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 292 
 293 # From Paul Eggert (2017-04-20):
 294 # Page 27 of Reed & Low (cited for Asia/Kolkata) says "Rangoon local time is
 295 # used upon the railways and telegraphs of Burma, and is 6h. 24m. 47s. ahead
 296 # of Greenwich."  This refers to the period before Burma's transition to +0630,
 297 # a transition for which Shanks is the only source.
 298 
 299 # Zone  NAME            STDOFF  RULES   FORMAT  [UNTIL]
 300 Zone    Asia/Yangon     6:24:47 -       LMT     1880        # or Rangoon
 301                         6:24:47 -       RMT     1920        # Rangoon local time
 302                         6:30    -       +0630   1942 May
 303                         9:00    -       +09     1945 May  3
 304                         6:30    -       +0630
 305 
 306 # Cambodia
 307 # See Asia/Bangkok.
 308 
 309 
 310 # China
 311 





















 312 # From Paul Eggert (2018-10-02):
 313 # The following comes from Table 1 of:
 314 # Li Yu. Research on the daylight saving movement in 1940s Shanghai.
 315 # Nanjing Journal of Social Sciences. 2014;(2):144-50.
 316 # http://oversea.cnki.net/kns55/detail.aspx?dbname=CJFD2014&filename=NJSH201402020
 317 # The table lists dates only; I am guessing 00:00 and 24:00 transition times.
 318 # Also, the table lists the planned end of DST in 1949, but the corresponding
 319 # zone line cuts this off on May 28, when the Communists took power.



















































































 320 #
 321 # Rule  NAME    FROM    TO      TYPE    IN      ON      AT      SAVE    LETTER/S
 322 Rule    Shang   1940    only    -       Jun      1       0:00   1:00    D
 323 Rule    Shang   1940    only    -       Oct     12      24:00   0       S
 324 Rule    Shang   1941    only    -       Mar     15       0:00   1:00    D
 325 Rule    Shang   1941    only    -       Nov      1      24:00   0       S
 326 Rule    Shang   1942    only    -       Jan     31       0:00   1:00    D
 327 Rule    Shang   1945    only    -       Sep      1      24:00   0       S
 328 Rule    Shang   1946    only    -       May     15       0:00   1:00    D
 329 Rule    Shang   1946    only    -       Sep     30      24:00   0       S
 330 Rule    Shang   1947    only    -       Apr     15       0:00   1:00    D
 331 Rule    Shang   1947    only    -       Oct     31      24:00   0       S
 332 Rule    Shang   1948    1949    -       May      1       0:00   1:00    D
 333 Rule    Shang   1948    1949    -       Sep     30      24:00   0       S #plan
 334 
 335 # From Guy Harris:
 336 # People's Republic of China.  Yes, they really have only one time zone.
 337 
 338 # From Bob Devine (1988-01-28):
 339 # No they don't.  See TIME mag, 1986-02-17 p.52.  Even though


 578 # China, and tracking down all these organizations' timekeeping rules would be
 579 # quite a trick.  Approximate this lost history by a transition from LMT to
 580 # UT +06 at the start of 1928, the year of accession of the warlord Jin Shuren,
 581 # which happens to be the date given by Shanks & Pottenger (no doubt as a
 582 # guess) as the transition from LMT.  Ignore the usage of +08 before
 583 # 1986-02-01 under the theory that the transition date to +08 is unknown and
 584 # that the sort of users who prefer Asia/Urumqi now typically ignored the
 585 # +08 mandate back then.
 586 
 587 # Zone  NAME            STDOFF  RULES   FORMAT  [UNTIL]
 588 # Beijing time, used throughout China; represented by Shanghai.
 589 Zone    Asia/Shanghai   8:05:43 -       LMT     1901
 590                         8:00    Shang   C%sT    1949 May 28
 591                         8:00    PRC     C%sT
 592 # Xinjiang time, used by many in western China; represented by Ürümqi / Ürümchi
 593 # / Wulumuqi.  (Please use Asia/Shanghai if you prefer Beijing time.)
 594 Zone    Asia/Urumqi     5:50:20 -       LMT     1928
 595                         6:00    -       +06
 596 
 597 
 598 # Hong Kong (Xianggang)
 599 
 600 # Milne gives 7:36:41.7; round this.
 601 
 602 # From Lee Yiu Chung (2009-10-24):
 603 # I found there are some mistakes for the...DST rule for Hong
 604 # Kong. [According] to the DST record from Hong Kong Observatory (actually,
 605 # it is not [an] observatory, but the official meteorological agency of HK,
 606 # and also serves as the official timing agency), there are some missing
 607 # and incorrect rules. Although the exact switch over time is missing, I
 608 # think 3:30 is correct. The official DST record for Hong Kong can be
 609 # obtained from
 610 # http://www.hko.gov.hk/gts/time/Summertime.htm
 611 
 612 # From Phake Nick (2018-10-27):
 613 # According to Singaporean newspaper
 614 # http://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/Digitised/Article/singfreepresswk19041102-1.2.37
 615 # the day that Hong Kong start using GMT+8 should be Oct 30, 1904.
 616 #
 617 # From Paul Eggert (2018-11-17):
 618 # Hong Kong had a time ball near the Marine Police Station, Tsim Sha Tsui.
 619 # "The ball was raised manually each day and dropped at exactly 1pm
 620 # (except on Sundays and Government holidays)."
 621 # Dyson AD. From Time Ball to Atomic Clock. Hong Kong Government. 1983.
 622 # <https://www.hko.gov.hk/publica/gen_pub/timeball_atomic_clock.pdf>
 623 # "From 1904 October 30 the time-ball at Hong Kong has been dropped by order
 624 # of the Governor of the Colony at 17h 0m 0s G.M.T., which is 23m 18s.14 in
 625 # advance of 1h 0m 0s of Hong Kong mean time."
 626 # Hollis HP. Universal Time, Longitudes, and Geodesy. Mon Not R Astron Soc.
 627 # 1905-02-10;65(4):405-6. https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/65.4.382
 628 #
 629 # From Joseph Myers (2018-11-18):
 630 # An astronomer before 1925 referring to GMT would have been using the old


