src/share/classes/java/util/HashMap.java

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rev 5380 : 7126277: Alternative hashing implementation


 158      * @serial
 159      */
 160     int threshold;
 161 
 162     /**
 163      * The load factor for the hash table.
 164      *
 165      * @serial
 166      */
 167     final float loadFactor;
 168 
 169     /**
 170      * The number of times this HashMap has been structurally modified
 171      * Structural modifications are those that change the number of mappings in
 172      * the HashMap or otherwise modify its internal structure (e.g.,
 173      * rehash).  This field is used to make iterators on Collection-views of
 174      * the HashMap fail-fast.  (See ConcurrentModificationException).
 175      */
 176     transient int modCount;
 177 





























 178     /**
 179      * Constructs an empty <tt>HashMap</tt> with the specified initial
 180      * capacity and load factor.
 181      *
 182      * @param  initialCapacity the initial capacity
 183      * @param  loadFactor      the load factor
 184      * @throws IllegalArgumentException if the initial capacity is negative
 185      *         or the load factor is nonpositive
 186      */
 187     public HashMap(int initialCapacity, float loadFactor) {
 188         if (initialCapacity < 0)
 189             throw new IllegalArgumentException("Illegal initial capacity: " +
 190                                                initialCapacity);
 191         if (initialCapacity > MAXIMUM_CAPACITY)
 192             initialCapacity = MAXIMUM_CAPACITY;
 193         if (loadFactor <= 0 || Float.isNaN(loadFactor))
 194             throw new IllegalArgumentException("Illegal load factor: " +
 195                                                loadFactor);
 196 
 197         // Find a power of 2 >= initialCapacity
 198         int capacity = 1;
 199         while (capacity < initialCapacity)
 200             capacity <<= 1;
 201 
 202         this.loadFactor = loadFactor;
 203         threshold = (int)(capacity * loadFactor);
 204         table = new Entry[capacity];
 205         init();
 206     }
 207 
 208     /**
 209      * Constructs an empty <tt>HashMap</tt> with the specified initial
 210      * capacity and the default load factor (0.75).
 211      *
 212      * @param  initialCapacity the initial capacity.
 213      * @throws IllegalArgumentException if the initial capacity is negative.
 214      */
 215     public HashMap(int initialCapacity) {
 216         this(initialCapacity, DEFAULT_LOAD_FACTOR);
 217     }
 218 
 219     /**
 220      * Constructs an empty <tt>HashMap</tt> with the default initial capacity
 221      * (16) and the default load factor (0.75).
 222      */
 223     public HashMap() {
 224         this.loadFactor = DEFAULT_LOAD_FACTOR;
 225         threshold = (int)(DEFAULT_INITIAL_CAPACITY * DEFAULT_LOAD_FACTOR);
 226         table = new Entry[DEFAULT_INITIAL_CAPACITY];
 227         init();
 228     }
 229 
 230     /**
 231      * Constructs a new <tt>HashMap</tt> with the same mappings as the
 232      * specified <tt>Map</tt>.  The <tt>HashMap</tt> is created with
 233      * default load factor (0.75) and an initial capacity sufficient to
 234      * hold the mappings in the specified <tt>Map</tt>.
 235      *
 236      * @param   m the map whose mappings are to be placed in this map
 237      * @throws  NullPointerException if the specified map is null
 238      */
 239     public HashMap(Map<? extends K, ? extends V> m) {
 240         this(Math.max((int) (m.size() / DEFAULT_LOAD_FACTOR) + 1,
 241                       DEFAULT_INITIAL_CAPACITY), DEFAULT_LOAD_FACTOR);
 242         putAllForCreate(m);
 243     }
 244 
 245     // internal utilities
 246 
 247     /**
 248      * Initialization hook for subclasses. This method is called
 249      * in all constructors and pseudo-constructors (clone, readObject)
 250      * after HashMap has been initialized but before any entries have
 251      * been inserted.  (In the absence of this method, readObject would
 252      * require explicit knowledge of subclasses.)
 253      */
 254     void init() {
 255     }
 256 
 257     /**
 258      * Applies a supplemental hash function to a given hashCode, which
 259      * defends against poor quality hash functions.  This is critical
 260      * because HashMap uses power-of-two length hash tables, that
 261      * otherwise encounter collisions for hashCodes that do not differ
 262      * in lower bits. Note: Null keys always map to hash 0, thus index 0.
 263      */
 264     static int hash(int h) {







 265         // This function ensures that hashCodes that differ only by
 266         // constant multiples at each bit position have a bounded
 267         // number of collisions (approximately 8 at default load factor).
 268         h ^= (h >>> 20) ^ (h >>> 12);
 269         return h ^ (h >>> 7) ^ (h >>> 4);


 270     }
 271 
 272     /**
 273      * Returns index for hash code h.
 274      */
 275     static int indexFor(int h, int length) {
 276         return h & (length-1);
 277     }
 278 
 279     /**
 280      * Returns the number of key-value mappings in this map.
 281      *
 282      * @return the number of key-value mappings in this map
 283      */
 284     public int size() {
 285         return size;
 286     }
 287 
 288     /**
 289      * Returns <tt>true</tt> if this map contains no key-value mappings.


