belgrade.
1019
1020 # Cyprus
1021 # Please see the 'asia' file for Asia/Nicosia.
1022
1023 # Czech Republic / Czechia
1024 #
1025 # From Paul Eggert (2018-04-15):
1026 # The source for Czech data is: Kdy začíná a končí letní čas. 2018-04-15.
1027 # https://kalendar.beda.cz/kdy-zacina-a-konci-letni-cas
1028 # We know of no English-language name for historical Czech winter time;
1029 # abbreviate it as "GMT", as it happened to be GMT.
1030 #
1031 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1032 Rule Czech 1945 only - Apr Mon>=1 2:00s 1:00 S
1033 Rule Czech 1945 only - Oct 1 2:00s 0 -
1034 Rule Czech 1946 only - May 6 2:00s 1:00 S
1035 Rule Czech 1946 1949 - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
1036 Rule Czech 1947 1948 - Apr Sun>=15 2:00s 1:00 S
1037 Rule Czech 1949 only - Apr 9 2:00s 1:00 S
1038 # Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1039 Zone Europe/Prague 0:57:44 - LMT 1850
1040 0:57:44 - PMT 1891 Oct # Prague Mean Time
1041 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 May 9
1042 1:00 Czech CE%sT 1946 Dec 1 3:00
1043 # Vanguard section, for zic and other parsers that support negative DST.
1044 1:00 -1:00 GMT 1947 Feb 23 2:00
1045 # Rearguard section, for parsers lacking negative DST; see ziguard.awk.
1046 # 0:00 - GMT 1947 Feb 23 2:00
1047 # End of rearguard section.
1048 1:00 Czech CE%sT 1979
1049 1:00 EU CE%sT
1050 # Use Europe/Prague also for Slovakia.
1051
1052 # Denmark, Faroe Islands, and Greenland
1053
1054 # From Jesper Nørgaard Welen (2005-04-26):
1055 # http://www.hum.aau.dk/~poe/tid/tine/DanskTid.htm says that the law
1056 # [introducing standard time] was in effect from 1894-01-01....
1057 # The page http://www.retsinfo.dk/_GETDOCI_/ACCN/A18930008330-REGL
1058 # confirms this, and states that the law was put forth 1893-03-29.
1059 #
1060 # The EU [actually, EEC and Euratom] treaty with effect from 1973:
1061 # http://www.retsinfo.dk/_GETDOCI_/ACCN/A19722110030-REGL
1062 #
1063 # This provoked a new law from 1974 to make possible summer time changes
1064 # in subsequent decrees with the law
1065 # http://www.retsinfo.dk/_GETDOCI_/ACCN/A19740022330-REGL
1066 #
1067 # It seems however that no decree was set forward until 1980. I have
1068 # not found any decree, but in another related law, the effecting DST
1069 # changes are stated explicitly to be from 1980-04-06 at 02:00 to
1070 # 1980-09-28 at 02:00. If this is true, this differs slightly from
1071 # the EU rule in that DST runs to 02:00, not 03:00. We don't know
1072 # when Denmark began using the EU rule correctly, but we have only
1073 # confirmation of the 1980-time, so I presume it was correct in 1981:
1074 # The law is about the management of the extra hour, concerning
1075 # working hours reported and effect on obligatory-rest rules (which
1076 # was suspended on that night):
1077 # http://www.retsinfo.dk/_GETDOCI_/ACCN/C19801120554-REGL
1078
1079 # From Jesper Nørgaard Welen (2005-06-11):
1080 # The Herning Folkeblad (1980-09-26) reported that the night between
1081 # Saturday and Sunday the clock is set back from three to two.
1082
1083 # From Paul Eggert (2005-06-11):
1084 # Hence the "02:00" of the 1980 law refers to standard time, not
1085 # wall-clock time, and so the EU rules were in effect in 1980.
1086
1087 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1088 Rule Denmark 1916 only - May 14 23:00 1:00 S
1089 Rule Denmark 1916 only - Sep 30 23:00 0 -
1090 Rule Denmark 1940 only - May 15 0:00 1:00 S
1091 Rule Denmark 1945 only - Apr 2 2:00s 1:00 S
1092 Rule Denmark 1945 only - Aug 15 2:00s 0 -
1093 Rule Denmark 1946 only - May 1 2:00s 1:00 S
1094 Rule Denmark 1946 only - Sep 1 2:00s 0 -
1095 Rule Denmark 1947 only - May 4 2:00s 1:00 S
1096 Rule Denmark 1947 only - Aug 10 2:00s 0 -
1097 Rule Denmark 1948 only - May 9 2:00s 1:00 S
1098 Rule Denmark 1948 only - Aug 8 2:00s 0 -
1099 #
1100 # Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1101 Zone Europe/Copenhagen 0:50:20 - LMT 1890
1102 0:50:20 - CMT 1894 Jan 1 # Copenhagen MT
1103 1:00 Denmark CE%sT 1942 Nov 2 2:00s
1104 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 Apr 2 2:00
1105 1:00 Denmark CE%sT 1980
1106 1:00 EU CE%sT
1107 Zone Atlantic/Faroe -0:27:04 - LMT 1908 Jan 11 # Tórshavn
1108 0:00 - WET 1981
1109 0:00 EU WE%sT
1110 #
1111 # From Paul Eggert (2004-10-31):
1112 # During World War II, Germany maintained secret manned weather stations in
1113 # East Greenland and Franz Josef Land, but we don't know their time zones.
1114 # My source for this is Wilhelm Dege's book mentioned under Svalbard.
1115 #
1116 # From Paul Eggert (2017-12-10):
1117 # Greenland joined the European Communities as part of Denmark,
1118 # obtained home rule on 1979-05-01, and left the European Communities
1119 # on 1985-02-01. It therefore should have been using EU
1120 # rules at least through 1984. Shanks & Pottenger say Scoresbysund and Godthåb
1121 # used C-Eur rules after 1980, but IATA SSIM (1991/1996) says they use EU
1122 # rules since at least 1991. Assume EU rules since 1980.
1123
1124 # From Gwillim Law (2001-06-06), citing
1125 # <http://www.statkart.no/efs/efshefter/2001/efs5-2001.pdf> (2001-03-15),
1126 # and with translations corrected by Steffen Thorsen:
1127 #
1128 # Greenland has four local times, and the relation to UTC
1129 # is according to the following time line:
1130 #
1131 # The military zone near Thule UTC-4
1132 # Standard Greenland time UTC-3
1133 # Scoresbysund UTC-1
1134 # Danmarkshavn UTC
1135 #
1136 # In the military area near Thule and in Danmarkshavn DST will not be
1137 # introduced.
1138
1139 # From Rives McDow (2001-11-01):
1140 #
1141 # I correspond regularly with the Dansk Polarcenter, and wrote them at
1142 # the time to clarify the situation in Thule. Unfortunately, I have
1143 # not heard back from them regarding my recent letter. [But I have
1144 # info from earlier correspondence.]
1145 #
1146 # According to the center, a very small local time zone around Thule
1147 # Air Base keeps the time according to UTC-4, implementing daylight
1148 # savings using North America rules, changing the time at 02:00 local time....
1149 #
1150 # The east coast of Greenland north of the community of Scoresbysund
1151 # uses UTC in the same way as in Iceland, year round, with no dst.
1152 # There are just a few stations on this coast, including the
1153 # Danmarkshavn ICAO weather station mentioned in your September 29th
1154 # email. The other stations are two sledge patrol stations in
1155 # Mestersvig and Daneborg, the air force base at Station Nord, and the
1156 # DPC research station at Zackenberg.
1157 #
1158 # Scoresbysund and two small villages nearby keep time UTC-1 and use
1159 # the same daylight savings time period as in West Greenland (Godthåb).
1160 #
1161 # The rest of Greenland, including Godthåb (this area, although it
1162 # includes central Greenland, is known as west Greenland), keeps time
1163 # UTC-3, with daylight savings methods according to European rules.
1164 #
1165 # It is common procedure to use UTC 0 in the wilderness of East and
1166 # North Greenland, because it is mainly Icelandic aircraft operators
1167 # maintaining traffic in these areas. However, the official status of
1168 # this area is that it sticks with Godthåb time. This area might be
1169 # considered a dual time zone in some respects because of this.
1170
1171 # From Rives McDow (2001-11-19):
1172 # I heard back from someone stationed at Thule; the time change took place
1173 # there at 2:00 AM.
1174
1175 # From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):
1176 # From 1997 on the CIA map shows Danmarkshavn on GMT;
1177 # the 1995 map as like Godthåb.
1178 # For lack of better info, assume they were like Godthåb before 1996.
1179 # startkart.no says Thule does not observe DST, but this is clearly an error,
1180 # so go with Shanks & Pottenger for Thule transitions until this year.
1181 # For 2007 on assume Thule will stay in sync with US DST rules.
1182
1183 # From J William Piggott (2016-02-20):
1184 # "Greenland north of the community of Scoresbysund" is officially named
1185 # "National Park" by Executive Order:
1186 # http://naalakkersuisut.gl/~/media/Nanoq/Files/Attached%20Files/Engelske-tekster/Legislation/Executive%20Order%20National%20Park.rtf
1187 # It is their only National Park.
1188 #
1189 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1190 Rule Thule 1991 1992 - Mar lastSun 2:00 1:00 D
1191 Rule Thule 1991 1992 - Sep lastSun 2:00 0 S
1192 Rule Thule 1993 2006 - Apr Sun>=1 2:00 1:00 D
1193 Rule Thule 1993 2006 - Oct lastSun 2:00 0 S
1194 Rule Thule 2007 max - Mar Sun>=8 2:00 1:00 D
1195 Rule Thule 2007 max - Nov Sun>=1 2:00 0 S
1196 #
1197 # Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1198 Zone America/Danmarkshavn -1:14:40 - LMT 1916 Jul 28
1199 -3:00 - -03 1980 Apr 6 2:00
1200 -3:00 EU -03/-02 1996
1201 0:00 - GMT
1202 #
1203 # Use the old name Scoresbysund, as the current name Ittoqqortoormiit
1204 # exceeds tzdb's 14-letter limit and has no common English abbreviation.
1205 Zone America/Scoresbysund -1:27:52 - LMT 1916 Jul 28 # Ittoqqortoormiit
1206 -2:00 - -02 1980 Apr 6 2:00
1207 -2:00 C-Eur -02/-01 1981 Mar 29
1208 -1:00 EU -01/+00
1209 Zone America/Nuuk -3:26:56 - LMT 1916 Jul 28 # Godthåb
1210 -3:00 - -03 1980 Apr 6 2:00
1211 -3:00 EU -03/-02
1212 Zone America/Thule -4:35:08 - LMT 1916 Jul 28 # Pituffik
1213 -4:00 Thule A%sT
1214
1215 # Estonia
1216 #
1217 # From Paul Eggert (2016-03-18):
1218 # The 1989 transition is from USSR act No. 227 (1989-03-14).
1219 #
1220 # From Peter Ilieve (1994-10-15):
1221 # A relative in Tallinn confirms the accuracy of the data for 1989 onwards
1222 # [through 1994] and gives the legal authority for it,
1223 # a regulation of the Government of Estonia, No. 111 of 1989....
1224 #
1225 # From Peter Ilieve (1996-10-28):
1226 # [IATA SSIM (1992/1996) claims that the Baltic republics switch at 01:00s,
1227 # but a relative confirms that Estonia still switches at 02:00s, writing:]
1228 # "I do not [know] exactly but there are some little different
1229 # (confusing) rules for International Air and Railway Transport Schedules
1230 # conversion in Sunday connected with end of summer time in Estonia....
1231 # A discussion is running about the summer time efficiency and effect on
1232 # human physiology. It seems that Estonia maybe will not change to
1233 # summer time next spring."
1234
1235 # From Peter Ilieve (1998-11-04), heavily edited:
1236 # The 1998-09-22 Estonian time law
1237 # http://trip.rk.ee/cgi-bin/thw?${BASE}=akt&${OOHTML}=rtd&TA=1998&TO=1&AN=1390
1238 # refers to the Eighth Directive and cites the association agreement between
1239 # the EU and Estonia, ratified by the Estonian law (RT II 1995, 22-27, 120).
1240 #
1241 # I also asked [my relative] whether they use any standard abbreviation
1242 # for their standard and summer times. He says no, they use "suveaeg"
1243 # (summer time) and "talveaeg" (winter time).
1244
1245 # From The Baltic Times <https://www.baltictimes.com/> (1999-09-09)
1246 # via Steffen Thorsen:
1247 # This year will mark the last time Estonia shifts to summer time,
1248 # a council of the ruling coalition announced Sept. 6....
1249 # But what this could mean for Estonia's chances of joining the European
1250 # Union are still unclear. In 1994, the EU declared summer time compulsory
1251 # for all member states until 2001. Brussels has yet to decide what to do
1252 # after that.
1253
1254 # From Mart Oruaas (2000-01-29):
1255 # Regulation No. 301 (1999-10-12) obsoletes previous regulation
1256 # No. 206 (1998-09-22) and thus sticks Estonia to +02:00 GMT for all
1257 # the year round. The regulation is effective 1999-11-01.
1258
1259 # From Toomas Soome (2002-02-21):
1260 # The Estonian government has changed once again timezone politics.
1261 # Now we are using again EU rules.
1262 #
1263 # From Urmet Jänes (2002-03-28):
1264 # The legislative reference is Government decree No. 84 on 2002-02-21.
1265
1266 # Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1267 Zone Europe/Tallinn 1:39:00 - LMT 1880
1268 1:39:00 - TMT 1918 Feb # Tallinn Mean Time
1269 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1919 Jul
1270 1:39:00 - TMT 1921 May
1271 2:00 - EET 1940 Aug 6
1272 3:00 - MSK 1941 Sep 15
1273 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Sep 22
1274 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1989 Mar 26 2:00s
1275 2:00 1:00 EEST 1989 Sep 24 2:00s
1276 2:00 C-Eur EE%sT 1998 Sep 22
1277 2:00 EU EE%sT 1999 Oct 31 4:00
1278 2:00 - EET 2002 Feb 21
1279 2:00 EU EE%sT
1280
1281 # Finland
1282
1283 # From Hannu Strang (1994-09-25 06:03:37 UTC):
1284 # Well, here in Helsinki we're just changing from summer time to regular one,
1285 # and it's supposed to change at 4am...
1286
1287 # From Janne Snabb (2010-07-15):
1288 #
1289 # I noticed that the Finland data is not accurate for years 1981 and 1982.
1290 # During these two first trial years the DST adjustment was made one hour
1291 # earlier than in forthcoming years. Starting 1983 the adjustment was made
1292 # according to the central European standards.
1293 #
1294 # This is documented in Heikki Oja: Aikakirja 2007, published by The Almanac
1295 # Office of University of Helsinki, ISBN 952-10-3221-9, available online (in
1296 # Finnish) at
1297 # https://almanakka.helsinki.fi/aikakirja/Aikakirja2007kokonaan.pdf
1298 #
1299 # Page 105 (56 in PDF version) has a handy table of all past daylight savings
1300 # transitions. It is easy enough to interpret without Finnish skills.
1301 #
1302 # This is also confirmed by Finnish Broadcasting Company's archive at:
1303 # http://www.yle.fi/elavaarkisto/?s=s&g=1&ag=5&t=&a=3401
1304 #
1305 # The news clip from 1981 says that "the time between 2 and 3 o'clock does not
1306 # exist tonight."
1307
1308 # From Konstantin Hyppönen (2014-06-13):
1309 # [Heikki Oja's book Aikakirja 2013]
1310 # https://almanakka.helsinki.fi/images/aikakirja/Aikakirja2013kokonaan.pdf
1311 # pages 104-105, including a scan from a newspaper published on Apr 2 1942
1312 # say that ... [o]n Apr 2 1942, 24 o'clock (which means Apr 3 1942,
1313 # 00:00), clocks were moved one hour forward. The newspaper
1314 # mentions "on the night from Thursday to Friday"....
1315 # On Oct 4 1942, clocks were moved at 1:00 one hour backwards.
1316 #
1317 # From Paul Eggert (2014-06-14):
1318 # Go with Oja over Shanks.
1319
1320 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1321 Rule Finland 1942 only - Apr 2 24:00 1:00 S
1322 Rule Finland 1942 only - Oct 4 1:00 0 -
1323 Rule Finland 1981 1982 - Mar lastSun 2:00 1:00 S
1324 Rule Finland 1981 1982 - Sep lastSun 3:00 0 -
1325
1326 # Milne says Helsinki (Helsingfors) time was 1:39:49.2 (official document);
1327 # round to nearest.
1328
1329 # Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1330 Zone Europe/Helsinki 1:39:49 - LMT 1878 May 31
1331 1:39:49 - HMT 1921 May # Helsinki Mean Time
1332 2:00 Finland EE%sT 1983
1333 2:00 EU EE%sT
1334
1335 # Åland Is
1336 Link Europe/Helsinki Europe/Mariehamn
1337
1338
1339 # France
1340
1341 # From Ciro Discepolo (2000-12-20):
1342 #
1343 # Henri Le Corre, Régimes horaires pour le monde entier, Éditions
1344 # Traditionnelles - Paris 2 books, 1993
1345 #
1346 # Gabriel, Traité de l'heure dans le monde, Guy Trédaniel,
1347 # Paris, 1991
1348 #
1349 # Françoise Gauquelin, Problèmes de l'heure résolus en astrologie,
1350 # Guy Trédaniel, Paris 1987
1351
1352
1353 #
1354 # Shank & Pottenger seem to use '24:00' ambiguously; resolve it with Whitman.
1355 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1356 Rule France 1916 only - Jun 14 23:00s 1:00 S
1357 Rule France 1916 1919 - Oct Sun>=1 23:00s 0 -
1358 Rule France 1917 only - Mar 24 23:00s 1:00 S
1359 Rule France 1918 only - Mar 9 23:00s 1:00 S
1360 Rule France 1919 only - Mar 1 23:00s 1:00 S
1361 Rule France 1920 only - Feb 14 23:00s 1:00 S
1362 Rule France 1920 only - Oct 23 23:00s 0 -
1363 Rule France 1921 only - Mar 14 23:00s 1:00 S
1364 Rule France 1921 only - Oct 25 23:00s 0 -
1365 Rule France 1922 only - Mar 25 23:00s 1:00 S
1366 # DSH writes that a law of 1923-05-24 specified 3rd Sat in Apr at 23:00 to 1st
1367 # Sat in Oct at 24:00; and that in 1930, because of Easter, the transitions
1368 # were Apr 12 and Oct 5. Go with Shanks & Pottenger.
1369 Rule France 1922 1938 - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 -
1370 Rule France 1923 only - May 26 23:00s 1:00 S
1371 Rule France 1924 only - Mar 29 23:00s 1:00 S
1372 Rule France 1925 only - Apr 4 23:00s 1:00 S
1373 Rule France 1926 only - Apr 17 23:00s 1:00 S
1374 Rule France 1927 only - Apr 9 23:00s 1:00 S
1375 Rule France 1928 only - Apr 14 23:00s 1:00 S
1376 Rule France 1929 only - Apr 20 23:00s 1:00 S
1377 Rule France 1930 only - Apr 12 23:00s 1:00 S
1378 Rule France 1931 only - Apr 18 23:00s 1:00 S
1379 Rule France 1932 only - Apr 2 23:00s 1:00 S
1380 Rule France 1933 only - Mar 25 23:00s 1:00 S
1381 Rule France 1934 only - Apr 7 23:00s 1:00 S
1382 Rule France 1935 only - Mar 30 23:00s 1:00 S
1383 Rule France 1936 only - Apr 18 23:00s 1:00 S
1384 Rule France 1937 only - Apr 3 23:00s 1:00 S
1385 Rule France 1938 only - Mar 26 23:00s 1:00 S
1386 Rule France 1939 only - Apr 15 23:00s 1:00 S
1387 Rule France 1939 only - Nov 18 23:00s 0 -
1388 Rule France 1940 only - Feb 25 2:00 1:00 S
1389 # The French rules for 1941-1944 were not used in Paris, but Shanks & Pottenger
1390 # write that they were used in Monaco and in many French locations.
1391 # Le Corre writes that the upper limit of the free zone was Arnéguy, Orthez,
1392 # Mont-de-Marsan, Bazas, Langon, Lamothe-Montravel, Marœuil, La
1393 # Rochefoucauld, Champagne-Mouton, La Roche-Posay, La Haye-Descartes,
1394 # Loches, Montrichard, Vierzon, Bourges, Moulins, Digoin,
1395 # Paray-le-Monial, Montceau-les-Mines, Chalon-sur-Saône, Arbois,
1396 # Dole, Morez, St-Claude, and Collonges (Haute-Savoie).
1397 Rule France 1941 only - May 5 0:00 2:00 M # Midsummer
1398 # Shanks & Pottenger say this transition occurred at Oct 6 1:00,
1399 # but go with Denis Excoffier (1997-12-12),
1400 # who quotes the Ephémérides astronomiques for 1998 from Bureau des Longitudes
1401 # as saying 5/10/41 22hUT.
1402 Rule France 1941 only - Oct 6 0:00 1:00 S
1403 Rule France 1942 only - Mar 9 0:00 2:00 M
1404 Rule France 1942 only - Nov 2 3:00 1:00 S
1405 Rule France 1943 only - Mar 29 2:00 2:00 M
1406 Rule France 1943 only - Oct 4 3:00 1:00 S
1407 Rule France 1944 only - Apr 3 2:00 2:00 M
1408 Rule France 1944 only - Oct 8 1:00 1:00 S
1409 Rule France 1945 only - Apr 2 2:00 2:00 M
1410 Rule France 1945 only - Sep 16 3:00 0 -
1411 # Shanks & Pottenger give Mar 28 2:00 and Sep 26 3:00;
1412 # go with Excoffier's 28/3/76 0hUT and 25/9/76 23hUT.