 701 #       https://mmis.hkpl.gov.hk///c/portal/cover?c=QF757YsWv5%2FH7zGe%2FKF%2BFLYsuqGhRBfe p.4
 702 #   The Kung Sheung Daily News 1946-04-21 (Chinese)
 703 #       https://i.imgur.com/7ecmRlcm.png
 704 #       https://mmis.hkpl.gov.hk///c/portal/cover?c=QF757YsWv5%2BQBGt1%2BwUj5qG2GqtwR3Wh p.4
 705 # * According to the Summer Time Ordinance (1946), the fallback
 706 #   transitions between 1946 and 1952 were at 03:30 Standard Time (+08)
 707 #       http://oelawhk.lib.hku.hk/archive/files/bb74b06a74d5294620a15de560ab33c6.pdf
 708 # * Some other laws and regulations related to DST from 1953 to 1979
 709 #   Summer Time Ordinance 1953
 710 #       https://i.imgur.com/IOlJMav.jpg
 711 #   Summer Time (Amendment) Ordinance 1965
 712 #       https://i.imgur.com/8rofeLa.jpg
 713 #   Interpretation and General Clauses Ordinance (1966)
 714 #       https://i.imgur.com/joy3msj.jpg
 715 #   Emergency (Summer Time) Regulation 1973 <https://i.imgur.com/OpRWrKz.jpg>
 716 #   Interpretation and General Clauses (Amendment) Ordinance 1977
 717 #       https://i.imgur.com/RaNqnc4.jpg
 718 #   Resolution of the Legislative Council passed on 9 May 1979
 719 #       https://www.legco.gov.hk/yr78-79/english/lc_sitg/hansard/h790509.pdf#page=39
 720 
 721 # From Paul Eggert (2019-05-31):
 722 # Here are the dates given at
 723 # https://www.hko.gov.hk/gts/time/Summertime.htm
 724 # as of 2014-06-19:
 725 # Year        Period
 726 # 1941        15 Jun to 30 Sep
 727 # 1942        Whole year
 728 # 1943        Whole year
 729 # 1944        Whole year
 730 # 1945        Whole year
 731 # 1946        20 Apr to 1 Dec
 732 # 1947        13 Apr to 30 Nov
 733 # 1948        2 May to 31 Oct
 734 # 1949        3 Apr to 30 Oct
 735 # 1950        2 Apr to 29 Oct
 736 # 1951        1 Apr to 28 Oct
 737 # 1952        6 Apr to 2 Nov
 738 # 1953        5 Apr to 1 Nov
 739 # 1954        21 Mar to 31 Oct
 740 # 1955        20 Mar to 6 Nov
 741 # 1956        18 Mar to 4 Nov
 742 # 1957        24 Mar to 3 Nov
 743 # 1958        23 Mar to 2 Nov
 744 # 1959        22 Mar to 1 Nov


1834 # As of 2013, DST starts at 02:00 on the Friday before the last Sunday
1835 # in March.  DST ends at 02:00 on the last Sunday of October.
1836 
1837 # Rule  NAME    FROM    TO      TYPE    IN      ON      AT      SAVE    LETTER/S
1838 Rule    Zion    2013    max     -       Mar     Fri>=23      2:00    1:00    D
1839 Rule    Zion    2013    max     -       Oct     lastSun 2:00    0       S
1840 
1841 # Zone  NAME            STDOFF  RULES   FORMAT  [UNTIL]
1842 Zone    Asia/Jerusalem  2:20:54 -       LMT     1880
1843                         2:20:40 -       JMT     1918 # Jerusalem Mean Time?
1844                         2:00    Zion    I%sT
1845 
1846 
1847 
1848 ###############################################################################
1849 
1850 # Japan
1851 
1852 # '9:00' and 'JST' is from Guy Harris.
1853 









































1854 # From Paul Eggert (1995-03-06):
1855 # Today's _Asahi Evening News_ (page 4) reports that Japan had
1856 # daylight saving between 1948 and 1951, but "the system was discontinued
1857 # because the public believed it would lead to longer working hours."
1858 
1859 # From Mayumi Negishi in the 2005-08-10 Japan Times:
1860 # http://www.japantimes.co.jp/cgi-bin/getarticle.pl5?nn20050810f2.htm
1861 # Occupation authorities imposed daylight-saving time on Japan on
1862 # [1948-05-01]....  But lack of prior debate and the execution of
1863 # daylight-saving time just three days after the bill was passed generated
1864 # deep hatred of the concept....  The Diet unceremoniously passed a bill to
1865 # dump the unpopular system in October 1951, less than a month after the San
1866 # Francisco Peace Treaty was signed.  (A government poll in 1951 showed 53%
1867 # of the Japanese wanted to scrap daylight-saving time, as opposed to 30% who
1868 # wanted to keep it.)
1869 
1870 # From Takayuki Nikai (2018-01-19):
1871 # The source of information is Japanese law.
1872 # http://www.shugiin.go.jp/internet/itdb_housei.nsf/html/houritsu/00219480428029.htm
1873 # http://www.shugiin.go.jp/internet/itdb_housei.nsf/html/houritsu/00719500331039.htm


