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25
26 /**
27 *
28 * Provides the API for accessing and processing data stored in a
29 * data source (usually a relational database) using the
30 * Java programming language.
31 * This API includes a framework whereby different
32 * drivers can be installed dynamically to access different data sources.
33 * Although the JDBC API is mainly geared
34 * to passing SQL statements to a database, it provides for reading and
35 * writing data from any data source with a tabular format.
36 * The reader/writer facility, available through the
37 * {@code javax.sql.RowSet} group of interfaces, can be customized to
38 * use and update data from a spread sheet, flat file, or any other tabular
39 * data source.
40 *
41 * <h2>What the JDBC 4.3 API Includes</h2>
42 * The JDBC 4.3 API includes both
43 * the {@code java.sql} package, referred to as the JDBC core API,
44 * and the {@code javax.sql} package, referred to as the JDBC Optional
45 * Package API. This complete JDBC API
46 * is included in the Java Standard Edition (Java SE), version 7.
47 * The {@code javax.sql} package extends the functionality of the JDBC API
48 * from a client-side API to a server-side API, and it is an essential part
49 * of the Java Enterprise Edition
50 * (Java EE) technology.
51 *
52 * <h2>Versions</h2>
53 * The JDBC 4.3 API incorporates all of the previous JDBC API versions:
54 * <UL>
55 * <LI> The JDBC 4.2 API</li>
56 * <LI> The JDBC 4.1 API</li>
57 * <LI> The JDBC 4.0 API</li>
58 * <LI> The JDBC 3.0 API</li>
59 * <LI> The JDBC 2.1 core API</li>
60 * <LI> The JDBC 2.0 Optional Package API<br>
61 * (Note that the JDBC 2.1 core API and the JDBC 2.0 Optional Package
62 * API together are referred to as the JDBC 2.0 API.)</li>
63 * <LI> The JDBC 1.2 API</li>
64 * <LI> The JDBC 1.0 API</li>
65 * </UL>
66 * <P>
67 * Classes, interfaces, methods, fields, constructors, and exceptions
68 * have the following "since" tags that indicate when they were introduced
69 * into the Java platform. When these "since" tags are used in
70 * Javadoc comments for the JDBC API,
71 * they indicate the following:
72 * <UL>
73 * <LI>Since 9 -- new in the JDBC 4.3 API and part of the Java SE platform,
74 * version 9</li>
75 * <LI>Since 1.8 -- new in the JDBC 4.2 API and part of the Java SE platform,
76 * version 8</li>
77 * <LI>Since 1.7 -- new in the JDBC 4.1 API and part of the Java SE platform,
78 * version 7</li>
79 * <LI>Since 1.6 -- new in the JDBC 4.0 API and part of the Java SE platform,
80 * version 6</li>
81 * <LI>Since 1.4 -- new in the JDBC 3.0 API and part of the J2SE platform,
82 * version 1.4</li>
83 * <LI>Since 1.2 -- new in the JDBC 2.0 API and part of the J2SE platform,
84 * version 1.2</li>
85 * <LI>Since 1.1 or no "since" tag -- in the original JDBC 1.0 API and part of
86 * the JDK, version 1.1</li>
87 * </UL>
88 * <P>
89 * <b>NOTE:</b> Many of the new features are optional; consequently, there is
90 * some variation in drivers and the features they support. Always
91 * check your driver's documentation to see whether it supports a feature before
92 * you try to use it.
93 * <P>
94 * <b>NOTE:</b> The class {@code SQLPermission} was added in the
95 * Java 2 SDK, Standard Edition,
96 * version 1.3 release. This class is used to prevent unauthorized
97 * access to the logging stream associated with the {@code DriverManager},
98 * which may contain information such as table names, column data, and so on.