1413 Rule France 1976 only - Mar 28 1:00 1:00 S
1414 Rule France 1976 only - Sep 26 1:00 0 -
1415 # Shanks & Pottenger give 0:09:20 for Paris Mean Time, and Whitman 0:09:05,
1416 # but Howse quotes the actual French legislation as saying 0:09:21.
1417 # Go with Howse. Howse writes that the time in France was officially based
1418 # on PMT-0:09:21 until 1978-08-09, when the time base finally switched to UTC.
1419 # Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1420 Zone Europe/Paris 0:09:21 - LMT 1891 Mar 15 0:01
1421 0:09:21 - PMT 1911 Mar 11 0:01 # Paris MT
1422 # Shanks & Pottenger give 1940 Jun 14 0:00; go with Excoffier and Le Corre.
1423 0:00 France WE%sT 1940 Jun 14 23:00
1424 # Le Corre says Paris stuck with occupied-France time after the liberation;
1425 # go with Shanks & Pottenger.
1426 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Aug 25
1427 0:00 France WE%sT 1945 Sep 16 3:00
1428 1:00 France CE%sT 1977
1429 1:00 EU CE%sT
1430
1431 # Germany
1432
1433 # From Markus Kuhn (1998-09-29):
1434 # The German time zone web site by the Physikalisch-Technische
1435 # Bundesanstalt contains DST information back to 1916.
1436 # [See tz-link.html for the URL.]
1437
1438 # From Jörg Schilling (2002-10-23):
1439 # In 1945, Berlin was switched to Moscow Summer time (GMT+4) by
1440 # https://www.dhm.de/lemo/html/biografien/BersarinNikolai/
1441 # General [Nikolai] Bersarin.
1442
1443 # From Paul Eggert (2003-03-08):
1444 # http://www.parlament-berlin.de/pds-fraktion.nsf/727459127c8b66ee8525662300459099/defc77cb784f180ac1256c2b0030274b/$FILE/bersarint.pdf
1445 # says that Bersarin issued an order to use Moscow time on May 20.
1446 # However, Moscow did not observe daylight saving in 1945, so
1447 # this was equivalent to UT +03, not +04.
1448
1449
1450 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1451 Rule Germany 1946 only - Apr 14 2:00s 1:00 S
1452 Rule Germany 1946 only - Oct 7 2:00s 0 -
1453 Rule Germany 1947 1949 - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
1454 # http://www.ptb.de/de/org/4/44/441/salt.htm says the following transition
1455 # occurred at 3:00 MEZ, not the 2:00 MEZ given in Shanks & Pottenger.
1456 # Go with the PTB.
1457 Rule Germany 1947 only - Apr 6 3:00s 1:00 S
1458 Rule Germany 1947 only - May 11 2:00s 2:00 M
1459 Rule Germany 1947 only - Jun 29 3:00 1:00 S
1460 Rule Germany 1948 only - Apr 18 2:00s 1:00 S
1461 Rule Germany 1949 only - Apr 10 2:00s 1:00 S
1462
1463 Rule SovietZone 1945 only - May 24 2:00 2:00 M # Midsummer
1464 Rule SovietZone 1945 only - Sep 24 3:00 1:00 S
1465 Rule SovietZone 1945 only - Nov 18 2:00s 0 -
1466
1467 # Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1468 Zone Europe/Berlin 0:53:28 - LMT 1893 Apr
1469 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 May 24 2:00
1470 1:00 SovietZone CE%sT 1946
1471 1:00 Germany CE%sT 1980
1472 1:00 EU CE%sT
1473
1474 # From Tobias Conradi (2011-09-12):
1475 # Büsingen <http://www.buesingen.de>, surrounded by the Swiss canton
1476 # Schaffhausen, did not start observing DST in 1980 as the rest of DE
1477 # (West Germany at that time) and DD (East Germany at that time) did.
1478 # DD merged into DE, the area is currently covered by code DE in ISO 3166-1,
1479 # which in turn is covered by the zone Europe/Berlin.
1480 #
1481 # Source for the time in Büsingen 1980:
1482 # http://www.srf.ch/player/video?id=c012c029-03b7-4c2b-9164-aa5902cd58d3
1483
1484 # From Arthur David Olson (2012-03-03):
1485 # Büsingen and Zurich have shared clocks since 1970.
1486
1487 Link Europe/Zurich Europe/Busingen
1488
1489 # Georgia
1490 # Please see the "asia" file for Asia/Tbilisi.
1491 # Herodotus (Histories, IV.45) says Georgia north of the Phasis (now Rioni)
1492 # is in Europe. Our reference location Tbilisi is in the Asian part.
1493
1494 # Gibraltar
1495 # Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1496 Zone Europe/Gibraltar -0:21:24 - LMT 1880 Aug 2 0:00s
1497 0:00 GB-Eire %s 1957 Apr 14 2:00
1498 1:00 - CET 1982
1499 1:00 EU CE%sT
1500
1501 # Greece
1502 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1503 # Whitman gives 1932 Jul 5 - Nov 1; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
1504 Rule Greece 1932 only - Jul 7 0:00 1:00 S
1505 Rule Greece 1932 only - Sep 1 0:00 0 -
1506 # Whitman gives 1941 Apr 25 - ?; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
1507 Rule Greece 1941 only - Apr 7 0:00 1:00 S
1508 # Whitman gives 1942 Feb 2 - ?; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
1509 Rule Greece 1942 only - Nov 2 3:00 0 -
1510 Rule Greece 1943 only - Mar 30 0:00 1:00 S
1511 Rule Greece 1943 only - Oct 4 0:00 0 -
1512 # Whitman gives 1944 Oct 3 - Oct 31; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
1513 Rule Greece 1952 only - Jul 1 0:00 1:00 S
1514 Rule Greece 1952 only - Nov 2 0:00 0 -
1515 Rule Greece 1975 only - Apr 12 0:00s 1:00 S
1516 Rule Greece 1975 only - Nov 26 0:00s 0 -
1517 Rule Greece 1976 only - Apr 11 2:00s 1:00 S
1518 Rule Greece 1976 only - Oct 10 2:00s 0 -
1519 Rule Greece 1977 1978 - Apr Sun>=1 2:00s 1:00 S
1520 Rule Greece 1977 only - Sep 26 2:00s 0 -
1521 Rule Greece 1978 only - Sep 24 4:00 0 -
1522 Rule Greece 1979 only - Apr 1 9:00 1:00 S
1523 Rule Greece 1979 only - Sep 29 2:00 0 -
1524 Rule Greece 1980 only - Apr 1 0:00 1:00 S
1525 Rule Greece 1980 only - Sep 28 0:00 0 -
1526 # Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1527 Zone Europe/Athens 1:34:52 - LMT 1895 Sep 14
1528 1:34:52 - AMT 1916 Jul 28 0:01 # Athens MT
1529 2:00 Greece EE%sT 1941 Apr 30
1530 1:00 Greece CE%sT 1944 Apr 4
1531 2:00 Greece EE%sT 1981
1532 # Shanks & Pottenger say it switched to C-Eur in 1981;
1533 # go with EU rules instead, since Greece joined Jan 1.
1534 2:00 EU EE%sT
1535
1536 # Hungary
1537 # From Paul Eggert (2014-07-15):
1538 # Dates for 1916-1945 are taken from:
1539 # Oross A. Jelen a múlt jövője: a nyári időszámítás Magyarországon 1916-1945.
1540 # National Archives of Hungary (2012-10-29).
1541 # http://mnl.gov.hu/a_het_dokumentuma/a_nyari_idoszamitas_magyarorszagon_19161945.html
1542 # This source does not always give times, which are taken from Shanks
1543 # & Pottenger (which disagree about the dates).
1544 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1545 Rule Hungary 1918 only - Apr 1 3:00 1:00 S
1546 Rule Hungary 1918 only - Sep 16 3:00 0 -
1547 Rule Hungary 1919 only - Apr 15 3:00 1:00 S
1548 Rule Hungary 1919 only - Nov 24 3:00 0 -
1549 Rule Hungary 1945 only - May 1 23:00 1:00 S
1550 Rule Hungary 1945 only - Nov 1 0:00 0 -
1551 Rule Hungary 1946 only - Mar 31 2:00s 1:00 S
1552 Rule Hungary 1946 1949 - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
1553 Rule Hungary 1947 1949 - Apr Sun>=4 2:00s 1:00 S
1554 Rule Hungary 1950 only - Apr 17 2:00s 1:00 S
1555 Rule Hungary 1950 only - Oct 23 2:00s 0 -
1556 Rule Hungary 1954 1955 - May 23 0:00 1:00 S
1557 Rule Hungary 1954 1955 - Oct 3 0:00 0 -
1558 Rule Hungary 1956 only - Jun Sun>=1 0:00 1:00 S
1559 Rule Hungary 1956 only - Sep lastSun 0:00 0 -
1560 Rule Hungary 1957 only - Jun Sun>=1 1:00 1:00 S
1561 Rule Hungary 1957 only - Sep lastSun 3:00 0 -
1562 Rule Hungary 1980 only - Apr 6 1:00 1:00 S
1563 # Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1564 Zone Europe/Budapest 1:16:20 - LMT 1890 Oct
1565 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1918
1566 1:00 Hungary CE%sT 1941 Apr 8
1567 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945
1568 1:00 Hungary CE%sT 1980 Sep 28 2:00s
1569 1:00 EU CE%sT
1570
1571 # Iceland
1572 #
1573 # From Adam David (1993-11-06):
1574 # The name of the timezone in Iceland for system / mail / news purposes is GMT.
1575 #
1576 # (1993-12-05):
1577 # This material is paraphrased from the 1988 edition of the University of
1578 # Iceland Almanak.
1579 #
1580 # From January 1st, 1908 the whole of Iceland was standardised at 1 hour
1581 # behind GMT. Previously, local mean solar time was used in different parts
1582 # of Iceland, the almanak had been based on Reykjavík mean solar time which
1583 # was 1 hour and 28 minutes behind GMT.
1584 #
1585 # "first day of winter" referred to [below] means the first day of the 26 weeks
1586 # of winter, according to the old icelandic calendar that dates back to the
1587 # time the norsemen first settled Iceland. The first day of winter is always
1588 # Saturday, but is not dependent on the Julian or Gregorian calendars.
1589 #
1590 # (1993-12-10):
1591 # I have a reference from the Oxford Icelandic-English dictionary for the
1592 # beginning of winter, which ties it to the ecclesiastical calendar (and thus
1593 # to the julian/gregorian calendar) over the period in question.
1594 # the winter begins on the Saturday next before St. Luke's day
1595 # (old style), or on St. Luke's day, if a Saturday.
1596 # St. Luke's day ought to be traceable from ecclesiastical sources. "old style"
1597 # might be a reference to the Julian calendar as opposed to Gregorian, or it
1598 # might mean something else (???).
1599 #
1600 # From Paul Eggert (2014-11-22):
1601 # The information below is taken from the 1988 Almanak; see
1602 # http://www.almanak.hi.is/klukkan.html
1603 #
1604 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1605 Rule Iceland 1917 1919 - Feb 19 23:00 1:00 -
1606 Rule Iceland 1917 only - Oct 21 1:00 0 -
1607 Rule Iceland 1918 1919 - Nov 16 1:00 0 -
1608 Rule Iceland 1921 only - Mar 19 23:00 1:00 -
1609 Rule Iceland 1921 only - Jun 23 1:00 0 -
1610 Rule Iceland 1939 only - Apr 29 23:00 1:00 -
1611 Rule Iceland 1939 only - Oct 29 2:00 0 -
1612 Rule Iceland 1940 only - Feb 25 2:00 1:00 -
1613 Rule Iceland 1940 1941 - Nov Sun>=2 1:00s 0 -
1614 Rule Iceland 1941 1942 - Mar Sun>=2 1:00s 1:00 -
1615 # 1943-1946 - first Sunday in March until first Sunday in winter
1616 Rule Iceland 1943 1946 - Mar Sun>=1 1:00s 1:00 -
1617 Rule Iceland 1942 1948 - Oct Sun>=22 1:00s 0 -
1618 # 1947-1967 - first Sunday in April until first Sunday in winter
1619 Rule Iceland 1947 1967 - Apr Sun>=1 1:00s 1:00 -
1620 # 1949 and 1967 Oct transitions delayed by 1 week
1621 Rule Iceland 1949 only - Oct 30 1:00s 0 -
1622 Rule Iceland 1950 1966 - Oct Sun>=22 1:00s 0 -
1623 Rule Iceland 1967 only - Oct 29 1:00s 0 -
1624 # Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1625 Zone Atlantic/Reykjavik -1:28 - LMT 1908
1626 -1:00 Iceland -01/+00 1968 Apr 7 1:00s
1627 0:00 - GMT
1628
1629 # Italy
1630 #
1631 # From Paul Eggert (2001-03-06):
1632 # Sicily and Sardinia each had their own time zones from 1866 to 1893,
1633 # called Palermo Time (+00:53:28) and Cagliari Time (+00:36:32).
1634 # During World War II, German-controlled Italy used German time.
1635 # But these events all occurred before the 1970 cutoff,
1636 # so record only the time in Rome.
1637 #
1638 # From Stephen Trainor (2019-05-06):
1639 # http://www.ac-ilsestante.it/MERIDIANE/ora_legale/ORA_LEGALE_ESTIVA_IN_ITALIA.htm
1640 # ... the [1866] law went into effect on 12 December 1866, rather than
1641 # the date of the decree (22 Sep 1866)
1642 # https://web.archive.org/web/20070824155341/http://www.iav.it/planetario/didastro/didastro/english.htm
1643 # ... "In Italy in 1866 there were 6 railway times (Torino, Verona, Firenze,
1644 # Roma, Napoli, Palermo). On that year it was decided to unify them, adopting
1645 # the average time of Rome (even if this city was not yet part of the
1646 # kingdom). On the 12th December 1866, on the starting of the winter time
1647 # table, it took effect in the railways, the post office and the telegraph,
1648 # not only for the internal service but also for the public.... Milano set
1649 # the public watches on the Rome time on the same day (12th December 1866),
1650 # Torino and Bologna on the 1st January 1867, Venezia the 1st May 1880 and the
1651 # last city was Cagliari in 1886."
1652 #
1653 # From Luigi Rosa (2019-05-07):
1654 # this is the scan of the decree:
1655 # http://www.radiomarconi.com/marconi/filopanti/1866c.jpg
1656 #
1657 # From Michael Deckers (2016-10-24):
1658 # http://www.ac-ilsestante.it/MERIDIANE/ora_legale quotes a law of 1893-08-10
1659 # ... [translated as] "The preceding dispositions will enter into
1660 # force at the instant at which, according to the time specified in
1661 # the 1st article, the 1st of November 1893 will begin...."
1662 #
1663 # From Pierpaolo Bernardi (2016-10-20):
1664 # The authoritative source for time in Italy is the national metrological
1665 # institute, which has a summary page of historical DST data at
1666 # http://www.inrim.it/res/tf/ora_legale_i.shtml
1667 # [now at http://oldsite.inrim.it/res/tf/ora_legale_i.shtml as of 2017]
1668 # (2016-10-24):
1669 # http://www.renzobaldini.it/le-ore-legali-in-italia/
1670 # has still different data for 1944. It divides Italy in two, as
1671 # there were effectively two governments at the time, north of Gothic
1672 # Line German controlled territory, official government RSI, and south
1673 # of the Gothic Line, controlled by allied armies.
1674 #
1675 # From Brian Inglis (2016-10-23):
1676 # Viceregal LEGISLATIVE DECREE. 14 September 1944, no. 219.
1677 # Restoration of Standard Time. (044U0219) (OJ 62 of 30.9.1944) ...
1678 # Given the R. law decreed on 1944-03-29, no. 92, by which standard time is
1679 # advanced to sixty minutes later starting at hour two on 1944-04-02; ...
1680 # Starting at hour three on the date 1944-09-17 standard time will be resumed.
1681 #
1682 # From Alois Triendl (2019-07-02):
1683 # I spent 6 Euros to buy two archive copies of Il Messaggero, a Roman paper,
1684 # for 1 and 2 April 1944. The edition of 2 April has this note: "Tonight at 2
1685 # am, put forward the clock by one hour. Remember that in the night between
1686 # today and Monday the 'ora legale' will come in force again." That makes it
1687 # clear that in Rome the change was on Monday, 3 April 1944 at 2 am.
1688 #
1689 # From Paul Eggert (2016-10-27):
1690 # Go with INRiM for DST rules, except as corrected by Inglis for 1944
1691 # for the Kingdom of Italy. This is consistent with Renzo Baldini.
1692 # Model Rome's occupation by using C-Eur rules from 1943-09-10
1693 # to 1944-06-04; although Rome was an open city during this period, it
1694 # was effectively controlled by Germany.
1695 #
1696 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1697 Rule Italy 1916 only - Jun 3 24:00 1:00 S
1698 Rule Italy 1916 1917 - Sep 30 24:00 0 -
1699 Rule Italy 1917 only - Mar 31 24:00 1:00 S
1700 Rule Italy 1918 only - Mar 9 24:00 1:00 S
1701 Rule Italy 1918 only - Oct 6 24:00 0 -
1702 Rule Italy 1919 only - Mar 1 24:00 1:00 S
1703 Rule Italy 1919 only - Oct 4 24:00 0 -
1704 Rule Italy 1920 only - Mar 20 24:00 1:00 S
1705 Rule Italy 1920 only - Sep 18 24:00 0 -
1706 Rule Italy 1940 only - Jun 14 24:00 1:00 S
1707 Rule Italy 1942 only - Nov 2 2:00s 0 -
1708 Rule Italy 1943 only - Mar 29 2:00s 1:00 S
1709 Rule Italy 1943 only - Oct 4 2:00s 0 -
1710 Rule Italy 1944 only - Apr 2 2:00s 1:00 S
1711 Rule Italy 1944 only - Sep 17 2:00s 0 -
1712 Rule Italy 1945 only - Apr 2 2:00 1:00 S
1713 Rule Italy 1945 only - Sep 15 1:00 0 -
1714 Rule Italy 1946 only - Mar 17 2:00s 1:00 S
1715 Rule Italy 1946 only - Oct 6 2:00s 0 -
1716 Rule Italy 1947 only - Mar 16 0:00s 1:00 S
1717 Rule Italy 1947 only - Oct 5 0:00s 0 -
1718 Rule Italy 1948 only - Feb 29 2:00s 1:00 S
1719 Rule Italy 1948 only - Oct 3 2:00s 0 -
1720 Rule Italy 1966 1968 - May Sun>=22 0:00s 1:00 S
1721 Rule Italy 1966 only - Sep 24 24:00 0 -
1722 Rule Italy 1967 1969 - Sep Sun>=22 0:00s 0 -
1723 Rule Italy 1969 only - Jun 1 0:00s 1:00 S
1724 Rule Italy 1970 only - May 31 0:00s 1:00 S
1725 Rule Italy 1970 only - Sep lastSun 0:00s 0 -
1726 Rule Italy 1971 1972 - May Sun>=22 0:00s 1:00 S
1727 Rule Italy 1971 only - Sep lastSun 0:00s 0 -
1728 Rule Italy 1972 only - Oct 1 0:00s 0 -
1729 Rule Italy 1973 only - Jun 3 0:00s 1:00 S
1730 Rule Italy 1973 1974 - Sep lastSun 0:00s 0 -
1731 Rule Italy 1974 only - May 26 0:00s 1:00 S
1732 Rule Italy 1975 only - Jun 1 0:00s 1:00 S
1733 Rule Italy 1975 1977 - Sep lastSun 0:00s 0 -
1734 Rule Italy 1976 only - May 30 0:00s 1:00 S
1735 Rule Italy 1977 1979 - May Sun>=22 0:00s 1:00 S
1736 Rule Italy 1978 only - Oct 1 0:00s 0 -
1737 Rule Italy 1979 only - Sep 30 0:00s 0 -
1738 # Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1739 Zone Europe/Rome 0:49:56 - LMT 1866 Dec 12
1740 0:49:56 - RMT 1893 Oct 31 23:49:56 # Rome Mean
1741 1:00 Italy CE%sT 1943 Sep 10
1742 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Jun 4
1743 1:00 Italy CE%sT 1980
1744 1:00 EU CE%sT
1745
1746 Link Europe/Rome Europe/Vatican
1747 Link Europe/Rome Europe/San_Marino
1748
1749 # Latvia
1750
1751 # From Liene Kanepe (1998-09-17):
1752
1753 # I asked about this matter Scientific Secretary of the Institute of Astronomy
1754 # of The University of Latvia Dr. paed Mr. Ilgonis Vilks. I also searched the
1755 # correct data in juridical acts and I found some juridical documents about
1756 # changes in the counting of time in Latvia from 1981....
1757 #
1758 # Act No. 35 of the Council of Ministers of Latvian SSR of 1981-01-22 ...
1759 # according to the Act No. 925 of the Council of Ministers of USSR of 1980-10-24
1760 # ...: all year round the time of 2nd time zone + 1 hour, in addition turning
1761 # the hands of the clock 1 hour forward on 1 April at 00:00 (GMT 31 March 21:00)
1762 # and 1 hour backward on the 1 October at 00:00 (GMT 30 September 20:00).
1763 #
1764 # Act No. 592 of the Council of Ministers of Latvian SSR of 1984-09-24 ...
1765 # according to the Act No. 967 of the Council of Ministers of USSR of 1984-09-13
1766 # ...: all year round the time of 2nd time zone + 1 hour, in addition turning
1767 # the hands of the clock 1 hour forward on the last Sunday of March at 02:00
1768 # (GMT 23:00 on the previous day) and 1 hour backward on the last Sunday of
1769 # September at 03:00 (GMT 23:00 on the previous day).
1770 #
1771 # Act No. 81 of the Council of Ministers of Latvian SSR of 1989-03-22 ...