 296 
 297     /**
 298      * Returns the value to which the specified key is mapped,
 299      * or {@code null} if this map contains no mapping for the key.
 300      *
 301      * <p>More formally, if this map contains a mapping from a key
 302      * {@code k} to a value {@code v} such that {@code (key==null ? k==null :
 303      * key.equals(k))}, then this method returns {@code v}; otherwise
 304      * it returns {@code null}.  (There can be at most one such mapping.)
 305      *
 306      * <p>A return value of {@code null} does not <i>necessarily</i>
 307      * indicate that the map contains no mapping for the key; it's also
 308      * possible that the map explicitly maps the key to {@code null}.
 309      * The {@link #containsKey containsKey} operation may be used to
 310      * distinguish these two cases.
 311      *
 312      * @see #put(Object, Object)
 313      */
 314     @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
 315     public V get(Object key) {
 316         if (key == null)
 317             return (V)getForNullKey();
 318         int hash = hash(key.hashCode());
 319         for (Entry<?,?> e = table[indexFor(hash, table.length)];
 320              e != null;
 321              e = e.next) {
 322             Object k;
 323             if (e.hash == hash && ((k = e.key) == key || key.equals(k)))
 324                 return (V)e.value;
 325         }
 326         return null;
 327     }
 328 
 329     /**
 330      * Offloaded version of get() to look up null keys.  Null keys map
 331      * to index 0.  This null case is split out into separate methods
 332      * for the sake of performance in the two most commonly used
 333      * operations (get and put), but incorporated with conditionals in
 334      * others.
 335      */
 336     private Object getForNullKey() {
 337         for (Entry<?,?> e = table[0]; e != null; e = e.next) {
 338             if (e.key == null)
 339                 return e.value;
 340         }
 341         return null;
 342     }
 343 
 344     /**
 345      * Returns <tt>true</tt> if this map contains a mapping for the
 346      * specified key.
 347      *
 348      * @param   key   The key whose presence in this map is to be tested
 349      * @return <tt>true</tt> if this map contains a mapping for the specified
 350      * key.
 351      */
 352     public boolean containsKey(Object key) {
 353         return getEntry(key) != null;
 354     }
 355 
 356     /**
 357      * Returns the entry associated with the specified key in the
 358      * HashMap.  Returns null if the HashMap contains no mapping
 359      * for the key.
 360      */
 361     @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
 362     final Entry<K,V> getEntry(Object key) {
 363         int hash = (key == null) ? 0 : hash(key.hashCode());
 364         for (Entry<?,?> e = table[indexFor(hash, table.length)];
 365              e != null;
 366              e = e.next) {
 367             Object k;
 368             if (e.hash == hash &&
 369                 ((k = e.key) == key || (key != null && key.equals(k))))
 370                 return (Entry<K,V>)e;
 371         }
 372         return null;
 373     }
 374 
 375 
 376     /**
 377      * Associates the specified value with the specified key in this map.
 378      * If the map previously contained a mapping for the key, the old
 379      * value is replaced.
 380      *
 381      * @param key key with which the specified value is to be associated
 382      * @param value value to be associated with the specified key
 383      * @return the previous value associated with <tt>key</tt>, or
 384      *         <tt>null</tt> if there was no mapping for <tt>key</tt>.
 385      *         (A <tt>null</tt> return can also indicate that the map
 386      *         previously associated <tt>null</tt> with <tt>key</tt>.)
 387      */
 388     public V put(K key, V value) {
 389         if (key == null)
 390             return putForNullKey(value);
 391         int hash = hash(key.hashCode());
 392         int i = indexFor(hash, table.length);
 393         @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
 394         Entry<K,V> e = (Entry<K,V>)table[i];
 395         for(; e != null; e = e.next) {
 396             Object k;
 397             if (e.hash == hash && ((k = e.key) == key || key.equals(k))) {
 398                 V oldValue = e.value;
 399                 e.value = value;
 400                 e.recordAccess(this);
 401                 return oldValue;
 402             }
 403         }
 404 
 405         modCount++;
 406         addEntry(hash, key, value, i);
 407         return null;
 408     }
 409 
 410     /**
 411      * Offloaded version of put for null keys


 416         for(; e != null; e = e.next) {
 417             if (e.key == null) {
 418                 V oldValue = e.value;
 419                 e.value = value;
 420                 e.recordAccess(this);
 421                 return oldValue;
 422             }
 423         }
 424         modCount++;
 425         addEntry(0, null, value, 0);
 426         return null;
 427     }
 428 
 429     /**
 430      * This method is used instead of put by constructors and
 431      * pseudoconstructors (clone, readObject).  It does not resize the table,
 432      * check for comodification, etc.  It calls createEntry rather than
 433      * addEntry.
 434      */
 435     private void putForCreate(K key, V value) {
 436         int hash = (key == null) ? 0 : hash(key.hashCode());
 437         int i = indexFor(hash, table.length);
 438 
 439         /**
 440          * Look for preexisting entry for key.  This will never happen for
 441          * clone or deserialize.  It will only happen for construction if the
 442          * input Map is a sorted map whose ordering is inconsistent w/ equals.
 443          */
 444         for (@SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
 445              Entry<?,V> e = (Entry<?,V>)table[i]; e != null; e = e.next) {
 446             Object k;
 447             if (e.hash == hash &&
 448                 ((k = e.key) == key || (key != null && key.equals(k)))) {
 449                 e.value = value;
 450                 return;
 451             }
 452         }
 453 
 454         createEntry(hash, key, value, i);
 455     }
 456 