1882 # It cited a document issued by the Liaison Office which briefly existed
1883 # during the postwar period of Japan, where the detail on implementation
1884 # of the summer time is described in the document.
1885 # https://eco.mtk.nao.ac.jp/koyomi/wiki/BBFEB9EF2FB2C6BBFEB9EFB2C6BBFEB9EFA4CEBCC2BBDCA4CBA4C4A4A4A4C6.pdf
1886 # The text in the document do instruct a fall back to occur at
1887 # September 11, 13pm in summer time, while ordinary citizens can
1888 # change the clock before they sleep.
1889 #
1890 # From Paul Eggert (2018-09-27):
1891 # This instruction is equivalent to "Sat>=8 25:00", so use that.  zic treats
1892 # it like "Sun>=9 01:00", which is not quite the same but is the best we can
1893 # do in any POSIX or C platform.  The "25:00" assumes zic from 2007 or later,
1894 # which should be safe now.
1895 
1896 # Rule  NAME    FROM    TO      TYPE    IN      ON      AT      SAVE    LETTER/S
1897 Rule    Japan   1948    only    -       May     Sat>=1       24:00   1:00    D
1898 Rule    Japan   1948    1951    -       Sep     Sat>=8       25:00   0       S
1899 Rule    Japan   1949    only    -       Apr     Sat>=1       24:00   1:00    D
1900 Rule    Japan   1950    1951    -       May     Sat>=1       24:00   1:00    D
1901 
1902 # From Hideyuki Suzuki (1998-11-09):
1903 # 'Tokyo' usually stands for the former location of Tokyo Astronomical
1904 # Observatory: 139° 44' 40.90" E (9h 18m 58.727s), 35° 39' 16.0" N.
1905 # This data is from 'Rika Nenpyou (Chronological Scientific Tables) 1996'
1906 # edited by National Astronomical Observatory of Japan....
1907 # JST (Japan Standard Time) has been used since 1888-01-01 00:00 (JST).
1908 # The law is enacted on 1886-07-07.
1909 
1910 # From Hideyuki Suzuki (1998-11-16):
1911 # The ordinance No. 51 (1886) established "standard time" in Japan,
1912 # which stands for the time on 135° E.
1913 # In the ordinance No. 167 (1895), "standard time" was renamed to "central
1914 # standard time".  And the same ordinance also established "western standard
1915 # time", which stands for the time on 120° E....  But "western standard
1916 # time" was abolished in the ordinance No. 529 (1937).  In the ordinance No.
1917 # 167, there is no mention regarding for what place western standard time is
1918 # standard....
1919 #
1920 # I wrote "ordinance" above, but I don't know how to translate.
1921 # In Japanese it's "chokurei", which means ordinance from emperor.
1922 
1923 # From Yu-Cheng Chuang (2013-07-12):
1924 # ...the Meiji Emperor announced Ordinance No. 167 of Meiji Year 28 "The clause
1925 # about standard time" ... The adoption began from Jan 1, 1896.
1926 # https://ja.wikisource.org/wiki/標準時ニ關スル件_(公布時)
1927 #
1928 # ...the Showa Emperor announced Ordinance No. 529 of Showa Year 12 ... which
1929 # means the whole Japan territory, including later occupations, adopt Japan
1930 # Central Time (UT+9). The adoption began on Oct 1, 1937.
1931 # https://ja.wikisource.org/wiki/明治二十八年勅令第百六十七號標準時ニ關スル件中改正ノ件
1932 
1933 # Zone  NAME            STDOFF  RULES   FORMAT  [UNTIL]
1934 Zone    Asia/Tokyo      9:18:59 -       LMT     1887 Dec 31 15:00u
1935                         9:00    Japan   J%sT
1936 # Since 1938, all Japanese possessions have been like Asia/Tokyo,
1937 # except that Truk (Chuuk), Ponape (Pohnpei), and Jaluit (Kosrae) did not
1938 # switch from +10 to +09 until 1941-04-01; see the 'australasia' file.
1939 
1940 # Jordan
1941 #
1942 # From <http://star.arabia.com/990701/JO9.html>
1943 # Jordan Week (1999-07-01) via Steffen Thorsen (1999-09-09):
1944 # Clocks in Jordan were forwarded one hour on Wednesday at midnight,
1945 # in accordance with the government's decision to implement summer time
1946 # all year round.
1947 #
1948 # From <http://star.arabia.com/990930/JO9.html>
1949 # Jordan Week (1999-09-30) via Steffen Thorsen (1999-11-09):
1950 # Winter time starts today Thursday, 30 September. Clocks will be turned back
1951 # by one hour.  This is the latest government decision and it's final!
1952 # The decision was taken because of the increase in working hours in


3092 
3093 # From Steffen Thorsen (2015-03-03):
3094 # Sources such as http://www.alquds.com/news/article/view/id/548257
3095 # and https://www.raya.ps/ar/news/890705.html say Palestine areas will
3096 # start DST on 2015-03-28 00:00 which is one day later than expected.
3097 #
3098 # From Paul Eggert (2015-03-03):
3099 # https://www.timeanddate.com/time/change/west-bank/ramallah?year=2014
3100 # says that the fall 2014 transition was Oct 23 at 24:00.
3101 
3102 # From Hannah Kreitem (2016-03-09):
3103 # http://www.palestinecabinet.gov.ps/WebSite/ar/ViewDetails?ID=31728
3104 # [Google translation]: "The Council also decided to start daylight
3105 # saving in Palestine as of one o'clock on Saturday morning,
3106 # 2016-03-26, to provide the clock 60 minutes ahead."
3107 
3108 # From Sharef Mustafa (2016-10-19):
3109 # [T]he Palestinian cabinet decision (Mar 8th 2016) published on
3110 # http://www.palestinecabinet.gov.ps/WebSite/Upload/Decree/GOV_17/16032016134830.pdf
3111 # states that summer time will end on Oct 29th at 01:00.
3112 #
3113 # From Tim Parenti (2016-10-19):
3114 # Predict fall transitions on October's last Saturday at 01:00 from now on.
3115 # This is consistent with the 2016 transition as well as our spring
3116 # predictions.
3117 #
3118 # From Paul Eggert (2016-10-19):
3119 # It's also consistent with predictions in the following URLs today:
3120 # https://www.timeanddate.com/time/change/gaza-strip/gaza
3121 # https://www.timeanddate.com/time/change/west-bank/hebron
3122 
3123 # From Sharef Mustafa (2018-03-16):
3124 # Palestine summer time will start on Mar 24th 2018 by advancing the
3125 # clock by 60 minutes as per Palestinian cabinet decision published on
3126 # the official website, though the decree did not specify the exact
3127 # time of the time shift.
3128 # http://www.palestinecabinet.gov.ps/Website/AR/NDecrees/ViewFile.ashx?ID=e7a42ab7-ee23-435a-b9c8-a4f7e81f3817
3129 
3130 # From Even Scharning (2019-03-23):
3131 # http://pnn.ps/news/401130
3132 # http://palweather.ps/ar/node/50136.html
3133 #
3134 # From Sharif Mustafa (2019-03-26):
3135 # The Palestinian cabinet announced today that the switch to DST will
3136 # be on Fri Mar 29th 2019 by advancing the clock by 60 minutes.
3137 # The decree signing date is Mar 12th but it was not published till today.
3138 # The decree does not specify the exact time of switch.
3139 # http://palestinecabinet.gov.ps/Website/AR/NDecrees/ViewFile.ashx?ID=e54e9ea1-50ee-4137-84df-0d6c78da259b
3140 #
3141 # From Even Scharning (2019-04-10):
3142 # Our source in Palestine said it happened Friday 29 at 00:00 local time....