1772 # according to the Act No. 227 of the Council of Ministers of USSR of 1989-03-14
1773 # ...: since the last Sunday of March 1989 in Lithuanian SSR, Latvian SSR,
1774 # Estonian SSR and Kaliningrad region of Russian Federation all year round the
1775 # time of 2nd time zone (Moscow time minus one hour). On the territory of Latvia
1776 # transition to summer time is performed on the last Sunday of March at 02:00
1777 # (GMT 00:00), turning the hands of the clock 1 hour forward. The end of
1778 # daylight saving time is performed on the last Sunday of September at 03:00
1779 # (GMT 00:00), turning the hands of the clock 1 hour backward. Exception is
1780 # 1989-03-26, when we must not turn the hands of the clock....
1781 #
1782 # The Regulations of the Cabinet of Ministers of the Republic of Latvia of
1783 # 1997-01-21 on transition to Summer time ... established the same order of
1784 # daylight savings time settings as in the States of the European Union.
1785
1786 # From Andrei Ivanov (2000-03-06):
1787 # This year Latvia will not switch to Daylight Savings Time (as specified in
1788 # The Regulations of the Cabinet of Ministers of the Rep. of Latvia of
1789 # 29-Feb-2000 (No. 79) <http://www.lv-laiks.lv/wwwraksti/2000/071072/vd4.htm>,
1790 # in Latvian for subscribers only).
1791
1792 # From RFE/RL Newsline
1793 # http://www.rferl.org/newsline/2001/01/3-CEE/cee-030101.html
1794 # (2001-01-03), noted after a heads-up by Rives McDow:
1795 # The Latvian government on 2 January decided that the country will
1796 # institute daylight-saving time this spring, LETA reported.
1797 # Last February the three Baltic states decided not to turn back their
1798 # clocks one hour in the spring....
1799 # Minister of Economy Aigars Kalvītis noted that Latvia had too few
1800 # daylight hours and thus decided to comply with a draft European
1801 # Commission directive that provides for instituting daylight-saving
1802 # time in EU countries between 2002 and 2006. The Latvian government
1803 # urged Lithuania and Estonia to adopt a similar time policy, but it
1804 # appears that they will not do so....
1805
1806 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1807 Rule Latvia 1989 1996 - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 S
1808 Rule Latvia 1989 1996 - Sep lastSun 2:00s 0 -
1809
1810 # Milne 1899 says Riga was 1:36:28 (Polytechnique House time).
1811 # Byalokoz 1919 says Latvia was 1:36:34.
1812 # Go with Byalokoz.
1813
1814 # Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1815 Zone Europe/Riga 1:36:34 - LMT 1880
1816 1:36:34 - RMT 1918 Apr 15 2:00 # Riga MT
1817 1:36:34 1:00 LST 1918 Sep 16 3:00 # Latvian ST
1818 1:36:34 - RMT 1919 Apr 1 2:00
1819 1:36:34 1:00 LST 1919 May 22 3:00
1820 1:36:34 - RMT 1926 May 11
1821 2:00 - EET 1940 Aug 5
1822 3:00 - MSK 1941 Jul
1823 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Oct 13
1824 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1989 Mar lastSun 2:00s
1825 2:00 1:00 EEST 1989 Sep lastSun 2:00s
1826 2:00 Latvia EE%sT 1997 Jan 21
1827 2:00 EU EE%sT 2000 Feb 29
1828 2:00 - EET 2001 Jan 2
1829 2:00 EU EE%sT
1830
1831 # Liechtenstein
1832
1833 # From Paul Eggert (2013-09-09):
1834 # Shanks & Pottenger say Vaduz is like Zurich.
1835
1836 # From Alois Treindl (2019-07-04):
1837 # I was able to access the online archive of the Vaduz paper Vaterland ...
1838 # I could confirm from the paper that Liechtenstein did in fact follow
1839 # the same DST in 1941 and 1942 as Switzerland did.
1840
1841 Link Europe/Zurich Europe/Vaduz
1842
1843
1844 # Lithuania
1845
1846 # From Paul Eggert (2016-03-18):
1847 # The 1989 transition is from USSR act No. 227 (1989-03-14).
1848
1849 # From Paul Eggert (1996-11-22):
1850 # IATA SSIM (1992/1996) says Lithuania uses W-Eur rules, but since it is
1851 # known to be wrong about Estonia and Latvia, assume it's wrong here too.
1852
1853 # From Marius Gedminas (1998-08-07):
1854 # I would like to inform that in this year Lithuanian time zone
1855 # (Europe/Vilnius) was changed.
1856
1857 # From ELTA No. 972 (2582) (1999-09-29) <http://www.elta.lt/>,
1858 # via Steffen Thorsen:
1859 # Lithuania has shifted back to the second time zone (GMT plus two hours)
1860 # to be valid here starting from October 31,
1861 # as decided by the national government on Wednesday....
1862 # The Lithuanian government also announced plans to consider a
1863 # motion to give up shifting to summer time in spring, as it was
1864 # already done by Estonia.
1865
1866 # From the Fact File, Lithuanian State Department of Tourism
1867 # <http://www.tourism.lt/informa/ff.htm> (2000-03-27):
1868 # Local time is GMT+2 hours ..., no daylight saving.
1869
1870 # From a user via Klaus Marten (2003-02-07):
1871 # As a candidate for membership of the European Union, Lithuania will
1872 # observe Summer Time in 2003, changing its clocks at the times laid
1873 # down in EU Directive 2000/84 of 19.I.01 (i.e. at the same times as its
1874 # neighbour Latvia). The text of the Lithuanian government Order of
1875 # 7.XI.02 to this effect can be found at
1876 # http://www.lrvk.lt/nut/11/n1749.htm
1877
1878
1879 # Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1880 Zone Europe/Vilnius 1:41:16 - LMT 1880
1881 1:24:00 - WMT 1917 # Warsaw Mean Time
1882 1:35:36 - KMT 1919 Oct 10 # Kaunas Mean Time
1883 1:00 - CET 1920 Jul 12
1884 2:00 - EET 1920 Oct 9
1885 1:00 - CET 1940 Aug 3
1886 3:00 - MSK 1941 Jun 24
1887 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Aug
1888 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1989 Mar 26 2:00s
1889 2:00 Russia EE%sT 1991 Sep 29 2:00s
1890 2:00 C-Eur EE%sT 1998
1891 2:00 - EET 1998 Mar 29 1:00u
1892 1:00 EU CE%sT 1999 Oct 31 1:00u
1893 2:00 - EET 2003 Jan 1
1894 2:00 EU EE%sT
1895
1896 # Luxembourg
1897 # Whitman disagrees with most of these dates in minor ways;
1898 # go with Shanks & Pottenger.
1899 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1900 Rule Lux 1916 only - May 14 23:00 1:00 S
1901 Rule Lux 1916 only - Oct 1 1:00 0 -
1902 Rule Lux 1917 only - Apr 28 23:00 1:00 S
1903 Rule Lux 1917 only - Sep 17 1:00 0 -
1904 Rule Lux 1918 only - Apr Mon>=15 2:00s 1:00 S
1905 Rule Lux 1918 only - Sep Mon>=15 2:00s 0 -
1906 Rule Lux 1919 only - Mar 1 23:00 1:00 S
1907 Rule Lux 1919 only - Oct 5 3:00 0 -
1908 Rule Lux 1920 only - Feb 14 23:00 1:00 S
1909 Rule Lux 1920 only - Oct 24 2:00 0 -
1910 Rule Lux 1921 only - Mar 14 23:00 1:00 S
1911 Rule Lux 1921 only - Oct 26 2:00 0 -
1912 Rule Lux 1922 only - Mar 25 23:00 1:00 S
1913 Rule Lux 1922 only - Oct Sun>=2 1:00 0 -
1914 Rule Lux 1923 only - Apr 21 23:00 1:00 S
1915 Rule Lux 1923 only - Oct Sun>=2 2:00 0 -
1916 Rule Lux 1924 only - Mar 29 23:00 1:00 S
1917 Rule Lux 1924 1928 - Oct Sun>=2 1:00 0 -
1918 Rule Lux 1925 only - Apr 5 23:00 1:00 S
1919 Rule Lux 1926 only - Apr 17 23:00 1:00 S
1920 Rule Lux 1927 only - Apr 9 23:00 1:00 S
1921 Rule Lux 1928 only - Apr 14 23:00 1:00 S
1922 Rule Lux 1929 only - Apr 20 23:00 1:00 S
1923 # Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1924 Zone Europe/Luxembourg 0:24:36 - LMT 1904 Jun
1925 1:00 Lux CE%sT 1918 Nov 25
1926 0:00 Lux WE%sT 1929 Oct 6 2:00s
1927 0:00 Belgium WE%sT 1940 May 14 3:00
1928 1:00 C-Eur WE%sT 1944 Sep 18 3:00
1929 1:00 Belgium CE%sT 1977
1930 1:00 EU CE%sT
1931
1932 # North Macedonia
1933 # See Europe/Belgrade.
1934
1935 # Malta
1936 #
1937 # From Paul Eggert (2016-10-21):
1938 # Assume 1900-1972 was like Rome, overriding Shanks.
1939 #
1940 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1941 Rule Malta 1973 only - Mar 31 0:00s 1:00 S
1942 Rule Malta 1973 only - Sep 29 0:00s 0 -
1943 Rule Malta 1974 only - Apr 21 0:00s 1:00 S
1944 Rule Malta 1974 only - Sep 16 0:00s 0 -
1945 Rule Malta 1975 1979 - Apr Sun>=15 2:00 1:00 S
1946 Rule Malta 1975 1980 - Sep Sun>=15 2:00 0 -
1947 Rule Malta 1980 only - Mar 31 2:00 1:00 S
1948 # Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1949 Zone Europe/Malta 0:58:04 - LMT 1893 Nov 2 0:00s # Valletta
1950 1:00 Italy CE%sT 1973 Mar 31
1951 1:00 Malta CE%sT 1981
1952 1:00 EU CE%sT
1953
1954 # Moldova
1955
1956 # From Stepan Golosunov (2016-03-07):
1957 # the act of the government of the Republic of Moldova Nr. 132 from 1990-05-04
1958 # http://lex.justice.md/viewdoc.php?action=view&view=doc&id=298782&lang=2
1959 # ... says that since 1990-05-06 on the territory of the Moldavian SSR
1960 # time would be calculated as the standard time of the second time belt
1961 # plus one hour of the "summer" time. To implement that clocks would be
1962 # adjusted one hour backwards at 1990-05-06 2:00. After that "summer"
1963 # time would be cancelled last Sunday of September at 3:00 and
1964 # reintroduced last Sunday of March at 2:00.
1965
1966 # From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):
1967 # A previous version of this database followed Shanks & Pottenger, who write
1968 # that Tiraspol switched to Moscow time on 1992-01-19 at 02:00.
1969 # However, this is most likely an error, as Moldova declared independence
1970 # on 1991-08-27 (the 1992-01-19 date is that of a Russian decree).
1971 # In early 1992 there was large-scale interethnic violence in the area
1972 # and it's possible that some Russophones continued to observe Moscow time.
1973 # But [two people] separately reported via
1974 # Jesper Nørgaard that as of 2001-01-24 Tiraspol was like Chisinau.
1975 # The Tiraspol entry has therefore been removed for now.
1976 #
1977 # From Alexander Krivenyshev (2011-10-17):
1978 # Pridnestrovian Moldavian Republic (PMR, also known as
1979 # "Pridnestrovie") has abolished seasonal clock change (no transition
1980 # to the Winter Time).
1981 #
1982 # News (in Russian):
1983 # http://www.kyivpost.ua/russia/news/pridnestrove-otkazalos-ot-perehoda-na-zimnee-vremya-30954.html
1984 # http://www.allmoldova.com/moldova-news/1249064116.html
1985 #
1986 # The substance of this change (reinstatement of the Tiraspol entry)
1987 # is from a patch from Petr Machata (2011-10-17)
1988 #
1989 # From Tim Parenti (2011-10-19)
1990 # In addition, being situated at +4651+2938 would give Tiraspol
1991 # a pre-1880 LMT offset of 1:58:32.
1992 #
1993 # (which agrees with the earlier entry that had been removed)
1994 #
1995 # From Alexander Krivenyshev (2011-10-26)
1996 # NO need to divide Moldova into two timezones at this point.
1997 # As of today, Transnistria (Pridnestrovie)- Tiraspol reversed its own
1998 # decision to abolish DST this winter.
1999 # Following Moldova and neighboring Ukraine- Transnistria (Pridnestrovie)-
2000 # Tiraspol will go back to winter time on October 30, 2011.
2001 # News from Moldova (in russian):
2002 # https://ru.publika.md/link_317061.html
2003
2004 # From Roman Tudos (2015-07-02):
2005 # http://lex.justice.md/index.php?action=view&view=doc&lang=1&id=355077
2006 # From Paul Eggert (2015-07-01):
2007 # The abovementioned official link to IGO1445-868/2014 states that
2008 # 2014-10-26's fallback transition occurred at 03:00 local time. Also,
2009 # https://www.trm.md/en/social/la-30-martie-vom-trece-la-ora-de-vara
2010 # says the 2014-03-30 spring-forward transition was at 02:00 local time.
2011 # Guess that since 1997 Moldova has switched one hour before the EU.
2012
2013 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
2014 Rule Moldova 1997 max - Mar lastSun 2:00 1:00 S
2015 Rule Moldova 1997 max - Oct lastSun 3:00 0 -
2016
2017 # Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
2018 Zone Europe/Chisinau 1:55:20 - LMT 1880
2019 1:55 - CMT 1918 Feb 15 # Chisinau MT
2020 1:44:24 - BMT 1931 Jul 24 # Bucharest MT
2021 2:00 Romania EE%sT 1940 Aug 15
2022 2:00 1:00 EEST 1941 Jul 17
2023 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Aug 24
2024 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1990 May 6 2:00
2025 2:00 Russia EE%sT 1992
2026 2:00 E-Eur EE%sT 1997
2027 # See Romania commentary for the guessed 1997 transition to EU rules.
2028 2:00 Moldova EE%sT
2029
2030 # Monaco
2031 # Shanks & Pottenger give 0:09:20 for Paris Mean Time; go with Howse's
2032 # more precise 0:09:21.
2033 # Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
2034 Zone Europe/Monaco 0:29:32 - LMT 1891 Mar 15
2035 0:09:21 - PMT 1911 Mar 11 # Paris Mean Time
2036 0:00 France WE%sT 1945 Sep 16 3:00
2037 1:00 France CE%sT 1977
2038 1:00 EU CE%sT
2039
2040 # Montenegro
2041 # See Europe/Belgrade.
2042
2043 # Netherlands
2044
2045 # Howse writes that the Netherlands' railways used GMT between 1892 and 1940,
2046 # but for other purposes the Netherlands used Amsterdam mean time.
2047
2048 # However, Robert H. van Gent writes (2001-04-01):
2049 # Howse's statement is only correct up to 1909. From 1909-05-01 (00:00:00
2050 # Amsterdam mean time) onwards, the whole of the Netherlands (including
2051 # the Dutch railways) was required by law to observe Amsterdam mean time
2052 # (19 minutes 32.13 seconds ahead of GMT). This had already been the
2053 # common practice (except for the railways) for many decades but it was
2054 # not until 1909 when the Dutch government finally defined this by law.
2055 # On 1937-07-01 this was changed to 20 minutes (exactly) ahead of GMT and
2056 # was generally known as Dutch Time ("Nederlandse Tijd").
2057 #
2058 # (2001-04-08):
2059 # 1892-05-01 was the date when the Dutch railways were by law required to
2060 # observe GMT while the remainder of the Netherlands adhered to the common
2061 # practice of following Amsterdam mean time.
2062 #
2063 # (2001-04-09):
2064 # In 1835 the authorities of the province of North Holland requested the
2065 # municipal authorities of the towns and cities in the province to observe
2066 # Amsterdam mean time but I do not know in how many cases this request was
2067 # actually followed.
2068 #
2069 # From 1852 onwards the Dutch telegraph offices were by law required to
2070 # observe Amsterdam mean time. As the time signals from the observatory of
2071 # Leiden were also distributed by the telegraph system, I assume that most
2072 # places linked up with the telegraph (and railway) system automatically
2073 # adopted Amsterdam mean time.
2074 #
2075 # Although the early Dutch railway companies initially observed a variety
2076 # of times, most of them had adopted Amsterdam mean time by 1858 but it
2077 # was not until 1866 when they were all required by law to observe
2078 # Amsterdam mean time.
2079
2080 # The data entries before 1945 are taken from
2081 # https://www.staff.science.uu.nl/~gent0113/wettijd/wettijd.htm
2082
2083 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
2084 Rule Neth 1916 only - May 1 0:00 1:00 NST # Netherlands Summer Time
2085 Rule Neth 1916 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 AMT # Amsterdam Mean Time
2086 Rule Neth 1917 only - Apr 16 2:00s 1:00 NST
2087 Rule Neth 1917 only - Sep 17 2:00s 0 AMT
2088 Rule Neth 1918 1921 - Apr Mon>=1 2:00s 1:00 NST
2089 Rule Neth 1918 1921 - Sep lastMon 2:00s 0 AMT
2090 Rule Neth 1922 only - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 NST
2091 Rule Neth 1922 1936 - Oct Sun>=2 2:00s 0 AMT
2092 Rule Neth 1923 only - Jun Fri>=1 2:00s 1:00 NST
2093 Rule Neth 1924 only - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 NST
2094 Rule Neth 1925 only - Jun Fri>=1 2:00s 1:00 NST
2095 # From 1926 through 1939 DST began 05-15, except that it was delayed by a week
2096 # in years when 05-15 fell in the Pentecost weekend.
2097 Rule Neth 1926 1931 - May 15 2:00s 1:00 NST
2098 Rule Neth 1932 only - May 22 2:00s 1:00 NST
2099 Rule Neth 1933 1936 - May 15 2:00s 1:00 NST
2100 Rule Neth 1937 only - May 22 2:00s 1:00 NST
2101 Rule Neth 1937 only - Jul 1 0:00 1:00 S
2102 Rule Neth 1937 1939 - Oct Sun>=2 2:00s 0 -
2103 Rule Neth 1938 1939 - May 15 2:00s 1:00 S
2104 Rule Neth 1945 only - Apr 2 2:00s 1:00 S
2105 Rule Neth 1945 only - Sep 16 2:00s 0 -
2106 #
2107 # Amsterdam Mean Time was +00:19:32.13, but the .13 is omitted
2108 # below because the current format requires STDOFF to be an integer.
2109 # Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
2110 Zone Europe/Amsterdam 0:19:32 - LMT 1835
2111 0:19:32 Neth %s 1937 Jul 1
2112 0:20 Neth +0020/+0120 1940 May 16 0:00
2113 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 Apr 2 2:00
2114 1:00 Neth CE%sT 1977
2115 1:00 EU CE%sT
2116
2117 # Norway
2118 # http://met.no/met/met_lex/q_u/sommertid.html (2004-01) agrees with Shanks &
2119 # Pottenger.
2120 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
2121 Rule Norway 1916 only - May 22 1:00 1:00 S
2122 Rule Norway 1916 only - Sep 30 0:00 0 -
2123 Rule Norway 1945 only - Apr 2 2:00s 1:00 S
2124 Rule Norway 1945 only - Oct 1 2:00s 0 -
2125 Rule Norway 1959 1964 - Mar Sun>=15 2:00s 1:00 S
2126 Rule Norway 1959 1965 - Sep Sun>=15 2:00s 0 -
2127 Rule Norway 1965 only - Apr 25 2:00s 1:00 S
2128 # Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
2129 Zone Europe/Oslo 0:43:00 - LMT 1895 Jan 1
2130 1:00 Norway CE%sT 1940 Aug 10 23:00
2131 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 Apr 2 2:00
2132 1:00 Norway CE%sT 1980
2133 1:00 EU CE%sT
2134
2135 # Svalbard & Jan Mayen
2136
2137 # From Steffen Thorsen (2001-05-01):
2138 # Although I could not find it explicitly, it seems that Jan Mayen and
2139 # Svalbard have been using the same time as Norway at least since the
2140 # time they were declared as parts of Norway. Svalbard was declared
2141 # as a part of Norway by law of 1925-07-17 no 11, section 4 and Jan
2142 # Mayen by law of 1930-02-27 no 2, section 2. (From
2143 # <http://www.lovdata.no/all/nl-19250717-011.html> and
2144 # <http://www.lovdata.no/all/nl-19300227-002.html>). The law/regulation
2145 # for normal/standard time in Norway is from 1894-06-29 no 1 (came
2146 # into operation on 1895-01-01) and Svalbard/Jan Mayen seem to be a
2147 # part of this law since 1925/1930. (From
2148 # <http://www.lovdata.no/all/nl-18940629-001.html>) I have not been
2149 # able to find if Jan Mayen used a different time zone (e.g. -0100)
2150 # before 1930. Jan Mayen has only been "inhabited" since 1921 by
2151 # Norwegian meteorologists and maybe used the same time as Norway ever
2152 # since 1921. Svalbard (Arctic/Longyearbyen) has been inhabited since
2153 # before 1895, and therefore probably changed the local time somewhere
2154 # between 1895 and 1925 (inclusive).
2155
2156 # From Paul Eggert (2013-09-04):
2157 #
2158 # Actually, Jan Mayen was never occupied by Germany during World War II,
2159 # so it must have diverged from Oslo time during the war, as Oslo was
2160 # keeping Berlin time.
2161 #
2162 # <https://www.jan-mayen.no/history.htm> says that the meteorologists
2163 # burned down their station in 1940 and left the island, but returned in
2164 # 1941 with a small Norwegian garrison and continued operations despite
2165 # frequent air attacks from Germans. In 1943 the Americans established a
2166 # radiolocating station on the island, called "Atlantic City". Possibly
2167 # the UT offset changed during the war, but I think it unlikely that
2168 # Jan Mayen used German daylight-saving rules.