 467      * If current capacity is MAXIMUM_CAPACITY, this method does not
 468      * resize the map, but sets threshold to Integer.MAX_VALUE.
 469      * This has the effect of preventing future calls.
 470      *
 471      * @param newCapacity the new capacity, MUST be a power of two;
 472      *        must be greater than current capacity unless current
 473      *        capacity is MAXIMUM_CAPACITY (in which case value
 474      *        is irrelevant).
 475      */
 476     void resize(int newCapacity) {
 477         Entry<?,?>[] oldTable = table;
 478         int oldCapacity = oldTable.length;
 479         if (oldCapacity == MAXIMUM_CAPACITY) {
 480             threshold = Integer.MAX_VALUE;
 481             return;
 482         }
 483 
 484         Entry<?,?>[] newTable = new Entry<?,?>[newCapacity];
 485         transfer(newTable);
 486         table = newTable;
 487         threshold = (int)(newCapacity * loadFactor);
 488     }
 489 
 490     /**
 491      * Transfers all entries from current table to newTable.
 492      */
 493     @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
 494     void transfer(Entry<?,?>[] newTable) {
 495         Entry<?,?>[] src = table;
 496         int newCapacity = newTable.length;
 497         for (int j = 0; j < src.length; j++) {
 498             Entry<K,V> e = (Entry<K,V>)src[j];
 499             if (e != null) {
 500                 src[j] = null;
 501                 do {
 502                     Entry<K,V> next = e.next;
 503                     int i = indexFor(e.hash, newCapacity);
 504                     e.next = (Entry<K,V>)newTable[i];
 505                     newTable[i] = e;
 506                     e = next;
 507                 } while (e != null);
 508             }
 509         }

 510     }
 511 
 512     /**
 513      * Copies all of the mappings from the specified map to this map.
 514      * These mappings will replace any mappings that this map had for
 515      * any of the keys currently in the specified map.
 516      *
 517      * @param m mappings to be stored in this map
 518      * @throws NullPointerException if the specified map is null
 519      */
 520     public void putAll(Map<? extends K, ? extends V> m) {
 521         int numKeysToBeAdded = m.size();
 522         if (numKeysToBeAdded == 0)
 523             return;
 524 
 525         /*
 526          * Expand the map if the map if the number of mappings to be added
 527          * is greater than or equal to threshold.  This is conservative; the
 528          * obvious condition is (m.size() + size) >= threshold, but this
 529          * condition could result in a map with twice the appropriate capacity,


 549     /**
 550      * Removes the mapping for the specified key from this map if present.
 551      *
 552      * @param  key key whose mapping is to be removed from the map
 553      * @return the previous value associated with <tt>key</tt>, or
 554      *         <tt>null</tt> if there was no mapping for <tt>key</tt>.
 555      *         (A <tt>null</tt> return can also indicate that the map
 556      *         previously associated <tt>null</tt> with <tt>key</tt>.)
 557      */
 558     public V remove(Object key) {
 559         Entry<K,V> e = removeEntryForKey(key);
 560         return (e == null ? null : e.value);
 561     }
 562 
 563     /**
 564      * Removes and returns the entry associated with the specified key
 565      * in the HashMap.  Returns null if the HashMap contains no mapping
 566      * for this key.
 567      */
 568     final Entry<K,V> removeEntryForKey(Object key) {
 569         int hash = (key == null) ? 0 : hash(key.hashCode());
 570         int i = indexFor(hash, table.length);
 571         @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
 572             Entry<K,V> prev = (Entry<K,V>)table[i];
 573         Entry<K,V> e = prev;
 574 
 575         while (e != null) {
 576             Entry<K,V> next = e.next;
 577             Object k;
 578             if (e.hash == hash &&
 579                 ((k = e.key) == key || (key != null && key.equals(k)))) {
 580                 modCount++;
 581                 size--;
 582                 if (prev == e)
 583                     table[i] = next;
 584                 else
 585                     prev.next = next;
 586                 e.recordRemoval(this);
 587                 return e;
 588             }
 589             prev = e;
 590             e = next;
 591         }
 592 
 593         return e;
 594     }
 595 
 596     /**
 597      * Special version of remove for EntrySet.

 598      */
 599     final Entry<K,V> removeMapping(Object o) {
 600         if (!(o instanceof Map.Entry))
 601             return null;
 602 
 603         Map.Entry<?,?> entry = (Map.Entry<?,?>) o;
 604         Object key = entry.getKey();
 605         int hash = (key == null) ? 0 : hash(key.hashCode());
 606         int i = indexFor(hash, table.length);
 607         @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
 608             Entry<K,V> prev = (Entry<K,V>)table[i];
 609         Entry<K,V> e = prev;
 610 
 611         while (e != null) {
 612             Entry<K,V> next = e.next;
 613             if (e.hash == hash && e.equals(entry)) {
 614                 modCount++;
 615                 size--;
 616                 if (prev == e)
 617                     table[i] = next;


 756          */
 757         void recordAccess(HashMap<K,V> m) {
 758         }
 759 
 760         /**
 761          * This method is invoked whenever the entry is
 762          * removed from the table.
 763          */
 764         void recordRemoval(HashMap<K,V> m) {
 765         }
 766     }
 767 
 768     /**
 769      * Adds a new entry with the specified key, value and hash code to
 770      * the specified bucket.  It is the responsibility of this
 771      * method to resize the table if appropriate.
 772      *
 773      * Subclass overrides this to alter the behavior of put method.
 774      */
 775     void addEntry(int hash, K key, V value, int bucketIndex) {
 776         @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
 777             Entry<K,V> e = (Entry<K,V>)table[bucketIndex];
 778         table[bucketIndex] = new Entry<>(hash, key, value, e);
 779         if (size++ >= threshold)
 780             resize(2 * table.length);