3143 #
3144 # From Paul Eggert (2019-04-10):
3145 # For now, guess spring-ahead transitions are March's last Friday at 00:00.



3146 
3147 # Rule  NAME    FROM    TO      TYPE    IN      ON      AT      SAVE    LETTER/S
3148 Rule EgyptAsia  1957    only    -       May     10      0:00    1:00    S
3149 Rule EgyptAsia  1957    1958    -       Oct      1      0:00    0       -
3150 Rule EgyptAsia  1958    only    -       May      1      0:00    1:00    S
3151 Rule EgyptAsia  1959    1967    -       May      1      1:00    1:00    S
3152 Rule EgyptAsia  1959    1965    -       Sep     30      3:00    0       -
3153 Rule EgyptAsia  1966    only    -       Oct      1      3:00    0       -
3154 
3155 Rule Palestine  1999    2005    -       Apr     Fri>=15      0:00    1:00    S
3156 Rule Palestine  1999    2003    -       Oct     Fri>=15      0:00    0       -
3157 Rule Palestine  2004    only    -       Oct      1      1:00    0       -
3158 Rule Palestine  2005    only    -       Oct      4      2:00    0       -
3159 Rule Palestine  2006    2007    -       Apr      1      0:00    1:00    S
3160 Rule Palestine  2006    only    -       Sep     22      0:00    0       -
3161 Rule Palestine  2007    only    -       Sep     Thu>=8       2:00    0       -
3162 Rule Palestine  2008    2009    -       Mar     lastFri 0:00    1:00    S
3163 Rule Palestine  2008    only    -       Sep      1      0:00    0       -
3164 Rule Palestine  2009    only    -       Sep     Fri>=1       1:00    0       -
3165 Rule Palestine  2010    only    -       Mar     26      0:00    1:00    S