2169 #
2170 # Svalbard is more complicated, as it was raided in August 1941 by an
2171 # Allied party that evacuated the civilian population to England (says
2172 # <http://www.bartleby.com/65/sv/Svalbard.html>). The Svalbard FAQ
2173 # <http://www.svalbard.com/SvalbardFAQ.html> says that the Germans were
2174 # expelled on 1942-05-14. However, small parties of Germans did return,
2175 # and according to Wilhelm Dege's book "War North of 80" (1954)
2176 # http://www.ucalgary.ca/UofC/departments/UP/1-55238/1-55238-110-2.html
2177 # the German armed forces at the Svalbard weather station code-named
2178 # Haudegen did not surrender to the Allies until September 1945.
2179 #
2180 # All these events predate our cutoff date of 1970, so use Europe/Oslo
2181 # for these regions.
2182 Link Europe/Oslo Arctic/Longyearbyen
2183
2184 # Poland
2185
2186 # The 1919 dates and times can be found in Tygodnik Urzędowy nr 1 (1919-03-20),
2187 # <http://www.wbc.poznan.pl/publication/32156> pp 1-2.
2188
2189 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
2190 Rule Poland 1918 1919 - Sep 16 2:00s 0 -
2191 Rule Poland 1919 only - Apr 15 2:00s 1:00 S
2192 Rule Poland 1944 only - Apr 3 2:00s 1:00 S
2193 # Whitman gives 1944 Nov 30; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
2194 Rule Poland 1944 only - Oct 4 2:00 0 -
2195 # For 1944-1948 Whitman gives the previous day; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
2196 Rule Poland 1945 only - Apr 29 0:00 1:00 S
2197 Rule Poland 1945 only - Nov 1 0:00 0 -
2198 # For 1946 on the source is Kazimierz Borkowski,
2199 # Toruń Center for Astronomy, Dept. of Radio Astronomy, Nicolaus Copernicus U.,
2200 # https://www.astro.uni.torun.pl/~kb/Artykuly/U-PA/Czas2.htm#tth_tAb1
2201 # Thanks to Przemysław Augustyniak (2005-05-28) for this reference.
2202 # He also gives these further references:
2203 # Mon Pol nr 13, poz 162 (1995) <http://www.abc.com.pl/serwis/mp/1995/0162.htm>
2204 # Druk nr 2180 (2003) <http://www.senat.gov.pl/k5/dok/sejm/053/2180.pdf>
2205 Rule Poland 1946 only - Apr 14 0:00s 1:00 S
2206 Rule Poland 1946 only - Oct 7 2:00s 0 -
2207 Rule Poland 1947 only - May 4 2:00s 1:00 S
2208 Rule Poland 1947 1949 - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
2209 Rule Poland 1948 only - Apr 18 2:00s 1:00 S
2210 Rule Poland 1949 only - Apr 10 2:00s 1:00 S
2211 Rule Poland 1957 only - Jun 2 1:00s 1:00 S
2212 Rule Poland 1957 1958 - Sep lastSun 1:00s 0 -
2213 Rule Poland 1958 only - Mar 30 1:00s 1:00 S
2214 Rule Poland 1959 only - May 31 1:00s 1:00 S
2215 Rule Poland 1959 1961 - Oct Sun>=1 1:00s 0 -
2216 Rule Poland 1960 only - Apr 3 1:00s 1:00 S
2217 Rule Poland 1961 1964 - May lastSun 1:00s 1:00 S
2218 Rule Poland 1962 1964 - Sep lastSun 1:00s 0 -
2219 # Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
2220 Zone Europe/Warsaw 1:24:00 - LMT 1880
2221 1:24:00 - WMT 1915 Aug 5 # Warsaw Mean Time
2222 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1918 Sep 16 3:00
2223 2:00 Poland EE%sT 1922 Jun
2224 1:00 Poland CE%sT 1940 Jun 23 2:00
2225 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Oct
2226 1:00 Poland CE%sT 1977
2227 1:00 W-Eur CE%sT 1988
2228 1:00 EU CE%sT
2229
2230 # Portugal
2231
2232 # From Paul Eggert (2014-08-11), after a heads-up from Stephen Colebourne:
2233 # According to a Portuguese decree (1911-05-26)
2234 # https://dre.pt/application/dir/pdf1sdip/1911/05/12500/23132313.pdf
2235 # Lisbon was at -0:36:44.68, but switched to GMT on 1912-01-01 at 00:00.
2236 # Round the old offset to -0:36:45. This agrees with Willett....
2237 #
2238 # From Michael Deckers (2018-02-15):
2239 # article 5 [of the 1911 decree; Deckers's translation] ...:
2240 # These dispositions shall enter into force at the instant at which,
2241 # according to the 2nd article, the civil day January 1, 1912 begins,
2242 # all clocks therefore having to be advanced or set back correspondingly ...
2243
2244 # From Rui Pedro Salgueiro (1992-11-12):
2245 # Portugal has recently (September, 27) changed timezone
2246 # (from WET to MET or CET) to harmonize with EEC.
2247 #
2248 # Martin Bruckmann (1996-02-29) reports via Peter Ilieve
2249 # that Portugal is reverting to 0:00 by not moving its clocks this spring.
2250 # The new Prime Minister was fed up with getting up in the dark in the winter.
2251 #
2252 # From Paul Eggert (1996-11-12):
2253 # IATA SSIM (1991-09) reports several 1991-09 and 1992-09 transitions
2254 # at 02:00u, not 01:00u. Assume that these are typos.
2255 # IATA SSIM (1991/1992) reports that the Azores were at -1:00.
2256 # IATA SSIM (1993-02) says +0:00; later issues (through 1996-09) say -1:00.
2257 # Guess that the Azores changed to EU rules in 1992 (since that's when Portugal
2258 # harmonized with EU rules), and that they stayed +0:00 that winter.
2259 #
2260 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
2261 # DSH writes that despite Decree 1,469 (1915), the change to the clocks was not
2262 # done every year, depending on what Spain did, because of railroad schedules.
2263 # Go with Shanks & Pottenger.
2264 Rule Port 1916 only - Jun 17 23:00 1:00 S
2265 # Whitman gives 1916 Oct 31; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
2266 Rule Port 1916 only - Nov 1 1:00 0 -
2267 Rule Port 1917 only - Feb 28 23:00s 1:00 S
2268 Rule Port 1917 1921 - Oct 14 23:00s 0 -
2269 Rule Port 1918 only - Mar 1 23:00s 1:00 S
2270 Rule Port 1919 only - Feb 28 23:00s 1:00 S
2271 Rule Port 1920 only - Feb 29 23:00s 1:00 S
2272 Rule Port 1921 only - Feb 28 23:00s 1:00 S
2273 Rule Port 1924 only - Apr 16 23:00s 1:00 S
2274 Rule Port 1924 only - Oct 14 23:00s 0 -
2275 Rule Port 1926 only - Apr 17 23:00s 1:00 S
2276 Rule Port 1926 1929 - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 -
2277 Rule Port 1927 only - Apr 9 23:00s 1:00 S
2278 Rule Port 1928 only - Apr 14 23:00s 1:00 S
2279 Rule Port 1929 only - Apr 20 23:00s 1:00 S
2280 Rule Port 1931 only - Apr 18 23:00s 1:00 S
2281 # Whitman gives 1931 Oct 8; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
2282 Rule Port 1931 1932 - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 -
2283 Rule Port 1932 only - Apr 2 23:00s 1:00 S
2284 Rule Port 1934 only - Apr 7 23:00s 1:00 S
2285 # Whitman gives 1934 Oct 5; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
2286 Rule Port 1934 1938 - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 -
2287 # Shanks & Pottenger give 1935 Apr 30; go with Whitman.
2288 Rule Port 1935 only - Mar 30 23:00s 1:00 S
2289 Rule Port 1936 only - Apr 18 23:00s 1:00 S
2290 # Whitman gives 1937 Apr 2; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
2291 Rule Port 1937 only - Apr 3 23:00s 1:00 S
2292 Rule Port 1938 only - Mar 26 23:00s 1:00 S
2293 Rule Port 1939 only - Apr 15 23:00s 1:00 S
2294 # Whitman gives 1939 Oct 7; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
2295 Rule Port 1939 only - Nov 18 23:00s 0 -
2296 Rule Port 1940 only - Feb 24 23:00s 1:00 S
2297 # Shanks & Pottenger give 1940 Oct 7; go with Whitman.
2298 Rule Port 1940 1941 - Oct 5 23:00s 0 -
2299 Rule Port 1941 only - Apr 5 23:00s 1:00 S
2300 Rule Port 1942 1945 - Mar Sat>=8 23:00s 1:00 S
2301 Rule Port 1942 only - Apr 25 22:00s 2:00 M # Midsummer
2302 Rule Port 1942 only - Aug 15 22:00s 1:00 S
2303 Rule Port 1942 1945 - Oct Sat>=24 23:00s 0 -
2304 Rule Port 1943 only - Apr 17 22:00s 2:00 M
2305 Rule Port 1943 1945 - Aug Sat>=25 22:00s 1:00 S
2306 Rule Port 1944 1945 - Apr Sat>=21 22:00s 2:00 M
2307 Rule Port 1946 only - Apr Sat>=1 23:00s 1:00 S
2308 Rule Port 1946 only - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 -
2309 Rule Port 1947 1949 - Apr Sun>=1 2:00s 1:00 S
2310 Rule Port 1947 1949 - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
2311 # Shanks & Pottenger say DST was observed in 1950; go with Whitman.
2312 # Whitman gives Oct lastSun for 1952 on; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
2313 Rule Port 1951 1965 - Apr Sun>=1 2:00s 1:00 S
2314 Rule Port 1951 1965 - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
2315 Rule Port 1977 only - Mar 27 0:00s 1:00 S
2316 Rule Port 1977 only - Sep 25 0:00s 0 -
2317 Rule Port 1978 1979 - Apr Sun>=1 0:00s 1:00 S
2318 Rule Port 1978 only - Oct 1 0:00s 0 -
2319 Rule Port 1979 1982 - Sep lastSun 1:00s 0 -
2320 Rule Port 1980 only - Mar lastSun 0:00s 1:00 S
2321 Rule Port 1981 1982 - Mar lastSun 1:00s 1:00 S
2322 Rule Port 1983 only - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 S
2323 #
2324 # Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
2325 Zone Europe/Lisbon -0:36:45 - LMT 1884
2326 -0:36:45 - LMT 1912 Jan 1 0:00u # Lisbon MT
2327 0:00 Port WE%sT 1966 Apr 3 2:00
2328 1:00 - CET 1976 Sep 26 1:00
2329 0:00 Port WE%sT 1983 Sep 25 1:00s
2330 0:00 W-Eur WE%sT 1992 Sep 27 1:00s
2331 1:00 EU CE%sT 1996 Mar 31 1:00u
2332 0:00 EU WE%sT
2333 # This Zone can be simplified once we assume zic %z.
2334 Zone Atlantic/Azores -1:42:40 - LMT 1884 # Ponta Delgada
2335 -1:54:32 - HMT 1912 Jan 1 2:00u # Horta MT
2336 -2:00 Port -02/-01 1942 Apr 25 22:00s
2337 -2:00 Port +00 1942 Aug 15 22:00s
2338 -2:00 Port -02/-01 1943 Apr 17 22:00s
2339 -2:00 Port +00 1943 Aug 28 22:00s
2340 -2:00 Port -02/-01 1944 Apr 22 22:00s
2341 -2:00 Port +00 1944 Aug 26 22:00s
2342 -2:00 Port -02/-01 1945 Apr 21 22:00s
2343 -2:00 Port +00 1945 Aug 25 22:00s
2344 -2:00 Port -02/-01 1966 Apr 3 2:00
2345 -1:00 Port -01/+00 1983 Sep 25 1:00s
2346 -1:00 W-Eur -01/+00 1992 Sep 27 1:00s
2347 0:00 EU WE%sT 1993 Mar 28 1:00u
2348 -1:00 EU -01/+00
2349 # This Zone can be simplified once we assume zic %z.
2350 Zone Atlantic/Madeira -1:07:36 - LMT 1884 # Funchal
2351 -1:07:36 - FMT 1912 Jan 1 1:00u # Funchal MT
2352 -1:00 Port -01/+00 1942 Apr 25 22:00s
2353 -1:00 Port +01 1942 Aug 15 22:00s
2354 -1:00 Port -01/+00 1943 Apr 17 22:00s
2355 -1:00 Port +01 1943 Aug 28 22:00s
2356 -1:00 Port -01/+00 1944 Apr 22 22:00s
2357 -1:00 Port +01 1944 Aug 26 22:00s
2358 -1:00 Port -01/+00 1945 Apr 21 22:00s
2359 -1:00 Port +01 1945 Aug 25 22:00s
2360 -1:00 Port -01/+00 1966 Apr 3 2:00
2361 0:00 Port WE%sT 1983 Sep 25 1:00s
2362 0:00 EU WE%sT
2363
2364 # Romania
2365 #
2366 # From Paul Eggert (1999-10-07):
2367 # Nine O'clock <http://www.nineoclock.ro/POL/1778pol.html>
2368 # (1998-10-23) reports that the switch occurred at
2369 # 04:00 local time in fall 1998. For lack of better info,
2370 # assume that Romania and Moldova switched to EU rules in 1997,
2371 # the same year as Bulgaria.
2372 #
2373 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
2374 Rule Romania 1932 only - May 21 0:00s 1:00 S
2375 Rule Romania 1932 1939 - Oct Sun>=1 0:00s 0 -
2376 Rule Romania 1933 1939 - Apr Sun>=2 0:00s 1:00 S
2377 Rule Romania 1979 only - May 27 0:00 1:00 S
2378 Rule Romania 1979 only - Sep lastSun 0:00 0 -
2379 Rule Romania 1980 only - Apr 5 23:00 1:00 S
2380 Rule Romania 1980 only - Sep lastSun 1:00 0 -
2381 Rule Romania 1991 1993 - Mar lastSun 0:00s 1:00 S
2382 Rule Romania 1991 1993 - Sep lastSun 0:00s 0 -
2383 # Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
2384 Zone Europe/Bucharest 1:44:24 - LMT 1891 Oct
2385 1:44:24 - BMT 1931 Jul 24 # Bucharest MT
2386 2:00 Romania EE%sT 1981 Mar 29 2:00s
2387 2:00 C-Eur EE%sT 1991
2388 2:00 Romania EE%sT 1994
2389 2:00 E-Eur EE%sT 1997
2390 2:00 EU EE%sT
2391
2392
2393 # Russia
2394
2395 # From Alexander Krivenyshev (2011-09-15):
2396 # Based on last Russian Government Decree No. 725 on August 31, 2011
2397 # (Government document
2398 # http://www.government.ru/gov/results/16355/print/
2399 # in Russian)
2400 # there are few corrections have to be made for some Russian time zones...
2401 # All updated Russian Time Zones were placed in table and translated to English
2402 # by WorldTimeZone.com at the link below:
2403 # http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_russia36.htm
2404
2405 # From Sanjeev Gupta (2011-09-27):
2406 # Scans of [Decree No. 23 of January 8, 1992] are available at:
2407 # http://government.consultant.ru/page.aspx?1223966
2408 # They are in Cyrillic letters (presumably Russian).
2409
2410 # From Arthur David Olson (2012-05-09):
2411 # Regarding the instant when clocks in time-zone-shifting parts of Russia
2412 # changed in September 2011:
2413 #
2414 # One source is
2415 # http://government.ru/gov/results/16355/
2416 # which, according to translate.google.com, begins "Decree of August 31,
2417 # 2011 No. 725" and contains no other dates or "effective date" information.
2418 #
2419 # Another source is
2420 # https://rg.ru/2011/09/06/chas-zona-dok.html
2421 # which, according to translate.google.com, begins "Resolution of the
2422 # Government of the Russian Federation on August 31, 2011 N 725" and also
2423 # contains "Date first official publication: September 6, 2011 Posted on:
2424 # in the 'RG' - Federal Issue No. 5573 September 6, 2011" but which
2425 # does not contain any "effective date" information.
2426 #
2427 # Another source is
2428 # https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oymyakonsky_District#cite_note-RuTime-7
2429 # which, in note 8, contains "Resolution No. 725 of August 31, 2011...
2430 # Effective as of after 7 days following the day of the official publication"
2431 # but which does not contain any reference to September 6, 2011.
2432 #
2433 # The Wikipedia article refers to
2434 # http://base.consultant.ru/cons/cgi/online.cgi?req=doc;base=LAW;n=118896
2435 # which seems to copy the text of the government.ru page.
2436 #
2437 # Tobias Conradi combines Wikipedia's
2438 # "as of after 7 days following the day of the official publication"
2439 # with www.rg.ru's "Date of first official publication: September 6, 2011" to
2440 # get September 13, 2011 as the cutover date (unusually, a Tuesday, as Tobias
2441 # Conradi notes).
2442 #
2443 # None of the sources indicates a time of day for changing clocks.
2444 #
2445 # Go with 2011-09-13 0:00s.
2446
2447 # From Alexander Krivenyshev (2014-07-01):
2448 # According to the Russian news (ITAR-TASS News Agency)
2449 # http://en.itar-tass.com/russia/738562
2450 # the State Duma has approved ... the draft bill on returning to
2451 # winter time standard and return Russia 11 time zones. The new
2452 # regulations will come into effect on October 26, 2014 at 02:00 ...
2453 # http://asozd2.duma.gov.ru/main.nsf/%28Spravka%29?OpenAgent&RN=431985-6&02
2454 # Here is a link where we put together table (based on approved Bill N
2455 # 431985-6) with proposed 11 Russian time zones and corresponding
2456 # areas/cities/administrative centers in the Russian Federation (in English):
2457 # http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_russia65.html
2458 #
2459 # From Alexander Krivenyshev (2014-07-22):
2460 # Putin signed the Federal Law 431985-6 ... (in Russian)
2461 # http://itar-tass.com/obschestvo/1333711
2462 # http://www.pravo.gov.ru:8080/page.aspx?111660
2463 # http://www.kremlin.ru/acts/46279
2464 # From October 26, 2014 the new Russian time zone map will look like this:
2465 # http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_russia-map-2014-07.html
2466
2467 # From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):
2468 # Moscow time zone abbreviations after 1919-07-01, and Moscow rules after 1991,
2469 # are from Andrey A. Chernov. The rest is from Shanks & Pottenger,
2470 # except we follow Chernov's report that 1992 DST transitions were Sat
2471 # 23:00, not Sun 02:00s.
2472 #
2473 # From Stanislaw A. Kuzikowski (1994-06-29):
2474 # But now it is some months since Novosibirsk is 3 hours ahead of Moscow!
2475 # I do not know why they have decided to make this change;
2476 # as far as I remember it was done exactly during winter->summer switching
2477 # so we (Novosibirsk) simply did not switch.
2478 #
2479 # From Andrey A. Chernov (1996-10-04):
2480 # 'MSK' and 'MSD' were born and used initially on Moscow computers with
2481 # UNIX-like OSes by several developer groups (e.g. Demos group, Kiae group)....
2482 # The next step was the UUCP network, the Relcom predecessor
2483 # (used mainly for mail), and MSK/MSD was actively used there.
2484 #
2485 # From Chris Carrier (1996-10-30):
2486 # According to a friend of mine who rode the Trans-Siberian Railroad from
2487 # Moscow to Irkutsk in 1995, public air and rail transport in Russia ...
2488 # still follows Moscow time, no matter where in Russia it is located.
2489 #
2490 # For Grozny, Chechnya, we have the following story from
2491 # John Daniszewski, "Scavengers in the Rubble", Los Angeles Times (2001-02-07):
2492 # News - often false - is spread by word of mouth. A rumor that it was
2493 # time to move the clocks back put this whole city out of sync with
2494 # the rest of Russia for two weeks - even soldiers stationed here began
2495 # enforcing curfew at the wrong time.
2496 #
2497 # From Gwillim Law (2001-06-05):
2498 # There's considerable evidence that Sakhalin Island used to be in
2499 # UTC+11, and has changed to UTC+10, in this decade. I start with the
2500 # SSIM, which listed Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk in zone RU10 along with Magadan
2501 # until February 1997, and then in RU9 with Khabarovsk and Vladivostok
2502 # since September 1997.... Although the Kuril Islands are
2503 # administratively part of Sakhalin oblast', they appear to have
2504 # remained on UTC+11 along with Magadan.
2505
2506 # From Marat Nigametzianov (2018-07-16):
2507 # this is link to order from 1956 about timezone in USSR
2508 # http://astro.uni-altai.ru/~orion/blog/2011/11/novyie-granitsyi-chasovyih-poyasov-v-sssr/
2509 #
2510 # From Paul Eggert (2018-07-16):
2511 # Perhaps someone could translate the above-mentioned link and use it
2512 # to correct our data for the ex-Soviet Union. It cites the following:
2513 # «Поясное время и новые границы часовых поясов» / сост. П.Н. Долгов,
2514 # отв. ред. Г.Д. Бурдун - М: Комитет стандартов, мер и измерительных
2515 # приборов при Совете Министров СССР, Междуведомственная комиссия
2516 # единой службы времени, 1956 г.
2517 # This book looks like it would be a helpful resource for the Soviet
2518 # Union through 1956. Although a copy was in the Scientific Library
2519 # of Tomsk State University, I have not been able to track down a copy nearby.
2520 #
2521 # From Stepan Golosunov (2018-07-21):
2522 # http://astro.uni-altai.ru/~orion/blog/2015/05/center-reforma-ischisleniya-vremeni-br-na-territorii-sssr-v-1957-godu-center/
2523 # says that the 1956 decision to change time belts' borders was not
2524 # implemented as planned in 1956 and the change happened in 1957.
2525 # There is also the problem that actual time zones were different from
2526 # the official time belts (and from many time belts' maps) as there were
2527 # numerous exceptions to application of time belt rules. For example,
2528 # https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Московское_время#Перемещение_границы_применения_московского_времени_на_восток
2529 # says that by 1962 there were many regions in the 3rd time belt that
2530 # were on Moscow time, referring to a 1962 map. By 1989 number of such
2531 # exceptions grew considerably.