99 *
100 * <h2>What the {@code java.sql} Package Contains</h2>
101 * The {@code java.sql} package contains API for the following:
102 * <UL>
103 * <LI>Making a connection with a database via the {@code DriverManager} facility
104 * <UL>
105 * <LI>{@code DriverManager} class -- makes a connection with a driver
106 * <LI>{@code SQLPermission} class -- provides permission when code
107 * running within a Security Manager, such as an applet,
108 * attempts to set up a logging stream through the
109 * {@code DriverManager}
110 * <LI>{@code Driver} interface -- provides the API for registering
111 * and connecting drivers based on JDBC technology ("JDBC drivers");
112 * generally used only by the {@code DriverManager} class
113 * <LI>{@code DriverPropertyInfo} class -- provides properties for a
114 * JDBC driver; not used by the general user
115 * </UL>
116 * <LI>Sending SQL statements to a database
117 * <UL>
118 * <LI>{@code Statement} -- used to send basic SQL statements
119 * <LI>{@code PreparedStatement} -- used to send prepared statements or
120 * basic SQL statements (derived from {@code Statement})
121 * <LI>{@code CallableStatement} -- used to call database stored
122 * procedures (derived from {@code PreparedStatement})
123 * <LI>{@code Connection} interface -- provides methods for creating
124 * statements and managing connections and their properties
125 * <LI>{@code Savepoint} -- provides savepoints in a transaction
126 *
127 * </UL>
128 * <LI>Retrieving and updating the results of a query
129 * <UL>
130 * <LI>{@code ResultSet} interface
131 * </UL>
132 * <LI>Standard mappings for SQL types to classes and interfaces in the
133 * Java programming language
134 * <UL>
135 * <LI>{@code Array} interface -- mapping for SQL {@code ARRAY}
136 * <LI>{@code Blob} interface -- mapping for SQL {@code BLOB}
137 * <LI>{@code Clob} interface -- mapping for SQL {@code CLOB}
138 * <LI>{@code Date} class -- mapping for SQL {@code DATE}
139 * <LI>{@code NClob} interface -- mapping for SQL {@code NCLOB}
140 * <LI>{@code Ref} interface -- mapping for SQL {@code REF}
141 * <LI>{@code RowId} interface -- mapping for SQL {@code ROWID}
142 * <LI>{@code Struct} interface -- mapping for SQL {@code STRUCT}
143 * <LI>{@code SQLXML} interface -- mapping for SQL {@code XML}
144 * <LI>{@code Time} class -- mapping for SQL {@code TIME}
145 * <LI>{@code Timestamp} class -- mapping for SQL {@code TIMESTAMP}
146 * <LI>{@code Types} class -- provides constants for SQL types
147 * </UL>
148 * <LI>Custom mapping an SQL user-defined type (UDT) to a class in the
149 * Java programming language
150 * <UL>
151 * <LI>{@code SQLData} interface -- specifies the mapping of
152 * a UDT to an instance of this class
153 * <LI>{@code SQLInput} interface -- provides methods for reading
154 * UDT attributes from a stream
155 * <LI>{@code SQLOutput} interface -- provides methods for writing
156 * UDT attributes back to a stream
157 * </UL>
158 * <LI>Metadata
159 * <UL>
160 * <LI>{@code DatabaseMetaData} interface -- provides information
161 * about the database
162 * <LI>{@code ResultSetMetaData} interface -- provides information
163 * about the columns of a {@code ResultSet} object
164 * <LI>{@code ParameterMetaData} interface -- provides information
165 * about the parameters to {@code PreparedStatement} commands
166 * </UL>
167 * <LI>Exceptions
168 * <UL>
169 * <LI>{@code SQLException} -- thrown by most methods when there
170 * is a problem accessing data and by some methods for other reasons
171 * <LI>{@code SQLWarning} -- thrown to indicate a warning
172 * <LI>{@code DataTruncation} -- thrown to indicate that data may have
173 * been truncated
174 * <LI>{@code BatchUpdateException} -- thrown to indicate that not all
175 * commands in a batch update executed successfully
176 * </UL>
177 * </UL>
178 *
179 * <h3>{@code java.sql} and {@code javax.sql} Features Introduced in the JDBC 4.3 API</h3>
180 * <UL>
181 * <LI>Added {@code Sharding} support</LI>
182 * <LI>Enhanced {@code Connection} to be able to provide hints
183 * to the driver that a request, an independent unit of work,
184 * is beginning or ending</LI>