 292 
 293 # From Paul Eggert (2017-04-20):
 294 # Page 27 of Reed & Low (cited for Asia/Kolkata) says "Rangoon local time is
 295 # used upon the railways and telegraphs of Burma, and is 6h. 24m. 47s. ahead
 296 # of Greenwich."  This refers to the period before Burma's transition to +0630,
 297 # a transition for which Shanks is the only source.
 298 
 299 # Zone  NAME            STDOFF  RULES   FORMAT  [UNTIL]
 300 Zone    Asia/Yangon     6:24:47 -       LMT     1880        # or Rangoon
 301                         6:24:47 -       RMT     1920        # Rangoon local time
 302                         6:30    -       +0630   1942 May
 303                         9:00    -       +09     1945 May  3
 304                         6:30    -       +0630
 305 
 306 # Cambodia
 307 # See Asia/Bangkok.
 308 
 309 
 310 # China
 311 
 312 # From Phake Nick (2020-04-15):
 313 # According to this news report:
 314 # http://news.sina.com.cn/c/2004-09-01/19524201403.shtml
 315 # on April 11, 1919, newspaper in Shanghai said clocks in Shanghai will spring
 316 # forward for an hour starting from midnight of that Saturday. The report did
 317 # not mention what happened in Shanghai thereafter, but it mentioned that a
 318 # similar trial in Tianjin which ended at October 1st as citizens are told to
 319 # recede the clock on September 30 from 12:00pm to 11:00pm. The trial at
 320 # Tianjin got terminated in 1920.
 321 #
 322 # From Paul Eggert (2020-04-15):
 323 # The Returns of Trade and Trade Reports, page 711, says "Daylight saving was
 324 # given a trial during the year, and from the 12th April to the 1st October
 325 # the clocks were all set one hour ahead of sun time.  Though the scheme was
 326 # generally esteemed a success, it was announced early in 1920 that it would
 327 # not be repeated."
 328 #
 329 # Rule  NAME    FROM    TO      TYPE    IN      ON      AT      SAVE    LETTER/S
 330 Rule    Shang   1919    only    -       Apr     12      24:00   1:00    D
 331 Rule    Shang   1919    only    -       Sep     30      24:00   0       S
 332 
 333 # From Paul Eggert (2018-10-02):
 334 # The following comes from Table 1 of:
 335 # Li Yu. Research on the daylight saving movement in 1940s Shanghai.
 336 # Nanjing Journal of Social Sciences. 2014;(2):144-50.
 337 # http://oversea.cnki.net/kns55/detail.aspx?dbname=CJFD2014&filename=NJSH201402020
 338 # The table lists dates only; I am guessing 00:00 and 24:00 transition times.
 339 # Also, the table lists the planned end of DST in 1949, but the corresponding
 340 # zone line cuts this off on May 28, when the Communists took power.
 341 
 342 # From Phake Nick (2020-04-15):
 343 #
 344 # For the history of time in Shanghai between 1940-1942, the situation is
 345 # actually slightly more complex than the table [below]....  At the time,
 346 # there were three different authorities in Shanghai, including Shanghai
 347 # International Settlement, a settlement established by western countries with
 348 # its own westernized form of government, Shanghai French Concession, similar
 349 # to the international settlement but is controlled by French, and then the
 350 # rest of the city of Shanghai, which have already been controlled by Japanese
 351 # force through a puppet local government (Wang Jingwei regime).  It was
 352 # additionally complicated by the circumstances that, according to the 1940s
 353 # Shanghai summer time essay cited in the database, some
 354 # departments/businesses/people in the Shanghai city itself during that time
 355 # period, refused to change their clock and instead only changed their opening
 356 # hours.
 357 #
 358 # For example, as quoted in the article, in 1940, other than the authority
 359 # itself, power, tram, bus companies, cinema, department stores, and other
 360 # public service organizations have all decided to follow the summer time and
 361 # spring forward the clock.  On the other hand, the custom office refused to
 362 # spring forward the clock because of worry on mechanical wear to the physical
 363 # clock, postal office refused to spring forward because of disruption to
 364 # business and log-keeping, although they did changed their office hour to
 365 # match rest of the city.  So is travel agents, and also weather
 366 # observatory.  It is said both time standards had their own supporters in the
 367 # city at the time, those who prefer new time standard would have moved their
 368 # clock while those who prefer the old time standard would keep their clock
 369 # unchange, and there were different clocks that use different time standard
 370 # in the city at the time for people who use different time standard to adjust
 371 # their clock to their preferred time.
 372 #
 373 # a. For the 1940 May 31 spring forward, the essay claim that it was
 374 # coordinared between the international settlement authority and the French
 375 # concession authority and have gathered support from Hong Kong and Xiamen,
 376 # that it would spring forward an hour from May 31 "midnight", and the essay
 377 # claim "Hong Kong government implemented the spring forward in the same time
 378 # on the same date as Shanghai".
 379 #
 380 # b. For the 1940 fall back, it was said that they initially intended to do
 381 # so on September 30 00:59 at night, however they postponed it to October 12
 382 # after discussion with relevant parties. However schools restored to the
 383 # original schedule ten days earlier.
 384 #
 385 # c. For the 1941 spring forward, it is said to start from March 15
 386 # "following the previous year's method", and in addition to that the essay
 387 # cited an announcement in 1941 from the Wang regime which said the Special
 388 # City of Shanghai under Wang regime control will follow the DST rule set by
 389 # the Settlements, irrespective of the original DST plan announced by the Wang
 390 # regime for other area under its control(April 1 to September 30). (no idea
 391 # to situation before that announcement)
 392 #
 393 # d. For the 1941 fall back, it was said that the fall back would occurs at
 394 # the end of September (A newspaper headline cited by the essay, published on
 395 # October 1, 1941, have the headlines which said "French Concession would
 396 # rewind to the old clock this morning), but it ultimately didn't happen due
 397 # to disagreement between the international settlement authority and the
 398 # French concession authority, and the fall back ultimately occurred on
 399 # November 1.
 400 #
 401 # e. In 1941 December, Japan have officially started war with the United
 402 # States and the United Kingdom, and in Shanghai they have marched into the
 403 # international settlement, taken over its control
 404 #
 405 # f. For the 1942 spring forward, the essay said that the spring forward
 406 # started on January 31. It said this time the custom office and postal
 407 # department will also change their clocks, unlike before.
 408 #
 409 # g. The essay itself didn't cover any specific changes thereafter until the
 410 # end of the war, it quoted a November 1942 command from the government of the
 411 # Wang regime, which claim the daylight saving time applies year round during
 412 # the war. However, the essay ambiguously said the period is "February 1 to
 413 # September 30", which I don't really understand what is the meaning of such
 414 # period in the context of year round implementation here.. More researches
 415 # might be needed to show exactly what happened during that period of time.
 416 
 417 # From Phake Nick (2020-04-15):
 418 # According to a Japanese tour bus pamphlet in Nanjing area believed to be
 419 # from around year 1941: http://www.tt-museum.jp/tairiku_0280_nan1941.html ,
 420 # the schedule listed was in the format of Japanese time.  Which indicate some
 421 # use of the Japanese time (instead of syncing by DST) might have occurred in
 422 # the Yangtze river delta area during that period of time although the scope
 423 # of such use will need to be investigated to determine.
 424 #
 425 # Rule  NAME    FROM    TO      TYPE    IN      ON      AT      SAVE    LETTER/S
 426 Rule    Shang   1940    only    -       Jun      1       0:00   1:00    D
 427 Rule    Shang   1940    only    -       Oct     12      24:00   0       S
 428 Rule    Shang   1941    only    -       Mar     15       0:00   1:00    D
 429 Rule    Shang   1941    only    -       Nov      1      24:00   0       S
 430 Rule    Shang   1942    only    -       Jan     31       0:00   1:00    D
 431 Rule    Shang   1945    only    -       Sep      1      24:00   0       S
 432 Rule    Shang   1946    only    -       May     15       0:00   1:00    D
 433 Rule    Shang   1946    only    -       Sep     30      24:00   0       S
 434 Rule    Shang   1947    only    -       Apr     15       0:00   1:00    D
 435 Rule    Shang   1947    only    -       Oct     31      24:00   0       S
 436 Rule    Shang   1948    1949    -       May      1       0:00   1:00    D
 437 Rule    Shang   1948    1949    -       Sep     30      24:00   0       S #plan
 438 
 439 # From Guy Harris:
 440 # People's Republic of China.  Yes, they really have only one time zone.
 441 
 442 # From Bob Devine (1988-01-28):
 443 # No they don't.  See TIME mag, 1986-02-17 p.52.  Even though