2532
2533 # From Tim Parenti (2014-07-06):
2534 # The comments detailing the coverage of each Russian zone are meant to assist
2535 # with maintenance only and represent our best guesses as to which regions
2536 # are covered by each zone. They are not meant to be taken as an authoritative
2537 # listing. The region codes listed come from
2538 # https://en.wikipedia.org/w/?title=Federal_subjects_of_Russia&oldid=611810498
2539 # and are used for convenience only; no guarantees are made regarding their
2540 # future stability. ISO 3166-2:RU codes are also listed for first-level
2541 # divisions where available.
2542
2543 # From Tim Parenti (2014-07-03):
2544 # Europe/Kaliningrad covers...
2545 # 39 RU-KGD Kaliningrad Oblast
2546
2547 # From Paul Eggert (2019-07-25):
2548 # Although Shanks lists 1945-01-01 as the date for transition from
2549 # +01/+02 to +02/+03, more likely this is a placeholder. Guess that
2550 # the transition occurred at 1945-04-10 00:00, which is about when
2551 # Königsberg surrendered to Soviet troops. (Thanks to Alois Triendl.)
2552
2553 # From Paul Eggert (2016-03-18):
2554 # The 1989 transition is from USSR act No. 227 (1989-03-14).
2555
2556 # From Stepan Golosunov (2016-03-07):
2557 # http://www.rgo.ru/ru/kaliningradskoe-oblastnoe-otdelenie/ob-otdelenii/publikacii/kak-nam-zhilos-bez-letnego-vremeni
2558 # confirms that the 1989 change to Moscow-1 was implemented.
2559 # (The article, though, is misattributed to 1990 while saying that
2560 # summer->winter transition would be done on the 24 of September. But
2561 # 1990-09-24 was Monday, while 1989-09-24 was Sunday as expected.)
2562 # ...
2563 # http://www.kaliningradka.ru/site_pc/cherez/index.php?ELEMENT_ID=40091
2564 # says that Kaliningrad switched to Moscow-1 on 1989-03-26, avoided
2565 # at the last moment switch to Moscow-1 on 1991-03-31, switched to
2566 # Moscow on 1991-11-03, switched to Moscow-1 on 1992-01-19.
2567
2568 Zone Europe/Kaliningrad 1:22:00 - LMT 1893 Apr
2569 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 Apr 10
2570 2:00 Poland EE%sT 1946 Apr 7
2571 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1989 Mar 26 2:00s
2572 2:00 Russia EE%sT 2011 Mar 27 2:00s
2573 3:00 - +03 2014 Oct 26 2:00s
2574 2:00 - EET
2575
2576
2577 # From Paul Eggert (2016-02-21), per Tim Parenti (2014-07-03) and
2578 # Oscar van Vlijmen (2001-08-25):
2579 # Europe/Moscow covers...
2580 # 01 RU-AD Adygea, Republic of
2581 # 05 RU-DA Dagestan, Republic of
2582 # 06 RU-IN Ingushetia, Republic of
2583 # 07 RU-KB Kabardino-Balkar Republic
2584 # 08 RU-KL Kalmykia, Republic of
2585 # 09 RU-KC Karachay-Cherkess Republic
2586 # 10 RU-KR Karelia, Republic of
2587 # 11 RU-KO Komi Republic
2588 # 12 RU-ME Mari El Republic
2589 # 13 RU-MO Mordovia, Republic of
2590 # 15 RU-SE North Ossetia-Alania, Republic of
2591 # 16 RU-TA Tatarstan, Republic of
2592 # 20 RU-CE Chechen Republic
2593 # 21 RU-CU Chuvash Republic
2594 # 23 RU-KDA Krasnodar Krai
2595 # 26 RU-STA Stavropol Krai
2596 # 29 RU-ARK Arkhangelsk Oblast
2597 # 31 RU-BEL Belgorod Oblast
2598 # 32 RU-BRY Bryansk Oblast
2599 # 33 RU-VLA Vladimir Oblast
2600 # 35 RU-VLG Vologda Oblast
2601 # 36 RU-VOR Voronezh Oblast
2602 # 37 RU-IVA Ivanovo Oblast
2603 # 40 RU-KLU Kaluga Oblast
2604 # 44 RU-KOS Kostroma Oblast
2605 # 46 RU-KRS Kursk Oblast
2606 # 47 RU-LEN Leningrad Oblast
2607 # 48 RU-LIP Lipetsk Oblast
2608 # 50 RU-MOS Moscow Oblast
2609 # 51 RU-MUR Murmansk Oblast
2610 # 52 RU-NIZ Nizhny Novgorod Oblast
2611 # 53 RU-NGR Novgorod Oblast
2612 # 57 RU-ORL Oryol Oblast
2613 # 58 RU-PNZ Penza Oblast
2614 # 60 RU-PSK Pskov Oblast
2615 # 61 RU-ROS Rostov Oblast
2616 # 62 RU-RYA Ryazan Oblast
2617 # 67 RU-SMO Smolensk Oblast
2618 # 68 RU-TAM Tambov Oblast
2619 # 69 RU-TVE Tver Oblast
2620 # 71 RU-TUL Tula Oblast
2621 # 76 RU-YAR Yaroslavl Oblast
2622 # 77 RU-MOW Moscow
2623 # 78 RU-SPE Saint Petersburg
2624 # 83 RU-NEN Nenets Autonomous Okrug
2625
2626 # From Paul Eggert (2016-08-23):
2627 # The Soviets switched to UT-based time in 1919. Decree No. 59
2628 # (1919-02-08) http://istmat.info/node/35567 established UT-based time
2629 # zones, and Decree No. 147 (1919-03-29) http://istmat.info/node/35854
2630 # specified a transition date of 1919-07-01, apparently at 00:00 UT.
2631 # No doubt only the Soviet-controlled regions switched on that date;
2632 # later transitions to UT-based time in other parts of Russia are
2633 # taken from what appear to be guesses by Shanks.
2634 # (Thanks to Alexander Belopolsky for pointers to the decrees.)
2635
2636 # From Stepan Golosunov (2016-03-07):
2637 # 11. Regions-violators, 1981-1982.
2638 # Wikipedia refers to
2639 # http://maps.monetonos.ru/maps/raznoe/Old_Maps/Old_Maps/Articles/022/3_1981.html
2640 # http://besp.narod.ru/nauka_1981_3.htm
2641 #
2642 # The second link provides two articles scanned from the Nauka i Zhizn
2643 # magazine No. 3, 1981 and a scan of the short article attributed to
2644 # the Trud newspaper from February 1982. The first link provides the
2645 # same Nauka i Zhizn articles converted to the text form (but misses
2646 # time belt changes map).
2647 #
2648 # The second Nauka i Zhizn article says that in addition to
2649 # introduction of summer time on 1981-04-01 there are some time belt
2650 # border changes on 1981-10-01, mostly affecting Nenets Autonomous
2651 # Okrug, Krasnoyarsk Krai, Yakutia, Magadan Oblast and Chukotka
2652 # according to the provided map (colored one). In addition to that
2653 # "time violators" (regions which were not using rules of the time
2654 # belts in which they were located) would not be moving off the DST on
2655 # 1981-10-01 to restore the decree time usage. (Komi ASSR was
2656 # supposed to repeat that move in October 1982 to account for the 2
2657 # hour difference.) Map depicting "time violators" before 1981-10-01
2658 # is also provided.
2659 #
2660 # The article from Trud says that 1981-10-01 changes caused problems
2661 # and some territories would be moved to pre-1981-10-01 time by not
2662 # moving to summer time on 1982-04-01. Namely: Dagestan,
2663 # Kabardino-Balkar, Kalmyk, Komi, Mari, Mordovian, North Ossetian,
2664 # Tatar, Chechen-Ingush and Chuvash ASSR, Krasnodar and Stavropol
2665 # krais, Arkhangelsk, Vladimir, Vologda, Voronezh, Gorky, Ivanovo,
2666 # Kostroma, Lipetsk, Penza, Rostov, Ryazan, Tambov, Tyumen and
2667 # Yaroslavl oblasts, Nenets and Evenk autonomous okrugs, Khatangsky
2668 # district of Taymyr Autonomous Okrug. As a result Evenk Autonomous
2669 # Okrug and Khatangsky district of Taymyr Autonomous Okrug would end
2670 # up on Moscow+4, Tyumen Oblast on Moscow+2 and the rest on Moscow
2671 # time.
2672 #
2673 # http://astrozet.net/files/Zones/DOC/RU/1980-925.txt
2674 # attributes the 1982 changes to the Act of the Council of Ministers
2675 # of the USSR No. 126 from 18.02.1982. 1980-925.txt also adds
2676 # Udmurtia to the list of affected territories and lists Khatangsky
2677 # district separately from Taymyr Autonomous Okrug. Probably erroneously.
2678 #
2679 # The affected territories are currently listed under Europe/Moscow,
2680 # Asia/Yekaterinburg and Asia/Krasnoyarsk.
2681 #
2682 # 12. Udmurtia
2683 # The fact that Udmurtia is depicted as a violator in the Nauka i
2684 # Zhizn article hints at Izhevsk being on different time from
2685 # Kuybyshev before 1981-10-01. Udmurtia is not mentioned in the 1989 act.
2686 # http://astrozet.net/files/Zones/DOC/RU/1980-925.txt
2687 # implies Udmurtia was on Moscow time after 1982-04-01.
2688 # Wikipedia implies Udmurtia being on Moscow+1 until 1991.
2689 #
2690 # ...
2691 #
2692 # All Russian zones are supposed to have by default a -1 change at
2693 # 1991-03-31 2:00 (cancellation of the decree time in the USSR) and a +1
2694 # change at 1992-01-19 2:00 (restoration of the decree time in Russia).
2695 #
2696 # There were some exceptions, though.
2697 # Wikipedia says newspapers listed Astrakhan, Saratov, Kirov, Volgograd,
2698 # Izhevsk, Grozny, Kazan and Samara as such exceptions for the 1992
2699 # change. (Different newspapers providing different lists. And some
2700 # lists found in the internet are quite wild.)
2701 #
2702 # And apparently some exceptions were reverted in the last moment.
2703 # http://www.kaliningradka.ru/site_pc/cherez/index.php?ELEMENT_ID=40091
2704 # says that Kaliningrad decided not to be an exception 2 days before the
2705 # 1991-03-31 switch and one person at
2706 # https://izhevsk.ru/forum_light_message/50/682597-m8369040.html
2707 # says he remembers that Samara opted out of the 1992-01-19 exception
2708 # 2 days before the switch.
2709 #
2710 #
2711 # From Paul Eggert (2016-03-18):
2712 # Given the above, we appear to be missing some Zone entries for the
2713 # chaotic early 1980s in Russia. It's not clear what these entries
2714 # should be. For now, sweep this under the rug and just document the
2715 # time in Moscow.
2716
2717 # From Vladimir Karpinsky (2014-07-08):
2718 # LMT in Moscow (before Jul 3, 1916) is 2:30:17, that was defined by Moscow
2719 # Observatory (coordinates: 55° 45' 29.70", 37° 34' 05.30")....
2720 # LMT in Moscow since Jul 3, 1916 is 2:31:01 as a result of new standard.
2721 # (The info is from the book by Byalokoz ... p. 18.)
2722 # The time in St. Petersburg as capital of Russia was defined by
2723 # Pulkov observatory, near St. Petersburg. In 1916 LMT Moscow
2724 # was synchronized with LMT St. Petersburg (+30 minutes), (Pulkov observatory
2725 # coordinates: 59° 46' 18.70", 30° 19' 40.70") so 30° 19' 40.70" >
2726 # 2h01m18.7s = 2:01:19. LMT Moscow = LMT St.Petersburg + 30m 2:01:19 + 0:30 =
2727 # 2:31:19 ...
2728 #
2729 # From Paul Eggert (2014-07-08):
2730 # Milne does not list Moscow, but suggests that its time might be listed in
2731 # Résumés mensuels et annuels des observations météorologiques (1895).
2732 # Presumably this is OCLC 85825704, a journal published with parallel text in
2733 # Russian and French. This source has not been located; go with Karpinsky.
2734
2735 Zone Europe/Moscow 2:30:17 - LMT 1880
2736 2:30:17 - MMT 1916 Jul 3 # Moscow Mean Time
2737 2:31:19 Russia %s 1919 Jul 1 0:00u
2738 3:00 Russia %s 1921 Oct
2739 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1922 Oct
2740 2:00 - EET 1930 Jun 21
2741 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2742 2:00 Russia EE%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
2743 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 2011 Mar 27 2:00s
2744 4:00 - MSK 2014 Oct 26 2:00s
2745 3:00 - MSK
2746
2747
2748 # From Paul Eggert (2016-12-06):
2749 # Europe/Simferopol covers Crimea.
2750
2751 Zone Europe/Simferopol 2:16:24 - LMT 1880
2752 2:16 - SMT 1924 May 2 # Simferopol Mean T
2753 2:00 - EET 1930 Jun 21
2754 3:00 - MSK 1941 Nov
2755 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Apr 13
2756 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1990
2757 3:00 - MSK 1990 Jul 1 2:00
2758 2:00 - EET 1992
2759 # Central Crimea used Moscow time 1994/1997.
2760 #
2761 # From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):
2762 # The _Economist_ (1994-05-28, p 45) reports that central Crimea switched
2763 # from Kiev to Moscow time sometime after the January 1994 elections.
2764 # Shanks (1999) says "date of change uncertain", but implies that it happened
2765 # sometime between the 1994 DST switches. Shanks & Pottenger simply say
2766 # 1994-09-25 03:00, but that can't be right. For now, guess it
2767 # changed in May.
2768 2:00 E-Eur EE%sT 1994 May
2769 # From IATA SSIM (1994/1997), which also says that Kerch is still like Kiev.
2770 3:00 E-Eur MSK/MSD 1996 Mar 31 0:00s
2771 3:00 1:00 MSD 1996 Oct 27 3:00s
2772 # IATA SSIM (1997-09) says Crimea switched to EET/EEST.
2773 # Assume it happened in March by not changing the clocks.
2774 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1997
2775 3:00 - MSK 1997 Mar lastSun 1:00u
2776 # From Alexander Krivenyshev (2014-03-17):
2777 # time change at 2:00 (2am) on March 30, 2014
2778 # https://vz.ru/news/2014/3/17/677464.html
2779 # From Paul Eggert (2014-03-30):
2780 # Simferopol and Sevastopol reportedly changed their central town clocks
2781 # late the previous day, but this appears to have been ceremonial
2782 # and the discrepancies are small enough to not worry about.
2783 2:00 EU EE%sT 2014 Mar 30 2:00
2784 4:00 - MSK 2014 Oct 26 2:00s
2785 3:00 - MSK
2786
2787
2788 # From Paul Eggert (2016-03-18):
2789 # Europe/Astrakhan covers:
2790 # 30 RU-AST Astrakhan Oblast
2791 #
2792 # The 1989 transition is from USSR act No. 227 (1989-03-14).
2793
2794 # From Alexander Krivenyshev (2016-01-12):
2795 # On February 10, 2016 Astrakhan Oblast got approval by the Federation
2796 # Council to change its time zone to UTC+4 (from current UTC+3 Moscow time)....
2797 # This Federal Law shall enter into force on 27 March 2016 at 02:00.
2798 # From Matt Johnson (2016-03-09):
2799 # http://publication.pravo.gov.ru/Document/View/0001201602150056
2800
2801 Zone Europe/Astrakhan 3:12:12 - LMT 1924 May
2802 3:00 - +03 1930 Jun 21
2803 4:00 Russia +04/+05 1989 Mar 26 2:00s
2804 3:00 Russia +03/+04 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2805 4:00 - +04 1992 Mar 29 2:00s
2806 3:00 Russia +03/+04 2011 Mar 27 2:00s
2807 4:00 - +04 2014 Oct 26 2:00s
2808 3:00 - +03 2016 Mar 27 2:00s
2809 4:00 - +04
2810
2811 # From Paul Eggert (2016-11-11):
2812 # Europe/Volgograd covers:
2813 # 34 RU-VGG Volgograd Oblast
2814 # The 1988 transition is from USSR act No. 5 (1988-01-04).
2815
2816 # From Alexander Fetisov (2018-09-20):
2817 # Volgograd region in southern Russia (Europe/Volgograd) change
2818 # timezone from UTC+3 to UTC+4 from 28oct2018.
2819 # http://sozd.parliament.gov.ru/bill/452878-7
2820 #
2821 # From Stepan Golosunov (2018-10-11):
2822 # The law has been published today on
2823 # http://publication.pravo.gov.ru/Document/View/0001201810110037
2824
2825 Zone Europe/Volgograd 2:57:40 - LMT 1920 Jan 3
2826 3:00 - +03 1930 Jun 21
2827 4:00 - +04 1961 Nov 11
2828 4:00 Russia +04/+05 1988 Mar 27 2:00s
2829 3:00 Russia +03/+04 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2830 4:00 - +04 1992 Mar 29 2:00s
2831 3:00 Russia +03/+04 2011 Mar 27 2:00s
2832 4:00 - +04 2014 Oct 26 2:00s
2833 3:00 - +03 2018 Oct 28 2:00s
2834 4:00 - +04
2835
2836 # From Paul Eggert (2016-11-11):
2837 # Europe/Saratov covers:
2838 # 64 RU-SAR Saratov Oblast
2839
2840 # From Yuri Konotopov (2016-11-11):
2841 # Dec 4, 2016 02:00 UTC+3.... Saratov Region's local time will be ... UTC+4.
2842 # From Stepan Golosunov (2016-11-11):
2843 # ... Byalokoz listed Saratov on 03:04:18.
2844 # From Stepan Golosunov (2016-11-22):
2845 # http://publication.pravo.gov.ru/Document/View/0001201611220031
2846
2847 Zone Europe/Saratov 3:04:18 - LMT 1919 Jul 1 0:00u
2848 3:00 - +03 1930 Jun 21
2849 4:00 Russia +04/+05 1988 Mar 27 2:00s
2850 3:00 Russia +03/+04 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2851 4:00 - +04 1992 Mar 29 2:00s
2852 3:00 Russia +03/+04 2011 Mar 27 2:00s
2853 4:00 - +04 2014 Oct 26 2:00s
2854 3:00 - +03 2016 Dec 4 2:00s
2855 4:00 - +04
2856
2857 # From Paul Eggert (2016-03-18):
2858 # Europe/Kirov covers:
2859 # 43 RU-KIR Kirov Oblast
2860 # The 1989 transition is from USSR act No. 227 (1989-03-14).
2861 #
2862 Zone Europe/Kirov 3:18:48 - LMT 1919 Jul 1 0:00u
2863 3:00 - +03 1930 Jun 21
2864 4:00 Russia +04/+05 1989 Mar 26 2:00s
2865 3:00 Russia +03/+04 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2866 4:00 - +04 1992 Mar 29 2:00s
2867 3:00 Russia +03/+04 2011 Mar 27 2:00s
2868 4:00 - +04 2014 Oct 26 2:00s
2869 3:00 - +03
2870
2871 # From Tim Parenti (2014-07-03), per Oscar van Vlijmen (2001-08-25):
2872 # Europe/Samara covers...
2873 # 18 RU-UD Udmurt Republic
2874 # 63 RU-SAM Samara Oblast
2875
2876 # From Paul Eggert (2016-03-18):
2877 # Byalokoz 1919 says Samara was 3:20:20.
2878 # The 1989 transition is from USSR act No. 227 (1989-03-14).
2879
2880 Zone Europe/Samara 3:20:20 - LMT 1919 Jul 1 0:00u
2881 3:00 - +03 1930 Jun 21
2882 4:00 - +04 1935 Jan 27
2883 4:00 Russia +04/+05 1989 Mar 26 2:00s
2884 3:00 Russia +03/+04 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2885 2:00 Russia +02/+03 1991 Sep 29 2:00s
2886 3:00 - +03 1991 Oct 20 3:00
2887 4:00 Russia +04/+05 2010 Mar 28 2:00s
2888 3:00 Russia +03/+04 2011 Mar 27 2:00s
2889 4:00 - +04
2890
2891 # From Paul Eggert (2016-03-18):
2892 # Europe/Ulyanovsk covers:
2893 # 73 RU-ULY Ulyanovsk Oblast
2894
2895 # The 1989 transition is from USSR act No. 227 (1989-03-14).
2896
2897 # From Alexander Krivenyshev (2016-02-17):
2898 # Ulyanovsk ... on their way to change time zones by March 27, 2016 at 2am.
2899 # Ulyanovsk Oblast ... from MSK to MSK+1 (UTC+3 to UTC+4) ...
2900 # 920582-6 ... 02/17/2016 The State Duma passed the bill in the first reading.
2901 # From Matt Johnson (2016-03-09):
2902 # http://publication.pravo.gov.ru/Document/View/0001201603090051
2903
2904 Zone Europe/Ulyanovsk 3:13:36 - LMT 1919 Jul 1 0:00u
2905 3:00 - +03 1930 Jun 21
2906 4:00 Russia +04/+05 1989 Mar 26 2:00s
2907 3:00 Russia +03/+04 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2908 2:00 Russia +02/+03 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
2909 3:00 Russia +03/+04 2011 Mar 27 2:00s
2910 4:00 - +04 2014 Oct 26 2:00s
2911 3:00 - +03 2016 Mar 27 2:00s
2912 4:00 - +04
2913
2914 # From Tim Parenti (2014-07-03), per Oscar van Vlijmen (2001-08-25):
2915 # Asia/Yekaterinburg covers...
2916 # 02 RU-BA Bashkortostan, Republic of
2917 # 90 RU-PER Perm Krai
2918 # 45 RU-KGN Kurgan Oblast
2919 # 56 RU-ORE Orenburg Oblast
2920 # 66 RU-SVE Sverdlovsk Oblast
2921 # 72 RU-TYU Tyumen Oblast
2922 # 74 RU-CHE Chelyabinsk Oblast
2923 # 86 RU-KHM Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug - Yugra
2924 # 89 RU-YAN Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug
2925 #
2926 # Note: Effective 2005-12-01, (59) Perm Oblast and (81) Komi-Permyak
2927 # Autonomous Okrug merged to form (90, RU-PER) Perm Krai.