 781     }
 782 
 783     /**
 784      * Like addEntry except that this version is used when creating entries
 785      * as part of Map construction or "pseudo-construction" (cloning,
 786      * deserialization).  This version needn't worry about resizing the table.
 787      *
 788      * Subclass overrides this to alter the behavior of HashMap(Map),
 789      * clone, and readObject.
 790      */
 791     void createEntry(int hash, K key, V value, int bucketIndex) {
 792         @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
 793             Entry<K,V> e = (Entry<K,V>)table[bucketIndex];
 794         table[bucketIndex] = new Entry<>(hash, key, value, e);
 795         size++;
 796     }
 797 
 798     private abstract class HashIterator<E> implements Iterator<E> {
 799         Entry<?,?> next;        // next entry to return
 800         int expectedModCount;   // For fast-fail


 824 
 825             if ((next = e.next) == null) {
 826                 Entry<?,?>[] t = table;
 827                 while (index < t.length && (next = t[index++]) == null)
 828                     ;
 829             }
 830             current = e;
 831             return (Entry<K,V>)e;
 832         }
 833 
 834         public void remove() {
 835             if (current == null)
 836                 throw new IllegalStateException();
 837             if (modCount != expectedModCount)
 838                 throw new ConcurrentModificationException();
 839             Object k = current.key;
 840             current = null;
 841             HashMap.this.removeEntryForKey(k);
 842             expectedModCount = modCount;
 843         }
 844 
 845     }
 846 
 847     private final class ValueIterator extends HashIterator<V> {
 848         public V next() {
 849             return nextEntry().value;
 850         }
 851     }
 852 
 853     private final class KeyIterator extends HashIterator<K> {
 854         public K next() {
 855             return nextEntry().getKey();
 856         }
 857     }
 858 
 859     private final class EntryIterator extends HashIterator<Map.Entry<K,V>> {
 860         public Map.Entry<K,V> next() {
 861             return nextEntry();
 862         }
 863     }
 864 


1004      *             mappings), followed by the key (Object) and value (Object)
1005      *             for each key-value mapping.  The key-value mappings are
1006      *             emitted in no particular order.
1007      */
1008     private void writeObject(java.io.ObjectOutputStream s)
1009         throws IOException
1010     {
1011         Iterator<Map.Entry<K,V>> i =
1012             (size > 0) ? entrySet0().iterator() : null;
1013 
1014         // Write out the threshold, loadfactor, and any hidden stuff
1015         s.defaultWriteObject();
1016 
1017         // Write out number of buckets
1018         s.writeInt(table.length);
1019 
1020         // Write out size (number of Mappings)
1021         s.writeInt(size);
1022 
1023         // Write out keys and values (alternating)
1024         if (i != null) {
1025             while (i.hasNext()) {
1026                 Map.Entry<K,V> e = i.next();
1027                 s.writeObject(e.getKey());
1028                 s.writeObject(e.getValue());
1029             }
1030         }
1031     }
1032 
1033     private static final long serialVersionUID = 362498820763181265L;
1034 
1035     /**
1036      * Reconstitute the <tt>HashMap</tt> instance from a stream (i.e.,
1037      * deserialize it).
1038      */
1039     private void readObject(java.io.ObjectInputStream s)
1040          throws IOException, ClassNotFoundException
1041     {
1042         // Read in the threshold, loadfactor, and any hidden stuff
1043         s.defaultReadObject();







1044 
1045         // Read in number of buckets and allocate the bucket array;
1046         int numBuckets = s.readInt();
1047         table = new Entry[numBuckets];
1048 




















1049         init();  // Give subclass a chance to do its thing.
1050 
1051         // Read in size (number of Mappings)
1052         int size = s.readInt();
1053 
1054         // Read the keys and values, and put the mappings in the HashMap
1055         for (int i=0; i<size; i++) {
1056             @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
1057                 K key = (K) s.readObject();
1058             @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
1059                 V value = (V) s.readObject();
1060             putForCreate(key, value);
1061         }
1062     }
1063 
1064     // These methods are used when serializing HashSets
1065     int   capacity()     { return table.length; }
1066     float loadFactor()   { return loadFactor;   }
1067 }