 682 # China, and tracking down all these organizations' timekeeping rules would be
 683 # quite a trick.  Approximate this lost history by a transition from LMT to
 684 # UT +06 at the start of 1928, the year of accession of the warlord Jin Shuren,
 685 # which happens to be the date given by Shanks & Pottenger (no doubt as a
 686 # guess) as the transition from LMT.  Ignore the usage of +08 before
 687 # 1986-02-01 under the theory that the transition date to +08 is unknown and
 688 # that the sort of users who prefer Asia/Urumqi now typically ignored the
 689 # +08 mandate back then.
 690 
 691 # Zone  NAME            STDOFF  RULES   FORMAT  [UNTIL]
 692 # Beijing time, used throughout China; represented by Shanghai.
 693 Zone    Asia/Shanghai   8:05:43 -       LMT     1901
 694                         8:00    Shang   C%sT    1949 May 28
 695                         8:00    PRC     C%sT
 696 # Xinjiang time, used by many in western China; represented by Ürümqi / Ürümchi
 697 # / Wulumuqi.  (Please use Asia/Shanghai if you prefer Beijing time.)
 698 Zone    Asia/Urumqi     5:50:20 -       LMT     1928
 699                         6:00    -       +06
 700 
 701 
 702 # Hong Kong
 703 
 704 # Milne gives 7:36:41.7; round this.
 705 
 706 # From Lee Yiu Chung (2009-10-24):
 707 # I found there are some mistakes for the...DST rule for Hong
 708 # Kong. [According] to the DST record from Hong Kong Observatory (actually,
 709 # it is not [an] observatory, but the official meteorological agency of HK,
 710 # and also serves as the official timing agency), there are some missing
 711 # and incorrect rules. Although the exact switch over time is missing, I
 712 # think 3:30 is correct.


 713 
 714 # From Phake Nick (2018-10-27):
 715 # According to Singaporean newspaper
 716 # http://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/Digitised/Article/singfreepresswk19041102-1.2.37
 717 # the day that Hong Kong start using GMT+8 should be Oct 30, 1904.
 718 #
 719 # From Paul Eggert (2018-11-17):
 720 # Hong Kong had a time ball near the Marine Police Station, Tsim Sha Tsui.
 721 # "The ball was raised manually each day and dropped at exactly 1pm
 722 # (except on Sundays and Government holidays)."
 723 # Dyson AD. From Time Ball to Atomic Clock. Hong Kong Government. 1983.
 724 # <https://www.hko.gov.hk/publica/gen_pub/timeball_atomic_clock.pdf>
 725 # "From 1904 October 30 the time-ball at Hong Kong has been dropped by order
 726 # of the Governor of the Colony at 17h 0m 0s G.M.T., which is 23m 18s.14 in
 727 # advance of 1h 0m 0s of Hong Kong mean time."
 728 # Hollis HP. Universal Time, Longitudes, and Geodesy. Mon Not R Astron Soc.
 729 # 1905-02-10;65(4):405-6. https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/65.4.382
 730 #
 731 # From Joseph Myers (2018-11-18):
 732 # An astronomer before 1925 referring to GMT would have been using the old


 803 #       https://mmis.hkpl.gov.hk///c/portal/cover?c=QF757YsWv5%2FH7zGe%2FKF%2BFLYsuqGhRBfe p.4
 804 #   The Kung Sheung Daily News 1946-04-21 (Chinese)
 805 #       https://i.imgur.com/7ecmRlcm.png
 806 #       https://mmis.hkpl.gov.hk///c/portal/cover?c=QF757YsWv5%2BQBGt1%2BwUj5qG2GqtwR3Wh p.4
 807 # * According to the Summer Time Ordinance (1946), the fallback
 808 #   transitions between 1946 and 1952 were at 03:30 Standard Time (+08)
 809 #       http://oelawhk.lib.hku.hk/archive/files/bb74b06a74d5294620a15de560ab33c6.pdf
 810 # * Some other laws and regulations related to DST from 1953 to 1979
 811 #   Summer Time Ordinance 1953
 812 #       https://i.imgur.com/IOlJMav.jpg
 813 #   Summer Time (Amendment) Ordinance 1965
 814 #       https://i.imgur.com/8rofeLa.jpg
 815 #   Interpretation and General Clauses Ordinance (1966)
 816 #       https://i.imgur.com/joy3msj.jpg
 817 #   Emergency (Summer Time) Regulation 1973 <https://i.imgur.com/OpRWrKz.jpg>
 818 #   Interpretation and General Clauses (Amendment) Ordinance 1977
 819 #       https://i.imgur.com/RaNqnc4.jpg
 820 #   Resolution of the Legislative Council passed on 9 May 1979
 821 #       https://www.legco.gov.hk/yr78-79/english/lc_sitg/hansard/h790509.pdf#page=39
 822 
 823 # From Paul Eggert (2020-04-15):
 824 # Here are the dates given at
 825 # https://www.hko.gov.hk/en/gts/time/Summertime.htm
 826 # as of 2020-02-10:
 827 # Year        Period
 828 # 1941        15 Jun to 30 Sep
 829 # 1942        Whole year
 830 # 1943        Whole year
 831 # 1944        Whole year
 832 # 1945        Whole year
 833 # 1946        20 Apr to 1 Dec
 834 # 1947        13 Apr to 30 Nov
 835 # 1948        2 May to 31 Oct
 836 # 1949        3 Apr to 30 Oct
 837 # 1950        2 Apr to 29 Oct
 838 # 1951        1 Apr to 28 Oct
 839 # 1952        6 Apr to 2 Nov
 840 # 1953        5 Apr to 1 Nov
 841 # 1954        21 Mar to 31 Oct
 842 # 1955        20 Mar to 6 Nov
 843 # 1956        18 Mar to 4 Nov
 844 # 1957        24 Mar to 3 Nov
 845 # 1958        23 Mar to 2 Nov
 846 # 1959        22 Mar to 1 Nov