2928
2929 # Milne says Yekaterinburg was 4:02:32.9; round to nearest.
2930 # Byalokoz 1919 says its provincial time was based on Perm, at 3:45:05.
2931 # Assume it switched on 1916-07-03, the time of the new standard.
2932 # The 1919 and 1930 transitions are from Shanks.
2933
2934 Zone Asia/Yekaterinburg 4:02:33 - LMT 1916 Jul 3
2935 3:45:05 - PMT 1919 Jul 15 4:00
2936 4:00 - +04 1930 Jun 21
2937 5:00 Russia +05/+06 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2938 4:00 Russia +04/+05 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
2939 5:00 Russia +05/+06 2011 Mar 27 2:00s
2940 6:00 - +06 2014 Oct 26 2:00s
2941 5:00 - +05
2942
2943
2944 # From Tim Parenti (2014-07-03), per Oscar van Vlijmen (2001-08-25):
2945 # Asia/Omsk covers...
2946 # 55 RU-OMS Omsk Oblast
2947
2948 # Byalokoz 1919 says Omsk was 4:53:30.
2949
2950 Zone Asia/Omsk 4:53:30 - LMT 1919 Nov 14
2951 5:00 - +05 1930 Jun 21
2952 6:00 Russia +06/+07 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2953 5:00 Russia +05/+06 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
2954 6:00 Russia +06/+07 2011 Mar 27 2:00s
2955 7:00 - +07 2014 Oct 26 2:00s
2956 6:00 - +06
2957
2958 # From Paul Eggert (2016-02-22):
2959 # Asia/Barnaul covers:
2960 # 04 RU-AL Altai Republic
2961 # 22 RU-ALT Altai Krai
2962
2963 # Data before 1991 are from Shanks & Pottenger.
2964
2965 # From Stepan Golosunov (2016-03-07):
2966 # Letter of Bank of Russia from 1995-05-25
2967 # http://www.bestpravo.ru/rossijskoje/lj-akty/y3a.htm
2968 # suggests that Altai Republic transitioned to Moscow+3 on
2969 # 1995-05-28.
2970 #
2971 # https://regnum.ru/news/society/1957270.html
2972 # has some historical data for Altai Krai:
2973 # before 1957: west part on UT+6, east on UT+7
2974 # after 1957: UT+7
2975 # since 1995: UT+6
2976 # http://barnaul.rusplt.ru/index/pochemu_altajskij_kraj_okazalsja_v_neprivychnom_chasovom_pojase-17648.html
2977 # confirms that and provides more details including 1995-05-28 transition date.
2978
2979 # From Alexander Krivenyshev (2016-02-17):
2980 # Altai Krai and Altai Republic on their way to change time zones
2981 # by March 27, 2016 at 2am....
2982 # Altai Republic / Gorno-Altaysk MSK+3 to MSK+4 (UTC+6 to UTC+7) ...
2983 # Altai Krai / Barnaul MSK+3 to MSK+4 (UTC+6 to UTC+7)
2984 # From Matt Johnson (2016-03-09):
2985 # http://publication.pravo.gov.ru/Document/View/0001201603090043
2986 # http://publication.pravo.gov.ru/Document/View/0001201603090038
2987
2988 Zone Asia/Barnaul 5:35:00 - LMT 1919 Dec 10
2989 6:00 - +06 1930 Jun 21
2990 7:00 Russia +07/+08 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2991 6:00 Russia +06/+07 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
2992 7:00 Russia +07/+08 1995 May 28
2993 6:00 Russia +06/+07 2011 Mar 27 2:00s
2994 7:00 - +07 2014 Oct 26 2:00s
2995 6:00 - +06 2016 Mar 27 2:00s
2996 7:00 - +07
2997
2998 # From Paul Eggert (2016-03-18):
2999 # Asia/Novosibirsk covers:
3000 # 54 RU-NVS Novosibirsk Oblast
3001
3002 # From Stepan Golosunov (2016-05-30):
3003 # http://asozd2.duma.gov.ru/main.nsf/(Spravka)?OpenAgent&RN=1085784-6
3004 # moves Novosibirsk oblast from UTC+6 to UTC+7.
3005 # From Stepan Golosunov (2016-07-04):
3006 # The law was signed yesterday and published today on
3007 # http://publication.pravo.gov.ru/Document/View/0001201607040064
3008
3009 Zone Asia/Novosibirsk 5:31:40 - LMT 1919 Dec 14 6:00
3010 6:00 - +06 1930 Jun 21
3011 7:00 Russia +07/+08 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
3012 6:00 Russia +06/+07 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
3013 7:00 Russia +07/+08 1993 May 23 # say Shanks & P.
3014 6:00 Russia +06/+07 2011 Mar 27 2:00s
3015 7:00 - +07 2014 Oct 26 2:00s
3016 6:00 - +06 2016 Jul 24 2:00s
3017 7:00 - +07
3018
3019 # From Paul Eggert (2016-03-18):
3020 # Asia/Tomsk covers:
3021 # 70 RU-TOM Tomsk Oblast
3022
3023 # From Stepan Golosunov (2016-03-24):
3024 # Byalokoz listed Tomsk at 5:39:51.
3025
3026 # From Stanislaw A. Kuzikowski (1994-06-29):
3027 # Tomsk is still 4 hours ahead of Moscow.
3028
3029 # From Stepan Golosunov (2016-03-19):
3030 # http://pravo.gov.ru/proxy/ips/?docbody=&nd=102075743
3031 # (fifth time belt being UTC+5+1(decree time)
3032 # / UTC+5+1(decree time)+1(summer time)) ...
3033 # Note that time belts (numbered from 2 (Moscow) to 12 according to their
3034 # GMT/UTC offset and having too many exceptions like regions formally
3035 # belonging to one belt but using time from another) were replaced
3036 # with time zones in 2011 with different numbering (there was a
3037 # 2-hour gap between second and third zones in 2011-2014).
3038
3039 # From Stepan Golosunov (2016-04-12):
3040 # http://asozd2.duma.gov.ru/main.nsf/(SpravkaNew)?OpenAgent&RN=1006865-6
3041 # This bill was approved in the first reading today. It moves Tomsk oblast
3042 # from UTC+6 to UTC+7 and is supposed to come into effect on 2016-05-29 at
3043 # 2:00. The bill needs to be approved in the second and the third readings by
3044 # the State Duma, approved by the Federation Council, signed by the President
3045 # and published to become a law. Minor changes in the text are to be expected
3046 # before the second reading (references need to be updated to account for the
3047 # recent changes).
3048 #
3049 # Judging by the ultra-short one-day amendments period, recent similar laws,
3050 # the State Duma schedule and the Federation Council schedule
3051 # http://www.duma.gov.ru/legislative/planning/day-shedule/por_vesna_2016/
3052 # http://council.gov.ru/activity/meetings/schedule/63303
3053 # I speculate that the final text of the bill will be proposed tomorrow, the
3054 # bill will be approved in the second and the third readings on Friday,
3055 # approved by the Federation Council on 2016-04-20, signed by the President and
3056 # published as a law around 2016-04-26.
3057
3058 # From Matt Johnson (2016-04-26):
3059 # http://publication.pravo.gov.ru/Document/View/0001201604260048
3060
3061 Zone Asia/Tomsk 5:39:51 - LMT 1919 Dec 22
3062 6:00 - +06 1930 Jun 21
3063 7:00 Russia +07/+08 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
3064 6:00 Russia +06/+07 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
3065 7:00 Russia +07/+08 2002 May 1 3:00
3066 6:00 Russia +06/+07 2011 Mar 27 2:00s
3067 7:00 - +07 2014 Oct 26 2:00s
3068 6:00 - +06 2016 May 29 2:00s
3069 7:00 - +07
3070
3071
3072 # From Tim Parenti (2014-07-03):
3073 # Asia/Novokuznetsk covers...
3074 # 42 RU-KEM Kemerovo Oblast
3075
3076 # From Alexander Krivenyshev (2009-10-13):
3077 # Kemerovo oblast' (Kemerovo region) in Russia will change current time zone on
3078 # March 28, 2010:
3079 # from current Russia Zone 6 - Krasnoyarsk Time Zone (KRA) UTC +0700
3080 # to Russia Zone 5 - Novosibirsk Time Zone (NOV) UTC +0600
3081 #
3082 # This is according to Government of Russia decree No. 740, on September
3083 # 14, 2009 "Application in the territory of the Kemerovo region the Fifth
3084 # time zone." ("Russia Zone 5" or old "USSR Zone 5" is GMT +0600)
3085 #
3086 # Russian Government web site (Russian language)
3087 # http://www.government.ru/content/governmentactivity/rfgovernmentdecisions/archive/2009/09/14/991633.htm
3088 # or Russian-English translation by WorldTimeZone.com with reference
3089 # map to local region and new Russia Time Zone map after March 28, 2010
3090 # http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_russia03.html
3091 #
3092 # Thus, when Russia will switch to DST on the night of March 28, 2010
3093 # Kemerovo region (Kemerovo oblast') will not change the clock.
3094
3095 # From Tim Parenti (2014-07-02), per Alexander Krivenyshev (2014-07-02):
3096 # The Kemerovo region will remain at UTC+7 through the 2014-10-26 change, thus
3097 # realigning itself with KRAT.
3098
3099 Zone Asia/Novokuznetsk 5:48:48 - LMT 1924 May 1
3100 6:00 - +06 1930 Jun 21
3101 7:00 Russia +07/+08 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
3102 6:00 Russia +06/+07 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
3103 7:00 Russia +07/+08 2010 Mar 28 2:00s
3104 6:00 Russia +06/+07 2011 Mar 27 2:00s
3105 7:00 - +07
3106
3107 # From Tim Parenti (2014-07-03), per Oscar van Vlijmen (2001-08-25):
3108 # Asia/Krasnoyarsk covers...
3109 # 17 RU-TY Tuva Republic
3110 # 19 RU-KK Khakassia, Republic of
3111 # 24 RU-KYA Krasnoyarsk Krai
3112 #
3113 # Note: Effective 2007-01-01, (88) Evenk Autonomous Okrug and (84) Taymyr
3114 # Autonomous Okrug were merged into (24, RU-KYA) Krasnoyarsk Krai.
3115
3116 # Byalokoz 1919 says Krasnoyarsk was 6:11:26.
3117
3118 Zone Asia/Krasnoyarsk 6:11:26 - LMT 1920 Jan 6
3119 6:00 - +06 1930 Jun 21
3120 7:00 Russia +07/+08 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
3121 6:00 Russia +06/+07 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
3122 7:00 Russia +07/+08 2011 Mar 27 2:00s
3123 8:00 - +08 2014 Oct 26 2:00s
3124 7:00 - +07
3125
3126
3127 # From Tim Parenti (2014-07-03), per Oscar van Vlijmen (2001-08-25):
3128 # Asia/Irkutsk covers...
3129 # 03 RU-BU Buryatia, Republic of
3130 # 38 RU-IRK Irkutsk Oblast
3131 #
3132 # Note: Effective 2008-01-01, (85) Ust-Orda Buryat Autonomous Okrug was
3133 # merged into (38, RU-IRK) Irkutsk Oblast.
3134
3135 # Milne 1899 says Irkutsk was 6:57:15.
3136 # Byalokoz 1919 says Irkutsk was 6:57:05.
3137 # Go with Byalokoz.
3138
3139 Zone Asia/Irkutsk 6:57:05 - LMT 1880
3140 6:57:05 - IMT 1920 Jan 25 # Irkutsk Mean Time
3141 7:00 - +07 1930 Jun 21
3142 8:00 Russia +08/+09 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
3143 7:00 Russia +07/+08 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
3144 8:00 Russia +08/+09 2011 Mar 27 2:00s
3145 9:00 - +09 2014 Oct 26 2:00s
3146 8:00 - +08
3147
3148
3149 # From Tim Parenti (2014-07-06):
3150 # Asia/Chita covers...
3151 # 92 RU-ZAB Zabaykalsky Krai
3152 #
3153 # Note: Effective 2008-03-01, (75) Chita Oblast and (80) Agin-Buryat
3154 # Autonomous Okrug merged to form (92, RU-ZAB) Zabaykalsky Krai.
3155
3156 # From Alexander Krivenyshev (2016-01-02):
3157 # [The] time zone in the Trans-Baikal Territory (Zabaykalsky Krai) -
3158 # Asia/Chita [is changing] from UTC+8 to UTC+9. Effective date will
3159 # be March 27, 2016 at 2:00am....
3160 # http://publication.pravo.gov.ru/Document/View/0001201512300107
3161
3162 Zone Asia/Chita 7:33:52 - LMT 1919 Dec 15
3163 8:00 - +08 1930 Jun 21
3164 9:00 Russia +09/+10 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
3165 8:00 Russia +08/+09 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
3166 9:00 Russia +09/+10 2011 Mar 27 2:00s
3167 10:00 - +10 2014 Oct 26 2:00s
3168 8:00 - +08 2016 Mar 27 2:00
3169 9:00 - +09
3170
3171
3172 # From Tim Parenti (2014-07-03), per Oscar van Vlijmen (2009-11-29):
3173 # Asia/Yakutsk covers...
3174 # 28 RU-AMU Amur Oblast
3175 #
3176 # ...and parts of (14, RU-SA) Sakha (Yakutia) Republic:
3177 # 14-02 **** Aldansky District
3178 # 14-04 **** Amginsky District
3179 # 14-05 **** Anabarsky District
3180 # 14-06 **** Bulunsky District
3181 # 14-07 **** Verkhnevilyuysky District
3182 # 14-10 **** Vilyuysky District
3183 # 14-11 **** Gorny District
3184 # 14-12 **** Zhigansky District
3185 # 14-13 **** Kobyaysky District
3186 # 14-14 **** Lensky District
3187 # 14-15 **** Megino-Kangalassky District
3188 # 14-16 **** Mirninsky District
3189 # 14-18 **** Namsky District
3190 # 14-19 **** Neryungrinsky District
3191 # 14-21 **** Nyurbinsky District
3192 # 14-23 **** Olenyoksky District
3193 # 14-24 **** Olyokminsky District
3194 # 14-26 **** Suntarsky District
3195 # 14-27 **** Tattinsky District
3196 # 14-29 **** Ust-Aldansky District
3197 # 14-32 **** Khangalassky District
3198 # 14-33 **** Churapchinsky District
3199 # 14-34 **** Eveno-Bytantaysky National District
3200
3201 # From Tim Parenti (2014-07-03):
3202 # Our commentary seems to have lost mention of (14-19) Neryungrinsky District.
3203 # Since the surrounding districts of Sakha are all YAKT, assume this is, too.
3204 # Also assume its history has been the same as the rest of Asia/Yakutsk.
3205
3206 # Byalokoz 1919 says Yakutsk was 8:38:58.
3207
3208 Zone Asia/Yakutsk 8:38:58 - LMT 1919 Dec 15
3209 8:00 - +08 1930 Jun 21
3210 9:00 Russia +09/+10 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
3211 8:00 Russia +08/+09 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
3212 9:00 Russia +09/+10 2011 Mar 27 2:00s
3213 10:00 - +10 2014 Oct 26 2:00s
3214 9:00 - +09
3215
3216
3217 # From Tim Parenti (2014-07-03), per Oscar van Vlijmen (2009-11-29):
3218 # Asia/Vladivostok covers...
3219 # 25 RU-PRI Primorsky Krai
3220 # 27 RU-KHA Khabarovsk Krai
3221 # 79 RU-YEV Jewish Autonomous Oblast
3222 #
3223 # ...and parts of (14, RU-SA) Sakha (Yakutia) Republic:
3224 # 14-09 **** Verkhoyansky District
3225 # 14-31 **** Ust-Yansky District
3226
3227 # Milne 1899 says Vladivostok was 8:47:33.5.
3228 # Byalokoz 1919 says Vladivostok was 8:47:31.
3229 # Go with Byalokoz.
3230
3231 Zone Asia/Vladivostok 8:47:31 - LMT 1922 Nov 15
3232 9:00 - +09 1930 Jun 21
3233 10:00 Russia +10/+11 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
3234 9:00 Russia +09/+10 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
3235 10:00 Russia +10/+11 2011 Mar 27 2:00s
3236 11:00 - +11 2014 Oct 26 2:00s
3237 10:00 - +10
3238
3239
3240 # From Tim Parenti (2014-07-03):
3241 # Asia/Khandyga covers parts of (14, RU-SA) Sakha (Yakutia) Republic:
3242 # 14-28 **** Tomponsky District
3243 # 14-30 **** Ust-Maysky District
3244
3245 # From Arthur David Olson (2012-05-09):
3246 # Tomponskij and Ust'-Majskij switched from Vladivostok time to Yakutsk time
3247 # in 2011.
3248
3249 # From Paul Eggert (2012-11-25):
3250 # Shanks and Pottenger (2003) has Khandyga on Yakutsk time.
3251 # Make a wild guess that it switched to Vladivostok time in 2004.
3252 # This transition is no doubt wrong, but we have no better info.
3253
3254 Zone Asia/Khandyga 9:02:13 - LMT 1919 Dec 15
3255 8:00 - +08 1930 Jun 21
3256 9:00 Russia +09/+10 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
3257 8:00 Russia +08/+09 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
3258 9:00 Russia +09/+10 2004
3259 10:00 Russia +10/+11 2011 Mar 27 2:00s
3260 11:00 - +11 2011 Sep 13 0:00s # Decree 725?
3261 10:00 - +10 2014 Oct 26 2:00s
3262 9:00 - +09
3263
3264
3265 # From Tim Parenti (2014-07-03):
3266 # Asia/Sakhalin covers...
3267 # 65 RU-SAK Sakhalin Oblast
3268 # ...with the exception of:
3269 # 65-11 **** Severo-Kurilsky District (North Kuril Islands)
3270
3271 # From Matt Johnson (2016-02-22):
3272 # Asia/Sakhalin is moving (in entirety) from UTC+10 to UTC+11 ...
3273 # (2016-03-09):
3274 # http://publication.pravo.gov.ru/Document/View/0001201603090044
3275
3276 # The Zone name should be Asia/Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk, but that's too long.
3277 Zone Asia/Sakhalin 9:30:48 - LMT 1905 Aug 23
3278 9:00 - +09 1945 Aug 25
3279 11:00 Russia +11/+12 1991 Mar 31 2:00s # Sakhalin T
3280 10:00 Russia +10/+11 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
3281 11:00 Russia +11/+12 1997 Mar lastSun 2:00s
3282 10:00 Russia +10/+11 2011 Mar 27 2:00s
3283 11:00 - +11 2014 Oct 26 2:00s
3284 10:00 - +10 2016 Mar 27 2:00s
3285 11:00 - +11
3286
3287
3288 # From Tim Parenti (2014-07-03), per Oscar van Vlijmen (2009-11-29):
3289 # Asia/Magadan covers...
3290 # 49 RU-MAG Magadan Oblast
3291
3292 # From Tim Parenti (2014-07-06), per Alexander Krivenyshev (2014-07-02):
3293 # Magadan Oblast is moving from UTC+12 to UTC+10 on 2014-10-26; however,
3294 # several districts of Sakha Republic as well as Severo-Kurilsky District of
3295 # the Sakhalin Oblast (also known as the North Kuril Islands), represented
3296 # until now by Asia/Magadan, will instead move to UTC+11. These regions will
3297 # need their own zone.
3298
3299 # From Alexander Krivenyshev (2016-03-27):
3300 # ... draft bill 948300-6 to change its time zone from UTC+10 to UTC+11 ...
3301 # will take ... effect ... on April 24, 2016 at 2 o'clock
3302 #
3303 # From Matt Johnson (2016-04-05):
3304 # ... signed by the President today ...
3305 # http://publication.pravo.gov.ru/Document/View/0001201604050038
3306
3307 Zone Asia/Magadan 10:03:12 - LMT 1924 May 2
3308 10:00 - +10 1930 Jun 21 # Magadan Time
3309 11:00 Russia +11/+12 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
3310 10:00 Russia +10/+11 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
3311 11:00 Russia +11/+12 2011 Mar 27 2:00s
3312 12:00 - +12 2014 Oct 26 2:00s
3313 10:00 - +10 2016 Apr 24 2:00s
3314 11:00 - +11
3315
3316
3317 # From Tim Parenti (2014-07-06):
3318 # Asia/Srednekolymsk covers parts of (14, RU-SA) Sakha (Yakutia) Republic:
3319 # 14-01 **** Abyysky District
3320 # 14-03 **** Allaikhovsky District
3321 # 14-08 **** Verkhnekolymsky District
3322 # 14-17 **** Momsky District
3323 # 14-20 **** Nizhnekolymsky District
3324 # 14-25 **** Srednekolymsky District
3325 #
3326 # ...and parts of (65, RU-SAK) Sakhalin Oblast:
3327 # 65-11 **** Severo-Kurilsky District (North Kuril Islands)
3328
3329 # From Tim Parenti (2014-07-02):
3330 # Oymyakonsky District of Sakha Republic (represented by Ust-Nera), along with
3331 # most of Sakhalin Oblast (represented by Sakhalin) will be moving to UTC+10 on
3332 # 2014-10-26 to stay aligned with VLAT/SAKT; however, Severo-Kurilsky District
3333 # of the Sakhalin Oblast (also known as the North Kuril Islands, represented by
3334 # Severo-Kurilsk) will remain on UTC+11.
3335
3336 # From Tim Parenti (2014-07-06):
3337 # Assume North Kuril Islands have history like Magadan before 2011-03-27.
3338 # There is a decent chance this is wrong, in which case a new zone
3339 # Asia/Severo-Kurilsk would become necessary.
3340 #
3341 # Srednekolymsk and Zyryanka are the most populous places amongst these
3342 # districts, but have very similar populations. In fact, Wikipedia currently
3343 # lists them both as having 3528 people, exactly 1668 males and 1860 females
3344 # each! (Yikes!)