 158      * @serial
 159      */
 160     int threshold;
 161 
 162     /**
 163      * The load factor for the hash table.
 164      *
 165      * @serial
 166      */
 167     final float loadFactor;
 168 
 169     /**
 170      * The number of times this HashMap has been structurally modified
 171      * Structural modifications are those that change the number of mappings in
 172      * the HashMap or otherwise modify its internal structure (e.g.,
 173      * rehash).  This field is used to make iterators on Collection-views of
 174      * the HashMap fail-fast.  (See ConcurrentModificationException).
 175      */
 176     transient int modCount;
 177     
 178     private static class Holder {
 179          /**
 180          * 
 181          */
 182         private static final sun.misc.Unsafe UNSAFE;
 183         
 184         /**
 185          * Offset of "final" hashmask field we must set in
 186          * readObject() method.
 187          */
 188         private static final long HASHMASK_OFFSET;
 189 
 190         static {            
 191             try {
 192                 UNSAFE = sun.misc.Unsafe.getUnsafe();
 193                 HASHMASK_OFFSET = UNSAFE.objectFieldOffset(
 194                     HashMap.class.getDeclaredField("hashMask"));                        
 195             } catch (NoSuchFieldException | SecurityException e) {
 196                 throw new InternalError("Failed to record hashMask offset", e);
 197             }
 198         }
 199     }
 200     
 201     /**
 202      * A random mask value that is used for hashcode values associated with this
 203      * instance to make hash collisions harder to find.
 204      */
 205     transient final int hashMask = sun.misc.Hashing.makeHashMask(this);
 206 
 207     /**
 208      * Constructs an empty <tt>HashMap</tt> with the specified initial
 209      * capacity and load factor.
 210      *
 211      * @param  initialCapacity the initial capacity
 212      * @param  loadFactor      the load factor
 213      * @throws IllegalArgumentException if the initial capacity is negative
 214      *         or the load factor is nonpositive
 215      */
 216     public HashMap(int initialCapacity, float loadFactor) {
 217         if (initialCapacity < 0)
 218             throw new IllegalArgumentException("Illegal initial capacity: " +
 219                                                initialCapacity);
 220         if (initialCapacity > MAXIMUM_CAPACITY)
 221             initialCapacity = MAXIMUM_CAPACITY;
 222         if (loadFactor <= 0 || Float.isNaN(loadFactor))
 223             throw new IllegalArgumentException("Illegal load factor: " +
 224                                                loadFactor);
 225 
 226         // Find a power of 2 >= initialCapacity
 227         int capacity = 1;
 228         while (capacity < initialCapacity)
 229             capacity <<= 1;
 230 
 231         this.loadFactor = loadFactor;
 232         threshold = (int)Math.min(capacity * loadFactor, MAXIMUM_CAPACITY + 1);
 233         table = new Entry[capacity];
 234         init();
 235     }
 236 
 237     /**
 238      * Constructs an empty <tt>HashMap</tt> with the specified initial
 239      * capacity and the default load factor (0.75).
 240      *
 241      * @param  initialCapacity the initial capacity.
 242      * @throws IllegalArgumentException if the initial capacity is negative.
 243      */
 244     public HashMap(int initialCapacity) {
 245         this(initialCapacity, DEFAULT_LOAD_FACTOR);
 246     }
 247 
 248     /**
 249      * Constructs an empty <tt>HashMap</tt> with the default initial capacity
 250      * (16) and the default load factor (0.75).
 251      */
 252     public HashMap() {
 253         this(DEFAULT_INITIAL_CAPACITY, DEFAULT_LOAD_FACTOR);



 254     }
 255 
 256     /**
 257      * Constructs a new <tt>HashMap</tt> with the same mappings as the
 258      * specified <tt>Map</tt>.  The <tt>HashMap</tt> is created with
 259      * default load factor (0.75) and an initial capacity sufficient to
 260      * hold the mappings in the specified <tt>Map</tt>.
 261      *
 262      * @param   m the map whose mappings are to be placed in this map
 263      * @throws  NullPointerException if the specified map is null
 264      */
 265     public HashMap(Map<? extends K, ? extends V> m) {
 266         this(Math.max((int) (m.size() / DEFAULT_LOAD_FACTOR) + 1,
 267                       DEFAULT_INITIAL_CAPACITY), DEFAULT_LOAD_FACTOR);
 268         putAllForCreate(m);
 269     }
 270 
 271     // internal utilities
 272 
 273     /**
 274      * Initialization hook for subclasses. This method is called
 275      * in all constructors and pseudo-constructors (clone, readObject)
 276      * after HashMap has been initialized but before any entries have
 277      * been inserted.  (In the absence of this method, readObject would
 278      * require explicit knowledge of subclasses.)
 279      */
 280     void init() {
 281     }
 282 
 283     /**
 284      * Retrieve object hash code and applies a supplemental hash function to the 
 285      * result hash, which defends against poor quality hash functions.  This is 
 286      * critical because HashMap uses power-of-two length hash tables, that
 287      * otherwise encounter collisions for hashCodes that do not differ
 288      * in lower bits.
 289      */
 290     final int hash(Object k) {
 291         int h = hashMask;
 292         if ((0 != h) && (k instanceof String)) {
 293             return h ^ ((String)k).hash32();
 294         }
 295 
 296         h ^= k.hashCode();
 297         
 298         // This function ensures that hashCodes that differ only by
 299         // constant multiples at each bit position have a bounded
 300         // number of collisions (approximately 8 at default load factor).
 301         h ^= (h >>> 20) ^ (h >>> 12);
 302         h ^= (h >>> 7) ^ (h >>> 4);
 303         
 304         return h;
 305     }
 306 
 307     /**
 308      * Returns index for hash code h.
 309      */
 310     static int indexFor(int h, int length) {
 311         return h & (length-1);
 312     }
 313 
 314     /**
 315      * Returns the number of key-value mappings in this map.
 316      *
 317      * @return the number of key-value mappings in this map
 318      */
 319     public int size() {
 320         return size;
 321     }
 322 
 323     /**
 324      * Returns <tt>true</tt> if this map contains no key-value mappings.