1936 # As of 2013, DST starts at 02:00 on the Friday before the last Sunday
1937 # in March.  DST ends at 02:00 on the last Sunday of October.
1938 
1939 # Rule  NAME    FROM    TO      TYPE    IN      ON      AT      SAVE    LETTER/S
1940 Rule    Zion    2013    max     -       Mar     Fri>=23      2:00    1:00    D
1941 Rule    Zion    2013    max     -       Oct     lastSun 2:00    0       S
1942 
1943 # Zone  NAME            STDOFF  RULES   FORMAT  [UNTIL]
1944 Zone    Asia/Jerusalem  2:20:54 -       LMT     1880
1945                         2:20:40 -       JMT     1918 # Jerusalem Mean Time?
1946                         2:00    Zion    I%sT
1947 
1948 
1949 
1950 ###############################################################################
1951 
1952 # Japan
1953 
1954 # '9:00' and 'JST' is from Guy Harris.
1955 
1956 # From Paul Eggert (2020-01-19):
1957 # Starting in the 7th century, Japan generally followed an ancient Chinese
1958 # timekeeping system that divided night and day into six hours each,
1959 # with hour length depending on season.  In 1873 the government
1960 # started requiring the use of a Western style 24-hour clock.  See:
1961 # Yulia Frumer, "Making Time: Astronomical Time Measurement in Tokugawa Japan"
1962 # <https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1043907065>.  As the tzdb code and
1963 # data support only 24-hour clocks, its tables model timestamps before
1964 # 1873 using Western-style local mean time.
1965 
1966 # From Hideyuki Suzuki (1998-11-09):
1967 # 'Tokyo' usually stands for the former location of Tokyo Astronomical
1968 # Observatory: 139° 44' 40.90" E (9h 18m 58.727s), 35° 39' 16.0" N.
1969 # This data is from 'Rika Nenpyou (Chronological Scientific Tables) 1996'
1970 # edited by National Astronomical Observatory of Japan....
1971 # JST (Japan Standard Time) has been used since 1888-01-01 00:00 (JST).
1972 # The law is enacted on 1886-07-07.
1973 
1974 # From Hideyuki Suzuki (1998-11-16):
1975 # The ordinance No. 51 (1886) established "standard time" in Japan,
1976 # which stands for the time on 135° E.
1977 # In the ordinance No. 167 (1895), "standard time" was renamed to "central
1978 # standard time".  And the same ordinance also established "western standard
1979 # time", which stands for the time on 120° E....  But "western standard
1980 # time" was abolished in the ordinance No. 529 (1937).  In the ordinance No.
1981 # 167, there is no mention regarding for what place western standard time is
1982 # standard....
1983 #
1984 # I wrote "ordinance" above, but I don't know how to translate.
1985 # In Japanese it's "chokurei", which means ordinance from emperor.
1986 
1987 # From Yu-Cheng Chuang (2013-07-12):
1988 # ...the Meiji Emperor announced Ordinance No. 167 of Meiji Year 28 "The clause
1989 # about standard time" ... The adoption began from Jan 1, 1896.
1990 # https://ja.wikisource.org/wiki/標準時ニ關スル件_(公布時)
1991 #
1992 # ...the Showa Emperor announced Ordinance No. 529 of Showa Year 12 ... which
1993 # means the whole Japan territory, including later occupations, adopt Japan
1994 # Central Time (UT+9). The adoption began on Oct 1, 1937.
1995 # https://ja.wikisource.org/wiki/明治二十八年勅令第百六十七號標準時ニ關スル件中改正ノ件
1996 
1997 # From Paul Eggert (1995-03-06):
1998 # Today's _Asahi Evening News_ (page 4) reports that Japan had
1999 # daylight saving between 1948 and 1951, but "the system was discontinued
2000 # because the public believed it would lead to longer working hours."
2001 
2002 # From Mayumi Negishi in the 2005-08-10 Japan Times:
2003 # http://www.japantimes.co.jp/cgi-bin/getarticle.pl5?nn20050810f2.htm
2004 # Occupation authorities imposed daylight-saving time on Japan on
2005 # [1948-05-01]....  But lack of prior debate and the execution of
2006 # daylight-saving time just three days after the bill was passed generated
2007 # deep hatred of the concept....  The Diet unceremoniously passed a bill to
2008 # dump the unpopular system in October 1951, less than a month after the San
2009 # Francisco Peace Treaty was signed.  (A government poll in 1951 showed 53%
2010 # of the Japanese wanted to scrap daylight-saving time, as opposed to 30% who
2011 # wanted to keep it.)
2012 
2013 # From Takayuki Nikai (2018-01-19):
2014 # The source of information is Japanese law.
2015 # http://www.shugiin.go.jp/internet/itdb_housei.nsf/html/houritsu/00219480428029.htm
2016 # http://www.shugiin.go.jp/internet/itdb_housei.nsf/html/houritsu/00719500331039.htm


2025 # It cited a document issued by the Liaison Office which briefly existed
2026 # during the postwar period of Japan, where the detail on implementation
2027 # of the summer time is described in the document.
2028 # https://eco.mtk.nao.ac.jp/koyomi/wiki/BBFEB9EF2FB2C6BBFEB9EFB2C6BBFEB9EFA4CEBCC2BBDCA4CBA4C4A4A4A4C6.pdf
2029 # The text in the document do instruct a fall back to occur at
2030 # September 11, 13pm in summer time, while ordinary citizens can
2031 # change the clock before they sleep.
2032 #
2033 # From Paul Eggert (2018-09-27):
2034 # This instruction is equivalent to "Sat>=8 25:00", so use that.  zic treats
2035 # it like "Sun>=9 01:00", which is not quite the same but is the best we can
2036 # do in any POSIX or C platform.  The "25:00" assumes zic from 2007 or later,
2037 # which should be safe now.
2038 
2039 # Rule  NAME    FROM    TO      TYPE    IN      ON      AT      SAVE    LETTER/S
2040 Rule    Japan   1948    only    -       May     Sat>=1       24:00   1:00    D
2041 Rule    Japan   1948    1951    -       Sep     Sat>=8       25:00   0       S
2042 Rule    Japan   1949    only    -       Apr     Sat>=1       24:00   1:00    D
2043 Rule    Japan   1950    1951    -       May     Sat>=1       24:00   1:00    D
2044 