185 * <LI>Enhanced {@code DatabaseMetaData} to determine if Sharding is
186 * supported</LI>
187 * <LI>Added the method {@code drivers} to {@code DriverManager}
188 * to return a Stream of the currently loaded and
189 * available JDBC drivers</LI>
190 * <LI>Added support to {@code Statement} for enquoting literals
191 * and simple identifiers</LI>
192 * <LI>Clarified the Java SE version that methods were deprecated</LI>
193 * </UL>
194 *
195 * <h3>{@code java.sql} and {@code javax.sql} Features Introduced in the JDBC 4.2 API</h3>
196 * <UL>
197 * <LI>Added {@code JDBCType} enum and {@code SQLType} interface</li>
198 * <LI>Support for {@code REF CURSORS} in {@code CallableStatement}
199 * </LI>
200 * <LI>{@code DatabaseMetaData} methods to return maximum Logical LOB size
201 * and if Ref Cursors are supported</LI>
202 * <LI>Added support for large update counts</LI>
203 *
204 * </UL>
205 *
206 * <h3>{@code java.sql} and {@code javax.sql} Features Introduced in the JDBC 4.1 API</h3>
207 * <UL>
208 * <LI>Allow {@code Connection},
209 * {@code ResultSet} and {@code Statement} objects to be
210 * used with the try-with-resources statement</LI>
211 * <LI>Support added to {@code CallableStatement} and
212 * {@code ResultSet} to specify the Java type to convert to via the
213 * {@code getObject} method</LI>
214 * <LI>{@code DatabaseMetaData} methods to return PseudoColumns and if a
215 * generated key is always returned</LI>
216 * <LI>Added support to {@code Connection} to specify a database schema,
217 * abort and timeout a physical connection.</LI>
218 * <LI>Added support to close a {@code Statement} object when its dependent
219 * objects have been closed</LI>
220 * <LI>Support for obtaining the parent logger for a {@code Driver},
221 * {@code DataSource}, {@code ConnectionPoolDataSource} and
222 * {@code XADataSource}</LI>
223 *
224 * </UL>
225 * <h3>{@code java.sql} and {@code javax.sql} Features Introduced in the JDBC 4.0 API</h3>
226 * <UL>
227 * <LI>auto java.sql.Driver discovery -- no longer need to load a
228 * {@code java.sql.Driver} class via {@code Class.forName}
229 * <LI>National Character Set support added
230 * <li>Support added for the SQL:2003 XML data type
231 * <lI>SQLException enhancements -- Added support for cause chaining; New SQLExceptions
232 * added for common SQLState class value codes
233 * <li>Enhanced Blob/Clob functionality -- Support provided to create and free a Blob/Clob instance
234 * as well as additional methods added to improve accessibility
235 * <li>Support added for accessing a SQL ROWID
236 * <li>Support added to allow a JDBC application to access an instance of a JDBC resource
237 * that has been wrapped by a vendor, usually in an application server or connection
238 * pooling environment.
239 * <li>Availability to be notified when a {@code PreparedStatement} that is associated
240 * with a {@code PooledConnection} has been closed or the driver determines is invalid
241 *
242 *
243 * </UL>
244 *
245 *
246 * <h3>{@code java.sql} and {@code javax.sql} Features Introduced in the JDBC 3.0 API</h3>
247 * <UL>
248 * <LI>Pooled statements -- reuse of statements associated with a pooled
249 * connection
250 * <LI>Savepoints -- allow a transaction to be rolled back to a designated
251 * savepoint
252 * <LI>Properties defined for {@code ConnectionPoolDataSource} -- specify
253 * how connections are to be pooled
254 * <LI>Metadata for parameters of a {@code PreparedStatement} object
255 * <LI>Ability to retrieve values from automatically generated columns
256 * <LI>Ability to have multiple {@code ResultSet} objects
257 * returned from {@code CallableStatement} objects open at the
258 * same time
259 * <LI>Ability to identify parameters to {@code CallableStatement}
260 * objects by name as well as by index
261 * <LI>{@code ResultSet} holdability -- ability to specify whether cursors
262 * should be held open or closed at the end of a transaction
263 * <LI>Ability to retrieve and update the SQL structured type instance that a
264 * {@code Ref} object references
265 * <LI>Ability to programmatically update {@code BLOB},
266 * {@code CLOB}, {@code ARRAY}, and {@code REF} values.