 331 
 332     /**
 333      * Returns the value to which the specified key is mapped,
 334      * or {@code null} if this map contains no mapping for the key.
 335      *
 336      * <p>More formally, if this map contains a mapping from a key
 337      * {@code k} to a value {@code v} such that {@code (key==null ? k==null :
 338      * key.equals(k))}, then this method returns {@code v}; otherwise
 339      * it returns {@code null}.  (There can be at most one such mapping.)
 340      *
 341      * <p>A return value of {@code null} does not <i>necessarily</i>
 342      * indicate that the map contains no mapping for the key; it's also
 343      * possible that the map explicitly maps the key to {@code null}.
 344      * The {@link #containsKey containsKey} operation may be used to
 345      * distinguish these two cases.
 346      *
 347      * @see #put(Object, Object)
 348      */
 349     @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
 350     public V get(Object key) {
 351         Entry<K,V> entry = getEntry(key);
 352         
 353         return null == entry ? null : entry.getValue();








 354     }
 355 
 356     /**
 357      * Offloaded version of get() to look up null keys.  Null keys map
 358      * to index 0.  This null case is split out into separate methods
 359      * for the sake of performance in the two most commonly used
 360      * operations (get and put), but incorporated with conditionals in
 361      * others.
 362      */
 363     private Object getForNullKey() {
 364         for (Entry<?,?> e = table[0]; e != null; e = e.next) {
 365             if (e.key == null)
 366                 return e.value;
 367         }
 368         return null;
 369     }
 370 
 371     /**
 372      * Returns <tt>true</tt> if this map contains a mapping for the
 373      * specified key.
 374      *
 375      * @param   key   The key whose presence in this map is to be tested
 376      * @return <tt>true</tt> if this map contains a mapping for the specified
 377      * key.
 378      */
 379     public boolean containsKey(Object key) {
 380         return getEntry(key) != null;
 381     }
 382 
 383     /**
 384      * Returns the entry associated with the specified key in the
 385      * HashMap.  Returns null if the HashMap contains no mapping
 386      * for the key.
 387      */
 388     @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
 389     final Entry<K,V> getEntry(Object key) {
 390         int hash = (key == null) ? 0 : hash(key);
 391         for (Entry<?,?> e = table[indexFor(hash, table.length)];
 392              e != null;
 393              e = e.next) {
 394             Object k;
 395             if (e.hash == hash &&
 396                 ((k = e.key) == key || (key != null && key.equals(k))))
 397                 return (Entry<K,V>)e;
 398         }
 399         return null;
 400     }
 401 
 402 
 403     /**
 404      * Associates the specified value with the specified key in this map.
 405      * If the map previously contained a mapping for the key, the old
 406      * value is replaced.
 407      *
 408      * @param key key with which the specified value is to be associated
 409      * @param value value to be associated with the specified key
 410      * @return the previous value associated with <tt>key</tt>, or
 411      *         <tt>null</tt> if there was no mapping for <tt>key</tt>.
 412      *         (A <tt>null</tt> return can also indicate that the map
 413      *         previously associated <tt>null</tt> with <tt>key</tt>.)
 414      */
 415     public V put(K key, V value) {
 416         if (key == null)
 417             return putForNullKey(value);
 418         int hash = hash(key);
 419         int i = indexFor(hash, table.length);
 420         @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
 421         Entry<K,V> e = (Entry<K,V>)table[i];
 422         for(; e != null; e = e.next) {
 423             Object k;
 424             if (e.hash == hash && ((k = e.key) == key || key.equals(k))) {
 425                 V oldValue = e.value;
 426                 e.value = value;
 427                 e.recordAccess(this);
 428                 return oldValue;
 429             }
 430         }
 431 
 432         modCount++;
 433         addEntry(hash, key, value, i);
 434         return null;
 435     }
 436 
 437     /**
 438      * Offloaded version of put for null keys


 443         for(; e != null; e = e.next) {
 444             if (e.key == null) {
 445                 V oldValue = e.value;
 446                 e.value = value;
 447                 e.recordAccess(this);
 448                 return oldValue;
 449             }
 450         }
 451         modCount++;
 452         addEntry(0, null, value, 0);
 453         return null;
 454     }
 455 
 456     /**
 457      * This method is used instead of put by constructors and
 458      * pseudoconstructors (clone, readObject).  It does not resize the table,
 459      * check for comodification, etc.  It calls createEntry rather than
 460      * addEntry.
 461      */
 462     private void putForCreate(K key, V value) {
 463         int hash = null == key ? 0 : hash(key);
 464         int i = indexFor(hash, table.length);
 465 
 466         /**
 467          * Look for preexisting entry for key.  This will never happen for
 468          * clone or deserialize.  It will only happen for construction if the
 469          * input Map is a sorted map whose ordering is inconsistent w/ equals.
 470          */
 471         for (@SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
 472              Entry<?,V> e = (Entry<?,V>)table[i]; e != null; e = e.next) {
 473             Object k;
 474             if (e.hash == hash &&
 475                 ((k = e.key) == key || (key != null && key.equals(k)))) {
 476                 e.value = value;
 477                 return;
 478             }
 479         }
 480 
 481         createEntry(hash, key, value, i);
 482     }
 483 