3345 # https://en.wikipedia.org/w/?title=Srednekolymsky_District&oldid=603435276
3346 # https://en.wikipedia.org/w/?title=Verkhnekolymsky_District&oldid=594378493
3347 # Assume this is a mistake, albeit an amusing one.
3348 #
3349 # Looking at censuses, the populations of the two municipalities seem to have
3350 # fluctuated recently. Zyryanka was more populous than Srednekolymsk in the
3351 # 1989 and 2002 censuses, but Srednekolymsk was more populous in the most
3352 # recent (2010) census, 3525 to 3170. (See pages 195 and 197 of
3353 # http://www.gks.ru/free_doc/new_site/perepis2010/croc/Documents/Vol1/pub-01-05.pdf
3354 # in Russian.) In addition, Srednekolymsk appears to be a much older
3355 # settlement and the population of Zyryanka seems to be declining.
3356 # Go with Srednekolymsk.
3357
3358 Zone Asia/Srednekolymsk 10:14:52 - LMT 1924 May 2
3359 10:00 - +10 1930 Jun 21
3360 11:00 Russia +11/+12 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
3361 10:00 Russia +10/+11 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
3362 11:00 Russia +11/+12 2011 Mar 27 2:00s
3363 12:00 - +12 2014 Oct 26 2:00s
3364 11:00 - +11
3365
3366
3367 # From Tim Parenti (2014-07-03):
3368 # Asia/Ust-Nera covers parts of (14, RU-SA) Sakha (Yakutia) Republic:
3369 # 14-22 **** Oymyakonsky District
3370
3371 # From Arthur David Olson (2012-05-09):
3372 # Ojmyakonskij [and the Kuril Islands] switched from
3373 # Magadan time to Vladivostok time in 2011.
3374 #
3375 # From Tim Parenti (2014-07-06), per Alexander Krivenyshev (2014-07-02):
3376 # It's unlikely that any of the Kuril Islands were involved in such a switch,
3377 # as the South and Middle Kurils have been on UTC+11 (SAKT) with the rest of
3378 # Sakhalin Oblast since at least 2011-09, and the North Kurils have been on
3379 # UTC+12 since at least then, too.
3380
3381 Zone Asia/Ust-Nera 9:32:54 - LMT 1919 Dec 15
3382 8:00 - +08 1930 Jun 21
3383 9:00 Russia +09/+10 1981 Apr 1
3384 11:00 Russia +11/+12 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
3385 10:00 Russia +10/+11 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
3386 11:00 Russia +11/+12 2011 Mar 27 2:00s
3387 12:00 - +12 2011 Sep 13 0:00s # Decree 725?
3388 11:00 - +11 2014 Oct 26 2:00s
3389 10:00 - +10
3390
3391
3392 # From Tim Parenti (2014-07-03), per Oscar van Vlijmen (2001-08-25):
3393 # Asia/Kamchatka covers...
3394 # 91 RU-KAM Kamchatka Krai
3395 #
3396 # Note: Effective 2007-07-01, (41) Kamchatka Oblast and (82) Koryak
3397 # Autonomous Okrug merged to form (91, RU-KAM) Kamchatka Krai.
3398
3399 # The Zone name should be Asia/Petropavlovsk-Kamchatski or perhaps
3400 # Asia/Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky, but these are too long.
3401 Zone Asia/Kamchatka 10:34:36 - LMT 1922 Nov 10
3402 11:00 - +11 1930 Jun 21
3403 12:00 Russia +12/+13 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
3404 11:00 Russia +11/+12 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
3405 12:00 Russia +12/+13 2010 Mar 28 2:00s
3406 11:00 Russia +11/+12 2011 Mar 27 2:00s
3407 12:00 - +12
3408
3409
3410 # From Tim Parenti (2014-07-03):
3411 # Asia/Anadyr covers...
3412 # 87 RU-CHU Chukotka Autonomous Okrug
3413
3414 Zone Asia/Anadyr 11:49:56 - LMT 1924 May 2
3415 12:00 - +12 1930 Jun 21
3416 13:00 Russia +13/+14 1982 Apr 1 0:00s
3417 12:00 Russia +12/+13 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
3418 11:00 Russia +11/+12 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
3419 12:00 Russia +12/+13 2010 Mar 28 2:00s
3420 11:00 Russia +11/+12 2011 Mar 27 2:00s
3421 12:00 - +12
3422
3423
3424 # San Marino
3425 # See Europe/Rome.
3426
3427 # Serbia
3428 # Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
3429 Zone Europe/Belgrade 1:22:00 - LMT 1884
3430 1:00 - CET 1941 Apr 18 23:00
3431 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945
3432 1:00 - CET 1945 May 8 2:00s
3433 1:00 1:00 CEST 1945 Sep 16 2:00s
3434 # Metod Koželj reports that the legal date of
3435 # transition to EU rules was 1982-11-27, for all of Yugoslavia at the time.
3436 # Shanks & Pottenger don't give as much detail, so go with Koželj.
3437 1:00 - CET 1982 Nov 27
3438 1:00 EU CE%sT
3439 Link Europe/Belgrade Europe/Ljubljana # Slovenia
3440 Link Europe/Belgrade Europe/Podgorica # Montenegro
3441 Link Europe/Belgrade Europe/Sarajevo # Bosnia and Herzegovina
3442 Link Europe/Belgrade Europe/Skopje # North Macedonia
3443 Link Europe/Belgrade Europe/Zagreb # Croatia
3444
3445 # Slovakia
3446 Link Europe/Prague Europe/Bratislava
3447
3448 # Slovenia
3449 # See Europe/Belgrade.
3450
3451 # Spain
3452 #
3453 # From Paul Eggert (2016-12-14):
3454 #
3455 # The source for Europe/Madrid before 2013 is:
3456 # Planesas P. La hora oficial en España y sus cambios.
3457 # Anuario del Observatorio Astronómico de Madrid (2013, in Spanish).
3458 # http://astronomia.ign.es/rknowsys-theme/images/webAstro/paginas/documentos/Anuario/lahoraoficialenespana.pdf
3459 # As this source says that historical time in the Canaries is obscure,
3460 # and it does not discuss Ceuta, stick with Shanks for now for that data.
3461 #
3462 # In the 1918 and 1919 fallback transitions in Spain, the clock for
3463 # the hour-longer day officially kept going after midnight, so that
3464 # the repeated instances of that day's 00:00 hour were 24 hours apart,
3465 # with a fallback transition from the second occurrence of 00:59... to
3466 # the next day's 00:00. Our data format cannot represent this
3467 # directly, and instead repeats the first hour of the next day, with a
3468 # fallback transition from the next day's 00:59... to 00:00.
3469
3470 # From Michael Deckers (2016-12-15):
3471 # The Royal Decree of 1900-06-26 quoted by Planesas, online at
3472 # https://www.boe.es/datos/pdfs/BOE//1900/209/A00383-00384.pdf
3473 # says in its article 5 (my translation):
3474 # These dispositions will enter into force beginning with the
3475 # instant at which, according to the time indicated in article 1,
3476 # the 1st day of January of 1901 will begin.
3477
3478 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
3479 Rule Spain 1918 only - Apr 15 23:00 1:00 S
3480 Rule Spain 1918 1919 - Oct 6 24:00s 0 -
3481 Rule Spain 1919 only - Apr 6 23:00 1:00 S
3482 Rule Spain 1924 only - Apr 16 23:00 1:00 S
3483 Rule Spain 1924 only - Oct 4 24:00s 0 -
3484 Rule Spain 1926 only - Apr 17 23:00 1:00 S
3485 Rule Spain 1926 1929 - Oct Sat>=1 24:00s 0 -
3486 Rule Spain 1927 only - Apr 9 23:00 1:00 S
3487 Rule Spain 1928 only - Apr 15 0:00 1:00 S
3488 Rule Spain 1929 only - Apr 20 23:00 1:00 S
3489 # Republican Spain during the civil war; it controlled Madrid until 1939-03-28.
3490 Rule Spain 1937 only - Jun 16 23:00 1:00 S
3491 Rule Spain 1937 only - Oct 2 24:00s 0 -
3492 Rule Spain 1938 only - Apr 2 23:00 1:00 S
3493 Rule Spain 1938 only - Apr 30 23:00 2:00 M
3494 Rule Spain 1938 only - Oct 2 24:00 1:00 S
3495 # The following rules are for unified Spain again.
3496 #
3497 # Planesas does not say what happened in Madrid between its fall on
3498 # 1939-03-28 and the Nationalist spring-forward transition on
3499 # 1939-04-15. For lack of better info, assume Madrid's clocks did not
3500 # change during that period.
3501 #
3502 # The first rule is commented out, as it is redundant for Republican Spain.
3503 #Rule Spain 1939 only - Apr 15 23:00 1:00 S
3504 Rule Spain 1939 only - Oct 7 24:00s 0 -
3505 Rule Spain 1942 only - May 2 23:00 1:00 S
3506 Rule Spain 1942 only - Sep 1 1:00 0 -
3507 Rule Spain 1943 1946 - Apr Sat>=13 23:00 1:00 S
3508 Rule Spain 1943 1944 - Oct Sun>=1 1:00 0 -
3509 Rule Spain 1945 1946 - Sep lastSun 1:00 0 -
3510 Rule Spain 1949 only - Apr 30 23:00 1:00 S
3511 Rule Spain 1949 only - Oct 2 1:00 0 -
3512 Rule Spain 1974 1975 - Apr Sat>=12 23:00 1:00 S
3513 Rule Spain 1974 1975 - Oct Sun>=1 1:00 0 -
3514 Rule Spain 1976 only - Mar 27 23:00 1:00 S
3515 Rule Spain 1976 1977 - Sep lastSun 1:00 0 -
3516 Rule Spain 1977 only - Apr 2 23:00 1:00 S
3517 Rule Spain 1978 only - Apr 2 2:00s 1:00 S
3518 Rule Spain 1978 only - Oct 1 2:00s 0 -
3519 # Nationalist Spain during the civil war
3520 #Rule NatSpain 1937 only - May 22 23:00 1:00 S
3521 #Rule NatSpain 1937 1938 - Oct Sat>=1 24:00s 0 -
3522 #Rule NatSpain 1938 only - Mar 26 23:00 1:00 S
3523 # The following rules are copied from Morocco from 1967 through 1978,
3524 # except with "S" letters.
3525 Rule SpainAfrica 1967 only - Jun 3 12:00 1:00 S
3526 Rule SpainAfrica 1967 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
3527 Rule SpainAfrica 1974 only - Jun 24 0:00 1:00 S
3528 Rule SpainAfrica 1974 only - Sep 1 0:00 0 -
3529 Rule SpainAfrica 1976 1977 - May 1 0:00 1:00 S
3530 Rule SpainAfrica 1976 only - Aug 1 0:00 0 -
3531 Rule SpainAfrica 1977 only - Sep 28 0:00 0 -
3532 Rule SpainAfrica 1978 only - Jun 1 0:00 1:00 S
3533 Rule SpainAfrica 1978 only - Aug 4 0:00 0 -
3534 # Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
3535 Zone Europe/Madrid -0:14:44 - LMT 1900 Dec 31 23:45:16
3536 0:00 Spain WE%sT 1940 Mar 16 23:00
3537 1:00 Spain CE%sT 1979
3538 1:00 EU CE%sT
3539 Zone Africa/Ceuta -0:21:16 - LMT 1900 Dec 31 23:38:44
3540 0:00 - WET 1918 May 6 23:00
3541 0:00 1:00 WEST 1918 Oct 7 23:00
3542 0:00 - WET 1924
3543 0:00 Spain WE%sT 1929
3544 0:00 - WET 1967 # Help zishrink.awk.
3545 0:00 SpainAfrica WE%sT 1984 Mar 16
3546 1:00 - CET 1986
3547 1:00 EU CE%sT
3548 Zone Atlantic/Canary -1:01:36 - LMT 1922 Mar # Las Palmas de Gran C.
3549 -1:00 - -01 1946 Sep 30 1:00
3550 0:00 - WET 1980 Apr 6 0:00s
3551 0:00 1:00 WEST 1980 Sep 28 1:00u
3552 0:00 EU WE%sT
3553 # IATA SSIM (1996-09) says the Canaries switch at 2:00u, not 1:00u.
3554 # Ignore this for now, as the Canaries are part of the EU.
3555
3556 # Sweden
3557
3558 # From Ivan Nilsson (2001-04-13), superseding Shanks & Pottenger:
3559 #
3560 # The law "Svensk författningssamling 1878, no 14" about standard time in 1879:
3561 # From the beginning of 1879 (that is 01-01 00:00) the time for all
3562 # places in the country is "the mean solar time for the meridian at
3563 # three degrees, or twelve minutes of time, to the west of the
3564 # meridian of the Observatory of Stockholm". The law is dated 1878-05-31.
3565 #
3566 # The observatory at that time had the meridian 18° 03' 30"
3567 # eastern longitude = 01:12:14 in time. Less 12 minutes gives the
3568 # national standard time as 01:00:14 ahead of GMT....
3569 #
3570 # About the beginning of CET in Sweden. The lawtext ("Svensk
3571 # författningssamling 1899, no 44") states, that "from the beginning
3572 # of 1900... ... the same as the mean solar time for the meridian at
3573 # the distance of one hour of time from the meridian of the English
3574 # observatory at Greenwich, or at 12 minutes 14 seconds to the west
3575 # from the meridian of the Observatory of Stockholm". The law is dated
3576 # 1899-06-16. In short: At 1900-01-01 00:00:00 the new standard time
3577 # in Sweden is 01:00:00 ahead of GMT.
3578 #
3579 # 1916: The lawtext ("Svensk författningssamling 1916, no 124") states
3580 # that "1916-05-15 is considered to begin one hour earlier". It is
3581 # pretty obvious that at 05-14 23:00 the clocks are set to 05-15 00:00....
3582 # Further the law says, that "1916-09-30 is considered to end one hour later".
3583 #
3584 # The laws regulating [DST] are available on the site of the Swedish
3585 # Parliament beginning with 1985 - the laws regulating 1980/1984 are
3586 # not available on the site (to my knowledge they are only available
3587 # in Swedish): <http://www.riksdagen.se/english/work/sfst.asp> (type
3588 # "sommartid" without the quotes in the field "Fritext" and then click
3589 # the Sök-button).
3590 #
3591 # (2001-05-13):
3592 #
3593 # I have now found a newspaper stating that at 1916-10-01 01:00
3594 # summertime the church-clocks etc were set back one hour to show
3595 # 1916-10-01 00:00 standard time. The article also reports that some
3596 # people thought the switch to standard time would take place already
3597 # at 1916-10-01 00:00 summer time, but they had to wait for another
3598 # hour before the event took place.
3599 #
3600 # Source: The newspaper "Dagens Nyheter", 1916-10-01, page 7 upper left.
3601
3602 # Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
3603 Zone Europe/Stockholm 1:12:12 - LMT 1879 Jan 1
3604 1:00:14 - SET 1900 Jan 1 # Swedish Time
3605 1:00 - CET 1916 May 14 23:00
3606 1:00 1:00 CEST 1916 Oct 1 1:00
3607 1:00 - CET 1980
3608 1:00 EU CE%sT
3609
3610 # Switzerland
3611 # From Howse:
3612 # By the end of the 18th century clocks and watches became commonplace
3613 # and their performance improved enormously. Communities began to keep
3614 # mean time in preference to apparent time - Geneva from 1780 ....
3615 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
3616 # From Whitman (who writes "Midnight?"):
3617 # Rule Swiss 1940 only - Nov 2 0:00 1:00 S
3618 # Rule Swiss 1940 only - Dec 31 0:00 0 -
3619 # From Shanks & Pottenger:
3620 # Rule Swiss 1941 1942 - May Sun>=1 2:00 1:00 S
3621 # Rule Swiss 1941 1942 - Oct Sun>=1 0:00 0 -
3622
3623 # From Alois Treindl (2008-12-17):
3624 # I have researched the DST usage in Switzerland during the 1940ies.
3625 #
3626 # As I wrote in an earlier message, I suspected the current tzdata values
3627 # to be wrong. This is now verified.
3628 #
3629 # I have found copies of the original ruling by the Swiss Federal
3630 # government, in 'Eidgenössische Gesetzessammlung 1941 and 1942' (Swiss
3631 # federal law collection)...
3632 #
3633 # DST began on Monday 5 May 1941, 1:00 am by shifting the clocks to 2:00 am
3634 # DST ended on Monday 6 Oct 1941, 2:00 am by shifting the clocks to 1:00 am.
3635 #
3636 # DST began on Monday, 4 May 1942 at 01:00 am
3637 # DST ended on Monday, 5 Oct 1942 at 02:00 am
3638 #
3639 # There was no DST in 1940, I have checked the law collection carefully.
3640 # It is also indicated by the fact that the 1942 entry in the law
3641 # collection points back to 1941 as a reference, but no reference to any
3642 # other years are made.
3643 #
3644 # Newspaper articles I have read in the archives on 6 May 1941 reported
3645 # about the introduction of DST (Sommerzeit in German) during the previous
3646 # night as an absolute novelty, because this was the first time that such
3647 # a thing had happened in Switzerland.
3648 #
3649 # I have also checked 1916, because one book source (Gabriel, Traité de
3650 # l'heure dans le monde) claims that Switzerland had DST in 1916. This is
3651 # false, no official document could be found. Probably Gabriel got misled
3652 # by references to Germany, which introduced DST in 1916 for the first time.
3653 #
3654 # The tzdata rules for Switzerland must be changed to:
3655 # Rule Swiss 1941 1942 - May Mon>=1 1:00 1:00 S
3656 # Rule Swiss 1941 1942 - Oct Mon>=1 2:00 0 -
3657 #
3658 # The 1940 rules must be deleted.
3659 #
3660 # One further detail for Switzerland, which is probably out of scope for
3661 # most users of tzdata: The [Europe/Zurich zone] ...
3662 # describes all of Switzerland correctly, with the exception of
3663 # the Canton de Genève (Geneva, Genf). Between 1848 and 1894 Geneva did not
3664 # follow Bern Mean Time but kept its own local mean time.
3665 # To represent this, an extra zone would be needed.
3666 #
3667 # From Alois Treindl (2013-09-11):
3668 # The Federal regulations say
3669 # https://www.admin.ch/opc/de/classified-compilation/20071096/index.html
3670 # ... the meridian for Bern mean time ... is 7° 26' 22.50".
3671 # Expressed in time, it is 0h29m45.5s.
3672
3673 # From Pierre-Yves Berger (2013-09-11):
3674 # the "Circulaire du conseil fédéral" (December 11 1893)
3675 # http://www.amtsdruckschriften.bar.admin.ch/viewOrigDoc.do?id=10071353
3676 # clearly states that the [1894-06-01] change should be done at midnight
3677 # but if no one is present after 11 at night, could be postponed until one
3678 # hour before the beginning of service.
3679
3680 # From Paul Eggert (2013-09-11):
3681 # Round BMT to the nearest even second, 0:29:46.
3682 #
3683 # We can find no reliable source for Shanks's assertion that all of Switzerland
3684 # except Geneva switched to Bern Mean Time at 00:00 on 1848-09-12. This book:
3685 #
3686 # Jakob Messerli. Gleichmässig, pünktlich, schnell. Zeiteinteilung und
3687 # Zeitgebrauch in der Schweiz im 19. Jahrhundert. Chronos, Zurich 1995,
3688 # ISBN 3-905311-68-2, OCLC 717570797.
3689 #
3690 # suggests that the transition was more gradual, and that the Swiss did not
3691 # agree about civil time during the transition. The timekeeping it gives the
3692 # most detail for is postal and telegraph time: here, federal legislation (the
3693 # "Bundesgesetz über die Erstellung von elektrischen Telegraphen") passed on
3694 # 1851-11-23, and an official implementation notice was published 1853-07-16
3695 # (Bundesblatt 1853, Bd. II, S. 859). On p 72 Messerli writes that in
3696 # practice since July 1853 Bernese time was used in "all postal and telegraph
3697 # offices in Switzerland from Geneva to St. Gallen and Basel to Chiasso"
3698 # (Google translation). For now, model this transition as occurring on
3699 # 1853-07-16, though it probably occurred at some other date in Zurich, and
3700 # legal civil time probably changed at still some other transition date.
3701
3702 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
3703 Rule Swiss 1941 1942 - May Mon>=1 1:00 1:00 S
3704 Rule Swiss 1941 1942 - Oct Mon>=1 2:00 0 -
3705 # Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
3706 Zone Europe/Zurich 0:34:08 - LMT 1853 Jul 16 # See above comment.
3707 0:29:46 - BMT 1894 Jun # Bern Mean Time
3708 1:00 Swiss CE%sT 1981
3709 1:00 EU CE%sT
3710
3711 # Turkey
3712
3713 # From Alois Treindl (2019-08-12):
3714 # http://www.astrolojidergisi.com/yazsaati.htm has researched the time zone
3715 # history of Turkey, based on newspaper archives and official documents.
3716 # From Paul Eggert (2019-08-28):
3717 # That source (Oya Vulaş, "Türkiye'de Yaz Saati Uygulamaları")
3718 # is used for 1940/1972, where it seems more reliable than our other
3719 # sources.
3720
3721 # From Kıvanç Yazan (2019-08-12):
3722 # http://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/arsiv/14539.pdf#page=24
3723 # 1973-06-03 01:00 -> 02:00, 1973-11-04 02:00 -> 01:00
3724 #
3725 # http://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/arsiv/14829.pdf#page=1
3726 # 1974-03-31 02:00 -> 03:00, 1974-11-03 02:00 -> 01:00
3727 #
3728 # http://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/arsiv/15161.pdf#page=1
3729 # 1975-03-22 02:00 -> 03:00, 1975-11-02 02:00 -> 01:00
3730 #
3731 # http://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/arsiv/15535_1.pdf#page=1
3732 # 1976-03-21 02:00 -> 03:00, 1976-10-31 02:00 -> 01:00
3733 #
3734 # http://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/arsiv/15778.pdf#page=5
3735 # 1977-04-03 02:00 -> 03:00, 1977-10-16 02:00 -> 01:00,
3736 # 1978-04-02 02:00 -> 03:00 (not applied, see below)
3737 # 1978-10-15 02:00 -> 01:00 (not applied, see below)
3738 # 1979-04-01 02:00 -> 03:00 (not applied, see below)
3739 # 1979-10-14 02:00 -> 01:00 (not applied, see below)
3740 #
3741 # http://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/arsiv/16245.pdf#page=17
3742 # This cancels the previous decision, and repeats it only for 1978.