267 * <LI>Addition of the {@code java.sql.Types.DATALINK} data type --
268 * allows JDBC drivers access to objects stored outside a data source
269 * <LI>Addition of metadata for retrieving SQL type hierarchies
270 * </UL>
271 *
272 * <h3>{@code java.sql} Features Introduced in the JDBC 2.1 Core API</h3>
273 * <UL>
274 * <LI>Scrollable result sets--using new methods in the {@code ResultSet}
275 * interface that allow the cursor to be moved to a particular row or to a
276 * position relative to its current position
277 * <LI>Batch updates
278 * <LI>Programmatic updates--using {@code ResultSet} updater methods
279 * <LI>New data types--interfaces mapping the SQL3 data types
280 * <LI>Custom mapping of user-defined types (UDTs)
281 * <LI>Miscellaneous features, including performance hints, the use of character
282 * streams, full precision for {@code java.math.BigDecimal} values,
283 * additional security, and
284 * support for time zones in date, time, and timestamp values.
285 * </UL>
286 *
287 * <h3>{@code javax.sql} Features Introduced in the JDBC 2.0 Optional
288 * Package API</h3>
289 * <UL>
290 * <LI>The {@code DataSource} interface as a means of making a connection. The
291 * Java Naming and Directory Interface
292 * (JNDI) is used for registering a {@code DataSource} object with a
293 * naming service and also for retrieving it.
294 * <LI>Pooled connections -- allowing connections to be used and reused
295 * <LI>Distributed transactions -- allowing a transaction to span diverse
296 * DBMS servers
297 * <LI>{@code RowSet} technology -- providing a convenient means of
298 * handling and passing data
299 * </UL>
300 *
301 *
302 * <h3>Custom Mapping of UDTs</h3>
303 * A user-defined type (UDT) defined in SQL can be mapped to a class in the Java
304 * programming language. An SQL structured type or an SQL {@code DISTINCT}
305 * type are the UDTs that may be custom mapped. The following three
306 * steps set up a custom mapping:
307 * <ol>
308 * <li>Defining the SQL structured type or {@code DISTINCT} type in SQL
309 * <li>Defining the class in the Java programming language to which the
310 * SQL UDT will be mapped. This class must implement the
311 * {@code SQLData} interface.
312 * <li>Making an entry in a {@code Connection} object's type map
313 * that contains two things:
314 * <ul>
315 * <li>the fully-qualified SQL name of the UDT
316 * <li>the {@code Class} object for the class that implements the
317 * {@code SQLData} interface
318 * </ul>
319 * </ol>
320 * <p>
321 * When these are in place for a UDT, calling the methods
322 * {@code ResultSet.getObject} or {@code CallableStatement.getObject}
323 * on that UDT will automatically retrieve the custom mapping for it. Also, the
324 * {@code PreparedStatement.setObject} method will automatically map the
325 * object back to its SQL type to store it in the data source.
326 *
327 * <h2>Package Specification</h2>
328 *
329 * <ul>
330 * <li><a href="https://jcp.org/en/jsr/detail?id=221">JDBC 4.3 Specification</a>
331 * </ul>
332 *
333 * <h2>Related Documentation</h2>
334 *
335 * <ul>
336 * <li><a href="http://docs.oracle.com/javase/tutorial/jdbc/basics/index.html">
337 * Lesson:JDBC Basics(The Javaxx Tutorials > JDBC Database Access)</a>
338 *
339 * <li>“<i>JDBC API Tutorial and Reference, Third Edition</i>”
340 * </ul>
341 */
342 package java.sql;