 494      * If current capacity is MAXIMUM_CAPACITY, this method does not
 495      * resize the map, but sets threshold to Integer.MAX_VALUE.
 496      * This has the effect of preventing future calls.
 497      *
 498      * @param newCapacity the new capacity, MUST be a power of two;
 499      *        must be greater than current capacity unless current
 500      *        capacity is MAXIMUM_CAPACITY (in which case value
 501      *        is irrelevant).
 502      */
 503     void resize(int newCapacity) {
 504         Entry<?,?>[] oldTable = table;
 505         int oldCapacity = oldTable.length;
 506         if (oldCapacity == MAXIMUM_CAPACITY) {
 507             threshold = Integer.MAX_VALUE;
 508             return;
 509         }
 510 
 511         Entry<?,?>[] newTable = new Entry<?,?>[newCapacity];
 512         transfer(newTable);
 513         table = newTable;
 514         threshold = (int)Math.min(newCapacity * loadFactor, MAXIMUM_CAPACITY + 1);
 515     }
 516 
 517     /**
 518      * Transfers all entries from current table to newTable.
 519      */
 520     @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
 521     void transfer(Entry<?,?>[] newTable) {
 522         Entry<?,?>[] src = table;
 523         int newCapacity = newTable.length;
 524         for (int j = 0; j < src.length; j++ ) {
 525             Entry<K,V> e = (Entry<K,V>) src[j];
 526             while(null != e) {


 527                 Entry<K,V> next = e.next;
 528                 int i = indexFor(e.hash, newCapacity);
 529                 e.next = (Entry<K,V>) newTable[i];
 530                 newTable[i] = e;
 531                 e = next;

 532             }
 533         }
 534         Arrays.fill(table, null);
 535     }
 536 
 537     /**
 538      * Copies all of the mappings from the specified map to this map.
 539      * These mappings will replace any mappings that this map had for
 540      * any of the keys currently in the specified map.
 541      *
 542      * @param m mappings to be stored in this map
 543      * @throws NullPointerException if the specified map is null
 544      */
 545     public void putAll(Map<? extends K, ? extends V> m) {
 546         int numKeysToBeAdded = m.size();
 547         if (numKeysToBeAdded == 0)
 548             return;
 549 
 550         /*
 551          * Expand the map if the map if the number of mappings to be added
 552          * is greater than or equal to threshold.  This is conservative; the
 553          * obvious condition is (m.size() + size) >= threshold, but this
 554          * condition could result in a map with twice the appropriate capacity,


 574     /**
 575      * Removes the mapping for the specified key from this map if present.
 576      *
 577      * @param  key key whose mapping is to be removed from the map
 578      * @return the previous value associated with <tt>key</tt>, or
 579      *         <tt>null</tt> if there was no mapping for <tt>key</tt>.
 580      *         (A <tt>null</tt> return can also indicate that the map
 581      *         previously associated <tt>null</tt> with <tt>key</tt>.)
 582      */
 583     public V remove(Object key) {
 584         Entry<K,V> e = removeEntryForKey(key);
 585         return (e == null ? null : e.value);
 586     }
 587 
 588     /**
 589      * Removes and returns the entry associated with the specified key
 590      * in the HashMap.  Returns null if the HashMap contains no mapping
 591      * for this key.
 592      */
 593     final Entry<K,V> removeEntryForKey(Object key) {
 594         int hash = (key == null) ? 0 : hash(key);
 595         int i = indexFor(hash, table.length);
 596         @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
 597             Entry<K,V> prev = (Entry<K,V>)table[i];
 598         Entry<K,V> e = prev;
 599 
 600         while (e != null) {
 601             Entry<K,V> next = e.next;
 602             Object k;
 603             if (e.hash == hash &&
 604                 ((k = e.key) == key || (key != null && key.equals(k)))) {
 605                 modCount++;
 606                 size--;
 607                 if (prev == e)
 608                     table[i] = next;
 609                 else
 610                     prev.next = next;
 611                 e.recordRemoval(this);
 612                 return e;
 613             }
 614             prev = e;
 615             e = next;
 616         }
 617 
 618         return e;
 619     }
 620 
 621     /**
 622      * Special version of remove for EntrySet using {@code Map.Entry.equals()}
 623      * for matching.
 624      */
 625     final Entry<K,V> removeMapping(Object o) {
 626         if (!(o instanceof Map.Entry))
 627             return null;
 628 
 629         Map.Entry<?,?> entry = (Map.Entry<?,?>) o;
 630         Object key = entry.getKey();
 631         int hash = (key == null) ? 0 : hash(key.hashCode());
 632         int i = indexFor(hash, table.length);
 633         @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
 634             Entry<K,V> prev = (Entry<K,V>)table[i];
 635         Entry<K,V> e = prev;
 636 
 637         while (e != null) {
 638             Entry<K,V> next = e.next;
 639             if (e.hash == hash && e.equals(entry)) {
 640                 modCount++;
 641                 size--;
 642                 if (prev == e)
 643                     table[i] = next;


 782          */
 783         void recordAccess(HashMap<K,V> m) {
 784         }
 785 
 786         /**
 787          * This method is invoked whenever the entry is
 788          * removed from the table.
 789          */
 790         void recordRemoval(HashMap<K,V> m) {
 791         }
 792     }
 793 
 794     /**
 795      * Adds a new entry with the specified key, value and hash code to
 796      * the specified bucket.  It is the responsibility of this
 797      * method to resize the table if appropriate.
 798      *
 799      * Subclass overrides this to alter the behavior of put method.
 800      */
 801     void addEntry(int hash, K key, V value, int bucketIndex) {
 802         if ((size >= threshold) && (null != table[bucketIndex])) {