2045 # Zone  NAME            STDOFF  RULES   FORMAT  [UNTIL]
2046 Zone    Asia/Tokyo      9:18:59 -       LMT     1887 Dec 31 15:00u
2047                         9:00    Japan   J%sT
2048 # Since 1938, all Japanese possessions have been like Asia/Tokyo,
2049 # except that Truk (Chuuk), Ponape (Pohnpei), and Jaluit (Kosrae) did not
2050 # switch from +10 to +09 until 1941-04-01; see the 'australasia' file.
2051 
2052 # Jordan
2053 #
2054 # From <http://star.arabia.com/990701/JO9.html>
2055 # Jordan Week (1999-07-01) via Steffen Thorsen (1999-09-09):
2056 # Clocks in Jordan were forwarded one hour on Wednesday at midnight,
2057 # in accordance with the government's decision to implement summer time
2058 # all year round.
2059 #
2060 # From <http://star.arabia.com/990930/JO9.html>
2061 # Jordan Week (1999-09-30) via Steffen Thorsen (1999-11-09):
2062 # Winter time starts today Thursday, 30 September. Clocks will be turned back
2063 # by one hour.  This is the latest government decision and it's final!
2064 # The decision was taken because of the increase in working hours in


3204 
3205 # From Steffen Thorsen (2015-03-03):
3206 # Sources such as http://www.alquds.com/news/article/view/id/548257
3207 # and https://www.raya.ps/ar/news/890705.html say Palestine areas will
3208 # start DST on 2015-03-28 00:00 which is one day later than expected.
3209 #
3210 # From Paul Eggert (2015-03-03):
3211 # https://www.timeanddate.com/time/change/west-bank/ramallah?year=2014
3212 # says that the fall 2014 transition was Oct 23 at 24:00.
3213 
3214 # From Hannah Kreitem (2016-03-09):
3215 # http://www.palestinecabinet.gov.ps/WebSite/ar/ViewDetails?ID=31728
3216 # [Google translation]: "The Council also decided to start daylight
3217 # saving in Palestine as of one o'clock on Saturday morning,
3218 # 2016-03-26, to provide the clock 60 minutes ahead."
3219 
3220 # From Sharef Mustafa (2016-10-19):
3221 # [T]he Palestinian cabinet decision (Mar 8th 2016) published on
3222 # http://www.palestinecabinet.gov.ps/WebSite/Upload/Decree/GOV_17/16032016134830.pdf
3223 # states that summer time will end on Oct 29th at 01:00.










3224 
3225 # From Sharef Mustafa (2018-03-16):
3226 # Palestine summer time will start on Mar 24th 2018 ...



3227 # http://www.palestinecabinet.gov.ps/Website/AR/NDecrees/ViewFile.ashx?ID=e7a42ab7-ee23-435a-b9c8-a4f7e81f3817
3228 
3229 # From Even Scharning (2019-03-23):
3230 # http://pnn.ps/news/401130
3231 # http://palweather.ps/ar/node/50136.html
3232 #
3233 # From Sharif Mustafa (2019-03-26):
3234 # The Palestinian cabinet announced today that the switch to DST will
3235 # be on Fri Mar 29th 2019 by advancing the clock by 60 minutes.


3236 # http://palestinecabinet.gov.ps/Website/AR/NDecrees/ViewFile.ashx?ID=e54e9ea1-50ee-4137-84df-0d6c78da259b
3237 #
3238 # From Even Scharning (2019-04-10):
3239 # Our source in Palestine said it happened Friday 29 at 00:00 local time....
3240 
3241 # From Sharef Mustafa (2019-10-18):
3242 # Palestine summer time will end on midnight Oct 26th 2019 ...
3243 # http://www.palestinecabinet.gov.ps/website/ar/ViewDetails?ID=43948
3244 #
3245 # From Paul Eggert (2019-04-10):
3246 # For now, guess spring-ahead transitions are March's last Friday at 00:00.
3247 #
3248 # From Tim Parenti (2016-10-19):
3249 # Predict fall transitions on October's last Saturday at 01:00 from now on.
3250 
3251 # Rule  NAME    FROM    TO      TYPE    IN      ON      AT      SAVE    LETTER/S
3252 Rule EgyptAsia  1957    only    -       May     10      0:00    1:00    S
3253 Rule EgyptAsia  1957    1958    -       Oct      1      0:00    0       -
3254 Rule EgyptAsia  1958    only    -       May      1      0:00    1:00    S
3255 Rule EgyptAsia  1959    1967    -       May      1      1:00    1:00    S
3256 Rule EgyptAsia  1959    1965    -       Sep     30      3:00    0       -
3257 Rule EgyptAsia  1966    only    -       Oct      1      3:00    0       -
3258 
3259 Rule Palestine  1999    2005    -       Apr     Fri>=15      0:00    1:00    S
3260 Rule Palestine  1999    2003    -       Oct     Fri>=15      0:00    0       -
3261 Rule Palestine  2004    only    -       Oct      1      1:00    0       -
3262 Rule Palestine  2005    only    -       Oct      4      2:00    0       -
3263 Rule Palestine  2006    2007    -       Apr      1      0:00    1:00    S
3264 Rule Palestine  2006    only    -       Sep     22      0:00    0       -
3265 Rule Palestine  2007    only    -       Sep     Thu>=8       2:00    0       -
3266 Rule Palestine  2008    2009    -       Mar     lastFri 0:00    1:00    S
3267 Rule Palestine  2008    only    -       Sep      1      0:00    0       -
3268 Rule Palestine  2009    only    -       Sep     Fri>=1       1:00    0       -
3269 Rule Palestine  2010    only    -       Mar     26      0:00    1:00    S


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