3743 # 1978-04-02 02:00 -> 03:00, 1978-10-15 02:00 -> 01:00
3744 # (not applied due to standard TZ change below)
3745 #
3746 # http://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/arsiv/16331.pdf#page=3
3747 # This decision changes the default longitude for Turkish time zone from 30
3748 # degrees East to 45 degrees East. This means a standard TZ change, from +2
3749 # to +3. This is published & applied on 1978-06-29. At that time, Turkey was
3750 # already on summer time (already on 45E). Hence, this new law just meant an
3751 # "continuous summer time". Note that this was reversed in a few years.
3752 #
3753 # http://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/arsiv/18119_1.pdf#page=1
3754 # 1983-07-31 02:00 -> 03:00 (note that this jumps TZ to +4)
3755 # 1983-10-02 02:00 -> 01:00 (back to +3)
3756 #
3757 # http://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/arsiv/18561.pdf (page 1 and 34)
3758 # At this time, Turkey is still on +3 with no spring-forward on early
3759 # 1984. This decision is published on 10/31/1984. Page 1 declares
3760 # the decision of reverting the "default longitude change". So the
3761 # standard time should go back to +3 (30E). And page 34 explains when
3762 # that will happen: 1984-11-01 02:00 -> 01:00. You can think of this
3763 # as "end of continuous summer time, change of standard time zone".
3764 #
3765 # http://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/arsiv/18713.pdf#page=1
3766 # 1985-04-20 01:00 -> 02:00, 1985-09-28 02:00 -> 01:00
3767
3768 # From Kıvanç Yazan (2016-09-25):
3769 # 1) For 1986-2006, DST started at 01:00 local and ended at 02:00 local, with
3770 # no exceptions.
3771 # 2) 1994's lastSun was overridden with Mar 20 ...
3772 # Here are official papers:
3773 # http://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/arsiv/19032.pdf#page=2 for 1986
3774 # http://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/arsiv/19400.pdf#page=4 for 1987
3775 # http://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/arsiv/19752.pdf#page=15 for 1988
3776 # http://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/arsiv/20102.pdf#page=6 for 1989
3777 # http://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/arsiv/20464.pdf#page=1 for 1990 - 1992
3778 # http://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/arsiv/21531.pdf#page=15 for 1993 - 1995
3779 # http://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/arsiv/21879.pdf#page=1 for overriding 1994
3780 # http://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/arsiv/22588.pdf#page=1 for 1996, 1997
3781 # http://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/arsiv/23286.pdf#page=10 for 1998 - 2000
3782 # http://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/eskiler/2001/03/20010324.htm#2 - for 2001
3783 # http://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/eskiler/2002/03/20020316.htm#2 - for 2002-2006
3784 # From Paul Eggert (2016-09-25):
3785 # Prefer the above sources to Shanks & Pottenger for timestamps after 1985.
3786
3787 # From Steffen Thorsen (2007-03-09):
3788 # Starting 2007 though, it seems that they are adopting EU's 1:00 UTC
3789 # start/end time, according to the following page (2007-03-07):
3790 # http://www.ntvmsnbc.com/news/402029.asp
3791 # The official document is located here - it is in Turkish...:
3792 # http://rega.basbakanlik.gov.tr/eskiler/2007/03/20070307-7.htm
3793 # I was able to locate the following seemingly official document
3794 # (on a non-government server though) describing dates between 2002 and 2006:
3795 # http://www.alomaliye.com/bkk_2002_3769.htm
3796
3797 # From Gökdeniz Karadağ (2011-03-10):
3798 # According to the articles linked below, Turkey will change into summer
3799 # time zone (GMT+3) on March 28, 2011 at 3:00 a.m. instead of March 27.
3800 # This change is due to a nationwide exam on 27th.
3801 # https://www.worldbulletin.net/?aType=haber&ArticleID=70872
3802 # Turkish:
3803 # https://www.hurriyet.com.tr/yaz-saati-uygulamasi-bir-gun-ileri-alindi-17230464
3804
3805 # From Faruk Pasin (2014-02-14):
3806 # The DST for Turkey has been changed for this year because of the
3807 # Turkish Local election....
3808 # http://www.sabah.com.tr/Ekonomi/2014/02/12/yaz-saatinde-onemli-degisiklik
3809 # ... so Turkey will move clocks forward one hour on March 31 at 3:00 a.m.
3810 # From Randal L. Schwartz (2014-04-15):
3811 # Having landed on a flight from the states to Istanbul (via AMS) on March 31,
3812 # I can tell you that NOBODY (even the airlines) respected this timezone DST
3813 # change delay. Maybe the word just didn't get out in time.
3814 # From Paul Eggert (2014-06-15):
3815 # The press reported massive confusion, as election officials obeyed the rule
3816 # change but cell phones (and airline baggage systems) did not. See:
3817 # Kostidis M. Eventful elections in Turkey. Balkan News Agency
3818 # http://www.balkaneu.com/eventful-elections-turkey/ 2014-03-30.
3819 # I guess the best we can do is document the official time.
3820
3821 # From Fatih (2015-09-29):
3822 # It's officially announced now by the Ministry of Energy.
3823 # Turkey delays winter time to 8th of November 04:00
3824 # http://www.aa.com.tr/tr/turkiye/yaz-saati-uygulamasi-8-kasimda-sona-erecek/362217
3825 #
3826 # From BBC News (2015-10-25):
3827 # Confused Turks are asking "what's the time?" after automatic clocks defied a
3828 # government decision ... "For the next two weeks #Turkey is on EEST... Erdogan
3829 # Engineered Standard Time," said Twitter user @aysekarahasan.
3830 # http://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-34631326
3831
3832 # From Burak AYDIN (2016-09-08):
3833 # Turkey will stay in Daylight Saving Time even in winter....
3834 # http://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/eskiler/2016/09/20160908-2.pdf
3835 #
3836 # From Paul Eggert (2016-09-07):
3837 # The change is permanent, so this is the new standard time in Turkey.
3838 # It takes effect today, which is not much notice.
3839
3840 # From Kıvanç Yazan (2017-10-28):
3841 # Turkey will go back to Daylight Saving Time starting 2018-10.
3842 # http://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/eskiler/2017/10/20171028-5.pdf
3843 #
3844 # From Even Scharning (2017-11-08):
3845 # ... today it was announced that the DST will become "continuous":
3846 # http://www.hurriyet.com.tr/son-dakika-yaz-saati-uygulamasi-surekli-hale-geldi-40637482
3847 # From Paul Eggert (2017-11-08):
3848 # Although Google Translate misfires on that source, it looks like
3849 # Turkey reversed last month's decision, and so will stay at +03.
3850
3851 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
3852 Rule Turkey 1916 only - May 1 0:00 1:00 S
3853 Rule Turkey 1916 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
3854 Rule Turkey 1920 only - Mar 28 0:00 1:00 S
3855 Rule Turkey 1920 only - Oct 25 0:00 0 -
3856 Rule Turkey 1921 only - Apr 3 0:00 1:00 S
3857 Rule Turkey 1921 only - Oct 3 0:00 0 -
3858 Rule Turkey 1922 only - Mar 26 0:00 1:00 S
3859 Rule Turkey 1922 only - Oct 8 0:00 0 -
3860 # Whitman gives 1923 Apr 28 - Sep 16 and no DST in 1924-1925;
3861 # go with Shanks & Pottenger.
3862 Rule Turkey 1924 only - May 13 0:00 1:00 S
3863 Rule Turkey 1924 1925 - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
3864 Rule Turkey 1925 only - May 1 0:00 1:00 S
3865 Rule Turkey 1940 only - Jul 1 0:00 1:00 S
3866 Rule Turkey 1940 only - Oct 6 0:00 0 -
3867 Rule Turkey 1940 only - Dec 1 0:00 1:00 S
3868 Rule Turkey 1941 only - Sep 21 0:00 0 -
3869 Rule Turkey 1942 only - Apr 1 0:00 1:00 S
3870 Rule Turkey 1945 only - Oct 8 0:00 0 -
3871 Rule Turkey 1946 only - Jun 1 0:00 1:00 S
3872 Rule Turkey 1946 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
3873 Rule Turkey 1947 1948 - Apr Sun>=16 0:00 1:00 S
3874 Rule Turkey 1947 1951 - Oct Sun>=2 0:00 0 -
3875 Rule Turkey 1949 only - Apr 10 0:00 1:00 S
3876 Rule Turkey 1950 only - Apr 16 0:00 1:00 S
3877 Rule Turkey 1951 only - Apr 22 0:00 1:00 S
3878 # DST for 15 months; unusual but we'll let it pass.
3879 Rule Turkey 1962 only - Jul 15 0:00 1:00 S
3880 Rule Turkey 1963 only - Oct 30 0:00 0 -
3881 Rule Turkey 1964 only - May 15 0:00 1:00 S
3882 Rule Turkey 1964 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
3883 Rule Turkey 1973 only - Jun 3 1:00 1:00 S
3884 Rule Turkey 1973 1976 - Oct Sun>=31 2:00 0 -
3885 Rule Turkey 1974 only - Mar 31 2:00 1:00 S
3886 Rule Turkey 1975 only - Mar 22 2:00 1:00 S
3887 Rule Turkey 1976 only - Mar 21 2:00 1:00 S
3888 Rule Turkey 1977 1978 - Apr Sun>=1 2:00 1:00 S
3889 Rule Turkey 1977 1978 - Oct Sun>=15 2:00 0 -
3890 Rule Turkey 1978 only - Jun 29 0:00 0 -
3891 Rule Turkey 1983 only - Jul 31 2:00 1:00 S
3892 Rule Turkey 1983 only - Oct 2 2:00 0 -
3893 Rule Turkey 1985 only - Apr 20 1:00s 1:00 S
3894 Rule Turkey 1985 only - Sep 28 1:00s 0 -
3895 Rule Turkey 1986 1993 - Mar lastSun 1:00s 1:00 S
3896 Rule Turkey 1986 1995 - Sep lastSun 1:00s 0 -
3897 Rule Turkey 1994 only - Mar 20 1:00s 1:00 S
3898 Rule Turkey 1995 2006 - Mar lastSun 1:00s 1:00 S
3899 Rule Turkey 1996 2006 - Oct lastSun 1:00s 0 -
3900 # Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
3901 Zone Europe/Istanbul 1:55:52 - LMT 1880
3902 1:56:56 - IMT 1910 Oct # Istanbul Mean Time?
3903 2:00 Turkey EE%sT 1978 Jun 29
3904 3:00 Turkey +03/+04 1984 Nov 1 2:00
3905 2:00 Turkey EE%sT 2007
3906 2:00 EU EE%sT 2011 Mar 27 1:00u
3907 2:00 - EET 2011 Mar 28 1:00u
3908 2:00 EU EE%sT 2014 Mar 30 1:00u
3909 2:00 - EET 2014 Mar 31 1:00u
3910 2:00 EU EE%sT 2015 Oct 25 1:00u
3911 2:00 1:00 EEST 2015 Nov 8 1:00u
3912 2:00 EU EE%sT 2016 Sep 7
3913 3:00 - +03
3914 Link Europe/Istanbul Asia/Istanbul # Istanbul is in both continents.
3915
3916 # Ukraine
3917 #
3918 # From Igor Karpov, who works for the Ukrainian Ministry of Justice,
3919 # via Garrett Wollman (2003-01-27):
3920 # BTW, I've found the official document on this matter. It's government
3921 # regulations No. 509, May 13, 1996. In my poor translation it says:
3922 # "Time in Ukraine is set to second timezone (Kiev time). Each last Sunday
3923 # of March at 3am the time is changing to 4am and each last Sunday of
3924 # October the time at 4am is changing to 3am"
3925
3926 # From Alexander Krivenyshev (2011-09-20):
3927 # On September 20, 2011 the deputies of the Verkhovna Rada agreed to
3928 # abolish the transfer clock to winter time.
3929 #
3930 # Bill No. 8330 of MP from the Party of Regions Oleg Nadoshi got
3931 # approval from 266 deputies.
3932 #
3933 # Ukraine abolishes transfer back to the winter time (in Russian)
3934 # http://news.mail.ru/politics/6861560/
3935 #
3936 # The Ukrainians will no longer change the clock (in Russian)
3937 # http://www.segodnya.ua/news/14290482.html
3938 #
3939 # Deputies cancelled the winter time (in Russian)
3940 # https://www.pravda.com.ua/rus/news/2011/09/20/6600616/
3941 #
3942 # From Philip Pizzey (2011-10-18):
3943 # Today my Ukrainian colleagues have informed me that the
3944 # Ukrainian parliament have decided that they will go to winter
3945 # time this year after all.
3946 #
3947 # From Udo Schwedt (2011-10-18):
3948 # As far as I understand, the recent change to the Ukrainian time zone
3949 # (Europe/Kiev) to introduce permanent daylight saving time (similar
3950 # to Russia) was reverted today:
3951 # http://portal.rada.gov.ua/rada/control/en/publish/article/info_left?art_id=287324&cat_id=105995
3952 #
3953 # Also reported by Alexander Bokovoy (2011-10-18) who also noted:
3954 # The law documents themselves are at
3955 # http://w1.c1.rada.gov.ua/pls/zweb_n/webproc4_1?id=&pf3511=41484
3956
3957 # From Vladimir in Moscow via Alois Treindl re Kiev time 1991/2 (2014-02-28):
3958 # First in Ukraine they changed Time zone from UTC+3 to UTC+2 with DST:
3959 # 03 25 1990 02:00 -03.00 1 Time Zone 3 with DST
3960 # 07 01 1990 02:00 -02.00 1 Time Zone 2 with DST
3961 # * Ukrainian Government's Resolution of 18.06.1990, No. 134.
3962 # http://search.ligazakon.ua/l_doc2.nsf/link1/T001500.html
3963 #
3964 # They did not end DST in September, 1990 (according to the law,
3965 # "summer time" was still in action):
3966 # 09 30 1990 03:00 -02.00 1 Time Zone 2 with DST
3967 # * Ukrainian Government's Resolution of 21.09.1990, No. 272.
3968 # http://search.ligazakon.ua/l_doc2.nsf/link1/KP900272.html
3969 #
3970 # Again no change in March, 1991 ("summer time" in action):
3971 # 03 31 1991 02:00 -02.00 1 Time Zone 2 with DST
3972 #
3973 # DST ended in September 1991 ("summer time" ended):
3974 # 09 29 1991 03:00 -02.00 0 Time Zone 2, no DST
3975 # * Ukrainian Government's Resolution of 25.09.1991, No. 225.
3976 # http://www.uazakon.com/documents/date_21/pg_iwgdoc.htm
3977 # This is an answer.
3978 #
3979 # Since 1992 they had normal DST procedure:
3980 # 03 29 1992 02:00 -02.00 1 DST started
3981 # 09 27 1992 03:00 -02.00 0 DST ended
3982 # * Ukrainian Government's Resolution of 20.03.1992, No. 139.
3983 # http://www.uazakon.com/documents/date_8u/pg_grcasa.htm
3984
3985 # From Paul Eggert (2018-10-03):
3986 # As is usual in tzdb, Ukrainian zones use the most common English spellings.
3987 # For example, tzdb uses Europe/Kiev, as "Kiev" is the most common spelling in
3988 # English for Ukraine's capital, even though it is certainly wrong as a
3989 # transliteration of the Ukrainian "Київ". This is similar to tzdb's use of
3990 # Europe/Prague, which is certainly wrong as a transliteration of the Czech
3991 # "Praha". ("Kiev" came from old Slavic via Russian to English, and "Prague"
3992 # came from old Slavic via French to English, so the two cases have something
3993 # in common.) Admittedly English-language spelling of Ukrainian names is
3994 # controversial, and some day "Kyiv" may become substantially more popular in
3995 # English; in the meantime, stick with the traditional English "Kiev" as that
3996 # means less disruption for our users.
3997
3998 # Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
3999 # This represents most of Ukraine. See above for the spelling of "Kiev".
4000 Zone Europe/Kiev 2:02:04 - LMT 1880
4001 2:02:04 - KMT 1924 May 2 # Kiev Mean Time
4002 2:00 - EET 1930 Jun 21
4003 3:00 - MSK 1941 Sep 20
4004 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1943 Nov 6
4005 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1990 Jul 1 2:00
4006 2:00 1:00 EEST 1991 Sep 29 3:00
4007 2:00 E-Eur EE%sT 1995
4008 2:00 EU EE%sT
4009 # Ruthenia used CET 1990/1991.
4010 # "Uzhhorod" is the transliteration of the Rusyn/Ukrainian pronunciation, but
4011 # "Uzhgorod" is more common in English.
4012 Zone Europe/Uzhgorod 1:29:12 - LMT 1890 Oct
4013 1:00 - CET 1940
4014 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Oct
4015 1:00 1:00 CEST 1944 Oct 26
4016 1:00 - CET 1945 Jun 29
4017 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1990
4018 3:00 - MSK 1990 Jul 1 2:00
4019 1:00 - CET 1991 Mar 31 3:00
4020 2:00 - EET 1992
4021 2:00 E-Eur EE%sT 1995
4022 2:00 EU EE%sT
4023 # Zaporozh'ye and eastern Lugansk oblasts observed DST 1990/1991.
4024 # "Zaporizhia" is the transliteration of the Ukrainian name, but
4025 # "Zaporozh'ye" is more common in English. Use the common English
4026 # spelling, except omit the apostrophe as it is not allowed in
4027 # portable Posix file names.
4028 Zone Europe/Zaporozhye 2:20:40 - LMT 1880
4029 2:20 - +0220 1924 May 2
4030 2:00 - EET 1930 Jun 21
4031 3:00 - MSK 1941 Aug 25
4032 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1943 Oct 25
4033 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1991 Mar 31 2:00
4034 2:00 E-Eur EE%sT 1995
4035 2:00 EU EE%sT
4036
4037 # Vatican City
4038 # See Europe/Rome.
4039
4040 ###############################################################################
4041
4042 # One source shows that Bulgaria, Cyprus, Finland, and Greece observe DST from
4043 # the last Sunday in March to the last Sunday in September in 1986.
4044 # The source shows Romania changing a day later than everybody else.
4045 #
4046 # According to Bernard Sieloff's source, Poland is in the MET time zone but
4047 # uses the WE DST rules. The Western USSR uses EET+1 and ME DST rules.
4048 # Bernard Sieloff's source claims Romania switches on the same day, but at
4049 # 00:00 standard time (i.e., 01:00 DST). It also claims that Turkey
4050 # switches on the same day, but switches on at 01:00 standard time
4051 # and off at 00:00 standard time (i.e., 01:00 DST)
4052
4053 # ...
4054 # Date: Wed, 28 Jan 87 16:56:27 -0100
4055 # From: Tom Hofmann
4056 # ...
4057 #
4058 # ...the European time rules are...standardized since 1981, when
4059 # most European countries started DST. Before that year, only
4060 # a few countries (UK, France, Italy) had DST, each according
4061 # to own national rules. In 1981, however, DST started on
4062 # 'Apr firstSun', and not on 'Mar lastSun' as in the following
4063 # years...
4064 # But also since 1981 there are some more national exceptions
4065 # than listed in 'europe': Switzerland, for example, joined DST
4066 # one year later, Denmark ended DST on 'Oct 1' instead of 'Sep
4067 # lastSun' in 1981 - I don't know how they handle now.
4068 #
4069 # Finally, DST ist always from 'Apr 1' to 'Oct 1' in the
4070 # Soviet Union (as far as I know).
4071 #
4072 # Tom Hofmann, Scientific Computer Center, CIBA-GEIGY AG,
4073 # 4002 Basle, Switzerland
4074 # ...
4075
4076 # ...
4077 # Date: Wed, 4 Feb 87 22:35:22 +0100
4078 # From: Dik T. Winter
4079 # ...
4080 #
4081 # The information from Tom Hofmann is (as far as I know) not entirely correct.
4082 # After a request from chongo at amdahl I tried to retrieve all information
4083 # about DST in Europe. I was able to find all from about 1969.
4084 #
4085 # ...standardization on DST in Europe started in about 1977 with switches on
4086 # first Sunday in April and last Sunday in September...
4087 # In 1981 UK joined Europe insofar that
4088 # the starting day for both shifted to last Sunday in March. And from 1982
4089 # the whole of Europe used DST, with switch dates April 1 and October 1 in
4090 # the Sov[i]et Union. In 1985 the SU reverted to standard Europe[a]n switch
4091 # dates...
4092 #
4093 # It should also be remembered that time-zones are not constants; e.g.
4094 # Portugal switched in 1976 from MET (or CET) to WET with DST...
4095 # Note also that though there were rules for switch dates not
4096 # all countries abided to these dates, and many individual deviations
4097 # occurred, though not since 1982 I believe. Another note: it is always
4098 # assumed that DST is 1 hour ahead of normal time, this need not be the
4099 # case; at least in the Netherlands there have been times when DST was 2 hours
4100 # in advance of normal time.
4101 #
4102 # ...
4103 # dik t. winter, cwi, amsterdam, nederland
4104 # ...
4105
4106 # From Bob Devine (1988-01-28):
4107 # ...
4108 # Greece: Last Sunday in April to last Sunday in September (iffy on dates).
4109 # Since 1978. Change at midnight.
4110 # ...
4111 # Monaco: has same DST as France.
4112 # ...