 803             resize(2 * table.length);
 804             hash = hash(key);
 805             bucketIndex = indexFor(hash, table.length);
 806         }
 807         
 808         createEntry(hash, key, value, bucketIndex);
 809     }
 810 
 811     /**
 812      * Like addEntry except that this version is used when creating entries
 813      * as part of Map construction or "pseudo-construction" (cloning,
 814      * deserialization).  This version needn't worry about resizing the table.
 815      *
 816      * Subclass overrides this to alter the behavior of HashMap(Map),
 817      * clone, and readObject.
 818      */
 819     void createEntry(int hash, K key, V value, int bucketIndex) {
 820         @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
 821             Entry<K,V> e = (Entry<K,V>)table[bucketIndex];
 822         table[bucketIndex] = new Entry<>(hash, key, value, e);
 823         size++;
 824     }
 825 
 826     private abstract class HashIterator<E> implements Iterator<E> {
 827         Entry<?,?> next;        // next entry to return
 828         int expectedModCount;   // For fast-fail


 852 
 853             if ((next = e.next) == null) {
 854                 Entry<?,?>[] t = table;
 855                 while (index < t.length && (next = t[index++]) == null)
 856                     ;
 857             }
 858             current = e;
 859             return (Entry<K,V>)e;
 860         }
 861 
 862         public void remove() {
 863             if (current == null)
 864                 throw new IllegalStateException();
 865             if (modCount != expectedModCount)
 866                 throw new ConcurrentModificationException();
 867             Object k = current.key;
 868             current = null;
 869             HashMap.this.removeEntryForKey(k);
 870             expectedModCount = modCount;
 871         }

 872     }
 873 
 874     private final class ValueIterator extends HashIterator<V> {
 875         public V next() {
 876             return nextEntry().value;
 877         }
 878     }
 879 
 880     private final class KeyIterator extends HashIterator<K> {
 881         public K next() {
 882             return nextEntry().getKey();
 883         }
 884     }
 885 
 886     private final class EntryIterator extends HashIterator<Map.Entry<K,V>> {
 887         public Map.Entry<K,V> next() {
 888             return nextEntry();
 889         }
 890     }
 891 


1031      *             mappings), followed by the key (Object) and value (Object)
1032      *             for each key-value mapping.  The key-value mappings are
1033      *             emitted in no particular order.
1034      */
1035     private void writeObject(java.io.ObjectOutputStream s)
1036         throws IOException
1037     {
1038         Iterator<Map.Entry<K,V>> i =
1039             (size > 0) ? entrySet0().iterator() : null;
1040 
1041         // Write out the threshold, loadfactor, and any hidden stuff
1042         s.defaultWriteObject();
1043 
1044         // Write out number of buckets
1045         s.writeInt(table.length);
1046 
1047         // Write out size (number of Mappings)
1048         s.writeInt(size);
1049 
1050         // Write out keys and values (alternating)
1051         if (size > 0) {
1052             for(Map.Entry<K,V> e : entrySet0()) {

1053                 s.writeObject(e.getKey());
1054                 s.writeObject(e.getValue());
1055             }
1056         }
1057     }
1058 
1059     private static final long serialVersionUID = 362498820763181265L;
1060 
1061     /**
1062      * Reconstitute the {@code HashMap} instance from a stream (i.e.,
1063      * deserialize it).
1064      */
1065     private void readObject(java.io.ObjectInputStream s)
1066          throws IOException, ClassNotFoundException
1067     {
1068         // Read in the threshold (ignored), loadfactor, and any hidden stuff
1069         s.defaultReadObject();
1070         if (loadFactor <= 0 || Float.isNaN(loadFactor))
1071             throw new InvalidObjectException("Illegal load factor: " +
1072                                                loadFactor);
1073                 
1074         // set hashMask
1075         Holder.UNSAFE.putIntVolatile(this, Holder.HASHMASK_OFFSET, 
1076                 sun.misc.Hashing.makeHashMask(this));
1077         
1078         // Read in number of buckets and allocate the bucket array;
1079         s.readInt(); // ignored

1080 
1081         // Read number of mappings
1082         int mappings = s.readInt();
1083         if (mappings < 0)
1084             throw new InvalidObjectException("Illegal mappings count: " +
1085                                                mappings);
1086         
1087         int initialCapacity = (int) Math.min(
1088                 // capacity chosen by number of mappings 
1089                 // and desired load (if >= 0.25)
1090                 mappings * Math.min(1 / loadFactor, 4.0f),
1091                 // we have limits...
1092                 HashMap.MAXIMUM_CAPACITY);
1093         int capacity = 1;
1094         // find smallest power of two which holds all mappings
1095         while (capacity < initialCapacity) {
1096             capacity <<= 1;
1097         }
1098         
1099         table = new Entry[capacity];
1100         threshold = (int) Math.min(capacity * loadFactor, MAXIMUM_CAPACITY + 1);        
1101         init();  // Give subclass a chance to do its thing.
1102 


1103 
1104         // Read the keys and values, and put the mappings in the HashMap
1105         for (int i=0; i<mappings; i++) {
1106             @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
1107                 K key = (K) s.readObject();
1108             @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
1109                 V value = (V) s.readObject();
1110             putForCreate(key, value);
1111         }
1112     }
1113 
1114     // These methods are used when serializing HashSets
1115     int   capacity()     { return table.length; }
1116     float loadFactor()   { return loadFactor;   }
1117 }